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Single dose containers : These containers are used to supply only one of
medicament and hold generally parenteral products.
E.g. ampoules and vials
Multi dose containers: These containers allow the withdrawal of
dose at various intervals without changing the strength, quality or
purity of remaining portion. these containers hold more than one dose
and are used for injectables. E.g. vials
Aerosol containers: These containers are used to hold aerosol products. These
containers have adequate mechanical strength in order to bear the pressure of
aerosol packing.
TYPES OF PACKAGING :
Primary packaging :
Primary packaging is the material that envelopes the product and holds it.
This usually is the smallest unit of distribution or use and is the package which
is in direct contact with the contents.
Secondary packaging
Is used for bulk handling, warehouse storage and transport shipping. The most
common form is a palletized unit load that packs tightly into the container.
QUALITIES OF GOOD CONTAINER:
The container must be neutral towards the material which is stored in it.
The container must not interact physically or chemically with the substance
which it holds.
It should be made of materials which can withstand wear and tear during
normal handling.
GLASS-
e.g.bottles, vials, ampules, syringes, i.v containers, aerosol containers.
PLASTIC-
e.g.bottles pouches, tapes, tubes, aerosol containers, laminates.
RUBBER-
e.g. closures, caps,vialswrapers,plungers.
Metals-
e.g. collapsabletubes,foils,needles,aerosol containers
Paper or cardboard-
e.g. secondary packaging labels, inserts, display units, pouches,
laminates, cartons, corrugated boxes, foils, paper drums
GLASS CONTAINERS:
Composition of glass:
2. In drawing, molten glass is pulled through dies or rollers that shape the
soft glass.
USES:
Laboratory glass apparatus.
For injection and water for injection.
Type II-treated soda lime glass
Type II containers are made of commercial soda lime glass that has been dealkalised or
Sulfur treatment neutralizes the alkaline oxides on the surface, rendering the glass
more chemically resistant.
Uses:
Used for alkali sensitive products.
Infusion fluids, blood and plasma.
Large volume container.
Type-III regular soda lime glass
Containers are untreated are made of commercial soda lime glass of
average are better than average chemical resistance.
USES:
For all solid dosage forms.
For oily injections.
Type NP-general purpose soda lime glass
Containers are made of soda lime glass supplied for non parental products,
intended for oral or topical use.
USES:
FOR ORAL USE.
TOPICAL PURPOSE.
STANDARDS:
They can protect the photosensitive medicaments from light during their
storage.
1. Amorphous plastic.
2. Crystalline plastic.
AMORPHOUS PLASTIC:
polyethylene
polypropylene
polystyrene
polymethyl methacrylate
amino formaldehyde
poly amides
TYPES OF PLASTICS:
Thermoplastic type :-
Thermosetting type :-
When heated , they may become flexible but they do not become liquid.
compared with normal polythene.it has high clarity and not effected
It is transparent, has high impact strength and very good heat
resistance.
1. Permeation
2. Leaching
3. Sorption
4. Chemical reaction
5. Alteration
Permeation:
It is the transmission of gases, vapors or liquids through plastic
packaging material.
Permeation of water vapor and oxygen through plastic wall into the drug
is a major problem is the dosage form is sensitive to hydrolysis and
oxidation.
Problems may arise with plastics when coloring agents are added in
small quantities to the formula.
Particular dyes may migrate into the parental solution and cause a toxic
effect.
Sorption:
This process involves the removable of constituents from the drug
product by the packaging material.
ADVANTAGES:
METAL
It is light in weight and unbreakable and lends itself to high speed
automatic filling operations.
Any ductile metal that can be worked cold is suitable for collapsible
tubes, but the most commonly used are tin, aluminium and lead. Tin is
most expensive and lead is cheapest.
Tin:
Tin containers are preferred for food, pharmaceuticals and any product
for which purity is considered.
Lead has the lowest cost of all tube metals and is widely used for non
food products such as adhesives,inks.paints and lubricants.
Lead should never be used alone for anything taken internally because
of the risk lead poison.
With internal linings, lead tubes are used for products such as chloride
tooth paste.
CLOSURE:
A closure is the part of the package which prevent the contents from
escaping and allow no substance to enter the container.
When a screw cap is applied, its threads engaged with the corresponding threads
molded on the neck of the bottle.
A liner in the cap, pressed against the opening of the container, seals the product in
the container and provide the resistance to chemical and physical reaction with the
product.
The screw cap is commonly made of metal or plastics. The metal is usually tin
plate or aluminum and in plastic is thermoplastic and thermosetting material.
Lug cap:
The lug cap is similar to the threaded screw cap and operates on the same
principle.
The lug cap is used for both normal atmosphere pressure and vacuum
pressure closing.
Crown caps:
This style cap is commonly used as a crimped closure for beverage bottles.
Roll-on closures
The aluminum roll on cap can be seal securely, opened easily and
resealed effectively.
This additional length extends below the threaded portion and fastened to the basic
cap by the series of narrow bridges.
When the closure is removed the extra portion remains in the space on neck of the
container, this indicates that the package has been opened.
CLOSURE LINERS:
A liner may be defined as any material that inserted in a cap to effect a seal
between the closure and the container.
It is of two types:
1. Homogeneous liner
These are one piece liners available as disk or a ring of rubber or plastic.
2. Heterogeneous liners
It consists of facing and backing. Facing is in contact with product and backing
provides questioning effect.
RUBBER:
Rubber is used mainly for the construction of closure meant for vials,
transfusion fluid bottles, dropping bottles and as washers in many
other types of product.
BUTYL RUBBER:
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
CHLOROPRENE RUBBERS:
Advantages:
Oil resistant.
heat stability is good.
SILICON RUBBERS:
Advantages:
Heat resistance.
Extremely low absorption and permeability of water.
Excellent aging characteristic.
Disadvantages:
1. Film wrappers
2. Blister package
3. Strip package
4. Bubble pack
5. Shrink seals and bands
6. Oil, paper, plastic pouches
7. Bottle seals
8. Tape seals
9. Breakable caps
10. Aerosol containers
1. Film wrapper
Film wrapping has been used extensively over the
years for products requiring package integrity or
environmental protection.
The materials commonly used for this purpose are cellophane and
polypropylene.
Fin seal wrapper
The seals are formed by crimping the film together and sealing
together the two inside surfaces of the film, producing a fin seal.
With good seal integrity the over wrap can removed or opened by
tearing the wrapper.
Shrink wrapper
The shrink wrap concept involves the packaging of the product in
a thermoplastic film that has been stretched and oriented during its
manufacture.
The major advantage of this type of wrapper are the flexibility and
low cost of packaging equipment.
BLISTER PACKAGE:
Blister package provides excellent environmental protection, esthetically
leasing and efficacious appearance.
After cooling the sheet is released from the mold and proceeds to the
filling station of the machine.
Materials commonly used for the thermo formable blister are PVC,
polyethylene combinations , polystyrene and polypropylene.
STRIP PACKAGE
The product is dropped into the pocket formed prior to forming the final
set of seals.
paper/polyethylene/foil/PVC.
BUBBLE PACK
The product is dropped into pocket which is then sealed with heat
sealed coated paper board.
SHRINK BANDING
Typically glassine liners are two ply laminations use in two sheet of
glassine paper bounded together with wax or adhesive.
The paper used must often is a high density light weight paper with
poor tear strength.
But these cannot survive any attempt at removal once they have
been applied.
BREAKABLE CAPS
Breakable closures come in many different designs.
The roll-on cap design of aluminum shell used for carbonated beverages
The bottom portion of the cap is rolled around the bottle neck finish.
Metal tubes are still used for products that required high degree of barrie
protection.
Extruded plastic tubes are widely used for products that are compactable
and limited protection of plastic.
AEROSOL CONTAINER
The aerosol container used for pharmaceutical products is usually
made of drawn aluminum.
A dip tube is attached inside, draw the product through the spray
nozzle.
The spray nozzles are usually metered to allow a specific dose to be
dispensed with each spray.
SEALED CARTONS
Folding paperboard cartons have been used as a secondary package for
OTC products.
Crushed in to fragments
3 Types of factors:
I. Chemical factors.
NON-
METALS
METALS
NON- IN -
FERROURS ORGANIC
FERROUS ORGANIC
CAST
IRON ALUMINIUM GLASS RUBBER
STEEL
CARBON
STAINLES LEAD PLASTICS
STEEL
FERROUS METALS:
FERROUS METALS
CAST IRON
Carbon
Carbonsteel.
steel.
Stainless steel
CAST IRON:
ADVANTAGES •Cheapest.
• Used in fabrication.
Corrosion resistant.
Ease of fabrication.
Tensile strength.
• Ductility is poor.
DISADVANTAGES
• Not good against reducing agents.
ALUMINIUM
LEAD
ALUMINIUM:
Lead tubes with internal linings are used for fluoride tooth-
paste.
GLASS
GLASSED STEEL
GLASS:
RUBBER
PLASTIC
RUBBER:
Type of rubber:
I. Natural rubber.
II. Soft-rubber.
III. Hard-rubber.
Thermoplastic type :-
On heating, they are soften to viscous fluid which
hardens again on cooling.
Thermosetting type :-
When heated , they may become flexible but they do
not become liquid.
Rigid materials.
Flexible materials.
Metallic surfaces.
Plastic cements.
Light in weight.
SPECIAL CASE:
Nylon and PVC fibers woven into filters cloth and are used
for aseptic screening.
Conclusion :