3790 IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-101, No.

10 October 1982

PHASE SHIFTER AND POWER FLOW CONTROL

Z. X. Han
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Troy, New York 12181

Abstract - In this paper a practical model of PRACTICAL MODEL OF A PHASE SHIFTER

phase shifter has been described;. By using this model a
symmetrical Y-bus matrix can be preserved in the load Generally, the phase shifter is considered as a
flow calculation. On this basis a simplified real power special equipment which can shift the phase angles of
flow control algorithm by phase shifter is described. the voltage and the current to a prescribed value. Its
This model has also been used to solve the problems of effect is equivalent to inserting a voltage source in
overloads in contingency analysis and minimizing line the line. The energy of this inserted source is taken
losses in transmission systems. from the line to which the phase shifter is connected.
Two schematic arrangements for phase shifters are shown
INTRODUCTION in Figs. la and lb. The first is implemented by inser-
The possibility of controlling load flow in a
power system by phase shifter was recognized long ago AB C
[1-3], and the installation of phase shifters is
considered one way of increasing the utilization of
bulk power system facilities. Phase shifting is
normally implemented by a parallel connected 3-phase
transformer, which generates a quadrature component of --
voltage. This can then be inserted into the line via a
series connected boosting transformer. An on-load tap
changer can be used to change the value of the
quadrature component in order to obtain the 14_i1
corresponding variation of the voltage phase angle. The
possibility of improving the transient stability of
power systems by phase shifter has also been discussed (a
[4,9],- but as yet there is no practical implementation. A BC
Some papers [5,6,14] have mentioned the incorporation _
of phase shifter control into on-line power system
control to alleviate or relieve present system _ -
overloads and future contingency overloads. However, r
the slow-speed action of the on-line tap changer
precludes the use of phase shifters in on-line
operation or for improving the transient stability of a
power system. So far, phase shifters are still limited
to the control of steady state load flow in power i _3
systems.
Recently, with the advent of the high-power lb)
thyristor, the feasibility of using a thyristor
controlled phase shifter as a means of continuously Fig. 1
adjusting the value of the quadrature component of the
voltage has been demonstrated [7-9]. This lends ting a quadrature component of voltage VS in the line.
considerable impetus to the further consideration and The second arrangement gives phase shift without
application of phase shifter in power systems. magnitude change. In both cases the additional voltage
source changes the bus voltage from Vi to Vi,
In this paper we will discuss three problems: corresponding to the shifting of the bus voltage Vi by
1. the practical model of phase shifter; 2. line load an angle ¢:
flow control by means of phase shifters; 3. line loss
reduction and alleviation of the line overloads. V?e1
i e

where K--is the transformation coefficient of the

voltage magnitude which is shown in table 1 for two
different schemes.
If we neglect the losses in the phase shifter,
from energy conservation the input power must be equal
to the output power:

ViIi = Vi Ii (2)

82 WM 092-5 A pap)er recommended and approved by the o

IEEE Power System Engineering Commaittee of the IEEE
Power Engineering Society for presentation at the IEEtE V' I }'
PES 1982 Winter Meeting, New York, New York, January 31- i = i e (3
February 5, 1982. Manuscript submitted August 28, 1981; Vi K
made available for printing November 10, 1981.i
-- 0018-9510/82/1000-3790$OO.75 ©C 1982 IEEE
 3791

This means that the function of an ideal phase shifter Then, instead of an unsymmetrical network we get a
is to change the phase angles of the voltage and the symmetrical network. At the same time, on bus i there
current in a prescribed manner, and at the same time to is an equivalent injected current:
change the amplitudes of the voltage and the current by
1/K and K times, respectively. Consequently, we can use
the following equivalent circuit to represent the phase Is = (IS + I)(9)
shifter.

and on bus j there is another equivalent injected

s G*
K:1 current:

It
jS (10)

Fig. 2 The corresponding injected powers at terminal

buses i and are:
When we use this equivalent circuit to form the Y-
bus matrix, the elements concerned in the matrix are:
YiS i 'iS (11)

Y.. = ii~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i
ZK2(4i ;S j IjS (12)

ii. Y'i (5) These equivalent injected currents (or powers) are
3 jj,J all functions of Vi, VJ and phase shift angle J. Thus,
Yj Z (6) in the load flow calculation we can use a symmetrical
ij ZjK Y-bus matrix. In every iteration we simply use the
calculated bus voltages to revise the equivalent
injected powers Sis and S S at buses i and j . This
Y
e
e (7) treatment is particulariy
suitable to the decoupled
ji Z.Kij load flow method because we can still use a real-valued
constant susceptance matrix in the iteration
where Y'., Y'. -- self-admittances of buses i and calculation.
j excluding thJ admittance of line i--j.
In high voltage transmission networks (G<<B), when
Thus, where the phase shifter exists in the + and line power angle 6i-6j are relatively small, we
network the Y-bus matrix will be unsymmetrical and also see from equations (11) and (12) that the equivalent
a function of the phase shift angle. Under this injected reactive power at buses i and j will be much
condition we cannot use a symmetric Y-matrix to process smaller than the corresponding real power. The injected
power system calculation. In particular, when the phase powers SiS and SjS can be approximately expressed:
shift angle is changeable in the process of
calculation, as when the phase shifter is used to
control the line load flow, we cannot repeatedly use a %s Z vV B Kncos ( i (13)
constant factorized Y-bus matrix. For this reason, we J J K
propose here another method to treat the phase shifter.
As shown in Fig. 3a, we can use a series inserted S i si cos (6
i ) (14)
voltage source VS and a tapped current IS to model the js j j K i J
phase shifter. The VS and Is for two different
arrangements are shown in table 1. From these equations it is apparent that the main
function of the phase shifter is to redistribute the
V V. real power flow of the system. Generally, the real
1 1 power flow can be changed by generation shift or line
switching. However, these measures are always related
to economic considerations and other operating
conditions, it is rather inconvenient, therefore, to
s use these measures to redistribute the real power flow.
(a) The phase shifter can provide a practical means of
V.01 controlling the real power flow in a system without
affecting economic generating conditions and the
configuration of the system.
_ /_\ LOAD FLOW CONTROL BY MEANS OF PHASE SHIFTER
J.
S, In this section, on the basis of the model just
(b) derived, we will develop a simple method to control the
Fig. 3 real power flow of the line by phase shifter. Suppose,
we wish to control the real power Pij of line i--j by
When we use a current source to replace this means of a phase shifter installed in the line i--j.
voltage source (Fig. 3b), the source current is: Since 4ij is not a regular problem variable in the
conventional load flow calculation, the phase shift
V5 angle fi enters as an extra problem variable in [10]
IS = S ~~~~(8) and the linearized relation APij = Pijq - i is
- ~~~~~ij considered as an additional constraint~equation. This
approach augments the original system and disturbs the
3792

basic algorithm of the conventional load flow

calculation. The method proposed here uses the i2
algorithm of a conventional load flow method (e.g. ColO
Newton-Raphson method [15] or fast decoupled method [16]) ° 8
and the foregoing model of phase shifter. Since Pi. is H
a function of bus voltage Vi and Vj and is also 4 6
function of ij, we can obtain the linearized h 4.
constraint equation: 4H2

ireq ; preq [P (V. ,v. ,4'.o)+ 41 i 1 1.5 2 2.5

ij ij ij J 10 JO iJO ~V. i
Acceleration Factor
+ aP.. Fig. 4
+ -t~- -;
+
A
ij ] (15) OVERLOAD ALLEVIATION AND LINE-LOSS REDUCTION
where Ppq In contingency analysis we are concerned at first
--
required real power flow of the line i--j.
with the real power overloading of lines. As pointed
Therefore, after each iteration (t) we can out in the foregoing section, phase shifting should be
calculate the increment in phase shift angle required considered a powerful measure to relieve transmission
to meet the constraint condition of controlling the system overloads in such contingency analysis. Bearing
line power P .......... : in mind the characteristics of high voltage
transmission systems and the requirements of on-line or
aP UP off-line contingency analysis generally, a DC model of
ij P1
f ij. = ij - i i
-preqVj p i (16) the
power
transmission system
distribution will can be used.Thus,
be decoupled from the the real
reactive
power distribution. Under the assumption of relatively
ij small values of line power angle and phase shifter
angle and small variation of bus voltage amplitudes,
where At, Al. -- increments of voltages Vi and V equations (13) and (14) can be further simplified to:
.calculated in current iteration;
DP P ap..
-n s -u-
a,4ii-- partial derivatives of P S = -_ a (19)
with respect to Vi, Vj and 4ij before (or after) .
(
current iteration.
S S (20)
The phase shift angle ¢ij will then be revised by
the amount Af :
Consequently, when there is no outage on a system, we
can use the reactance matrix of the original network to
cp(t+l) - <(t) (t) (17) determine the change of real power flow of any line p--
ij ij ij q per unit angle adjustment of the phase shifter
installed in the line i--j;
where t--number of iterations.
AP S X+SX-SX-S X
This revised value of i will be used in the next dpq
At.
i
iS ip jS jp iS ig jS jq
x A4i
iteration to calculate the additional injected power at
pij ij pq ij
buses i and j. Thus, without changing the original -1
algorithm of conventional load flow calculation the x x (x+xxx) (21)
phase shifter can control the load flow of the lines. 'J pq

As pointed out in [12], due to the changing of AP S iXi +S ijX-isi s i: + S

system parameter (e.g. fi-) in each iteration of this ijdij -x - i i sij
power flow calculation t1e number of iterations may be jJ
A; i
increased to 10-15. Our experience indicates that if 1
we use an appropriate acceleration factor A in revising
X..
2 (Xi-x ii-xi+2X i (22)
the phase shift angle:
where xij, xpq--reactance of line i--j and p--q
- (t) + (t) (18) respectively;
iJ i3 iJ X( )--elements of reactance matrix of original
network .*'
the
number of iterations be decreased can and can be n
These values obtained from equations (21) and (22)
m
Fig. 4 shows the relationship between the acceleration
factor and the number of iterations to obtain a
calculation are sometimes called phase shifter distribution
factors Compared with the method of reference [5],
convergent sol ution for the 30-bus IEEE test system. this method of calculating distribution factors only
uses the elements of the reactance matrix of the
original network instead of reforming the matrix with
line i--j remov7ed. In the case of an outage on the
system, the compensation method [13] can be used to
revise the corresponding elements of the reactance
matrix of the original network. The revised
distribution factors can still be obtained by equations
(21) and (22).
 3793

By means of the phase shifter distribution factors m bE

we can determine the suitable phase shifter setting . Rqdpq,S dpq ,ij+ AIdI' dI ,ij)
R
fij
required to eliminate or minimize the overload of lines
in normal or contingency cases [5].
ipit
i
b
b R d S EA(P-P )d
Due to power flow redistribution the phase shifter pq p I
can not only be used to alleviate the overloading of b
lines but can also be used to minimize the line losses - E
( (R qd q Sdpq +Z AIdISd It )A t
of a power system in the normal operating condition. t pq p
The line losses are the sum of real power loss of every S
line in the system: S t (28)
2 2
b p2 + Q2
b = 2 Rpq (23) When we solve these simultaneous equations, the
pq=l V
pq settings of the phase shifters corresponding to minimum
line losses can be obtained.
Suppose the generation schedule has been decided. We
now wish to minimize the total line loss by adjusting In the appendix the results of a numerical example
the installed phase shifters. If we neglect the show that by using this method the optimal phase
variation of reactive power flow and the bus voltage shifter settings can be rapidly and reliably obtained.
amplitudes in the process of adjusting the phase The effect of these phase shifter adjustments can be
shifters, minimization of line losses can be obtained justified by the actual line losses of the system which
by the following equation: is calculated by the conventional load flow method.

Table 1
b2
min { E (P +AP ) R 1 (24) Scheme 1 Scheme 2
pq=l pq pq pq .(Fig. la.). (Fig. lb.)

K 1
where pq is the number of line, pq=l ... b; Cos_
ij is the number of line where the.phase shifter . j
is installed, ij=l. . .m; V
s
jV tanCP i ~l)
(e-
P is the initial real power flow of line pq
before aUjusting the phase shifters; ., t -j )
APp is the increment of the real arepower due to s I I
phase shifter adjustment, they equal to
E
ij-l
dpqi,
J ij. I
s
i
z .
i

If we consider the limits of the phase shifter

adjustments and the permissible maximum load flow of (V.tan4+jV.)tanf V.(l-e v¢
the lines, this problem becomes a quadratic programming I, 1 J -
problem with linear- inequality constraints. The penalty 1i i'
object function is:
jV.tanV (ei -1)
F= Z (P +AP ) R + EA (P +AP -p
pq=l pq pq pq I I,max
2
(25)
is Z
it
jZi * * v

and the constraints are: S.

|
_
|ViJtan2 +
jV V tan VV
+
V Je

Zij Zij Zj Zij

P
pq
+ AP <P
pq - pq,max 2)_
(26)
jjV Vitan4
|
-e +

Aij ,min- Aij - 'ij ,max (27) _

ii ij ii
CONCLUSIONS
where A is the penalty factor which is equal to zero
in the case of line power flow within its limit; By using injected power at terminal buses to
I is the number of lines of which the power flows simulate a phase shifter the basic algorithm of Newton-
exceed the corresponding limits. Raphson and fast decoupled methods can be preserved in
the load flow calculation. We applied these methods on
Here the constraints of phase shifters are not 5-bus system [11], IEEE 30- and 57-bus systems and have
included in the object funlction. When any phase gotten satisfactory results.
shifter (t) angle exceeds its limit, let that phase
shifter angle equal its limit value in any future This model allows a simplified method of real
calculation. From equation (25) we can obtain the power flow control to be developed . An appropriate
conditions when the line losses of the system is acceleration factor can reduce the number of iterations
minimized: of power flow control calculation to a value comparable
with the conventional load flow calculation.
This model can also be used to simplify
calculations when alleviating overloads and
minimizing line- losses by means of phase shifters.
3794

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT [16] B. Stott and 0. Alsac, "Fast Decoupled Load Flow",

The program for the power flow control by phase
shifters has been developed on an IBM 3033 computer at
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. The author expresses
his appreciation to Prof. A. N. Greenwood for his
support.
REFERENCES
[1] W. J. Lyman, "Controlling Power Flow with Phase
Equipment,AIEETansactionVol.49
Shiftering
IEEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and Systems,
Vol. PAS -93, pp. 859-869, 1974.
APPENDIX
The method for reducing line losses is illustrated
by the sample power system of reference [11] (Fig. A-1).
The transmission line impedances (with slight modifi-
cation) in per unit on a 100,000KVA base are given in
Table A-1. The scheduled generation, the loads and the

SJuly 1930, pp. 825-831. assumed per unit voltages are given in Table A-2.

[2] W.J. Lyman and J.R. North, "Application of Large Fig. A-1
Phase-Shifting Transformer on An Interconnected Table A-1 Table A-2
System Loop", AIEE Transaction, Vol. 57 Oct.
1938, pp. 579-587.
line impedance Generation Load
[3] L.F. Blume, "Phase-Angle Control", Transformer Bus assumed
Engineering, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1951. p--g Z
pq p bus voltage
[4] D. O'Kelley and G. Musgrave, "Improvement of 1--2 0.02+jO.06 MW MVAR MW MVAR
Power System Transient Stability by Phase-Shift 1--3 0.08+jO.24 -
Insertion", Proceedings of IEE, Vol. 120, No. 2 2--3 0.06+jO.18 1 1.06+jO.0 0 0 0 0
Feb., pp. 247-251. 2--4 0.02+jO.18 2 1.0 +jO.0 40 30 20 10
2--5 0.08+jO.12 3 1.0 +jO.O 0 0 45 15
[5] A. Thanikachalam, V.T. Sulzberger, P. Van Olinda 3--4 0.Ol+jO.03 4 1.0 +jO.0 0 0 40 5
and J.N. Wrubel, "On-line Operation of Phase 4--5 0.03+jO.24 5 1.0 +jO.0 0 0 60 10
Shifters Using Energy Control Center Computers",
IEEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and Systems, As pointed out in section 2, to simplify the
Vol. PAS-93, pp. 1563-1570, 1974. problem we use a DC model. When bus 1 is assigned as
swing bus, the reactance matrix of the sample power
[6] G.C. Ejebe, W.R. Puntel, B.F. Wollenberg, "A Load system is:
Curtailment Algorithm for the Evaluation of Power
Transmission System Adequacy", paper presented on 2 0.050571 0.037714 0.040268 0.047143
PES 1977 suimmer meeting, SM 1977 A-77 505-1. 3 0.037714 0.089143 0.078857 0.051428

[7] J. Arrillaga and R.M. Duke, "Thyristor-Controlled 4 0.040286 0.078857 0.095143 0.058571
Quadrature Boosting", Proceedings of IEE, Vol. 5 0.047143 0.051428 0.058571 0.130952
126, No. 6, Ju'ly 1979. L' 1
[8] R.M. Mathur, "A Thyristor Controlled Static Phase- If we install phase shifters in the lines 2-5 and
Shifter for AC Power Transmission", paper 2-3 to redistribute the load flow, the distribution
presented on PES 1980 summer meeting, 80 SM 660-L factors can be obtained as shown in Table A-3:
[9] C.P. Arnold, R.M. Duke and J. Arrillaga, "Trans-
ient Stability Improvement Using Thyristor Con-
Table A-3 Distribution Factors dpq ij
trolled Quadrature Voltage Injection", paper pre- 2-3 2-5
sented on PES 1980 summer meeting, 80 SM 631-2. P q _
1-2 1.1905 0.4762
[10] N.M. Peterson and W.S. Meyer, "Automatic Adjust- 1-3 -1.1905 -0.4762
ment of Transformer and Phase-Shifter Taps", IEEE 2-3 3.5714 -0.7936
Transaction on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. 2-4 -1.5873 -1.0053
PAS-90, pp. 104-106, 1971. 2-5 -0.7936 2.2751
3-4 2.3809 -1.2698
[11] G.W. Stagg and A.H. El-Abiad, Computer Methods in 4-5 0.7936 -2.2751
Power System Analysis, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1968
In the scheduled case the real power flows of
[12] W.F. Tinney, "Mathematical Challenges in Power lines are shown in second column of Table A-4.
System Planning", Electric Power Problems: The
Mathematical Challenge, 1980. If we do not consider the limits of the line power
flows and the phase shifters (case 1), the optimal
[13] W.F. Tinney, "Compensation Method for Network settings of phase shifters are determined by solving
Solution by Optimal Ordered Triangular Factoriza- equation (28): A = - 6.59520, A2 = - 1.7764°.
tion", IEEE PICA Proceedings, pp. 377, 1971.
If we assume the minimum permissible setting of
[14] B. Stott and E. Hobson, "Power System Security phase shifter 2-5 is -5° (case 2), the the optimal
Control Calculation Using Linear Programming, setting of phase shifter 2-3 will be -1. 3195°o. In the
Part I", IEEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and case 3, when the power flow limit of line 2-3=0.1, the
Systems, Vol. PAS-91, pp. 1713-1731, 1978. optimal settings: AQP25=-6.83O02 and M¢23.=-3.793°. When
both limits exist (case 4), the corresponding optimal
[iS] W.F. Tinney and C.E. Hart, "Power Flow Solution setting of phase shifter 2-3 is: -3. 3854° .
by Newton's Method", IEEE Transaction on Power
Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-86, pp. 1449-1460 The line power flows of each case are also shown
1967. in Table A-4.
 3795

Table A-4 Discussion

Normal Case-i Case-2 Case-3 Case-4 A. J. Calvaer (University of Liege, Belgium): The property of the ZLand
1-2 0.8543 0.7626 0.7853 0.7187 0. 7424
Y matrices to loss their symmetrical character in presence of phase
1-3 0.3957 0.4874 0.4647 0.5313 0.5076 shifters iS a well known property i power systems circuit theory. E.g. it
2-3 0.2429 0.2235 0.2299 0.1010 0.1011 can be shown that the skew symmetric part is directly related to the
2-4 0.2743 0.4392 0.3986 0.4992 0.4558 shifters and that the hermitian part of Z or Y is definite positive and
2-5
3-4
0.5371
0.1886
0.2998
0.2609
0.3569
0.2445 0.3185
0.1823
0.3855
0.1587 plays the role of the real part of the common symmetrical matrices, i.e.
4-5 0.0629 0.3001 0.2431 0.2815 0.2145 the dissipative process. Those properties were established during the fif-
ties and sixties by authors like G. Kron, H. Happ and others.
Optimal settings of phase shifters Perhaps I gave also some contributions to those questions.
The energetic equivalent given by the Fig. 3 was extensively used dur-
2-3 0.0000 -1.7764 -1.3195 -3.7930 -3.3854 ing the fourties and the fifties on network analyzer work. It worked
2-5 0.0000 -6.5952 -5.0000 -6.8302 -5.0000 very well for load flow studies but was tedious in the faulted network or
Line-loss of the system transient stability computations due to the multiple cut and try steps.
Could the author comment about the extension of his computer pro-
0.057063| 0.049311| 0.0495981 0.0506261 0.051019 gram to those cases?
By the conventional load flow program the line
losses of the system can be precisely obtained for each Manuscript received February 17, 1982.
case and is also shown in the bottom of Table A-4. From
these results we can conclude that in the test system
by means of the foregoing method the optimal settings
of phase shifters can be rapidly and reliably obtained.

Z. X. Han: The author would like to thank Prof. A. J. Calvaer for his
discussion of this paper.
The computer program has not yet been extended to the fault analysis
and transient stability computation. The author generally agrees with
discussor's comments regarding the difficulty of extension of equivalent
circuit given by Fig. 3 to these computations. It is the author's opinion,
that by using sophisticated computation techniques, one or two more
iterations are sufficient for obtaining results with reasonable precision.

Fig.A_j Sample system for, load flou solution. Manuscript received April 2, 1982.