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LAWS OF MALAYSIA
REPRINT
Act 388
INTERPRETATION ACTS
1948 AND 1967
Incorporating all amendments up to 1 January 2006
PUBLISHED BY
THE COMMISSIONER OF LAW REVISION, MALAYSIA
UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE REVISION OF LAWS ACT 1968
IN COLLABORATION WITH
PERCETAKAN NASIONAL MALAYSIA BHD
2006
INTERPRETATION ACTS
1948 AND 1967
First Enacted … ... ... ... ... … 1948 and 1967 (M.U.
Ordinance No. 7 of
1948, Act No. 23 of
1967 and Act No. 57
of 1967)
PREVIOUS REPRINT
Act 388
ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
Section
1. Short title
PART I
2. Application
DIVISION ONE
Meaning of Certain Expressions and References
3. Definitions
4. Grammatical variations, gender and number
5. References to offices, etc., established by Constitution
6. References to public officers
7. Reference to office-holder includes acting holder, etc.
8. References to “the High Court”, “the Minister” and “the Treasury”
9. References to States
10. (Deleted)
11. References to distance
12. Service by post
DIVISION T WO
Provisions Affecting Written Laws Generally
DIVISION THREE
DIVISION F OUR
Miscellaneous
Adam
62 A. Use of electronic means or medium Haida & Co
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Section
PART II
DIVISION FIVE
Definitions
66. Definitions
DIVISION S IX
General Provisions Regarding Acts of Parliament,
Ordinances and Enactments
DIVISION S EVEN
Repeal, Re-Enactment and Amending Legislation
Section
DIVISION N INE
Subsidiary Legislation
DIVISION TEN
Powers and Appointments
DIVISION E LEVEN
DIVISION T WELVE
Miscellaneous
DIVISION THIRTEEN
Penal Provisions
Section
DIVISION F IFTEEN
Repeal
129. Repeal
PART III
130. Extent
131. PART I of this Act to have effect in adopting States
132. Repeal and saving
FIRST SCHEDULE
SECOND S CHEDULE
Act 388
Short title
PART I
Application
2. (1) Subject to this section, Part I of this Act shall apply for the
interpretation of and otherwise in relation to—
(a) this Act and all Acts of Parliament enacted after 18 May
1967;
(b) all laws, whether enacted before or after the commencement
of this Act, revised under the Revision of Laws Act 1968
[Act 1];
(c) all subsidiary legislation made under this Act and under
Acts of Parliament enacted after the commencement of
this Act; Adam Haida & Co
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(d) all subsidiary legislation, whether made before or after
the commencement of this Act, revised under the Revision
of Laws Act 1968;
(e) all subsidiary legislation made after the 31 December
1968, under the laws revised under the Revision of Laws
Act 1968.
DIVISION ONE
Definitions
Adam
“amend” includes repeal, add to and Haida & Co
vary;
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Interpretation 13
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“armed forces” means the armed forces of Malaysia;
Adam Haida
“financial year” means a year beginning & Co
on 1 January;
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Interpretation 15
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“forfeited” means forfeited to the Government of Malaysia or,
in a case where forfeitures are assigned to a State by the Federal
Constitution as items of revenue, forfeited to the Government of
the State in question;
“immovable property” means land and any interest in, right over
or benefit arising or to arise out of land;
“Rules Committee” means the body for the time being authorized
by law to make rules of court for the Federal Court, the Court of
Appeal and the High Courts established by the Federal Constitution;
“sell” includes exchange, barter, offer for sale and expose for
sale;
References to States
References to distance
DIVISION TWO
13. Every Act shall be a public Act unless the contrary is expressly
provided therein.
14. Every Act shall be divided into sections, each of which shall
have effect as a substantive enactment without any introductory
words.
15. The long title and preamble and every schedule (together
with any note or table annexed to the schedules) to an Act or to
any subsidiary legislation shall be construed and have effect as
part of the Act or subsidiary legislation.
Gazette
Commencement
29. The repeal of a written law shall not revive any written law
or other thing not in force or existing immediately before the
repeal took effect, and in particular (without prejudice to the generality
of the foregoing) the repeal of a written law which itself repealed
an earlier law shall not revive that earlier law.
30. (1) The repeal of a written law in whole or in part shall not—
(a) affect the previous operation of the repealed law or anything
duly done or suffered thereunder; or
(b) affect any right, privilege, obligation or liability acquired,
accrued or incurred under the repealed law; or
(c) affect any penalty, forfeiture or punishment incurred in
respect of any offence committed under the repealed law;
or
(d) affect any investigation, legal proceeding or remedy in
respect of any such right, privilege, obligation, liability,
penalty, forfeiture or punishment,
Expiry
34. Where a written law amends another written law, the amending
law shall be read and construedAdam
as oneHaida
with&the
Coamended law.
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References to written laws
(2) In an Act—
(a) a reference to a specified section is a reference to that
section of that Act;
(b) a reference to a specified subsection is a reference to that
subsection of the section in Adam
which Haida & Co occurs;
the reference
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(c) a reference to a specified paragraph is a reference to that
paragraph of the section, subsection or schedule in which
the reference occurs; and
(d) a reference to a specified subparagraph is a reference to
that subparagraph of the paragraph in which the reference
occurs.
DIVISION THREE
Powers and Appointments
37. Where a written law confers any power or imposes any duty,
the power may be exercised and the duty shall be performed from
time to time as occasion requires.
Power of majority
Law officers
Implied powers
45. Where in any written law a time is prescribed for doing any
act or taking any proceeding and power is given to a court or other
authority to extend that time, the power may be exercised by the
court or authority although the application for its exercise is not
made until after the expiration of the time prescribed.
50. Where under any written law the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, a
State Authority, a Minister or any other authority is empowered
to appoint a person to exercise any function, to be a member of
any board, commission or similar body or to be or do any other
thing, he may—
(a) instead of appointing a person by name, appoint the holder
of an office by the term designating the office; and
(b) if he thinks fit, make the appointment with retrospective
effect to a date not earlier than the commencement of the
law under which it is made.
otherwise than in accordance with the law for the time being
regulating the public services.
DIVISION FOUR
Miscellaneous
Computation of time
54. (1) In computing time for the purposes of any written law—
(a) a period of days from the happening of an event or the
doing of any act or thing shall be deemed to be exclusive
of the day on which the event happens or the act or thing
is done;
(b) if the last day of the period is a weekly holiday or a
public holiday (referred to in this subsection as excluded
days) the period shall include the next following day
which is not an excluded day; Adam Haida & Co
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Interpretation 37
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(c) where any act or proceeding is directed or allowed to be
done or taken on a certain day, then, if that day happens
to be an excluded day, the act or proceeding shall be
considered as done or taken in due time if it is done or
taken on the next following day which is not an excluded
day; and
(d) where any act or proceeding is directed or allowed to be
done or taken within any time not exceeding six days,
excluded days shall not be reckoned in the computation
of the time.
55. Any written law providing that the fiat, consent or authority
of any person is necessary before any prosecution or other legal
proceedings are begun, or for any other purpose in connection with
any legal proceedings, shall be deemed also to provide that any
document purporting to be or to bear the signed fiat, consent or
authority of that person shall be received as prima facie evidence
in any proceedings without proof being given that the signature
is what it purports to be.
Gazettes to be evidence
PART II
DIVISION FIVE
Definitions
Definitions
*NOTE—The Prisons Ordinance 1952 [Ord. 81 of 1952] has since been repealed by the Prison
Adam Haida & Co
Act 1995 [Act 537]–see section 68 of Act 537.
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“Malay” means a person who profess the Islamic religion,
habitually speaks the Malay language, conforms to Malay custom
and—
(a) was before Merdeka Day born in the Federation or born
of parents one of whom was born in the Federation, or
is on that day domiciled in the Federation; or
(b) is the issue of such a person;
*NOTE—The Railway Ordinance 1948 [Ord. 8 of 1948] has since been repealed by the Railways
Adam Haida & Co
Act 1991 [Act 463]–see section 105 of Act 463.
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“Police Force Commission” means the Police Force Commission
established by Article 140 of the Constitution;
“Prime Minister” or “Perdana Menteri” means the person appointed
as Prime Minister by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong under Article 43
of the Constitution;
“prescribed” means prescribed by or under the Act of Parliament,
Ordinance or Enactment in which the word occurs;
“President of the Senate” or “Yang di-Pertua Dewan Negara”
includes the Deputy President of the Senate or such other member
of the Senate as may be determined by the rules of procedure of
the Senate, whenever the Deputy President or such other member
is acting as President of the Senate;
“Proclamation” includes a Proclamation made by, or under the
authority of, the Supreme Allied Commander, South East Asia,
during the period between the fifteenth day of August 1945, and
the first day of April 1946;
“public holiday” means any day which is declared to be or
proclaimed as a public holiday or which, under any written law,
is to be observed as a public holiday in the Federation or any part
thereof;
“public place” includes every public highway, street, road, bridge,
square, court, alley, lane, bridleway, footway, parade, wharf, jetty,
quay, public garden or open space, and every theatre, place of
public entertainment of any kind, or other place of general resort,
admission to which is obtained by payment or to which the public
have access;
“Public Seal” means the Public Seal of the Federation;
“Public Services Commission” means the Public Services
Commission established by Article 139 of the Constitution;
“Railway Service Commission” means the Railway Service
Commission established by Article 141 of the Constitution;
“registered” used with reference to a document, means registered
under the provisions of the law for the time being applicable to
the registration of such document;
“regulations” includes rules, rules of court and by-laws;
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“Rule Committee” means the Rule Committee or other authority
having power under written law to make rules or orders regulating
the practice and procedure of the High Court;
“Ruler”—
(a) in the case of Negeri Sembilan, means the Yang
di-Pertuan Besar and the Ruling Chiefs; and
(b) in the case of any State, includes any person who in
accordance with the Constitution of that State exercises
the functions of Ruler;
“Ruler in Council” means a Ruler acting after consultation with
the State Executive Council but (except when he is required by the
State Constitution or by any law to act in accordance with the
advice of such Council) not necessarily acting in accordance with
the advice of such Council;
“rules of court” means, when used in relation to any court, rules
made by the Rule Committee;
“the Ruling Chiefs” means the persons who are for the time
being the Undang of Sungei Ujong, the Undang of Jelebu, the
Undang of Johol, the Undang of Rembau and the Tunku Besar of
Tampin;
“seaman” includes every person (except masters, pilots and
apprentices duly indentured and registered) employed or engaged
in any capacity on board any ship;
“Secretary of State” means one of Her Britannic Majesty’s Principal
Secretaries of State;
“sell” and “sale” include exchange, barter and offering or exposing
for sale;
“Senate” or “Dewan Negara” means the Senate established by
Article 44 of the Constitution;
“Senator” means a member of the Senate;
“service by post”: where an Act of Parliament or Ordinance
authorizes or requires any document to be served by post, whether
the expression “serve” or the expression “give” or “send” or any
other expression is used, then, unless the contrary intention appears,
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the service shall be deemed to be effected by properly addressing,
prepaying and posting a letter containing the document, and, unless
the contrary is proved, to have been effected at the time at which
the letter would be delivered in the ordinary course of post;
“Service Commission” means a Commission to which Part X of
the Constitution applies;
“ship” includes every description of vessel used in navigation
not exclusively propelled by oars or paddles;
“sign” with reference to a person who is unable to write his
name, includes “mark”;
“Speaker” or “Yang di-Pertua Dewan Rakyat” means the Speaker
of the House of Representatives and includes the Deputy Speaker
or such other member of the House of Representatives as may be
determined by the rules of procedure of that House, whenever the
Deputy Speaker or such other member is acting as Speaker;
“State” or “State of the Federation” means such one of the
States of the Federation as the circumstances may require;
“State of Singapore” or “Singapore” means the State of Singapore
established under the State of Singapore Act 1958, of the United
Kingdom;
“State Enactment” means any enactment of the Legislature of
any State having the force of law in that State, whether enacted
before or after Merdeka Day, but does not include an enactment
of the Legislature of the Federated Malay State;
“State Executive Council” means the Executive Council established
for a State pursuant to the Constitution of that State;
“State law” means—
(a) any law in operation in a State or any part thereof
immediately before Merdeka Day, being a law relating
to a matter with respect to which the Legislature of the
State has power to make laws; and
(b) a law made by the Legislature of a State;
“State List” means the Second List set out in the Ninth Schedule
to the Constitution, being the list enumerating the matters with
respect to which a State Legislature Adam
may makeHaidalaws;
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“State purposes” includes, in relation to any State, the purposes
of the State in connection with matters enumerated in the Concurrent
List and with any other matters with respect to which the Legislature
of the State has power to make laws;
“State Pardons Board” means the Pardons Board established for
a State by Article 42 of the Constitution;
“State Reserve Fund” means the State Reserve Fund established
by Article 109 of the Constitution;
“States of the Federation” means the States of Johore, Kedah,
Kelantan, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Selangor,
Terengganu, Malacca and Penang, and all dependencies, islands
and places which on Merdeka Day were administered as part
thereof, and the territorial waters adjacent thereto;
“statutory declaration” if made—
(a) in the Federation, means a declaration made by virtue of
the provisions of any written law providing for such
declarations;
(b) in the United Kingdom or any British possession means
a declaration made before a justice of the peace, notary
public or other person having authority therein under any
law for the time being in force to take or receive a
declaration;
(c) in any other place means a declaration made before a
consular officer of the Federation or before any person
having authority under any Ordinance or Act of Parliament
for the time being in force to take or receive a declaration;
“subsidiary legislation” means any Order in Council, proclamation,
rule, regulation, order, notification, by-law or other instrument
made under any Act of Parliament, Ordinance, Enactment or other
lawful authority and having legislative effect;
“Supreme Court” means the Supreme Court of the Federation
constituted by Part IX of the Constitution;
“territorial waters” means in relation to any territory the inland
waters of such territory and such part of the sea adjacent to the
coast thereof as is deemed by international law to constitute the
territorial waters of such territory;
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“the Treasury” means the Minister charged with responsibility
for finance and includes any officer under the administrative control
or direction of such Minister to whom such Minister has delegated
or who, in accordance with section 6 or section 7 of the Delegation
of Powers Act 1956, is authorized to exercise powers under the
Financial Procedure Act 1957;
“United Kingdom” means Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
“vessel” includes floating craft of every description;
“weekly holiday” means Sunday or, in States where Friday is
observed as the weekly holiday, Friday;
“will” includes a codicil;
words importing the masculine gender include females;
words in the singular include the plural, and words in the plural
include the singular;
“writing” and expressions referring to writing include printing,
lithography, typewriting, photography, and other modes of
representing or reproducing words or figures in visible form;
“written law” means all Acts of Parliament, Ordinances and
Enactments in force in the Federation or any part thereof and all
subsidiary legislation made thereunder, and includes the Federal
Constitution;
“Yang di-Pertuan Agong” or “Supreme Head” or “Supreme Head
of the Federation” means the person who is for the time being
holding the office of Yang di-Pertuan Agong in accordance with
the provisions of the Constitution, and includes the Deputy Supreme
Head or a Ruler whenever he is lawfully exercising the functions
of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong;
“Yang di-Pertuan Negara” means the Representative of Her
Britannic Majesty in and for Singapore and includes any person
for the time being lawfully exercising the functions of such
Representative;
“Yang di-Pertua Negeri” means the Yang di-Pertua Negeri of
the State of Malacca or Penang, as the circumstances may require,
and includes any person for the time being lawfully exercising the
functions of such Yang di-Pertua Negeri;
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“Yang di-Pertua Negeri in Council” means a Yang di-Pertua
Negeri acting in accordance with the advice of the State Executive
Council or of a member thereof acting under the general authority
of such Council;
“year” means a year reckoned according to the Gregorian calendar.
DIVISION SIX
Schedules
Forms
71. Save as is otherwise expressly provided, whenever forms are
prescribed slight deviations therefrom, not affecting the substance
or calculated to mislead, shall not invalidate them. [s. 7]
DIVISION SEVEN
74. Where any written law which has been amended by any other
written law is itself repealed, such repeal shall be deemed to
include the repeal of all written laws or parts of written laws by
which such first mentioned written law has been amended.
[s. 10]
75. (1) Where a written law repeals wholly or in part any former
written law and substitutes other provision therefor, the repealed
written law shall remain in force until the substituted provision
comes into operation.
76. Where any written law repeals and re-enacts, with or without
modification, any provision of a former written law, references in
any other written law to the provision so repealed shall, unless the
contrary intention appears, be construed as references to the provision
so re-enacted. [s. 12]
Effect of repeal
79. The expiration of a written law shall not affect any civil or
criminal proceeding previously commenced under such written
law, but every such proceeding may be continued and everything
in relation thereto may be done in all respects as if the written law
continued in force. [s. 15]
Imperial Acts
DIVISION NINE
Subsidiary Legislation
96. (1) Where by or under any written law the Yang di-Pertuan
Agong or a Ruler or Governor or any public officer or body is
empowered to appoint or name a person to have and exercise any
powers or perform any duties, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or such
Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri, public officer or body may either
appoint a person by name, or direct the person for the time being
holding the office designated by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or by
such Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri, public officer or body to
have and exercise such powers and perform such duties; and
thereupon, or from the date specified by the Yang di-Pertuan
Agong or by such Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri, public officer
or body, the person appointed by name or the person holding the
office aforesaid shall have and may exercise such powers or perform
such duties accordingly.
99. (1) Where by or under any written law any powers are conferred
or any duties are imposed upon a public officer, the Yang
di-Pertuan Agong or, in the case of a public officer borne on the
establishment of a State, the Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri of
that State, may direct that if, during any period, owing to absence
or inability to act from illness or any other cause, such public
officer is unable to exercise the powers or perform the duties of
his office in any place under Adam Haida & Co
his jurisdiction or control, such
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powers shall be had and may be exercised and such duties shall
be performed in such place by a person namely by, or by a public
officer holding the office designated by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong
or Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri, as the case may be; and thereupon
such person or public officer, during any period as aforesaid, shall
have and may exercise the powers and shall perform the duties
aforesaid subject to such conditions, exceptions and qualifications
as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri
may direct.
100. (1) Where under any written law an appeal against the decision
of any person lies to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or a Minister it
shall be lawful for the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or the Minister,
unless the contrary intention appears in such written law, when
such appeal is made to him to appoint a Committee for the purpose
of hearing such appeal and advising him as to the decision that
should be made thereon:
DIVISION ELEVEN
Measurement of distance
103. In the measurement of any distance for the purposes of any
written law, that distance shall, unless the contrary intention appears,
be measured in a straight line on a horizontal plane. [s. 34]
Time of commencement
104. Where any written law, or any part of a written law, or any
instrument or notification made thereunder, is expressed to come
into operation on a particular day, it shall, unless it be otherwise
expressly provided, be construed as coming into operation
immediately on the expiration of the day next preceding such day.
[s. 35]
Computation of time
105. In computing time for the purposes of any written law,
unless the contrary intention appears—
(a) a period of days from the happening of an event or the
doing of any act or thing shall be deemed to be exclusive
of the day in which the event happens or the act or thing
is done; Adam Haida & Co
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(b) if the last day of the period is a weekly holiday or a
public holiday (which days are in this section referred to
as excluded days) the period shall include the next following
day not being an excluded day;
(c) when any act or proceeding is directed or allowed to be
done or taken on a certain day, then, if that day happens
to be an excluded day, the act or proceeding shall be
considered as done or taken in due time if it is done or
taken on the next day afterwards, not being an excluded
day;
(d) when an act or proceeding is directed or allowed to be
done or taken within any time not exceeding six days,
excluded days shall not be reckoned in the computation
of the time. [s. 36]
Computation of age
109. Where in any written law a time is prescribed for doing any
act or taking any proceeding and power is given to a court or other
authority to extend such time, unless the contrary intention appears
the power may be exercised by the court or other authority although
the application for the same is not made until after the expiration
of the time prescribed. [s. 39]
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D IVISION T WELVE
Miscellaneous
Public officers
113. A reference in any written law to any public officer by the
usual or common title of his office shall, if there be such an office
customarily in the Federation or any State and unless the contrary
intention appears, be read and construed as referring to the person
for the time being holding or carrying out the duties of that office
Adam
in the Federation or State, as the caseHaida & Co
may be. [s. 42]
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Ex-officio proceedings not to abate on death, etc.
DIVISION THIRTEEN
120. (1) Where any written law has been amended, the Government
Printer may, with the authority of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong,
print copies of the law with the necessary additions, omissions, or
substitutions effected by any written law amending it; and any
copy of it purporting to be so printed shall be deemed until the
contrary is shown, to be the authentic text of the amended law as
in force, except in so far as may be specified in the copy, on such
date as may be so specified.
Penal Provision
125. (1) Where under any written law any person is required to
pay any charge or fee for any act or thing done, or document
issued, or signature or seal affixed to any document, by any public
officer or department, or where any person is adjudged by any
court, or other authority duly authorized by law, to pay or forfeit
any sum of money, such charge or fee and such sum of money
shall be paid into the Treasury, unless the contrary is otherwise
provided; and if any such charge or fee, or if any commission on
money received or taken possession of, realised, or otherwise dealt
with, is required to be paid to any public officer or department,
such officer or department receiving the same shall pay it into or
account for the same in due course to the Treasury.
(2) Where under any written law any thing or any animal is
adjudged by any court, or other authority duly authorized by law,
to be forfeited, it shall, unless the contrary is otherwise provided,
or unless it is expressed by law to be forfeited to any person, be
forfeited to the Government, and the net proceeds thereof, if it is
ordered by competent authority to be sold, shall be paid into the
Treasury, unless the contrary is otherwise provided.
DIVISION FIFTEEN
Repeal
Repeal
129. The Ordinances and Enactments set out in the First Schedule
are hereby repealed to the extent specified in the third column of
such Schedule. [s. 57]
PART III
Extent
130. PART III of this Act [Interpretation (States of West Malaysia)
Act 1967] is enacted in pursuance of Article 76(1)(b) of the Federal
Constitution for the purpose of promoting uniformity of the laws
of the States of West Malaysia, shall extend only to such of those
states which adopt this PART in pursuance of Article 76(3) of the
Federal Constitution. [s. 2]
[Section 129]
ORDINANCES AND ENACTMENTS REPEALED
S ECOND SCHEDULE
[Subsection 131(1)]
1. In this Schedule—
“the adopting State”, in relation to any particular State which adopts PART
III of this Act, means that particular State;
“the applied Act” means PART I of this Act [Interpretation Act 1967].
12. Section 46 of the applied Act shall have effect as if a reference to the Ruler
or Yang di-Pertua Negeri of the adopting State was substituted for the reference
to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or a Minister.
13. Section 51 of the applied Act shall have effect as if for references to a
Minister, to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and to another Minister there were
substituted references to the Chief Minister or Menteri Besar, to the Ruler or
Yang di-Pertua Negeri and to any member of the Executive Council respectively.
15. The applied Act shall be deemed to contain the following provision, that
is to say:
“Where any written law which is a State law has been amended by another
written law, the Government Printer with the authority of the Chief Minister
or Menteri Besar may print copies of the law with the necessary additions,
omissions or substitutions effected by the amending law; and any such copy
purporting to be so printed shall be presumed, until the contrary is shown, to
be the authentic text of the amended law (except in so far as may be specified
in the copy) as in force on such date as may be so specified.”.
Act 388
LIST OF AMENDMENTS
PART I
PART II
P ART III
*NOTE—The Courts of Judicature Act 1964 [Act 7 of 1964] has since been revised as Act 91
w.e.f. 1 November 1972. Adam Haida & Co
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LAWS OF MALAYSIA
Act 388
67 Adam
L.N.(N.S.) 2/1957Haida & Co 31-08-1957
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80 Laws of Malaysia ACT 388
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Section Amending authority In force from
68 L.N.(N.S.) 2/1957 31-08-1957
DICETAK OLEH
PERCETAKAN NASIONAL MALAYSIA BERHAD,
KUALA LUMPUR
Adam Haida & Co
BAGI PIHAK DAN DENGAN PERINTAH KERAJAAN MALAYSIA
http://peguam.org
82 Laws of Malaysia ACT 388
http://perjanjian.org