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1
Contents
Section 2: Heating and Thermal Performance ..... 8 The School Premises Regulations
Thermal conditions ........................................................................... 9
Summary Sheet ...................................................................... 32
Temperatures in the heating season ........................................... 9 Acoustics .......................................................................................... 32
Summertime temperatures ............................................................ 9 Lighting ............................................................................................. 32
Thermal insulation .......................................................................... 10 Heating .............................................................................................. 32
Heat gains ........................................................................................ 10 Ventilation ......................................................................................... 32
Heating system design ................................................................. 10 Water supplies ................................................................................ 32
Choice of fuel and heating system ........................................... 11 Drainage ........................................................................................... 32
Heating Plant Carbon Intensity ................................................... 12
Heating control ............................................................................... 12 Standards for environmental conditions and
Building Energy Management Systems ................................... 13 energy conservation for new school buildings
Frost protection .............................................................................. 14
summary sheet ....................................................................... 33
Conservation of fuel and power –Energy efficiency
Section 3: Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality ...... 15 rating ................................................................................................. 33
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) ................................................................. 15 Acoustics .......................................................................................... 33
Purpose of ventilation ................................................................... 15 Lighting ............................................................................................. 33
Indoor air quality (IAQ) .................................................................. 15 External lighting .............................................................................. 33
Natural ventilation .......................................................................... 16 Heating .............................................................................................. 33
Mechanical ventilation ................................................................... 16 Thermal performance ................................................................... 33
Controlling summertime overheating ....................................... 17 Ventilation ......................................................................................... 34
Hot and cold water ........................................................................ 34
2
Introduction
3
Introduction
alternative means of compliance with the Temporary buildings are exempt from the
Energy Efficiency Requirements of Part Building Regulations. Temporary
L2 of the Building Regulations. buildings are defined in Schedule 2 to the
However, BB87 contains some specific Building Regulations as those which are
Constructional Standards for school not intended to remain in place for
buildings which refine and override the longer than 28 days. What are commonly
recommendations for compliance with called temporary buildings in schools are
Building Regulations given in ADL2 classed as prefabricated buildings and are
2002 and ADF 1995. For example the normally subject to the same building
means of avoiding solar overheating given regulation requirements as other types of
in Section 1 adds to the guidance on this building. Additional guidance is given in
topic in ADL2 2002. Clause 0.6 of ADE, and clauses 0.25 and
0.26 of ADL2.
Notwithstanding the obligations required
under the Building Regulations it should A building that is created by dismantling,
also be borne in mind that The Education transporting and re-erecting the
(School Premises) Regulations 1999, sub-assemblies on the same premises, or
SI 1999 No.2[Ref. 4] are still in force and is constructed from sub-assemblies
Note
contain minimum environmental obtained from other premises or from
1 The definition of a school standards that apply to both new and stock manufactured before the
is given in Section 4 of the existing school buildings. Note that appropriate AD came into force, would
1996 Education Act. In the ADL2 2002 also refers to requirements normally be considered to meet the
case of sixth form colleges when undertaking work on existing requirements for school if it satisfies,
the Section 4 of the 1996
buildings and this applies equally eg the 1995 edition of ADL.
Act should be read in
conjunction with Section 2 to schools.
of the same Act, in The Building Regulations Part F 1995
particular subsections (2), Scope of the Building Regulations and Part L2 2002 apply to most non-
(2A) and (4) which deal domestic buildings. Whereas, BB87
with the definition of Although Building Regulations do not
apply to all alteration and refurbishment applies, and sets the constructional
“secondary education”.
work, it is desirable that such work should standards, for all areas of schools
If a sixth form college is consider environmental conditions and including nursery and adult/community
established as a school
energy efficiency and incorporate education within school complexes. It
under the 1998 School does not apply to nursery schools which
Standards and Framework
upgrading of plant and controls and also
the building fabric as is appropriate and are not part of a primary school, sixth
Act then it will be classed
cost effective. For the application of the form colleges which have not been
as a school under section
4 of the 1996 Education Building Regulations see Regulations 3 established as schools, and Universities or
Act and BB87 will apply. and 4 of Building Regulations 2000 Colleges of Further and Higher
Only one sixth form
(as amended). Education1. However many of the
college has done this to performance requirements are desirable
date. Therefore, most
The exemption of Local Education and BB87 can be used as a guide to the
sixth form colleges are
institutions in the Further Authority (LEA) maintained schools from design of these buildings.
Education sector and are the Building Regulations has ended and
not schools and hence
school Buildings are now subject to the
BB87 will not apply.
Building Regulations and may be subject to
In the case of a new sixth detailed design checks and on-site
form college it will be inspections by the Building Control Bodies.
necessary to contact the
LEA to enquire if the sixth The Building Regulations apply in
form college has been
England and Wales. They apply to
established as a school or
as an institute of further both LEA maintained schools and
education. independent schools.
4
Section 1: BB87 and Approved Document Part L2 2002
requirements for schools
rather than the elements of which it is from the Schools Building & Design Unit document, for the
website at: http://teachernet.gov.uk/energy purposes of compliance
composed. The methods are as follows. with Building Regulations
The spreadsheet contains all the data
Part F 1995 and Part L2
required to make calculations of the 2002 and in the DfES
carbon rating for the school building. Constructional Standards
Elemental Method By following the design guidance [Ref.1], should therefore
For the elemental method of compliance contained within BB87 and ADL2 2002, be considered as
the distinction is generally made between the building should achieve a carbon references to the current
version of this 2nd edition
‘offices, industrial and storage buildings’ performance rating of better than
of Building Bulletin 87.
and ‘all other building types’. Specific 5 kgC/m2 per year. The current version can be
guidance is given for offices etc, and downloaded from the DfES
separate information for ‘all other website http://
building types’ – which includes schools. teachernet.gov.uk/energy.
5
Section 1: BB87 and Approved Document Part L2 2002 requirements for schools
6
Section 1: BB87 and Approved Document Part L2 2002 requirements for schools
7
Section 2 : Heating and Thermal Performance
Areas where there is a lower than 21 Horizontal or near horizontal glazing should
normal level of physical activity not normally exceed 20% of the roof area.
because of sickness or physical
disability including sick rooms
and isolation rooms but not
other sleeping accommodation
Building Regulations
Areas where there is a higher 15 Central heating systems should have
than normal level of physical
appropriate controls complying with the
activity (for example arising out
requirements in ADL2 2002, in support of
of physical education) and
washrooms, sleeping the Building Regulations.
accommodation and circulation
spaces The air supply to and discharge of products of
combustion from heat producing appliances
and the protection of the building from the
(3) Each room or other space which has a appliances and their flue pipes and chimneys
heating system shall, if the temperature should comply with Building Regulations,
during any period during which it is occupied Part J, 2002.
would otherwise be below that appropriate
to its normal use, be heated to a The fabric insulation should comply with the
temperature which is so appropriate. recommended maximum values given in the
‘Elemental Method’ in Table 1 of section 1 of
(4) In a special school, nursery school or ADL2 2002 in support of the Building
teaching accommodation used by a nursery Regulations, 2002.
class in a school the surface temperature of
any radiator, including exposed pipework,
which is in a position where it may be
touched by a pupil shall not exceed 43 oC.
8
Section 2 : Heating and Thermal Performance
Summertime temperatures
Temperatures in the An undesirable rise in temperature during
warm weather can be caused by
heating season uncontrolled incidental and solar heat
The air temperatures quoted in The gains, or by high densities of occupation,
School Premises Regulations are the eg in lecture rooms. In these
minimum temperatures that should be circumstances sufficient natural
maintained during normal hours of ventilation is particularly important.
occupation throughout the heating Mechanical ventilation may be necessary
season, assuming an external temperature in some instances to help to control air
of -1oC. These room temperatures and temperature.
this external temperature are not intended
for use in the design of the heating plant. Reflective, white or very light roof
For sizing of the heating system, surfaces reduce the solar heat gain
reference should be made to CIBSE through the roof as well as reducing the
Guide B[Ref. 7]. thermal stress in the weatherproof
covering, but will tend to become less
Higher air temperatures are often needed effective without adequate maintenance.
in schools to maintain comfort conditions Insulation in the roof and walls also helps
and for those children with special to reduce this solar gain, but will also
educational needs, or those who may be reduce the ability of the excess heat to
more sensitive to the cold. escape from the space. Increased thermal
mass in the conditioned space controls
Excessive vertical temperature gradients the degree of temperature swing.
should be avoided and the temperature at
2.0 m should not exceed that at floor Excessive solar heat gain through
level by more than 3oC. In school windows can be minimised by appropriate
buildings with spaces higher than 3 m orientation and by the use of brise soleil
temperatures greater than normal will structural shading, louvres, blinds and
occur at ceiling level. In these cases curtains. Shading the glass from the
increased roof insulation should be outside is the most effective method of
9
Section 2: Heating and Thermal Performance
control. However, this calls for careful the solar radiation is more intense. West
design of sun shading devices to avoid and south-west facing glazing leads to the
impairing the daylighting of a classroom. greatest risk of overheating.
10
Section 2: Heating and Thermal Performance
Wall space is often a priority in schools Where multiple boiler installations are
and fan convectors can then be used in being designed, condensing boilers
preference to radiators. However, it should be considered for the lead boilers
should be remembered that fan to take advantage of hot water loads and
convectors have a high maintenance cost. the long run time for the base load of the
The background noise level of the fan space heating. Small stand-alone gas-fired
convectors across the frequency spectrum boilers or direct gas-fired heaters used in
should not be too high for the planned remote classrooms can allow more flexible
activities, see Building Bulletin 93. use of the buildings than large central
boiler plant.
To achieve an effective and efficient heat-
up, optimum start controls should Heat pumps may be a viable option for
generally be provided. This is the case the heating, particularly in rural schools
particularly in buildings with intermittent away from gas main networks. Heat
occupancy such as schools. Similarly, an pumps can be air to air, air to water, or
optimum-off facility should be provided water to water. Supplementary heating is
to minimise the heating overrun at the normally required when external
end of the school day. temperatures fall below approximately
3 oC. This can be by use of a heat store
Careful design of the number and size and off-peak electric heating.
of boilers to match load variations is
required to ensure optimum efficiency
throughout the heating season and to
Choice of fuel and heating
have a reasonable standby capacity when
implementing major boiler maintenance. system
The choice of fuel and heating system
It should be remembered that plant sized should be based on calculations of the
for steady-state design conditions always carbon efficiency of the system and its net
has excess capacity when outside present value, taking into account capital,
conditions are less severe than design maintenance and running costs. In
conditions. Plant over-sizing in excess of practice the selection procedure is
25% of steady-state design requirements complicated by the unpredictability of
is unlikely to be justified unless very fuel price trends and fuel availability.
substantial deviations in flow
temperatures are required. Reference In the choice of heating systems the
should be made to Sections A2, A3, and option should be kept open where
A9 of the CIBSE Guide[Ref.8] when possible to change from one type of fuel
calculating the heat losses and designing to another during the life of a building.
the heating system. Design loads should Systems where heat is delivered by hot
take into account the considerable water or warm air can possibly be
incidental heat gains that are available in converted to coal, gas, oil or electricity.
occupied schools. This is particularly Dual fuel burners for oil and gas are
important in determining ventilation heat readily available and allow the site
loads, the majority of which will only manager to choose the cheaper fuel.
occur during occupied periods when (Where oil tanks already exist the extra
there are high heat gains to offset part cost is small.)
of the heat loss.
Modular boilers (perhaps using a
Pupils in a classroom will compensate for condensing lead boiler) should be
all fabric losses and a major part of considered. Smaller installations can
ventilation heat losses. Equipment and economically use condensing boilers with
solar gains further reduce the heating underfloor heating systems.
demand. During pre-heat the ventilation
loss will be minimal.
11
Section 2: Heating and Thermal Performance
Hot water generation should be on a 2006 asks member states to ensure that
separate circuit or a separate system to the technical, environmental and economic
main heating. Point of use systems can be feasibility studies of alternative systems
the most energy efficient option. are carried out.
When designing new buildings to improve (Note: for conversion from kg of carbon
energy efficiency it is important to consider to kg of CO2 multiply the carbon figure
the inclusion of systems based upon by 44/12.)
renewable energy and other innovative
technologies eg micro CHP (Combined
Heat and Power) systems. For further
information see the following websites: Heating control
• DTI Photovoltaic ADL2 2002, paragraph 1.33
Demonstration programme recommends space heating controls such
www.solarpvgrants.co.uk that the required temperature is only
maintained when required in areas in use.
• Renewable energy capital grants
The type of space heating control and the
www.dti.gov.uk/renew/eoi.htm
way in which it is operated have a
• Community and household significant influence on fuel
Note renewable energy grants consumption. Investing in control
1 EU Directive on the Energy www.clear-skies.org
Performance of Buildings equipment can produce a relatively quick
adopted in January 2003 pay-back, and zone control of buildings
http://europa.eu.int/eur-
The EU Directive on Environmental can help with lettings, out of hours use
lex/en/com/pdf/2001/ Performance of buildings1 which will be and catering contracts.
en_501PC0226.pdf included in the Building Regulations by
12
Section 2: Heating and Thermal Performance
Space heating controls should be user- occupied during the holidays. Here,
friendly, reliable and as far as possible electric heating can be used as an
automatic. Simple and inexpensive alternative to the main heating system.
controls are now available which provide
variable time control with optimum start.
It is preferable if a member of the school
Building Energy
staff can easily change heating periods, set
holidays, change temperatures according Management Systems
to use, and extend heating periods. These Depending on diversity and out of hours
controls are economic even in the smallest use a building energy management system
of schools. may be considered. Building energy
management systems (BEMS) are
Adjustable components (such as becoming increasingly common and can
temperature sensors) should be tamper- significantly improve both the
proof. For the most accurate control, and performance of the building and its
improved energy efficiency, electronic controllability. Within the BEMS,
thermostats (rather than bi-metallic strip optimum start/stop controls and
devices) should be specified. Similarly, automatic frost protection will normally
tamper-proof thermostatic radiator valves be provided. Occupancy sensors and
(TRVs) have been shown to give good manual override to allow occasional use
local control of heat emitters to minimise out of hours should also be considered.
overheating and underheating of areas Weather compensation should be used
with different thermal mass and incidental where the boiler plant capacity exceeds
heat gains. 100 kW and may also be usefully applied
to smaller heating zones, eg to allow for
aspect zoning. Weather compensation
Good design of heating controls alone is
may be of the central plant or the local
not sufficient to ensure fuel economy. It
zones. It is not advised on circuits serving
is also necessary for the controls to be
fan convectors.
properly commissioned and maintained in
good working order. The use of BEMS will only be successful
where a member of staff is available who
Zoning and individual temperature is fully conversant with its operation and
sensors should be provided to account for ensures the system is running correctly.
orientation and pattern of use. Heating There should be provision of training for
zones should be chosen to suit the solar the site staff and a back-up advice service
and incidental heat gains and to allow out should be provided if required.
of hours use of selected zones.
Where a building energy management
Large secondary schools require careful system is provided it can be used to
design of the control system to take monitor electrical and thermal energy as
account of the greater range of operating well as water consumption. Remote meter
hours and diversity of use including possible reading is likely to provide quick paybacks
out of hours use by the local community. as it allows staff to identify waste by real-
Care should be taken to ensure that the time monitoring of consumption. It can
heat load required in these areas can be also help to monitor running costs.
provided from the heating system efficiently
by avoiding long distribution runs and Meter reading software is available at low
ensuring the boiler plant can operate cost where there is no control BMS and
efficiently at part load. some of this software has been designed
for curriculum use, eg mathematics.
A number of zones may be provided to
An economic assessment of cost savings
allow only the areas that are in use to be
and payback periods should be made
heated. A particular problem is offices
before installing complex control systems.
that may be the only part of the building
13
Section 2: Heating and Thermal Performance
The calculations should include predicted Where pipework runs externally or the
maintenance costs of the control boiler house has a poorer level of
equipment and its anticipated life insulation than the heated spaces, the
expectancy. stage 1 and 2 thermostats may need to be
set to higher temperatures.
14
Section 3 : Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality
(3) All washrooms shall also be capable All washrooms in which at least 6 air changes per hour cannot be
of being ventilated at a rate of at least achieved on average by natural means should be mechanically ventilated
six air changes an hour. and the air expelled from the building. Heat recovery fans can be used.
15
Section 3 : Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality
16
Section 3 : Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality
Although internal gains may provide for In addition to ensuring that all internal
heat losses the incoming air will still need gains are reduced to a minimum it is
to be tempered to avoid draughts, for this necessary to control solar gains.
the heat recovery can be beneficial. Small For those sensitive areas that cannot be
input/extract fan units including heat oriented to the north, some form of
recovery are now available for use in solar shading may be required - either
toilets and smaller rooms, these are using special glass or blinds or a
economical and give good energy savings. combination of the two.
However, there will be additional
electricity used particularly in larger heat The first means of removing the
recovery systems, by the fans and filters, unwanted heat is by natural ventilation.
ductwork and grilles. Also, these items all The ventilation rate for cooling in
need maintenance. One hundred percent summer is significantly more than that
fresh air mechanical ventilation systems required for the hygiene of the
with heat recovery by thermal wheels occupants. Therefore, particular
minimise the potential for IAQ problems consideration should be given to the
associated with recirculation systems and design of the building so that natural
can have heat recovery efficiencies of 80%. ventilation can achieve these supply rates.
Ventilation systems must be designed Deep plan spaces should be avoided and
together with any fume cupboards and classrooms should have the provision for
local exhaust ventilation systems so that cross-ventilation. As the worst situation is
they do not disturb the operation of the likely to be at times of high solar
fume cupboards or exhaust radiation it may be possible for the
ventilation.[Ref.10] ventilation to be driven by a solar
induced stack effect - solar chimneys are
Whichever ventilation system is selected it one way to utilise this effect. This will
is important to note that IAQ is highly encourage ventilation on days with little
dependent on the cleanliness of the or no wind. It may be useful to
spaces and ductwork for a mechanical supplement the natural ventilation with
system. Therefore, cleaning of carpets fan assistance in a hybrid system for those
and room surfaces such as bookshelves to times when the design requirements (either
limit the contaminants is as important for for fresh air for IAQ or reduction of
good IAQ as adequate fresh air internal temperatures) are not being met.
ventilation rates.
Simple methods can be used to calculate
the size of opening vents in classrooms.
In the case of deep plan spaces more
Controlling summertime
complex design methods are required to
overheating predict the ventilation rates [Refs.12 & 13].
One of the main design problems faced
by the designers of modern schools is the
prevention of overheating. Classrooms
can be subject to substantial heat gains
from electrical equipment, the pupils and
from solar gain. Electronic white board
projectors and overhead projectors are in
use for a large part of the school day in
some schools. When in use, blinds are
usually drawn to provide easier vision of
the board and this again increases the
heat load from the electric lights.
17
Section 4 : Lighting
Design framework
This section of BB87 is based on the
more detailed design advice given in
Building Bulletin 90, Lighting Design for
Schools [Ref.15]. A successful lighting
installation is one that satisfies a number
of different criteria shown in the lighting
design framework. The criteria will not
have equal weight but all should be
considered to arrive at the best solution.
18
Section 4 : Lighting
19
Section 4 : Lighting
20
Section 4 : Lighting
21
Section 4 : Lighting
22
Section 4 : Lighting
23
Section 4 : Lighting
impairment experience, and their luminance and not just colour. For
responses to light and other example, pale green and pale cream may
environmental features, can vary widely. be clearly distinguished by the normally
sighted but be seen as a single shade of
The use of higher than normal task grey even by some pupils where an
illuminances can be of help to those impairment has not been identified.
whose acuity can be improved by the
contraction of the iris, producing a Contrast in the decor should be used to
greater depth of field. In some cases, aid orientation within a space. For
however, such as those with central instance, using a darker colour for the
cornea opacities, the iris needs to be architrave around a door will aid location
dilated so that the student sees ‘around’ of the door and a handle which clearly
the opacity. In such a case more light will contrasts with the surface of the door will
aggravate, not relieve, the condition. indicate which way it swings.
24
Section 4 : Lighting
25
Section 5 : Hot and cold water supplies
26
Section 5 : Hot and cold water supplies
27
Section 5 : Hot and cold water supplies
28
Section 5 : Hot and cold water supplies
supplied from them. They should be In accordance with the HSC Approved
upgraded as soon as possible even if they Code of PracticeRef : 29, risk assessments
do not supply drinking water outlets as are required for certain water systems.
there is no guarantee in the school Where a reasonable foreseeable risk is
environment that children will not drink assessed, management plans should be
from any available cold water tap. Note 5 drawn up and maintained to minimise the
risk by regular inspection, maintenance,
cleaning and treatment procedures.
Hot water
The use of a decentralised hot water
system may help to reduce energy Hot and cold water services
wastage. Wherever possible a separate Whilst surveys have shown legionella to
boiler, hot water generator or point of be present in quite large numbers of
use water heater should be used to water systems such as those found in
provide hot water. Plant sizing curves for hospitals, schools and office blocks, only
hot water in schools are given in Section rarely do these appear to give rise to
2 of the CIBSE Guide, Public Health infection. It is generally not possible to
Engineering. Ref : 27 completely and permanently eradicate the
bacteria. Therefore, in practice, the risk
The minimum numbers of sanitary of infection is addressed by the
appliances for different types of schools application of good engineering practice
are given in The School Premises to ensure the bacteria are prevented from
Regulations, 1999. proliferating. A considerable amount of
guidance has been issued on the risks.
Consideration should be given to the Compliance with the HSC Approved
problem of build up of limescale on heat Code of PracticeRef :29 is a minimum
exchanger surfaces in hard water areas. requirement. Good practical guidance
This can especially be a problem for direct on procedures is also available.Ref : 24 & 25
systems and maintenance issues need to
be considered. Also, the use of water Hot and cold water systems of all sizes are
softeners has on-going consumable costs. covered by the ACoP. Steps should be
taken to minimise the opportunity for
growth of legionella. It multiplies in
Legionellosis (including warm water (approximately 20oC to
45oC) and will thrive in the presence of
legionnaires’ disease) biofilms, scale or debris. The
Inhalation of the legionella bacteria can temperature at cold water outlets should
give rise to legionellosis, but the risk of be not more than 3oC higher than the
infection is low in children unless they are cold water storage temperature, which
immuno-compromised or have respiratory can be as high as 25oC, the highest
problems, eg smoking. Aerosols temperature at which the water
produced by water services such as companies can supply water.
showers and spray taps are potential Consequently quick water turnover in
routes of infection. storage tanks is crucial in preventing the
proliferation of legionella. Features of Note
Although there have been no known cistern fed hot water systems which 5 If lawfully installed before
cases of legionnaires’ disease in schools influence the risk of exposure to the 1 July 1999 water
this is no reason for complacency. legionella include having open cisterns cisterns are not required
Schools need to be aware of the dangers to meet the Water
and larger than required cistern capacities.
and their responsibility to maintain water Regulations requirements.
These risk features can be removed by However, such tanks
systems properly. replacing such hot water systems with should not supply drinking
direct feed water systems using unvented water outlets.
29
Section 5 : Hot and cold water supplies
hot water storage. Other problems such Research on silver/copper ionisation water
as maintaining distribution temperatures treatment has shown that this can be useful
throughout the system can be reduced in the control of legionellosis.Ref: 30
through the installation of instantaneous The research has also established that
hot water heaters. copper pipework is naturally biocidal
particularly at slightly acid pH values.
Where a temperature regime is relied However acidic water is uncommon.
upon to control legionella hot water Copper can inhibit the formation of
should be stored at a temperature of biofilms which are the breeding ground
60oC or above and distributed at a for legionella and other bacteria.
minimum temperature of 50oC. Copper pipework must have water
However for occupant safety, to reduce passing through it in the first few months
the risk of scalding, The School Premises for the natural inhibition to take place. It
Regulations require that the temperature should not be left empty for long periods.
at point of use should not be above
43oC for baths and showers and where Past outbreaks of legionnaires’ disease
occupants are severely disabled. This may have usually been associated with systems
be achieved by thermostatic mixing at the that have been neglected, or where the
point of use. It is also recommended that routine operation has changed. Frequent
hot water supplies to washbasins in monitoring of the operation of the system
nursery and primary schools are limited and factors encouraging rapid
to 43oC. This may be achieved by multiplication of bacteria are therefore
installing a thermostatic mixing valve vital control measures. Excessive periods
(TMV) close to the terminal fitting. of stagnation (in tanks or ‘dead legs’)
Valves meeting the requirements of the should be avoided, and storage tanks
Buildcert TMV scheme give assured levels must be maintained in a clean condition.
of scalding protection to either TMV2 Water cisterns should comply with
or TMV3 standards. The Water Supply (Water Fittings)
Regulations.Ref. 23
Because the organism thrives in warm
(but not hot) water, the length of piping GRP tanks usually contain biofilms
carrying hot and cold water (eg, after a therefore annual chlorination followed by
thermostatic mixing valve) must be kept cleaning is recommended. Chlorination
to an absolute minimum, certainly less of copper pipework should be avoided as
than 2 metres where possible. Where the it strips off the natural protection of the
final pipework supplying shower heads is pipe and can cause corrosion.
longer than this it should be regularly
pasteurised as a precautionary measure. Chlorination of hot and cold water
It is recommended that this is done every services should be done in accordance
time the showers are out of use for more with the concentrations and chlorination
than 5 days. Self draining shower heads times recommended in the ACOP.Ref: 29
can also be fitted as a precautionary
measure. Similarly, the length of pipes As sampling for legionella will often yield
feeding washbasin hot taps should be positive results, it is not advocated as a
minimised, especially with spray head routine measure because it can cause
taps which could generate an aerosol either unnecessary alarm and anxiety
containing legionella; point of use water to all concerned, or complacency and
heaters may be preferable to centralised relaxation of standards. Sampling is
hot water systems. expensive, and since no firm conclusions
can be drawn from the results, the
random sampling for legionella does not
30
Section 5 : Hot and cold water supplies
represent good value for money. The European Drinking Water Directive
CIBSE Technical Memorandum TM 13 came into force in December 1998.
recommends that a thermal pasteurisation Most of the new standards must be
regime is the most appropriate form of implemented by the end of 2003. Water
legionella control for hot and cold water within buildings is the responsibility of
systems.Ref : 24 On the other hand, the owner. The new maximum lead level
monitoring general water quality can of 10 microgrammes/litre is expressed in
provide a fair indication of system terms of an average weekly consumption.
conditions. This, together with a package
of other routine measures recommended Currently, there is no practical way of
by HSE, will draw attention to potential measuring this except through laboratory
problems as they develop. analysis. Monitoring of water supplies at
the dietetic tap will be required in schools
to demonstrate compliance with the
Directive. Further guidance is awaited.
Water Pollution
The Control of Pollution (Oil Storage) Up till around 1975 lead-based solders
(England) Regulations 2001 administered were used on copper pipework for
by the Environment Agency control drinking water supplies. This can lead to
secondary containment of oil storage breaches of the 10 microgrammes/litre
tanks dependant on a risk analysis. level therefore testing of copper systems
Bulk storage tanks greater than 200 litres of this age will be necessary in some areas.
supplying a generator or “day tank”
come within the scope of the Oil Storage The Drinking Water Inspectorate (DWI)
Regulations as the oil is being stored recommends the replacement of lead
)not used. pipes however if this is not feasible DWI
recommends that if water is left standing
in lead pipework for an extended duration
Lead Pipework that a volume is drawn off (for a non-
drinking or food preparation purpose)
Lead pipework for drinking water supplies
before consumption. Guidance can be
is a hazard. This is increased in areas with
found on the DWI website
plumbosolvent water, ie soft water,
(www.dwi.gov.uk).
particularly where the water is acidic.
In schools built before the early 1950s,
where there is a likelihood of the presence
of lead pipework, its extent should be
assessed and a programme drawn up for
its removal.
31
The School Premises Regulations Summary Sheet
These are the minimum environmental standards that (3) Each room or other space which has a heating
apply to all school buildings, both new and existing. system shall, if the temperature during any period
during which it is occupied would otherwise be
Acoustics
below that appropriate to its normal use, be
Each room or other space in a school building shall
heated to a temperature which is so appropriate.
have the acoustic conditions and the insulation against
disturbance by noise appropriate to its normal use. (4) In a special school, nursery school or teaching
accommodation used by a nursery class in a
school the surface temperature of any radiator,
Lighting including exposed pipework, which is in a
(1) Each room or other space in a school building - position where it may be touched by a pupil shall
not exceed 43 oC.
(a) shall have lighting appropriate to its normal
use; and
(b) shall satisfy the requirements of paragraphs Ventilation
(2) to (4). (1) All occupied areas in a school building shall have
(2) Subject to paragraph (3), the maintained controllable ventilation at a minimum rate of 3
illuminance of teaching accommodation shall be litres of fresh air per second for each of the
not less than 300 lux on the working plane. maximum number of persons the area will
accommodate.
(3) In teaching accommodation where visually
demanding tasks are carried out, provision shall (2) All teaching accommodation, medical
be made for a maintained illuminance of not less examination or treatment rooms, sick rooms,
than 500 lux on the working plane. isolation rooms, sleeping and living
accommodation shall also be capable of being
(4) The Glare Index shall be limited to no more than ventilated at a minimum rate of 8 litre of fresh air
19. per second for each of the usual number of people
Heating in those areas when such areas are occupied.
(1) Each room or other space in a school building (3) All washrooms shall also be capable of being
shall have such system of heating, if any, as is ventilated at a rate of at least six air changes an
appropriate to its normal use. hour.
(2) Any such heating system shall be capable of (4) Adequate measures shall be taken to prevent
maintaining the air temperature, at a height of condensation in, and remove noxious fumes from,
0.5 m above floor level, at the specified level, in every kitchen and other room in which there may
the areas set out in the Table below, when the be steam or fumes.
external air temperature is –1oC: Water supplies
Area Temperature oC (1) A school shall have a wholesome supply of water
for domestic purposes including a supply of
Areas where there is the normal level drinking water.
of physical activity associated with 18
teaching, private study or examinations (2) Water closets and urinals shall have an adequate
supply of cold water and washbasins, sinks, baths
Areas where there is a lower than and showers shall have an adequate supply of hot
normal level of physical activity because and cold water.
of sickness or physical disability 21
including sick rooms and isolation (3) The temperature of hot water supplies to baths
rooms but not other sleeping and showers shall not exceed 43oC.
accommodation
Drainage
Areas where there is a higher than (1) A school shall be provided with an adequate
normal level of physical activity (for
15 drainage system for hygienic purposes and the
example arising out of physical
general disposal of waste water and surface water.
education) and washrooms, sleeping
accommodation and circulation
spaces.
32
Standards for environmental conditions and energy conservation for new
school buildings summary sheet
The main provisions of BB87 (2003) to be used in A maintained illuminance at floor level in the range
conjunction with Approved Document Part L2, in 80 - 120 lux is recommended for stairs and corridors.
support of the Building Regulations, or quoted by Entrance halls, stairs, lobbies and waiting rooms
DfES as constructional standards are given below. require a higher illuminance in the range 175 - 250
lux on the appropriate plane.
33
Standards for environmental conditions and energy conservation for new school buildings summary sheet
Horizontal or near horizontal glazing should not Hot and cold water
normally exceed 20% of the roof area. Cold water storage capacity in schools should not
exceed 25 litres per occupant.
Ventilation
It is recommended that in classrooms, ventilation All water fittings should be of a type approved by a
systems, whether natural or mechanical, are capable of WRC (Water Research Centre), and all installations
providing approximately 8 litres per second of fresh air should comply with the Water Supply (Water Fittings)
per person. Regulations 1999.
Spaces where noxious fumes or dust are generated may Where a temperature regime is used to reduce the risk
need additional ventilation. Laboratories may require of legionellosis, hot water storage temperatures should
the use of fume cupboards, which should be designed not be lower than 60oC. However, for occupant
in accordance with DfES Building Bulletin 88. Design safety, to reduce the risk of scalding, The School
technology areas may require local exhaust ventilation. Premises Regulations require that the temperature at
point of use should not be above 43oC for baths and
All washrooms in which at least 6 air changes per hour showers and where occupants are severely disabled.
cannot be achieved on average by natural means This may be achieved by thermostatic mixing at the
should be mechanically ventilated and the air expelled point of use. It is also recommended that hot water
from the building. Heat recovery fans can be used. supplies to washbasins in nursery and primary schools
are limited to 43oC.
During the summer, when the heating system is not
in operation, the recommended design temperature Particular attention should be given to the provision
for all spaces should be 24 oC with a swing of not of facilities to ensure the effective maintenance
more than +/- 4 oC. It is undesirable for peak air of systems.
temperatures to exceed 28 oC during normal working
hours but a higher temperature for 80 hours during Unvented hot water storage systems should comply
the summer term is acceptable. with Building Regulations Part G3, 1992.
34
References
1. See the Regulatory Information section of the 12. CIBSE Applications Manual AM10: Natural
Department for Education and Skills’, Schools Ventilation in Non-Domestic Buildings, 1997,
Buildings and Design Unit’s website at ISBN 0 900953 77 2, £45.
www.teachernet.gov.uk/schoolbuildings for
copies of The School Premises Regulations, and 13. BS 5925: 1991 Code of Practice for Ventilation,
the Constructional Standards for Schools (to be Principles and designing for natural ventilation.
revised) and guidance on their application.
14. CIBSE Code for Lighting, 2002,
2. Approved Document F (Ventilation) in support of ISBN 1 903287 22 7, available on CD-Rom or as
the Building Regulations, printed version, see www.cibse.org
Department of the Environment and Welsh
Office, 1994, ISBN 0 11 752932 X, £4.50. 15. DfEE Building Bulletin 90,
Lighting Design for Schools,
3. Approved Document L2 (Conservation of fuel ISBN 0 11 271041 7,
and power) in support of the Building The Stationery Office, 1999, £22.95.
Regulations, Department of the Environment and
Welsh Office, 2002, ISBN 0 11 753610 5, £15. 16. BRE Information Paper IP6/96, People and
lighting controls.
4. The Education (School Premises) Regulations
1999, SI 1999 No. 2, The Stationery Office, 17. See www.serraglaze.redbus.co.uk
1999, ISBN 0 11 080331 0, £3 and on website
www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/si/si1999/ 18. The Institution of Lighting Engineers, Guidance
19990002.htm notes for the reduction of light pollution,
1994, available from ILE,
5. Building Bulletin 93, Acoustic Design of Schools, Lennox House,
DfES, The Stationery Office, 9 Lawford Road,
ISBN 0 11 271105 7, to be published in 2003 Rugby,
and availble as a download from Warwickshire, CV21 2DZ.
www.teachernet.gov.uk/acoustics
19. RNIB/GBDA Joint Mobility Unit,
6. CIBSE Guide J : Weather, solar and illuminance 224 Great Portland Street,
data (CD-Rom), 2002, £176.25, London,
see www.cibse.org W1N 6AA,
Tel: 0171 388 1266,
7. CIBSE Guide B18 - Installation and Equipment Fax: 0171 388 3160.
Data, 1988, see www.cibse.org
20. The Partially Sighted Society,
8. CIBSE Guide A - Environmental Design, 1999, 62 Salusbury Road,
see www.cibse.org London,
NW6 6NS,
Tel: 0171 372 1551.
9. Department for Education, Building Bulletin 73,
A guide to energy efficient refurbishment,
21. Building Sight, Peter Barker, Jon Barrick,
HMSO, 1991, ISBN 0 11 270772 6, £8.50.
Rod Wilson, RNIB, ISBN 011 701 993 3,
HMSO, 1995, £35.
10. DfEE, Building Bulletin 88, Fume Cupboards in
Schools, ISBN 0 11 271027,
The Stationery Office, 1998, £14.95. 22. The visual environmeent for display screen use,
LG03: 1996 and addendum 2001,
11. CIBSE Technical Memorandum 23: Testing ISBN 0 900953 71 3.
buildings for air leakage, 2000, £30,
see www.cibse.org
35
References
23. The Water Supply (Water Fittings) 27. CIBSE Guide Public Health Engineering,
Regulations 1999 Section 2: ISBN 0 900953 87 X.
Schedule 1: Fluid Categories
Schedule 2: Approved Document.
28. Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare)
See also the Water Regulations Advisory Scheme
Regulations 1992, Guidance for the Education
publication, The Water Fittings and Materials
Sector, Leaflet IAC(L)97, HSE Books.
Directory available from the Water Regulations
Advisory Scheme, ISSN 0954-3643.
29. Health and Safety Executive, HSC Approved code
of practice and guidance, L8, Legionnaires’
24. Chartered Institution of Building Services
disease - The control of legionella bacteria in
Engineers (CIBSE), Technical Memorandum 13,
water systems, HSE Books, 2000.
2002, Minimising the risk of Legionnaires disease,
ISBN 1 903287 23 5.
30. Ionisation water treatment for hot and cold water
services, BSRIA Technical Note TN 6/96,
25. Guide to Legionellosis, Temperature
N.L.Pavey,
measurements for hot and cold water services,
ISBN 0 86022 438 4.
BSRIA Application Guide AG4/94, N.L. Pavey,
ISBN 0 86022 3. Legionella and Building Services,
G.W.Brundrett,
Buttersworth Heinemann,
26. BS 6700: 1997, British Standard Specification for ISBN 0 7506 1528 1.
Design, installation, testing and maintenance of
services supplying water for domestic use within
buildings and their curtillages,
ISBN 0 580 26817 9.
36
Bibliography – further reading
37