CISAK 2015 – Paper Number (Will be replaced with paper registration or alphabetical number if the manuscript is accepted)

Fish Oil Methyl Ester, Another Solution to Solve

the Crisis of Energy - A Review
Navani Dwi Nuris1, Jogi Abednego Samosir1, Yenni Komala Sari1, & Ir. Aida Syarif, M.T1

1
Chemical Engineering Department, State Polytechnic of Sriwijaya,
Palembang, South Sumatera, Indonesia
1ndwinuris@gmail.com

1jogi.abednego@gmail.com

1yenniksp@gmail.com

Abstract. Lately, the consumption of fossil fuel is increase fastly so that is why fossil fuel continue to diminish. Now there
are so many researches to solve problem about the crisis of energy. One of alternative energy that usually used is biodiesel
because the steps to produce biodiesel is easy and simple especially there are so many feedstock that can be converted into
biodiesel that we can get easily. However, many researcher only pay attention to plants oil as the main material to produce
biodiesel but actually animals oil can produce biodisel that has the same quality. In this paper we are going to discuss about
the potentiality of animals oil from wastes fish to produce biodiesel. Wastes fish like head, bones, and fish innards contains
of fish oil. We can get fish oil from extraction process and then fish oil can be converted into FAME by transesterification
process. Besides as a problem solving to solve the crisis of energy, converting wastes fish into biodiesel also has a good
impact to environment because we do not need to throw it to the environment even we can get the benefit if we can convert
wastes fish into biodiesel. the manufacture of fish oil methyl ester not only for big manufacturing but we also can build small
company to make the biodiesel from wastes fish because we can get the feedstock easily like from the household waste.

Keyword : biodiesel; innards; renewable energy; wastes fish

A. INTRODUCTION. will cause bad effect for environment.

Fish production in every country is increasing every
year, for the fish that caught from the sea or fish that
cultivated in places such as ponds, pools, and etc. Marine
fish or farmed fish is sold for consumption as side dishes
and some other are processed first in some industry sectors,
such as fish flouring industry, fish fillets industry, and fish
canning industry. Those Industries are exist in countries
with high level of fish industry. Those industries absolutely
will produce former waste production such as head, bone,
and entrails of fish. The waste that thrown into environment
Utilization of fish waste by changing it becomes
biodiesel is the efficient step to waste which produced by
fish industry. Fish waste such as head, bone, and entrails of
fish contain animal fats that can be changed into FAME
(fatty acid methyl ester) or usually called biodiesel. Based
on research Raheman & Phadatare (2004) showed the using
of biodesel and biodesel blend with diesel can reduce
emission of CO and nitrogen oxides for 86.5% and 20%.
Table. 1 Fish Production in some country1]
CISAK 2015 – Paper Number (Will be replaced with paper registration or alphabetical number if the manuscript is accepted)

No Country Fish production (thousand FAME or fatty acid methyl esters (fatty acid methyl
ton) esters) are vegetable oils, animal fats, or used cooking oil
which is converted through trans-esterification process that
2010 2011 basically reacting the oils with methanol and catalyst NaOH
or KOH. Fame is also called Biodiesel. Biodiesel is a
1 China 36.734 38.261
renewable alternative fuel that cultivated by humans.
2 India 3.786 4.573 Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly fuel due to the
formation of CO2 in the atmosphere is almost not exist. It is
3 Vietnam 2.672 2.846
caused by the result of the burning of biodiesel that will be
4 Indonesia 2.305 2.718 taken back by the plant photosynthesis (carbon cycle).
Besides reducing the greenhouse effect, the use of biodiesel
5 Bangladesh 1.309 1.524 can also improve local air quality by reducing emissions of
harmful gases, such as carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3),
6 Norway 1.286 1.139
nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), other reactive
7 Thailand 1.008 1.008 hydrocarbons and smoke and particles that can be inhaled.
The use of biodiesel can also reduce land pollution and
8 Egypt 920 987 protect sustainability of water and drinking water sources.
This condition relates to the use of biodiesel in agriculture.
9 Chile 701 955
the advantages which owned by this biodiesel is supported
Because the fish processing industry developed rapidly, by its nature that can be oxygenated perfectly or burned out,
the waste produced will also increase. Fish oil production tontoxic, and biodegradable (can decompose naturally). With
from offal (entrails) amounted to 0.815 kg fish oil gross of the advantages owned by biodiesel, the develop countries are
3.15 kg of fish waste, after purification obtained 65.7% fish very enthusiastic in developing and using biodiesel.
oil from dirty fish oil. Dregs produced after taking fish oil
from fish waste (heads, bones, and the entrails) can be
processed into fish flour. 2. Why fish waste can be converted into biodiesel?

Table. 2 production data of canning fish4] Fish are vertebrates members poikilotermik (cold-blooded)
that live in water and breathe with ingsang. Fish is a group of
Amount production of canning
No Year the most diverse vertebrate species with a number of more than
fish (ton)
27,000 worldwide. Fish is also a source of animal protein is
1 2002 36,913
very good for health. There are many benefits of fish that can
2 2003 28,415
be obtained if consume it regularly. Whatever the type of fish,
3 2004 36,137
because the fats contained in fish is unsaturated fat, this makes
4 2005 49,211
it easy to be digested by the body. The content of nutrients of
5 2006 34,674
fish include of Omega-3 acids, vitamin D and B2 (riboflavin),
6 2007 45,580
calcium, phosphorus and minerals such as iron, zinc, iodine,
magnesium, and potassium.

The high consumption fish food makes many industries

B. DISCUSSION. which engaged in fish snacks. From the start of the fish canning
industry, snacks made from fish, fish-based meal and so forth.
1. What is biodiesel? In the process, part of the fish taken mostly just the meat only.
Many byproducts that sometimes be waste because of fish
CISAK 2015 – Paper Number (Will be replaced with paper registration or alphabetical number if the manuscript is accepted)

processing such as bone, head, until the fish entrails (viscera).

Solid waste is the major contributor to overall fishing industry
waste. In cases where the head, fins / tail, viscera and other
pieces removed during weeding, then may be generated waste
as much as 35% or 350 kg of solid waste per 1 ton of fish that
weeded. While in such cases on the side of the catch of shrimp
fishing operations, the amount of solid waste is much bigger.

For processing fish bones and heads has been developed

to be used as flour. However, for many fish entrails that wasted.
As in the auction and cutting fish, fish entrails regarded as
waste, that also can not be consumed. Whereas according to
RTM Sutamihardja, researcher from IPB said, "When treated
correctly, contents (stomach) fish can actually be a source of
fish oils containing high Omega-3." Based on research in
chemical laboratories, the results of the total content of
saturated acids in the stomach is 23.96 percent and unsaturated
fatty acids as much as 59.23 percent.

Triglycerides that contain lots of omega-3 fatty acids is the

one that can be used as biodiesel. In the entrails of fish process
that have been excluded then heated (steam) to remove the oil.
This oil then reheated back until form saturated acid which can
be utilized to biodiesel. Through trans-esterification process
of oil from fish entrails will be able to produce oil that has
approached biodiesel specification.
3. How to change fish waste to be biodiesel?
Fish waste such as head, bone, and entrails of fish contain
fish oil that potentially changed to be biodiesel. Fish oil can be
produced by simple extraction process, it is same like the
picture 1.
Fig 1. Flow chart of fish oil extraction7]
Fish oil can not be used directly as a fuel because it has
characteristics that are not appropriate, therefore fish oil must be
converted to another form. Conversion of vegetable oils or
animal fats can be done in several ways, but in this paper we
will only discuss the conversion prsoses of vegetable oils in
transesterification way. Transesterification is a process where
triglycerides in vegetable oil s or animal broken into FAME
(fatty acid methyl ester) by reacting triglycerides with alcohol.
The comparison of that mole’s reaction is 1 mol can be
produced 3 mole FAME and 3 mole glyserol.

In transesterification process is used base catalyst such

as NaOH and KOH or other base compounds. Basically the
manufacture of fish oil biodiesel and vegetable oil or other
animal are the same, but in every oil transesterification
process should be consider by the level of FFA (free fatty
acid), because the reaction between FFA and strong bases can
cause the resulting soap emulsion and purification process of
biodiesel would be difficult. Therefore, esterification must be
done first towards the oil that contain more than 2,5 % FFA.
CISAK 2015 – Paper Number (Will be replaced with paper registration or alphabetical number if the manuscript is accepted)

REFRENCES

 FAO, 2012 [1]

 Sathivel, S., Priyawiwatkul, W.W., King, J.M., Grimm, C.C., and Lloyd,
S. Oil Production From Catfish Viscera, JAOCS: 80: 377-382. 2003.[2]

 Tobuku, R. 2008. Lemak Daging dan Kinerja Pertumbuhan Ikan Patin.

Pasca sarjana. Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor. [3]

 Statistik Departemen Perikanan dan Kelautan, 2007 [4]

 F Riepassa & J Salampessy, 2007 [5]

 Suta Mihardja. Institut Pertanian Bogor. [6]

 Rasyid, A. Isolasi Asam Lemak Tak Jenuh omega-3 dari ikan Lemuru.
Fig 2. Transesterification process8]
Prosiding seminar riptek kelautan nasional. BPPT.2003.[7]

 Utami, T,S, Arbianti, R., dan Nurhasman, D. 2007. Kinetika

Explanation : transesterifikasi CPO terhadapa mutu methyl palmitat dalam reaktor
tumpak. ITS. Surabaya. [8]
TG : Triglycerides GL : Glycerides

GI : Glyserol DG : Diglycerides

ROH : Alcohol MG : Monoglycerides

FAME :Biodiesel k : reaction rate constants

C. Conclusion

Waste that produced by fish manufacture industry can

be used for producing biodiesel because waste fish can be
converted into fish oil that contains triglycerides.
Triglycerides is the main feedstock to produce biodiesel.
Fish oil methyl ester has a potentiality that high enough to
solve the major problem in the crisis of energy. Besides the
feedstock is easy to find, waste fish also useless thing that
usually unused and trown out. Waste fish will increase if fish
manufacture industry increase. To make the production of
biodeisel easier, biodiesel manufacture industry should
conected with fish manufacture industry.