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ii)!lqe<gih<Hh<hitl<!juh<hkiz<!lqe<Okg<Gk<kqxe<!nkqgiqg<Gl</!
!
!
38/!lqe<Okg<gqgtqe<!hbe<hiMgjt!wPKg/!
i) kieqbr<gq!wf<kqvr<gtqe<!wiqohiVt<!wiqB,m<Ml<!njlh<Hgtqz<!kQh<ohixq!
Wx<hMujkk<!kuqi<g<gh<!hbe<hMgqxK/!
ii)lqe<kqxe<!upr<gqgtqz<!lqe<ePk<k!Wx<x!-xg<gk<jkg<!Gjxg<gh<!hbe<hMgqxK/!
iii)lqe<kqxe<!nEh<hQm<cz<!nke<!hbEXkqxje!nkqgiqg<gs<osb<bh<!hbe<hMgqxK/!
!
39/ytqum<m!lqe<eqxg<gl<!)n*!%i<Ljes<osbz<hiM!we<xiz<!we<e@!nke<!!!!
!!!hbe<hiMgt<!biju@!
!!!!!!lqe<E~m<ml<! ohx<x! gmk<kqbqe<! %i<Ljegtqz<! -Vf<K! lqe<E~m<ml<! gsqgqe<x!
fqgp<U! %i<Ljegtqe<! osbz<hiM! nz<zK! ytqum<m! lqe<eqxg<gl<!
we<xjpg<gh<hMgqxK/! -f<kk<! kk<Kul<! lqe<E~m<mk<jks<<! Osgiqg<Gl<! fqjzlqe<!
wf<kqvr<gtqZl<!lqe<ez<!gmk<kqgtqZl<!hbe<hMk<kh<hMgqe<xK/!
!
42/! Lcuqzi! uiqlqe<E~m<ml<?! 3cm okijzuqz<! :x104 NC-1lqe<Hzk<jk!
dVuig<GgqxK!weqz<!lqe<E~m<m!fQtmi<k<kqjbg<!g{g<gqMg@!
!kQi<U;! !!!!!!E = we<hkiz<!
9
! ! ! =Ex
=9x104x x10-9x2x10-2 9
=10-7 Cm-1 !
!
!
16
43/! yu<ouie<Xl<; 9pF lqe<Okg<Gk<kqxe<! ogi{<m! &e<X! lqe<Okg<gqgt<!
okimiqj{h<hqz<! -j{g<gh<hm<Mt<te! okiGh<hqe<! okiGhbe<! lqe<Okg<Gk<kqxe<!
biK@!
kQi<Î;. = + +
= + +
= ; =
Cs = 3pF
!
!
44/ 5µF
10µF 10µF
!
!
! okiGh<hqe<!okiGhbe<!lqe<Okg<Gk<kqxe<!gi{<g/
C1 = 5µF ; C2 = 10 µF ; C3 = 10 µF we<g/
C2 lx<Xl<; C3okimiqj{h<hqz<!dt<te/
= + ; = +
= ⇒ = ⇒ Cs = 5µ
! kx<OhiKC1lx<Xl< Cshg<g!-j{h<hqz<!dt<te/!
!!!!!Cp = C1 + Cs
Cp = (5+5) µF⇒ Cp = 10 µF!
!
6!lkqh<oh{<!uqei!–!uqjmgt<!
! 2/! lqe<uqjsg<OgiMgtqe<!h{<Hgt<;!
• Ofi<!lqe<E~m<mk<kqz<!okimr<gq!wkqi<!lqe<E~m<mk<kqz<!LcujmgqxK/!
• ye<jxobie<X!oum<cs<!osz<ziK/!
• lqe<Hzk<kqe<! kqjs)E*,! lqe<uqjsg<Ogim<Mg<G! ujvbh<hMl<! okiMOgim<ce<!
kqjsbiz<!Gxqg<gh<hMl</!
• lqe<uqjsg<OgiMgTg<G! Ofi<Gk<kie! kqjsbqz<! YvzG! hvh<hqe<! upqOb!
osz<Zl<! lqe<uqjsg<! OgiMgtqe<! w{<{qg<jg! lqe<Hzs<osxqU! )E*! g<G!
Ofi<kguqz<! njlBl</! E.e<! lkqh<H! nkqglie! -mr<gtqz<! OgiMgt<!
ofVg<glig! njlBl</! E.e<! lkqh<H! Gjxuie! -mr<gtqz<! OgiMgt<!
-jmoutquqm<M!njlBl</!
• q! lqe<E~m<mk<kiz<! oux<xqmk<kqz<! dVuiGl<! lqe<uqjsg<OgiMgtqe<!
q
w{<{qg<jg! N = !
ε0
17
3/ sQvie!lqe<Hzk<kqz<!lqe<-VLje!.!lqe<!-VLjek<kqVh<H!uqjsg<gie!Ogiju!
!
• AB!we<x!lqe<-VLje!sQvie!lqe<Hzk<kqz<!θ!Ogi{l<!sib<uig!dt<tK/!
• q e<!lQK!uqjs!qE<!.qe<!lQK!uqjs!–qE!
• -VLje!lQkie!okiGhbe<!uqjs!Spq/!
• -VLje!lQK!kqVh<Huqjs!ye<X!dVuigq!lqe<-VLjejbs<!Spx<Xl</!
• kqVh<Huqjs!! τ= F × 2d sinθ
τ = qE × 2d sinθ ( p = q x 2d)!
τ = pE sinθ
!oug<mi<!GxqbQm<cz<?! τ = p × E !!
!
!
4. kpd;Gyj;jpy; cs;s kpd; ,UKidapd; kpd;dOj;j Mw;wYf;fhd Nfhit:
• kpd;Gyj;jpy; kpd; ,UKidiaj; Njitahd epiyf;Fr; Row;Wtjw;Fj;
Njitahd Ntiy kpd;,UKidapd; kpd;dOj;j Mw;wyhFk;.
18
r
−q
V=
∞
∫ 4πε 0x
2
dx
q
V=
4πε 0 r
q1
• q 1 My; B y; kpd;dOj;jk; V =
4πε 0r
• q 2 I Kbtpyhj; njhiytpypUe;J B f;F nfhz;Ltur; nra;ag;gl;l
qq
Oujz!W = Vq2. kpd;dOj;j Mw;wy; U = 1 2
4πε0r
• NtiyahdJ mikg;gpd; epiykpd;dOj;j Mw;wyhfr; Nrkpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
• -V!sllie!wkqovkqvie!lqgs<sqxqb!-jmoutqbqz<!hqiqg<gh<hm<Mt<t!lqe<E~m<mr<gt<!yV!
lqe<!-VLjebiGl</!
19
!
!!
d << r, E =
E = ( p = q x 2d)!
• E!bieK!lqe<!-VLjebqe<!kqVh<Hk<kqxeqe<!kqjsbqz<!osbz<hMgqxK/!
2/!lqe<!-VLjebqe<!fMujvg<Ogim<cz<!yV!Ht<tqbqz<!Wx<hMl<!lqe<Hzk<kqx<gie!!!
!!!Ogiju/!
• A lx<Xl<!B!-z<!dt<t!.q lx<Xl<!+q lqe<E~m<mr<gt<!lqe<!-VLjebiGl</!
• P we<hK! lqe<-VLjebqe<! jlbl<! O uqzqVf<K! nke<! fMujvg<Ogim<cz<!!
r okijzuqz<!dt<t!Ht<tq!we<g/!
!
+q lqe<E~m<mk<kiz<!P z<!lqe<Hzl<!
!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ! ! !!!!
!!!!!!!!!!-q lqe<E~m<mk<kiz<!P z<!lqe<Hzl<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
20
!!!!!!! !
E1lx<Xl<!E2J!-V!osr<Gk<Kg<!%Xgtigh<!hqiqk<kiz<?!
E1 Sin , E2 Sin ye<jxobie<X!sle<!osb<gqe<xe/!E1 cos , E2 cos PR
jpirapy; $l;lg;gLfpd;wd.
• E = E1 cos + E2 cos (PR kqjsbqz<*
E = 2 E1 cos ( E1 = E2 )
E = 2 x x cos
• Mdhy; cos =
d << r, E =
E–e<!kqjs!!ns<Sg<G!-j{big!-VLje!kqVh<Hk<kqxeqe<!kqjsg<G!
wkqi<kqjsbqz<!osbz<hMgqxK/!
!
!
4/!lqe<!-VLjebiz<!WOkEl<!yV!Ht<tqbqz<!Wx<hMl<!!lqe<ePk<kk<kqx<gie!Ogiju/
21
1 q
! !+q!lqe<E~m<mk<kiz<!!P!-z<!lqe<ePk<kl<! = !
4πε 0 r1
q
! !-q!lqe<E~m<mk<kiz<!!P -z<!lqe<ePk<kl< = −
4πε 0 r2
!
q 1 q 1
!!!!!lqe<-VLjebiz<!P -z<!lqe<ePk<kl<! V = −
4πε 0 r1 4πε 0 r2 !
V = ) !
2 2 2
nfhird; tpjpiag; gad;gLj;jp r1 = r + d -2 r d cos
d << r, r12 = r2 ( 1- ),
1 1 d cos θ 1 1 d
= 1 + = 1 − cos θ
r1 r r , r2 r r !
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
V = ( 1+ ) ( 1- ) ]
!!!!!!!!!!!! V = ( p = q x 2d)
p cos θ
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! V =
4 πε 0 r 2 !
!
!
!
!
!
!
• sqxh<H!Ofi<Ugt<;!
p
!!!!!!!!2/!θ=11!!!!!!!weqz<!!!!V=
4πε 0 r 2
−p
2. θ=2911!!!!!weqz<!!!!V=
4πε 0 r 2
3. θ=:11!!!!!weqz<!!! V=0
4/!!gi^<!uqkqbqjeh<!hbe<hMk<kq!Ofvie!Lcuqzi!fQtl<!ogi{<m!lqe<E~m<ml<!!
!!!ohx<x!gl<hqbqeiz<!Wx<hMl<!lqe<Hzk<kqx<gie!Ogiju/!
22
Lcuqzi! fQtl<! ogi{<m! +q! lqe<E~m<ml<! ogi{<m! gl<hq! ye<xqjeg<! gVKOuil</! nke<!
lqe<E~m<m! fQt<! nmi<k<kq! = we<g/! Ht<tq! NeK! gl<hqbqzqVf<K! r! okijzuqz<! dt<tK/!
-VLjegtqZl<!ns<Sg<Gs<!! osr<Gk<kie! Ljeh<hvh<H! djmb! fQtLl<! r NvLl<! djmb!
gi^<^qbe<!dVjtjbg<!)gi^<^qbe<!! hvh<H*!gVKOuil</!
! ! ! ! !!!!! = E dS [ = , cos =
=E(2 r )
Ljeh<hvh<hqz<!E, dS!ye<Xg<ogie<X!!osr<Gk<K!we<hkiz<!hibl<!Spq!NGl</ !
! ! ! ! !gi^<uqkqh<hc! =
! ! ! !!!!!!!E!)3 r *!= ( q= )
E=
!!lqe<Hzk<kqe<!kqjs!+q!weqz<!Nvk<kqe<!upqOb!outqOfig<gqBl<?!-q!weqz<!Nvk<kqe<!!!!!
!!upqOb!dt<Ofig<gqBl<!njlBl</!
6/gi^<!uqkqbqjeh<!hbe<hMk<kqs<!sQvie!lqe<E~m<ml<!ohx<x!Ogitucug<!%m<ceiz<!!!!
!Wx<hMl<!lqe<Hzk<kqx<gie!Ogiju/!
i*!Ogit!ucug<!%m<cx<G!outqOb!dt<t!Ht<tqbqz<!! !
! !
R Nvl<!djmb!lqe<E~m<ml<!ohx<x!Ogitucug<%M!ye<jxg<!gVKOuil</!nke<!!!!!
!!!!!!jlbk<kqzqVf<K!r!okijzuqz<!dt<t!Ht<tq P!we<g/!r!Nvl<!ogi{<m!Ogitl<!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!gi^<^qbe<!hvh<H!NGl</!lqe<Hzl<!hvh<Hg<Gs<!osr<Gk<kigs<!osbz<hMgqxK/!
!hvh<Hg<Gk<kie!lqe<Hzh<hibl<!
[ =
2
= E (4 r )
!!!!!!gi^<!uqkqh<hc! =
E (4 r2) =
E =
ii)!!hvh<hqe<!lQK!dt<t!Ht<tqbqz<;.!
23
! !!!!hvh<hqe<!lQK!dt<t!Ht<tqbqz<!E = [ = vd;gjhy; ]
iii)!Ogitucug<!%m<ce<!dm<Hxk<kqz<!dt<t!yVHt<tqbqz<;.
!!!!!!Ogitl<!gi^<^qbe<!hvh<H!NGl</!!
hvh<Hg<Gg<!Gk<kie!lqe<Hzh<hibl< !
!!! !
[ =
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!gi^<!uqkqh<hc! = !
-r<G!q = 0,!hvh<hqEt<!lqe<E~m<ml<!Spq?!
!7/!lqe<Okg<gqbqe<!kk<Kul<?!-j{k<km<M!lqe<Okg<gqbqe<!lqe<Okg<Gk<kqxEg<gie!Ogiju/!!!!!!
! lqe<Okg<gqbqe<!kk<Kul<!;.!
! lqe<Okg<gq!we<hK!lqe<E~m<mk<jks<!Oslqg<Gl<!sikel</! ! ! ! !
• q!!lqe<E~m<ml<!ohx<x!!A!!we<x!gmk<kqjbg<!gVKOuil</!nke<!lqe<ePk<kl<!v !we<g/!
lqe<Okg<Gk<kqxe<!!
C = !
• lqe<gih<H!ohx<x!B!we<x!lx<oxiV!dOzigk<kgM!Ae<!nVgqz<!ogi{<M!uvh<hMl<OhiK!
A g<G!nVgqz<!dt<t!B -e<!hg<gk<kqz<!wkqi<!lqe<E~m<mLl<?!nOk!ntU!Ofi<!
lqe<E~m<ml<!B -e<!lXhg<gk<kqz<!K~{<mh<hMgqxK/!B -z<!dt<t!wkqi<!lqe<E~m<mk<kiz<!
A -e<!lqe<ePk<kl<!Gjxf<K!A e<!lqe<Okg<Gk<!kqxe<!nkqgiqg<Gl</!
• km<M!B!Huqbqj{h<H!osb<kiz<!Ofi<lqe<E~m<ml<!fMfqjzbiGl</!-keiz<!A -e<!
lqe<ePk<kl<!OlZl<!Gjxf<K!lqe<Okg<Gk<kqxe<!OlZl<!nkqgiqg<Gl</!
• lqe<Okg<Gk<kqxe<!gmk<kqgtqe<!ucuk<jkBl<!Dmgk<kqe<!-bz<jhBl<!ohiXk<kK/!
24
-j{k<km<M!lqe<Okg<gqbqe<!lqe<Okg<Gk<kqxe<!
d.-jmoutqbqz<!hqiqk<K!jug<gh<hm<Mt<t!X,Y!!we<x!dOzigk<km<Mgjtg<!gVKg/!
km<ce<!!
GXg<Goum<Mh<hvh<H!A!weUl<!lqe<E~m<mh<!hvh<H!nmi<k<kq! !weUl<!ogit<g/!km<M!X,
+q!lqe<E~m<mk<jkBl<!km<M! !-e<!Olx<Hxl<!-q!!lqe<E~m<mk<jkBl<!ogi{<Mt<te/!
! ! ! !!lqe<E~m<ml<!q = A [ = ]
!!!!!!!!-V!km<MgTg<gqjmOb!dt<t!Ht<tqbqz<!lqe<Hzl<?!
! ! ! gi^<!uqkqh<hc! =
X, Y!!km<MgTg<gqjmObBt<t!lqe<ePk<k!OuXhiM?!
-j{k<km<M!lqe<Okg<gqbqe<!lqe<Okg<Gk<kqxe<!!C =
C=
!
!
!
!
!
25
8/!lqe<Okg<gqgt<!okimiqj{h<hqZl<!hg<g!-j{h<hqZl<!-j{g<gh<hMl<OhiK!uqjtBl<!!!
okiGhbe<!lqe<Okg<Gk<kqxe<!
okimiqj{h<H! hg<g!-j{h<H!
C1,C2,C3!lqe<Okg<gqgt<!okimiqj{h<hqz<! C1,C2,C3!lqe<Okg<gqgt<!hg<g!-j{h<hqz<!
-j{g<gh<hm<Mt<te/!okiGh<hqe<! -j{g<gh<hm<Mt<te/!okiGh<hqe<!
lqe<Okg<Gk<kqxe<!Cs!we<g/! lqe<Okg<Gk<kqxe<!Cp!we<g/!
!
! !
!
wz<zi!lqe<Okg<gqgtqZl<!lqe<E~m<ml<!sll<! wz<zi!lqe<Okg<gqgtqZl<!lqe<ePk<kl<!sll<!
V1 = ; V2 = ; V3 = q 1 = C 1V ; q 2 = C 2V ; q 3 = C 3V
q = q1 + q2 + q3
V = V1 + V2 + V3
V= q = C pV
!!!!!!!!!
q q q q CPV = V(C1+C2+C3)
= + +
!!! C s C1 C2 C3
1 1 1 1 CP = C1 + C2 + C3 !
= + +
C s C1 C 2 C 3 !
!
9/!uie<.c.gqvi0h<!lqe<eqbx<xqbqe<!kk<Kul<!njlh<H!lx<Xl<!osbz<hMl<!uqkl</!
!!218!V fqjz!lqe<ePk<kk<jk!dx<hk<kq!osb<b!-K!hbe<hMgqxK/!
kk<Kul<<;! fqjzlqe<K~{<mz<?!%i<Ljes<!osbz<hiM!
njlh<H;!
• dOzigg<Ogitl<!A,!lqe<gih<Hh<!ohx<x!K~{qe<!lQK!ohiVk<kh<hm<Mt<tK/!
26
• Ogitk<kqe<!jlbk<kqz<!B we<x!gh<hqBl<!K~{qe<!nch<hGkqbqz<!C!we<x!gh<hqBl<!
ohiVk<kh<hm<M?!hm<Mk<K{qbqeiz<!Ne!hm<jm!ye<X!gh<hqgt<!upqOb!osz<gqxK/!
• gh<hq!C!lqe<Olim<mii<!&zl<!-bg<gh<hMgqxK!
• gh<hqgTg<G!nVOg!D lx<Xl<!E!-V!sQh<H!ucug<!gmk<kqgt<!ohiVk<kh<hm<Mt<te/!
• sQh<H!D g<G!215!V!Ofi<lqe<ePk<kl<?!lqe<kqxe<!upr<gq!&zl<!ntqg<gh<hMgqxK!
• sQh<H!E!dOzigg<Ogitk<kqe<!dm<Hxl<!-j{g<gh<hm<Mt<tK/!
! osbz<hiM;!
• sQh<H!D!g<G!nVgqz<!%i<Ljes<!osbz<him<ce<!giv{ligg<!gix<xqz<!dt<t!
wkqi<nbeqgt<!%i<Ljegt<!Ofig<gq!uqvm<mh<hMgqe<xe/!!Ofi<nbeqgt<!hm<jmbqz<!
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• fqjzlqe<K~{<mz<!kk<Kuk<kqe<!uqjtuig!sQh<H!E!wkqi<!lqe<E~m<ml<!ohXgqxK/!
Ogitl<!A!Ofi<lqe<E~m<ml<!ohXgqxK/!sQh<H!E -z<!dt<t!wkqi<lqe<E~m<mr<gt<!
hm<jmjb!Ofig<gq!uqvm<mh<hm<M!hm<jmbqz<!dt<t!Ofi<lqe<E~m<mk<jks<!
sle<osb<gqxK/!hm<jm!gQpqxr<Gl<OhiK!lqe<E~m<mlx<x!fqjzjb!njmgqxK/!
• okimi<s<sqbigg<!Ogitl<!Ofi<lqe<E~m<mk<jkh<!ohXgqxK/!Olx<ogi{<M!Ogitk<kqz<!
lqe<E~m<mr<gt<!Wx<gh<hmik!fqjzjb!wm<cbUme<!lqe<E~m<mr<gt<!gsqbk<!
okimr<Ggqe<xe/!
• dbi<!nPk<kk<kqz<!gix<X!fqvh<hh<hm<m!w0G!gzk<kqeiz<!Ogitk<jk!&Muke<<!
&zl<!lqe<E~m<mg<!gsqjug<!Gjxg<gzil</!
! hbe<gt<;!
! !!n[g<gVuqjebqz<!hbe<hMl<!Ofi<!nbeqgjt!)HOvim<mie<?!cB,m<vie<*!LMg<Guqg<gh<!!!
!!!!!!!!hbe<hMgqxK/!
!
nzG!–7
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!
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! !sqz!dOzigh<ohiVm<gtqe<!lQK! gkqi<gt<?X-gkqi<gt<?!Hx!Dkig<gkqi<gt<!lx<Xl<!!
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!
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!
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!
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27
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!
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%Xg/!
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iii*!yu<ouiV!0Ohim<mieqe<!Nx<xz<!E=hυ
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! iii) ytq!gmk<Kl<!lqe<gze<!
!
8/!wzg<m<vie<!F{<O{ig<gqbqe<!hbe<hiMgjtg<!%Xg/!
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iii)!-bx<hqbzqz<!n[!njlh<H!lx<Xl<!hcg!njlh<Hgjt!uqtg<glig!nxqf<K!!
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!
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!
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!
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! )3 *!
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!
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28
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!
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!
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ii) ,q;F
!
m0= Yb<U!fqjx
! m= v kqjsOugk<kqz<!ohiVtqe<!fqjx!
!
!
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!!!!!njlBl</!!
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!
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0
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!
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29
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! ! kQi<U;.! W = 1. 8eV = 1. 8 x 1. 6 x 10-19J
hυ0 = W
h =W
λ0 =
λ0 =
λ0 = ,
λ0 = 6. 902 x 10 m or λ0 = 6902 A°
-7
!
!
32/! yV! wzg<m<vieqe<! -bg<g! Nx<xz<! 120eV! nke<! chqvizq! njzfQtl<! biK@!!!!!!!!!!!!
! ! kQi<U;.! !
! ! ! λ=
λ = 1. 121 A°
=
= 3.14 x 0.53 x 10-10 x 8
= 13.313 x 10-10m
= 13. 313 A°
30
5 kjpg;ngz; tpdh-tpilfs;
!
2.xsp kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; kPJ gLk; fjph;tPr;rpd; nrwptpd; tpisT
• gLk;fjph;tPr;rpd; nrwpit khw;wp mjw;Fhpa xspkpd;Ndhl;lk;
mse;jwpag;gLfpwJ (kpd;dOj;jk; kw;Wk; mjph;ntz; khwpyp)
31
4. xspkpd;fydpd; gad;fs;:
1. ciyfspd; ntg;gepiyiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;j.
2. njUtpsf;Ffisj; jhdhf ,af;f.
3. tpz;ntspg;gazj;jpd; NghJ #hpa xspapypUe;J kpd;dhw;wiyg;ngw.
4. fjTfisj; jhdhfj; jpwf;fTk;> %lTk;.
5. xspapd; nghypTj;jd;ikia mstpLk; fUtpfspy.;
5. gUg;nghUspd; b-gpuhyp miyePsk;
• g;shq;f; rkd;ghL: E = hυ
• Id;];Bd; rkd;ghL: E = mc2
• h υ = mc 2
c
h = mc2
λ ( υ= )
h
λ=
mc
• c = v vdpy;
h h
• λ= my;yJ λ =
mv p
6. vyf;l;uhdpd; b-gpuhyp miyePsk;
1
,af;fMw;wy; mv 2 = eV
2
2eV h
v= λ=
m mv
h h
λ= =
m
2eV 2 meV
m
12.27
λ= A0
V
E = eV vdpy;>
h
λ=
2mE
7. mZitg;gw;wpa miy ,ae;jputpay; fUj;J
h
• bgpuhyp miyePsk; λ =
mv
• ntt;NtW tl;lg; ghijapy; nry;Yk; vyf;l;uhd;fs; miyfisg; Nghy
,aq;Fk;.
32
• tl;lg;ghijapd; Rw;wsT (2πr) bgpuhypmiyePsj;jpd; KOklq;fhf (nλ)
,Ue;jhy; ghij epiyj;jd;ik ngw;w ghij.mjhtJ 2πr = nλ
(n=1, 2, 3, . . . ) 2 r = n( )
nh
m vr =
2π
• bgpuhypapd; fUj;J Nghhpd; vLNfhis cWjpg;gLj;jpaJ.
33
v2
• l = l0 1−
c2
• l < l0
v2
• 1− vd;w msT ePsk; FWf;fkilAk;
c2
• v.fh. Ntfkhf efUk; Ma;thsUf;F tl;l tbtg; nghUs; ePs;tl;lkhfj;
njhpAk;.
11. fhyePl;bg;G
• S' Fwpg;ghaj;jpy; xU fbfhuk; ntsptpLk; iriffspd; fhy,ilntsp t0 . S
Fwpg;ghaj;jpy; Ma;thsuhy; fzf;fplg;gLk; fhy ,ilntsp t.
• t0
t=
v2
1−
c2
• t > t0
1
• fhy ,ilntsp msT ePz;L fhzg;gLk;.
v2
1− 2
c
• v.fh. ,aq;Fk; tpz;ntspf; fyj;jpy; cs;s fbfhuk; Gtpapy; cs;s
fbfhuq;fis tpl nkJthfr; nry;Yk;.
12. Id;];Bd; - epiw Mw;wy; ,iz khw;W rkd;ghL:
• nghUspd; Xa;T epiw m0 >v jpirNtfj;jpy; mjd; epiw m vd;f.
d
• epA+l;ldpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpg;gb F = (mv) → (1)
dt
• rhh;gpay; nfhs;ifapd;gb>
dv dm
F =m +v → (2)
dt dt
dEk = F dx
34
dEk =m v d v + v 2dm → (3)
m0
m=
v2
1−
c2
dEk = c2 dm → (5)
Ek m
∫0
dE k = c 2 ∫ dm
m0
E = Ek +m0c2
E = mc2 – moc2 + moc2
E = mc2
nzG!9!n[g<gV!-bx<hqbz<!
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! !
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keqlk<kqe<!n[g<gt<!! JOsiOmie<gt<!weh<hMl</!
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!
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!!!!!kq{qg<gh<hm<m!fqjzbqz<!-Vg<gqxK!we<hkjeg<!Gxqg<gqxK/!
!
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!
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35
!
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! !!!gii<he<!6c 12 n[uqe<!fqjxbqz<! !hr<G!fqjx!n[fqjx!nzG!!!(1 amu)!
weh<hMl</!
1 amu = x 6 c12n[uqe<!fqjx!
1 amu = 1.66 x 10 -27 kg
!
7/!2amu!g<G!sllie!Nx<xz<!lkqh<hqjeg<!g{g<gqMg/!
E = 931 x 106 eV
E = 931 MeV
!
8/!fqjxuP!we<xiz<!we<e@
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! ∆m = Zmp + Nmn – m
!
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n[g<gVuqe<!hqj{h<hix<xz<!weh<hMl</!hqj{h<hix<xz<!= (∆m)c2!
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!
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!!lkqh<H!9/9!MeV!J!njmgqxK/!-K!-Vl<H!37Fe67!n[g<gV!NGl</!weOu!-Vl<H!!
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ii) fqjx!w{<!51!lx<Xl<!231!g<Gl<!-jmh<hm<m!n[g<gVg<gtqe<!yV!n[g<gVk<!!
!!KgTg<gie!svisiq!hqj{h<H!Nx<xz<!Slii<!9/6MeV!Ng!-Vg<Gl<!-k<kjgb!!
!!keqlr<gtqe<!fqjzh<Hk<ke<jl!!nkqglig!-Vg<Gl</!-ju!gkqiqbg<gk<kqx<G!!
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!!-k<keqlr<gt<!fqjzh<himx<xju/!OlZl<!-ju!gkqiqbg<gk<kqx<G!dm<hMl</!
!
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!
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36
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23/!yV!gqB,iq!ujvbX/!
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!!!weh<hMl</!nkiuK!4/8x2121!ohg<ogivz<!=!2!gqB,iq
!
24/!osbx<jg!!gkqiqbg<gl<!we<xiz<!we<e@!
! gkqiqbg<glx<x! Ozsie! keqlr<gjts<! osbx<jg! Ljxbqz<! gkqiqbg<gk<!
keqlr<gtig!!lix<Xl<!fqgp<U!osbx<jg!gkqiqbg<gl<!weh<hMl</!!
!
25/!vie<m<\e<!ujvbX/!
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!
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i) lqGf<k!ntuqz<!fqB,m<vie<gjtg<!ogi{<Mt<t!n[g<gV!djzbqEt<!!
!!-zg<Gk<!keqlr<gjt!! juk<K!osbx<jgg<!gkqiqbg<g!JOsiOmih<Hgt<!!!!
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32∗
+
ii) jsg<Otim<vie<!Ohie<x!Kgt<!LMg<gqgtqzqVf<K!outqh<hMl<!Kgt<gjtg<!ogi{<M!!
!!-zg<Gk<keqlr<gjtk<!kig<gq!!osbx<jg!gkqiqbg<g!JOsiOmih<Hgt<!ohxh<hMgqe<xe!
23 2 24∗
!!!w/gi/! 11Na + 1H 11Na +1 H1
16. gkqiqbg<g!gii<he<!ubKg<!g{qh<H!we<xiz<!we<e@!
!
i) C14 e<!njv!NBm<gizl<!6681!N{<Mgt<!utql{<mzk<kqz<!dt<t!C14lx<Xl<!C12
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ii) dbqiqer<gt<!dm<ogit<Tl<!d{uqzqVf<Kl<!Suisqg<Gl<!gix<xqzqVf<Kl<!C14 J!
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Wx<geOu!dt<t!C14 sqjkujmbk<!okimr<Gl</!
iii) -xf<k!ohiVtqz<!dt<t!C14ntjug<!g{g<gqm<M!nke<!ubkqjeg<!
g{g<gqmzil</!-K!gkqiqbg<gg<!gii<he<!ubK!g{qh<H!weh<hMl</!
!
28/!osbx<jg!keql!lix<xl<!we<xiz<!we<e@!w/gi/!kVg/!
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! w/gi/!jfm<v\e<!α.Kgt<gtiz<!kig<gh<hMl<!OhiK!Ng<sq\e<!8O17Ng!!
!!!!!!lix<xh<hMgqxK/!
!
14 4 17 1
! ! 8N + 2He 8O + 1H
29/!gkqi<uQs<S!Nb<ugr<gtqz<!h{qbix<Xhui<gt<!Olx<ogit<tOu{<cb!Le<oes<siqg<jg!!!!!!!
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!
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4*!gkqiqbg<g!likqiqgjtk<!okijzg<gm<Mh<him<M!Ljxbqz<!jgbitOu{<Ml</!
5*!yu<ouiVuVl<!lqgs<!sqxqb!ytqh<hmk<kgM!ogi{<m!nm<jmjb!n{qf<K?!nkje!!!
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! !
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37
2:/!n[g<gVh<!hqtju!we<xiz<!we<e@!
!
! !!!gelie!keqlk<kqe<!n[g<gV!-V!K{<Mgtig!djmuKme<!lqg!!
nkqglie!Nx<xZl<!outqh<hMl<!fqgp<U!n[g<gV!hqtju!weh<hMl</!
!
31/!n[g<gV!okimi<uqje!we<xiz<!we<e@!
i) kieigOu!hvUl<!n[g<gVh<hqtju!uqje!n[g<gV!okimi<uqje!weh<hMl</!
ii) -u<uqjebqz<!fqB,m<vie<gtqe<!w{<{qg<jg!ohVg<Gk<okimiqz<!lqgOuglig!
ohVg<gljmBl</!
!
32/!Ofi<Ohig<G!Kgt<LMg<gqgt<?!SVt<ujg!Kgt<LMg<gqgt<!OuXhMk<Kg/!
!
u/! Ofi<Ohig<G!Kgt<LMg<gqgt<! SVt<ujg!Kgt<LMg<gqgt<!
w{<!
2! lixik!lqe<ePk<k!OuXhim<jmg<! yu<ouiV!fqjzbqZl<!Nx<xz<!
ogi{<M!LMg<gh<hMgqe<xe/! ntqg<gh<hm<M!Kgt<gt<!
LMg<gh<hMgqe<xe/!
3! Kgtqe<!Nx<xjz!sqz!MeV ntuqx<Og! Kgtqe<!Nx<xz<!21:eV(GeV)
dbi<k<k!LcBl</! ujv!nkqgiqg<Gl<!
4! w/gi;!gig<gqv0h<m<!uiz<m<me<! w/gi/!;!Ofi<Ohig<G!LMg<gq?!
lqe<eqbx<xq?! jsg<Otim<vie<?!hQm<mim<vie<?!
uie<.c.gqvi0h<!-bx<xq/! lx<Xl<!sqe<g<Ovim<vie<!
! !
33/!liXfqjzh<hVle<!lx<Xl<!liXfqjz!fqjx!ujvbX/!
! !!!!!yu<ouiV! n[g<gVh<! hqtjug<Gh<! hqxGl<! Gjxf<kK! yV! fqB,m<vieiuK!
nMk<k!hqtjujb!! Wx<hMk<Kl<! ujgbqz<! njlBl<! hqtjuh<! ohiVtqe<! hVle<!
liXfqjzh<!hVle<!weh<hMl</!!liXfqjzh<! hVle<! ogi{<m! n[g<gVh<hqtjug<G!
dm<hMl<!ohiVtqe<!fqjx!liXfqjz!fqjx!! weh<hMl/<!
34/!n[g<gV!djzbqz<!k{qh<hie<gt<!we<hju!biju@!w/gi/!kVg/!
! !!!!n[g<gVh<!hqtjubqe<!OhiK!outqh<hMl<!3MeV Nx<xz<!ogi{<m!Oug!
fqB,m<vie<gjt!1/136eV svisiq!Nx<xz<!ogi{<m!ouh<h!fqB,m<vie<gtig!lix<Xl<!
ohiVm<gt<!k{qh<hie<gt<!weh<hMl</!
w/gi;!sikiv{!fQi<?!ge!fQi<?!gqvi0jhm<!
35/!n[g<gV!djzbqz<!gm<Mh<hMk<Kl<!k{<Mgtqe<!hbe<!we<e@!wjuObEl<!!!!
!!!-v{<M!gm<Mh<hMk<Kl<!k{<Mgjtg<!Gxqh<hqMg/!
! !!!!!!!n[g<gV! djzbqz<! fqB,m<vie<gjt! dm<gui<f<K! okimi<uqjejbg<!
gm<Mh<hMk<k?!gm<Mh<hMk<Kl<!k{<Mgt<!hbe<hMgqe<xe/!
! !!w/!gi!Ohivie<!lx<Xl<!gim<lqbl<!Ohie<xju/!
!
36/!dx<hk<kq!djz!we<hK!we<e@!!
! !!!!!n[g<gV! djz! osbz<hMl<! OhiK! hqtjug<G! dm<hmik! ohiVt<gjt!
fqB,m<vie<gjt!! dm<guVl<hc! osb<K! hqtjug<G! dm<hMl<! ohiVtig! dVuig<Gl<!
djzgt<!dx<hk<kq!djzgt<!!weh<hMl</!
238 233
92U ! lx<Xl<! 90Th ! Ohie<xju! nkqg! ntuqz<! gqjmk<kiZl<! nju!
hqtjug<G!dm<hmiK/!! -ux<jx!LjxOb!! 94Pu239!lx<Xl<! 92U233!we<x!hqtjug<G!
dm<hMl<!ohiVt<gtig!dx<hk<kq!djzgt<!lix<Xgqe<xe/!
!
37/!n[g<gV!-j{U!we<xiz<!we<e@!nz<zK!ouh<h!n[g<gV!uqje!we<xiz<!!!
!!!we<e@!
!!!!-v{<M!nz<zK!nkx<G!Olx<hm<m!-Ozsie!n[g<gVg<gt<!-j{f<K!yV!!!
!!gelie!!n[g<gVju!dVuig<Gl<!fqgp<U!n[g<gV!-j{U!weh<hMl</!-K!!!!
!!dbi<!ouh<hfqjzgtqz<!fjmohXukiz<!ouh<h!n[g<gV!uqje!we!njpg<gh<hMl</!
!
!
!
!
!
38
38/!gi^<lqg<!gkqi<gt<!we<xiz<!we<e@!
!
! ! γ!.!gkqi<gjtuqm!hz!lmr<G!nbeqbig<Gl<!kqxe<!ogi{<m!gi^<li^<!weh<hMl<!
Hxoutqbqe<! njek<Kk<! kqjsgtqz<! -Vf<Kl<! Huqjb! njmBl<! gkqi<uQs<Sgt<!
gi^<lqg<!gkqi<gt<!weh<hMl</!-ju!! Lke<jlg<! gi^<lqg<! gkqi<gt<! lx<Xl<! Kj{!
gi^<lqg<!gkqi<gt<!we!-Vujgh<hMl</!
!!
39/!Osic!dVuikz<!lx<Xl<!hVh<ohiVt<!npqkz<!we<xiz<!we<e@!!
• nkqg! Nx<xz<! ogi{<m! 0Ohim<mie<! n[g<gVjus<! Sx<xqBt<t! uzqjlbie!
lqe<Hzk<Kme<! uqje!Hiqukiz<! wzg<m<vie<! .!hisqm<vie<! Osic!dVuigqxK/!-K!
Osic!dVuikz<!weh<hMl</!
• Osic! dVuikZg<G! lXkjzbig! wzg<m<viEl<! hisqm<viEl<! -j{f<K!
0Ohim<mie<!dVuigqxK/!-K!hVh<ohiVt<!npqkz<!weh<hMl</!
!!!
3:/!ozh<mie<gt<!hx<xq!Gxqh<H!ujvg/!
i)wzg<m<vieqe<! fqjxjb! uqm! 318! lmr<G! nz<zK! nkx<Gg<! Gjxuie!
fqjxogi{<m!Ozsie!! Kgt<gt<!ozh<mie<gt<!NGl</!
ii)wzg<m<vie<?! hisqm<vie<?! fqB,m<iqOei?! Ne<c! fqB,m<iqOei! Ofi<lx<Xl<! wkqi<!
lqBbie<gt<!Ohie<x!Kgt<gt<!-k<okiGkqbqz<!nmr<gqBt<te/!
iii),ux<xqz<! fqB,m<iqOeiUl<?! Ne<c! fqB,m<iqOeiUl<! fqjxbx<x! lqe<E~m<mlx<x?!
Nx<xjzBl<?kx<Spx<sqjbBl<!ogi{<Mt<te/!
!
41/!lQsie<gt<!hx<xq!Gxqh<H!ujvg/!
i) wzg<m<vie<!lx<Xl<!HOvim<mieqe<!fqjxgTg<G!-jmh<hm<m!fqjxjb!djmbju/!
ii) π.lQsie<?!K.lQsie<?!η-lQsie<!we!&e<X!ujg!lQsie<gt<!dt<te/!
!!iii) lQsie<gt<!n[g<gVk<!Kgt<gTg<gqjmOb!-jmuqjes<!osbjz!Wx<hMk<Kl</!
!
42/!hiiqbie<gt<!Gxqh<H!ujvg/!
i) gelie!Kgt<gtqe<!okiGkq!hiiqbie<gt</!
ii) hiiqbie<gt<?!fqB,g<tqbie<gt<!lx<Xl<!jah<hvie<gt<!we!-Vujgh<hMl</!
iii) fqB,m<vie<?!HOvim<mie<!Ngqbju!fqB,g<tqbie<gt</!
iv) zil<mi?!sqg<li?!js?!yOlgi!Kgt<gt<!jah<hvie<gt<!NGl</!
!
43/!ogiMg<gh<hm<m!n[g<gtqzqVf<K!JOsiOmih<Hgt<?!JOsihii<gt<?!lx<Xl<!!!!
!!!JOsiOmie<gtqe<!Osicgjtk<!Oki<U!osb<g!@!!
! !!!!!!!11Na22, 24
12Mg ,
24 23
11Na , 10Ne !
! !!!!kQi<U!;.!
22 24
! ! i) JOsiOmih<Hgt</! 11Na , 11Na
24 24
! ii)!JOsihii<gt</! 12Mg , 11Na !
! ! iii)!JOsiOmie<gt<! 11Na24, 10Ne23
44/!2gqvil<!4Li6z<!dt<t!n[g<gtqe<!w{<{qg<jgjbg<!g{g<gqMg/!
! !!!!!!!!!)nuOgm<Ovi!w{<!= )!
! !
kQi<U!;.! !
! 7!gqvil<!Li.!-z<!dt<t!!n[g<gtqe<<!w{<{qg<jg= 6.023x !
! 2!gqvil<!Li.!-z<!dt<t!n[g<gtqe<!w{<{qg<jg= !
!
45/!94Po325gkqiqbg<g!JOsiOmih<H!nMk<kMk<K!-V!α–!sqjkUgjtBl<!-V!β–
sqjkUgjt!Wx<hMk<Kl<!OhiK!dVuiGl<!JOsiOmih<hqe<!n[!w{<!lx<Xl<!fqjx!!
!!!w{<j{g<!g{g<gqMg/!
!! ! !
! 84Po214 A 4 4 0 0
ZX + 2He + 2He + -1e + -1e !
A + 4 + 4 = 214
A = 214 -8 = 206
39
Z + 2 + 2 – 1 – 1 = 84
Z + 2 = 84 ⇒ Z = 84 – 2 ⇒ Z = 82
! 0A =!317!
Z =!93!
40
!
4:/!ciqcbk<kqe<!njv!NBm<gizl<!23/!6!N{<Mgt</!36!N{<MgTg<GhqxG!!
!!!!nke<!wu<utU!hGkq!!wR<sqbqVg<Gl<@!!
sqjkujmf<k!hGkq!
njv!NBm<gizl<! wR<sqBt<t!hGkq!
!
I!)23/!6!N{<Mgt<*! 2!-! !
!
II )36!n{<Mgt<* 2!-! !
!
! !!!
njv!NBm<gizr<gtqe<!w{<{qg<jg!!!= olik<kg<gizl<!
!!!!!njv!NBm<gizl<!
= =!3!
!
0!36!N{<MgTg<Gh<hqxG!wR<sqbqVg<Gl<!hGkq!= !
!
!
!
!
!
5 kjpg;ngz; tpdh-tpilfs;
BE
1. tisNfhl;bd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;.
A
BE BE
• epiw vz; A = 20 tiu kjpg;G NtfkhfTk; A > 20 vdpy; kjpg;G
A A
nkJthfTk; mjpfhpf;fpwJ. A < 20 vdpy;>Z = N vdTk;> A ehd;fpd;
klq;fhfTk;> ,ul;ilg;gil vz;zhfTk; mikAk; mZf;fUf;fs; kPz;Lk;
kPz;Lk; KfLfspy; mikfpd;wd. A = 40 Kjy; 120 tiu tiuNfhL
Vwf;Fiwa fpilf;NfhlhFk;.
BE
• (
A =56 vdpy; 26 Fe 56 )A
kjpg;G 8.8 MeV. vdNt ,Uk;G mjpf
epiyg;ghLilaJ.
BE
• A=40Kjy; A=120tiu ruhrhp kjpg;G 8.5 MeV. vdNt ,e;j
A
mZf;fUf;fs; mjpf epiyj;jd;ikAilaitahFk;.
BE
• mjpf epiw vz; kjpg;Gfspy; kjpg;G Fiwe;J ANudpaj;jpw;F 7.6MeV
A
MFk;. vdNt ,e;j mZf;fUf;fs; fjphpaf;fj;jpw;F cl;gLk;> epiyj;
jd;ikaw;witahFk;.
BE
• fdkhd kw;Wk; ,Nyrhd mZf;fUf;fspd; Fiwe;j kjpg;Gfs; mit
A
mZf;fUg;gpsT kw;Wk; mZf;fU ,izTf;F cl;gLtijf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
41
• fz;lwpag;gl;l tpirfspNyNa typikahd tpir.
• <h;g;gpay; tpiray;y. <h;g;gpay; tpiria tpl 1040klq;F mjpfk;.
• FWfpa neLf;fk; nfhz;l tpir. 10-15m njhiytpy; mikAk;
mZf;fUj; Jfs;fSf;fpilNa ,t;tpir typikahdJ.
3. α - fjph;fspd; gz;Gfs;
• kpf mjpf jpirNtfj;Jld; Neh;f;Nfhl;by; nry;Yk;.
• kpd; kw;Wk; fhe;jg; Gyq;fshy; tpyfyilAk;.
• thAf;fis madpahf;fk; nra;Ak;. (madpahf;Fk; jpwd; = 100 ×β fjph;fspd;
madpahf;fk; kw;Wk; 10000×γ fjph;fspd; madpahf;fk;)
• xspg;glj;jfLfisg; ghjpf;Fk;.
• xsph;jiy Vw;gLj;Jk;.
• CLUT jpwd; kpff;FiwT.
4. β-fjph;fspd; gz;Gfs;
• 0.3 c Kjy; 0.99 c tiu jpirNtfk; cilait.
• kpd;kw;Wk; fhe;jg; Gyq;fshy; tpyfyilAk;.
• thAf;fis madpahf;Fk;> madpahf;Fk; jpwd; α- fjph;fis tpl FiwT.
• xspg;glj;jfLfisg; ghjpf;Fk;.
• xsph;jiy Vw;gLj;Jk;.
• CLUT jpwd; α - fjph;fis tpl mjpfk;.
5. γ-fjph;fspd; gz;Gfs;
• xspapd; jpirNtfj;jpy; ( c ) nry;Yk;.
• kpd; kw;Wk; fhe;j Gyq;fshy; tpyfy; miltjpy;iy.
• madpahf;Fk; jpwd; kpff;FiwT
• xspg;glj;jfLfisg; ghjpf;Fk;.
• xsph;jiy Vw;gLj;Jk;.
• CLUT jpwd; kpf mjpfk;.
7. epA+l;uhd;fspd; gz;Gfs;
• i`l;u[idj; jtpu midj;J mZf;fUf;fspYk; epA+l;uhd;fs; cs;sd.
• GNuhl;lhd;fis tpl rw;Nw epiw mjpfkhd> Rop kpd;D}l;lk; nfhz;l
eLepiyj;Jfs;fs;.
42
• mZf;fUtpDs; epiyg;ghLilait. mZf;fUtpw;F ntspNa
epiyg;ghlw;wit. epA+l;uhd;fspd; miu MAl;fhyk; 13 epkplq;fs;.
0 n1 →1 H 1 + −1 e 0 + υ
• mZf;fUf;fis vspjpy; CLUtpr; nry;Yk;.
• ,af;f Mw;wy; mbg;gilapy;
i) FiwNtf epA+l;uhd; (0–1000eV)
ii) NtfepA+l;uhd; (0.5MeV-10MeV)
iii) ntg;gepA+l;uhd; (0.025eV) vd tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
43
11.mZFz;bd; jj;Jtk; kw;Wk; nray;ghL
mikg;G:
• khWepiy gUkidtpl Fiwthd gUkd; nfhz;l U 235 my;yJ Pu 239 My;
Md ,U miuf;Nfhsq;fs; rpwpa ,ilntspapy; gphpj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
nray;ghL:
• khWepiy epiwiatpl Fiwthd epiwAila U 235 my;yJ Pu 239 vd;w
%d;whtJ ,aq;Fk; cUis> miuf;Nfhsq;fSf;F ,ilapy; rhpahfg;
nghUe;Jk;gb nra;jhy; khWepiy epiwiatpl nkhj;j epiw mjpfkhfpwJ.
• fl;Lg;ghlw;w njhlh;tpid Vw;gl;L gaq;fukhf ntbj;Jr; rpjWfpwJ.
tpisTfs;:
• Vuhskhd ntg;g Mw;wy;> xsp> fjph;tPr;Rfs; Vw;gLk;.
• gykpy;ypad; bfphp nry;rpa]; ntg;gepiyAk;> gykpy;ypad; tspkz;ly
mOj;jKk; caUk;.
• mjph;r;rp miyfs; Vw;gLk;.
• γfjph;fs;> epA+l;uhd;fs; cly; eyf;Nfl;il Vw;gLj;Jk;.
44
• vyf;l;uhd;> ghrpl;uhd; Nrhb NkYk; NkYk; mZf;fUf;fSld; NkhjYw;W
mjpf Nghl;lhd;fisAk;> Nghl;lhd;fs; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; vyf;l;uhd;>
ghrpl;uhd; NrhbfisAk; cUthf;Fk;.
• xt;nthU Jfspd; Mw;wYk; khWepiy Mw;wiytpl Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;
tiu ,e;epfo;T eilngw;W ngUf;fk; Vw;gLk;.
21!lkqh<oh{<!uqei.uqjmgt<!
2/ohbqe<hqiqm<\<!fqjx!fqxlijzlieq!
INrhNlhg;Gfspd; epiwiaf; fz;lwpag; gad;gLfpwJ. !
mikg;G:
• Neh;kpd; madpfw;iw s1, s2 we<x!hqtUgt<!!
• upqbigs<!osz<gqxK/!
• outquVl<!olz<zqb!gx<jx!kqjsOugk<!!
• Oki<f<okMh<hieqz<!osz<gqxK/!
• kqjsOugk<!Oki<f<okMh<hie<!Gxqh<hqm<m!
kqjsOugl<!ogi{<m!nbeqgjtk<!
Oki<f<okMg<Gl</!
!
osbz<hiM;!
• kqjsOugk<!Oki<f<okMh<hieqz<!lqe<Hzl<!E lx<Xl<!gif<kHzl<!B osr<Gk<kig!
njlBl</!
Bqv=qE
v=E/B
• v kqjsOugl<!ogi{<m!nbeqgt<!s3 hqtU!upqbig!D we<x!
dbi<!oux<xqmlig<gh<hm<m!gzk<kqEt<!FjpBl</!
• -r<Gg<!gif<kHzl<!B' ogiMg<gh<hm<M!nbeqg<Gk<!Okjubie!jlbOfig<G!
uqjsjb!ntqk<K!um<mh<!hijkbqz<!osZk<Kl</
B'qv=mv2/R
m=B'qR/v
v=E/B J!hqvkqbqm
m=BB'qR/E
• ouu<OuX!fqjxogi{<m!madpft<!ouu<OuX!njvum<mh<!hijkbqz<!ose<X!
ytqh<hmk<kgm<cz<!gVjlg<OgiMgjt!d{<mig<Gl</!
• gzk<kqe<!kqxh<hqx<Gl<!gVjlg<Ogim<cx<Gl<!-jmh<hm<m!okijzU!uqm<ml<!2R
NGl</
• q,B,B',E,R kjpg;G njhpe;jhy; Neh; kpd; madpfspd; epiwfisf;
fzf;fplyhk;.
45
3/!gkqiqbg<gk<!keqll<!ye<xqz<!wf<k!yV!Ofvk<kqZl<!dt<t!keqlk<kqe<!!!!
!!ntjug<!g{<mxqukx<gie!Ogiju!lx<Xl<!!njv!NBm<gizk<kqx<gie!!!
!!Ogiju!
sqjkU!uqkq;!
• YvzG! Ofvk<kqz<! sqijujmBl<! n[g<gtqe<! w{<{qg<jg! nf<Ofvk<kqz<!
nk<keqlk<kqz<!dt<t!n[g<gtqe<!w{<{qg<jgg<G!Ofi<k<kguqz<!njlBl</
• okimg<gk<kqz<!n[g<gtqe<!w{<{qg<jg!No.
‘t’ fhyj;;jpw;Fg; gpwF mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if N.
loge N = + loge N0
loge(N/N0)= , N/N0=
• N=N0
N0/2 = N0 e-λT½
loge2 = λT1/2
T1/2 = ,
46
T1/2 = 2.3026
T1/2 =
• miu MAl;fhyk;> rpijT khwpypf;F vjph;j;jftpy; mikAk;
ruhrup MAl;fhyk;> miu MAl;fhyj;jpw;F ,ilNaahd njhlh;G>
T1/2 = 0.6931τ
!
4/!fqB,m<vie<!g{<Mhqch<H?!fqB,m<vie<gtqe<!h{<Hgt<!
!!g{<Mhqch<H;!
• ohik<Ok!lx<Xl<!ohg<gi<!ohiqzqbl<!keqlk<jk!α- Jfs;fisf; nfhz;L
jhf;Fk; NghJ mjpf CLUT jpwd; kpf;f kpd;>fhe;j Gyq;fshy;
tpyfyilahj fjph;tPr;R ntspg;gLtijf; fz;ldh;.!
• Kjypy; mit γ- fjph;fs; vdf; fUjg;gl;lJ.!
• Inudp fpA+hp kw;Wk; N[hypal; ,f;fjph;tPr;Rfs; ghu/gpd; nkOF topahfr;
nry;Yk;NghJ GNuhl;lhd;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtijf; fz;ldh;.!
• 1932 –y; rhl;tpf; GNuhl;lhd; epiwf;Fr; rkkhd kpd;D}l;lkw;w Jfs;fs;
,f;fjph;tPr;rpy; ,Ug;gijf; fz;Lgpbj;jhh;.!
• rhl;tpf; epA+l;uhd;fs; (on1 )!we!ohbiqm<M!njpk<kii</!
9 4
• 4Be +2He → 6C12 +on1!
!h{<Hgt<;!
1. i`l;u[idj; jtpu midj;J mZf;fUf;fspYk; epA+l;uhd;fs; cs;sd.
2. GNuhl;lhd;fis tpl rw;Nw epiw mjpfkhd> Rop kpd;D}l;lk; nfhz;l
eLepiyj;Jfs;fs;.
3. mZf;fUtpDs; epiyg;ghLilait. mZf;fUtpw;F ntspNa epiyg;ghlw;wit.
epA+l;uhd;fspd; miu MAl;fhyk; 13 epkplq;fs;
0 n → 1 H + −1 e + υ
1 1 0
mikg;G:
• fz;zhbahy; R+og;gl;l cNyf Foha;[C] Nfj;NjhL.
• Fohapy; cs;s nky;ypa lq;];ld; fk;gp[W] MNdhL.
• Fohapy; Fiwe;j mOj;jj;jpy; Mh;fhd; Nghd;w ke;j thA cs;sJ.
• Fohapd; xU Kidapy; nky;ypa ikf;fh jfL cs;sJ ,jd; topNa fjph;
tPr;R cs;Ns nry;Yk;.
• 1000Vkpd;dOj;j NtWghL 100 nkfh Xk; kpd;jil topahf
nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ.
nray;ghL:
• fjph;tPr;Rf;fs; nfa;fh; Ky;yh; vz;zpapy; EiofpwJ.
47
• Kjd;ik madpahf;fj;jhy; xU rpy madpfs; Njhd;Wk;.
• cah;kpd; mOj;jj;jhy; ,it KLf;Ftpf;fg;gl;L NkYk; madpahf;fk; nra;Ak;.
• Nkhjy; fhuzkhf madpfspd; vz;zpf;if caUk;.
• ,jdhy; mjpf vyf;l;uhd;fs; cUthfp xU kpd;Ndhl;lj; Jbg;ig cUthf;Fk;.
• ,J kpd;jil topNa gha;e;J xU vyf;l;uhdpay; vz;zpiar; nray;gLj;JfpwJ.
• vyf;l;uhd; vz;zpapd; vz;zpf;if fjph; tPr;rpd; nrwpTf;F Neh;j;jftpy;
,Uf;Fk;.
• madpahf;fk; fjph; tPr;rpd; tifiag; nghUj;jJ my;y.
• fjph;tPr;rpd; tifapid czu tpy;rd; Kfpy; $lk; gad;gLfpwJ.
6. epA+l;uhd; vjpnuhspg;ghd;:
• epA+l;uhd;fis vjpnuhspj;J kPz;Lk; mZf;fU ciyapy; nrYj;JtJ
epA+l;uhd; vjpnuhspg;ghd; MFk;.
• v.fh –0.7% f;Fk; Fiwthd 92U235I nfhz;Ls;s ANudpak;> Njhhpak;.
48
7. ghJfhg;G mikg;G:
• fjph;tPr;rpd; ghJfhg;G fUjp mZf;fU ciyapy; 2 Kjy; 2.5 kP jbkd;
nfhz;l fhd;fphPl; Rth; cs;sJ.
mZf;fU ciyapd; gad;fs;:
i) kpd;jpwd; cw;gj;jp; f;F
ii) fjphpaf;f INrhl;Nlhg;Gfs; cUthf;f
iii) epA+l;uhd; %yq;fshf.
6. tpz;kPd; Mw;wy;
#hpadpd; ntg;gepiy kw;Wk; tpz;kPd; Mw;wYf;Ff; fhuzk; mZf;fU ,izT.
GNuhl;lhd;-GNuhl;lhd; Rw;W:
1H
1
+ 1H1 1H
2
+1e0+ ν(ghrpl;uhd; kw;Wk; ePA+l;upNdh ntspg;gLjy;)
1H
1
+ 1H2 2He
3
+ γ(fhkhf; fjph; ntspg;gLjy;)
2 2He3 2He
4
+2 1H1
nkhj;jtpid:
4 1H1 2He
4
+ 2 1e0+ 2 + Mw;wy; (26.7MeV)
fhh;gd; - iel;u[d; Rw;W:
1H
1
+ 6C12 13*
7N + γ (fhkhf; fjph; ntspg;gLjy;)
7N
13* 13 0
6C +1e + ν (ghrpl;uhd; kw;Wk; epA+l;upNdh ntspg;gLjy;)
1
1H +6C
13 14
7N + γ (fhkhf; fjph; ntspg;gLjy;)
1
1H + 7N
14 15*
8O + γ (fhkhf; fjph; ntspg;gLjy;)
8O
15* 15 0
7N +1e + ν (ghrpl;uhd; kw;Wk; epA+l;upNdh ntspg;gLjy;)
1 15 12
1H + 7N 6C + 2He4
nkhj;jtpid:
4 1H1 2He
4
+ 2 1e0+ 2 + Mw;wy; (26.7MeV)
49
• JUtg;gFjpapy; nrwpT ngUkk;> eLtiuf;Nfhl;Lg;gFjpapy; nrwpT rpWkk;.
• 42 f;Fk; 90 f;Fk; ,ilapy; nrwpT khwpyp.
Fj;Jau tpisT:
• Fj;Jauj;ijg; nghWj;J fh];kpf; fjph;fspd; nrwpT khWgLtJ Fj;Jau
tpisT vdg;gLk;.
• cauk; mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ nrwpT mjpfhpf;Fk;.
• Vwj;jho 20fp.kP cauj;jpy; nrwpT ngUkk;.
• mjw;F Nky; nrwpT FiwAk;.
50
myF– 2 kpd;Ndhl;ltpay;
3 kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs;
51
10. xU flj;jp kPf;flj;jpahf khWk; ngah;T ntg;gepiyapy; Vw;gLk;
khWghLfis vOJf.
i) jd;kpd;jil vz; RopahfpwJ.
ii) kpd;flj;J vz; Kbtpyh kjpg;ghfpwJ.
iii) fhe;jg;ghaf;NfhLfs; nghUspypUe;J xJf;fpj;
js;sg;gLfpd;wd.
52
17. kpd;jpwd;> kpd;dhw;wy; NtWgLj;Jf.
t.vz; kpd;jpwd; kpd;dhw;wy;
1. kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpdhy; xU tpdhbapy; Ntiy nra;Ak; jpwikahdJ
nra;ag;gLk; Ntiyapd; msT kpd;dhw;wy;.
kpd;jpwd;.
2. kpd;jpwd; P = VI kpd;dhw;wy; E = VIt
3. myF: thl; (W) myF: [Py; (J)
eilKiw myF KWh
I= = 1A
24. kpd;tpsf;F xd;W 240 V kpd;dOj;jj;jpy; nray;gLk;;. mjd; kpd;Ndhl;lk; 0.5A
vdpy; tpsf;fpd; kpd;jiliaf; fzf;fpLf.
jPh;Î:
kpd;jil R=
R=
R=
R = 480
53
25. 2 m ePsKk; 0.4 mm tpl;lKk; cila khq;fdpd;fk;gpapd; kpd;jil70Ω.
nghUspd; jd;kpd;jil vz;izf; fzf;fpLf.
jPh;T :
kpd;jil vz; ρ =
=
= 1.57 x 7 x 4 x 10-7
ρ = 4.396x10-6 Ω m
A B
jPh;T: -
R2 = 15Ω
R1, R2 gf;f ,izg;gpy; cs;sd.
, , = 7.5 Ω
V1 V2 V3
10V
jPh;T:-
njhFgad; kpd;jil Rs = R1 + R2 + R3
Rs = 5 + 3 + 2 ⇒ Rs = 10 Ω
Rw;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; I = = =1A
Xkpd; tpjpg;gb V = IR
V1 = IR1 = 1 x 5 = 5V
V2 = IR2 = 1 x 3 = 3V
V3 = IR3 = 1 x 2 = 2V
V1 = 5V; V2 = 3V; V3 = 2V
54
28. nfhLf;fg;gl;l kpd;Rw;wpy; nkhj;j kpd;jil kw;Wk; kpd;fyd; jUk;
kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijf; fzf;fpLf.
2Ω
3Ω 3Ω 3Ω 6V
= + +
= Rp = 1Ω
= =
= r1 : r2 = :1
55
30. fPo;fhZk; kpd; Rw;wpy; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpidf; fzf;fpLf. kpd;Ndhl;lk; nry;Yk;
jpiriaf; Fwpg;gpLf.
A 10V 2V B
5Ω 7Ω
3Ω
D 5Ω 8V C
jPh;T:-
Rw;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; I vd;f ABCDA jpirapy; tyQ;Ropahf
kpd;Ndhl;lk; gha;tjhff; nfhz;lhy;>
fph;r;r/g; ,uz;lhk; tpjpapidg; gad;gLj;j>
5 I + 7I + 3I + 5I = 10 + 2 – 8
20 I = 4, I = ⇒ I = 0.2 A
kpd;Ndhl;lk; tyQ;Ropahfr; nry;Yk; my;yJ ABCDA topNa mikAk;.
A 5Ω 10V 10Ω B
D 20 V 5Ω C
jPh;Î : fph;r;r/gpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpapidg; gad;gLj;j>
5 I + 10 I + 5 I = 10 + 20,
20 I = 30⇒ I = ⇒I = 1.5 A
kpd;Ndhl;lk; tyQ;Ropahfr; nry;Yk; my;yJ ABCDA topNa mikAk;.
D 20V 5 C
jPh;T:- kpd;Ndhl;lk; tyQ;Ropapy; gha;tjhff; fUJf.
fph;r;r/gpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpapidg; gad;gLj;j>
5I+10I+5I = 10-20
20I = -10
I= -
I=-
I=-0.5A
kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; vz;kjpg;G = 0.5A
kpd;Ndhl;lk; ,lQ;RopahfTk; my;yJ ADCBA topahfTk;; ghAk;.
56
33. O0C y; epf;Nuhk; fk;gpapd; kpd;jil10 Ω mjd; kpd; jil ntg;gepiy vz;
0. 004 / 0C ePhpd; nfhjpepiyapy; mjd; kpd;jiliaf; fzf;fpLf. Kbitg;
gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijj; jUf.
jPhT:-;:- Rt = Ro (1 + αt)
R100 = Ro (1+100α)
R100 = 10 (1+ 100 x 0.004)
=10 (1 + 0.4)
= 10 x 1.4
R100 = 14 Ω
jPh;T:-
Rt = Ro (1 + α t)
R100 = Ro (1 + 100 α)
R100= 4 (1 + 100 x 0.0038)
= 4 (1 + 0.38)
= 4 x 1.38
R100 = 5.52 Ω
57
5 kjpg;ngz; tpdh-tpilfs;
1. kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;Fk; ,Og;Gj;jpirNtfj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa njhlh;G:
ntspg;Gwj;jpypUe;J nray;gLk; kpd;Gyj;jpdhy;> flj;jpapd; topNa
fl;Lg;ghlw;w ,af;fj;jpy; cs;s vyf;l;uhd;fs; kPJ jpzpf;fg;gLk; jpirNtfk;
,Og;Gj; jpirNtfk; vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.
58
4. gy kpd;jilahf;fpfs; gf;f ,izg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;lhy; njhFgad;
kpd;jil
59
6.Nthy;l; kPl;liuf; nfhz;L kpd;fydpd; mfkpd;jiliaf; fzf;fply;
60
I1P + IgG – I2R = 0 → (3)
fph;r;r/gpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpg;gb ABCDA vd;w %ba ghijf;F>
I1 P + I3 Q – I4 S – I2 R = 0 → (4)
• Roptpyf;fj;jpw;F Ig = 0
I1 = I3 → (5)
I2 = I4 → (6)
I1P = I2R→ (7)
• rkd; 5> 6>7 d; kjpg;Gfisr; rkd; 4 ,y; gpujpapl>
I1(P+Q) = I2(R+S) → (8)
9. kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; jj;Jtk;:
61
10. ,U Kjd;ik kpd;fyd;fspd; kpd;dpaf;F tpirfspd; xg;gpLjy;
62
m4α t2
m 3 t1
• = mαt (2)
m4 t2
rkd;ghLfs; (1)> (2) ypUe;J
• mαIt
63
14. Nldpay; kpd;fyk;:
mikg;G :
Neh; kpd;tha; → jhkpuk;
vjph;kpd;tha; → Jj;jehfk;
kpd;gFjputk; → jhkpu ry;Ngl; fiury;> ePh;j;j fe;jf mkpyk;
nray;ghL :
• Jj;jehfj; jfL H2SO4 cld; tpidGhpe;J Zn++madpfis ntspNaw;wp
,U vyf;l;uhd;fisg; ngw;W vjph;kpd;D}l;lk; ngWk;.
• Ez;Jisg; ghz;lj;jpd; Jis topNa nry;Yk; Zn++ madpfs; CuSO4-
Tld; tpid Ghpe;J cUthFk; Cu++madpfs; jhkpuf;fydpy; gbe;J
jhkpuf;fyd; Neh; kpd;D}l;lk; ngWk;.
• Jj;jehfj;jpy; ,Ue;J jhkpuj;jpw;F ,U vyf;l;uhd;fs; Rw;wpd; topNa
nrd;W jhkpu madpfis eLepiyahf;Fk;.
• ntspr;Rw;wpy; jhkpuj;jpypUe;J Zn f;F kpd;Ndhl;lk; gha;fpwJ.
• kpd;dpaf;F tpir→ 1.08V
15. nyf;yhQ;rp kpd;fyk;:
mikg;G :
64
• 2H+ madpfspd; Neh;kpd;D}l;lk; fhh;gd; jz;Lf;F khw;wg;gl;L Neh;
kpd;D}l;lk;ngWk;. Jj;jehfj;jpy; cs;s ,U vyf;l;uhd;fs; fhh;gd; jz;il
mile;J mjd; Neh;kpd;D}l;lj;ij eLepiyahf;Fk;.
• ntspr;Rw;wpy; fhh;gdpypUe;J Zn f;F kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk;.
• kpd;Ndhl;lk; → 0.25A
• kpd;dpaf;F tpir → 1.5V
e α
65
4. kpd;fhe;jj; J}z;ly; gw;wpa nyd;]; tpjpiaf; $Wf.
xU Rw;wpy; J}z;lg;gl;l kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; jpir vg;NghJk; mij
cUthf;ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;j fhe;jg;gha khw;wj;ij vjph;f;Fk; tifapy;
mikAk;.
mjhtJ
66
13. J}z;lg;gl;l kpd;dpaf;F tpiriaj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; Kiwfs; ahit?
i) fhe;jj; J}z;liy (B) khw;Wtjd; %yk;.
ii) RUs; cs;slf;fpa gug;gpid (A) khw;Wtjd; %yk;.
iii) fhe;jGyj;ijg; nghWj;J RUspd; jpir mikg;ig (θ) khw;Wtjd; %yk;
J}z;lg;gl;l kpd;dpaf;F tpiriag; ngwyhk;.
η = ntspaP
ŋ L jpwd; = Es I s
cs;sPL jpwd; Ep I p
19. D. C. mk;kPl;lh; khW jpir kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij mstplhJ. Vd;?
khWjpir kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; xU KOr;Rw;Wf;fhd ruhrhp kjpg;G RopahFk;.
vdNt D.C. mk;kPl;liu A.C. kpd;Rw;wpy; ,izj;jhy; mjd; Fwp Ks; Rop
msitNa vg;NghJk; fhl;Lk;.
67
21. kpd;J}z;bapd; kpd;kWg;G vd;why; vd;d?
xU fk;gpr;RUs; my;yJ kpd;J}z;b khWjpir kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;F
Vw;gLj;Jk; kpd;jil mjd; kpd;kWg;G (XL) vdg;gLk;. XL= L myF : ohm
68
30. 0.5 m2 gug;gsitAk; 10 Rw;WfisAk; nfhz;l xU fk;gpr; RUspd; jsk;
0.2 Wb/m2 fhe;jg;Gyj;jpw;Ff; Fj;jhf cs;s nghJ fk;gpr; RUspd; topNa
ghAk; fhe;jg; ghaj;ijf; fzf;fpLf.
jPh;T:- fhe;jg;ghak; Φ = NBAcosθ
Φ = NBAcos0o (...θ= 0o)
Φ = 10 x 0.2 x 0.5
Φ = 1 Wb
M= = = x 10-3 = -6. 25 mH
69
35. 200 Rw;WfisAk; 0.04 m2 FWf;Fg; gug;igAk; nfhz;Ls;s fk;gpr;RUspd; topNa
nry;Yk; fhe;jg;Gyk; 0.2 tpehbapy; 0.1 Wbm-2 ypUe;J 0.04 Wbm-2Mf
khWfpwJ vdpy; mjpy; J}z;lg;gLk; kpd;dpaf;F tpiriaf; fzf;fpLf?
jPh;T :
200x4x10-2 x3
2x4x3
24V
J}z;lg;gl;l kpd;dpaf;F tpirapd; vz;kjpg;G = 24V
70
39. ey;ypay;G kpd;khw;wp xd;wpy; kpd;khw;wp tpfpjk; 1:20 mjd; cs;sPL jpwd; kw;Wk;
kpd;dOj;jk; KiwNa 600mW, 6V MFk;. Kjd;ik kw;Wk; Jizr;RUspy;
ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lq;fisf; fzf;fpLf.
jPh;T:- = , Ep Ip = 600 mW; Ep = 6V
Ep Ip = 600 mW
Ip = = = 100x10-3 = 0.1 A
Mdhy; =
Is = x Ip = x 0.1 = 2A
Kjd;ikr; RUspy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; = 0.1A
Jizr;RUspy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; = 2A
Xc = ⇒ Xc = = Ω
Irms = = = 0.126A
71
5; kjpg;ngz; tpdh-tpilfs;
1. ePz;l thpr;RUspd; jd;kpd;J}z;ly; vz;.
• L ePsk;> A FWf;F ntl;Lg;gug;G kw;Wk; N Rw;WfisAk; nfhz;l
thpr;RUisf; fUJNthk;. kpd;Ndhl;lk; I vd;f.
• xU Rw;Wf;fhd fhe;jg;ghak; = B×xt;nthU Rw;wpd; gug;G
µ NI µ NI
= 0 × A Q B = 0
l l
• thpr;RUNshL njhlh;G nfhz;l
µ NIA
nkhj;jf; fhe;jg;ghak; φ = 0 ×N
l
µ N 2 IA
φ= 0 ×N → (1)
l
• fhe;jg;ghak; φ = LI → (2)
µ N 2 AI µ N2A
rkd;ghLfs; 1> 2 ypUe;J> LI = 0 ` vdNt L = 0
l l
µN A
2
cl;GFjpwd; cs;s Clfj;jpy; L =
l
2. kpd;J}z;bAld; njhlh;G nfhz;l Mw;wy;
• fk;gpr;RUspy; kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij epWt Gw%yq;fshy; Ntiy nra;a
Ntz;bAs;sJ.
• J}z;L kpd;dpaf;F tpir e = − L dI
dt
• dt fhy ,ilntspapy; nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy
dW = e I dt
dI
dW = − L ⋅ I dt
dt
dW = -L I d I
• kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijg; ngUkkjpg;Gf;F mjpfhpf;fr; nra;Ak; Ntiy
I0
W = ∫ dW = ∫ − LIdI
0
1
W = − L I 02
2
• kpd;J}z;bapy; Nrkpf;fg;gLk; Mw;wypd; vz; kjpg;G
1
U= L I 02
2
3. ,UePz;l thpr;RUs;fSf;fpilNaahd ghpkhw;W kpd;J}z;ly; vz;.
72
N1 N 2
φ2 = µ 0 I1 A → (1)
l
• φ2 = M I1 → (2)
• rkd;ghLfs; 1> 2 ypUe;J>
µ 0 N 1 N 2 AI 1
MI 1 =
l
µ0 N1N 2 A
M =
l
• µ cl;GFjpwd; nfhz;l Clfj;jpy;>
µN1 N 2 A
M=
l
4. fk;gpr;RUSld; njhlh;Gila gug;ig khw;Wtjhy; kpd;dpaf;F tpir J}z;lg;gLjy;
• fhe;jg;Gyj;jpw;Ff;
Fj;jhf PQRS
flj;jp cs;sJ.
• L1M1 eOTk;
flj;jp - ePsk;
l vd;f.
• njhlf;fg;gug;G L1QRM1
• flj;jp dt fhy ,ilntspapy; dx njhiyT efh;j;jg;gLfpwJ. ,Wjpg; gug;G
L2QRM2
• gug;G khWghL dA= l dx
• fhe;jgha khWghL dφ= B dA = B l dx
− dφ
• J}z;L kpd;dpaf;F tpir e=
dt
dx
e = − Bl
dt
e = − Bl v
5. kpd;khw;wpapy; Vw;gLk; jpwd; ,og;Gfs; - Fiwf;Fk; tpjk;
t.vz;. jpwd; ,og;G fhuzk; Fiwf;Fk; tpjk;
1. jaf;f ,og;G jpUk;gj; jpUk;g cs;sfk; kpA+nkl;ly;>
fhe;jkhtjhYk; rpypf;fd; ];By;
fhe;jj;jd;ikia cs;sfk;
,og;gjhYk;
2. Roy;kpd;Ndhl;l ,og;G fhe;jg;ghak; khWtjhy; ];nly;yha;
(,Uk;G ,og;G) Roy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; cUthfp cs;sfk;
ntg;g ,og;G Vw;gLtjhy;
3. gha ,og;G Kjd;ikr;Rw;Wld; njhlh;G $Ltif cs;sfk;
nfhz;l fhe;jg;ghak;
Jizr;Rw;Wld; njhlh;G
nfhs;shik
4. jhkpu ,og;G ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jhy; Fiwe;j kpd;jil
[{y; ntg;g ,og;G nfhz;l jbkdhd
Vw;gLtjhy; fk;gp gad;gLj;Jjy;
73
6.khWjpir kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; RMS kjpg;gpw;fhd Nfhit (my;yJ )
I
Irms = 0
2
H= ( sin2 dt
I02 RT
H= → (1)
2
• Irms kpd;Ndhl;lk; KORw;Wf;F cUthf;Fk; ntg;gMw;wy;
H = I rms
2
RT → (2)
74
iR = E0 sin ω t
i = E0 sin ω t
R
i = Io sin → (2)
kpd;Ndhl;lk; i = I0 sin( t + φ)
Pav =
Pav = cos φ
Pav = cos φ
= Erms Irmscos φ
Pav = Njhw;wj;jpwd; ×jpwd; fhuzp
75
10 kjpg;ngz; tpdh-tpilfs;
1. fhe;jg;Gyj;jpy;; RUspd; jpiraikg;ig khw;Wtjd; %yk; kpd;dpaf;Ftpiriaj;
J}z;Ljy;.
e= - (NBA cos t )
e = NBA sin
e = Eosin
,q;F Eo = NBA
76
2. xUfl;l A.C. kpd;dpaw;wp (A.C. ildNkh)
jj;Jtk; : kpd;fhe;jj; J}z;ly;
mikg;G :-
Kf;fpa ghfq;fs; :
nray;ghL:-
• RUs; fhe;jg; Gyj;jpy; ,lQ;Ropahf Roy;fpwJ.
• kpd;dpaf;Ftpir J}z;lg;gLfpwJ
• J}z;lg;gl;l kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; jpirapid /gpskpq; tyJif tpjp %yk;
mwpayhk;.
Kjy; miur;Rw;W ,uz;lhtJ miur;Rw;W
1) AB fPo;Nehf;fp efUk; AB Nky;Nehf;fp efUk;
2) CD Nky;Nehf;fp efUk; CD fPo;Nehf;fp efUk;
3) Roy; RUspy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; Roy; RUspy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; ABCD
DCBA topahfg; ghAk;. jpirapy; ghAk;.
77
• cNyhfr; rl;lj;jpy; Roy; kpd;Ndhl;lq;fs; cUthFk; NghJ fk;gpr;RUs;
miyTWTij vjph;f;Fk;.
• RUs; miyTWtJ epd;WtpLtjhy; miytpyh fhy;tdhkPl;lh; vdg;gLk;.
2. J}z;ly; ciy:-
• ntg;gg;gLj;j Ntz;ba cNyhfk; mjpf mjph;ntz; nfhz;l khWk;
fhe;jg;Gyj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• cNyhfj;jpy; Roy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; cUthtjhy; Vw;gLk; mjpf
ntg;gj;jhy; cNyhfk; cUFk;.
3. J}z;ly; kpd;Nkhl;lhh;fs;; :-
• Royp xd;W RoYk; fhe;jg;Gyj;jpy; itf;fg;gLfpwJ.
• Roypapy; Vw;gLk; Roy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; Roypf;Fk; fhe;jg;Gyj;jpw;Fk; cs;s
rhh;gpaf;fj;ij Fiwj;J Roypiaj; njhlh;e;J Row;WfpwJ.
• ,J kpd;tprpwpapy; gad;gLfpwJ.
4. kpd;fhe;jj; jil :-
• ,uapy; tz;bapd; rf;fuj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s cUisAk; Nrh;e;J
RoYk;.
• jilia nray;gLj;Jk;NghJ cUisapy; khWk; fhe;jg;Gyk; Vw;gl;L
Roy;kpd;Ndhl;lk; cUthfpwJ.
• Roy;kpd;Ndhl;lk; cUisia Xa;T epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUk;.
5. Ntfk; fhl;Lk; fUtp :-
• thfdj;jpd; Ntfj;jpw;F Vw;g cNyhf cUisapDs; fhe;jk; RoYk;.
• cUisapy; Roy;kpd;Ndhl;lk; Vw;gl;L Fwpg;gpl;l Nfhz msT jpUg;Gk;.
• cUisapy; ,ize;j FwpKs; msTNfhypy; ,aq;Fk;.
mikg;G :-
78
• Ep, Es - kpd;dpaf;F tpirfs; Np, Ns – Rw;Wfspd; vz;zpf;if> Ip, Is – kpd;Ndhl;lq;fs;
vd;f.
• Kjd;ikr;Rw;W kw;Wk; Jizr;Rw;wpy; fhe;jg;ghak; rkk;.
=
mjhtJ =
= = =k kpd;khw;wp tpfpjk;
Vw;W kpd;khw;wp ,wf;F kpd;khw;wp
Es> Ep Ep > Es
Ns>Np Np>Ns
Ip>Is Is>Ip
K> 1 K< 1
i= sin t dt
kpd;Ndhl;lk; i=
i= sin t dt
i= sin ( t - )
79
fl;l tiuglk; fl;lg;glk;
kpd;J}z;bapd; kpd;kWg;G :-
L = XL
D.C. f;F = 0 XL = 0 vdNt J}a kpd;J}z;b D.C. f;F Ropkpd;
jiliaf; nfhLf;Fk;. Mdhy; A.C. f;F mjph;ntz;Zf;F Neh;j;jftpy;
mikAk;.
e = Eo sin t (1)
• kpd;Njf;fpapd; FWf;Nf cs;s kpd;dOj;j NtWghL nrYj;jg;gLk; kpd;dpaf;F
tpirf;Fr; rkk;.
e=
kpd;Ndhl;lk; i = = (Ce)
i= (CEo sin
i = E0 C sin )
i= sin )
i = Io sin ) (2)
rkd;ghLfs; 1>2 ypUe;J kpd;Ndhl;lk; kpd;dOj;jj;ij tpl fl;lk; Kd;Ndhf;fp
cs;sJ.
80
kpd;Njf;fpapd; kpd;kWg;G :-
• Xc =
• D.C. f;F = 0 XC = =
vdNt kpd;Njf;fp d.c. I mDkjpf;fhJ.
• A.C. Rw;wpy; XC
7. R, L, C njhlhpizg;Gr; Rw;W
• kpd;jilahf;fp R, kpd;J}z;b L, kpd;Njf;fp C Mfpad khWjpir kpd;dpaw;wpAld;
njhlhpizg;gpy; cs;sd.
• VR = I R
VR, I xj;j fl;lk;
• VL= I XL
VL MdJ I I tpl fl;lk; Ke;Jk;
• Vc= I Xc
Vc MdJ I I tpl fl;lk; gpe;Jk;
V=
V=
V=I
(ii) kpd;ndjph;g;G
tan =
= tan-1( )
kpd;Ndhl;lk; I = Io sin (
81
myF 3>5>6>9>10 Mfpa ghlq;fspy; cs;s kpf Kf;fpakhd
3kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs;
myF -3 kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; tpisTfs;
1. #Nlw;Wk; ,ioahf epf;Nuhk; vd;w cNyhff; fyitapdhy; Md RUs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ Vd;?
1. kpd; jil vz; mjpfk;.
2. cUFepiy mjpfk;.
3. tpiutpy; Mf;]pfuzj;jpw;F cs;shfhJ.
B. dl = µ0 I0
82
4. Ez;Jfs; kw;Wk; /Nghl;lhd; NtWgLj;Jf?
Ez;Jfs; /Nghl;lhd;
83
nzG!.7!–!n[-bx<hqbz<!
2/ lqz<zqg<ge<!!w{<o{b<k<kqujz!Nb<uqe<!kk<Kuk<kjk!%Xg/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
4/ !ue<!X-gkqi<!,ole<!X-gkqi<!OuXh<hMk<Kg/!
njzfqtl<!5Ao !nz<zK!njkuqm!
2/! njzfqtl<!2Ao!
nkqgl<!
!!
5/ zOu!Nb<U!uzqBXk<Kl<!gVk<Kg<gt<!biju@!
I. X-gkqi<gTl<!lqgg<Gjxf<k!njzfQtl<!!ogi{<m!lqe<gif<k!njzgOt!
II. hcgk<kqz<!n[g<gt<,yPr<gie!Lh<hiqlie!n{qg<Ogijubqz<!njlf<kqVg<Gl<!
6/ Oli^<Oz!uqkqbqjeg<!%Xg/!
7/ Ozsiqe<!sqxh<hqbz<Hgjtg<!%Xg/!
i*!Yx<jxfqx!ytq!
ii) Yiqbz<Hk<!ke<jl!
iii) uqiqf<K!osz<ziK!
iv) nkqgs<osxqUjmbK/!
!
8/ Ozsi<!osbjzh<!ohx!Ou{<cb!fqhf<kjegt<!biju@!
i) n[k<okijg!Wx<xl<!-Vg<gOu{<Ml<! !
ii)gqti<s<sqfqjz!-jmfqjzbig!-Vg<g!Ou{<Ml</!
iii)outquVl<, 0Ohim<mie<gt<, !OlZl<!0Ohim<mie<gt<!outquVujkk<!K~{<m!
Ou{<Ml<!
!
9/ Ohii<!n[likqiq!nz<zK!sili<0ohz<M!n[likqiqbqe<!GjxhiMgt<!biju@!
i) wzg<vie<gtqe<!hgqi<U!lx<Xl<!njlf<Kt<t!!uqkl<!uqtg<gh<hmuqz<jz!!
ii)fqxlijzbqe<!osxquqz<!Wx<hMl<!lix<xl<!hx<xqb!uqtg<gl<kvh<hmuqz<jz/!
iii)sQle<!uqjtU!^<mii<g<!uqjtU!hx<xqb!uqtg<gl<!kv-bzuqz<jz!
!
84
!
nzG!–!:!–!Gjxg<gmk<kq!siker<gt<!lx<Xl<!sii<hqbz<!kk<Kul<!
2/ dt<tii<f<k!Gjxg<gmk<kqgt<!we<hju!biju@/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!K~blisx<x!Gjxg<gmk<kqgt<!Dt<tii<f<k!Gjxg<gmk<kqgt<!weh<hMl<!!
w/gi;!K~b!Si,!K~b!Ge!!!
2.kh#l;ly; vd;why; vd;d? kh#l;Lk; topKiwfs; ahit?
Cs;shh;e;j Fiwf;flj;jpapDs; kpfr;rpwpa mstpyhd khR Nrh;f;if epfo;T kh#l;ly;.
1. khR mZf;fis cUfpa epiyapYs;s Fiwf;flj;jpapDs; Nrh;j;jy;.
2. khR mZf;fspd; madpfshy; Fiwf;flj;jpia Nkhjr; nra;jy;
3. khR mZf;ffisf; nfhz;l Fiwf;flj;jp ntg;gg;gbfj;jpDs; tputr;nra;jy;.
4/ kqVk<Kkz<!we<xiz<!we<e!@!
!!!!!liXkqjs! lqe<Oeim<ml<! nz<zK! lqe<ePk<kk<jk! Ofi<kqjs! lqe<Oeim<ml<! nz<zK!
lqe<ePk<klig!lix<Xl<!fqgp<U!kqVk<Kkz<!weh<hMl<!
5/!wkqi<!hqe<E~m<mk<kiz<!uqjtBl<!fx<hbe<gt<!biju@/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
i*fqjzfqXk<kh<hm<m!ohVg<gl<!!
!!!!!!ii) nkqgiqg<gh<hm<m!hm<jmngzl<!!
!!!!!!iii)Gjxf<k!GjzU! !
iv)-jvs<sz<!GjxU!
6/!njzUg<gie!hi<ogtse<!fqhf<kjegjtg<!%Xg/!
i*ujt!ohVg<gl<! !
7/ okiGh<HSx<xqe<!hbe<gjt!wPKg!
!!! i*lqglqgs<sqxqb!dVunjlh<H!
!!!!!!ii)lzquie!uqjz!
!!!!!!iii)lqgs<sqxqb!wjm!
iv) Gjxf<k!kqxje!FgVl<!
!!!!!!v*fl<hgk<ke<jl!!
!!!!!!vi)wtqkqz<!lix<Xl<!uskq!
8/ C!lii<ge<!Okx<xr<gjtg<!%Xg/!
!!!!!!i*%Mkzqe<!fqvh<hqbieK!fqvh<hqgtqe<!ohVg<gx<hzEg<Gs<!slliGl</!
!!!!!!!!! !
!!!!!!ii) ngUf;fw;gydpd; epug;gpahdJ> epug;gpfspd; $LjYf;Fr; rkkhFk;.
85
!
:/ ohiK!Ogm<Mgt<!we<hju!biju@!We<!nu<uiX!njpg<gh<hMgqe<xe@!
BW=fU – fL
!
!
86
!
87
7. tPr;Rg;gz;Ngw;wj;jpd; tuk;Gfs; ahit?
I. ,iur;rYld; $ba Vw;G.
II. Fiwe;j nray;jpwd;.
III. Fiwe;j nray;gLk; njhiyT.
88
!
89
!
90
!
91
!
92
!
!
!
93
!
94
95
96
97
98
99
!
100
myF -3 kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; tpisTfs;;
3 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. [Py; tpjpapidf; $Wf.
2. ngy;bah; Fzfk; tiuaW.
3. tiuaW: jhk;rd; Fzfk;
4. gal;- rhth;l; tpjpapidf; $Wf.
5. Mk;gpah; Rw;W tpjpapidf; $Wf.
6. Mk;gpah; - tiuaW.
7. ntg;g kpd;dpioahf epf;Nuhk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Vd;?
8. rPngf; tpisT vdwhy; vd;d?.
9. ngy;bah; tpisT vdwhy; vd;d?.
10. jpUg;G ntg;gepiy vd;gJ ahJ?
11. Nkf;];nty;ypd; tyf;if jpUF tpjpia vOJf.
12. tyJ cs;sq;if tpjpia vOJf.
13. Kid tpjpiaf; $Wf.
14. iff;Nshl;uhdpd; tuk;Gfs; ahit?.
15. gpskpq;fpd; ,lf;if tpjpia vOJf.
16. fhy;tdhkPl;lhpd; kp;d;Ndhl;l czh;T El;gj;jpid mjpfhpf;Fk; Kiwfis vOJf.
17. fhy;tdhkPl;lhpd; kp;d;Ndhl;l czh;T El;gj;jpid khw;Wk; nghOJ> kpd;dOj;j
czh;T El;gj;jpid khw;w KbahJ. Vd;?.
18. kpd;Ndhl;l tisaj;jpd; fhe;j ,UKid jpUg;Gj;jpwd; tiuaW.
5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:-
1. gal; - rhth;l; tpjpia $wp tpsf;Ff.
2. Mk;gpahpd; Rw;W tpjpapidg; gad;gLj;jp thpr;RUspdhy; Vw;gLk;
fhe;jjj;Jhz;lypd; kjpg;gpidg; ngWf.
3. fhe;jtpay; nyhud;]; tpirapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; $Wf
4. kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk; ,U Neuhd ePz;l ,izf;flj;jpfSf;F ,ilNa Vw;gLk;
tpirf;fhd Nfhitiag; ngWf.
5. xU fhy;tdh kPl;liu vt;thW mk;kPl;luhf khw;wyhk;?
6. xU fhy;tdh kPl;liu vt;thW Nthy;l;kPl;luhf khw;wyhk;?
10 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:-
1. [Py; ntg;gtpisT tpjpapidr; rhpghh;f;Fk; Nrhjidapid tpthp.
2. kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk; ePz;l <wpyhf; flj;jpapdhy; xU Gs;spapy; Vw;gLk; fhe;jj;
Jhz;lypd; kjpg;gpw;fhd Nfhitapidg; ngWf.
3. kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk; fk;gpr; RUspd; mr;rpd; kPJs;s Gs;spapy; Vw;gLk; fhe;jj;
Jhz;lYf;fhd Nfhitapidg; ngWf.
4. NlQ;rd;l; fhy;thdhkPl;lhpd; jj;Jtk;> mikg;G> ,af;fk; Mfpatw;iw tpthp?
5. rPuhd fhe;jg;Gyj;jp; y; kpd;Dhl;lk; ngw;w Jfspd; ,af;fk; gw;wp tpsf;Ff
6. irf;Nshl;uhdpd; mikg;G> Ntiy nra;Ak; tpjk; Mfpatw;iwg; glj;Jld; tpthp.
7. fhe;jg;Gyj;jpYs;s kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk; flj;jpapd; kPJ nray;gLk; tpirapd;
Nfhitapidg; ngWf.
101
16. fPw;wzp %yk; tiuaW.
17. js mjph;Tj;jsk; kw;Wk; js tpisTj;jsk; NtWgLj;Jf.
18. xspapay; mr;R tiuaW.
19. Row;rpj;jpwd; vz; rhh;e;Js;s fhuzpfs; ahit?
20. Row;rpj;jpwd; vz; tiuaW
5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:-
1. Ez;Jfs; nfhs;ifia tpsf;Ff.
2. rkjsj;jpy; vjpnuhspf;fg;gl;l rkjs miyKfg;gpdhy; vjpnuhspg;G tpjpfisg; ngWf.
3. epa+l;ld; tisaj;jpd; n tJ fUik tisaj;jpd; Muj;jpw;fhd Nfhitiag; ngWf.
4. jl;lL;f;ifg; glj;Jld; tpthp.
5. GU];lh; tpjpiaf; $wp> ep&gp.
6. ief;fy; gl;lfj;ij tpthp.
7. Nghyuha;Lfs; vd;why; vd;d?. gad;fisf; $Wf.
10 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:-
1. ntsptpL epwkhiy> cl;fth; epwkhiy ,tw;iw tpthp.
2. ,uhkd; xspr;rpjwiy tpsf;Ff.
3. miyf;nfhs;ifiag; gad;gLj;jp KOmf vjpnuhspg;ig tpthp.
4. aq; ,ul;il gpsT Ma;tpy;> gl;il mfyj;jpw;fhd Nfhitiag; ngWf.
5. nky;ypa CLUTk; glyj;jpy; xsp vjpnuhspg;ghy; Vw;gLk; FWf;fPl;L
tpistpw;fhd epge;jidia tUtp.
myF 6 – mZ ,aw;gpay;
3 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. NfNjhL fjph;;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
2. kpy;ypf;fd; Nrhjidapd; jj;Jtj;ijf; $Wf.
3. madpahf;f Mw;wy;-tiuaW.
4. madpahf;f kpd;dOj;jk; tiuaW.
5. td; X- fjph;fs;> nkd; X - fjph;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
6. fpsh;r;rpahf;f kpd;dOj;j Mw;wy; tiuaW.
7. Nkh];Ny tpjpapid vOJf.
8. Nkh];Ny tpjpapd; gad;fis vOJf.
9. jd;dpr;irahd ckpo;T> J}z;L ckpo;T NtWgLj;Jf.
10. ,ay;Gepiy mZj;njhif vd;why; vd;d?
11. mZj;njhif Vw;wk; vd;why; vd;d?
12. Nyrhpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; ahit?
13. N`hNyhfpuhgp vd;why; vd;d?
14. Nyrh; nraiyg; ngw Ntz;ba epge;jidfs; ahit?
15. yNt Nrhjidapd; Kf;fpa KbTfs; ahit?
5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:-
1. Nfj;NjhL fjph;fspd; gz;Gfisf; $Wf.
2. Giof;fjph;fspd; gz;Gfisf; $Wf.
3. α - Jfs;fspd; mZFk; kPr;rpW njhiytpw;fhd Nfhitapidg; ngWf.
4. rhkh;ngy;L khjphpapd; Fiwfisf; $Wf.
5. i`l;u[dpd; epwkhiy thpfis tpthp
6. X –fjph;fspd; gz;Gfisf; $Wf.
7. gpuhf; tpjpapidf; $wp tUtp.
8. yNt Ma;tpid tpthp.
9. rpwg;G X –fjph; epwkhiyapd; Njhw;wj;jpid tpthp.
10. Nyrhpd; mwptpay; kw;Wk; nghwpapay; gad;ghLfisf; $Wf.
10 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:-
1. vyf;l;uhd;pd; kpd;Dhl;l epiwj;jfT fhZk; J.J. jhk;rd; Nrhjidia tpthp.
2. vyf;l;uhdpd; kpd;Dhl;lk; fhZk; kpy;ypf;fd; vz;nza;j;Jsp Ma;tpid tpthp.
3. Nghh; nfhs;ifiaf; $Wf. Nghh;f;nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; n tJ
tl;lg;ghijapd; Muj;jpw;fhd Nfhitiag; ngWf.
4. gpuhf; tpjpiaf; $wpg; ngWf. gpuhf; epwkhiykhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp X-fjphpd;
miyePsj;jpidf; fz;lwpAk; Nrhjidapid tpthp.
102
5. &gp Nyrhpd; nray;ghl;bidj; njspthd glj;Jld; tpthp
6. Mw;wy;kl;lg; glj;Jld; He- Ne Nyrhpd; nray;ghl;bid tpthp.
5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:-
1. ilNahL miu miy jpUj;jpahfr; nray;gLk; tpjj;jpid tpthp.
2. buhd;rp];lhpd; α tpw;Fk;> β tpw;Fk; cs;s njhlh;ig epWTf.
3. buhd;rp];lh; rhtpahfr; nray;gLjiy tpthp:
4. kpd;dOj;jg; gFg;ghd; rhh;ig kpd;Rw;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
5. Bkhh;fd; Njw;wq;fisf; $wp epWTf..
6. OR kw;Wk; AND Nfl;bd; kpd;Rw;iw tiue;J tpsf;Ff.
7. buhd;rp];lh; ngUf;fpapd; mjph;ntz; czh;jpwd; tiuNfhl;il tpthp.
8. gy; gad;kPl;lh; Xk;kPl;luhfr; nray;gLjiy tpthp.
10 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:-
1. rkdr;Rw;Wj; jpUj;jp nray;gLjiy tpthp.
2. buhd;rp];lh; xd;W ngUf;fpahfr; nray;gLtij tpsf;Ff.
3. gpd;Dhl;lk; vd;why; vd;d? vjph; gpd;Dhl;lk; nfhLf;fg;gl;l ngUf;fpapd; kpd;dOj;jg;
ngUf;fj;jpw;fhd Nfhitiag; ngWf.
4. fhy;gpl; miyapaw;wpapd; Rw;Wg;glk; tiue;J mJ nray;gLtij tpthp.
5. nray;ghl;Lg; ngUf;fp> 1. Gul;Lk; ngUf;fp 2. Gul;lyw;w ngUf;fpahfr; nray;gLtij
tpthp.
6. nray;ghl;Lg; ngUf;fp> 1. $l;Lk; ngUf;fp 2. NtWghl;Lg; ngUf;fpahfr; nray;gLtij
tpthp.
7. gy;gad; kPl;liu kpd;Rw;Wg; glj;Jld; tpsf;Ff.
103
5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. tPr;Rg;gz;Ngw;w miygug;gpiaf; fl;lg;glj;Jld; tpthp.
2. fyf;fpg;gphpf;Fk; Vw;gpiaf; fl;lg;glj;Jld; tpthp.
3. Nulhhpd; gad;ghLfisf; $Wf.
4. ,yf;fKiwj; jfty; njhlh;gpd; rpwg;Gfs;> FiwghLfs; ahit?
5. nraw;iff;Nfhs; jfty; njhlh;gpd; ed;ikfs; ahit?
6. tPr;R gz;Ngw;w Vw;gpapd; fl;lg;glk; tiuf.
10 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. miytPr;Rg; gz;Ngw;wpapd; gFg;gha;it tpthp.
2. fyf;fpg; gphpf;Fk; AM Vw;gpiaf; fl;lg; glj;Jld; tpthp?
3. tPbf;fhd; epow;glf; fUtpapd; nray;ghl;il tpthp.
4. fUg;G nts;is njhiyf;fhl;rpg; gug;gpapd; ntt;NtW gFjpfspd; nray;ghl;il tpthp.
5. fUg;G nts;is njhiyf;fhl;rp Vw;gpapd; nray;Kiw fl;lg;glk; tiue;J tpsf;F.
6. Nulhhpd; jj;Jtk;> gug;Gif kw;Wk; Vw;G – glj;Jld; tpsf;Ff.
**************************************************************************
104