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gŸë¡fšé¤ Jiw

nkåiy¥ gŸëfS¡fhd f‰wš f£lf«

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khãy¡ fšéæaš MuhŒ¢Á k‰W« gæ‰Á ãWtd«, 2016-17M« fšéah©oš

nkåiy¥ gŸëfë‹ f‰wš ju¤Âid ca®¤Â¤ nj®¢Á éG¡fh£oid nk«gL

¤Jtj‰bfd jäœ, M§»y«, fz¡F, Ïa‰Ãaš, ntÂæaš, cæç-jhtuéaš, cæç-

éy§»aš, òéæaš, tuyhW, bghUëaš, tâféaš, fz¡F¥gÂéaš M»a

ghl§fS¡fhd f‰wš f£lf§fis cUth¡» cŸsJ.

Fiwªj kÂ¥bg© bgW« khztid¤ nj®¢Ábgw¤ jFÂ¥gL¤JtJ«, nj®¢

Áæ‹ éë«Ãš ÏU¡F« khztid mÂf kÂ¥bg© bgw it¥gJ«, mÂf kÂ¥bg©

bg‰W tU»‹w khzt®fis KG kÂ¥bg© bgw têfh£Ltj‰Fkhd Ïy¡Ffis

K‹åW¤Â Ï¡f£lf« totik¡f¥g£LŸsJ.

muÁ‹ édh¤jhŸ £l tiué‹ mo¥gilæš khzt®fë‹ nj®¢Á éG¡fh

£oid mÂfç¡F« neh¡»š cUth¡f¥g£LŸs Ï¡f£lf¤Âid khzt®fS¡F

e‹Kiwæš vL¤J¢ br‹W, khzt®fis¤ nj®Îfis v®bfhŸs¤j¡f JâΫ

j‹d«Ã¡ifÍ« ä¡ft®fshf cUth¡FkhW khãy¡ fšéæaš MuhŒ¢Á k‰W« gæ

‰Á ãWtd« mid¤J MÁça¥ bgUk¡fisÍ« nf£L¡ bfhŸ»wJ.


,aw;gpay; ghl tpdhj;jhs; jpl;l tiuT (BLUE PRINT)

myF 1 3 5 10 nkhj;j
kjpg;ngz;; kjpg;ngz;; kjpg;ngz;; kjpg;ngz;; kjpg;ngz;;

1.epiykpd;dpay; 4 2 1 1 25

2. kpd;Ndhl;ltpay; 1 3 2 - 20

3.kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd;
tpisTfs; 2 1 1 1 20
4. kpd;fhe;jj;
Jhz;lYk; khWjpir 4 2 1 1 25
kpd;Ndhl;lKk;
5. kpd;fhe;j
miyfSk;> miy 4 2 1 1 25
xspapaYk;

6. mZ ,aw;gpay; 4 2 1 1 25
7. fjph;tPr;R kw;Wk;
gUg;nghUspd; ,ul;ilg;
gz;G kw;Wk; rhh;gpay; 2 1 2 - 15
jj;Jtk;

8. mZf;fU
,aw;gpay; 4 2 1 1 25
9. Fiwf;flj;jp
rhjdq;fs; kw;Wk; 3 4 1 1 30
mjd; gad;ghLfs;

10. jfty; njhlh;G


mikg;Gfs; 2 1 1 1 20

nkhj;jk; 30 20 12 8 230

1
1. myFfs; 1> 7 kw;Wk; 8 Mfpatw;wpy; cs;s tpdhf;fSf;Fhpa tpilfis
KOikahff; fw;why; ,aw;gpay; ghlj;jpy; 65 kjpg;ngz;fs; ngw tha;g;Gfs;
mjpfk;. ,g;ghlq;fSf;fhd kjpg;ngz; gfph;itf; fPo;fhZk; ml;ltiz %yk;
njhpe;J nfhs;syhk;.

myF 1 kjpg;ngz;; 3 kjpg;ngz;; 5 kjpg;ngz;; 10 kjpg;ngz;; nkhj;j


kjpg;ngz;fs;;
1 4 2 1 1 25
7 2 1 2 - 15
8 4 2 1 1 25
nkhj;j kjpg;ngz;fs;; 65

myF 3 kjpg;ngz;fs; tpdhf;fSf;F 5 kjpg;ngz;fs; kw;Wk; 10 kjpg;ngz;fs;


mjpfk; tha;g;Gs;s gFjpfs; tpdhf;fSf;F mjpf tha;g;Gs;s
gFjpfs;
$Yk; tpjp> kpd; ,UKid> kpd; tpirf;NfhLfs;> xU Gs;spapy;
kpd;tpirf;NfhLfs;> kpd;dOj;jk;> kpd;dOj;jk;> kpd;,UKid-mr;Rf;NfhL>
1 kpd;Gyg;ghak;> fh];tpjp> eLtiuf;Nfhl;by; kpd;Gyr;nrwpT>
kpd;Njf;fpfs;> $h;Kidr; kpd;,UKidahy; kpd;dOj;jk;>
nray;ghL fh];tpjpapd; gad;ghLfs;>
kpd;Njf;fpfs;-jj;Jtk;> kpd;Njf;Fj;jpwd;>
gf;f ,izg;G> njhlhpizg;G> Mw;wy;>
thd;b-fpuh/g; kpd;dpaw;wp
xspkpd; tpisT- xspkpd;tpisT tpjpfs;> Id;];Bd;
7 epWj;Jkpd;dOj;jk;> gad;njhlf;f xspkpd;tpisT rkd;ghL>
mjph;ntz;> xspkpd;fyd;fs;> xspkpd;fyd;fs;> b-gpuhyp miyePsk;>
vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fpg; gad;> ePsf;FWf;fk;> fhyePl;bg;G> epiw-Mw;wy;
tuk;Gfs;> rhh;gpay; ,izkhw;W rkd;ghL
Fwpg;G: (tpdh jpl;l tiutpd;gb 10
kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; ,g;ghlj;jpy;
,lk;ngwhJ)
mZf;fU-tifg;ghL> mZepiw ngapd;gphpl;[; epiwkhiykhdp> mZf;fU
myF> mZf;fUtpir> tpir> α,β,γ fjph;fspd; gz;Gfs;>
8 fjphpaf;fk;> fpa+hp tiuaiw> fjphpaf;f ,lg;ngah;r;rp tpjp>
cw;gj;jp ciy> epa+l;uhd; miuMAl;fhyk;> ruhrhp MAl;fhyk;>
gz;Gfs;> fh];kpf; fjph;fs;> N[hb epA+l;uhdpd; fz;Lgpbg;G>gz;Gfs;>
cUthjy;> gUg;nghUs; mopjy;> nfa;fh; Ky;yh; vz;zp> mZFz;L>
mbg;gilj; Jfs;fs;. i`l;u[d; Fz;L> tpz;kPd; Mw;wy;- p-p
Rw;W> C-N Rw;W> fh];kpf; fjph;fs;.

2
2. Nkw;fz;l ghlg;gFjpfspy; ed;whfg; gapw;rp ngw;w gpd;dh; 2 kw;Wk; 4 Mfpa
ghlq;fis ed;F fw;why; NkYk; mjpf kjpg;ngz;fs; ngwyhk;.

myF 1 kjpg;ngz;; 3 kjpg;ngz;; 5 kjpg;ngz;; 10 kjpg;ngz;; nkhj;j


kjpg;ngz;fs;;

2 1 3 2 - 20
4 4 2 1 1 25
nkhj;j kjpg;ngz;fs;; 45

myF 3 kjpg;ngz;fs; tpdhf;fSf;F 5 kjpg;ngz;fs; kw;Wk; 10 kjpg;ngz;fs;


mjpf tha;g;Gs;s gFjpfs; tpdhf;fSf;F mjpf tha;g;Gs;s gFjpfs;
,Og;Gj; jpir Ntfk;> ,af;f kpd;Ndhl;lk; -,Og;G jpirNtfk; njhlh;G>
vz;> kpd;Ndhl;l mlh;j;jp> Xkpd; kPf;flj;jp;fspd; gad;fs;>
tpjp> jd;kpd;jil vz; kpd;jilahf;fpfs;- njhlhpizg;G> gf;f
kPf;flj;jpfs;> kpd;jil ,izg;G> fph;r;r/gpd; tpjpfs;>
ntg;gepiy vz;> fph;r;r/gpd; tPl;];Nlhd; rkdr;Rw;W- kp;d;dOj;jkhdp-
2 tpjpfs;> kpd;dpaf;F tpir- E1/E2 > /ghuNl tpjpfisr; rhpghh;j;jy;>
kpd;dOj;j NtWghL xg;gPL> kpd;fyd;fs;- Nldpay;> nyf;yhQ;rp> fhhPa
kpd;dhw;wy;> kp;d;jpwd; NtWghL> mkpyr; Nrkf;fyd;.
/ghuNl kpd;dhw;gFj;jy; tpjpfs;> Fwpg;G: (tpdh jpl;l tiutpd;gb 10
Jiz kpd;fyd;fs; kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; ,g;ghlj;jpy;
,lk;ngwhJ)
kpd;fhe;jj; Jhz;ly;> /ghuNl kp;d; thpr;RUspd; jd;kpd; Jhz;ly; vz;> kpd;
fhe;j Jhz;lypd; tpjpfs;> Jhz;bAld; njhlh;G nfhz;Ls;s Mw;wy;>
nyd;]; tpjp> /gpskpq; tyJif ghpkhw;W kpd;Jhz;ly; vz;> gug;G
tpjp> Jhz;lg;gl;l kpd;dpaf;F khWtjd; %yk; J}z;L kpd;dpaf;F
tpiria cUthf;Fk; Kiwfs;> tpiria cUthf;Fjy;> RUspd;
Roy; kpd;Ndhl;lk;> khWjpir jpiraikg;ig khw;Wtjd; %yk;
4
kp;d;Ndhl;lj;jpd; gaDW kjpg;G> kpd;dpaf;F tpir Jhz;lg;gly;> xU fl;l
Q-fhuzp AC kpd;dpaw;wp> Roy; kp;d;Ndhl;lq;fs;>
kpd;khw;wp> kp;d;khw;wpapy; jpwd; ,og;Gfs;>
RLC njhlhpizg;Gr;Rw;W> AC kp;d;Rw;wpd;
kpd;jpwd;.

3
3. Nkw;fz;l 5 ghlq;fisAk; KOikahfaf; fw;w gpd;dh; 3 kw;Wk; 5 Mk;
ghlq;fspy; gapw;rp ngw;why; 110/150 kjpg;ngz;fSf;Fk; Fiwahky; ngwyhk;.

myF 1 kjpg;ngz;; 3 kjpg;ngz;; 5 kjpg;ngz;; 10 kjpg;ngz;; nkhj;j


kjpg;ngz;fs;;
3 2 1 1 1 20
5 4 2 1 1 25
nkhj;j kjpg;ngz;fs;; 45

myF 3 kjpg;ngz;fs; tpdhf;fSf;F 5 kjpg;ngz;fs; kw;Wk; 10 kjpg;ngz;fs;


mjpfk; tha;g;Gs;s gFjpfs; tpdhf;fSf;F mjpf tha;g;Gs;s gFjpfs;
[{y; tpjp> ntg;gkpd; [{y; tpjpiar; rhpghh;j;jy;>
rhjdq;fs;> ngy;bah; Fzfk;> ntg;gkpd;dpul;il mLf;F> <wpy;yhf;
3
jhk;rd; Fzfk;> gal;rhth;l; flj;jpapy;> tl;lf;fk;gpr;RUspdhy; Vw;gLk;
tpjp> Nld;[d;l; tpjp> Mk;gpah; fhe;jg;gha mlh;j;jp> fhe;jtpay; nyhud;];
tiuaiw> fhy;tdhkPl;lhpd; tpir-rpwg;gpay;Gfs;> rPuhd fhe;jg;Gyj;jpy;
kpd;Ndhl;l czh;T El;gk;> kpd;D}l;lk; ngw;w Jfspd; ,af;fk;>
kpd;Ndhl;l tisaj;jpd; fhe;j irf;Nshl;uhd;> fhe;jg; Gyj;jpy; cs;s
,UKidj; jpUg;Gj;jpwd;. kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk; flj;jpapd; kPJ
nray;gLk; tpir> fhy;tdhkPl;liu
mk;kPl;luhf khw;Wjy;> fhy;tdhkPl;liu
Nthy;l; kPl;luhf khw;Wjy;
kpd;fhe;j miyfs;-mfr;rptg;G kpd; fhe;j miyfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;>
fjph;fs;> GwCjh fjph;fs; ntsptpL epwkhiy> cl;fth; epwkhiy>
5
gad;fs;> /g;uhd;N`hgh; thpfs;> ,uhkd; tpisT> KO mf vjpnuhspg;G>
Ez;Jfs; - /Nghl;lhd; aq; ,ul;ilg;gpsT Ma;tpy; gl;ilmfyk;>
NtWghL> bd;lhy; xspr;rpjwy;> epA+l;ld; n- tJ fUik tisaj;jpd;
uhNy xspr;rpjwy;> i`[d;]; Muj;jpw;fhd Nfhit> G&];lh; tpjp
jj;Jtk;> epA+l;ld; tisa jl;lLf;F> iefy; gl;lfk;> Nghyuha;Lfspd;
ikak; fUg;ghf ,Uf;ff; gad;fs;.
fhuzk;> /gpuney;-/g;uhd;N`hgh;
tpspk;G tpisT NtWghL>
FWf;fPl;L tpisT- tpspk;G
tpisT NtWghL> xspapay;
mr;R> Row;rpj; jpwd; rhh;e;Js;s
fhuzpfs;> Row;rpj;jpwd; vz;

4
4. Nkw;fz;l 7 ghlq;fisAk; fw;w gpd;dh; 6>9 kw;Wk; 10 Mfpa ghlq;fspYk; gapw;rp
Nkw;nfhz;lhy; KOikahd kjpg;ngz; ngwyhk;.

!
myF nkhj;j
1 kjpg;ngz;; 3 kjpg;ngz;; 5 kjpg;ngz;; 10 kjpg;ngz;;
! kjpg;ngz;fs;;
!6 4 2 1 1 25
!
!9 3 4 1 1 30
!10 2 1 1 1 20
! nkhj;j kjpg;ngz;fs;; 75
!
!
myF 3 kjpg;ngz;fs; tpdhf;fSf;F 5 kjpg;ngz;fs; kw;Wk; 10
mjpfk; tha;g;Gs;s gFjpfs; kjpg;ngz;fs; tpdhf;fSf;F mjpf
tha;g;Gs;s gFjpfs;
kpy;ypf;fd; Ma;tpd; jj;Jtk;> NfNjhL fjph;fs;> Giof;fjph;fs;> X-
&jh;/Nghh;L mZkhjphpapd; FiwghLfs;> fjph;fs;-gz;Gfs;> J.J jhk;rd; Ma;T>
Nghh; vLNfhs;fs;> madpahf;f Mw;wy;> kpy;ypf;fd; vz;nza;Jsp Ma;T> Nghh;
madpahf;f kpd;dOj;jk;> td;-nkd; X- n- MtJ tl;lg;ghijapd; Muk;>
6 fjph;fspd; NtWghLfs;> yNt Ma;T i`l;u[d; epwkhiy thpirfs;> gpuhf;
typAWj;Jk; fUj;Jfs;> Nkh];Ny tpjp> tpjp> gpuhf; epwkhiykhdp> &gpNyrh;>
Nyrhpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;> Nyrh; nraiyg;
He-Ne Nyrh;.
ngw epge;jidfs;> N`hNyhfpuhgp>
Nyrhpd; gad;fs;.
tpyf;fg;gl;l Mw;wy; ,ilntsp> miumiyj; jpUj;jp> rkdr;Rw;W
cs;shh;e;j> Gwtpayhd – miyj; jpUj;jp> buhd;rp];lhpy; α, β
Fiwflj;jpfs;> khR+l;ly;> jpUj;Jjy;> njhlh;G, buhd;rp];lh; rpwg;G tiufs;>
nrdh; KwpT> xspckpo; ilNahL- xUfl;l CE ngUf;fp> gpd;D}l;lj;
gad;fs;> buhrp];lh; Rw;wikg;Gfs;> jj;Jtk;-gpd;D}l;lg; ngUf;fp> fhy;gpl;
9 ngUf;fpapd; gl;il mfyk;> miyapaw;wp> Bkhh;fd; Njw;wq;fs;>
vjph;gpd;D}l;l ew;gad;fs;> gh;nfsrd; Gul;Lk; ngUf;fp> Gul;lyw;w ngUf;fp>
epge;jid> njhFg;Gr; Rw;wpd; ew;gad;fs;> $l;Lk; ngUf;fp> NtWghl;Lg; ngUf;fp>
nghJ yh[pf; Nfl;Lfs;> nray;ghl;L Nfl;Lfs;.
ngUf;fpapd; Kf;fpa gz;gsTfs;> CRO
,d; gad;fs;
NubNah miyfs; guTk; Kiwfs;> miytPr;R gz;Ngw;wk; gFg;gha;T> AM
jhTnjhiyT> jhTkz;lyk;> gz;Ngw;wk;> kw;Wk; FM NubNah gug;gp kw;Wk;
gz;Ngw;wj;jpd; mtrpak;> gz;Ngw;w vz;> Vw;gp> Nulhh;- jj;Jtk;> fl;lg;glk;>
tPr;R gz;Ngw;wj;jpd; tuk;Gfs;> nray;ghL> gad;fs;> nraw;iff;Nfhs;
10
thpf;fz;Nzhl;lk;> ,yf;f Kiw jfty; jfty; njhlh;gpd; ed;ikfs; kw;Wk;
njhlh;gpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; kw;Wk; jPikfs;.
FiwghLfs; xsp ,ioj; jfty;
njhlh;G ew;gz;Gfs; kw;Wk; gad;fs;.

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9
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10
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4. n[g<gVh<!hqtjujb!uqtg<GuK/!)kqvuk<!Ktq!likqiq*!
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9. n[g<gVh<!hqtju!ye<xqz<!outqh<hMl<!svisiq!Nx<xz</!)200 MeV)
10. n[G{<M!ouck<kzqz<!hbe<hMl<!kk<Kul</)gm<Mh<himx<x!n[g<gV!hqtju!uqje*!
11. -vk<ks<!Osijgjbg<!g{<mxqbh<!hbe<hMuK/!)26 Fe59)
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11
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12
!!)Gjxf<k!nkqi<ou{<!ogi{<m!kgujz!fQ{<m!okijzUgTg<Gk<!kqxl<hm!nEh<h*!
3. uQs<Sh<!h{<Ohx<xk<kqz<!)Di<kq!njzbqe<!uQs<S!h{<OhXl<!njzbqe<!uQs<Sg<G!Wx<h!!
!!liXhMl<*!
4. uQs<Sh<!h{<Ohx<xk<kqz<?!hm<jm!ngzl<!!)jsjg!nkqi<ou{<{qe<!-V!lmr<gig!!!!
!!-Vg<Gl<*!
5. gm<mh<!h{<Ohx<xk<kqz<!)Di<kq!njzbqe<!gm<ml<!lx<Xl<!nkqi<ou{<!liXl<*!
6. OvcObi!hvh<hqbqz<!dt<t!RF njzuiqjs!dVuig<GuK/!)dbi<!nkqi<ou{<!Di<kq!!
!!njzgt<*!
7. yu<ouiV!sm<mk<jkBl<!)hmk<jkBl<*!-v{<M!Hzr<gtigh<!hqiqk<K!yV!osg{<Mg<G!61!!
!!gim<sqgjt!nEh<Huke<!Ofig<gl</!)hmk<kqz<!sqlqm<mjzk<!kuqi<g<g*!
8. okijz!fgzqbqeiz<!nEh<h!Ou{<cb!ns<sck<k!Nu{k<jk!lqe<ejzgtig!
lix<Xl<!!Ljx/!(uiqg<g{<O{im<ml<*!
!
nzGgt<!2?8?9!-z<!dt<t!uqei!uqjmgt<!
<<
nzG!–!2!fqjzlqe<eqbz! <
4!lkqh<oh{<!uqei!uqjmgt!
<
2/!lqe<E~m<mr<gtqe<!Gui{<mlig<gz<!we<xiz<!we<e@!
i*!!wf<k!yV!njlh<hqe<!lqe<E~m<mLl<!)q) yV!lqe<E~m<mk<kqe<!sqXl!lkqh<hqe<!!!!!
!!!)e) LP!lmr<gigOu!njlBl</!
ii*!!nkiuK!q=ne!-r<G!n!LPw{<? e we<hK!wzg<m<vieqe<!lqe<E~m<ml<!
!!!!)e=1.6x10-19 C)!
!
3/!lqe<E~m<mr<gtqe<!npquqe<jl!uqkqjbg<!%Xg/!
i)!keqk<k!njlh<H!ye<xqe<!olik<k!lqe<E~m<ml<!wh<OhiKl<!lixqzqbiGl</!
ii)!lqe<E~m<mr<gjt!Ng<gOui!npqg<gOui!LcbiK/!njlh<H!ye<xqe<!olik<k!
lqe<E~m<ml<!wh<OhiKl<!lixiK/!
!
4/!lqe<E~m<mr<gtqe<!%m<mz<!h{<H!we<xiz<!we<e@!w/!gi/!kVg.
!!!!!!!yV!njlh<hqe<!olik<k!lqe<E~m<mlieK!njlh<hqz<!dt<t!!njek<K!
lqe<E~m<mr<gtqe<!Gxqbqbz<!%m<Mk<okijgg<Gs<!sll</!!
w/gi; +2q, -5q lqe<E~m<mr<gt<!ogi{<m!-V!ohiVm<gt<!Osi<k<K!jug<gh<hm<miz<!
njlh<hqe<!olik<k!lqe<E~m<ml<; -3q MFk;.!
!
5/!fqjz!lqe<eqbzqz<!%Zl<!uqkqjbg<!%Xg/!nke<!oug<mi<!ucuk<jkg<!Gxqh<hqMg/!
!!!!!!-VHt<tq! lqe<E~m<mr<gTg<G! -jmObbie! gui<s<sq! uqjs! nz<zK! uqvm<M!
uqjsbieK! lqe<E~m<mr<gtqe<! ohVg<Gk<! okijgg<G! Ofi<k<kguqZl<! nux<xqx<G!
-jmOb!dt<t!okijzuqe<!-Vlcg<G!wkqi<k<kguqZl<!njlBl</!
oug<mi<!ucul<!; F12 = r21
6/! %Zl<! uqkqbqe<! nch<hjmbqz<! %Zl<! we<hkje! ujvbX! )nz<zK*! 2! %Zl<!
ujvbX.
!!!!!!gix<xqOzi! nz<zK! oux<xqmk<kqOzi! yV! lQm<mi<! -jmoutqbqz<!
jug<gh<hm<Mt<t! yk<k! lqe<E~m<mr<gTg<gqjmObbie! uqvm<M! uqjs! 9x109N ! weqz<!
nl<lqe<E~m<m!lkqh<H!yV!%Zl<!we!ujvbXg<gh<hMgqxK!
/
!
!
!

13
7/!yh<Hjl!uqMkqxe<!we<xiz<!we<e@!
!!!!!!Dmgk<kqe<!uqMkqxEg<Gl<?!gix<xqz<!nz<zK!oux<xqmk<kqz<!nke<!
uqMkqxEg<Gl<!-jmOb!dt<t!kgU!yh<Hjl!uqMkqxe<!weh<hMl</!

! ! !!!!!!
8/!fqjz!lqe<eqbzqz<!Olx<ohiVf<Kkz<!kk<Kuk<jkg<!%X/!
!!!!!!!yV!lqe<E~m<mk<kqe<!lQkie!olik<k!uqjs!we<hK!lx<x!lqe<E~m<mr<gt<!!!
nl<lqe<E~m<mk<kqe<!lQK!Okix<Xuqg<Gl<!uqjsgtqe<!oug<mi<!%MkziGl</!
q1 lqe<E~m<mk<kqe<!lQK!dVuiGl<!olik<k!uqjs!
!
! ! F1 = F12 +F13 +F14 + …..+F1n

9/!lqe<Hzs<osxqU!ujvbX/!nzG!kVg/
!!!!!!lqe<Hzk<kqz<!dt<t!yV!Ht<tqbqz<!jug<gh<hm<Mt<t!YvzG!Ofi<lqe<E~m<ml<!!!!
!!d{Vl<!uqjs?!nh<Ht<tqbqz<!lqe<Hzs<osxqU!weh<hMl</! nzG;!NC-1.
!
:/!lqe<!-V!Lje!we<xiz<!we<e@!lqe<!-VLjebqe<!kqVh<Hk<kqxje!ujvbX.
!!!!!!-V!sllie!wkqovkqvie!lqgs<!sqxqb!-jmoutqbqz<!hqiqg<gh<hm<Mt<t!
lqe<E~m<mr<gt<!lqe<!-V!Lje!weh<hMl</!
lqe<!-V!Ljebqe<!kqVh<Hk<kqxe<!we<hK!WOkEl<!yV!lqe<E~m<mk<kqe<!w{<!
lkqh<hqje!lqe<E~m<mr<<gTg<G!-jmObbie!okijzuiz<!ohVg<gg<!gqjmh<hkiGl</!
p = q x 2d nzG; C m.

10. jlg<Ovi!njz!sjlbx<gzeqe<!osbz<him<jm!uqtg<Gg/!!
i) GXgqb! Ofvk<kqz<! d{ju! sjlg<gh<! hbe<hMl<! -s<sikek<kqz<!
Okix<Xuqg<gh<hMl<! jlg<Ovi! njzgt<! sQvx<x! njzUXl<! lqe<Hzk<jk!
dVuig<Ggqe<xe/!
ii)! d{uqZt<t! fQi<l! &zg<%Xgt<! lqe<! -VLjegtig! njlukiz<!
njzUXl<! kqVh<H! ! uqjsg<G! dt<tig<gh<hm<M! yV! sqz! fQi<l! &zg<%Xgtqe<!
hqj{h<Hgt<!Lxqg<gh<hMgqe<xe/!
iii)!hqj{h<Hgt<!Lxqukiz<!ouh<h!Nx<xz<!dVuigq!d{U!sjlg<gh<hMgqxK/!
!
22/!yV!Ht<tqbqz<!lqe<ePk<kl<!ujvbX/!nzG!biK@/!
!!!!!lqe<Hzk<kqz<! dt<t! yV! Ht<tqbqz<! lqe<ePk<kl<! we<hK! YvzG!
Ofi<lqe<E~m<mk<jk! Lcuqzik<! okijzuqz<! -Vf<K! lqe<uqjsg<G! wkqvig?!
nh<Ht<tqg<Gg<!ogi{<M!uvs<!osb<bh<hMl<!Oujz!we!ujvXg<gh<hMgqxK/!
nzG;!Ouiz<m<!)V)
!
23/!lqe<ePk<k!OuXhiM!– ujvbX/!
!!!!!lqe<Hzk<kqz<! -V! Ht<tqgTg<gqjmOb! lqe<ePk<k! OuXhiM! we<hK! yV!
Ht<tqbqzqVf<K! lx<oxiV! Ht<tqg<G! lqe<! uqvm<Muqjsg<G! wkqvig! YvzG!
Ofi<lqe<E~m<mk<jk!fgi<k<ks<!osb<bh<hMl<!Oujz!we!ujvbXg<gh<hMgqxK/!
nzG;!Ouiz<m<!)V)
!
24/!2!Ouiz<m<!.!ujvbX/!
!!!!!lqe<Hzk<kqz<! yV! Ht<tqbqzqVf<K! lx<oxiV! Ht<tqg<G! yV! %Zl<!
lqe<E~m<mk<jk! lqe<uqjsg<G! wkqvig! wMk<Ks<osz<zs<! osb<bh<hMl<! Oujz! 2! \|z<!
weqz<!nh<Ht<tqgTg<gqjmObBt<t!lqe<ePk<k!OuXhiM!2!Ouiz<m<!NGl</!
!
25/!-V!Ht<tq!lqe<E~m<mr<gtqe<!lqe<ePk<k!Nx<xz<!we<xiz<!we<e@!
!!!!!!!-V! Ht<tq! lqe<E~m<mr<gtqe<! lqe<ePk<k! Nx<xz<! we<hK! nu<uqV!
lqe<E~m<mr<gjt!yVr<gjlbs<!osb<bh<hm<m!Oujz/!!
nzG;!\|z<!)J)
!
26/!sl!lqe<ePk<kh<hvh<H!we<xiz<!we<e@!!
!!!!!!!yV!hvh<hqEjmb!njek<Kh<!Ht<tqgTl<!sllqe<ePk<kk<kqz<!dt<te!
weqz<!nh<hvh<H!sllqe<ePk<kh<hvh<H!weh<hMl</!
!

14
27/!lqe<Hzh<hibl<!.!ujvbX/!nke<!nzjgk<!kVg/!
!!!!!!lqe<Hzh<hibl<! we<hK! ogiMg<gh<hm<m! hvh<H! upqOb! osz<Zl<!
lqe<uqjsg<OgiMgtqe<!olik<k!w{<{qg<jg!NGl</!!
!!!!!!lqe<Hzh<hibk<kqe<!nzG;!Nm2 C-1.

28/!fqjz!lqe<eqbzqz<!gi^<!uqkqjbg<!%Xg/!
!!!!!!wf<kouiV! &cb! hvh<hqZl<! osbz<hMl<! lqe<Hzk<kqe<<! olik<k! hib! lkqh<H!
nh<hvh<hqz<!dt<t!olik<k!lqe<E~m<mk<kqe<< lmr<Gg<Gs<!sll</!nkiuK!Φ= .

29/!fqjz!lqe<eqbz<!kMh<Hjx!we<xiz<!we<e@!
i)! Hxlqe<Hzk<kqzqVf<K! outqbqe<! yV! Gxqh<hqm<m! hGkqjbk<! keqjlh<hMk<Kl<!
fqgp<U/!
ii)!gmk<kqbqe<!dm<hGkqbqz<!lqe<Hzl<!SpqbiGl</!!

2:/!-c?!lqe<ezqe<OhiK!yV!lvk<kqecbqz<! fqx<hjk!uqm!yV!OhVf<K!)n*!giiqEt<!
-Vh<hK!hiKgih<hieK!We<@!!
i)!OhVf<kqe<!dOzigh<hvh<hqEt<!lqe<Hz!lkqh<H!SpqbigqxK/!
ii)!OhVf<K!fqjz!lqe<eqbz<!kMh<Hjxbig!osbz<hMgqxK/!
iii)!lqe<ezqe<!OhiK!OhVf<kqe<!Hxh<hvh<H!upqOb!lqe<eqxg<gl<!fjmohXgqxK/!
!
31/!fqjzlqe<K~{<mz<!we<xiz<!we<e@!
!!!!!!yV! lqe<E~m<mk<kqe<! okiMkz<! -e<xqOb! OuoxiV! lqe<E~m<mk<jkh<! ohx!
LcBl</! -u<ujg! lqe<E~m<mr<gt<! K~{<mh<hm<m! lqe<E~m<mr<gtiGl</! K~{<mh<hm<m!
lqe<E~m<mr<gjtk<!Okix<Xuqg<Gl<!fqgp<U!fqjzlqe<K~{<mz<!weh<hMl</!
!
32/!lqe<Okg<gq!we<xiz<!we<e@!lqe<Okg<gqbqe<!lqe<Okg<Gk<<kqxje!ujvbX/!
!!!!!!!!lqe<Okg<gq! we<hK! lqe<E~m<mr<gjts<! Oslqg<Gl<! sikeliGl</! yV!
gmk<kqbqe<! lqe<Okg<Gk<kqxe<! we<hK! ng<gmk<kqg<G! ntq<g<gh<hMl<! lqe<E~m<mk<kqx<Gl<!
gmk<kqbqz<! ! dVuiGl<! lqe<ePk<kk<kqx<Gl<! -jmOb! dt<t! kgU! we!
ujvbXg<gh<hMgqxK/!!c = q/V
!!!!!!!!!!nzG; 0hivm; (F)
!
33/!!2!0hivm<!.!ujvbX/!
!!!!!gmk<kq!ye<xqx<G!2!%Zl<!lqe<E~m<ml<!ntqg<gh<hMl<OhiK!nke<!lqe<ePk<k!
dbi<U!2!Ouiz<m<!weqz<?!gmk<kqbqe<!lqe<Okg<Gk<kqxe<!2!0hivm<!NGl</!
!
34/!Ljeux<x!&zg<%X!we<xiz<!we<e@!w/!gi/!kVg/!!
!!!!!!Ofi<lqe<E~m<mr<gtqe<! =i<h<H!jlbLl<! wkqi<! lqe<<E~m<mr<gtqe<! =i<h<H!jlbLl<!
ye<xigh<! ohiVf<kq! njlgqe<x! &zg<%X! Ljeux<x! &zg<%X! weh<hMl</! -ju!
fqjzbie!-VLjek<kqVh<Hk<kqxjeh<!ohx<xqVh<hkqz<jz/!!
!!!!!!!w/gi;!O2, H2, N2Lkzqbe/!

35/!LjeUt<t!&zg<%X!we<xiz<!we<e@!WOkEl<!-V!wMk<Kg<gim<Mgt<!kVg/!
!!!!!!Ofi<lqe<E~m<mr<gtqe<!=i<h<H!jlbl<?!wkqi<!lqe<E~m<mr<gtqe<!=i<h<H!
jlbk<kqzqVf<K!hqiqg<gh<hm<Mt<t!&zg<%X!LjeUt<t!&zg<%X!weh<hMl/<!-ju!
fqjzbie!-VLjek<kqVh<Hk<kqxjeh<!ohx<Xt<te/!
!
!!!!!!!w/gi;!!N2O, H2O, HCl, NH3 Lkzqbe/!
!
36/!lqe<gih<hqe<!Ljeuig<gz<!we<xiz<!we<e@!!
!!!!!!!Hxlqe<Hzl<!osbz<hMk<kh<hMl<OhiK!fqjzbie!nz<zK!K~{<mh<hm<m!
-VLjegtqe<!-VLjek<kqVh<Hk<kqxe<gt<?!Hzk<kqe<!kqjsbqOzOb!
yVr<gjlg<gh<hMgqe<x!fqgp<U!Ljeuig<gz<!we<xjpg<gh<hMgqxK/!
!
!
!

15
37/!lqe<gih<H!we<xiz<!we<e@!-j{k<km<M!lqe<Okg<gqk<!kgMgTg<gqjmOb!!!
!!!lqe<gih<Hh<hitk<jk!juh<hkiz<!Wx<hMl<!uqjtU!biK@!
i) njek<K!wzg<m<vie<gTl<!n[g<gVUme<!-Xg!hqj{g<gh<hm<Mt<t!!!
n[g<gjth<!ohx<Xt<t!lqe<gmk<kih<!ohiVm<gt<!lqe<gih<Hgt<!weh<hMl</!
ii)!lqe<gih<Hh<hitl<!juh<hkiz<!lqe<Okg<Gk<kqxe<!nkqgiqg<Gl</!
!
!
38/!lqe<Okg<gqgtqe<!hbe<hiMgjt!wPKg/!
i) kieqbr<gq!wf<kqvr<gtqe<!wiqohiVt<!wiqB,m<Ml<!njlh<Hgtqz<!kQh<ohixq!
Wx<hMujkk<!kuqi<g<gh<!hbe<hMgqxK/!
ii)lqe<kqxe<!upr<gqgtqz<!lqe<ePk<k!Wx<x!-xg<gk<jkg<!Gjxg<gh<!hbe<hMgqxK/!
iii)lqe<kqxe<!nEh<hQm<cz<!nke<!hbEXkqxje!nkqgiqg<gs<osb<bh<!hbe<hMgqxK/!
!
39/ytqum<m!lqe<eqxg<gl<!)n*!%i<Ljes<osbz<hiM!we<xiz<!we<e@!nke<!!!!
!!!hbe<hiMgt<!biju@!
!!!!!!lqe<E~m<ml<! ohx<x! gmk<kqbqe<! %i<Ljegtqz<! -Vf<K! lqe<E~m<ml<! gsqgqe<x!
fqgp<U! %i<Ljegtqe<! osbz<hiM! nz<zK! ytqum<m! lqe<eqxg<gl<!
we<xjpg<gh<hMgqxK/! -f<kk<! kk<Kul<! lqe<E~m<mk<jks<<! Osgiqg<Gl<! fqjzlqe<!
wf<kqvr<gtqZl<!lqe<ez<!gmk<kqgtqZl<!hbe<hMk<kh<hMgqe<xK/!

29. HCl! uiB?! 3/6x104 NC-1! ntUt<t! lqe<Hzk<kqz<! jug<gh<hMgqxK/! yu<ouiV!


HCl ! &zg<%xqe<! lqe<! -VLjek<! kqVh<Hk<kqxe<! 4/5x10-30 Cm weqz<! yV!
&zg<%xqe<!lQK!osbz<hMl<!ohVlk<kqVh<H!uqjsjbg<!g{g<gqMg/!
!!kQi<U:- !!kqVh<H!uqjs! = pE
!!!!!!!!!!ohVlk<!kqVh<H!uqjs! max =pE [Q , ]
-30 4
max= 3.4x10 x2.5x10
-26
max=8.5x10 Nm

30. 4 x 10-8! C lqe<E~m<mk<kqz<! -Vf<K! 1/1:m okijzuqz<! dt<t! yV! Ht<tqbqz<!


lqe<ePk<kk<kqjeg<!g{g<gqMg/!!!
!kQi<U:-

!
42/! Lcuqzi! uiqlqe<E~m<ml<?! 3cm okijzuqz<! :x104 NC-1lqe<Hzk<jk!
dVuig<GgqxK!weqz<!lqe<E~m<m!fQtmi<k<kqjbg<!g{g<gqMg@!
!kQi<U;! !!!!!!E = we<hkiz<!

9
! ! ! =Ex

=9x104x x10-9x2x10-2 9

=10-7 Cm-1 !
!
!

16
43/! yu<ouie<Xl<; 9pF lqe<Okg<Gk<kqxe<! ogi{<m! &e<X! lqe<Okg<gqgt<!
okimiqj{h<hqz<! -j{g<gh<hm<Mt<te! okiGh<hqe<! okiGhbe<! lqe<Okg<Gk<kqxe<!
biK@!
kQi<Î;. = + +

= + +

= ; =
Cs = 3pF

!
!
44/ 5µF

10µF 10µF
!
!
! okiGh<hqe<!okiGhbe<!lqe<Okg<Gk<kqxe<!gi{<g/
C1 = 5µF ; C2 = 10 µF ; C3 = 10 µF we<g/
C2 lx<Xl<; C3okimiqj{h<hqz<!dt<te/
= + ; = +

= ⇒ = ⇒ Cs = 5µ

! kx<OhiKC1lx<Xl< Cshg<g!-j{h<hqz<!dt<te/!
!!!!!Cp = C1 + Cs
Cp = (5+5) µF⇒ Cp = 10 µF!
!
6!lkqh<oh{<!uqei!–!uqjmgt<!
! 2/! lqe<uqjsg<OgiMgtqe<!h{<Hgt<;!
• Ofi<!lqe<E~m<mk<kqz<!okimr<gq!wkqi<!lqe<E~m<mk<kqz<!LcujmgqxK/!
• ye<jxobie<X!oum<cs<!osz<ziK/!
• lqe<Hzk<kqe<! kqjs)E*,! lqe<uqjsg<Ogim<Mg<G! ujvbh<hMl<! okiMOgim<ce<!
kqjsbiz<!Gxqg<gh<hMl</!
• lqe<uqjsg<OgiMgTg<G! Ofi<Gk<kie! kqjsbqz<! YvzG! hvh<hqe<! upqOb!
osz<Zl<! lqe<uqjsg<! OgiMgtqe<! w{<{qg<jg! lqe<Hzs<osxqU! )E*! g<G!
Ofi<kguqz<! njlBl</! E.e<! lkqh<H! nkqglie! -mr<gtqz<! OgiMgt<!
ofVg<glig! njlBl</! E.e<! lkqh<H! Gjxuie! -mr<gtqz<! OgiMgt<!
-jmoutquqm<M!njlBl</!
• q! lqe<E~m<mk<kiz<! oux<xqmk<kqz<! dVuiGl<! lqe<uqjsg<OgiMgtqe<!
q
w{<{qg<jg! N = !
ε0

17
3/ sQvie!lqe<Hzk<kqz<!lqe<-VLje!.!lqe<!-VLjek<kqVh<H!uqjsg<gie!Ogiju!

!
• AB!we<x!lqe<-VLje!sQvie!lqe<Hzk<kqz<!θ!Ogi{l<!sib<uig!dt<tK/!
• q e<!lQK!uqjs!qE<!.qe<!lQK!uqjs!–qE!
• -VLje!lQkie!okiGhbe<!uqjs!Spq/!
• -VLje!lQK!kqVh<Huqjs!ye<X!dVuigq!lqe<-VLjejbs<!Spx<Xl</!
• kqVh<Huqjs!! τ= F × 2d sinθ
τ = qE × 2d sinθ ( p = q x 2d)!
τ = pE sinθ
!oug<mi<!GxqbQm<cz<?! τ = p × E !!
!
!
4. kpd;Gyj;jpy; cs;s kpd; ,UKidapd; kpd;dOj;j Mw;wYf;fhd Nfhit:
• kpd;Gyj;jpy; kpd; ,UKidiaj; Njitahd epiyf;Fr; Row;Wtjw;Fj;
Njitahd Ntiy kpd;,UKidapd; kpd;dOj;j Mw;wyhFk;.

• ,UKidapd; kPjhd jpUg;Gtpir τ=pE sinθ


• dθ Nfhzk; Row;wr; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy dW = τdθ
dW = pEsinθ dθ
• θ Nfhzk; Row;wr; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy W =∫pE sinθdθ
W = - pE cosθ
• kpd; ,UKidapd; kpd;dOj;j Mw;wy; U = - pE cosθ

4. xU Gs;sp; kpd;D}l;lj;jhy; VNjDk; xU Gs;spapy; Vw;gLk;


kpd;dOj;jj;jpw;fhd Nfhit:

• A, BGs;spfSf;fpilNa kpd;dOj;j NtWghL dV = -E dx


1 q
• A y; kpd;Gyr;nrwpT E=
4πε 0 x 2
1 q
dV = − dx
4πε 0 x 2
• XuyF Neh;kpd;D}l;lj;ij Kbtpyhj; njhiytpypUe;J mg;Gs;spf;Ff; (P)
nfhz;Ltur; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy kpd;dOj;jk; MFk;.

18
r
−q
V=

∫ 4πε 0x
2
dx

q
V=
4πε 0 r

!!!!6/ ,UGs;sp kpd;D}l;l mikg;gpd; kpd;dOj;j Mw;wYf;fhd Nfhit:


• ,U Gs;sp kpd;D}l;lq;fspd; kpd;dOj;j Mw;wy; vd;gJ mt;tpU
kpd;D}l;lq;fis xUq;fikar; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy.

q1
• q 1 My; B y; kpd;dOj;jk; V =
4πε 0r
• q 2 I Kbtpyhj; njhiytpypUe;J B f;F nfhz;Ltur; nra;ag;gl;l
qq
Oujz!W = Vq2. kpd;dOj;j Mw;wy; U = 1 2
4πε0r
• NtiyahdJ mikg;gpd; epiykpd;dOj;j Mw;wyhfr; Nrkpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

6. ,izj;jl;L kpd;Njf;fpapy; Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;s Mw;wy;.


• kpd;D}l;lj;ijj; Njf;fp itf;Fk; rhjdk; kpd;Njf;fp.
• kpd;D}l;lj;ijj; Njf;fp itf;fj; Njitahd NtiyahdJ kpd;Njf;fpapDs;
epiykpd;dOj;j Mw;wyhfr; Nrkpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
• dqkpd;D}l;lj;ijj; Njf;f nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy dW = V dq
 q  q 
dW = dq Q V = C  
 C  
q
q2
• nkhj;j Ntiy W = ∫ q dq, W=
0
C 2C
• ,e;j Ntiy epiykpd;dOj;j Mw;wyhfr; Nrkpf;fg;gLk;.
q2
U=
2C
1
U = CV 2 [Q q = CV ]
2
21!lkqh<oh{<!uqei.uqjmgt<<!
2/!lqe<!-VLje!we<xiz<!we<e!@!lqe<!-VLjebqe<!ns<Sg<!Ogim<cz<!!!!
!!!yVHt<tqbqz<!Wx<hMl<!lqe<Hzk<kqx<gie!Ogiju/!!

• -V!sllie!wkqovkqvie!lqgs<sqxqb!-jmoutqbqz<!hqiqg<gh<hm<Mt<t!lqe<E~m<mr<gt<!yV!
lqe<!-VLjebiGl</!

A lx<Xl<!B -z<!dt<t!.q lx<Xl<!+q lqe<E~m<mr<gt<!lqe<!-VLjebiGl</!P we<hK!!!!!!!!!!


lqe<-VLjebqe<!jlbl<!O uqzqVf<K!nke<!ns<Sg<Ogim<cz<!r okijzuqz<!dt<t!Ht<tq!we<g/!

19
!

!!

d << r, E =

E = ( p = q x 2d)!

• E!bieK!lqe<!-VLjebqe<!kqVh<Hk<kqxeqe<!kqjsbqz<!osbz<hMgqxK/!
2/!lqe<!-VLjebqe<!fMujvg<Ogim<cz<!yV!Ht<tqbqz<!Wx<hMl<!lqe<Hzk<kqx<gie!!!
!!!Ogiju/!
• A lx<Xl<!B!-z<!dt<t!.q lx<Xl<!+q lqe<E~m<mr<gt<!lqe<!-VLjebiGl</!
• P we<hK! lqe<-VLjebqe<! jlbl<! O uqzqVf<K! nke<! fMujvg<Ogim<cz<!!
r okijzuqz<!dt<t!Ht<tq!we<g/!

!
+q lqe<E~m<mk<kiz<!P z<!lqe<Hzl<!
!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ! ! !!!!
!!!!!!!!!!-q lqe<E~m<mk<kiz<!P z<!lqe<Hzl<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

20
!!!!!!! !
E1lx<Xl<!E2J!-V!osr<Gk<Kg<!%Xgtigh<!hqiqk<kiz<?!
E1 Sin , E2 Sin ye<jxobie<X!sle<!osb<gqe<xe/!E1 cos , E2 cos PR
jpirapy; $l;lg;gLfpd;wd.
• E = E1 cos + E2 cos (PR kqjsbqz<*
E = 2 E1 cos ( E1 = E2 )

E = 2 x x cos

• Mdhy; cos =

d << r, E =

E–e<!kqjs!!ns<Sg<G!-j{big!-VLje!kqVh<Hk<kqxeqe<!kqjsg<G!
wkqi<kqjsbqz<!osbz<hMgqxK/!
!
!

4/!lqe<!-VLjebiz<!WOkEl<!yV!Ht<tqbqz<!Wx<hMl<!!lqe<ePk<kk<kqx<gie!Ogiju/

A, B ,y; cs;s -q lx<Xl<! +q lqe<E~m<mr<gt<! lqe<! -VLjebiGl</!

nke<! -VLjek<kqVh<Hk<kqxe<! p vd;f. O tpypUe;J r okijzuqz<! dt<t!Ht<tq!P


we<g/!-VLjebqe<!ns<Sme<!O P Wx<hMk<Kl<!Ogi{l<! we<g/

21
1 q
! !+q!lqe<E~m<mk<kiz<!!P!-z<!lqe<ePk<kl<! = !
4πε 0 r1

q
! !-q!lqe<E~m<mk<kiz<!!P -z<!lqe<ePk<kl< = −
4πε 0 r2
!
q 1 q 1
!!!!!lqe<-VLjebiz<!P -z<!lqe<ePk<kl<! V = −
4πε 0 r1 4πε 0 r2 !

V = ) !

2 2 2
nfhird; tpjpiag; gad;gLj;jp r1 = r + d -2 r d cos

d << r, r12 = r2 ( 1- ),

1 1  d cos θ  1 1 d 
= 1 +  = 1 − cos θ 
r1 r  r , r2 r  r !
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
V = ( 1+ ) ( 1- ) ]

!!!!!!!!!!!! V = ( p = q x 2d)

p cos θ
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! V =
4 πε 0 r 2 !
!
!
!
!
!
!
• sqxh<H!Ofi<Ugt<;!
p
!!!!!!!!2/!θ=11!!!!!!!weqz<!!!!V=
4πε 0 r 2
−p
2. θ=2911!!!!!weqz<!!!!V=
4πε 0 r 2
3. θ=:11!!!!!weqz<!!! V=0

4/!!gi^<!uqkqbqjeh<!hbe<hMk<kq!Ofvie!Lcuqzi!fQtl<!ogi{<m!lqe<E~m<ml<!!
!!!ohx<x!gl<hqbqeiz<!Wx<hMl<!lqe<Hzk<kqx<gie!Ogiju/!

22
Lcuqzi! fQtl<! ogi{<m! +q! lqe<E~m<ml<! ogi{<m! gl<hq! ye<xqjeg<! gVKOuil</! nke<!
lqe<E~m<m! fQt<! nmi<k<kq! = we<g/! Ht<tq! NeK! gl<hqbqzqVf<K! r! okijzuqz<! dt<tK/!
-VLjegtqZl<!ns<Sg<Gs<!! osr<Gk<kie! Ljeh<hvh<H! djmb! fQtLl<! r NvLl<! djmb!
gi^<^qbe<!dVjtjbg<!)gi^<^qbe<!! hvh<H*!gVKOuil</!

!ujth<hvh<H!upqOb!lqe<Hzh<!hibl< *!= E dS cos !!

! ! ! ! !!!!! = E dS [ = , cos =
=E(2 r )
Ljeh<hvh<hqz<!E, dS!ye<Xg<ogie<X!!osr<Gk<K!we<hkiz<!hibl<!Spq!NGl</ !
! ! ! ! !gi^<uqkqh<hc! =

! ! ! !!!!!!!E!)3 r *!= ( q= )

E=

!!lqe<Hzk<kqe<!kqjs!+q!weqz<!Nvk<kqe<!upqOb!outqOfig<gqBl<?!-q!weqz<!Nvk<kqe<!!!!!

!!upqOb!dt<Ofig<gqBl<!njlBl</!
6/gi^<!uqkqbqjeh<!hbe<hMk<kqs<!sQvie!lqe<E~m<ml<!ohx<x!Ogitucug<!%m<ceiz<!!!!
!Wx<hMl<!lqe<Hzk<kqx<gie!Ogiju/!
i*!Ogit!ucug<!%m<cx<G!outqOb!dt<t!Ht<tqbqz<!! !

! !
R Nvl<!djmb!lqe<E~m<ml<!ohx<x!Ogitucug<%M!ye<jxg<!gVKOuil</!nke<!!!!!
!!!!!!jlbk<kqzqVf<K!r!okijzuqz<!dt<t!Ht<tq P!we<g/!r!Nvl<!ogi{<m!Ogitl<!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!gi^<^qbe<!hvh<H!NGl</!lqe<Hzl<!hvh<Hg<Gs<!osr<Gk<kigs<!osbz<hMgqxK/!
!hvh<Hg<Gk<kie!lqe<Hzh<hibl<!

[ =
2
= E (4 r )

!!!!!!gi^<!uqkqh<hc! =

E (4 r2) =

E =

ii)!!hvh<hqe<!lQK!dt<t!Ht<tqbqz<;.!

23
! !!!!hvh<hqe<!lQK!dt<t!Ht<tqbqz<!E = [ = vd;gjhy; ]

iii)!Ogitucug<!%m<ce<!dm<Hxk<kqz<!dt<t!yVHt<tqbqz<;.

! Ogitk<kqe<!jlbk<kqzqVf<K! okijzuqz<!dt<t!Ht<tq! !we<g/! !Nvl<!ogi{<m!!

!!!!!!Ogitl<!gi^<^qbe<!hvh<H!NGl</!!

hvh<Hg<Gg<!Gk<kie!lqe<Hzh<hibl< !

!!! !

[ =
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!gi^<!uqkqh<hc! = !

-r<G!q = 0,!hvh<hqEt<!lqe<E~m<ml<!Spq?!

!7/!lqe<Okg<gqbqe<!kk<Kul<?!-j{k<km<M!lqe<Okg<gqbqe<!lqe<Okg<Gk<kqxEg<gie!Ogiju/!!!!!!

! lqe<Okg<gqbqe<!kk<Kul<!;.!

! lqe<Okg<gq!we<hK!lqe<E~m<mk<jks<!Oslqg<Gl<!sikel</! ! ! ! !

• q!!lqe<E~m<ml<!ohx<x!!A!!we<x!gmk<kqjbg<!gVKOuil</!nke<!lqe<ePk<kl<!v !we<g/!
lqe<Okg<Gk<kqxe<!!
C = !

• lqe<gih<H!ohx<x!B!we<x!lx<oxiV!dOzigk<kgM!Ae<!nVgqz<!ogi{<M!uvh<hMl<OhiK!
A g<G!nVgqz<!dt<t!B -e<!hg<gk<kqz<!wkqi<!lqe<E~m<mLl<?!nOk!ntU!Ofi<!
lqe<E~m<ml<!B -e<!lXhg<gk<kqz<!K~{<mh<hMgqxK/!B -z<!dt<t!wkqi<!lqe<E~m<mk<kiz<!
A -e<!lqe<ePk<kl<!Gjxf<K!A e<!lqe<Okg<Gk<!kqxe<!nkqgiqg<Gl</!
• km<M!B!Huqbqj{h<H!osb<kiz<!Ofi<lqe<E~m<ml<!fMfqjzbiGl</!-keiz<!A -e<!
lqe<ePk<kl<!OlZl<!Gjxf<K!lqe<Okg<Gk<kqxe<!OlZl<!nkqgiqg<Gl</!
• lqe<Okg<Gk<kqxe<!gmk<kqgtqe<!ucuk<jkBl<!Dmgk<kqe<!-bz<jhBl<!ohiXk<kK/!

24
-j{k<km<M!lqe<Okg<gqbqe<!lqe<Okg<Gk<kqxe<!

d.-jmoutqbqz<!hqiqk<K!jug<gh<hm<Mt<t!X,Y!!we<x!dOzigk<km<Mgjtg<!gVKg/!

km<ce<!!
GXg<Goum<Mh<hvh<H!A!weUl<!lqe<E~m<mh<!hvh<H!nmi<k<kq! !weUl<!ogit<g/!km<M!X,

+q!lqe<E~m<mk<jkBl<!km<M! !-e<!Olx<Hxl<!-q!!lqe<E~m<mk<jkBl<!ogi{<Mt<te/!

! ! ! !!lqe<E~m<ml<!q = A [ = ]

!!!!!!!!-V!km<MgTg<gqjmOb!dt<t!Ht<tqbqz<!lqe<Hzl<?!

! ! ! gi^<!uqkqh<hc! =

X, Y!!km<MgTg<gqjmObBt<t!lqe<ePk<k!OuXhiM?!

-j{k<km<M!lqe<Okg<gqbqe<!lqe<Okg<Gk<kqxe<!!C =

C=

!
!
!
!
!

25
8/!lqe<Okg<gqgt<!okimiqj{h<hqZl<!hg<g!-j{h<hqZl<!-j{g<gh<hMl<OhiK!uqjtBl<!!!
okiGhbe<!lqe<Okg<Gk<kqxe<!

okimiqj{h<H! hg<g!-j{h<H!
C1,C2,C3!lqe<Okg<gqgt<!okimiqj{h<hqz<! C1,C2,C3!lqe<Okg<gqgt<!hg<g!-j{h<hqz<!
-j{g<gh<hm<Mt<te/!okiGh<hqe<! -j{g<gh<hm<Mt<te/!okiGh<hqe<!
lqe<Okg<Gk<kqxe<!Cs!we<g/! lqe<Okg<Gk<kqxe<!Cp!we<g/!
!

! !
!
wz<zi!lqe<Okg<gqgtqZl<!lqe<E~m<ml<!sll<! wz<zi!lqe<Okg<gqgtqZl<!lqe<ePk<kl<!sll<!

V1 = ; V2 = ; V3 = q 1 = C 1V ; q 2 = C 2V ; q 3 = C 3V
q = q1 + q2 + q3
V = V1 + V2 + V3
V= q = C pV
!!!!!!!!!
q q q q CPV = V(C1+C2+C3)
= + +
!!! C s C1 C2 C3
1 1 1 1 CP = C1 + C2 + C3 !
= + +
C s C1 C 2 C 3 !
!

9/!uie<.c.gqvi0h<!lqe<eqbx<xqbqe<!kk<Kul<!njlh<H!lx<Xl<!osbz<hMl<!uqkl</!

!!218!V fqjz!lqe<ePk<kk<jk!dx<hk<kq!osb<b!-K!hbe<hMgqxK/!

kk<Kul<<;! fqjzlqe<K~{<mz<?!%i<Ljes<!osbz<hiM!
njlh<H;!

• dOzigg<Ogitl<!A,!lqe<gih<Hh<!ohx<x!K~{qe<!lQK!ohiVk<kh<hm<Mt<tK/!

26
• Ogitk<kqe<!jlbk<kqz<!B we<x!gh<hqBl<!K~{qe<!nch<hGkqbqz<!C!we<x!gh<hqBl<!
ohiVk<kh<hm<M?!hm<Mk<K{qbqeiz<!Ne!hm<jm!ye<X!gh<hqgt<!upqOb!osz<gqxK/!
• gh<hq!C!lqe<Olim<mii<!&zl<!-bg<gh<hMgqxK!
• gh<hqgTg<G!nVOg!D lx<Xl<!E!-V!sQh<H!ucug<!gmk<kqgt<!ohiVk<kh<hm<Mt<te/!

• sQh<H!D g<G!215!V!Ofi<lqe<ePk<kl<?!lqe<kqxe<!upr<gq!&zl<!ntqg<gh<hMgqxK!

• sQh<H!E!dOzigg<Ogitk<kqe<!dm<Hxl<!-j{g<gh<hm<Mt<tK/!

! osbz<hiM;!

• sQh<H!D!g<G!nVgqz<!%i<Ljes<!osbz<him<ce<!giv{ligg<!gix<xqz<!dt<t!
wkqi<nbeqgt<!%i<Ljegt<!Ofig<gq!uqvm<mh<hMgqe<xe/!!Ofi<nbeqgt<!hm<jmbqz<!
ym<cg<ogit<ukiz<!Olz<Ofig<gqs<!ose<X!sQh<H!E!ofVr<GgqxK/!
• fqjzlqe<K~{<mz<!kk<Kuk<kqe<!uqjtuig!sQh<H!E!wkqi<!lqe<E~m<ml<!ohXgqxK/!
Ogitl<!A!Ofi<lqe<E~m<ml<!ohXgqxK/!sQh<H!E -z<!dt<t!wkqi<lqe<E~m<mr<gt<!
hm<jmjb!Ofig<gq!uqvm<mh<hm<M!hm<jmbqz<!dt<t!Ofi<lqe<E~m<mk<jks<!
sle<osb<gqxK/!hm<jm!gQpqxr<Gl<OhiK!lqe<E~m<mlx<x!fqjzjb!njmgqxK/!
• okimi<s<sqbigg<!Ogitl<!Ofi<lqe<E~m<mk<jkh<!ohXgqxK/!Olx<ogi{<M!Ogitk<kqz<!
lqe<E~m<mr<gt<!Wx<gh<hmik!fqjzjb!wm<cbUme<!lqe<E~m<mr<gt<!gsqbk<!
okimr<Ggqe<xe/!
• dbi<!nPk<kk<kqz<!gix<X!fqvh<hh<hm<m!w0G!gzk<kqeiz<!Ogitk<jk!&Muke<<!
&zl<!lqe<E~m<mg<!gsqjug<!Gjxg<gzil</!

! hbe<gt<;!
! !!n[g<gVuqjebqz<!hbe<hMl<!Ofi<!nbeqgjt!)HOvim<mie<?!cB,m<vie<*!LMg<Guqg<gh<!!!
!!!!!!!!hbe<hMgqxK/!
!

nzG!–7
gkqi<uQs<S?!hVh<ohiVtqe<!-vm<jmh<h{<H!lx<Xl<!
sii<hqbz<!kk<Kul<<!
!
4!lkqh<oh{<!uqei.uqjmgt<!
!
2/!ytqlqe<!uqjtU!)ytqlqe<!dlqp<kz<*!we<xiz<!we<e@!
! !sqz!dOzigh<ohiVm<gtqe<!lQK! gkqi<gt<?X-gkqi<gt<?!Hx!Dkig<gkqi<gt<!lx<Xl<!!
!!!gm<HzeiGl<!ytqOhie<xju!hMl<OhiK!wzg<m<vie<gt<!dlqph<hMl<!fqgp<U!ytqlqe<!!
!!!uqjtU!nz<zK!ytqlqe<!dlqp<kz<!weh<hMl</!
!
3/!fqXk<K!lqe<ePk<kl<!ujvbX/!
!
! !!!ytqlqe<Oeim<ml<!SpqbiGliX!NOeicx<Gg<!ogiMg<gh<hMl<!sqXl!wkqi<!!
!!lqe<ePk<kl<!fqXk<K!lqe<ePk<kl<!weh<hMl</!
!
!

27
4/!hbe<okimg<g!nkqi<ou{<j{!ujvbX/!
!
! ytqbqe<!osxqU!wu<utU!nkqglig!-Vf<kiZl<!wf<kh<!hMgkqi<!uQs<sqe<!!
nkqi<ou{<[g<Gg<!gQp<!! ytqlqe<!dlqp<kz<!Lx<xqZl<!fqe<X!uqMgqxOki!nf<ks<!sqXl!
nkqi<ou{<!hbe<okimg<g!nkqi<ou{<!! weh<hMl</!
!5/!outqObx<X!Nx<xz<!we<xiz<!we<e@!
! !!!ytqlqe<!outqObx<X!Nx<xz<!we<hK!dOzigk<kqe<!hvh<hqzqVf<K!yV!!
!!wzg<m<vije!outqObx<xk<!Okjubie!sqXl!Nx<xz<!)W*!NGl</! W=hυ0
!
6/!hqtir<gqe<!Gui{<ml<!ogit<jgjbg<!%Xg/)nz<zK*!Gui{<ml<!ogit<jgjbg<!
%Xg/!
i) ytqbieK!keqk<keqbie!sqXsqX!Nx<xz<!ohm<mgr<gtig!dlqph<hMgqxK/!
ii) yu<ouiV!ohm<mgLl<!Gui{<ml<!nz<zK!0Ohim<mie<!weh<hMl<<!
iii*!yu<ouiV!0Ohim<mieqe<!Nx<xz<!E=hυ

7/!ytqlqe<gze<gt<!we<xiz<!we<e@!nux<xqe<!ujggt<!biju@!!
! ytq! Nx<xjz! lqe<eix<xzig! lix<x! dkUl<! sikel<! ytqlqe<gze<! weh<hMl</!
-K!4!ujgh<hMl</!
! i) ytq!dlqp<!lqe<gze<!
! ii) ytq!Ouiz<m<mi!lqe<gze<!
! iii) ytq!gmk<Kl<!lqe<gze<!
!
8/!wzg<m<vie<!F{<O{ig<gqbqe<!hbe<hiMgjtg<!%Xg/!
i)!okipqx<sijzgtqz<!F~zqjpgtqe<!njlh<H?!dOzigh<!hvh<Hgt<?!u{<{h<!!
!!!!!!H,s<Sgtqe<!Ng<gg<!!%Xgt<!Ohie<xjugjt!nxqf<K!ogit<th<!hbe<hMgqxK/!
ii)!lVk<Kul<!lx<Xl<!dbqiqbzqz<!juv^<!lx<Xl<!hig<Ciqbijuh<hx<xq!nxqf<K!!
!!!!!ogit<th<!hbe<hMgqxK/!
iii)!-bx<hqbzqz<!n[!njlh<H!lx<Xl<!hcg!njlh<Hgjt!uqtg<glig!nxqf<K!!
!!!!!!ogit<th<!hbe<hMgqxK/!
!
9/!wzg<m<vie<!F{<O{ig<gqbqe<!uvl<Hgt<!biju@!!
! !!wzg<m<vie<!F{<O{ig<gqbieK!dbi<!oux<xqmk<kqz<!osbz<hMukiz<!!
!!nf<fqjzbqz<!!Nuqbigg<!%cb!lx<Xl<!sqjkf<K!Ohigg<%cb!dbqi<ohiVt<gjth<!!
!!hx<xq!nxqb!-jkh<!hbe<hMk<k!-bziK/!
!
:/!hVh<ohiVt<!njzgt<!nz<zK!c.hqvizq!njzgt<!we<hju!biju@!
! !!!!-br<Gl<!hVh<ohiVTme<!)KgTme<*!-j{f<Kt<t!njzgt<!hVh<ohiVt<!!
!!!njzgt<!nz<zK!c.hqvizq!njzgt<!weh<hMl</!
!
!
21/!n[juh<hx<xqb!njz!wf<kqvuqbz<!gVk<kqjeg<!%Xg/!
i) ouu<OuX!hijkgtqz<!osz<Zl<!wzg<m<vie<gt<!njzgjth<!Ohiz!-br<Gl</!
ii)!um<mh<hijkbqe<!Sx<xtU!)3πr*!c.hqvizq!njzfQtk<kqe<!LPlmr<Ggtig)n*!!
!!!!!!-Vf<kiz<!nK!fqjzk<ke<jl!ohx<x!hijk!NGl<!
iii) wzg<m<vieqe<!fqjzbie!hijkbqz<!LPjlbie!njzgjtg<!ogi{<cVg<Gl</!
! )3 *!
!
22/!Je<^<Ceqe<!sii<hqbz<!kk<Kuk<jkg<!%Xg/!
i) sii<hx<x!outq!we<hK!-z<jz/!
ii) wz<zi!-bg<gr<gTl<!sii<Hjmbe/!
iii*!gizl<?!fqjx?!fQtl<?!outq!Ngqbju!ye<jxobie<X!sii<f<kju/!!
!
23/!Gxqh<hibl<!we<xiz<!we<e@!wMk<Kg<gim<Mk<!kVg/!
! -V! hiqli{! nz<zK! Lh<hiqli{! outqbqz<! Kgotie<xqe<! fqjzjb!
ujvbXg<Gl<!Nbk<okijz!! ns<Sgtqe<!okiGh<H!Gxqh<hibl<!weh<hMl</!
! w/gi;!i) gii<Csqbe<!Nbk<okijz!ns<Sgtqe<!okiGh<H! ii) Huq!

28
!
24/!fqjzl!lx<xl<!fqjzllx<x!Gxqh<hibr<gt<!we<xiz<!we<e@!!
!!!!!!Gxqh<hibk<kqz<!dt<t!ohiVm<gt<!fqB,m<meqe<!fqjzl!uqkq!lx<Xl<!!
!!wf<kqvuqbz<!uqkqgTg<G!dm<hMlieiz<!nK!fqjzlg<!Gxqh<hibl<!weh<hMl</!fqjzlg<!!!!!!
!!Gxqh<hibk<kqz<! outqh<Hx! uqjs! osbz<hmik! ujv! ohiVt<! Yb<U! fqjzbqOzi!!!
!!nz<zK!okimi<s<sqbie!-bg<g!fqjzbqOzi!njlBl</!
!!!!!!!!!!Gxqh<hibl<!ye<xqz<!outqh<Hx!uqjs!osbz<hmik!OhikqZl<!ohiVt<!!!!
!!LMg<gljmf<kiz<!ng<Gxqh<hibl<!fqjzllx<x!Gxqh<hibl<!weh<hMl</!-g<Gxqh<hibk<kqz<!!
!!fqB,m<me<!uqkqgt<!ohiVf<Kukqz<jz/!
!
!
25/!h{<jmb!wf<kqvuqbzqe<!hc!outqjbh<!hx<xqb!gVk<Kg<gjtg<!%Xg/!
i) n{<mk<kqz<?! wf<k! yV! ohiVtqe<! fqjz! nz<zK! -bg<gk<jk! fqjzbie!
Gxqh<hibk<jkg<!!ogi{<M!ntuqmzil</!
ii) ohiVt<! ye<xqe<! ucuqbz<! njlh<hieK! nke<! fqjzlix<xl<! nz<zK! -bg<g!
fqjz!nz<zK!! Nb<uitjvh<!ohiXk<K!lixilz<!njlBl</!
!
26/!h{<jmb!!wf<kqvuqbzqe<!hc!gizl<!hx<xqb!gVk<Kg<gjtk<!kVg/!!
i)-V! fqgp<UgTg<G! -jmh<hm<m! giz! -jmoutq! Nb<uiti<gtqe<! -bg<gk<jks<!
sivilz<!! njek<K!Nb<uiti<gTg<Gl<!yOv!ntuig!njlBl</!
ii) Nb<uiti<! yVuVg<G!-V!fqgp<Ugt<! yOv!gizk<kqz<! fqgp<ukigg<! ogi{<miz<!
Nb<uiti<gtqe<!!fqjz! nz<zK! -bg<gl<! wu<uixig! -Vf<kiZl<! njek<K!
Nb<uiti<gTg<Gl<!nf<k!fqgp<Ugt<!! yOv! gizk<kqz<! fqgPl/<! nkiuK?! yV! giz!
fqgp<U!sii<hx<xK/!
!
27/!h{<jmb!wf<kqvuqbzqe<!hc!fqjxjbh<!hx<xqb!gVk<kqjeg<!%Xg/!
i) fqjx!sii<hx<xkigUl<!lixqzqbigUl<!njlBl</!
ii) fqjxbieK!ohiVtqe<!-bg<gk<jkh<!ohiXk<kK!nz<z/!
!
!
28/!kqjsOugk<jks<!sii<f<k!fqjxliXhim<cje!%Xg/!
i) ohiVtqe<!fqjxbieK!kqjsOugk<jks<!sii<f<K!liXhMl</!
ii) ,q;F
!

m0= Yb<U!fqjx
! m= v kqjsOugk<kqz<!ohiVtqe<!fqjx!
!
!
29/!sqxh<H!sii<hqbz<!ogit<jgbqe<!wMOgit<gjtg<!%Xg/!!
i) -bx<hqbz<!uqkqgt<!njek<K!fqjzlg<!Gxqh<hibr<gTg<Gl<!yOv!likqiqbig!!!
!!!!!njlBl</!!
ii) njek<Kg<!Gxqh<hibr<gtqZl<!oux<xqmk<kqz<!ytqbqe<!kqjsOugl<!lixqzqbiGl</!
!
2:/!ytqbqe<!kqjs!Ougk<kqz<!yV!Kgt<!-br<gqeiz<!nke<!fqjx!biK@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!deK!gVk<K!biK@!
m
!!!i/!v= c!weqz<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!=! = ∞ !!!
0

!!!ii/!wf<k!yV!KgTl<!ytqbqe<!kqjsOugk<kqz<!osz<z!LcbiK/!
!
!
!
!
!

29
!
31/!!yV!dOzigk<kqe<!outqObx<X!Nx<xz<!1. 8 eV!nke<!hbe<!okimg<g!!!
!!!!njzfQtk<jkg<!g{g<gqMg/!
! ! kQi<U;.! W = 1. 8eV = 1. 8 x 1. 6 x 10-19J
hυ0 = W
h =W

λ0 =
λ0 =

λ0 = ,
λ0 = 6. 902 x 10 m or λ0 = 6902 A°
-7

!
!
32/! yV! wzg<m<vieqe<! -bg<g! Nx<xz<! 120eV! nke<! chqvizq! njzfQtl<! biK@!!!!!!!!!!!!
! ! kQi<U;.! !
! ! ! λ=

λ = 1. 121 x 10-10m (or)

λ = 1. 121 A°

33/! jam<v\e<! n[uqe<! fie<giuK! um<mh<hijkbqz<! wzg<m<vieqe<! c.hqvizq!


! njzfQtk<jkg<!! gi{<g!! !
! ! kQi<U!;!!
! ! ! r4 = 42r1 = 16 x 0.53A° [... r1= 0.53A°]
2π r4 = nλ ,
λ=

=
= 3.14 x 0.53 x 10-10 x 8

= 13.313 x 10-10m
= 13. 313 A°

30
5 kjpg;ngz; tpdh-tpilfs;
!
2.xsp kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; kPJ gLk; fjph;tPr;rpd; nrwptpd; tpisT
• gLk;fjph;tPr;rpd; nrwpit khw;wp mjw;Fhpa xspkpd;Ndhl;lk;
mse;jwpag;gLfpwJ (kpd;dOj;jk; kw;Wk; mjph;ntz; khwpyp)

• nrwpT mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ xspkpd;Ndhl;lk; Neh;f;Nfhl;Lg; gFjpahf


mjpfhpf;Fk;.
• xspkpd;Ndhl;lk; xU tpdhbapy; ckpog;gLk; vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;F
Neh;j;jfT.
• xU tpdhbapy; ckpog;gLk; vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if gLfjph;tPr;rpd;
nrwpTf;F Neh;j;jfT.

2. xspkpd; tpisT> xspkpd; ckpo;jypd; tpjpfs;:


• xspkpd; tpisT: rpy cNyhfg; nghUs;fspd; kPJ -fjph;fs;> x-fjph;fs;>
GwCjhf; fjph;fs; kw;Wk; fl;GydhFk; xsp Nghd;wit gLk;NghJ
vyf;l;uhd;fs; ckpog;gLk; epfo;T.
• xspkpd; ckpo;jypd; tpjpfs;:
1. Fwpg;gpl;l xsp czh;jpwd; kpf;f nghUSf;F xspapd; nrwpT vt;tsT
mjpfkhf ,Ug;gpDk; ve;j mjph;ntz;Zf;Ff; fPo; xspkpd; ckpo;jy;
Kw;wpYk; epfohNjh> gLfjphpd; me;jr; rpWk mjph;ntz; gad; njhlf;f
mjph;ntz; vdg;gLk;.
2. mjph;ntz; gad;njhlf;f mjph;ntz;iz tpl mjpfk; vdpy;>
xspkpd;Ndhl;lk; gLk; fjph;tPr;rpd; nrwpTf;F Neh;j;jfT.
3. xspkpd; ckpo;T cldb epfo;T.
4. xsp vyf;l;uhd;fspd; ngUk ,af;f Mw;wy; gLfjphpd; mjph;ntz;Zf;F
Neh;j;jfT. Mdhy; nrwpitr; rhh;e;jjy;y.

3. xspkpd;fydpd; mikg;G> nray;ghL


• xsp Mw;wiy kpd;dhw;wyhf khw;Wk; fUtp.
mikg;G:
• ntw;wplkhf;fg;gl;l fz;zhb my;yJ Fthh;l;]; Fkpo;.
• Nfj;NjhL-Fiwe;j ntspNaw;W Mw;wy; nfhz;l rPrpak;
- Mf;irL G+rg;gl;l miu cUis tbtj; jfL,
MNdhL - nky;ypa gpshl;bdf; fk;gp.
nray;ghL:
• xsp Nfj;NjhL kPJ tpOk;NghJ vyf;l;uhd;fs;
ckpog;gl;L MNdhil milAk;.
• kpd;Ndhl;lk; ikf;Nuh mk;kPl;lh; %yk; msf;fg;gLk;.
• xspkpd;Ndhl;lk; gLk; xspapd; nrwpTf;F Neh;j;jftpy;
mikAk;.

31
4. xspkpd;fydpd; gad;fs;:
1. ciyfspd; ntg;gepiyiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;j.
2. njUtpsf;Ffisj; jhdhf ,af;f.
3. tpz;ntspg;gazj;jpd; NghJ #hpa xspapypUe;J kpd;dhw;wiyg;ngw.
4. fjTfisj; jhdhfj; jpwf;fTk;> %lTk;.
5. xspapd; nghypTj;jd;ikia mstpLk; fUtpfspy.;
5. gUg;nghUspd; b-gpuhyp miyePsk;
• g;shq;f; rkd;ghL: E = hυ
• Id;];Bd; rkd;ghL: E = mc2
• h υ = mc 2
c
h = mc2
λ ( υ= )
h
λ=
mc
• c = v vdpy;
h h
• λ= my;yJ λ =
mv p
6. vyf;l;uhdpd; b-gpuhyp miyePsk;
1
,af;fMw;wy; mv 2 = eV
2

2eV h
v= λ=
m mv

h h
λ= =
m
2eV 2 meV
m

12.27
λ= A0
V
E = eV vdpy;>

h
λ=
2mE
7. mZitg;gw;wpa miy ,ae;jputpay; fUj;J
h
• bgpuhyp miyePsk; λ =
mv
• ntt;NtW tl;lg; ghijapy; nry;Yk; vyf;l;uhd;fs; miyfisg; Nghy
,aq;Fk;.

32
• tl;lg;ghijapd; Rw;wsT (2πr) bgpuhypmiyePsj;jpd; KOklq;fhf (nλ)
,Ue;jhy; ghij epiyj;jd;ik ngw;w ghij.mjhtJ 2πr = nλ

(n=1, 2, 3, . . . ) 2 r = n( )
nh
m vr =

• bgpuhypapd; fUj;J Nghhpd; vLNfhis cWjpg;gLj;jpaJ.

8. xspkpd; tpistpw;fhd Id;];Bd; rkd;ghL


• Fthz;lk; nfhs;ifapd; gb xspkpd; tpisT tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.
• /Nghl;lhDf;Fk; vyf;l;uhDf;Fk; ,ilNaahd gpd;dpanray; tpistpdhy;
vyf;l;uhd;fs; ckpog;gLfpd;wd.
• /Nghl;lhdpd; Mw;wy; i) cNyhfg;gug;gpypUe;J vyf;l;uhid ntspNaw;w
(xspkpd; ntspNaw;W Mw;wy;) kw;Wk; ii) ntspNaWk; vyf;l;uhDf;F ,af;f
Mw;wyhff; nfhLf;fg;gLk;.
1
hυ = W + m v 2
2

• Mw;wy; ,og;G ,y;iy vdpy; v = vngUkk;


1
hυ = W + mv 2 ngUkk;
2
• mjph;ntz; υ> gad;njhlf;f mjph;ntz;Zf;F (υ0) rkk; vdpy;
W = hυ0
1
hυ = hυ 0 + mv 2 ngUkk;
2
1
h (υ − υ 0 ) = mv 2 ngUkk;
2

9.nyhud;]; - /gpl;];n[uhy;L FWf;fk; (ePsf;FWf;fk;)


• S> S' vd;w Fwpg;ghaq;fisf; fUJNthk;. S Fwpg;ghaj;jpy; cs;s
Ma;thsUf;Fj; jz;bd; ePsk; l 0 . S' Fwpg;ghak; v jpirNtfj;jpy; nrd;why;
jz;bd; ePsk; l vd;Nghk;.

33
v2
• l = l0 1−
c2
• l < l0

v2
• 1− vd;w msT ePsk; FWf;fkilAk;
c2
• v.fh. Ntfkhf efUk; Ma;thsUf;F tl;l tbtg; nghUs; ePs;tl;lkhfj;
njhpAk;.
11. fhyePl;bg;G
• S' Fwpg;ghaj;jpy; xU fbfhuk; ntsptpLk; iriffspd; fhy,ilntsp t0 . S
Fwpg;ghaj;jpy; Ma;thsuhy; fzf;fplg;gLk; fhy ,ilntsp t.

• t0
t=
v2
1−
c2

• t > t0
1
• fhy ,ilntsp msT ePz;L fhzg;gLk;.
v2
1− 2
c
• v.fh. ,aq;Fk; tpz;ntspf; fyj;jpy; cs;s fbfhuk; Gtpapy; cs;s
fbfhuq;fis tpl nkJthfr; nry;Yk;.
12. Id;];Bd; - epiw Mw;wy; ,iz khw;W rkd;ghL:
• nghUspd; Xa;T epiw m0 >v jpirNtfj;jpy; mjd; epiw m vd;f.

d
• epA+l;ldpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpg;gb F = (mv) → (1)
dt

• rhh;gpay; nfhs;ifapd;gb>

dv dm
F =m +v → (2)
dt dt

• nghUspd; ,af;f Mw;wy; mjpfhpg;G

dEk = F dx

34
dEk =m v d v + v 2dm → (3)

• Id;];Bd; rhh;gpay; nfhs;ifg;gb

m0
m=
v2
1−
c2

tifapl> c2dm = mv dv + v2dm → (4)

• rkd; (3)> (4) ypUe;J

dEk = c2 dm → (5)

Ek m
∫0
dE k = c 2 ∫ dm
m0

,af;f Mw;wy; Ek = mc2 - m0c2

• nkhj;j Mw;wy; = ,af;f Mw;wy; + Xa;T epiw Mw;wy;

E = Ek +m0c2
E = mc2 – moc2 + moc2
E = mc2

nzG!9!n[g<gV!-bx<hqbz<!
<
!
4!lkqh<oh{<!uqei.uqjmgt!
<
!
2/!JOsiOmih<Hgt<!we<hju!biju@!wMk<Kg<gim<Mk<!kVg/!
! !!!sllie!n[!w{<j{Bl<)Z*!OuXhm<m!fqjx!w{<j{Bl<)A*!ogi{<m!yOv!
keqlk<kqe<!n[g<gt<!! w/gi!;!2H1,!2H2 ,2H3
! !
3/!JOsihii<gt<<!we<hju!biju@!wMk<Kg<gim<Mk<!kVg/!
! !!!sllie!fqjx!w{<j{Bl<) A*!OuXhm<m!n[!w{<j{Bl<)Z*!ogi{<m!
ouu<OuX!keqlk<kqe<!! n[g<gt<<!JOsihii<gt<!weh<hMl</!
! w/gi!;!9O16,!8N16
!

4/!JOsiOmie<gt<!we<hju!biju@!wMk<Kg<gim<Mk<!kVg/!
! !!!sllie!w{<{qg<jgbqz<!njlf<k!fqB,m<vie<gjtg<!ogi{<Mt<t!ouu<OuX!
keqlk<kqe<!n[g<gt<!! JOsiOmie<gt<!weh<hMl</!
! w/gi!;!7C14,8O16
!

5/!n[g<gV!nmi<k<kqbqe<!lkqh<H!biK@!nK!wkjeg<!Gxqg<gqxK@!
!
i) n[g<gV!nmi<k<kqbqe<!lkqh<H!1.816x10 17 Kg m -3 .
ii) -f<k!dbi<lkqh<H!n[g<gVuqEt<!hVh<ohiVt<!lqg!nkqg!ntuqz<!!!
!!!!!kq{qg<gh<hm<m!fqjzbqz<!-Vg<gqxK!we<hkjeg<!Gxqg<gqxK/!
!
!
!
!

35
!
6/!n[fqjx!nzG!)2!amu*!we<xiz<!we<e@!
! !!!gii<he<!6c 12 n[uqe<!fqjxbqz<! !hr<G!fqjx!n[fqjx!nzG!!!(1 amu)!
weh<hMl</!
1 amu = x 6 c12n[uqe<!fqjx!
1 amu = 1.66 x 10 -27 kg
!
7/!2amu!g<G!sllie!Nx<xz<!lkqh<hqjeg<!g{g<gqMg/!

1 amu = 1.66 x 10 -27 kg


! !
!!!fqjx!Nx<xz<!-j{!lix<Xh<hc!E = mc2

E = 1.66 x 10 -27 x 9x1016 J

E = 1.66 x10 -27 x 9x1016eV


1.6 x 10-19

E = 931 x 106 eV

E = 931 MeV
!
8/!fqjxuP!we<xiz<!we<e@
! !!n[g<gVuqz<!dt<t!n[g<gVk<Kgt<gtqe<!olik<k!fqjxg<Gl<?!
n[g<gVuqe<!d{<jl!fqjxg<Gl<!-jmOb!dt<t!OuXhiM!fqjx!uP!weh<hMl</!
! ∆m = Zmp + Nmn – m
!
9/!n[g<gVuqe<!hqj{h<hix<xz<!we<xiz<!we<xiz<!we<e@!
! !!!!HOvim<mie<gTl<?!fqB,m<vie<gTl<!Osi<f<K!n[g<gV!dVuiGl<OhiK!
ljxBl<!fqjx!)∆m*!nkx<Gs<!sllie!Nx<xzig!lix<xh<hMgqxK/!-f<k!Nx<xz<!
n[g<gVuqe<!hqj{h<hix<xz<!weh<hMl</!hqj{h<hix<xz<!= (∆m)c2!
∆m!we<hK!fqjx!uP!c!we<hK!ytqbqe<!kqjsOugl</!
!
:/!hqj{h<hix<xz<!ujtOgim<czqVf<K!ohxh<hMl<!wjuObEl<!&e<X!LcUgjt!wPKg/!
i) A =!67!Ng!dt<t!OhiK!yV!n[g<gVk<KgTg<gie!hqj{h<H!Nx<xzieK!ohVl!!
!!lkqh<H!9/9!MeV!J!njmgqxK/!-K!-Vl<H!37Fe67!n[g<gV!NGl</!weOu!-Vl<H!!
!!njek<Kk<!keqlr<gjt!uqm!nkqg!fqjzh<hiM!djmbkig!njlBl</!
ii) fqjx!w{<!51!lx<Xl<!231!g<Gl<!-jmh<hm<m!n[g<gVg<gtqe<!yV!n[g<gVk<!!
!!KgTg<gie!svisiq!hqj{h<H!Nx<xz<!Slii<!9/6MeV!Ng!-Vg<Gl<!-k<kjgb!!
!!keqlr<gtqe<!fqjzh<Hk<ke<jl!!nkqglig!-Vg<Gl</!-ju!gkqiqbg<gk<kqx<G!!
!!dm<hmiK/!
iii)fqjx!w{<!nkqglig!dt<tOhiK!hqj{h<H!Nx<xz<!Gjxf<K!ogi{<Om!uVgqxK/!!
!!BOveqbk<kqe<!yV!n[g<gVuqx<gie!hqj{h<hix<xz<!Slii<!8/7MeV!NGl</!weOu!!
!!-k<keqlr<gt<!fqjzh<himx<xju/!OlZl<!-ju!gkqiqbg<gk<kqx<G!dm<hMl</!
!
21/!gkqiqbg<gl<!)-bx<jg!gkqiqbg<gl<*!we<xiz<!we<e@!
! n[!w{<!93!J!uqm!nkqglie!n[!w{<[jmb!gelie!keqlr<gt<!!
!!!ke<eqs<jsbig!α, , γ Ohie<x!gkqi<gjt!outquqMl<!fqgp<U!gkqiqbg<gl<!nz<zK!!
!!!-bx<jg!gkqiqbg<gl<!weh<hMl</!
!
!
!
!
!

36
!
22/!gkqiqbg<gs<sqjkU!uqkqjbg<%X!@!
!!!!!!!!!!YvzG!Ofvk<kqz<!sqjkujmBl<!gkqiqbg<g!n[g<gtqe<!w{<{qg<jg!!!!
!!!!)sqjkU!uQkl<*!nk<keqlk<kqz<!dt<t!n[g<gtqe<!w{<{qg<jgg<G!Ofi<k<kguqz<!!!!
!!!!njlBl</!!nkiuK!!!! !
23/!yV!gqB,iq!ujvbX/!
! yV!uqeicg<G!4/8x2121!sqjkUgjtk<!kVl<!gkqiqbg<gk<!keqlk<kqe<!ntU!gqB,iq!!
!!!weh<hMl</!nkiuK!4/8x2121!ohg<ogivz<!=!2!gqB,iq
!
24/!osbx<jg!!gkqiqbg<gl<!we<xiz<!we<e@!
! gkqiqbg<glx<x! Ozsie! keqlr<gjts<! osbx<jg! Ljxbqz<! gkqiqbg<gk<!
keqlr<gtig!!lix<Xl<!fqgp<U!osbx<jg!gkqiqbg<gl<!weh<hMl</!!
!
25/!vie<m<\e<!ujvbX/!
! !!gkqi<uQs<sqe<!ntU!vie<m<\e<!we<x!nzgiz<!ntuqmh<hMgqxK/!yV!gqvil<!!
!!!gix<xqz<!2/7x2123!Osic!!nbeqgjt!dVuig<Gl<!gkqi<uQs<S!yV!vie<m<\e<!weh<hMl</!
!
26/!!osbx<jgg<!gkqiqbg<g!JOsiOmih<Hgjt!dVuig<Gl<!Ljxgt<!biju@!
i) lqGf<k!ntuqz<!fqB,m<vie<gjtg<!ogi{<Mt<t!n[g<gV!djzbqEt<!!
!!-zg<Gk<!keqlr<gjt!! juk<K!osbx<jgg<!gkqiqbg<g!JOsiOmih<Hgt<!!!!
!!ohxh<hMgqe<xe/!
!!w/gi/! )2*!! 15P31 + on1 15P
32∗
+
ii) jsg<Otim<vie<!Ohie<x!Kgt<!LMg<gqgtqzqVf<K!outqh<hMl<!Kgt<gjtg<!ogi{<M!!
!!-zg<Gk<keqlr<gjtk<!kig<gq!!osbx<jg!gkqiqbg<g!JOsiOmih<Hgt<!ohxh<hMgqe<xe!
23 2 24∗
!!!w/gi/! 11Na + 1H 11Na +1 H1

16. gkqiqbg<g!gii<he<!ubKg<!g{qh<H!we<xiz<!we<e@!
!
i) C14 e<!njv!NBm<gizl<!6681!N{<Mgt<!utql{<mzk<kqz<!dt<t!C14lx<Xl<!C12
uqgqkl<!2!;!217!
ii) dbqiqer<gt<!dm<ogit<Tl<!d{uqzqVf<Kl<!Suisqg<Gl<!gix<xqzqVf<Kl<!C14 J!
wMk<Kg<!!ogit<gqe<xe/!-xh<H!Wx<hMl<!OhiK!C14 wMk<Kg<!ogit<uK!fqXk<kh<hm<M!
Wx<geOu!dt<t!C14 sqjkujmbk<!okimr<Gl</!
iii) -xf<k!ohiVtqz<!dt<t!C14ntjug<!g{g<gqm<M!nke<!ubkqjeg<!
g{g<gqmzil</!-K!gkqiqbg<gg<!gii<he<!ubK!g{qh<H!weh<hMl</!
!
28/!osbx<jg!keql!lix<xl<!we<xiz<!we<e@!w/gi/!kVg/!
! !!osbx<jg!Ljxgtqz<!yV!keqlk<jk!lx<oxiV!keqllig!liXkz<!osbx<jgk<!
keql!lix<xl<!weh<hMl</!
! w/gi/!jfm<v\e<!α.Kgt<gtiz<!kig<gh<hMl<!OhiK!Ng<sq\e<!8O17Ng!!
!!!!!!lix<xh<hMgqxK/!
!
14 4 17 1
! ! 8N + 2He 8O + 1H

29/!gkqi<uQs<S!Nb<ugr<gtqz<!h{qbix<Xhui<gt<!Olx<ogit<tOu{<cb!Le<oes<siqg<jg!!!!!!!
!!!fmucg<ggt<!biju@!
!
2*!gkqi<uQs<Sh<ohiVm<gt<!kck<k!Sui<!ogi{<m!giiQb!ogit<gzk<kqz<!!
!!jug<gh<hmOu{<Ml</!
3*!h{qbix<Xhui<gt<!giiQb!Njmgt<!lx<Xl<!jgBjxgjth<!hbe<hMk<kOu{<Ml</!
4*!gkqiqbg<g!likqiqgjtk<!okijzg<gm<Mh<him<M!Ljxbqz<!jgbitOu{<Ml</!
5*!yu<ouiVuVl<!lqgs<!sqxqb!ytqh<hmk<kgM!ogi{<m!nm<jmjb!n{qf<K?!nkje!!!
!!ncg<gc!hiqOsikqk<K!gkqi<uQs<sqe<!ntju!nxqf<K!ogit<t!Ou{<Ml</!
! !
!

37
2:/!n[g<gVh<!hqtju!we<xiz<!we<e@!
!
! !!!gelie!keqlk<kqe<!n[g<gV!-V!K{<Mgtig!djmuKme<!lqg!!
nkqglie!Nx<xZl<!outqh<hMl<!fqgp<U!n[g<gV!hqtju!weh<hMl</!
!
31/!n[g<gV!okimi<uqje!we<xiz<!we<e@!
i) kieigOu!hvUl<!n[g<gVh<hqtju!uqje!n[g<gV!okimi<uqje!weh<hMl</!
ii) -u<uqjebqz<!fqB,m<vie<gtqe<!w{<{qg<jg!ohVg<Gk<okimiqz<!lqgOuglig!
ohVg<gljmBl</!
!
32/!Ofi<Ohig<G!Kgt<LMg<gqgt<?!SVt<ujg!Kgt<LMg<gqgt<!OuXhMk<Kg/!
!
u/! Ofi<Ohig<G!Kgt<LMg<gqgt<! SVt<ujg!Kgt<LMg<gqgt<!
w{<!
2! lixik!lqe<ePk<k!OuXhim<jmg<! yu<ouiV!fqjzbqZl<!Nx<xz<!
ogi{<M!LMg<gh<hMgqe<xe/! ntqg<gh<hm<M!Kgt<gt<!
LMg<gh<hMgqe<xe/!
3! Kgtqe<!Nx<xjz!sqz!MeV ntuqx<Og! Kgtqe<!Nx<xz<!21:eV(GeV)
dbi<k<k!LcBl</! ujv!nkqgiqg<Gl<!
4! w/gi;!gig<gqv0h<m<!uiz<m<me<! w/gi/!;!Ofi<Ohig<G!LMg<gq?!
lqe<eqbx<xq?! jsg<Otim<vie<?!hQm<mim<vie<?!
uie<.c.gqvi0h<!-bx<xq/! lx<Xl<!sqe<g<Ovim<vie<!
! !
33/!liXfqjzh<hVle<!lx<Xl<!liXfqjz!fqjx!ujvbX/!
! !!!!!yu<ouiV! n[g<gVh<! hqtjug<Gh<! hqxGl<! Gjxf<kK! yV! fqB,m<vieiuK!
nMk<k!hqtjujb!! Wx<hMk<Kl<! ujgbqz<! njlBl<! hqtjuh<! ohiVtqe<! hVle<!
liXfqjzh<!hVle<!weh<hMl</!!liXfqjzh<! hVle<! ogi{<m! n[g<gVh<hqtjug<G!
dm<hMl<!ohiVtqe<!fqjx!liXfqjz!fqjx!! weh<hMl/<!
34/!n[g<gV!djzbqz<!k{qh<hie<gt<!we<hju!biju@!w/gi/!kVg/!
! !!!!n[g<gVh<!hqtjubqe<!OhiK!outqh<hMl<!3MeV Nx<xz<!ogi{<m!Oug!
fqB,m<vie<gjt!1/136eV svisiq!Nx<xz<!ogi{<m!ouh<h!fqB,m<vie<gtig!lix<Xl<!
ohiVm<gt<!k{qh<hie<gt<!weh<hMl</!
w/gi;!sikiv{!fQi<?!ge!fQi<?!gqvi0jhm<!
35/!n[g<gV!djzbqz<!gm<Mh<hMk<Kl<!k{<Mgtqe<!hbe<!we<e@!wjuObEl<!!!!
!!!-v{<M!gm<Mh<hMk<Kl<!k{<Mgjtg<!Gxqh<hqMg/!
! !!!!!!!n[g<gV! djzbqz<! fqB,m<vie<gjt! dm<gui<f<K! okimi<uqjejbg<!
gm<Mh<hMk<k?!gm<Mh<hMk<Kl<!k{<Mgt<!hbe<hMgqe<xe/!
! !!w/!gi!Ohivie<!lx<Xl<!gim<lqbl<!Ohie<xju/!
!
36/!dx<hk<kq!djz!we<hK!we<e@!!
! !!!!!n[g<gV! djz! osbz<hMl<! OhiK! hqtjug<G! dm<hmik! ohiVt<gjt!
fqB,m<vie<gjt!! dm<guVl<hc! osb<K! hqtjug<G! dm<hMl<! ohiVtig! dVuig<Gl<!
djzgt<!dx<hk<kq!djzgt<!!weh<hMl</!
238 233
92U ! lx<Xl<! 90Th ! Ohie<xju! nkqg! ntuqz<! gqjmk<kiZl<! nju!
hqtjug<G!dm<hmiK/!! -ux<jx!LjxOb!! 94Pu239!lx<Xl<! 92U233!we<x!hqtjug<G!
dm<hMl<!ohiVt<gtig!dx<hk<kq!djzgt<!lix<Xgqe<xe/!
!
37/!n[g<gV!-j{U!we<xiz<!we<e@!nz<zK!ouh<h!n[g<gV!uqje!we<xiz<!!!
!!!we<e@!
!!!!-v{<M!nz<zK!nkx<G!Olx<hm<m!-Ozsie!n[g<gVg<gt<!-j{f<K!yV!!!
!!gelie!!n[g<gVju!dVuig<Gl<!fqgp<U!n[g<gV!-j{U!weh<hMl</!-K!!!!
!!dbi<!ouh<hfqjzgtqz<!fjmohXukiz<!ouh<h!n[g<gV!uqje!we!njpg<gh<hMl</!
!
!
!
!
!

38
38/!gi^<lqg<!gkqi<gt<!we<xiz<!we<e@!
!
! ! γ!.!gkqi<gjtuqm!hz!lmr<G!nbeqbig<Gl<!kqxe<!ogi{<m!gi^<li^<!weh<hMl<!
Hxoutqbqe<! njek<Kk<! kqjsgtqz<! -Vf<Kl<! Huqjb! njmBl<! gkqi<uQs<Sgt<!
gi^<lqg<!gkqi<gt<!weh<hMl</!-ju!! Lke<jlg<! gi^<lqg<! gkqi<gt<! lx<Xl<! Kj{!
gi^<lqg<!gkqi<gt<!we!-Vujgh<hMl</!
!!
39/!Osic!dVuikz<!lx<Xl<!hVh<ohiVt<!npqkz<!we<xiz<!we<e@!!
• nkqg! Nx<xz<! ogi{<m! 0Ohim<mie<! n[g<gVjus<! Sx<xqBt<t! uzqjlbie!
lqe<Hzk<Kme<! uqje!Hiqukiz<! wzg<m<vie<! .!hisqm<vie<! Osic!dVuigqxK/!-K!
Osic!dVuikz<!weh<hMl</!
• Osic! dVuikZg<G! lXkjzbig! wzg<m<viEl<! hisqm<viEl<! -j{f<K!
0Ohim<mie<!dVuigqxK/!-K!hVh<ohiVt<!npqkz<!weh<hMl</!
!!!
3:/!ozh<mie<gt<!hx<xq!Gxqh<H!ujvg/!
i)wzg<m<vieqe<! fqjxjb! uqm! 318! lmr<G! nz<zK! nkx<Gg<! Gjxuie!
fqjxogi{<m!Ozsie!! Kgt<gt<!ozh<mie<gt<!NGl</!
ii)wzg<m<vie<?! hisqm<vie<?! fqB,m<iqOei?! Ne<c! fqB,m<iqOei! Ofi<lx<Xl<! wkqi<!
lqBbie<gt<!Ohie<x!Kgt<gt<!-k<okiGkqbqz<!nmr<gqBt<te/!
iii),ux<xqz<! fqB,m<iqOeiUl<?! Ne<c! fqB,m<iqOeiUl<! fqjxbx<x! lqe<E~m<mlx<x?!
Nx<xjzBl<?kx<Spx<sqjbBl<!ogi{<Mt<te/!
!
41/!lQsie<gt<!hx<xq!Gxqh<H!ujvg/!
i) wzg<m<vie<!lx<Xl<!HOvim<mieqe<!fqjxgTg<G!-jmh<hm<m!fqjxjb!djmbju/!
ii) π.lQsie<?!K.lQsie<?!η-lQsie<!we!&e<X!ujg!lQsie<gt<!dt<te/!
!!iii) lQsie<gt<!n[g<gVk<!Kgt<gTg<gqjmOb!-jmuqjes<!osbjz!Wx<hMk<Kl</!
!
42/!hiiqbie<gt<!Gxqh<H!ujvg/!
i) gelie!Kgt<gtqe<!okiGkq!hiiqbie<gt</!
ii) hiiqbie<gt<?!fqB,g<tqbie<gt<!lx<Xl<!jah<hvie<gt<!we!-Vujgh<hMl</!
iii) fqB,m<vie<?!HOvim<mie<!Ngqbju!fqB,g<tqbie<gt</!
iv) zil<mi?!sqg<li?!js?!yOlgi!Kgt<gt<!jah<hvie<gt<!NGl</!
!
43/!ogiMg<gh<hm<m!n[g<gtqzqVf<K!JOsiOmih<Hgt<?!JOsihii<gt<?!lx<Xl<!!!!
!!!JOsiOmie<gtqe<!Osicgjtk<!Oki<U!osb<g!@!!
! !!!!!!!11Na22, 24
12Mg ,
24 23
11Na , 10Ne !
! !!!!kQi<U!;.!
22 24
! ! i) JOsiOmih<Hgt</! 11Na , 11Na
24 24
! ii)!JOsihii<gt</! 12Mg , 11Na !
! ! iii)!JOsiOmie<gt<! 11Na24, 10Ne23
44/!2gqvil<!4Li6z<!dt<t!n[g<gtqe<!w{<{qg<jgjbg<!g{g<gqMg/!
! !!!!!!!!!)nuOgm<Ovi!w{<!= )!
! !
kQi<U!;.! !
! 7!gqvil<!Li.!-z<!dt<t!!n[g<gtqe<<!w{<{qg<jg= 6.023x !
! 2!gqvil<!Li.!-z<!dt<t!n[g<gtqe<!w{<{qg<jg= !

!
45/!94Po325gkqiqbg<g!JOsiOmih<H!nMk<kMk<K!-V!α–!sqjkUgjtBl<!-V!β–
sqjkUgjt!Wx<hMk<Kl<!OhiK!dVuiGl<!JOsiOmih<hqe<!n[!w{<!lx<Xl<!fqjx!!
!!!w{<j{g<!g{g<gqMg/!
!! ! !
! 84Po214 A 4 4 0 0
ZX + 2He + 2He + -1e + -1e !
A + 4 + 4 = 214
A = 214 -8 = 206

39
Z + 2 + 2 – 1 – 1 = 84
Z + 2 = 84 ⇒ Z = 84 – 2 ⇒ Z = 82
! 0A =!317!
Z =!93!

35. 92U238JOsiOmih<H?!nMk<kMk<K!&e<X! –!lx<Xl<!-v{<M!! –sqjkUgjtBl<!!!


!!!njmf<k!hqxG!dVuiGl<!JOsiOmih<H!biK@!
A
:3 U349! !
zX + 2 He 4 + 2 He 4 + 2 He 4 + -1eo+ -1eo
A+4+4+4= 238
A= 238 – 12 = 226
Z + 2 + 2 + 2 – 1 -1 = 92
Z= 92-6+2
Z=88
Z =99!!weOu!JOsiOmih<H!!99Ra337
!
47/!Ovmieqe<!njv!NBm<gizl<!4/9!fim<gt<!nke<!svisiq!NBm<gizk<jkg<!g{g<gqMg/!
! kQi<U;.!! !
! ! τ= T ½ (or)!
τ= 1.443 T½!
! ! ! τ= 1.443 x 3. 8
! ! τ= 5. 4834!fim<gt<!!
! ! ! τ= 5. 5!fim<gt<!
!
48/!6!njv!NBm<gizk<kqx<Gh<!hqe<ei<!lQklqVg<Gl<!gkqiqbg<gk<!keqlk<kqe<!!!!!!!
!!!uqPg<gim<jmg<!g{g<gqMg!@!
njv!NBm<gizl<! wR<sqBt<t! sqjkujmf<k!uqPg<giM!
uqPg<giM!
I (T1/2) 50% 50%
II (2 T1/2) 25% (50 + 25)% = 75%
III (3 T1/2) 12.5% (75 + 12.5)% = 87.5%
IV (4 T1/2) 6.25% (87.5 + 6.25)% = 93.75%
V (5 T1/2) 3.125% (93.75 + 3.125)% = 96.875%
!
! 0!6!njv!NBm<gizr<gTg<Gh<!hqxG!wR<sqBt<t!uqPg<giM!!= 3.125%
!
38. 94Po329!njv!NBm<gizl<!4!fqlqmr<gt<?!26!fqlqmr<gtqz<!nK!sqjkujmf<k!!!!
!!!!!!!!!uqPg<giM!we<e@!!

njv!NBm<gizl<! wR<sqBt<t!uqPg<giM! sqjkujmf<k!uqPg<giM!


I!)4!fqlqmr<gt<*! 61%! 61%!
II!)7!fqlqmr<gt<*! 36%! )50 +!36)% = 86%!
III!):!fqlqmr<gt<*! 23/6%! )86 +!23/6)% =!98/6%!
IV!)23!fqlqmr<gt<*! 7/36%! )98/6 +!7/36)% =!:4/86%!
V (26!fqlqmr<gt<*! 4/236%! ):4/86+4/236*% =!:7/986%!
!
olik<kg<gizl<!
!! njv!NBm<gizr<gtqe<!w{<{qg<jg!=!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!= = 5!!!!!!!!
!njv!NBm<gizl<!
! !0!26!fqlqmr<gTg<Gh<!hqxG!sqjkujmf<k!uqPg<giM!= :7/986%
!
!
!
!
!
!

40
!
4:/!ciqcbk<kqe<!njv!NBm<gizl<!23/!6!N{<Mgt</!36!N{<MgTg<GhqxG!!
!!!!nke<!wu<utU!hGkq!!wR<sqbqVg<Gl<@!!

sqjkujmf<k!hGkq!
njv!NBm<gizl<! wR<sqBt<t!hGkq!
!
I!)23/!6!N{<Mgt<*! 2!-! !
!
II )36!n{<Mgt<* 2!-! !
!
! !!!
njv!NBm<gizr<gtqe<!w{<{qg<jg!!!= olik<kg<gizl<!
!!!!!njv!NBm<gizl<!
= =!3!
!
0!36!N{<MgTg<Gh<hqxG!wR<sqbqVg<Gl<!hGkq!= !
!
!
!
!
!
5 kjpg;ngz; tpdh-tpilfs;
BE
1. tisNfhl;bd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;.
A
BE BE
• epiw vz; A = 20 tiu kjpg;G NtfkhfTk; A > 20 vdpy; kjpg;G
A A
nkJthfTk; mjpfhpf;fpwJ. A < 20 vdpy;>Z = N vdTk;> A ehd;fpd;
klq;fhfTk;> ,ul;ilg;gil vz;zhfTk; mikAk; mZf;fUf;fs; kPz;Lk;
kPz;Lk; KfLfspy; mikfpd;wd. A = 40 Kjy; 120 tiu tiuNfhL
Vwf;Fiwa fpilf;NfhlhFk;.
BE
• (
A =56 vdpy; 26 Fe 56 )A
kjpg;G 8.8 MeV. vdNt ,Uk;G mjpf
epiyg;ghLilaJ.
BE
• A=40Kjy; A=120tiu ruhrhp kjpg;G 8.5 MeV. vdNt ,e;j
A
mZf;fUf;fs; mjpf epiyj;jd;ikAilaitahFk;.
BE
• mjpf epiw vz; kjpg;Gfspy; kjpg;G Fiwe;J ANudpaj;jpw;F 7.6MeV
A
MFk;. vdNt ,e;j mZf;fUf;fs; fjphpaf;fj;jpw;F cl;gLk;> epiyj;
jd;ikaw;witahFk;.
BE
• fdkhd kw;Wk; ,Nyrhd mZf;fUf;fspd; Fiwe;j kjpg;Gfs; mit
A
mZf;fUg;gpsT kw;Wk; mZf;fU ,izTf;F cl;gLtijf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

2. mZf;fUtpir> mZf;fU tpirapd; gz;Gfs;.


Neh;kpd;D}l;lk; nfhz;l GNuhl;lhd;fSf;F ,ilNa nray;gLk; tpul;L tpiria
tpl typikahd tpir mZf;fUtpDs; nray;gl;L GNuhl;lhd;fisAk;
epA+l;uhd;fisAk; gpizf;fpd;wJ. ,t;tpir mZf;fUtpir vdg;gLk;.
mZf;fU tpirapd; gz;Gfs;:
• kpd;D}l;l rhh;gw;w tpir.(n – p), (p – p), (p – n)vd;w %d;W Nrhb
mZf;fUj; Jfs;fspilNa rktpir Vw;gLk;. epiy kpd;dpay; tpir my;y.

41
• fz;lwpag;gl;l tpirfspNyNa typikahd tpir.
• <h;g;gpay; tpiray;y. <h;g;gpay; tpiria tpl 1040klq;F mjpfk;.
• FWfpa neLf;fk; nfhz;l tpir. 10-15m njhiytpy; mikAk;
mZf;fUj; Jfs;fSf;fpilNa ,t;tpir typikahdJ.
3. α - fjph;fspd; gz;Gfs;
• kpf mjpf jpirNtfj;Jld; Neh;f;Nfhl;by; nry;Yk;.
• kpd; kw;Wk; fhe;jg; Gyq;fshy; tpyfyilAk;.
• thAf;fis madpahf;fk; nra;Ak;. (madpahf;Fk; jpwd; = 100 ×β fjph;fspd;
madpahf;fk; kw;Wk; 10000×γ fjph;fspd; madpahf;fk;)
• xspg;glj;jfLfisg; ghjpf;Fk;.
• xsph;jiy Vw;gLj;Jk;.
• CLUT jpwd; kpff;FiwT.

4. β-fjph;fspd; gz;Gfs;
• 0.3 c Kjy; 0.99 c tiu jpirNtfk; cilait.
• kpd;kw;Wk; fhe;jg; Gyq;fshy; tpyfyilAk;.
• thAf;fis madpahf;Fk;> madpahf;Fk; jpwd; α- fjph;fis tpl FiwT.
• xspg;glj;jfLfisg; ghjpf;Fk;.
• xsph;jiy Vw;gLj;Jk;.
• CLUT jpwd; α - fjph;fis tpl mjpfk;.

5. γ-fjph;fspd; gz;Gfs;
• xspapd; jpirNtfj;jpy; ( c ) nry;Yk;.
• kpd; kw;Wk; fhe;j Gyq;fshy; tpyfy; miltjpy;iy.
• madpahf;Fk; jpwd; kpff;FiwT
• xspg;glj;jfLfisg; ghjpf;Fk;.
• xsph;jiy Vw;gLj;Jk;.
• CLUT jpwd; kpf mjpfk;.

6.fjphpaf;f ,lg;ngah;r;rp tpjpfs; my;yJ rhb - g[d; fjphpaf;fr; rpijT tpjpfs;


• α - rpijT
fjphpaf;f mZf;fU α-Jfis ntsptpl;L rpijtile;jhy; mZ vz; 2
FiwAk;> epiw vz; 4 FiwAk.;
v.fh. 88 Ra 226 →86 Rn222 + 2 He4
• β - rpijT
fjphpaf;f mZf;fU β-Jfis ntsptpl;L rpijtile;jhy; mZ vz; 1
$Lk;> epiw vz; khwhJ.
v.fh. 90Th234 →91 Pa234 + −1e0
• γ - rpijT
fjphpaf;f mZf;fU γ-Jfis ntsptpLk;NghJ mZ vz; kw;Wk; epiw
vz; khwhJ. mZf;fUtpd; Mw;wy; kl;lk; kl;Lk; khWk;.
v.fh. Nubak; Nulhdhf khWk; rpijtpy; Nulhd; fpsh;rr
; p epiyapypUe;J
mbepiyf;Fj; jpUk;Gk;NghJ 0.187MeV Mw;wy; nfhz;l γ-fjph; ntspg;gLk;.

7. epA+l;uhd;fspd; gz;Gfs;
• i`l;u[idj; jtpu midj;J mZf;fUf;fspYk; epA+l;uhd;fs; cs;sd.
• GNuhl;lhd;fis tpl rw;Nw epiw mjpfkhd> Rop kpd;D}l;lk; nfhz;l
eLepiyj;Jfs;fs;.

42
• mZf;fUtpDs; epiyg;ghLilait. mZf;fUtpw;F ntspNa
epiyg;ghlw;wit. epA+l;uhd;fspd; miu MAl;fhyk; 13 epkplq;fs;.
0 n1 →1 H 1 + −1 e 0 + υ
• mZf;fUf;fis vspjpy; CLUtpr; nry;Yk;.
• ,af;f Mw;wy; mbg;gilapy;
i) FiwNtf epA+l;uhd; (0–1000eV)
ii) NtfepA+l;uhd; (0.5MeV-10MeV)
iii) ntg;gepA+l;uhd; (0.025eV) vd tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

8. fjphpaf;f INrhNlhg;Gfspd; kUj;Jtg; gad;ghLfs;


• fjphpaf;f Nfhghy;l;( Co 60 )Gw;WNeha; rpfpr;irf;Fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
• fjphpaf;f (
Nrhbak; Na 24 ,uj;j ehsq;fspy; )
cs;s milg;Gfisf;
fz;lwpaTk;> ,jaj;jpd; nray;ghl;il mwpaTk; gad;gLfpwJ.
• fjphpaf;f mNahbd; I ijuha;L ( ) 131
rpfpr;irf;Fk;> %isf;foiyfis
,lkwpaTk; gad;gLfpwJ.
• ( )
fjphpaf;f ,Uk;G Fe ,uj;j Nrhifiaf; fz;lwpag; gad;gLfpwJ.
59

• fjphpaf;f gh];gu]; (P ) Njhy; 32


Neha; rpfpr;irf;Fg; gad;gLfpwJ.

9. caphpaypy; fjph;tPr;Rfspy; jPatpisTfs;


• γfjph; kdpj clypy; nry;Yk; NghJ Vw;gLk; cly;top kw;Wk; kuG top
ghjpg;Gfis %d;W gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fyhk;.
i) kPsf;$ba FWfpafhy tpisTfs;
ii) kPsKbahj ePz;lfhy tpisTfs;
iii) kuGtop tpisTfs;
• fjph;tPr;rpd; msT kw;Wk; ngwg;gLk; tPjk;> fjph;tPr;Rf;F cl;gLk; clypd;
gFjp Mfpatw;iwr; rhh;e;J kdpj clypd; xU mq;fk; ghjpf;fg;gLtJ
mikAk;.
• kPsf;$ba FWfpa fhy tpisTfs; - rpwpa fjph;tPr;Rfshy; Vw;gLk; Njhy;
ghjpg;G> Kbcjph;jy;.
• kPsKbahj ePz;l fhy tpisTfs; - fjph;tPr;R 100 R vdpy; Y}f;nfkpah
(,uj;jg;Gw;WNeha;). 600 R vdpy; kuzk; Vw;gLk;. ghJfhg;ghd fjph;tPr;R
msT xU thuj;jpy; 250 mR.
• kuG toptpisTfs; - ,dg;ngUf;fr; nry;fspy; cs;s kuG mZf;fisg;
ghjpf;Fk;.

10. i`l;u[d; Fz;bd; jj;Jtk;> nray;ghL


• mZf;fU ,izT %yk; Vuhskhd Mw;wiy ntspg;gLj;Jk; ntbf;Fk;
mikg;G i`l;u[d; Fz;L MFk;.
• mZf;fU ,iztpw;Fj; Njitahd cah;ntg;gepiy (50 kpy;ypad; bfphp
nry;rpa];) mZFz;L xd;wpid ntbf;fr; nra;J ngwg;gLfpwJ.
• mZFz;L ntbg;Gf;F mUfpy; jFe;j msT bA+l;uhDk;> bhpl;lhDk;
itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
• rhjfkhd ntg;gepiyapy; fl;Lg;ghlw;w mZf;fU ,izT epfo;T
eilngw;W Vuhskhd ntg;gMw;wy; ntspg;gLk;.
1 H +1H → 2 He + 0 n + Mw;wy;.
3 2 4 1

43
11.mZFz;bd; jj;Jtk; kw;Wk; nray;ghL

jj;Jtk;: fl;Lg;ghlw;w mZf;fUg; gpsit njhlh;tpid


gpsitg;nghUs;:
• U235 my;yJ Pu
239

mikg;G:
• khWepiy gUkidtpl Fiwthd gUkd; nfhz;l U 235 my;yJ Pu 239 My;
Md ,U miuf;Nfhsq;fs; rpwpa ,ilntspapy; gphpj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

nray;ghL:
• khWepiy epiwiatpl Fiwthd epiwAila U 235 my;yJ Pu 239 vd;w
%d;whtJ ,aq;Fk; cUis> miuf;Nfhsq;fSf;F ,ilapy; rhpahfg;
nghUe;Jk;gb nra;jhy; khWepiy epiwiatpl nkhj;j epiw mjpfkhfpwJ.
• fl;Lg;ghlw;w njhlh;tpid Vw;gl;L gaq;fukhf ntbj;Jr; rpjWfpwJ.
tpisTfs;:
• Vuhskhd ntg;g Mw;wy;> xsp> fjph;tPr;Rfs; Vw;gLk;.
• gykpy;ypad; bfphp nry;rpa]; ntg;gepiyAk;> gykpy;ypad; tspkz;ly
mOj;jKk; caUk;.
• mjph;r;rp miyfs; Vw;gLk;.
• γfjph;fs;> epA+l;uhd;fs; cly; eyf;Nfl;il Vw;gLj;Jk;.

12. fh];kpf; fjph; nghopT epfo;T

• mUtpf;nfhs;ifapd;gb fh];kpf; fjph;nghopTfs;


i) fjph;tPr;R Nkhjy;
ii) Nrhb cUthjy; Mfpatw;why; Vw;gLk;.
• fh];kpf; fjphpYs;s e − or e + , thA mZf;fUf;fspd; kPJ NkhjYw;W
Mw;wiy ,of;fpd;wd. Mw;wy; ,og;G Nghl;lhdhf ntspg;gLk;.
• Nghl;lhd; mZf;fUTld; tpidGhpe;J vyf;l;uhd;(e-) kw;Wk; ghrpl;uhd; (e+)
Nrhbia cUthf;Fk;.

44
• vyf;l;uhd;> ghrpl;uhd; Nrhb NkYk; NkYk; mZf;fUf;fSld; NkhjYw;W
mjpf Nghl;lhd;fisAk;> Nghl;lhd;fs; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; vyf;l;uhd;>
ghrpl;uhd; NrhbfisAk; cUthf;Fk;.
• xt;nthU Jfspd; Mw;wYk; khWepiy Mw;wiytpl Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;
tiu ,e;epfo;T eilngw;W ngUf;fk; Vw;gLk;.

21!lkqh<oh{<!uqei.uqjmgt<!
2/ohbqe<hqiqm<\<!fqjx!fqxlijzlieq!
INrhNlhg;Gfspd; epiwiaf; fz;lwpag; gad;gLfpwJ. !
mikg;G:
• Neh;kpd; madpfw;iw s1, s2 we<x!hqtUgt<!!
• upqbigs<!osz<gqxK/!
• outquVl<!olz<zqb!gx<jx!kqjsOugk<!!
• Oki<f<okMh<hieqz<!osz<gqxK/!
• kqjsOugk<!Oki<f<okMh<hie<!Gxqh<hqm<m!
kqjsOugl<!ogi{<m!nbeqgjtk<!
Oki<f<okMg<Gl</!
!
osbz<hiM;!
• kqjsOugk<!Oki<f<okMh<hieqz<!lqe<Hzl<!E lx<Xl<!gif<kHzl<!B osr<Gk<kig!
njlBl</!
Bqv=qE
v=E/B
• v kqjsOugl<!ogi{<m!nbeqgt<!s3 hqtU!upqbig!D we<x!
dbi<!oux<xqmlig<gh<hm<m!gzk<kqEt<!FjpBl</!
• -r<Gg<!gif<kHzl<!B' ogiMg<gh<hm<M!nbeqg<Gk<!Okjubie!jlbOfig<G!
uqjsjb!ntqk<K!um<mh<!hijkbqz<!osZk<Kl</

B'qv=mv2/R
m=B'qR/v
v=E/B J!hqvkqbqm
m=BB'qR/E
• ouu<OuX!fqjxogi{<m!madpft<!ouu<OuX!njvum<mh<!hijkbqz<!ose<X!
ytqh<hmk<kgm<cz<!gVjlg<OgiMgjt!d{<mig<Gl</!
• gzk<kqe<!kqxh<hqx<Gl<!gVjlg<Ogim<cx<Gl<!-jmh<hm<m!okijzU!uqm<ml<!2R
NGl</
• q,B,B',E,R kjpg;G njhpe;jhy; Neh; kpd; madpfspd; epiwfisf;
fzf;fplyhk;.

45
3/!gkqiqbg<gk<!keqll<!ye<xqz<!wf<k!yV!Ofvk<kqZl<!dt<t!keqlk<kqe<!!!!
!!ntjug<!g{<mxqukx<gie!Ogiju!lx<Xl<!!njv!NBm<gizk<kqx<gie!!!
!!Ogiju!
sqjkU!uqkq;!
• YvzG! Ofvk<kqz<! sqijujmBl<! n[g<gtqe<! w{<{qg<jg! nf<Ofvk<kqz<!
nk<keqlk<kqz<!dt<t!n[g<gtqe<!w{<{qg<jgg<G!Ofi<k<kguqz<!njlBl</
• okimg<gk<kqz<!n[g<gtqe<!w{<{qg<jg!No.
‘t’ fhyj;;jpw;Fg; gpwF mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if N.

,q;F λ-rpijT khwpyp

t=0 vdpy; N=N0


• loge N0

loge N = + loge N0

loge(N/N0)= , N/N0=

• N=N0

• jdpkj;jpd; mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if fhyk; mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ


mLf;Ff;Fwp Kiwg;gb FiwfpwJ.
miu MAl;fhyk;:
• fjpupaf;fj; jdpkj;jpy; cs;s mZf;fspdy; ghjpasT mZf;fs;
rpijtila MFk; fhyk;. rpijT tpjpg;gb N=N0

t=T1/2 vdpy; N=N0/2

N0/2 = N0 e-λT½

loge2 = λT1/2

T1/2 = ,

46
T1/2 = 2.3026

T1/2 =
• miu MAl;fhyk;> rpijT khwpypf;F vjph;j;jftpy; mikAk;
ruhrup MAl;fhyk;> miu MAl;fhyj;jpw;F ,ilNaahd njhlh;G>
T1/2 = 0.6931τ
!
4/!fqB,m<vie<!g{<Mhqch<H?!fqB,m<vie<gtqe<!h{<Hgt<!
!!g{<Mhqch<H;!
• ohik<Ok!lx<Xl<!ohg<gi<!ohiqzqbl<!keqlk<jk!α- Jfs;fisf; nfhz;L
jhf;Fk; NghJ mjpf CLUT jpwd; kpf;f kpd;>fhe;j Gyq;fshy;
tpyfyilahj fjph;tPr;R ntspg;gLtijf; fz;ldh;.!
• Kjypy; mit γ- fjph;fs; vdf; fUjg;gl;lJ.!
• Inudp fpA+hp kw;Wk; N[hypal; ,f;fjph;tPr;Rfs; ghu/gpd; nkOF topahfr;
nry;Yk;NghJ GNuhl;lhd;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtijf; fz;ldh;.!
• 1932 –y; rhl;tpf; GNuhl;lhd; epiwf;Fr; rkkhd kpd;D}l;lkw;w Jfs;fs;
,f;fjph;tPr;rpy; ,Ug;gijf; fz;Lgpbj;jhh;.!
• rhl;tpf; epA+l;uhd;fs; (on1 )!we!ohbiqm<M!njpk<kii</!
9 4
• 4Be +2He → 6C12 +on1!
!h{<Hgt<;!
1. i`l;u[idj; jtpu midj;J mZf;fUf;fspYk; epA+l;uhd;fs; cs;sd.
2. GNuhl;lhd;fis tpl rw;Nw epiw mjpfkhd> Rop kpd;D}l;lk; nfhz;l
eLepiyj;Jfs;fs;.
3. mZf;fUtpDs; epiyg;ghLilait. mZf;fUtpw;F ntspNa epiyg;ghlw;wit.
epA+l;uhd;fspd; miu MAl;fhyk; 13 epkplq;fs;
0 n → 1 H + −1 e + υ
1 1 0

4. mZf;fUf;fis vspjpy; CLUtpr; nry;Yk;.


5. ,af;f Mw;wy; mbg;gilapy; i) FiwNtf epA+l;uhd; (0–1000eV)
ii) NtfepA+l;uhd; (0.5MeV-10MeV)
iii) ntg;gepA+l;uhd; (0.025eV) vd tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

4. nfa;fh; Ky;yh; vz;zp


jj;Jtk;: mZf;fUtpd; fjph;tPr;Rf;fs; thAf;fis madpahf;Fk;.

mikg;G:
• fz;zhbahy; R+og;gl;l cNyf Foha;[C] Nfj;NjhL.
• Fohapy; cs;s nky;ypa lq;];ld; fk;gp[W] MNdhL.
• Fohapy; Fiwe;j mOj;jj;jpy; Mh;fhd; Nghd;w ke;j thA cs;sJ.
• Fohapd; xU Kidapy; nky;ypa ikf;fh jfL cs;sJ ,jd; topNa fjph;
tPr;R cs;Ns nry;Yk;.
• 1000Vkpd;dOj;j NtWghL 100 nkfh Xk; kpd;jil topahf
nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ.
nray;ghL:
• fjph;tPr;Rf;fs; nfa;fh; Ky;yh; vz;zpapy; EiofpwJ.

47
• Kjd;ik madpahf;fj;jhy; xU rpy madpfs; Njhd;Wk;.
• cah;kpd; mOj;jj;jhy; ,it KLf;Ftpf;fg;gl;L NkYk; madpahf;fk; nra;Ak;.
• Nkhjy; fhuzkhf madpfspd; vz;zpf;if caUk;.
• ,jdhy; mjpf vyf;l;uhd;fs; cUthfp xU kpd;Ndhl;lj; Jbg;ig cUthf;Fk;.
• ,J kpd;jil topNa gha;e;J xU vyf;l;uhdpay; vz;zpiar; nray;gLj;JfpwJ.
• vyf;l;uhd; vz;zpapd; vz;zpf;if fjph; tPr;rpd; nrwpTf;F Neh;j;jftpy;
,Uf;Fk;.
• madpahf;fk; fjph; tPr;rpd; tifiag; nghUj;jJ my;y.
• fjph;tPr;rpd; tifapid czu tpy;rd; Kfpy; $lk; gad;gLfpwJ.

5. mZf;fU ciyapd; Kf;fpa ghfq;fs;


mZf;fU ciyapy; fl;Lg;ghlhd> jw;rhu;Gila mZf;fUg; gpsT eilngWk;.
mZf;fU ciyapd; ghfq;fs;:
• vhpnghUs;> jzpg;ghd;> epA+l;uhd; %yk;> fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; jz;L> Fsph;tpf;Fk;
mikg;G> epA+l;uhd; vjpnuhspg;ghd;> ghJfhg;G mikg;G.
1.vhpnghUs;:
• gpsitf;F cl;gLk; nghUs; vhpg;nghUs; vdg;gLk;.
• v.fh 92U235, rpy ciyfspy; Pu239kw;Wk; U233INrhNlhg;Gfs; gad;gLfpwJ.
• cah; mOj;j fdePh; mZf;fU ciyfspy; vhpnghUs;- ANudpak; Mf;i]L
• cah; mOj;j ePh; mZf;fU ciyfspy; vhpnghUs;-nrwpT+l;lgl;l ANudpak;
• fhkpdp mZf;fU ciyapy; vhpnghUs; - U233
2. jzpg;ghd;:
• jzpg;ghd;fs; 2MeV Ntf epA+l;uhd;fis 0.025eV ntg;g epA+l;uhd;fshf
khw;WfpwJ.
• epA+l;uhdpd; Ntfj;ijf; Fiwg;gJ jzpg;ghd;fs;.
• v.fh- fdePh;> rhjhuz ePh;> fpuh/igl;.
3. epA+l;uhd; %yk;:

• mZf;fU gpsT njhlu; tpidiaj; njhlq;f epA+l;uhd; %yk; Njit.


• v.fh- G@l;Nlhdpak; kw;Wk; nghpypak; fye;j fyit my;yJ Nubak; kw;Wk;
nghpypak; fye;j fyit.
4. fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; jz;L:

• njhlh; tpidiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;j gad;gLfpwJ. epA+l;uhd;fis mjpf mstpy;


cl;ftUk;.
• v.fh- Nghuhd;> fhl;kpak;> Nghuhd; fhh;igL.
5. Fsph;tpf;Fk; mikg;G:
• mZf;fU ciyapy; ntg;gj;ij ePf;Fk; mikg;G Fsph;tpf;Fk; mikg;G. ey;y
Fsph;tpg;ghd; cah; jd; ntg;g Vw;Gj;jpwDk;> mjpff; nfhjpepiyAk;
ngw;wpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
• v.fh- fdePh;> rhjhuz ePh;> jput Nrhbak;.

6. epA+l;uhd; vjpnuhspg;ghd;:
• epA+l;uhd;fis vjpnuhspj;J kPz;Lk; mZf;fU ciyapy; nrYj;JtJ
epA+l;uhd; vjpnuhspg;ghd; MFk;.
• v.fh –0.7% f;Fk; Fiwthd 92U235I nfhz;Ls;s ANudpak;> Njhhpak;.

48
7. ghJfhg;G mikg;G:
• fjph;tPr;rpd; ghJfhg;G fUjp mZf;fU ciyapy; 2 Kjy; 2.5 kP jbkd;
nfhz;l fhd;fphPl; Rth; cs;sJ.
mZf;fU ciyapd; gad;fs;:
i) kpd;jpwd; cw;gj;jp; f;F
ii) fjphpaf;f INrhl;Nlhg;Gfs; cUthf;f
iii) epA+l;uhd; %yq;fshf.

6. tpz;kPd; Mw;wy;
#hpadpd; ntg;gepiy kw;Wk; tpz;kPd; Mw;wYf;Ff; fhuzk; mZf;fU ,izT.
GNuhl;lhd;-GNuhl;lhd; Rw;W:

1H
1
+ 1H1 1H
2
+1e0+ ν(ghrpl;uhd; kw;Wk; ePA+l;upNdh ntspg;gLjy;)

1H
1
+ 1H2 2He
3
+ γ(fhkhf; fjph; ntspg;gLjy;)
2 2He3 2He
4
+2 1H1
nkhj;jtpid:

4 1H1 2He
4
+ 2 1e0+ 2 + Mw;wy; (26.7MeV)
fhh;gd; - iel;u[d; Rw;W:
1H
1
+ 6C12 13*
7N + γ (fhkhf; fjph; ntspg;gLjy;)

7N
13* 13 0
6C +1e + ν (ghrpl;uhd; kw;Wk; epA+l;upNdh ntspg;gLjy;)
1
1H +6C
13 14
7N + γ (fhkhf; fjph; ntspg;gLjy;)
1
1H + 7N
14 15*
8O + γ (fhkhf; fjph; ntspg;gLjy;)

8O
15* 15 0
7N +1e + ν (ghrpl;uhd; kw;Wk; epA+l;upNdh ntspg;gLjy;)
1 15 12
1H + 7N 6C + 2He4
nkhj;jtpid:

4 1H1 2He
4
+ 2 1e0+ 2 + Mw;wy; (26.7MeV)

7. fh];kpf; fjpu;fs;-FWf;Ff;Nfhl;L tpisT> Fj;Jau tpisT.

• fhkhf;fjph;fis tpl gy klq;F madpahf;Fk; jpwd;-nfhz;l fh];kh];


vdg;gLk; Gwntspapd; midj;J jpirfspYk; ,Ue;J Gtpia milAk;; fjph;tPr;Rfs;
fh];kpf; fjph;fs; vdg;gLk;. fh];kpf; fjph;fs; Kjd;ik fh];kpf; fjph;fs;, Jiz
fh];kpf; fjph;fs; vd ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
FWf;Ff;Nfhl;L tpisT:
• FWf;Ff;Nfhl;bidg;nghWj;J fh];kpf; fjph;fspd; nrwpT khWgLtJ
FWf;Ff;Nfhl;L tpisT vdg;gLk;.

49
• JUtg;gFjpapy; nrwpT ngUkk;> eLtiuf;Nfhl;Lg;gFjpapy; nrwpT rpWkk;.
• 42 f;Fk; 90 f;Fk; ,ilapy; nrwpT khwpyp.

• eLtiuf; Nfhl;Lg; gFjpapy; nrwpT Fiwtjw;fhd fhuzk; Gtp;f; fhe;jg;Gyk;.

• JUtq;fspy; kpd;D}l;lk; ngw;w Jfs;, fhe;j tpir NfhLfSf;F ,izahf


tUk;. vdNt nrwpT ngUkk;.

• eLtiuf; Nfhl;by; kpd;D}l;lk; ngw;w Jfs,; fhe;j tpir NfhLfSf;Fr;


nrq;Fj;jhf tUk.; vdNt nrwpT rpWkk;.

Fj;Jau tpisT:
• Fj;Jauj;ijg; nghWj;J fh];kpf; fjph;fspd; nrwpT khWgLtJ Fj;Jau
tpisT vdg;gLk;.
• cauk; mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ nrwpT mjpfhpf;Fk;.
• Vwj;jho 20fp.kP cauj;jpy; nrwpT ngUkk;.
• mjw;F Nky; nrwpT FiwAk;.

50
myF– 2 kpd;Ndhl;ltpay;
3 kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs;

1. kpd;Ndhl;lk; tiuaW. mjd; myF ahJ?


flj;jp xd;wpd; xU gFjp topNa kpd;D}l;lk; ghAk; tPjk;
kpd;Ndhl;lk; vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.
mjhtJ myF : Mk;gpah;(A)

2. ,Og;Gj;jpirNtfk; tiuaW. mjd; myF ahJ?


ntspg;Gwj;jpypUe;J nray;gLk; kpd;Gyj;jpdhy; flj;jpapd; topNa
fl;Lg;ghlw;w ,af;fj;jpy; cs;s vyf;l;uhd;fspd; kPJ jpzpf;fg;gLk;
jpirNtfk; ,Og;Gj;jpirNtfk; vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.
myF: ms-1

3. ,af;f vz;iz tiuaW. mjd; myF ahJ?


XuyF typik nfhz;l kpd;Gyj;jpdhy; ngwg;gLk; ,Og;Gj;jpirNtfk;
,af;f vz; vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ. myF: m2V-1s-1

4. kpd;Ndhl;l mlh;j;jp tiuaW. mjd; myF ahJ?


xU Gs;spapy; kpd;Ndhl;l mlh;j;jp vd;gJ> mg;Gs;spapy;> kpd;D}l;lk;
,aq;Fk; jpirf;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhff; fUjg;gLk; XuyF gug;gpd; topNa XuyF
fhyj;jpy; ghAk; kpd;D}l;lj;jpd; msT vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.
mjhtJ J = myF: Am-2

5. Xkpd; tpjpiaf; $Wf.


khwh ntg;gepiyapy; flj;jp xd;wpd; topNa ghAk; rPuhd kpd;Ndhl;lk;
flj;jpapd; KidfSf;F ,ilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bw;F Neh;j;jftpy;
,Uf;Fk;. mjhtJ I α V⇒ V = IR

6. kpd;jil tiuaW : myF jUf.


flj;jp xd;wpd; KidfSf;F ,ilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bw;Fk;
mjd; topNa ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;Fk; cs;s jfT flj;jpapd; kpd;jil vd
tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.
R= myF : ohm

7. xU nghUspd; jd;kpd;jil vz; tiuaW.


XuyF ePsKk;> XuyF FWf;F ntl;Lg; gug;Gk; nfhz;l flj;jp xd;W
kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;F Vw;gLj;Jk; kpd;jil mf;flj;jpg; nghUspd; jd;kpd;jil vz;
vdg;gLk;. (myF: Ω m)

8. kPf;flj;Jk; jpwd; vd;why; vd;d?


kpff;Fiwe;j ntg;gepiyfspy; xU rpy cNyhfq;fs; mitfspd;
Nrh;kq;fs; kw;Wk; cNyhff;fyitfspd; kpd;jil Rop kjpg;ig
milAk;. Rop kpd;jilAld; kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijf; flj;Jk; ,g;nghUs;fs;
kPf;flj;jpfs; vdg;gLk;. mtw;wpd; jd;ik kPf;flj;J jpwd; vdg;gLk;.

9. khWepiy ntg;gepiy tiuaW


rhjhuz flj;jpfs;> jq;fs; kpd;jiliaj; jpBnud ,oe;J kPf;flj;jpfshf
khWfpd;w ntg;gepiy ngah;T ntg;gepiy my;yJ khWepiy
ntg;gepiy vdg;gLk;.

51
10. xU flj;jp kPf;flj;jpahf khWk; ngah;T ntg;gepiyapy; Vw;gLk;
khWghLfis vOJf.
i) jd;kpd;jil vz; RopahfpwJ.
ii) kpd;flj;J vz; Kbtpyh kjpg;ghfpwJ.
iii) fhe;jg;ghaf;NfhLfs; nghUspypUe;J xJf;fpj;
js;sg;gLfpd;wd.

11. kpd;;jil ntg;gepiy vz;- tiuaW.

10C ntg;gepiy cah;thy; Vw;gLk; kpd;jil khWghl;bw;Fk; 00C ,y;


cs;s kpd;jilf;Fk; cs;s jfT kpd;jil ntg;gepiy vz; vd
tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ. (α = ; myF / 0 C
12. fph;r;r/gpd; (i) kpd;Ndhl;l tpjp (ii) kpd;dOj;j tpjpiaf; $Wf.
i) kpd;Ndhl;l tpjp: xU kpd;Rw;wpy; ve;jnthU re;jpg;gpYk; re;jpf;fpd;w
kpd;Ndhl;lq;fspd; Fwpapay; $l;Lj; njhif RopahFk; (kpd;D}l;l
moptpd;ik tpjpapd;gb mikAk;).
ii) kpd;dOj;j tpjp: xU %ba kpd;Rw;wpd; nttN;tW gFjpfspy; cs;s
kpd;jil kw;Wk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; Mfpatw;iwg; ngUf;fp tUk; msTfspd;
Fwpapay; $l;Lj;njhif mk;%ba Rw;wpy; cs;s kpd;dpaf;F tpirfspd;
Fwpapay; $l;Lj;njhiff;Fr; rkk; (Mw;wy; moptpd;ik tpjpapd;gb
mikAk;).

13. kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; jj;Jtj;ijf; $Wf.


kpd;fydpd; kpd;dpaf;Ftpir (E), kpd;dOj;jkhdpf; fk;gpapd; rkd; nra;Ak;
ePsj;jpw;F( ) Neh;j;jftpy; mikAk;.
mjhtJ E
14. kpd;dOj;jkhdpapy; jhkpuf; fk;gp gad;glhJ Vd;?
jhkpuj;jpd; (i) kpd;jil vz; FiwT ii) kpd;jil ntg;gepiy vz; mjpfk;.

15 kpd;dpaf;F tpirf;Fk; kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bw;Fk; cs;s NtWghLfs;ahit?


t.vz; kpd;dpaf;F tpir kpd;dOj;j NtWghL
1 jpwe;j kpd;Rw;wpy; kpd;fyj;jpd; %ba kpd;Rw;wpy; ve;j ,uz;L
,UKidfSf;F ,ilNaahd Gs;spfSf;Fk; ,ilNaahd
kpd;dOj;j NtWghlhFk;. kpd;dOj;j NtWghlhFk;.
2 ntspg;Gw kpd; jiliar; ntspg;Gw kpd;jiliar; rhh;e;J
rhh;e;J khWtjpy;iy. khWk;.

16. thl; kPl;lh; nray;gLk; tpjj;ijf; $Wf.


• gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kpd;jpwid mstpl gad;gLk; thl;kPl;lh; fUtpapy;
epiyahfg; nghUj;jg;gl;l thpr;RUs; Nghd;w xUNrhb
fk;gpr;RUs;fSf;fpilNa ,aq;F RUs; cs;sJ.
• ,aq;F RUSld; FwpKs; xd;W ,izf;fg;gl;L> FwpKs; tl;l
msTNfhypw;F Kd;ghf ,aq;ff; $bajhf mikAk;.
• fk;gpr;RUspy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk;NghJ FwpKs;spd; tpyf;fk; kpd;jpwDf;F
Neh;j;jftpy; mikAk;.

52
17. kpd;jpwd;> kpd;dhw;wy; NtWgLj;Jf.
t.vz; kpd;jpwd; kpd;dhw;wy;
1. kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpdhy; xU tpdhbapy; Ntiy nra;Ak; jpwikahdJ
nra;ag;gLk; Ntiyapd; msT kpd;dhw;wy;.
kpd;jpwd;.
2. kpd;jpwd; P = VI kpd;dhw;wy; E = VIt
3. myF: thl; (W) myF: [Py; (J)
eilKiw myF KWh

18. kpd;dhw;gFj;jy; vd;why; vd;d?


jputk; xd;wpd; topNa ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; Ntjpkhw;wq;fis
cUthf;FfpwJ. ,r;nray; kpd;dhw;gFj;jy; vdg;gLk;.

19. /ghuNlapd; kpd;dhw;gFj;jy; tpjpfisj; jUf.


Kjy;tpjp:kpd;thapy; ntspg;gLk; nghUspd; epiwahdJ kpd;gF
jputj;jpd; topNa ghAk; kpd;D}l;lj;jpw;F Neh;j;jftpy; mikAk;. mjhtJ
m α q ⇒ m α It (or) m=ZIt.
,uz;lhk; tpjp:kpd;gF jputj;jpd; topNa Fwpg;gpl;l msT kpd;D}l;lk;
nrYj;jg;gLk;NghJ xUkpd;thapy; ntspg;gLk; jdpkj;jpd; epiw mj;jdpkj;jpd;
Ntjpa ,izkhw;Wf;F Neh;j;jftpy; mikAk;. mjhtJ m α E

20. kpd; Ntjpa vz; : tiuaW. myF jUf.


kpd;gF jputk; xd;wpd; topNa 1 $Yk; kpd;D}l;lk; nry;Yk;NghJ
ntspg;gLk; jdpkj;jpd; epiw mj;jdpkj;jpd; kpd;Ntjpa vz; vd
tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ. myF : kg C-1

21. Jiz kpd;fyd;fspd; gad;ghLfs; ahit?


i) Jiz kpd;fyd;fs; kPz;Lk; kpd;Ndw;wk; nra;ag;glf;$bait.
ii) Jiz kpd;fyd;fspd; mfkpd;jil FiwT. vdNt Njitf;Nfw;g mjpf
kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;.
iii); ,tw;iw kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; kpd;Ndw;wk; nra;ayhk;.
iv) Jiz kpd;fyd;fs; fhh;fs;> ,Urf;fu thfdq;fs;> buf;Ffs; Nghd;wtw;wpy;
gad;gLfpd;wd.
22. Kjd;ik kpd;fyd;> Jizkpd;fyd; NtWgLj;Jf.
t.vz; Kjd;ik kpd;fyd; Jizkpd;fyd;
1 kPs ,ayh Ntjp tpidfs; eilngWk;. kPs; Ntjp tpidfs; eilngWk;
2 kPz;Lk; kpd;Ndw;wk; nra;a ,ayhJ. kPz;Lk; kpd;Ndw;wk; nra;a ,aYk;
3 mf kpd;jil mjpfk;. mf kpd;jil FiwT
4 ePz;l Neuj;jpw;F xNu rPuhd ePz;l Neuj;jpw;F rPuhd
kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij Vw;gLj;jhJ. kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;
23. flj;jp xd;wpd; FWf;F ntl;bd; topNa xU tpdhbapy; 6.25x1018vyf;l;uhd;fs;
fle;J nrd;why; kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijf; fzf;fpLf.
(e = 1.6x10-19C).
jPh;T I= ⇒I=

I= = 1A
24. kpd;tpsf;F xd;W 240 V kpd;dOj;jj;jpy; nray;gLk;;. mjd; kpd;Ndhl;lk; 0.5A
vdpy; tpsf;fpd; kpd;jiliaf; fzf;fpLf.
jPh;Î:
kpd;jil R=
R=
R=
R = 480

53
25. 2 m ePsKk; 0.4 mm tpl;lKk; cila khq;fdpd;fk;gpapd; kpd;jil70Ω.
nghUspd; jd;kpd;jil vz;izf; fzf;fpLf.
jPh;T :
kpd;jil vz; ρ =
=
= 1.57 x 7 x 4 x 10-7
ρ = 4.396x10-6 Ω m

26. gpd;tUk; Rw;Wtiyapy; A kw;Wk; B f;F ,ilg;gl;l njhFgad;


kpd;jiliaf; fzf;fpLf.
R1 = 15Ω

A B

jPh;T: -
R2 = 15Ω
R1, R2 gf;f ,izg;gpy; cs;sd.
, , = 7.5 Ω

27.xt;nthU kpd;jilf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;j NtWghLfisf; fhz;f.


R1 = 5 Ω R2 = 3 Ω R3 = 2 Ω

V1 V2 V3

10V
jPh;T:-
njhFgad; kpd;jil Rs = R1 + R2 + R3
Rs = 5 + 3 + 2 ⇒ Rs = 10 Ω
Rw;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; I = = =1A

Xkpd; tpjpg;gb V = IR
V1 = IR1 = 1 x 5 = 5V
V2 = IR2 = 1 x 3 = 3V
V3 = IR3 = 1 x 2 = 2V
V1 = 5V; V2 = 3V; V3 = 2V

54
28. nfhLf;fg;gl;l kpd;Rw;wpy; nkhj;j kpd;jil kw;Wk; kpd;fyd; jUk;
kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijf; fzf;fpLf.

2Ω

3Ω 3Ω 3Ω 6V

jPh;T: 3Ω, 3Ω, 3Ω gf;f ,izg;gpy; cs;sd.


= + +

= + +

= Rp = 1Ω

jw;NghJ Rp = 1Ω kw;Wk; 2Ω njhlhpizg;gpy; cs;sd.


/ njhFgad; kpd;jil Rs = Rp + R4
Rs = (1+2)Ω ⇒ Rs = 3Ω
kpd;fyd; jUk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; I = = = 2A
I = 2A

29. rkePsk; nfhz;l xU cNyhfj;jhyhd ,U flj;jpfspd; kpd; jilfs; KiwNa


5Ω kw;Wk; 10Ω mf;flj;jpfspd; Muq;fspd; tpfpjq;fisf; fzf;fpLf.

jPh;T: R1 = 5Ω, R2 = 10Ω, ℓ1 = ℓ2 = ℓ vd;f

= =

= r1 : r2 = :1

55
30. fPo;fhZk; kpd; Rw;wpy; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpidf; fzf;fpLf. kpd;Ndhl;lk; nry;Yk;
jpiriaf; Fwpg;gpLf.

A 10V 2V B

5Ω 7Ω

D 5Ω 8V C
jPh;T:-
Rw;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; I vd;f ABCDA jpirapy; tyQ;Ropahf
kpd;Ndhl;lk; gha;tjhff; nfhz;lhy;>
fph;r;r/g; ,uz;lhk; tpjpapidg; gad;gLj;j>
5 I + 7I + 3I + 5I = 10 + 2 – 8
20 I = 4, I = ⇒ I = 0.2 A
kpd;Ndhl;lk; tyQ;Ropahfr; nry;Yk; my;yJ ABCDA topNa mikAk;.

31. fPo;f;fhZk; kpd;Rw;wpy; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpidf; fzf;fpLf. kpd;Ndhl;lk;


nry;Yk; jpiriaf; Fwpg;gpLf.

A 5Ω 10V 10Ω B

D 20 V 5Ω C
jPh;Î : fph;r;r/gpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpapidg; gad;gLj;j>
5 I + 10 I + 5 I = 10 + 20,
20 I = 30⇒ I = ⇒I = 1.5 A
kpd;Ndhl;lk; tyQ;Ropahfr; nry;Yk; my;yJ ABCDA topNa mikAk;.

32. fPo;f;fhZk; kpd;Rw;wpy; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd;; jpiriaAk; vz;kjpg;igAk;


fzf;fpLf.
5 10V 10
A B

D 20V 5 C
jPh;T:- kpd;Ndhl;lk; tyQ;Ropapy; gha;tjhff; fUJf.
fph;r;r/gpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpapidg; gad;gLj;j>
5I+10I+5I = 10-20
20I = -10
I= -
I=-
I=-0.5A
kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; vz;kjpg;G = 0.5A
kpd;Ndhl;lk; ,lQ;RopahfTk; my;yJ ADCBA topahfTk;; ghAk;.

56
33. O0C y; epf;Nuhk; fk;gpapd; kpd;jil10 Ω mjd; kpd; jil ntg;gepiy vz;
0. 004 / 0C ePhpd; nfhjpepiyapy; mjd; kpd;jiliaf; fzf;fpLf. Kbitg;
gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijj; jUf.

jPhT:-;:- Rt = Ro (1 + αt)
R100 = Ro (1+100α)
R100 = 10 (1+ 100 x 0.004)
=10 (1 + 0.4)
= 10 x 1.4
R100 = 14 Ω

ntg;gepiy caUk;NghJ kpd;jilAk; caUk;.

34. 00C y; gpshl;bdk; fk;gpapd; kpd;jil4Ω gpshl;bdj;jpd; kpd;jil ntg;gepiy


vz; 0.038 / 0C vdpy; 100oC ,y;; fk;gpapd; kpd;jil vd;d?

jPh;T:-
Rt = Ro (1 + α t)
R100 = Ro (1 + 100 α)
R100= 4 (1 + 100 x 0.0038)
= 4 (1 + 0.38)
= 4 x 1.38
R100 = 5.52 Ω

35. 1.5V kpd;dpaf;F tpir cila fhh;gd;-Jj;jehfk; gir kpd;fyk; 1000


kpd;jilahf;fpAld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijAk; jpwidAk;
fzf;fpLf.
jPh;T:- i) kpd;Ndhl;lk; I =
=
I = 1.5x10-3 A
ii) kpd;jpwd; P= VI
P=1.5x1.5x10-3
P=2.25x10-3 W

36. 400 W kpd;jpwd; nfhz;l xU kpd; ryitg;ngl;b jpdKk; 30


epkplq;fSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. xU A+dpl; jpwDf;fhd fl;lzk; 75 igrh
vdpy; ryitg; ngl;bia xU thu fhyk; gad;gLj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; nryitf;
fzf;fpL.
jPh;T:- nrytopf;fg;gl;l kpd;dhw;wy; E= Pxt
E = 400 x x 7
E = 1400 Wh
E = 1.4 Unit
1A+dpl;Lf;fhd fl;lzk; = &. 0.75
1.4 A+dpl;Lf;fhd fl;lzk; = 1.4 x 0.75

nryT = & 1.05.

57
5 kjpg;ngz; tpdh-tpilfs;
1. kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;Fk; ,Og;Gj;jpirNtfj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa njhlh;G:
ntspg;Gwj;jpypUe;J nray;gLk; kpd;Gyj;jpdhy;> flj;jpapd; topNa
fl;Lg;ghlw;w ,af;fj;jpy; cs;s vyf;l;uhd;fs; kPJ jpzpf;fg;gLk; jpirNtfk;
,Og;Gj; jpirNtfk; vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.

• L ePsKk; A FWf;Fntl;Lg;gug;Gk; nfhz;l flj;jpapd; KidfSf;fpilNa


E typik nfhz;l kpd;Gyk; nray;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
• XuyF gUkdpy; vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if n vd;f.
• flj;jpapy; ghAk; kpd;D}l;lk; q = (nAL)e
L
• kpd;D}l;lq;fs; nry;y MFk;fhyk; t =
vd
q ( nAL) e
• flj;jpapy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; I = =
t L 
 v 
 d
I = nAe vd
2. kPf;flj;jpfspd; gad;fs;

• kPf;flj;J ,aw;wpfs; Mw;wy; Nrkpg;Gj;jpwd; mbg;gilahf cs;sd.


• kPf;flj;jp fhe;jq;fs; ,uapy; tz;bfisj; jz;lthsq;fspypUe;J cah;j;jp
kpf mjpf Ntfj;Jld; ,af;fg; gad;gLk;.
• ,uhf;nfl; Jizapd;wp nraw;iff;Nfhis Vtg; gad;gLk;.
• kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; typik khwhky; ,Ug;gjhy; kpd; mDg;gpf; fk;gpapy;
gad;gLk;.
• fzpdpfspy; epidT mbg;gilf; $Wfshfr; nray;gLk;.

3. gy kpd;jilahf;fpfs; njhlhpizg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;lhy; njhFgad; kpd;jil

• ehd;F kpd;jilahf;fpfs; njhlhpizg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;L V kpd;dOj;j


NtWghL mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
• njhlhpizg;gpy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; khwhJ.
• V1 = I R1 ; V2 = I R2, V3 = I R3, V4 = I R4
• nkhj;j kpd;dOj;jk; V = V1+V2+V3+V4
V = I[R1+R2+R3+R4] (1)
njhFg;gpd; kpd;jil Rs vd;f.
V = I Rs (2)
rkd;ghLfs; 1> 2 ypUe;J
Rs = R1+R2+R3+R4

58
4. gy kpd;jilahf;fpfs; gf;f ,izg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;lhy; njhFgad;
kpd;jil

• ehd;F kpd;jilahf;fpfs; gf;f ,izg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;L V kpd;dOj;j


NtWghL mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
• gf;f ,izg;gpy; kpd;dOj;jk; khwhJ.
V V V V
• I1 = ; I 2 = ; I 3 = ; I 4 =
R1 R2 R3 R4
• nkhj;j kpd;Ndhl;lk; I = I1 + I2 + I3 + I4
V V V V
I= + + +
R1 R2 R3 R4
 1 1 1 1 
I = V  + + +  ----→ 1
 R1 R2 R3 R4 
• njhFg;gpd; kpd;jil Rp vd;f.
V
I= ------→ 2
Rp
1 1 1 1 1
• rkd;ghLfs; 1> 2 ypUe;J = + + +
R p R1 R2 R3 R4

5.ntg;gepiyiar; rhh;e;j kpd;jil khWghL (tiuglj;Jld;)


• ntg;gepiy caUk;NghJ flj;jpfspd; kpd;jil mjpfhpf;Fk;.
Rt = Ro (1 + α t) > α = kpd;jil ntg;gepiy vz;
• 10C ntg;gepiy cah;thy; Vw;gLk; kpd;jil khWghl;bw;Fk;> 00C cs;s
kpd;jilf;Fk; cs;s jfT kpd;jil ntg;gepiy vz; MFk;.
R − R0
α= t
R0t

• cNyhfq;fSf;F kpd;jil ntg;gepiy vz; Neh;f;Fwp kpd;fhg;Gg;nghUl;fs;>


Fiwf;flj;jpfSf;F(njh;kp];lh;fSf;F) kpd;jilntg;gepiy vz; vjph;Fwp.
• cNyhff;fyitfSf;F kpd;jil ntg;gepiy vz; FiwT.

59
6.Nthy;l; kPl;liuf; nfhz;L kpd;fydpd; mfkpd;jiliaf; fzf;fply;

• rhtp jpwe;Js;s epiyapy; Nthy;l;kPl;lh; fhl;Lk; mstPL kpd;dpaf;F tpir E


• rhtpia %ba epiyapy; Nthy;l; kPl;lh; fhl;Lk; mstPL kpd;jil R f;F
,ilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;j NtWghL V
V = IR 1
• kpd;fydpd; mfkpd;jil(r)apdhy;>VMdJ E I tpl FiwT
V = E – Ir
Ir = E – V 2
• rkd;ghL 2 ÷ rkd;ghL 1>
=
 E −V 
r = R
 V 
7. fph;r;r‡gpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjp tpsf;fk;
• tpjp: xU %ba Rw;wpd; ntt;NtW gFjpfspy; cs;s kpd;jil kw;Wk;
kpd;Ndhl;lk; Mfpatw;iwg; ngUf;fp tUk; msTfspd; Fwpapay;
$l;Lj;jd;ik mk;%ba Rw;wpy; cs;s kpd;dpaf;F tpirfspd; Fwpapay;
$l;Lj;njhiff;Fr; rkk;.
• Mw;wy; moptpd;ik tpjpg;gb mikAk;.
• kpd;Rw;wpy; tyQ;Ropahfg; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lq;fs; Neh;f;Fwp> kpd;Rw;wpy;
,lQ;Ropahfg;ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lq;fs; vjph;f;Fwp
• glj;jpy; fhl;bAs;s kpd;Rw;Wf;F
ABCDA vd;w %ba ghijf;F
I1 R1 + I2 R2 + I2 r2 + I3 R3 + I1 r1 = E1 – E2

8. tPl;];ld; rkdr;Rw;wpd; Roptpyf;fj;jpw;fhd epge;jid.


• gpd;tUk; Rw;W tPl;];ld; rkdr;Rw;W MFk;.

• fph;r;r/gpd;; Kjy;tpjpg;gb re;jp B y; I1 – Ig – I3 = 0 → (1)


re;jp Dy; I2 + Ig – I4 = 0 → (2)
• fph;r;r/gpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpg;gb ABDAvd;w %ba ghijf;F>

60
I1P + IgG – I2R = 0 → (3)
fph;r;r/gpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpg;gb ABCDA vd;w %ba ghijf;F>
I1 P + I3 Q – I4 S – I2 R = 0 → (4)
• Roptpyf;fj;jpw;F Ig = 0
I1 = I3 → (5)
I2 = I4 → (6)
I1P = I2R→ (7)
• rkd; 5> 6>7 d; kjpg;Gfisr; rkd; 4 ,y; gpujpapl>
I1(P+Q) = I2(R+S) → (8)

rkd (8) [ rkd; (7) My; tFf;f


I1 ( P + Q ) R+S
=
I1 P R
Q S
1+ = 1+
P R
P R
=
Q S

9. kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; jj;Jtk;:

• kpd;dOj;jkhdpf; fk;gpapd; KidfSf;fpilNa Bt, K (rhtp) njhlhpizg;gpy;


,izf;fg;gLfpwJ - Kjd;ikr; Rw;W.
• Kjd;ik kpd;fyd;> fhy;tdhkPl;lh;> cah;kpd;jil> njhLNfhy; Mfpait
njhlhpizg;gpy; A Ald; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd - Jizr;Rw;W
• XuyF ePsf; fk;gpapd; kpd;jil r vd;f. Ig = 0 vdpy; AJ d; kpd;dOj;j
NtWghLk;> kpd;fydpd; kpd;dpaf;F tpirAk; rkk;.
• rkd; nra;Ak; ePsk; l vdpy; AJ d; kpd;dOj;j NtWghL Ir l
E = I rl
Eα l
• kpd;fydpd; kpd;dpaf;Ftpir (E)> rkd;nra;Ak; ePsj;jpw;F Neh;j;jftpy;
mikAk;.

61
10. ,U Kjd;ik kpd;fyd;fspd; kpd;dpaf;F tpirfspd; xg;gpLjy;

• kpd;dOj;jkhdp fk;gpapd; KidfSf;fpilNa Bt> rhtp> kpd;jilkhw;wp


njhlhpizg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gLfpwJ - Kjd;ikr; Rw;W.
• E1, E2 kpd;dpaf;FtpirAila kpd;fyd;fs; DPDT rhtpapd; C1 D1 kw;Wk;
C2 D2 Kidfspy; ,izf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
• Kjd;ikr;Rw;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; I> XuyF ePsf; fk;gpapd; kpd;jil r
vd;f.
• E1 Jizr;Rw;Wld; ,izg;G ngw;why; 1 rkd;nra;Ak; ePsj;jpw;F
E1 = → (1)
• E2 Jizr;Rw;Wld; ,izg;G ngw;why; l 2 rkd;nra;Ak; ePsj;jpw;F
E2= → (2)
E1 l 1
rkd;ghL 1 ÷ 2 ⇒ =
E2 l 2

11 . kpd;dhw;gFj;jy; /ghuNl Kjy; tpjp rhpghh;j;jy;:

tpjp:-kpd;dhw;gFj;jypd;NghJ kpd;thapy; ntspg;gLk; jdpkj;jpd; epiw


kpd;gFjputj;jpd; topNa ghAk; kpd;D}l;lj;jpw;F Neh;jftpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
• glj;jpy; fhl;bathW kpd; ,izg;Gfs; nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
• ‘t’ fhy msTf;F I1 kpd;Ndhl;lk; gha;fpwJ. ntspg;gLk; jdpkj;jpd; epiw ‘m1’
m1α I1
• ‘t’ fhy msTf;F I2 kpd;Ndhl;lk; gha;fpwJ. ntspg;gLk; jdpkj;jpd; epiw ‘m2’
m2α I2
m1 I1
• = ⇒ mα I
m2 I 2 (1)
• I kpd;Ndhl;lkhdJ t1 fhyj;jpw;F gha;fpwJ. ntspg;gLk; jdpkj;jpd; epiw ‘m3’
m3α t1
• I kpd;Ndhl;lkhdJ t2 fhyj;jpw;F gha;fpwJ.ntspg;gLk; jdpkj;jpd; epiw ‘m4’

62
m4α t2
m 3 t1
• = mαt (2)
m4 t2
rkd;ghLfs; (1)> (2) ypUe;J
• mαIt

12. kpd;dhw;gFj;jy; /ghuNl ,uz;lhk; tpjp rhpghh;j;jy;:

tpjp: kpd;gFj;jputj;jpd; topNa Fwpg;gpl;lmsT kpd;D}l;lk;


nrYj;jg;gLk;NghJ kpd;thapy; ntspg;gLk; jdpkj;jpd; epiw mj;jdpkj;jpd;
Ntjpa ,iz khw;Wf;F Neh;jftpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
• glj;jpy; fhl;bathW kpd;dpizg;Gfs; nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
• ‘t’ fhy msTf;F I kpd;Ndhl;lk; gha;fpwJ.
• jhkpu kpd;thapy; ntspg;gLk; jdpkj;jpd; epiw ‘m1’
m1α E1 (E1 Kjy; jdpkj;jpd; Ntjpa ,iz khw;W)
• nts;sp kpd;thapy; ntspg;gLk; jdpkj;jpd; epiw ‘m2’
m2α E2 (E2 ,uz;lhk;jdpkj;jpd; Ntjpa ,iz khw;W)
m1 E1
=
m2 E2
mαE

13. Nthy;lh kpd;fyk;:


mikg;G :
Neh;kpd;tha; → jhkpuk;
vjph;kpd;tha; → Jj;jehfk;
kpd;gFjputk; → ePh;j;j fe;jf mkpyk;
ghj;jpuk; → fz;zhb
nray;ghL:
Jj;jehfj; jfL H2SO4 cld; tpidGhpe;J Zn++
madpfis ntspNaw;wp ,U vyf;l;uhd;fisg;
ngw;W vjph;kpd;D}l;lk; ngWk;.
• jhkpuk;; 2H+ madpfis eLepiyahf;fp Neh; kpd;D}l;lk; ngWk;.
• ntspr;Rw;wpy; jhkpuj;jpypUe;J Zn f;F kpd;Ndhl;lk; gha;fpwJ.
• kpd;dpaf;F tpir→ 1.08V

63
14. Nldpay; kpd;fyk;:

ePz;lNeuj;jpw;F kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijr; nrYj;j ,ayhJ.

mikg;G :
Neh; kpd;tha; → jhkpuk;
vjph;kpd;tha; → Jj;jehfk;
kpd;gFjputk; → jhkpu ry;Ngl; fiury;> ePh;j;j fe;jf mkpyk;
nray;ghL :
• Jj;jehfj; jfL H2SO4 cld; tpidGhpe;J Zn++madpfis ntspNaw;wp
,U vyf;l;uhd;fisg; ngw;W vjph;kpd;D}l;lk; ngWk;.
• Ez;Jisg; ghz;lj;jpd; Jis topNa nry;Yk; Zn++ madpfs; CuSO4-
Tld; tpid Ghpe;J cUthFk; Cu++madpfs; jhkpuf;fydpy; gbe;J
jhkpuf;fyd; Neh; kpd;D}l;lk; ngWk;.
• Jj;jehfj;jpy; ,Ue;J jhkpuj;jpw;F ,U vyf;l;uhd;fs; Rw;wpd; topNa
nrd;W jhkpu madpfis eLepiyahf;Fk;.
• ntspr;Rw;wpy; jhkpuj;jpypUe;J Zn f;F kpd;Ndhl;lk; gha;fpwJ.
• kpd;dpaf;F tpir→ 1.08V
15. nyf;yhQ;rp kpd;fyk;:
mikg;G :

Neh; kpd;tha; → fhh;gd; jz;L


vjph;kpd;tha; → Jj;jehfk;
kpd;gFjputk; → mk;Nkhdpak; FNshiuL fiury;
ghj;jpuk; → fz;zhb
nray;ghL:
• Jj;jehfj;jz;L NH4Cl cld; tpidGhpe;J Zn++ madpfshf ntspNaw;wp
vjph;kpd;D}l;lk; ngWk;.
• Zn++ + 2NH4Cl → 2NH3 + ZnCl2 + 2H+ + 2e-

64
• 2H+ madpfspd; Neh;kpd;D}l;lk; fhh;gd; jz;Lf;F khw;wg;gl;L Neh;
kpd;D}l;lk;ngWk;. Jj;jehfj;jpy; cs;s ,U vyf;l;uhd;fs; fhh;gd; jz;il
mile;J mjd; Neh;kpd;D}l;lj;ij eLepiyahf;Fk;.
• ntspr;Rw;wpy; fhh;gdpypUe;J Zn f;F kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk;.
• kpd;Ndhl;lk; → 0.25A
• kpd;dpaf;F tpir → 1.5V

16. fhhPa mkpy Nrkf;fyk;:


mikg;G:
Neh; kpd;tha; → fhhPa Mf;irL
vjph;kpd;tha; → fhhPak;
kpd;gFjputk; →ePh;j;jfe;jf mkpyk;
ghj;jpuk; → ug;gh; my;yJ fz;zhb
nray;ghL:
vjph;kpd;thapy; eilngWk; Mf;rp[Ndw;w
tpidahy; PbSO4 cUthfp ,U vyf;l;uhd;fs;
vjph;kpd;thapy; Vw;gLfpwJ.

• Neh;kpd;thapy; Mf;rp[dpwf;f tpidahy; PbSO4 cUthfp


,Uvyf;l;uhd;fSk; eLepiyahf;fg;gLfpwJ.
• mfkpd;jil FiwT vd;gjhy; mjpf kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijj; juty;yJ.
• Gjpa kpd;dpaf;F tpir→2.2V
• kpd;dpwf;fk; nra;Ak;NghJ kpd;dpaf;F tpir → 2V

4. kpd;fhe;jj;J}z;lYk; khWjpir kpd;Ndhl;lKk; ;


3 kjpg;ngz; tpdh-tpilfs;
1. fhe;jg;ghak; tiuaW : myF ahJ?
fhe;jg;ghak; vd;gJ nfhLf;fg;gl;l gug;G topNa nry;Yk; fhe;j tpirf;
NfhLfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if MFk;.

mjhtJ myF : ntgh; (Wb)

2. kpd;fhe;jj;J}z;ly; vd;why; vd;d?


xU %lg;gl;l Rw;Wld; njhlh;G nfhz;l fhe;jg;ghaj;jpy; khw;wk; Vw;gLk;
nghOJ mr;Rw;wpy; kpd;dpaf;F tpir J}z;lg;gLk; epfo;T kpd;fhe;jj;
J}z;ly; vdg;gLk;.

3. kpd;fhe;jj;J}z;ly; gw;wpa /ghuNl tpjpfisf; $Wf.


i) xU %lg;gl;l Rw;NwhL njhlh;G nfhz;l fhe;j ghak; khWk; nghOJ me;jr;
Rw;wpy; kpd;dpaf;F tpir J}z;lg;gLfpwJ. fhe;jghaj;jpy; khw;wk;
epfo;e;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; tiuapy; kl;LNk J}z;lg;gl;l kpd;dpaf;F tpir ePbf;Fk;.
ii) %lg;gl;l Rw;wpy; J}z;lg;gl;l kpd;dpaf;F tpirapd; vz; kjpg;G (e) Rw;Wld;
njhlh;G nfhz;l fhe;j ghak; khWk; tPjj;jpw;F Neh;j;jftpy; ,Uf;Fk;.

e α

65
4. kpd;fhe;jj; J}z;ly; gw;wpa nyd;]; tpjpiaf; $Wf.
xU Rw;wpy; J}z;lg;gl;l kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; jpir vg;NghJk; mij
cUthf;ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;j fhe;jg;gha khw;wj;ij vjph;f;Fk; tifapy;
mikAk;.
mjhtJ

5. /gpskpq; tyJif tpjpiaf; $Wf.


tyJ ifapd; Ms;fhl;b tpuy;> eLtpuy; kw;Wk; ngUtpuy; Mfpa
%d;iwAk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhf itj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;> Ms;fhl;b tpuy;
fhe;jg;Gyj;jpd; jpiriaAk;> ngUtpuy; flj;jp ,aq;Fk; jpiriaAk;
Fwpg;gjhff; nfhz;lhy; eLtpuyhdJ J}z;lg;gl;l kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd;
jpiriaf; Fwpf;Fk;.

6. jd;kpd;J}z;ly; vd;why; vd;d?


xU fk;gpr;RUspy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpy; khw;wk; Vw;gLk;nghOJ
mf;fk;gpr;RUspy; xU vjph;kpd;dpaf;F tpir J}z;lg;gLk; epfo;T
jd;kpd;J}z;ly; vdg;gLk;.

7. jd;kpd; J}z;ly; vz; tiuaW.


fk;gpr; RUs; xd;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; xU tpdhbf;F xU Mk;gpah;
vd;w tPjj;jpy; khWk; nghOJ mf;fk;gpr;RUspy; J}z;lg;gLk; vjph;
kpd;dpaf;Ftpir vz;zstpy; mr;RUspd; jd;kpd;J}z;ly; vz;zpw;Fr;
rkk;. myF : henry (H)

8. jd;kpd; J}z;ly; vz;zpd; myif tiuaW.


jd;kpd; J}z;ly; vz;zpd; myF – n`d;wp (H).
fk;gpr;RUs; xd;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; xU tpdhbf;F xU Mk;gpah;
vd;w tPjj;jpy; khWk;NghJ> mf;fk;gpr;RUspy; J}z;lg;gLk; vjph;kpd;dpaf;Ftpir
1 Nthy;l; vd mikAkhdhy;> mr;RUspd; jd;kpd; J}z;ly; vz; 1 n`d;wp vd
tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.
9. ghpkhw;W kpd;J}z;ly; vd;why; vd;d?
xU RUspy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpy; khw;wk; Vw;gLk;nghOJ kw;nwhU RUspy;
kpd;dpaf;F tpir J}z;lg;gLk; epfo;T ghpkhw;W kpd;J}z;ly; vdg;gLk;.

10. ghpkhw;W kpd;J}z;ly; vz; tiuaW. myF jUf.


fk;gpr;RUs; xd;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; xU tpdhbf;F 1 Mk;gpah; vd;w
tPjj;jpy; khWk;nghOJ> kw;nwhU fk;gpr;RUspy; J}z;lg;gLk; vjph;kpd;dpaf;F
tpir vz;zstpy; mt;tpU RUs;fspd; ghpkhw;W kpd;J}z;ly; vz;zpw;Fr; rkk;.
myF : henry (H)

11. ghpkhw;W kpd;J}z;ly; vz;zpd; myif tiuaW :


ghpkhw;W kpd;J}z;ly; vz;zpd; myF - henry. (H)
fk;gpr;RUs; xd;wpd; topNa ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; xU tpdhbf;F 1
Mk;gpah; vd;w tPjj;jpy; khWk; nghOJ> kw;nwhU fk;gpr;RUspy; J}z;lg;;gLk;
vjph; kpd;dpaf;F tpir 1 Nthy;l; vd mikAkhdhy; mt;tpU fk;gpr;RUs;fspd;
ghpkhw;W kpd;J}z;ly; vz; 1 n`d;wp MFk;.

12. ghpkhw;W kpd;J}z;ly; vz; rhh;e;Js;s fhuzpfs; ahit?


i) RUspd; ghpkhzk;> tbtk;> Rw;Wfspd; vz;zpf;if kw;Wk; cs;sfkhfg;
gad;gLk; nghUspd; fhe;j cl;GFjpwd; Mfpatw;iwAk;
ii) fk;gpr;RUs;fs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W vt;tsT mUfpy; cs;sd vd;gijAk;
rhh;e;jJ.

66
13. J}z;lg;gl;l kpd;dpaf;F tpiriaj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; Kiwfs; ahit?
i) fhe;jj; J}z;liy (B) khw;Wtjd; %yk;.
ii) RUs; cs;slf;fpa gug;gpid (A) khw;Wtjd; %yk;.
iii) fhe;jGyj;ijg; nghWj;J RUspd; jpir mikg;ig (θ) khw;Wtjd; %yk;
J}z;lg;gl;l kpd;dpaf;F tpiriag; ngwyhk;.

14. A.C. kpd;dpaw;wpapd; jj;Jtj;ijf; $Wf.


fk;gpr;RUs; xd;W rPuhd fhe;jg;Gyj;jpy; Row;wg;gLk;NghJ mjpy;
kpd;dpaf;F tpir J}z;lg;gLk; (kpd;fhe;jj; J}z;ly;)

15. Roy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; (/Nghfhy;l; kpd;Ndhl;lk;) vd;why; vd;d?


cNyhff;fl;b xd;W fhe;jg;Gyj;jpy; ,aq;Fk;nghOJ my;yJ
epiyahf cs;s cNyhff; fl;bapd; topNa nry;Yk; fhe;jg;ghak; khWk;
nghOJ cNyhff;fl;bapDs; kpd;Ndhl;lk; J}z;lg;gLfpwJ. cNyhff;
flj;jpapDs; J}z;lg;gLk; ,k;kpd;Ndhl;lk; Roy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; my;yJ
/Nghfhy;l; kpd;Ndhl;lk; vdg;gLk;.

16. kpd;khw;wp vd;why; vd;d? mjd; jj;Jtk; ahJ?


Fiwe;j khWjpir kpd;dOj;jj;ij mjpf khWjpir kpd;dOj;jkhfTk;
mjpf khWjpir kpd;dOj;jj;ij Fiwe;j khWjpir kpd;dOj;jkhfTk;
khw;w cjTk; rhjdk; kpd;khw;wp vdg;gLk;.
jj;Jtk; : kpd;fhe;jj;J}z;ly; (ghpkhw;W kpd;J}z;ly;)

17. Vw;W kpd;khw;wp> ,wf;F kpd;khw;wp NtWgLj;Jf.

t. vz; Vw;W kpd;khw;wp ,wf;F kpd;khw;wp

1. kpd;dOj;jj;ij mjpfhpf;fpwJ. kpd;dOj;jj;ijf; Fiwf;fpwJ.


Es > Ep Es < Ep
2. kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijf; Fiwf;fpwJ kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
Is < Ip Is > Ip
3. Kjd;ikr; RUspd; Rw;Wfspd; Kjd;ikr; RUspd; Rw;Wfspd;
vz;zpf;ifiatpl vz;zpf;ifiatpl
Jizr;RUspd;Rw;Wfspd; Jizr;RUspd;Rw;Wfspd;
vz;zpf;if mjpfk;. Ns > Np vz;zpf;if FiwT Ns < Np
4. kpd;khw;wp tpfpjk; k >1 kpd;khw;wp tpfpjk; k<1

18. kpd;khw;wpapd; gaDWjpwd; tiuaW.


kpd;khw;wpapd; gaDWjpwd; vd;gJ ntspaPL jpwDf;Fk; cs;sPL jpwDf;Fk;
cs;s jfT vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.

η = ntspaP
ŋ L jpwd; = Es I s
cs;sPL jpwd; Ep I p
19. D. C. mk;kPl;lh; khW jpir kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij mstplhJ. Vd;?
khWjpir kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; xU KOr;Rw;Wf;fhd ruhrhp kjpg;G RopahFk;.
vdNt D.C. mk;kPl;liu A.C. kpd;Rw;wpy; ,izj;jhy; mjd; Fwp Ks; Rop
msitNa vg;NghJk; fhl;Lk;.

20. khWjpir kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; rms kjpg;G (gaDW kjpg;G ) tiuaW.


khWjpir kpd;Ndhl;lkhdJ xU kpd;jilahf;fp xd;wpd; topahf Fwpg;gpl;l
Neuk; ghAk;nghOJ cUthf;Fk; ntg;g Mw;wiy> mNj Neuj;jpy; mNj kpd;jilapy;
cUthf;Fk; khwhj Neh;kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; kjpg;G> khWjpir kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; rms kjpg;G
vdg;gLfpwJ.

67
21. kpd;J}z;bapd; kpd;kWg;G vd;why; vd;d?
xU fk;gpr;RUs; my;yJ kpd;J}z;b khWjpir kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;F
Vw;gLj;Jk; kpd;jil mjd; kpd;kWg;G (XL) vdg;gLk;. XL= L myF : ohm

22. kpd;Njf;fpapd; kpd;kWg;G vd;why; vd;d?


xU kpd;Njf;fp khWjpir kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;F Vw;gLj;Jk; kpd;jil mjd;
kpd;kWg;G(Xc) vdg;gLk;. Xc= myF : ohm

23. kpd; Njf;fp D.C. jLf;Fk; A.C I mDkjpf;Fk; Vd;?


• xU kpd;Njf;fpapd; kpd;kWg;G
• d.c f;F mjph; ntz; (
• ,jdhy; D.C. f;F Xc = mjhtJ kpd;kWg;G Kbtpyh kjpg;ig
miltjhy;
• D.C. I kpd;Njf;fp mDkjpf;fhJ.
• vd;w rkd;ghl;bd;gb A.C. I kl;Lk; mDkjpf;Fk;.

24. RLC njhlh; Rw;wpy; kpd;dOj;j %yj;jpd; mjph;ntz;iz mjpfhpj;jhy;


kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; kjpg;G vd;dthFk;?
kpd;dOj;j %yj;jpd; mjph;ntz;iz mjpfhpj;jhy; Rw;wpd; kpd;kWg;G
Fiwe;J kpd;Ndhl;lk; mjpfhpf;Fk;. xj;jpirT mjph; ntz;zpy; kpd;Ndhl;lk;
ngUk kjpg;igg; ngWk;. xj;jpirT mjph;ntz;iz tpl mjpfkhdhy; kpd;Ndhl;lk;
gbg;gbahff; FiwAk;.

25. RLC njhlhpizg;Gr; Rw;wpy; xj;jpirT mjph;ntz; vd;why; vd;d?


RLC njhlhpizg;Gr; Rw;wpy; ve;jf; Fwpg;gpl;l mjph;ntz;Zf;Fr; Rw;wpd;
kpd;ndjph;g;G rpWkkhfTk;> kpd;Ndhl;lk; ngUkkhfTk; khWNkh me;jf;
Fwpg;gpl;l mjph;ntz; Rw;wpd; xj;jpirT mjph;ntz; ( 0) vdg;gLk;.
26.juf;fhuzp vd;gjid tiuaW.
njhlh; xj;jpirTr; Rw;wpd; juf;fhuzp vd;gJ fk;gpr;RUs; my;yJ
kpd;Njf;fpapd; FWf;Nf cs;s kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bw;Fk; nrYj;jg;gLk;
kpd;dOj;jj;jpw;Fk; cs;s jfT vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ
.
L my;yJ C-d; FWf;Nf cs;s kpd;dOj;jk; ⇒Q =
Q= nrYj;jg;gLk; kpd;dOj;jk;

27. A.C. Rw;wpd; jpwd; fhuzp tiuaW.


jpwd; fhuzp = cos
,q;F vd;gJ kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;Fk;> kpd;dOj;jj;jpw;Fk; cs;s fl;l NtWghL
MFk;. ,J ruhrhp jpwDf;Fk;> Njhw;wj;jpwDf;Fk; cs;s jftpw;Fr; rkkhFk;.

28. milg;Gr; RUs; vd;gJ ahJ?


A.C. kpd;Rw;wpy; kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Fiwe;j
kpd;jiliaf; nfhz;l fk;gpr; RUs; milg;Gr;RUs; vdg;gLk;.

29. AF milg;Gr;RUs;> RF milg;Gr;RUs; NtWgLj;Jf.


t. vz;
AF milg;Gr; RUs; RF milg;Gr;RUs;
1. Fiwe;jmjph;ntz; Rw;Wfspy; cah; mjph;ntz; Rw;Wfspy;
gad;gLfpwJ. gad;gLfpwJ.
2. NjdpUk;;Gcs;sfj;ijg; fhw;Wcs;sfj;ijg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
3. jd;kpd;J}z;ly; vz; mjpfk;. jd;kpd;J}z;ly; vz; FiwT

68
30. 0.5 m2 gug;gsitAk; 10 Rw;WfisAk; nfhz;l xU fk;gpr; RUspd; jsk;
0.2 Wb/m2 fhe;jg;Gyj;jpw;Ff; Fj;jhf cs;s nghJ fk;gpr; RUspd; topNa
ghAk; fhe;jg; ghaj;ijf; fzf;fpLf.
jPh;T:- fhe;jg;ghak; Φ = NBAcosθ
Φ = NBAcos0o (...θ= 0o)
Φ = 10 x 0.2 x 0.5
Φ = 1 Wb

31. thpr;RUs; xd;wpy; 2 As-1vd;w tPjj;jpy; khWk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; 10mV kpd;dpaf;F


tpiriaj; J}z;bdhy; thpr;RUspd; jd;kpd; J}z;ly; vz; vd;d?
jPh;T:- e = -L
jd;kpd;J}z;ly; vz; L = =

L = 5x10-3 H (or) L = 5mH

32. xU RUspy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; 100As-1 vd khWk; NghJ 5V kpd;dpaf;F tpir mjpy;


J}z;lg;gLfpwJ mjd; jd;kpd; J}z;ly; vz; vd;d?
jPh;T:- e = -L
jd;kpd;J}z;ly; vz; L= = ⇒ L = -0.05H

jd;kpd;J}z;ly; vz; L= 0.05 H

33. 1m ePsKk; 0.05m tpl;lKk; nfhz;l thpr;RUs; 500 Rw;Wfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.


fk;gpr;RUspd; topNa 2A kpd;Ndhl;lk; gha;fpwJ vdpy; fk;gpr;RUspd; jd;kpd;
J}z;ly; vz;izf; fzf;fpLf.
jPh;T:-

= 4 x 3.14 x 25 x 3.14 x 625 x 10-7 + 4 - 6


L = 6.16 x 10-3 H (or) L = 6.16mH

34. xU RUspy; 4A kpd;Ndhl;lk; 0.05 s fhyj;jpy; 8A Mf khWk;NghJ kw;nwhU


RUspy; 50mV kpd;dpaf;F tpir J}z;lg;gLfpwJ. vdpy; mt;tpU RUs;fSf;F
,ilNa cs;s ghpkhw;W kpd;J}z;ly; vz;izf; fzf;fpLf.
jPh;T:- e2 = -M(
ghpkhw;W kpd;J}z;ly; vz; M =

M= = = x 10-3 = -6. 25 mH

ghpkhw;W kpd; J}z;ly; vz; M = 6. 25 mH

69
35. 200 Rw;WfisAk; 0.04 m2 FWf;Fg; gug;igAk; nfhz;Ls;s fk;gpr;RUspd; topNa
nry;Yk; fhe;jg;Gyk; 0.2 tpehbapy; 0.1 Wbm-2 ypUe;J 0.04 Wbm-2Mf
khWfpwJ vdpy; mjpy; J}z;lg;gLk; kpd;dpaf;F tpiriaf; fzf;fpLf?

jPh;T :

200x4x10-2 x3
2x4x3
24V
J}z;lg;gl;l kpd;dpaf;F tpirapd; vz;kjpg;G = 24V

36. xU tpkhdj;jpd; ,wf;ifapd; KidfSf;fpilNa cs;s J}uk; 20.48 m ,J


tlf;F Nehf;fp 40 ms-1 vd;w Ntfj;jpy; gwf;fpwJ. Gtpf;fhe;jg; Gyj;jpd;
nrq;Fj;Jf; $W mt;tplj;jpy; 2x10-5T vdpy; ,wf;ifapd; KidfSf;F
,ilNa J}z;lg;gLk; kpd;dpaf;F tpiriaf; fhz;f.
jPh;T:-J}z;lg;gLk; kpd;dpaf;F tpir e=-B v
e = -2 x 10-5 x 20.48 x 40
= -20.48 x 80 x 10-5
= -1638.4 x10-5
e = -0.0164V
37. xU tpkhdj;jpd; ,wf;ifapd; KidfSf;fpilNa cs;s J}uk; 10m. ,J tlf;F
Nehf;fp 720km/hr vd;w jpir Ntfj;jpy; gwf;fpwJ. Gtpf;fhe;jg;Gyr; nrq;Fj;Jf;
$W mt;tplj;jpy; 3x10-5T vdpy; ,wf;ifapd; KidfSf;fpilNa J}z;lg;gLk;
kpd;dpaf;F tpiriaf; fzf;fpLf
jPh;T:- J}z;lg;gl;l kpd;dpaf;F tpir e = -B v
e = -3 x 10-5 x 10 x 720 x ⇒ e = -3 x 10 x 200 x 10-5
e = -6000 x 10-5⇒e = - 0.06 V

38. jiuAlDk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W kpd;fhg;G nra;ag;gl;l ,uz;L uapy; jz;lthsq;fs;


xU kpy;yp Nthy;l; kPl;lUld; ,izf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,uapyhdJ 180 km/hr
Ntfj;jpy; XLtjhfTk; Gtpf;fhe;jg;Gyj;jpd; nrq;Fj;Jf; $wpd; typik
0.2x10-4Wb/m2 vdTk; jz;lthsq;fs; 1m ,ilj;njhiytpy; cs;sd vdTk;
nfhz;L Nthy;l;kPl;lhpy; cs;s FwpKs; fhl;Lk; msitf; fzf;fpLf.
jPh;T : J}z;lg;gl;l kpd;dpaf;F tpir e = -B v

FwpKs; fhl;Lk; msT = 1m

70
39. ey;ypay;G kpd;khw;wp xd;wpy; kpd;khw;wp tpfpjk; 1:20 mjd; cs;sPL jpwd; kw;Wk;
kpd;dOj;jk; KiwNa 600mW, 6V MFk;. Kjd;ik kw;Wk; Jizr;RUspy;
ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lq;fisf; fzf;fpLf.
jPh;T:- = , Ep Ip = 600 mW; Ep = 6V
Ep Ip = 600 mW
Ip = = = 100x10-3 = 0.1 A

Mdhy; =

Is = x Ip = x 0.1 = 2A
Kjd;ikr; RUspy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; = 0.1A
Jizr;RUspy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; = 2A

40. 11 kW kpd;jpwid 22,000V kpd;dOj;jj;jpy; kpd;jil nfhz;l xU fk;gpapd;


topahf mDg;gpdhy; Vw;gLk; jpwd; ,og;G ahJ?
jPh;T :- kpd; jpwd; P = VI
I =
I =
I = 0.5A
jpwd;,og;G = I2R
= (0.5)2x 2 = 0.25 x 2
jpwd;,og;G = 0.5 W
41. 25 Row;rpfisf; nfhz;l ird; tbt kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; rms kjpg;G 30A vdpy;
mjd; rkd;ghl;il vOJf.
jPh;T :- = sin t
=

42. 1000 Hz mjph;ntz; nfhz;l khWjpir kpd;Ndhl;l kpd;Rw;wpy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s


kpd;Njf;fpapd; kpd;Njf;Fj;jpwd; 2µF nray;gLj;jg;gLk; kpd;dpaf;F tpirapd; rms
kjpg;G 10V vdpy; Rw;wpy; ghAk; njhFgad; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpidf; fzf;fpLf?
jPh;T:- Xc = =

Xc = ⇒ Xc = = Ω

njhFgad; kpd;Ndhl;lk; Irms =


=

Irms = = = 0.126A

71
5; kjpg;ngz; tpdh-tpilfs;
1. ePz;l thpr;RUspd; jd;kpd;J}z;ly; vz;.
• L ePsk;> A FWf;F ntl;Lg;gug;G kw;Wk; N Rw;WfisAk; nfhz;l
thpr;RUisf; fUJNthk;. kpd;Ndhl;lk; I vd;f.
• xU Rw;Wf;fhd fhe;jg;ghak; = B×xt;nthU Rw;wpd; gug;G
µ NI  µ NI 
= 0 × A Q B = 0 
l  l 
• thpr;RUNshL njhlh;G nfhz;l
µ NIA
nkhj;jf; fhe;jg;ghak; φ = 0 ×N
l
µ N 2 IA
φ= 0 ×N → (1)
l
• fhe;jg;ghak; φ = LI → (2)
µ N 2 AI µ N2A
rkd;ghLfs; 1> 2 ypUe;J> LI = 0 ` vdNt L = 0
l l
µN A
2
cl;GFjpwd; cs;s Clfj;jpy; L =
l
2. kpd;J}z;bAld; njhlh;G nfhz;l Mw;wy;
• fk;gpr;RUspy; kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij epWt Gw%yq;fshy; Ntiy nra;a
Ntz;bAs;sJ.
• J}z;L kpd;dpaf;F tpir e = − L dI
dt
• dt fhy ,ilntspapy; nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy
dW = e I dt
dI
dW = − L ⋅ I dt
dt
dW = -L I d I
• kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijg; ngUkkjpg;Gf;F mjpfhpf;fr; nra;Ak; Ntiy
I0
W = ∫ dW = ∫ − LIdI
0
1
W = − L I 02
2
• kpd;J}z;bapy; Nrkpf;fg;gLk; Mw;wypd; vz; kjpg;G
1
U= L I 02
2
3. ,UePz;l thpr;RUs;fSf;fpilNaahd ghpkhw;W kpd;J}z;ly; vz;.

• S1, S2vd;gd l ePsKs;s> A FWf;F ntl;Lg;gug;G nfhz;l


thpr;RUs;fshFk; Rw;Wfspd; vz;zpf;if KiwNa N1, N2.
• S1y; ghAk; I1 kpd;Ndhl;lj;jhy; S2y; xt;nthU Rw;Wld;
njhlh;Gila fhe;jg;ghak; = B1 A
N  N 
= µ 0 1 I1 A Q B1 = µ0 1 I1 
l  l 
N
• S2 y; njhlh;Gila nkhj;jf; fhe;jg;ghak; φ2 = µ 0 1 I1 A × N 2
l

72
N1 N 2
φ2 = µ 0 I1 A → (1)
l
• φ2 = M I1 → (2)
• rkd;ghLfs; 1> 2 ypUe;J>
µ 0 N 1 N 2 AI 1
MI 1 =
l

µ0 N1N 2 A
M =
l
• µ cl;GFjpwd; nfhz;l Clfj;jpy;>
µN1 N 2 A
M=
l
4. fk;gpr;RUSld; njhlh;Gila gug;ig khw;Wtjhy; kpd;dpaf;F tpir J}z;lg;gLjy;

• fhe;jg;Gyj;jpw;Ff;
Fj;jhf PQRS
flj;jp cs;sJ.
• L1M1 eOTk;
flj;jp - ePsk;
l vd;f.
• njhlf;fg;gug;G L1QRM1
• flj;jp dt fhy ,ilntspapy; dx njhiyT efh;j;jg;gLfpwJ. ,Wjpg; gug;G
L2QRM2
• gug;G khWghL dA= l dx
• fhe;jgha khWghL dφ= B dA = B l dx
− dφ
• J}z;L kpd;dpaf;F tpir e=
dt
dx
e = − Bl
dt
e = − Bl v
5. kpd;khw;wpapy; Vw;gLk; jpwd; ,og;Gfs; - Fiwf;Fk; tpjk;
t.vz;. jpwd; ,og;G fhuzk; Fiwf;Fk; tpjk;
1. jaf;f ,og;G jpUk;gj; jpUk;g cs;sfk; kpA+nkl;ly;>
fhe;jkhtjhYk; rpypf;fd; ];By;
fhe;jj;jd;ikia cs;sfk;
,og;gjhYk;
2. Roy;kpd;Ndhl;l ,og;G fhe;jg;ghak; khWtjhy; ];nly;yha;
(,Uk;G ,og;G) Roy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; cUthfp cs;sfk;
ntg;g ,og;G Vw;gLtjhy;
3. gha ,og;G Kjd;ikr;Rw;Wld; njhlh;G $Ltif cs;sfk;
nfhz;l fhe;jg;ghak;
Jizr;Rw;Wld; njhlh;G
nfhs;shik
4. jhkpu ,og;G ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jhy; Fiwe;j kpd;jil
[{y; ntg;g ,og;G nfhz;l jbkdhd
Vw;gLtjhy; fk;gp gad;gLj;Jjy;

73
6.khWjpir kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; RMS kjpg;gpw;fhd Nfhit (my;yJ )
I
Irms = 0
2

• khWjpir kpd;Ndhl;lk; I = Io sin t


I0 khWjpir kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; ngUk kjpg;G
• khWjpir kpd;Ndhl;lk; I MdJ R topahf dt fhyj;jpw;Fg; ghAk;NghJ
cUthFk; ntg;g Mw;wy;
dH = I 2R dt
• KORw;Wf;F cUthFk; ntg;gMw;wy;
H= I2Rdt

H= ( sin2 dt

I02 RT
H= → (1)
2
• Irms kpd;Ndhl;lk; KORw;Wf;F cUthf;Fk; ntg;gMw;wy;
H = I rms
2
RT → (2)

• rkd;ghLfs; 1> 2 ypUe;J


I 02
I 2
rms =
2
I0
I rms =
2

7. khWjpir kpd;dpaf;F tpir nray;gLj;jg;gLk; kpd;jilahf;fp kl;LNk


cila AC Rw;W.
*R kpd;jilAila kpd;jilahf;fpAld; xU khWjpir kpd;dpaf;F tpir %yk;
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ve;j xU fzj;jpYk; nray;gLj;jg;gLk; kpd;dpaf;F tpir


e = E0 sin ω t → (1)
kpd; jilahf;fpapd; FWf;Nf kpd;dOj;j NtWghL> e = iR
kpd;dOj;j NtWghL> nrYj;jg;gLk; kpd;dpaf;F tpirf;Fr; rkk;.

74
iR = E0 sin ω t
i = E0 sin ω t
R
i = Io sin → (2)

kpd;dOj;jKk;> kpd;Ndhl;lKk; xNu fl;lj;jpy; cs;sd.


fl;ltiuglk; fl;lg;glk;

8. A.C kpd;Rw;wpd; ruhrhp jpwd; (cz;ikj;jpwd;)


• ve;jnthU fzj;jpYk; AC kpd;Rw;wpd; jpwd; vd;gJ mf;fzj;jpy;
kpd;dpaf;F tpir kw;Wk; Rw;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; ,tw;wpd;
ngUf;fw;gydhFk;.
• kpd;dpaf;Ftpir e = E0 sin t

kpd;Ndhl;lk; i = I0 sin( t + φ)

• KOr; Rw;wpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l jpwd;

Pav =

Pav = cos φ

Pav = cos φ

= Erms Irmscos φ
Pav = Njhw;wj;jpwd; ×jpwd; fhuzp

75
10 kjpg;ngz; tpdh-tpilfs;
1. fhe;jg;Gyj;jpy;; RUspd; jpiraikg;ig khw;Wtjd; %yk; kpd;dpaf;Ftpiriaj;
J}z;Ljy;.

• PQRS RUs; rPuhd fhe;jg;Gyj;jpy; nrq;Fj;jhf mike;j mr;irg; gw;wp


vd;w Nfhzj;jpir Ntfj;Jld; Roy;tjhff; nfhs;Nthk;.
• fhe;jg;ghak; khWfpwJ.

fhe;jg;ghak; = NBA cos t


J}z;lg;gl;l kpd;dpaf;F tpir e = -

e= - (NBA cos t )

e = NBA sin
e = Eosin
,q;F Eo = NBA

RUspd; jsk; J}z;L


fhe;jg;Gyj;Jld; kpd;dpaf;Ftpir
0o nrq;Fj;J o
90o ,iz Eo
180o nrq;Fj;J 0
270o ,iz -Eo
360o nrq;Fj;J 0

76
2. xUfl;l A.C. kpd;dpaw;wp (A.C. ildNkh)
jj;Jtk; : kpd;fhe;jj; J}z;ly;

mikg;G :-
Kf;fpa ghfq;fs; :

i) Roy; RUs;:- NjdpUk;G cs;sfj;jpy; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; Rw;wg;gl;l nrt;tf


tbtf; fk;gpr;RUs;.
ii) Gyf;fhe;jk;:- jpwd; Fiwe;j ildNkhtpy; epiyf;fhe;jKk;> jpwd; mjpfkhd
ildNkhtpy; kpd;fhe;jKk; gad;gLfpwJ.
iii) eOT tisaq;fs;:- R1, R2 vd;w cNyhf tisaq;fs; Roy; RUspd;
KidfSld; ,izf;fg;gl;L RUSld; Nrh;e;J Roy;fpwJ.
iv) J}hpiffs;:- B1, B2 vd;w fhh;gd; J}hpiffs; ntspr;Rw;Wf;F kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijf;
flj;Jk;.

nray;ghL:-
• RUs; fhe;jg; Gyj;jpy; ,lQ;Ropahf Roy;fpwJ.
• kpd;dpaf;Ftpir J}z;lg;gLfpwJ
• J}z;lg;gl;l kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; jpirapid /gpskpq; tyJif tpjp %yk;
mwpayhk;.
Kjy; miur;Rw;W ,uz;lhtJ miur;Rw;W
1) AB fPo;Nehf;fp efUk; AB Nky;Nehf;fp efUk;
2) CD Nky;Nehf;fp efUk; CD fPo;Nehf;fp efUk;
3) Roy; RUspy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; Roy; RUspy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; ABCD
DCBA topahfg; ghAk;. jpirapy; ghAk;.

4) ntspr;Rw;wpy; B1 ypUe;J B2 f;F ntspr;Rw;wpy; B2 ypUe;J B1 f;F


kpd;Ndhl;lk;; ghAk;. kpd;Ndhl;lk;; ghAk;.
miytbtk;:

J}z;lg;gl;l kpd;dpaf;Ftpir e = Eo sin t ,q;F Eo = NBA

3. Roy; kpd;Ndhl;lk;> Fiwf;Fk; tpjk;> gad;fs;:


Roy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; : cNyhff;fl;b fhe;jg;Gyj;jpy; ,aq;Fk;NghJ my;yJ
cNyhff;fl;bAld; njhlh;Gila fhe;jg;ghak; khWk;NghJ mjpy; J}z;lg;gLk;
kpd;Ndhl;lk; Roy;kpd;Ndhl;lk; vdg;gLk;.
jpir : nyd;]; tpjpapd; %yk; ngwg;gLk;
Fiwf;Fk; tpjk;: i) cNyhff;fl;bf;Fg; gjpyhf kpd;fhg;gplg;gl;l nky;ypa jfLfs;
gad;gLj;Jtjhy;

ii) cNyhfj; jl;by; Jisfis ,Ltjd; %yk;


gad;fs;:
1. miytpyh fhy;tdh kPl;lh;:-
• fhy;tdh kPl;lh; topahf kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk; NghJ fk;gpr;RUs;
miyTWk;.

77
• cNyhfr; rl;lj;jpy; Roy; kpd;Ndhl;lq;fs; cUthFk; NghJ fk;gpr;RUs;
miyTWTij vjph;f;Fk;.
• RUs; miyTWtJ epd;WtpLtjhy; miytpyh fhy;tdhkPl;lh; vdg;gLk;.
2. J}z;ly; ciy:-
• ntg;gg;gLj;j Ntz;ba cNyhfk; mjpf mjph;ntz; nfhz;l khWk;
fhe;jg;Gyj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• cNyhfj;jpy; Roy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; cUthtjhy; Vw;gLk; mjpf
ntg;gj;jhy; cNyhfk; cUFk;.
3. J}z;ly; kpd;Nkhl;lhh;fs;; :-
• Royp xd;W RoYk; fhe;jg;Gyj;jpy; itf;fg;gLfpwJ.
• Roypapy; Vw;gLk; Roy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; Roypf;Fk; fhe;jg;Gyj;jpw;Fk; cs;s
rhh;gpaf;fj;ij Fiwj;J Roypiaj; njhlh;e;J Row;WfpwJ.
• ,J kpd;tprpwpapy; gad;gLfpwJ.
4. kpd;fhe;jj; jil :-
• ,uapy; tz;bapd; rf;fuj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s cUisAk; Nrh;e;J
RoYk;.
• jilia nray;gLj;Jk;NghJ cUisapy; khWk; fhe;jg;Gyk; Vw;gl;L
Roy;kpd;Ndhl;lk; cUthfpwJ.
• Roy;kpd;Ndhl;lk; cUisia Xa;T epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUk;.
5. Ntfk; fhl;Lk; fUtp :-
• thfdj;jpd; Ntfj;jpw;F Vw;g cNyhf cUisapDs; fhe;jk; RoYk;.
• cUisapy; Roy;kpd;Ndhl;lk; Vw;gl;L Fwpg;gpl;l Nfhz msT jpUg;Gk;.
• cUisapy; ,ize;j FwpKs; msTNfhypy; ,aq;Fk;.

4. kpd;khw;wpapd; jj;Jtk;> mikg;G> nray;ghL> gaDWjpwd;> jpwd; ,og;Gfs;.


kpd;khw;wp :-
Fiwe;j khWjpir kpd;dOj;jj;ij mjpf khWjpir kpd;dOj;jkhfTk; mjpf
khWjpir kpd;dOj;jj;ijf; Fiwe;j khWjpir kpd;dOj;jkhfTk; khw;Wk; fUtp.
jj;Jtk; :- kpd;fhe;jj;J}z;ly; (ghpkhw;W kpd;J}z;ly;)

mikg;G :-

• nky;ypa jfLfspdhy; Md NjdpUk;G cs;sfk; cs;sJ.


• cs;sfj;jpd; kPJ Rw;wg;gl;l xd;Wld; xd;W kpd;njhlh;gw;w Kjd;ikr;RUs;>
Jizr;RUs; cs;sd.
nray;ghL :-

• cs;sPL khWjpir kpd;dOj;jk; Kjd;ikr;Rw;Wf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ.


• Kjd;ikr;Rw;wpy; fhe;jg;ghak; khWk;.
• Jizr;Rw;wpYk; fhe;jg;ghak; khWk;. Jizr;Rw;wpy; kpd;dpaf;Ftpir J}z;lg;gLk;.

78
• Ep, Es - kpd;dpaf;F tpirfs; Np, Ns – Rw;Wfspd; vz;zpf;if> Ip, Is – kpd;Ndhl;lq;fs;
vd;f.
• Kjd;ikr;Rw;W kw;Wk; Jizr;Rw;wpy; fhe;jg;ghak; rkk;.
=

• ey;ypay;G kpd;khw;wpf;F cs;sPLjpwd; = ntspaPL jpwd;


Ep Ip = Es Is

mjhtJ =

= = =k kpd;khw;wp tpfpjk;
Vw;W kpd;khw;wp ,wf;F kpd;khw;wp
Es> Ep Ep > Es
Ns>Np Np>Ns
Ip>Is Is>Ip
K> 1 K< 1

• gaDW jpwd; = ntspaPL jpwd; =


cs;sPL jpwd;
• jpwd; ,og;Gfs;: i) jaf;f ,og;G ii) jhkpu ,og;G
iii) Roy;kpd;Ndhl;l ,og;G iv) gha ,og;G

5. kpd;J}z;b kl;Lk; cila A.C.Rw;W

• Gwf;fzpf;fj;jf;f Fiwe;j kpd;jil cila L jd;kpd;J}z;ly; nfhz;l kpd;J}z;b


A.C. %yj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
kpd;dpaf;Ftpir e = Eo sin t ( 1)
J}z;lg;gl;l kpd;dpaf;F tpir e = - L
Mdhy; e = - e'
Eo sin t = L

i= sin t dt
kpd;Ndhl;lk; i=
i= sin t dt

i= sin ( t - )

kpd;Ndhl;lk; i = Iosin ( t - ) (2)

rkd;ghLfs; 1>2 ypUe;J kpd;Ndhl;lk;> kpd;dOj;jj;ij tpl fl;lk; gpd;jq;fp cs;sJ.

79
fl;l tiuglk; fl;lg;glk;

kpd;J}z;bapd; kpd;kWg;G :-
L = XL
D.C. f;F = 0 XL = 0 vdNt J}a kpd;J}z;b D.C. f;F Ropkpd;
jiliaf; nfhLf;Fk;. Mdhy; A.C. f;F mjph;ntz;Zf;F Neh;j;jftpy;
mikAk;.

6. kpd;Njf;fp kl;Lk; cila A.C.Rw;W :-

• C kpd;Njf;Fj;jpwd; cila kpd;Njf;fpahdJ khWjpir kpd;dpaf;Ftpir %yj;Jld;


,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhff; fUJNthk;.

e = Eo sin t (1)
• kpd;Njf;fpapd; FWf;Nf cs;s kpd;dOj;j NtWghL nrYj;jg;gLk; kpd;dpaf;F
tpirf;Fr; rkk;.
e=

kpd;Ndhl;lk; i = = (Ce)

i= (CEo sin
i = E0 C sin )

i= sin )

i = Io sin ) (2)
rkd;ghLfs; 1>2 ypUe;J kpd;Ndhl;lk; kpd;dOj;jj;ij tpl fl;lk; Kd;Ndhf;fp
cs;sJ.

fl;l tiuglk; fl;lg;glk;

80
kpd;Njf;fpapd; kpd;kWg;G :-
• Xc =
• D.C. f;F = 0 XC = =
vdNt kpd;Njf;fp d.c. I mDkjpf;fhJ.
• A.C. Rw;wpy; XC

7. R, L, C njhlhpizg;Gr; Rw;W
• kpd;jilahf;fp R, kpd;J}z;b L, kpd;Njf;fp C Mfpad khWjpir kpd;dpaw;wpAld;
njhlhpizg;gpy; cs;sd.
• VR = I R
VR, I xj;j fl;lk;
• VL= I XL
VL MdJ I I tpl fl;lk; Ke;Jk;

• Vc= I Xc
Vc MdJ I I tpl fl;lk; gpe;Jk;

• Rw;W kpd; epiykj;jd;ikahf fUjpdhy;

(i) kpd;dOj;jk; kpd;dOj;jf; fl;lg;glk;


V2 = VR2 + (VL-VC)2

V=

V=

V=I

(ii) kpd;ndjph;g;G

(iii) V, I f;F ,ilNa cs;s fl;l NtWghL

tan =

= tan-1( )

kpd;Ndhl;lk; I = Io sin (

81
myF 3>5>6>9>10 Mfpa ghlq;fspy; cs;s kpf Kf;fpakhd
3kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs;
myF -3 kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; tpisTfs;
1. #Nlw;Wk; ,ioahf epf;Nuhk; vd;w cNyhff; fyitapdhy; Md RUs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ Vd;?
1. kpd; jil vz; mjpfk;.
2. cUFepiy mjpfk;.
3. tpiutpy; Mf;]pfuzj;jpw;F cs;shfhJ.

2. tiuaW “ngy;bah; Fzfk;” ,jd; myF vd;d?


,uz;L ntt;Ntwhd cNyhfq;fs; nfhz;l re;jpapy; xU Mk;gpah;
kpd;Ndhl;lk; xU Mk;gpau; kpd;Ndhl;lk; xU tpdhb Neuj;jpy; ghAk; NghJ
ntsptplg;gLk; my;yJ cl;ftug;gLk; Mw;wypd; msT ngy;bah; Fzfk;
vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; myF “Nthy;l;”.

3. gpskpq; ,lJif tpjpiaf; $Wf?


,lJifapd; ngUtpuy; Rl;L tpuy;> eLtpuy; %d;iwAk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W
nrq;Fj;jhd jpirfspy; itj;Jf;nfhs;f. Rl;Ltpuy; fhe;jg;Gyj;jpd;
jpiriaAk;> eLtpuy; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; jpiriaAk; Fwpj;jhy; ngUtpuy; flj;jp
,aq;Fk; jpiriaf; Fwpf;Fk;.

4. Mk;gpahpd; Rw;W tpjpiaf; $Wf?


ve;jnthU %ba tisNfhl;bidr; Rw;wpa fhe;jg;Gyj;jpd; Nfhl;Ltopj;

njhifaPL B. dl d; kjpg;ghdJ> cl;GFjpwd; (µ) kw;Wk; tisNfhl;lhy;


%lg;gl;l gug;G topNa ghAk; nkhj;j kpd;ndhl;lk; (I0) Mfpatw;wpd; ngUf;fw;
gyDf;Fr; rkk;.

B. dl = µ0 I0

5. irf;Nshl;uhdpd; tuk;Gfs; ahit?


1. Bf;fspd; nghpa gug;gpy; rPuhd fhe;jg; Gyk; epWTtJ fbdk;.
2. ngUk jpirNtfq;fspy; Vw;gLk; xg;Gik epiwkhWghL xj;jpiritf;
Fiyf;Fk;.
3. cah; mjph;ntz;fspy; vyf;l;uhdpd; xg;Gik epiw khWghL kpf mjpfkhf
,Ug;gjhy;> vyf;l;uhd;fis irf;Ndhl;uhdhy; KLf;f ,ayhJ.

myF – 5 – kpd;fhe;j miyfSk; miy xspapaYk;


1. bd;lhy; xspr; rpjwy; vd;why; vd;d?
$o;kj; Jfs;fshy; xsp rpjwbf;fg;gLk; epfo;T bd;lhy; xspr; rpjwy;
vdg;gLk;.

2. g;uhd; N`hgh; thpfs; vd;git ahit?


#hpa epwkhiyapy; cs;s fUikthpfs; g;uhd;N`hgh; thpfs; vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

3. i`n[d;;]; jj;Jtj;ijf; $Wf?


I. miyKfg;gpy; cs;s xt;nthU JfSk; me;j Clfj;jpy; xspapd;
jpirNtfj;jpy; nry;yf; $ba ,uz;lhk; epiy miyf;Fl;bfis
cUthf;Fk; xsp%q;fshFk;.
II. me;j fsj;jpy; ,uz;lhk; epiy miyf; Fl;bfspd; Kd;Gw ciwNa
miyKfg;ghFk;.

82
4. Ez;Jfs; kw;Wk; /Nghl;lhd; NtWgLj;Jf?

Ez;Jfs; /Nghl;lhd;

1.Ez;zpa epiwaw;w K* 1. Mw;wy; jpzpf;fg;gl;l


kPl;rpj;jd;ikAila rpW rpW ngl;lfq;fs;.
Jfs;fs;

2. xspapd; Mw;wy; ,jd; 2. Mw;wy; E =h ν


,af;f Mw;wYf;Fr; rkk;

3.xspapd; epwk; Jfs;fspd; 3. spap ; epwk; m y ePsk;


gUkidr; hh;e;jJ. my;yJ mjph;ntz;izr;
rhh;e;jJ.

5. K* mf vjph;nuhspg;G eilngwj; Njitahd epge;jidfs; ahit?


I. Xsp mlh;kpF Clfj;jpypUe;J mlh;T Fiw Clfj;jpw;Fr; nry;y
Ntz;Lk;.
II. gLNfhz kjpg;G khWepiyf; Nfhzj;ij tpl mjpfkhf mika
Ntz;Lk; (i > C)
6. epA+l;ld; tisaq;fspd; ikak; fUikahf mikaf; fhuzk; ahJ?
I. ikaj;jpy; fhw;Nwl;bd; jbkd; Rop. Ghij NtWghL Ropahtjhy;
ikaj;jpy; nghypT Njhd;w Ntz;Lk;.
II. mlh;kpF fz;zhbapy; vjpnuhspf;fg;gl;l miyahdJ fl;l NtWghL π
milfpwJ.
III. Nfhsf nyd;]; gug;gpy; vjpnuhspf;fg;gl;l miyapy; fl;l NtWghL
VJk; ,y;iy.

7. /g;nuney; kw;Wk; /g;uhd;N`hgh; tpspk;G tpidT NtWgLj;Jf?

g;nuney; tpspk;G tpisT /g;uhd;N`hgh; tpspg;G tpisT

1.xsp %yKk; jpiuAk; 1.xsp %yKk; jpiuAk;


jilnghUspypUe;J tuk;gpw;Fl;gl;l jilnghUspypUe;J <wpy;yh
njhiytpy; Uf;Fk;. njhiytpypUf;Fk;

2. tpspk;G tpistpw;F cl;gLk; 2. tpspk;G tpistpw;F cl;gLk;


miyKfg;G Nfhsf miyKfg;ghFk; miyKfg;G rkjs miyKfg;ghFk;.

3.Ftpnyd;R gad;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy 3.Ftpnyd;R gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

8. Xspapay; mr;R vd;why; vd;d?


gbfk; xd;wpy; rhjhuz fjpUk;. mrhjhuzf;fjpUk; rk jpirNtfj;jpy; nry;Yk;
jpir gbfj;jpd; xspapay; mr;R vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
9. Xspapay; Row;rpia ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs; ahit?
I. Gbfj;jpd; jbkd;
II. Gofj;jpd; mlh;j;jp
III. Gad;gLk; xspapd; miyePsk;
IV. fiurypd;b ntg;gepiy.

83
nzG!.7!–!n[-bx<hqbz<!
2/ lqz<zqg<ge<!!w{<o{b<k<kqujz!Nb<uqe<!kk<Kuk<kjk!%Xg/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!=i<h<H!uqjsbiz<! kieig!uqPgqe<x!lqe<E~m<mlx<xk<Kgtqe<! -bg<gk<kqjeBl<!


sQvie! lqe<Hzk<kqz<! lqe<E~m<ml<! ohx<x! Kgtqe<! -bg<gk<kqjeBl<! Nvib<uOk!
-l<Ljxbqe<!kk<KuliGl<!
3/ n[uqe<!nbeqbig<g!lqe<ePk<kl<!we<xiz<!we<e!@!
!!!n[!ye<xqzqVf<K!wzg<m<vije!outqObx<x!nkiuK!nkje!nbeqbig<gl<! osb<b!
nke<lQK! OliKl<! wzg<m<vieqe<! Nx<xz<! OhiKliekig! -Vg<GliX! LMg<gl<! osb<Bl<!
lqe<ePk<kl<!nbeqbig<g!lqe<ePk<kl<!weh<hMl/<!

4/ !ue<!X-gkqi<!,ole<!X-gkqi<!OuXh<hMk<Kg/!

u{<! ue<!X-gkqi<! ole<!X-gkqi<!

njzfqtl<!5Ao !nz<zK!njkuqm!
2/! njzfqtl<!2Ao!
nkqgl<!

3/! nkqi<ou{<<,!Nx<xz<,<!Nkqgl<<! nkqi<ou{<,!Nx<xz<,!GjxU!

4/! DMVU!kqxe<!nkqgl<! DMVU!kqxe<!GjxU!

!!

5/ zOu!Nb<U!uzqBXk<Kl<!gVk<Kg<gt<!biju@!

I. X-gkqi<gTl<!lqgg<Gjxf<k!njzfQtl<!!ogi{<m!lqe<gif<k!njzgOt!

II. hcgk<kqz<!n[g<gt<,yPr<gie!Lh<hiqlie!n{qg<Ogijubqz<!njlf<kqVg<Gl<!

6/ Oli^<Oz!uqkqbqjeg<!%Xg/!

!!!!!!Sqxh<H! X-gkqi<! fqxlijzbqz<! Okie<Xl<! fqxlijz! uiqbqe<! nkqi<ou{<,! dlqPl<!


keqlk<kqe<!n[w{<{qe<!)Z*!-Vlcg<G!Ofik<kguqz<!njlBl</!

!!!nkiuK!ν! !Z2 nz<zK! = a ( Z-b)!

7/ Ozsiqe<!sqxh<hqbz<Hgjtg<!%Xg/!
i*!Yx<jxfqx!ytq!
ii) Yiqbz<Hk<!ke<jl!
iii) uqiqf<K!osz<ziK!
iv) nkqgs<osxqUjmbK/!
!
8/ Ozsi<!osbjzh<!ohx!Ou{<cb!fqhf<kjegt<!biju@!
i) n[k<okijg!Wx<xl<!-Vg<gOu{<Ml<! !
ii)gqti<s<sqfqjz!-jmfqjzbig!-Vg<g!Ou{<Ml</!
iii)outquVl<, 0Ohim<mie<gt<, !OlZl<!0Ohim<mie<gt<!outquVujkk<!K~{<m!
Ou{<Ml<!
!
9/ Ohii<!n[likqiq!nz<zK!sili<0ohz<M!n[likqiqbqe<!GjxhiMgt<!biju@!
i) wzg<vie<gtqe<!hgqi<U!lx<Xl<!njlf<Kt<t!!uqkl<!uqtg<gh<hmuqz<jz!!
ii)fqxlijzbqe<!osxquqz<!Wx<hMl<!lix<xl<!hx<xqb!uqtg<gl<kvh<hmuqz<jz/!
iii)sQle<!uqjtU!^<mii<g<!uqjtU!hx<xqb!uqtg<gl<!kv-bzuqz<jz!
!

84
!

nzG!–!:!–!Gjxg<gmk<kq!siker<gt<!lx<Xl<!sii<hqbz<!kk<Kul<!
2/ dt<tii<f<k!Gjxg<gmk<kqgt<!we<hju!biju@/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!K~blisx<x!Gjxg<gmk<kqgt<!Dt<tii<f<k!Gjxg<gmk<kqgt<!weh<hMl<!!
w/gi;!K~b!Si,!K~b!Ge!!!
2.kh#l;ly; vd;why; vd;d? kh#l;Lk; topKiwfs; ahit?
Cs;shh;e;j Fiwf;flj;jpapDs; kpfr;rpwpa mstpyhd khR Nrh;f;if epfo;T kh#l;ly;.
1. khR mZf;fis cUfpa epiyapYs;s Fiwf;flj;jpapDs; Nrh;j;jy;.
2. khR mZf;fspd; madpfshy; Fiwf;flj;jpia Nkhjr; nra;jy;
3. khR mZf;ffisf; nfhz;l Fiwf;flj;jp ntg;gg;gbfj;jpDs; tputr;nra;jy;.

4/ kqVk<Kkz<!we<xiz<!we<e!@!
!!!!!liXkqjs! lqe<Oeim<ml<! nz<zK! lqe<ePk<kk<jk! Ofi<kqjs! lqe<Oeim<ml<! nz<zK!
lqe<ePk<klig!lix<Xl<!fqgp<U!kqVk<Kkz<!weh<hMl<!
5/!wkqi<!hqe<E~m<mk<kiz<!uqjtBl<!fx<hbe<gt<!biju@/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

i*fqjzfqXk<kh<hm<m!ohVg<gl<!!

!!!!!!ii) nkqgiqg<gh<hm<m!hm<jmngzl<!!

!!!!!!iii)Gjxf<k!GjzU! !

iv)-jvs<sz<!GjxU!

6/!njzUg<gie!hi<ogtse<!fqhf<kjegjtg<!%Xg/!

i*ujt!ohVg<gl<! !

!!!ii)olik<k!gm<mh<ohbi<s<sq!! !nz<zK!3 e<!LPw{<!lmr<G!

7/ okiGh<HSx<xqe<!hbe<gjt!wPKg!

!!! i*lqglqgs<sqxqb!dVunjlh<H!

!!!!!!ii)lzquie!uqjz!

!!!!!!iii)lqgs<sqxqb!wjm!

iv) Gjxf<k!kqxje!FgVl<!

!!!!!!v*fl<hgk<ke<jl!!

!!!!!!vi)wtqkqz<!lix<Xl<!uskq!

8/ C!lii<ge<!Okx<xr<gjtg<!%Xg/!

!!!!!!i*%Mkzqe<!fqvh<hqbieK!fqvh<hqgtqe<!ohVg<gx<hzEg<Gs<!slliGl</!

!!!!!!!!! !
!!!!!!ii) ngUf;fw;gydpd; epug;gpahdJ> epug;gpfspd; $LjYf;Fr; rkkhFk;.

85
!

9/ OgOkiM!gkqi<!njzOfig<gq!)CRO) apd; gad;fisf; $Wf!

2/ a.c kw;Wk; d.c kpd;dOj;jq;fis mstpl !

3/ a.c kpd;d*j;jj;jpd; mjph;ntz;id mstpl!

4/ a.c kpd;d*j;jj;jpd; miytbtq;fisg; gw;wp mwpa!

5/ ,jaj;jpd; Jbg;igg;gw;wp mwpa!

:/ ohiK!Ogm<Mgt<!we<hju!biju@!We<!nu<uiX!njpg<gh<hMgqe<xe@!

NAND, NOR Nfl;Lfs; nghJNfl;Lfs; vdg;gLk;. Vnddpy;> mit

OR, AND NOT Mfpa mbg;gilNfl;Lfspd; nray;ghLfisr; nra;af; $bait.

10. ngUf;fpapd; gl;il mfyk; tiuaW

!!!!!kip<U!oum<M!nkqi<ou{<! )fL) kw;Wk; cah;T ntl;L mjph;ntz; )fU) Mfpatw;wpw;F


,ilNaahd mjph;ntz; ,ilntsp gl;il mfyk; vdg;gLk;.

BW=fU – fL

11. nray;ghl;L ngUf;fpapd; Kf;fpa gz;Gfs; ahit?

1. cs;sPL kpd;ndjph;g;G kpf mjpfk; (Kbtpyp)

2. ntspaPL kpd;ndjph;g;G kpf FiwT (Rop)

3. ngUf;fk; kpf mjpfk;.

12. ilNahLfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l OR Nfl; Rw;Wg;glk;.

13. ilNahLfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l AND Nfl; Rw;Wg;glk;.

!
!

86
!

14. buhd;rp];lh; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l NOT Nfl; Rw;Wg;glk;.

myF – 10 – jfty; njhlh;G mikg;Gfs;


1. jhT njhiyT vd;why; vd;d?
thd; miy guTtjpy; Fwpg;gpl;l mjph;ntz;Zf;F gug;Gk;
Gs;spapypUe;J Vw;Fk; Gs;sp tiu gug;gpd; topNa cs;s Fiwe;jgl;rj;
njhiyT jhT njhiyT vdg;gLk;.

2. gz;Ngw;w vz; tiuaW?


gz;Ngw;wj;jpw;Fg; gpd; Ch;jp miyapd; tPr;rpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wj;jpw;Fk;>
gz;Ngw;wjpw;F Kd; Ch;jp miyapd; tPr;Rf;Fk; cs;s jfT gz;Ngw;w vz;
vdg;gLk;.
irif miyapd; tPr;R (Es)
M= Ch;jp miyapd; tPr;R (Ec)

3. Nulhhpd; gad;fs; ahit?


I. ghJfhg;ghd thd; kw;Wk; fly;top gazq;fSf;F.
II. Mfha tpkhdq;fs; ghJfhg;ghf jiuapwq;f.
III. thdpiy Muha;r;rpahsh;fs; thdpiy Kd;dwptpg;G nra;a.

4. ,yf;f Kiw jfty; njhlh;gpd; ed;ikfs; ahit?


I. mDg;Gifapd; juk; mjpfk;.
II. mDg;Gif mikg;gpd; jpwid mjpfg;gLj;jyhk;
III. xsp ,iofspy; xspf;fw;iwiag; gad;gLj;JtJ kw;Wk;
miytopg;gLjjpfs; Nghd;w GJtif gug;G topfspy; gad;gLfpwJ.

5. Xsp ,ioj; jfty; njhlh;gpd; ed;ikfs; ahit?


I. mDg;gPl;bd; NghJ Vw;gLk; ,og;G FiwT.
II. NyrhdJ> ,lj;ij milj;Jf;nfhs;shJ.
III. Mjpf mstpyhd nra;jpfis mDg;gyhk;.

6. nraw;iff;Nfhs; jfty; njhlh;gpd; ed;ikfs; ahit?


I. elkhLk; jfty; njhlh;ig vspjhf Vw;gLj;jyhk;.
II. jiutop jfty; njhlh;ig tpl rpf;fdkhdJ.
III. mDg;gg;gLk; irifapd; juk;> mDg;Gk; kw;Wk; Vw;Fk; epiyaq;fspd;
,Ug;gplk; Mfpait njhiyitr; rhh;e;jjy;y.

87
7. tPr;Rg;gz;Ngw;wj;jpd; tuk;Gfs; ahit?
I. ,iur;rYld; $ba Vw;G.
II. Fiwe;j nray;jpwd;.
III. Fiwe;j nray;gLk; njhiyT.

8. mjph;ntz; gz;Ngw;wj;jpd; ed;ikfs; ahit?


I. ,iur;ryw;w xyp Vw;G.
II. Mjpf nray;jpwd;.
III. mjpf nray;gLk; njhiyT.
!
Lg<gqblie!6!lkqh<oh{<<!g{g<Ggt<!nzGgt<!2?3?5?8?9!

88
!

89
!

90
!

91
!

92
!

!
!

93
!

94
95
96
97
98
99
!

100
myF -3 kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; tpisTfs;;
3 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. [Py; tpjpapidf; $Wf.
2. ngy;bah; Fzfk; tiuaW.
3. tiuaW: jhk;rd; Fzfk;
4. gal;- rhth;l; tpjpapidf; $Wf.
5. Mk;gpah; Rw;W tpjpapidf; $Wf.
6. Mk;gpah; - tiuaW.
7. ntg;g kpd;dpioahf epf;Nuhk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Vd;?
8. rPngf; tpisT vdwhy; vd;d?.
9. ngy;bah; tpisT vdwhy; vd;d?.
10. jpUg;G ntg;gepiy vd;gJ ahJ?
11. Nkf;];nty;ypd; tyf;if jpUF tpjpia vOJf.
12. tyJ cs;sq;if tpjpia vOJf.
13. Kid tpjpiaf; $Wf.
14. iff;Nshl;uhdpd; tuk;Gfs; ahit?.
15. gpskpq;fpd; ,lf;if tpjpia vOJf.
16. fhy;tdhkPl;lhpd; kp;d;Ndhl;l czh;T El;gj;jpid mjpfhpf;Fk; Kiwfis vOJf.
17. fhy;tdhkPl;lhpd; kp;d;Ndhl;l czh;T El;gj;jpid khw;Wk; nghOJ> kpd;dOj;j
czh;T El;gj;jpid khw;w KbahJ. Vd;?.
18. kpd;Ndhl;l tisaj;jpd; fhe;j ,UKid jpUg;Gj;jpwd; tiuaW.
5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:-
1. gal; - rhth;l; tpjpia $wp tpsf;Ff.
2. Mk;gpahpd; Rw;W tpjpapidg; gad;gLj;jp thpr;RUspdhy; Vw;gLk;
fhe;jjj;Jhz;lypd; kjpg;gpidg; ngWf.
3. fhe;jtpay; nyhud;]; tpirapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; $Wf
4. kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk; ,U Neuhd ePz;l ,izf;flj;jpfSf;F ,ilNa Vw;gLk;
tpirf;fhd Nfhitiag; ngWf.
5. xU fhy;tdh kPl;liu vt;thW mk;kPl;luhf khw;wyhk;?
6. xU fhy;tdh kPl;liu vt;thW Nthy;l;kPl;luhf khw;wyhk;?
10 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:-
1. [Py; ntg;gtpisT tpjpapidr; rhpghh;f;Fk; Nrhjidapid tpthp.
2. kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk; ePz;l <wpyhf; flj;jpapdhy; xU Gs;spapy; Vw;gLk; fhe;jj;
Jhz;lypd; kjpg;gpw;fhd Nfhitapidg; ngWf.
3. kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk; fk;gpr; RUspd; mr;rpd; kPJs;s Gs;spapy; Vw;gLk; fhe;jj;
Jhz;lYf;fhd Nfhitapidg; ngWf.
4. NlQ;rd;l; fhy;thdhkPl;lhpd; jj;Jtk;> mikg;G> ,af;fk; Mfpatw;iw tpthp?
5. rPuhd fhe;jg;Gyj;jp; y; kpd;Dhl;lk; ngw;w Jfspd; ,af;fk; gw;wp tpsf;Ff
6. irf;Nshl;uhdpd; mikg;G> Ntiy nra;Ak; tpjk; Mfpatw;iwg; glj;Jld; tpthp.
7. fhe;jg;Gyj;jpYs;s kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk; flj;jpapd; kPJ nray;gLk; tpirapd;
Nfhitapidg; ngWf.

myF 5 kpd;fhe;j miyfSk;> miy xspapaYk;


3 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:-

1. kpd;fhe;j miyfs; vd;why; vd;d?


2. mfr;rptg;Gf; fjph;fspd; gad;fs; ahit?
3. GwCjhf; fjph;fspd; gad;fs; ahit?
4. /g;uhd;N`hgh; thpfs; vd;git ahit?
5. xsph;jy; kw;Wk; epd;nwhsph;jy; vd;why; vd;d?
6. Ez;Jfs; kw;Wk; /Nghl;lhd; NtWgLj;Jf.
7. uhNy xspr;rpjwy; tpjpia vOJf?
8. bd;lhy; xspr;rpjwy; vd;why; vd;d?
9. thdk; ePy epwkhf Njhd;wf; fhuzk; vd;d?
10. ,uhkd; tpistpd; gad;fs; ahit?
11. i`n[d;]; jj;Jtj;ij vOJf.
12. epiy epWj;jg;gl;l FWf;fPl;L tpistpw;fhd epge;jidfs; ahit?
13. epa+l;ld; tisaq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
14. epa+l;ld; tisaq;fspd; ikak; fUikahfj; Njhd;wf; fhuzk; vd;d?
15. tpspk;G tpisT vd;why; vd;d?

101
16. fPw;wzp %yk; tiuaW.
17. js mjph;Tj;jsk; kw;Wk; js tpisTj;jsk; NtWgLj;Jf.
18. xspapay; mr;R tiuaW.
19. Row;rpj;jpwd; vz; rhh;e;Js;s fhuzpfs; ahit?
20. Row;rpj;jpwd; vz; tiuaW
5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:-
1. Ez;Jfs; nfhs;ifia tpsf;Ff.
2. rkjsj;jpy; vjpnuhspf;fg;gl;l rkjs miyKfg;gpdhy; vjpnuhspg;G tpjpfisg; ngWf.
3. epa+l;ld; tisaj;jpd; n tJ fUik tisaj;jpd; Muj;jpw;fhd Nfhitiag; ngWf.
4. jl;lL;f;ifg; glj;Jld; tpthp.
5. GU];lh; tpjpiaf; $wp> ep&gp.
6. ief;fy; gl;lfj;ij tpthp.
7. Nghyuha;Lfs; vd;why; vd;d?. gad;fisf; $Wf.
10 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:-
1. ntsptpL epwkhiy> cl;fth; epwkhiy ,tw;iw tpthp.
2. ,uhkd; xspr;rpjwiy tpsf;Ff.
3. miyf;nfhs;ifiag; gad;gLj;jp KOmf vjpnuhspg;ig tpthp.
4. aq; ,ul;il gpsT Ma;tpy;> gl;il mfyj;jpw;fhd Nfhitiag; ngWf.
5. nky;ypa CLUTk; glyj;jpy; xsp vjpnuhspg;ghy; Vw;gLk; FWf;fPl;L
tpistpw;fhd epge;jidia tUtp.

myF 6 – mZ ,aw;gpay;
3 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. NfNjhL fjph;;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
2. kpy;ypf;fd; Nrhjidapd; jj;Jtj;ijf; $Wf.
3. madpahf;f Mw;wy;-tiuaW.
4. madpahf;f kpd;dOj;jk; tiuaW.
5. td; X- fjph;fs;> nkd; X - fjph;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
6. fpsh;r;rpahf;f kpd;dOj;j Mw;wy; tiuaW.
7. Nkh];Ny tpjpapid vOJf.
8. Nkh];Ny tpjpapd; gad;fis vOJf.
9. jd;dpr;irahd ckpo;T> J}z;L ckpo;T NtWgLj;Jf.
10. ,ay;Gepiy mZj;njhif vd;why; vd;d?
11. mZj;njhif Vw;wk; vd;why; vd;d?
12. Nyrhpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; ahit?
13. N`hNyhfpuhgp vd;why; vd;d?
14. Nyrh; nraiyg; ngw Ntz;ba epge;jidfs; ahit?
15. yNt Nrhjidapd; Kf;fpa KbTfs; ahit?

5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:-
1. Nfj;NjhL fjph;fspd; gz;Gfisf; $Wf.
2. Giof;fjph;fspd; gz;Gfisf; $Wf.
3. α - Jfs;fspd; mZFk; kPr;rpW njhiytpw;fhd Nfhitapidg; ngWf.
4. rhkh;ngy;L khjphpapd; Fiwfisf; $Wf.
5. i`l;u[dpd; epwkhiy thpfis tpthp
6. X –fjph;fspd; gz;Gfisf; $Wf.
7. gpuhf; tpjpapidf; $wp tUtp.
8. yNt Ma;tpid tpthp.
9. rpwg;G X –fjph; epwkhiyapd; Njhw;wj;jpid tpthp.
10. Nyrhpd; mwptpay; kw;Wk; nghwpapay; gad;ghLfisf; $Wf.

10 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:-
1. vyf;l;uhd;pd; kpd;Dhl;l epiwj;jfT fhZk; J.J. jhk;rd; Nrhjidia tpthp.
2. vyf;l;uhdpd; kpd;Dhl;lk; fhZk; kpy;ypf;fd; vz;nza;j;Jsp Ma;tpid tpthp.
3. Nghh; nfhs;ifiaf; $Wf. Nghh;f;nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; n tJ
tl;lg;ghijapd; Muj;jpw;fhd Nfhitiag; ngWf.
4. gpuhf; tpjpiaf; $wpg; ngWf. gpuhf; epwkhiykhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp X-fjphpd;
miyePsj;jpidf; fz;lwpAk; Nrhjidapid tpthp.

102
5. &gp Nyrhpd; nray;ghl;bidj; njspthd glj;Jld; tpthp
6. Mw;wy;kl;lg; glj;Jld; He- Ne Nyrhpd; nray;ghl;bid tpthp.

myF 9 – Fiwf;flj;jp rhjdq;fs; kw;Wk; mjd; gad;ghLfs;


3 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:-
1. tpyf;fg;gl;l Mw;wy; ,ilntsp vd;gnjd;d?
2. cs;shh;e;j Fiwf;flj;jpfs; vd;git ahit?
3. Gwtpayhd Fiwf;flj;jpfs; vd;git ahit?
4. khR+l;ly; vd;why; vd;d?
5. khR+l;Lk; Kiwfisf; $Wf.
6. jpUj;Jjy; vd;why; vd;d?
7. xspckpo; ilNahL vd;gnjd;d? gad;fs; ahit?
8. nrdh; KwpT vd;gJ vd;d?
9. buhd;rp];lhpd; cs;sPL kpd;vjph;g;G tiuaW. ,jd; myF vd;d?
10. ngUf;fpapd; gl;il mfyk; tiuaW.
11. gpd;D}l;lk; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffs; ahit?
12. vjph; gpd;D}l;lj;jhy; tpisAk; ew;gad;fs; ahit?
13. miyT xd;wpw;fhd gh;nfsrd; epge;jidfis vOJf.
14. njhFg;Gr; Rw;wpd; ew;gad;fs; ahit?
15. LC miyapaw;wpapd; fl;lg;glj;ij tiuf.
16. ilNahil gad;gLj;jp OR Nfl; Rw;Wg;glk; tiuf.
17. ilNahil gad;gLj;jp AND Nfl; Rw;Wg;glk; tiuf.
18. buhd;rp];liug; gad;gLj;jp NOT Nfl; Rw;Wg;glk; tiuf.
19. B khh;fd; Njw;wq;fisf; $Wf.
20. nghJ Nfl; vd;git ahit? Vd;?
21. nray;ghl;Lg; ngUf;fpapd; Kf;fpag; gz;Gfs; ahit?
22. NfNjhL fjph; miyNehf;fpapd; (CRO) gad;fs; ahit?
23. G+ypad; rkd;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp (A+B) (A+C) = A+BC vd epWTf.

5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:-
1. ilNahL miu miy jpUj;jpahfr; nray;gLk; tpjj;jpid tpthp.
2. buhd;rp];lhpd; α tpw;Fk;> β tpw;Fk; cs;s njhlh;ig epWTf.
3. buhd;rp];lh; rhtpahfr; nray;gLjiy tpthp:
4. kpd;dOj;jg; gFg;ghd; rhh;ig kpd;Rw;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
5. Bkhh;fd; Njw;wq;fisf; $wp epWTf..
6. OR kw;Wk; AND Nfl;bd; kpd;Rw;iw tiue;J tpsf;Ff.
7. buhd;rp];lh; ngUf;fpapd; mjph;ntz; czh;jpwd; tiuNfhl;il tpthp.
8. gy; gad;kPl;lh; Xk;kPl;luhfr; nray;gLjiy tpthp.
10 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:-
1. rkdr;Rw;Wj; jpUj;jp nray;gLjiy tpthp.
2. buhd;rp];lh; xd;W ngUf;fpahfr; nray;gLtij tpsf;Ff.
3. gpd;Dhl;lk; vd;why; vd;d? vjph; gpd;Dhl;lk; nfhLf;fg;gl;l ngUf;fpapd; kpd;dOj;jg;
ngUf;fj;jpw;fhd Nfhitiag; ngWf.
4. fhy;gpl; miyapaw;wpapd; Rw;Wg;glk; tiue;J mJ nray;gLtij tpthp.
5. nray;ghl;Lg; ngUf;fp> 1. Gul;Lk; ngUf;fp 2. Gul;lyw;w ngUf;fpahfr; nray;gLtij
tpthp.
6. nray;ghl;Lg; ngUf;fp> 1. $l;Lk; ngUf;fp 2. NtWghl;Lg; ngUf;fpahfr; nray;gLtij
tpthp.
7. gy;gad; kPl;liu kpd;Rw;Wg; glj;Jld; tpsf;Ff.

myF 10 – jfty; njhlh;G mikg;Gfs;


3 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:-
1. NubNah miyfs; guTk; Kiwfis vOJf.
2. jhT njhiyT vd;why; vd;d?
3. jhT kz;lyk; tiuaW.
4. gz;Ngw;wk; tiuaW.
5. gz;Ngw;w vz; tiuaW.
6. tPr;R gz;Ngw;wj;jpd; tuk;Gfs; ahit?
7. mjph;ntz; gz;Ngw;wj;jpd; ed;ikfs; ahit?
8. thpf;fz;Nzhl;lk; vd;why; vd;d?
9. ,yf;fKiw jfty; njhlh;gpd; rpwg;Gfs; ahit?
10. Xsp,io jfty; njhlh;gpd; ew;gz;Gfs; ahit?

103
5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. tPr;Rg;gz;Ngw;w miygug;gpiaf; fl;lg;glj;Jld; tpthp.
2. fyf;fpg;gphpf;Fk; Vw;gpiaf; fl;lg;glj;Jld; tpthp.
3. Nulhhpd; gad;ghLfisf; $Wf.
4. ,yf;fKiwj; jfty; njhlh;gpd; rpwg;Gfs;> FiwghLfs; ahit?
5. nraw;iff;Nfhs; jfty; njhlh;gpd; ed;ikfs; ahit?
6. tPr;R gz;Ngw;w Vw;gpapd; fl;lg;glk; tiuf.

10 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. miytPr;Rg; gz;Ngw;wpapd; gFg;gha;it tpthp.
2. fyf;fpg; gphpf;Fk; AM Vw;gpiaf; fl;lg; glj;Jld; tpthp?
3. tPbf;fhd; epow;glf; fUtpapd; nray;ghl;il tpthp.
4. fUg;G nts;is njhiyf;fhl;rpg; gug;gpapd; ntt;NtW gFjpfspd; nray;ghl;il tpthp.
5. fUg;G nts;is njhiyf;fhl;rp Vw;gpapd; nray;Kiw fl;lg;glk; tiue;J tpsf;F.
6. Nulhhpd; jj;Jtk;> gug;Gif kw;Wk; Vw;G – glj;Jld; tpsf;Ff.

**************************************************************************

“Kaw;rpAk; gapw;rpAk; njhlh;r;rpahf ,Ue;jhy; Njh;;r;rp epr;rak;”


***************************************************************************

104

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