General Chemistry Atomic Theory Periodic T?

ends

Besides reacting with oxygen, alkaline earth metals can also be oxidized by
halogens, nitrogen, and hydrogen. Reactions 2.I2, 2.I9,2.I4, and 2.1.5 arc a
random sampling of these reactions:

Mg(s) + 2 HCI(aq) ----+ MgCl2(aq) + Hz(g)

Reaction 2.L2

3 Sr(s) + 2 N2(g) ---'€- 2 Sr3N2(s)

Reaction 2.13
T

Be(s)+Hz(g)+ BeH2(s)

Reaction 2.L4
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Ba(s) + I2(g) -+ BaI2(s)

x

Reaction 2.15 "I

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Chalcogens (Group VI) lil

Chalcogens are metalloids and non-metals from the sixth column of the periodic
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table. Included are oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium. Oxygen,
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sulfur, and selenium are non-metals, while tellurium and polonium are
metalloids. The common feature is that their valence shell is ns2np4. They form
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several covalent molecules with non-metals. As neutral elements, they are
oxidizing agents, because they gain two electrons to become a -2 anion with a
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filled octet. However, their reactivity decreases as you descend the column,
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because the first and second electron affinities are not as great. They are often
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insoluble, although it varies with their counterion (cation). Oxygen exists as a
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diatomic molecule (O), sulfur and selenium exist as octatomic molecules (sg and
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Se6), and tellurium and polonium exist in vast molecular matrices.
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Halogens (Group VII) di
Halogens are non-metals from the seventh column of the periodic table. #
Included are fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine. The common
feature is that their valence shell is ns2np5. They form covalent molecules with
non-metals and ionic compounds with metals. As neutral elements, they are
strong oxidizing agents, because they readily gain an electron to become a -1
anion with a filled octet. However, their reactivity decreases as you descend the
column, because the electron affinity is not as great. They are often soluble"
although it varies with their counterion (cation). They all exist as a diatomic
molecules (X2), although little is known of astatine due to its radioactivity.

Noble Gases (Group VIII)

Noble gases are non-metals from the eighth (and last) column of the periodic
table. Included are helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. The
common feature is that their valence shell is complete at ns2np6. For the mosl
part, they form no bonds and exist as monatomic atoms. Thanks to the work of
Neil Bartlett of U.C. Berkeley, xenon and krypton are known to form compoun&
with halogens. The compounds with fluorine show more electron densitn
around fluorine, implying that fluorine is more electronegative than either xenor"
or krypton.

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