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Notes of Ch 1 Chemical
Reactions and Equations|
Class 10th Science
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Study Material and Notes of Ch 1 Chemical Reactions and

Equations Class 10th Science

Topics in the Chapter

• Introduction
• Chemical reaction
• Chemical equation
• Balanced chemical equation
• Types of chemical reaction
• Corrosion
• Rancidity

Introduction

→ Most of the substance around us undergoes various

changes. Some of these changes are temporary with no new
substance being formed. They are called physical changes.

→ In certain other changes the new substance formed in

which the reactant or the parent loses its identity to form new
substance called product. These changes are permanent
changes as we won’t get the reactant back.

Chemical Reaction

→ Chemical reaction is the process by which two or more

substance react with each other to form new substance with
different properties.


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→ These are the following changes to determine that the
chemical reaction has taken place:
(i) Change in state
(ii) Change in colour
(iii) Evolution of gas
(iv) Change in temperature

Chemical Equation

→ A chemical equation is the symbolic representation of a

chemical reaction in the form of symbols and formulae,
wherein the reactant entities are given on the left-hand side
and the product entities on the right-hand side.
Magnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide
(Reactant) (Product)

Balanced chemical equation

→ The chemical equation that shows the chemical reaction

needs to be balanced. A balanced chemical equation occurs
when the number of the atoms involved in the reactants side
is equal to the number of atoms in the products side.
Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2
3Fe (s) + 4H2O (g) → Fe3O4 (s) + 4H2 (g)

Types of chemical reaction

→ Combination reaction: Such a reaction in which a single

product is formed from two or more reactants is known as a
combination reaction.
CaO (s) + H2O (l) → Ca(OH)2 (aq)
Calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water to produce
slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) releasing a large amount of
heat.
A solution of slaked lime produced by the reaction is used for
white washing walls. Calcium hydroxide reacts slowly with
the carbon dioxide in air to form a thin layer of calcium
carbonate on the walls. Calcium carbonate is formed after
two to three days of white washing and gives a shiny finish
to the walls. It is interesting to note that the chemical formula
for marble is also CaCO3.
Ca(OH)2 (aq) + CO2 (g) → CaCO3 (s) + H2O (l)
(slaked lime) (calcium carbonate)

Burning of coal: C (s) + O2 (g) → CO2 (aq)

Formation of water: H2 (g) + O2 (g) → H2O (aq)
Burning of natural gas (Methane): CH4 (g) + O2 (g) → CO2
(g) + H2O (l)

→ Exothermic reaction: An exothermic process releases

heat, and causes the temperature of the immediate
surroundings to rise The rice, potatoes and bread we eat
contain carbohydrates. These carbohydrates are broken
down to form glucose. This glucose combines with oxygen in
the cells of our body and provides energy. The special name
of this reaction is respiration is an exothermic reaction.
C6H12O6 (aq) + 6O2 (aq) → 6CO2 + 6H2O (l) + energy
(glucose)

→ Endothermic reaction: An endothermic process absorbs

heat and cools the surroundings.
The decomposition of vegetable matter into compost is also
an example of an endothermic reaction.

→ Decomposition reaction: When single reactant breaks

down to give simpler products. This is a decomposition 
reaction.
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White silver chloride turns grey in sunlight. This is due to the

decomposition of silver chloride into silver and chlorine by
light.

The above reactions are used in black and white

photography.

→ Displacement reaction: Displacement reaction is a

chemical reaction in which a more reactive element
displaces a less reactive element from its compound. Both
metals and non-metals take part in displacement reactions.
Reaction of iron nails with copper sulphate solution.
Fe (s) + CuSO4 (aq) → FeSO4 (g) + Cu (s)
Pb (s) + CuCl2 (aq) → PbCl2 (aq) + Cu (s)

→ Double Displacement reaction: A double displacement

reaction, also known as a double replacement reaction or
metathesis, is a type of chemical reaction where two
compounds react, and the positive ions (cation) and the
negative ions (anion) of the two reactants switch places,
forming two new compounds or products.
Na2(SO)4 (aq) + BaCl2 (aq) → BaSO4 (s) + NaCl (aq)

→ Redox reaction: An oxidation-reduction (Redox) reaction

is a type of chemical reaction that involves a transfer of
electrons between two species. An oxidation-reduction
reaction is any chemical reaction in which the oxidation
number of a molecule, atom, or ion changes by gaining or
losing an electron.
Oxidation: This process involves gain of oxygen or loss of
hydrogen.
Reduction: This process involves gain of hydrogen or loss of
oxygen.

→ Oxidizing Agent
It is the substance which gives oxygen or gains hydrogen.
Or it the substance which is reduced itself and oxidizes
other.

→ Reducing Agent
It is the substance which gives hydrogen or gains oxygen.
Or it the substance which is oxidized itself and reduces
other.
Oxidation is the process which involves loss of electrons but
reduction is the process which involves gain of electrons.

Corrosion

The process of slow conversion of metals into their

undesirable compounds due to their reaction with oxygen,
water, acids, gases etc. present in the atmosphere is called
corrosion.
Rusting – Iron when reacts with oxygen and moisture forms
red substance called rust.

Rancidity
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→ The taste and odour of food materials containing fat and
oil changes when they are left exposed to air for long time.
This is called rancidity. It is caused due to oxidation of fat
and oil present in food material.
→ It can be prevented by using various methods such as by
adding antioxidants to the food materials,
Storing food in air tight container and by flushing out air with
nitrogen.

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Viru Mandal ·
Co-Founder/Owner at Anant classes
how can i download thes notes
Like · Reply · Dec 16, 2017 10:19pm

Ayush Makwana ·
Kendriya Vidyalaya ONGC Mehsana
very helpful for me.
and are easy to understand
Like · Reply · 1 · Dec 5, 2017 2:50am

Shagun Sharma
very helpfully notes
Like · Reply · 1 · Nov 30, 2017 6:21pm

Mohammed Ayman ·
THE VIJAY MILLENNIUM SCHOOL(CBSE)
Seriously ur notes help me alot
But therrs no notes fr some other subjects n their chapters
Like · Reply · 1 · Aug 31, 2017 7:11pm 

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Deepanshu Tyagi Ji
nice
Like · Reply · Aug 13, 2017 9:54am

Deepak Singh Narwar ·

Agra, Uttar Pradesh
very
gooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
oooooooood
Like · Reply · Aug 9, 2017 6:42am

Minu Jain ·
Dinhata College
THIS HELPED ME A LOT IN MY STUDIES AND I LIKE TO
USE THIS SITE VERY MUCH I KNOW THERE IS A MISTAKE
IN EXOTHERMIC REACTION BUT IT HAS A MEANINGFUL
WORDS I LIKE THAT VERY MUCH
Like · Reply · Aug 6, 2017 3:32am

Piyush Kumar
But there is a problem in exothermic not in Endo thermic.
Like · Reply · Jun 30, 2017 8:29am

Vishal Rana
Kaaam ki chhhheeej se ( very helpfull )
Like · Reply · 1 · Apr 29, 2017 9:51pm

Gauri Sharma
yss i think there is a mistake in the last of endothermic reaction
in example it is written that this is a example of exothermic
reaction
Like · Reply · 2 · Apr 29, 2017 7:43am

Jatin Agarwal
No , see carefully .
Like · Reply · 1 · Jul 22, 2017 11:12pm

Anirudh Jayakumar ·
Works at International Indian School Al Jubail
I think the example is wrong. Is that right?
Like · Reply · Dec 2, 2017 9:10am

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