1.

INTRODUCTION

In transportation we have developed quite a lot by the range of hi-tech vehicles we have,
still the importance of bicycle cannot be neglected. Bicycle is popular in all groups
because it is easy to handle by its light weight, and do not cost money to operate as it does
not require fuel to run, still very efficient in small distant traveling. It has many distinct
qualities, which make it even special over other vehicles, like they do not require
registration fees, insurance, or driving license. Similarly it has less prone to heavy
casualties, thereby making it a safer transportation. Besides it has health benefits, just the
same way as in any physical exercises.
Similar to this, e-bike on the other hand is a modified version of the same. In e-bikes the
difference comes by the application of the motor system, use of the controller to control
the motor system, and also with battery to Power it. The motor is used in order to give
external power to make the ride comfortable. E-bike is better than the normal bike because
rider can get additional power when it is required, if it is used like that. In this the rider has
the choice when he is less of power and unable to drive forward easily, usually when there
appears an uphill or strenuous long road, he can switch on the battery, and thereby
activates the motor. Then motor compensates the required power and this way ride
becomes smoother all the way. It is up to the rider as when he wants to switch on the
power. He can choose motor to propel all the way for his support, or use it when he
actually needs. There are again various levels which the rider can choose depending upon
the condition of the road, and the amount of speed that is desired in riding. Similarly, there
is throttle to make riding adjustable, either compensating speed for less strain, or get speed
for high strain, this is absolutely on the choice of the riders‟ strength and selection. When
we try to address the best feature of e-bike, then we can say that as there is almost no
strain while riding e-bike that we notice in normal bike driving uphill, therefore it is easy
to sum up that when there is less strain, rider can travel a long distance very easily, there is
also less perspiration making user tidier again, giving possibilities for wide range users.

We should understand, e-bike has a standard specification to meet, so that it does not
come in the same category as a motorbike. The standard is varied from place to place.

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 2. BACKGROUND

1. History of e‐bike:
It is surprising to know that the experiment done to make bicycle to function on electricity,
was done quite a long time ago. The record said that the first electric bikes were already
available during 1890s. Various patents during that time prove that.

On 19 September 1895, a patent application for an "electrical bicycle" was filed by Ogden
Bolton Jr. of Canton Ohio (Patent number: 552271). The bicycle ran on 10 volt battery
power, in which the motor could draw power up to 100 amperes. The hub motor was used
placing in the back wheel. During that time gears was still a mysterious concept for the
bicycles. So, it was made without it.

Figure 1: A patent by the name of Ogden Bolton Jr. of Canton Ohio on e-bike

2
On 8 November of the same year, another patent application for an "electric bicycle" was
filed by Hosea W. Libbey of Boston (Patent number: 596272).

Figure 2: A patent under the name of H. W. Libbey

3
During that time in 1897, Hosea W. Libbey from Boston state invented an electric bike
that ran on double electric motor. The motor having integrated within hub of the rear
wheel. This model has been reused in various latest designs of e-bikes at present times. It
was by year 1898, a belt connecting outer edge of the wheel to the motor patented in the
name of Mathew J. Steffens. In the same year John Schnepf tried a back wheel friction
“roller-wheel” style drive electric bicycle. It was in 1969 a modification of the same
version was done consisting of 4 motors connected in series with the support of clock-
wheel gears.

Figure 3: John Schnepf‟s Friction Drive e-bike

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Torque sensors and Power controls were developed recently in the 90s. The well-known
commercial e-bike named „Zike‟ was the modern e-bike which was launched in 1992,
during that time hardly any commercial e-bikes were present in the market. Japan
experimented in this and one patent relating to this under the name of Takada Yutky in
1997.

It was from 1993 onwards, when well-known Japanese companies involved in producing
commercial e-bikes in huge numbers, it drew other companies‟ attentions into this, by
estimating the huge market potentials, as a result the growth towards e-bikes increased by
35%, leading to the downfall in the production of regular bicycles.

In 1989, Michael Kutter, the founder of „Dolphin E-bikes‟ done the first initiation in
commercially producing e-bikes in the market. After his attempt, a well-known motorbike
company from Japan „Yamaha‟ took the leap in developing commercial e-bikes,
producing a large number of e-bikes in the year 1994, giving the name „Power Assist‟.

Figure 4: Power Assist

The earlier version of e-bikes or technically low quality e-bikes operated mostly on less
effective lead acid batteries, which has less sturdiness to give full power to the motor,
besides they are heavy and bulky, but in newer models there have been mostly selected
NiMH, NiCad and Lithium-ion batteries, because they are light, powerful, and dense in
their capacity, giving possibility to drive long and fast, giving maximum durability in
terms of power and performance.

The words associated with e-bikes which are in the range of bicycles are called by many
different names like „pedelec‟, „pedal-assisted‟, „power-assisted‟ and simply „power bike‟,
whereas in bigger powered e-bikes they are termed as (electric motorbike or e-motorbike),
having high range in speed and distance, almost can make around 80 km/h. There are

5
usually three variations tested in the design of electric bikes. In the first one i.e. the
parallel hybrid motorized bicycle, both human and motor inputs are mechanically coupled
and transferred into one of the bicycle wheels. In the second, the mechanical series hybrid
bicycle, where both human and motor inputs are coupled through differential gearing.
Whereas in the third, the electronic series hybrid cycle, first the human power is converted
into electricity and fed directly to the motor, and then the additional power is
supplemented through e-bike battery, to support the motor to run continuously.

A typical e-bikes battery requires strictly 8 hours or something similar to completely

charge it, and that power is sufficient to carry e-bike up to the distance of 48 to 60 km, at
the average speed of around 20 km/h.

From the above descriptions it is clear that the desire to obtain useful e-bike was started
long time ago but somehow it could not be developed to that extent where it could be the
best vehicle, but as times are changing, sophisticated technologies available, we can be
surely hopeful.

2. Future of e‐bikes:
The advantage of e-bikes has become more prominent in the recent times. The big
companies‟ involvement helped to make it even better. They have tried to include many
sophisticated technologies in the design of this e-bike. Brushless motors replaced the
brushed ones to make it durable, efficient, and noise-free ride. Lithium battery inclusion
has made e-bikes much lighter with better performance. Throttle replaced with Torque
sensors has made the ride smoother. That is why today e-bike is growing popularity
because of having the characteristics like lightweight, good-looking and able to make a
long ride up to 55 miles on a single charge. E-bikes are now the rapidly growing name in
the bicycle industry. Now with the demand for clean and safer world, there is only one
possibility remains, success and just only success.
E-bike has gained its popularity in Europe slowly, and Germany is moving ahead in this,
doing complete overhaul by replacing ordinary bikes. That is why e-bikes are taking
market shares away from the conventional bicycles. It is also the case in India and China.
In China they are slowly replacing other two wheel transportation vehicles based on fossil
fuel. Firstly, it is due to high rise in petroleum price, secondly, the subsidies given by the
government in promoting these e-bikes, helping it to make it affordable. This is also
helping at the same time breaking the dependency upon oil and foreign market, and at the
same time stabilizing global temperature thereby preserving the wellbeing of the planet.

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 3. BICYCLE VS PEDELECS:

The word „Pedelec‟ to indicate e-bike, was named by a German student from Heildelberg
University „Susanne Brüsch‟, in her thesis titled as „Pedelecs: Fahrzeuge der Zukunft‟
(Pedelecs: Vehicles of the future). She used this name by considering the battery power
that propels the motor when Pedalling is done. The sensor detects riders‟ actions and
accordingly sends the signal to the controller, and controller reacts to that by toggling the
motor switches. The definition of pedelecs has been given by EU, and valid across entire
Europe. According to the same EU directive (EN15194 standard) for motor vehicles, a
bicycle is considered a pedelec if and only if it can fulfil the following specifications.

1. The pedal‐assist, i.e., the motorized assistance that only engages when the rider is
pedalling, cuts out once 25 km/h is reached, and
2. When the motor produces maximum continuous rated power of not more than 250
Watts (the motor can produce more power for short periods such as when the rider is
struggling to get up a steep hill).

If any e-bike associates these basic and necessary conditions as they are stated here, then
only it will be in the category of Pedelec, and legally classified as bicycle.
Characteristically, E-bike also works the same way as any normal bicycle does, but it is
distinguished actually by the use of some unique components which are there only in e-
bikes and not in normal ones. It has a rechargeable battery associated with it, which power
the motor when pedalling is done, and there is a controller to manoeuvre e-bike. Because
of this motor power its capacity ranges from 25 to 32 km/h (16 to 20 mph), depending on
how much watt power of the motor included therein based on models. How much powered
motor be used also depends upon the national regulation of the country. It is not approved
to use high powered motor in e-bike, otherwise it goes in the category of mopeds. This
criteria is varied upon countries‟ own policies, but in Europe it is defined by EU
legislation to keep the motor Power within 255 Watt for e-bikes.

The definition about Pedelecs if it is a Bicycle, is not the same all over the world, and that
makes a confusing ground for the manufacturing companies about designing the standard
product, because if e-bike is considered as moped or motorcycle, then not just it adds risk
to come in the open road where cars travel, where many of such bicycles can make
difficult for easy access also, besides the necessity of licensing, tax, and other
7
requirements will suppress its desire to have. Riders may not be pleased to pay for the
mandatory motorcycle helmet, registration fee, and vehicle insurance, parking tickets, just
for riding e-bike. It will discourage them and the aim to popularize this product for clean
environment, will never be realized using this way. Therefore, it is necessary that such
bicycles should have the access to the same lane where normal bicycles usually have, if it
is not so, then it can raise the percentage of traffic jams, accidents and injuries. But at the
same time, getting that incentive, sit must be within the limitation of certain characteristics
and should not affect bicycles in any way by provoking danger while using bicycle lanes,
should also be equally important.

It is necessary that there should be a distinct and same classification between Pedelecs and
other high powered e-bikes (S-pedelecs) or motorbikes all over the world. This way it will
be easier for the manufacturing companies to produce e-bikes that can run everywhere
without any restrictions. This way they can give maximum energy on its design and
functionality improvements. In S-pedelecs or motorbikes, maximum care is taken in the
design to make them motor dependent than pedal dependent, in order to produce more
power so that it makes it easier to carry heavy loads without having to use any physical
efforts. As they are especially made to fulfil heavy demands, they must be placed in the
category of heavy range is always right, and must be clearly distinguished from light
ranged Pedelecs. There are some particularities in heavy range S-Pedelecs, may not be
present in Pedelecs are as such.

1. In order to attain higher speed the powerful motor is placed which is above 250W
power.
2. Because of high powered motors, they can easily cross the maximum speed 25 km/h
requiring for Pedelecs, and as it may also not the limitation in them to disconnect the
assistant of the electric motor within this range, therefore electric motor supports
continues above 25 km/h as well before it cuts out, if it will ever cut out even. This
makes them close to motorbikes than normal bicycles.
3. They may also have the features to run alone on electric motor and do not need
pedalling to activate the motor.
4. In order to compensate the power, heavy batteries are placed, and in order to make it
sturdy to that much power, other requirements like brake control, light, and other
safety measures have to be taken care precisely, which makes the construction of the
e‐bikes little heavier than the normal bicycles, which is therefore wise and safe to be

8
 restricted in the bicycle lane, because if there is collision, which is very normal in
bicycles, then the damage can be serious.

Because of these mentioned differences, the e-bikes which do not fulfill the conditional
norms legally and righteously should be classed as mopeds or motorcycles, in order to
make safely the classification for pedelecs as bicycles, so that they are made free from
additional restrictions.

1. Appearance:
When we see from a distance we simply find no difference between a conventional over
an e-bike. We can find little change when we come closer, by the humming sound of the
motor if it is in motion, otherwise as it does not produce any sounds when it is at rest so
still unnoticeable by this way. Therefore by its natural appearance what it can be said that
there are no significant differences between an e-bike and a normal bike. Check this
picture where battery has been hidden inside the frames, so visually it does not show any
differences.

Figure 5: e-bike where battery is hidden inside frames

2. Performance:
But the difference between normal bicycles and e-bikes actually counts by its performance.
An advantage of e-bike over a normal bike is that it is empowered by electric power

9
coming from the battery, and that power propels the motor, helping e-bike to move
forward. This power activates only when the rider uses the pedalling, it is only when the
sensor notices this effect, and supply power to the motor to get the propulsion. The
popular name of such system is called Pedelecs, which means that pedalling is assisted by
a small electric motor. The motor must fulfil all basic norms, to be acceptable to use in e-
bike, and it is generally classified by the amount of power it supplies. Pedelecs include an
electronic controller which stops the motor from producing power if the rider stops
pedalling or a certain speed is reached that is exceeding the normal speed limit, which is
usually 25 km per hour. Pedelecs helps to make riding easier, consequently the rider can
climb hilly areas as the same way he can cover plain areas. Because of the assistance rider
gets in pushing of the e-bike, the force that is required for the user to push reduces
significantly; as a result rider seldom bears fatigue and strain even after a long drive.

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 4. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

Multi Powered Pedelec uses epicyclic gear train. It can operate in 3 modes:

1. Pedalling alone
2. Motor action
3. Combined pedalling and motor

Epicyclic gearing or planetary gearing is a gear system consisting of one or more outer
gears, or planet gears, revolving about a central, or sun gear. Typically, the planet gears
are mounted on a movable arm or carrier which itself may rotate relative to the sun gear.
Epicyclic gearing systems also incorporate the use of an outer ring gear or annulus, which
meshes with the planet gears. Planetary gears (or epicyclic gears) are typically classified
as simple or compound planetary gears. Simple planetary gears have one sun, one ring,
one carrier, and one planet set. Compound planetary gears involve one or more of the
following three types of structures: meshed-planet (there are at least two more planets in
mesh with each other in each planet train), stepped-planet (there exists a shaft connection
between two planets in each planet train), and multi-stage structures (the system contains
two or more planet sets). Compared to simple planetary gears, compound planetary gears
have the advantages of larger reduction ratio, higher torque-to-weight ratio, and more
flexible configurations.

The axes of all gears are usually parallel, but for special cases like pencil
sharpeners and differentials, they can be placed at an angle, introducing elements of bevel
gear . Further, the sun, planet carrier and annulus axes are usually coaxial.

Epicyclic gearing is also available which consists of a sun, a carrier, and two planets
which mesh with each other. One planet meshes with the sun gear, while the second
planet meshes with the ring gear. For this case, when the carrier is fixed, the ring gear
rotates in the same direction as the sun gear, thus providing a reversal in direction
compared to standard epicyclic gearing.

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 Figure 6: epicyclic gear

The three planetary gears are connected together using a circular disc attached to it. This
circular disc acts as an arm. Sun gear receives power from the motor. Planet carrier
receives power from the pedals. The sun gear is keyed to a main shaft which is
supported on bearings. The ring gear is connected to the wheel. Hence the power gets
transmitted to the wheels by the combined pedal and motor action. We need to get same
sense of rotation for carrier and the ring. For this the sun gear has to rotate in opposite
direction all the time.

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 5. BICYCLE PHYSICS

Figure 7

Bicycle physics is a broad and complex subject, perhaps more so than one can imagine.
Although the number of components of a bicycle is small, the interaction between them
and the dynamic principles involved, is complicated. This is especially true with regards
to bicycle stability, which is the result of a complex dynamic interaction within the bike-
rider system.

STABILITY

Bicycles are inherently stable when riding. Even riderless bicycles are stable if given
enough forward velocity. Much effort has gone into analysing the factors which make a
bicycle stable. It has been determined that "trail" (shown below) is often an important
contributor to bicycle stability. For the traditional bicycle design, if trail is positive,
meaning the projection of the steering axis with the ground is in front of the contact point
of front wheel and ground, then the bicycle is more stable when riding (i.e. it's less likely
to fall over when riding it). If this projection is behind the contact point (negative trail)
then the bicycle is less stable and the bicycle is more likely to fall down when riding it.

13
 Figure 8

Based on the geometric parameters shown, the mathematical formula for trail is:

Where Rw is the wheel radius, Ah is the head angle as shown, and Of is the rake, as shown.

When analysing bicycle stability it is common to use two parameters; the lean angle and
steering angle of the bike. The lean angle is the left and right angle the bike frame makes
with a vertical plane, and the steering angle is the angle the front wheel makes with the
plane of the bike (containing the bike frame). The figure below illustrates the lean and
steering angle.

14
 Figure 9

where θ is the lean angle and α is the steering angle. The sign convention for these angles
is typically as follows, and is with respect to a rider sitting on the bike: Right lean is
positive θ and left lean is negative θ. Right steer is positive α and left steer is negative α.
For stability analysis both of these angles are the only independent variables needed to
mathematically analyse bicycle stability. They completely describe the orientation of a
bicycle as it travels in the forward direction. For a bicycle to be stable the lean and
steering angle must have a tendency to "die out", which means that these angles will
fluctuate around zero with small positive and negative values. This in turn means that the
bicycle tends to stay upright with little turning, while moving in the forward direction. It
is interesting that locking the front steering will always result in a bicycle falling over.
The physics of stability requires that the front wheel can freely steer.

As mentioned, analysing bicycle stability is a complex undertaking involving large and

"messy" equations. There are too many physical interactions taking place between the
various bicycle components (namely the front and back wheel, steering column, and
bicycle frame) to allow for a completely intuitive explanation. To gain an appreciable
understanding of bicycle stability it is best to do a full dynamics analysis and then base
your understanding on the results of this analysis.

It is common to analyse bicycle stability using a "riderless" assumption. This means that
the bicycle is modelled with just the bike by itself (with no rider). This greatly simplifies
the analysis, and consequently it is often assumed that a stable riderless bicycle will also
be stable with a rider present. This can be a reasonable assumption but unfortunately it
ignores the "input" of the rider which also affects how stable a bike is during its use.
15
GYROSCOPIC EFFECTS ON BICYCLE STABILITY

A common belief is that gyroscopic effects by themselves are what make a bike stable.
This is actually not the case. Although gyroscopic effects do play a role, they are merely
part of a much larger dynamic interaction taking place between the various bicycle
components, which altogether is what ultimately makes a bicycle stable during riding.
The design of a bicycle, and the configuration of the different components, have been
optimized through the ages (largely through trial and error), to make it as stable as
possible.

As mentioned, gyroscopic effects are not the main contribution to bicycle stability, but it
is still informative to see how gyroscopic effects contribute to stability:

Let's say a riderless bicycle is moving at a certain velocity. Let's further say that the
bicycle leans right (positive θ). This causes the front wheel to steer right (positive α) due
to a gyroscopic effect. To help you understand why this happens, think of what it would
take to prevent the front wheel from steering right. You would have to apply a torque in
the left (opposite) direction, on the handlebars, to prevent the front wheel from steering
right. Therefore, with torque absent (on a riderless bike) the front wheel naturally steers
right. You can try this out yourself on a bike. Lift a bike off the ground and quickly spin
the front wheel in the forward direction. Then, slightly tilt the bike frame left or right, and
watch what happens to the front wheel in response. Compare this to what happens when
you don't spin the front wheel, when tilting the bike.

With the front wheel steering right, the bicycle then travels in a circular path (towards the
right). This decreases θ due to the effect of centripetal acceleration. This in turn causes
the bicycle to lean left (negative θ) which causes the front wheel to steer left (negative α),
which then causes the bike to travel in a circular path (towards the left), once more due to
the effect of centripetal acceleration. This decreases θ (bicycle leans right) which again
causes the front wheel to steer right, and on and on. The same chain of events happens if
the bicycle initially leans left (negative θ). This chain of events keeps the bicycle from
falling.

The entire physical interactions taking place are actually more complex than the scenario
given above, especially due to oscillations in θ and α. But the simplified scenario given

16
above serves to highlight the contribution that gyroscopic effects make in keeping a
bicycle stable.

LEANING INTO A TURN

When riding a bicycle it is necessary to lean into a turn in order to compensate for the
effect of centripetal acceleration. The inward lean balances the centripetal acceleration
which makes the turn possible without falling over.

To analyse the physics behind a lean consider the following schematic.

Figure 10

Where:

θ is the lean angle

R is the radius of the turn measured from the centre of mass G of the bike-rider system.

ac is the centripetal acceleration of the centre of mass G of the bike-rider system.

m is the mass of the bike-rider system.

g is the acceleration due to gravity, on earth, which is 9.8 m/s2 .

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 L is the distance from point G to the effective contact point P between bicycle and
ground.

N is the normal force between bicycle and ground.

F is the friction force between bicycle and ground, in the direction of ac.

Since there is no acceleration in the vertical direction the sum of the vertical forces is
zero. Thus,

Apply Newton's second law in the horizontal direction:

Where v is the velocity of the bicycle around the turn.

Sum the moments about point G:

(Note that we are ignoring three-dimensional effects in this equation. They are assumed to
be negligible).

Combine the above three equations to find an expression for the angle of lean θ. We have

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FORCES AND POWER

The figure below shows a bicycle going uphill at an angle of inclination Φ, and with a
velocity V.

Figure 11

To propel the bicycle uphill the rider must push down on the pedals. The pedals are offset
180° which means that only one pedal can be pushed at a time, from the top position to the
bottom position, and then switching to the other pedal.

Given a force F1 acting on the pedal we can calculate the resulting force F4between the rear
wheel and ground. This is the force that propels the bicycle forward.

We can perform a torque analysis with good accuracy based on the assumption that
acceleration (linear and angular) is negligible. Hence, we can treat this as a static problem.

Consider the figure below, with forces and radial dimensions shown.

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 Figure 11

Where:

F1 is the force applied to the pedal

R1 is the pedal radius

F2 is the force acting on the main crank, due to chain contact

R2 is the main crank radius

F3 is the force acting on the rear gear, due to chain contact

R3 is the rear gear radius

F4 is the force acting on the rear wheel, due to contact with the ground. Note that the
coefficient of static friction between wheel and ground must be large enough to support
this force; otherwise slipping occurs

R4 is the rear wheel radius.

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Using the static equilibrium assumption, we can write the following torque equations:

and

Since F2 = F3, we can combine the above two equations to give an expression for F4:

The force F4 is what propels the bicycle forward. If we assume that the bicycle is moving
at constant velocity (no acceleration) then the force F4 must equal the resisting forces
opposing the bicycle's motion. These resisting forces are gravity, rolling resistance, air
drag, and internal bicycle friction. If we neglect the latter we can then write the following
mathematical expression:

Where:

F is the force propelling the bicycle forward. Note that F ≡ F4

Cr is the coefficient of rolling resistance, which can be 0.0022 to 0.005 for bicycle tires

Cd is the drag coefficient

ρ is the density of the air through which the bicycle is moving

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A is the projected cross-sectional area of the bike+rider perpendicular to the flow
direction (that is, perpendicular to v), and v is the speed of the bicycle relative to the air.

The first term on the right side of the above equation is the gravity contribution. The
second term is the rolling resistance contribution. The third term is the air drag
contribution.

To evaluate the power P required to propel the bicycle, multiply the above equation by v.
We get P = Fv, and

For a flat surface (no incline) set Φ = 0. We get

And

We can also solve for the terminal velocity of a bicycle coasting down a hill with given
inclination angle of Φ. Since the rider in this case does not exert any force on the pedals,
we have F ≡ F4 = 0. Hence, the force of gravity must balance the resistive forces due to
rolling resistance and air drag. Hence, we can solve for the terminal coasting velocity v in
the following equation:

Naturally, when riding a bike we wish to keep resistive forces opposing motion as low as
possible. This is accomplished by keeping the tires well pressurized (which minimizes
rolling resistance) and keeping the frontal area A as small as possible to reduce air drag,
especially when traveling at high speeds, such as in a race. Typically, the rolling

22
resistance is much higher than air drag so reducing A is not important for the average
rider who travels at moderate speeds.

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 6. BENEFITS OF MULTI POWERED PEDELEC

Pedelecs are rather convenient than any other ordinary bicycles, and has numerous
advantages in terms of sophistications, and unique characteristics, which may not be
possible in conventional bicycles. Some of them are carefully described underneath.

1. Compensating the Power: The main advantage of MPD is that it brings external
power, to make our task easier. We already know the usefulness of external support,
which we get from the tools we normally use, to do our work done sophistically.
Similarly, MPD gives us the same advantage that we obtain in the use of external
tools. As we are limited in our strength therefore the need for external support is
essential, and very much so if we need to work on continuously for long durations.
While riding a normal bike, we find that as roads are not plane everywhere, we
sometimes have to work much harder to pull the bicycle when steep surface comes,
which not just drain us out of our energy, it also drain us out from our bodily fluid
because of excessive perspiration emissions, resulted due to overheated body
temperatures. This can lead to dehydration most usually, besides it is not desirable to
look wet, smelly and untidy, when we are going to office work. Therefore, to
encourage people to ride MPD, it is necessary that it must annihilate the
disadvantage factors mostly, and MPD in many respects is successful in doing that
exactly. While riding e‐bike especially when we feel short of power, or if we want a
relax drive, we can choose Power mode, which immediately link battery to the
motor, and motor starts working.

2. Speed: As there is already assisted power coming from the motor to help the
movement of the e‐bike forward, and when we add our own power through the
pedalling, then the total power applied to the system doubles up, accordingly the
speed will rise. Because of this we reach to our destination quite quickly than the
normal bike does. Besides, the effort involved to reach the destination is also
significantly shortened due to increasing speed.
3. Accessibility: In general situations, the people living in the hilly areas cannot
access the bikes because it is impractical to carry the bikes to those heights, where it
needs external power to support this. That is why the only transport means can be
motor propelling transport systems. As e‐bike supports the same system, therefore it

24
suits appropriately the requirements, keeping it simple. The accessibility mounts
because all groups can participate in riding this, irrespective of age, gender, strength,
skill, healthy or sportive.
4. Effort: The effort that is required in riding e‐bike is much lower than riding any
ordinary bikes we can see, is just because in e‐bikes motor is supplying the
additional force to propel the wheels. Accordingly, the rider needs very less efforts
on the pedal as is required in normal bikes. That is why riding becomes fun and easy
with e‐ bikes. Besides as there is no strain, there is no sweat again, and rider remains
ever tidy.
5. Distance: The basic advantage of e‐bike is that, in combination with less fatigue,
easy riding and greater speed possibilities, even a long distance looks quite simple.
But speaking in general, it is a best alternative for within city drive.
6. Environmental friendly: In energy efficient criteria, e-bike topples up the chart,
they emit 30 times less CO2 than a small car, emit zero emissions, a quiet means. If
we introduce 100000 e-bikes, it can help to reduce 12000 tons of CO2 per month.
7. Climbing Hills: A well-functioning e‐bike has a noticeable effect on climbing
hilly roads, by the increased average speed achieved with them, thereby eliminating
the „groan‟ issue when gradient factor comes in. When users supply enough push, he
can climb maximum gradient even, which is only achievable through cars or
motorbikes.
8. Appearance and Weight: There is virtually no difference between a normal bike
or e‐bike, by the appearance it carries, and almost can disguise anyone, who are not
familiar with e‐bike. In some e‐bikes where battery is hidden within the frames,
making it even hard to conclude its identity. The appearance is enough to support
this idea that it is really very simple, yet so efficient. The weight of e‐bike is little
enhanced by the inclusion of motor and battery, but it is not that much to trouble
anyone to handle it well. As battery can easily be taken out, which is considerably
the heaviest item, and after it has been removed, the weight of the bicycle becomes
almost the same as ordinary bikes. This also indicates that e‐bike is suitable for any
class of people either they are young or old. As it is light not heavy like a motorbike,
it can be parked anywhere, any bicycle stand will do, so it does not require a special
garage, we can even carry it upstairs or inside our room, put anywhere safely, and
use it instantly. This is also a convenient choice, to be in a position to take into action
quite quickly, because it saves a good bit of time. In e‐bike we have exactly the same
advantage, when we need to go out, we can immediately take e‐bike out, and we are
instantaneously ready for our ride, making everything quick and simple.
25
 7. MATHEMATICAL INTERPRETATION OF MPD

Electrically-assisted cycles are defined by the following criteria

Maximum speed‐ 25 kilometres per hour. The electric motor power decreases with
advance of the e‐bike speed until it completely stops when the e‐bike accomplishes
the maximum speed.
Pedelec Drive ‐ the motor will be activated by the cyclist‟s pedalling effort and it has
to break completely when the cyclist stops pedalling.
The power of electric motor ‐ less than 250 W.
Based on the above limitations, some mathematical equations have been derived to
support experimental analysis of e-bike. The purpose of this mathematical derivation is
to understand the characteristic behaviour of the system that should be in the normal
context. But that cannot be achieved in the experiment is also because it is not possible
to include all influencing factors in the calculations which a bike can encounter in real,
like surface of the road which cannot be even or smooth everywhere, neither the tire or
air inside can be appropriate, besides the mechanical condition of the e-bike may also
not be in its Best position, are some of the reasons to speak about some which can give
different readings in theory than it may give in practice. That is why experimental
aspect is equally important to comprehend the reality aspect of it. It gives us the
understanding as which factors influencing the performance to go higher or lower. In
general it gives us the basic idea to interpret the behavioural changes in e-bike
primarily.

Calculation of Power and Performance

The required total electric-bicycle power Ptotal for the electric-bicycle that can be given
by the sum of power resulting of drag Pdrag , the slope ratio Phill Pslope , and the rolling
resistance or friction Rc P . The equations [(1)-(4)] offer the relationships between the
speed and force.

26
In the analysis, we have to consider that the electric-bicycles usually have two types of
motors, brushed dc motor and brushless dc motor. The range can be from 250w to
1000w. When it is in the range of 1000w, then 48v battery is suitable, where as in
pedelecs of 250w of motor power, the battery used there have 36v in common, which
gives around 10-25km/h performance speed. These differences we need to monitor
before bringing our assumptions for our bike and general e-bikes. We cannot generalize
everything just because it runs on battery.

Investigation of e‐bike’s Power Requirement

Depending upon how much the rider is pedalling, then again taking into account the right
combination of pedalling and motor movement, it can be about 80% of efficiency can be
harnessed by the type of motor used for pedelecs. In general, a 250 Watts motor produces
(Watt = 250 *[80%]/100) about 200Watts of output power. This is the acceptable limit to
be classified as pedelec or bicycle.
There are mainly three factors that influence the efficiency declination, are rolling
resistance, wind resistance and gravity.
First approximation about power drag or wind resistance is determined by the frontal area
(A) of the bicycle and riders shape and sizes. Drag coefficient that characterized the
shape of the electric-bicycle and rider, and the cube of the speed that it multiplies density
of air that is shown in equation (2).
The second approximation, power rolling resistance is determined by the gravity (g) and
mass of electric-bicycle and rider (m), rolling coefficient that characterizes the rolling
resistance of the wheel ( c R ) and the speed of electric-bicycle (v) which is presented in
equation (3).
The last one is power hill or climbing, in turn determined by the gradient or slope of the
hill (gradient %). The gravity (g) and mass of the electric-bicycle and rider (m) and the
speed of the electric-bicycle and rider (v) which is shown in equation (4).

27
To make it much clear, the table is presented underneath, relating to the parameter
definition.

Symbol and Parameter Definition:

Power Requirement for Going Uphill

When rider is climbing up a very steep hill or carrying heavy loads, the average speed of
the e-bike will be very low. In such condition, even though having well equipped gears
will not be sufficient to make the motor performance to reach its maximum efficiency,
but they are highly desirable. However, for most other riding conditions, it is safe to say

28
that none gears systems also work the same way as well equipped e-bikes, sometimes
may even be preferred because of less complexities involved.

Figure 12
According the equation (4) it can be worked out approximately how much the power
requires to go up the hill with variations in speed, where the total weight of e-bike and
cyclist are considered as (20 + 75) kg in respectively, with gradient 2.4% and 4%.

29
In series of approximate calculations, in relation to power hill hill P and total power total
P versus speed v as a function of the gradient (slope %) as shown in (Graph 3), and a
function of the sum of total power as shown in (Graph 4). The total power increases
linearly with the gradient (slope). In this analysis it is found out that when an
approximately 95-kg weight of load is used including a cyclist and electric-bicycle, 157
Watts is required to go up a reasonable gradient (slope) of 4% at 10 km/h.

Investigation on Power Requirement when it is smooth asphalt road

In the test of the total power that is required, while calculating the influencing factors,
four different weight of loads (cyclist‟s weight and e-bike‟s weight), included in the
measurement, and to make it even realistic four different riding conditions are calculated.
The speed that is considered is limited up to 25 km/h, which is typical for such bikes. The
air density is approximated to 0.4- kg /cm3 (most likely on normal human weights), the
frontal area is approximated to 0.6m2 (an upright cyclist with electric-bicycle) and rolling
coefficient is assumed to be 0.014 (smooth asphalt). The series of approximate
calculations for total power required versus the speed v by the influence of mass shown in
(Graph 5) expresses equation (2) and (3) as well, when the speed is strictly constricted up
to 25 km/h.

30
According to Graph 5, it shows that the power that is required, as is represented by
comparing the curves for different weights of the rider and electric-bicycle. As physics
rule, a heavier rider has effective area A which increases the power needed to overcome
the air drag as shown in equation (2), shows the nonlinear increase of the curves by the
variation comes by the weight of the rider and electric-bicycle, when it goes on flat road.

Motor torque behaviour and power of electric‐bicycle

Torque is the moment of force that requires in turning of the motor. Motors can have high
torque therefore low speed, or low torque and high speed, having two different levels of
outputs in both such systems. Let‟s consider the two different types of electric-bicycle
motor, one attached with non-gear system and another with gear system, but motors
brings quite the similar power even though the former brings high torque means low
speed, whereas the latter is a low torque bringing high speed. But as the gear system
reduces the speed of the axle and freedom in some respect, thus the output power for both
such systems appears to be quite similar.
Here it is tried to present the characteristics of motor by doing calculations on the main
units of torque (T) and speed of motor‟s angular velocity (ω). The motor transforms
electrical energy to rotational energy and rotational energy drives wheel to rotate and
consume power. To calculate the mechanical power which is produced by motor as given
in equation (5).

31
In order to rise up the hill, it is necessary that the motor must be a better one, in this
respect a motor which has high torque symbolizing low speed, is considered to be a better
choice for going uphill direction. That is when speed of riding uphill is at high efficiency
range, which makes motor to run on stable speed, helping electric-bicycle to go up the
hill steadily. The speed for going up the hill is usually very lower than normal efficient
limit of the motor. In such situation motor moves rather slowly with low efficiency.
However, if rider has the chance to put enough strength on the pedal, supporting motor‟s
movements, the bike can easily and steadily rise uphill at most conditions.

In this calculation, at slope 4%, when wind and rolling resistances are not taken into
consideration, and weight of load (cyclist and bicycle) is considered as 95 kg, and
diameter of the wheel is taken 0.58m, the graph displays these characteristics. This
suggests that the amount of power that needs to climb uphill is so high that it requires
high powered motor to do it efficiently, but that is the restriction, therefore with the
limited power motor, we can see that the efficiency declines very sharply when there
comes the uphill.We can use this formula for bicycle speed calculation as shown in
equations (7) and (8).

32
 8. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

8.1 EPICYCLIC GEAR TRAIN

Figure 13

The epicyclic gear system consists of a ring gear, three planet gears and a sun gear. The
ring gear is attached to the output wheel (to the brake drum in our project). The three
planetary gears are attached to an arm which in turn is connected to the pedals via A
chain drive. The sun gear is keyed to the main shaft and is connected to the motor using
chain drive.

33
DESIGN OF GEAR

 The design is done based on the sun gear.

 The gear has a 200 full depth involute profile.
 The thickness is assumed to be 12 times its module (12m).
 The design is done by assuming a maximum torque of 25000Nmm acting on the
gear tooth.
 The maximum permissible bending strength of the material having σb =300
N/mm2 .
 The whole depth of the gear tooth= 2.25m.
 Number of teeth of sun gear =32.

From design of gears, the Lewis equation is given as,

Sb = mbσbY

Where

Sb= beam strength of gear tooth

m= module

b= tooth height

Y =Lewis form factor (0.364 for 200 full depth involute gear with 32 teeth)

Sb = 25000/2.25m

σb = 300N/mm2

Y=0.364

Substituting the values in the above equation, we get the module m = 2mm.

34
 GEAR SPECIFICATIONS

SPECS RING PLANET SUN

PCD(mm) 160 48 64
MODULE(mm) 2 2 2
OUTER DIA(mm) 160 48 64
No. OF TEETH 80 24 32
Pr. ANGLE 20 20 20

The gear tooth thickness is selected as 20mm.

35
 8.2 SHAFT AND BEARINGS

The main shaft holds the entire assembly including the epicyclic gear train and the
sprockets. The shaft is further attached to ball bearings on its either sides. The sun gear
is keyed to the shaft which rotates along with it.The sprocket keyed to the shaft receives
power from the 250w dc motor. When the motor is switched on, the sun rotates, whose
sense of rotation can be changed by reversing the power supply of the motor.

The sun gear along with the planetary gears drive the ring gear which drives the
pedelec.Therefore the wheel of the pedelec receives power from the motor as well as
from the pedals. Hence the pedelec can be operated in any of the three modes of power
at a time.

DESIGN OF SHAFT

The various loads acting on the shaft include:

1. Load of the entire epicyclic gear system acting at the centre of the shaft in vertical
direction.
2. Tension of chain drive due to pedalling which acts horizontally in forward direction.
3. Tension of chain drive driven by the motor , which acts horizontally in backward
direction
4. Bending moment due to various loads and tension of chain drives.
5. Torsional moment as a result of torques at various points on the shaft.

The length of the shaft is selected to be 230mm which provides enough space to
accommodate gears, sprockets and bearings.

MOMENTS AND FORCES

1. 50 N force acting in the vertical direction at a distance.

2. 610 N(.) at a distance of 100mm from left and 780N(x) at a distance of 50mm
from right side of the shaft, in the horizontal direction.
3. The maximum bending moments is found to be 51500Nmm at a distance of
100mm from left side of shaft.

36
 4. The maximum torsional moment is found to be about 100000Nmm.

From design of machine elements, we are familiar with the following equation,

τmax / F.S = 16/πd3[Mb2 + MT2 ]1/2

Where
Mb = maximum bending moment
MT = maximum Torsional moment
τmax = maximum allowable shear stress
FS=factor of safety

From calculations we have determined the following,

Mb =51500Nmm
MT =100000Nmm
τmax =380N/mm2
F.S=2

Substituting these values in the above equation, we have found the diameter of shaft to be
30mm.

SHAFT SPECIFICATION

By taking into consideration about the various loads acting on the shaft and cutting forces
that the shaft has to withstand during lathe and space for accommodation of gears,
sprockets and bearings:

Shaft diameter = 30mm

Shaft length = 230mm

37
In order to provide gears and sprockets, shoulders have been cut on the shaft such that the
diameter of the shaft remains almost close to 30mm.

38
8.3 ELECTRIC MOTOR

Almost exclusively, pedelecs use DC motors, using commutator-less and brush disc
motor which are suitable for direct drive, and brush motors with gears.

Direct rotor hub motors provide the ability to regenerative that is the recovery of energy
when braking. In addition to a minor charge the battery when going downhill this offers
the advantage of a mostly silent and wear-free auxiliary brake.

As a general rule, a cyclist can produce several hundred watts briefly, and one hundred
watts for a reasonable length of time. To be really useful, a motor needs to produce
another 100 Watts on a continuous basis, with peak power of at least 400 watts. Just to
confuse things, our measurements are of power consumption – losses in the motor and
drive system mean that the power output to the wheel can be much lower.
If you expect the motor to do most of the work, especially in a hilly area, you‟ll want a
peak consumption of 600 watts or more. On the other hand, if you prefer gentle
assistance, a peak of 200 watts may be enough. For a moped, power will be measured in
thousands of watts (kilowatts or kW) rather than watts. A continuous rating of one
kilowatt will just about keep up with city traffic, but two or three are more useful, and
motorcycles will obviously need a lot more to keep up with traffic out of town.

MOTOR SPECIFICATION

The motor selected for serving the purpose of our project was a 24v 250w 1500rpm dc
motor. The motor is connected via a chain drive to the main shaft. The motor along with
the pedalling action can provide a maximum power of about 500w which is legal in
countries like India.
Instead of using a battery as power source, a 220v/24 v ac to dc converter power source
is used. Upon varying the current or voltage the speed of the motor can be controlled.

The figure of the dc motor and power source is shown below:

39
Figure 14

40
 8.4 CHAIN DRIVE

Chain drive is a way of transmitting mechanical power from one place to another. It is
often used to convey power to the wheels of a vehicle, particularly
bicycles and motorcycles. It is also used in a wide variety of machines besides vehicles.

Most often, the power is conveyed by a roller chain, known as the drive
chain or transmission chain, passing over a sprocket gear, with the teeth of the gear
meshing with the holes in the links of the chain. The gear is turned, and this pulls the
chain putting mechanical force into the system.

Sometimes the power is output by simply rotating the chain, which can be used to lift or
drag objects. In other situations, a second gear is placed and the power is recovered by
attaching shafts or hubs to this gear. Though drive chains are often simple oval loops,
they can also go around corners by placing more than two gears along the chain; gears
that do not put power into the system or transmit it out are generally known as idler-
wheels. By varying the diameter of the input and output gears with respect to each other,
the gear ratio can be altered. For example, when the bicycle pedals‟ gear rotate once, it
causes the gear that drives the wheels to rotate more than one revolution.

Here the chain drives have been used to transmit power to the shaft from the motor as
well as from the pedals that drives the bicycle. The gear ratios used in the project setup
are:

1. A 1:1 gear ratio is provided from the pedal to the rear planet arm, which means a
single rotation of the pedal would result in a single rotation of the planetary gears around
the sun gear.
2. A 1:3 gear ratio is provided between the motor and the shaft, which means three
rotations of the motor shaft results in a single rotation of the sun gear. Therefore a speed
reduction has been provided between the motor and the shaft.

41
8.5 ROPE BRAKE DRUM DYNAMOMETER

A dynamometer is a device used for measuring the torque and brake power required to
operate a driven machine.
Dynamometers can be broadly classified into two types. They are:
1. Power Absorption Dynamometers: Power Absorption dynamometers measure
and absorb the power output of the engine to which they are coupled. The
power absorbed is usually dissipated as heat by some means
2. Power Transmission Dynamometers: In power transmission dynamometers the
power is transmitted to the load coupled to the engine after it is indicated on
some type of scale. These are also called torque meters.

The rope brake as shown in below figure is another device for measuring brake power of
an engine. It consists of a number of turns of rope wound around the rotating drum
attached to the output shaft. One side of the rope is connected to a spring balance and the
other side to a loading device. The power is absorbed in friction between the rope and the
drum. Therefore drum in rope brake requires cooling.

Figure 15

Rope brake dynamometers are cheap and can be constructed easily but brake power can‟t
be measured accurately because of change in the friction coefficient of the rope with
change in temperature.

42
The brake power is given by the formula
Brake Power = π DN (W – S)
where,
D is the brake drum diameter,
W is the weight of the load and
S is the spring balance reading

DYNAMOMETER SPECIFICATION

A rope brake drum dynamometer is used for measurement of torques and power. The
dynamometer is made from a GI pipe of diameter 160mm which was attached integral
with the internal gear. Spring balances are used for measurement of loads and optical
tachometer is used for measurement of speed.

Radius of brake drum, Rb = 80mm.

Diameter of rope, d = 6mm.
Net radius of rope + brake drum = Rb + d = 80+6 = 86mm
Number of spring balances used = 2
Load range of spring balances = 0-25 kg.

43
9. ENGINEERING DRAWINGS

44
45
46
47
48
 10. FIGURES

SHAFT ASSEMBLY

Figure 16

Figure 17

49
ROLLER BALL BEARING

Figure 18

EPICYCLIC GEAR SET:

Figure 19

50
ASSEMBLY:

Figure 20

51
 11. DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF EPICYCLIC GEAR TRAIN

In this we have determined the angular speeds (N) of the epicyclic gear train involving the
sun, planet and ring gears.

The following symbols are used to denote the speeds and number of teeth of various gears:

1. Y- speed of arm
2. X+Y- speed of sun gear
3. TA – number of teeth of sun gear
4. TB –- number of teeth of planetary gear
5. Tc- number of teeth of ring gear

SL Arm Sun Planet Ring Sun Planet Ring

NO
Y X X+Y Y-(X. Y-(X X X+Y Y-(X. Y-(X
Tc/Tb) .Tc/Ta) Tc/Tb) .Tc/Ta)

32 T 24 T 80 T 32 T 24 T 80 T

1 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00

0 10 10 -13.33 -4.00 -10 -10 13.33 4.00

0 20 20 -26.67 -8.00 -20 -20 26.67 8.00

0 30 30 -40.00 -12.00 -30 -30 40.00 12.00

0 40 40 -53.33 -16.00 -40 -40 53.33 16.00

0 50 50 -66.67 -20.00 -50 -50 66.67 20.00

0 60 60 -80.00 -24.00 -60 -60 80.00 24.00

0 70 70 -93.33 -28.00 -70 -70 93.33 28.00

0 80 80 -106.67 -32.00 -80 -80 106.67 32.00

0 90 90 -120.00 -36.00 -90 -90 120.00 36.00

52
 0 100 100 -133.33 -40.00 -100 -100 133.33 40.00

0 120 120 -160.00 -48.00 -120 -120 160.00 48.00

0 140 140 -186.67 -56.00 -140 -140 186.67 56.00

0 160 160 -213.33 -64.00 -160 -160 213.33 64.00

0 180 180 -240.00 -72.00 -180 -180 240.00 72.00

0 200 200 -266.67 -80.00 -200 -200 266.67 80.00

2 10 0 10 10.00 10.00 0 10 10.00 10.00

10 10 20 -3.33 6.00 -10 0 23.33 14.00

10 20 30 -16.67 2.00 -20 -10 36.67 18.00

10 30 40 -30.00 -2.00 -30 -20 50.00 22.00

10 40 50 -43.33 -6.00 -40 -30 63.33 26.00

10 50 60 -56.67 -10.00 -50 -40 76.67 30.00

10 60 70 -70.00 -14.00 -60 -50 90.00 34.00

10 70 80 -83.33 -18.00 -70 -60 103.33 38.00

10 80 90 -96.67 -22.00 -80 -70 116.67 42.00

10 90 100 -110.00 -26.00 -90 -80 130.00 46.00

10 100 110 -123.33 -30.00 -100 -90 143.33 50.00

10 120 130 -150.00 -38.00 -120 -110 170.00 58.00

10 140 150 -176.67 -46.00 -140 -130 196.67 66.00

10 160 170 -203.33 -54.00 -160 -150 223.33 74.00

10 180 190 -230.00 -62.00 -180 -170 250.00 82.00

10 200 210 -256.67 -70.00 -200 -190 276.67 90.00

3 20 0 20 20.00 20.00 0 20 20.00 20.00

53
 20 10 30 6.67 16.00 -10 10 33.33 24.00

20 20 40 -6.67 12.00 -20 0 46.67 28.00

20 30 50 -20.00 8.00 -30 -10 60.00 32.00

20 40 60 -33.33 4.00 -40 -20 73.33 36.00

20 50 70 -46.67 0.00 -50 -30 86.67 40.00

20 60 80 -60.00 -4.00 -60 -40 100.00 44.00

20 70 90 -73.33 -8.00 -70 -50 113.33 48.00

20 80 100 -86.67 -12.00 -80 -60 126.67 52.00

20 90 110 -100.00 -16.00 -90 -70 140.00 56.00

20 100 120 -113.33 -20.00 -100 -80 153.33 60.00

20 120 140 -140.00 -28.00 -120 -100 180.00 68.00

20 140 160 -166.67 -36.00 -140 -120 206.67 76.00

20 160 180 -193.33 -44.00 -160 -140 233.33 84.00

20 180 200 -220.00 -52.00 -180 -160 260.00 92.00

20 200 220 -246.67 -60.00 -200 -180 286.67 100.00

4 30 0 30 30.00 30.00 0 30 30.00 30.00

30 10 40 16.67 26.00 -10 20 43.33 34.00

30 20 50 3.33 22.00 -20 10 56.67 38.00

30 30 60 -10.00 18.00 -30 0 70.00 42.00

30 40 70 -23.33 14.00 -40 -10 83.33 46.00

30 50 80 -36.67 10.00 -50 -20 96.67 50.00

30 60 90 -50.00 6.00 -60 -30 110.00 54.00

30 70 100 -63.33 2.00 -70 -40 123.33 58.00

54
 30 80 110 -76.67 -2.00 -80 -50 136.67 62.00

30 90 120 -90.00 -6.00 -90 -60 150.00 66.00

30 100 130 -103.33 -10.00 -100 -70 163.33 70.00

30 120 150 -130.00 -18.00 -120 -90 190.00 78.00

30 140 170 -156.67 -26.00 -140 -110 216.67 86.00

30 160 190 -183.33 -34.00 -160 -130 243.33 94.00

30 180 210 -210.00 -42.00 -180 -150 270.00 102.00

30 200 230 -236.67 -50.00 -200 -170 296.67 110.00

5 40 0 40 40.00 40.00 0 40 40.00 40.00

40 10 50 26.67 36.00 -10 30 53.33 44.00

40 20 60 13.33 32.00 -20 20 66.67 48.00

40 30 70 0.00 28.00 -30 10 80.00 52.00

40 40 80 -13.33 24.00 -40 0 93.33 56.00

40 50 90 -26.67 20.00 -50 -10 106.67 60.00

40 60 100 -40.00 16.00 -60 -20 120.00 64.00

40 70 110 -53.33 12.00 -70 -30 133.33 68.00

40 80 120 -66.67 8.00 -80 -40 146.67 72.00

40 90 130 -80.00 4.00 -90 -50 160.00 76.00

40 100 140 -93.33 0.00 -100 -60 173.33 80.00

40 120 160 -120.00 -8.00 -120 -80 200.00 88.00

40 140 180 -146.67 -16.00 -140 -100 226.67 96.00

40 160 200 -173.33 -24.00 -160 -120 253.33 104.00

40 180 220 -200.00 -32.00 -180 -140 280.00 112.00

55
 40 200 240 -226.67 -40.00 -200 -160 306.67 120.00

6 50 0 50 50.00 50.00 0 50 50.00 50.00

50 10 60 36.67 46.00 -10 40 63.33 54.00

50 20 70 23.33 42.00 -20 30 76.67 58.00

50 30 80 10.00 38.00 -30 20 90.00 62.00

50 40 90 -3.33 34.00 -40 10 103.33 66.00

50 50 100 -16.67 30.00 -50 0 116.67 70.00

50 60 110 -30.00 26.00 -60 -10 130.00 74.00

50 70 120 -43.33 22.00 -70 -20 143.33 78.00

50 80 130 -56.67 18.00 -80 -30 156.67 82.00

50 90 140 -70.00 14.00 -90 -40 170.00 86.00

50 100 150 -83.33 10.00 -100 -50 183.33 90.00

50 120 170 -110.00 2.00 -120 -70 210.00 98.00

50 140 190 -136.67 -6.00 -140 -90 236.67 106.00

50 160 210 -163.33 -14.00 -160 -110 263.33 114.00

50 180 230 -190.00 -22.00 -180 -130 290.00 122.00

50 200 250 -216.67 -30.00 -200 -150 316.67 130.00

7 60 0 60 60.00 60.00 0 60 60.00 60.00

60 10 70 46.67 56.00 -10 50 73.33 64.00

60 20 80 33.33 52.00 -20 40 86.67 68.00

60 30 90 20.00 48.00 -30 30 100.00 72.00

60 40 100 6.67 44.00 -40 20 113.33 76.00

60 50 110 -6.67 40.00 -50 10 126.67 80.00

56
 60 60 120 -20.00 36.00 -60 0 140.00 84.00

60 70 130 -33.33 32.00 -70 -10 153.33 88.00

60 80 140 -46.67 28.00 -80 -20 166.67 92.00

60 90 150 -60.00 24.00 -90 -30 180.00 96.00

60 100 160 -73.33 20.00 -100 -40 193.33 100.00

60 120 180 -100.00 12.00 -120 -60 220.00 108.00

60 140 200 -126.67 4.00 -140 -80 246.67 116.00

60 160 220 -153.33 -4.00 -160 -100 273.33 124.00

60 180 240 -180.00 -12.00 -180 -120 300.00 132.00

60 200 260 -206.67 -20.00 -200 -140 326.67 140.00

8 70 0 70 70.00 70.00 0 70 70.00 70.00

70 10 80 56.67 66.00 -10 60 83.33 74.00

70 20 90 43.33 62.00 -20 50 96.67 78.00

70 30 100 30.00 58.00 -30 40 110.00 82.00

70 40 110 16.67 54.00 -40 30 123.33 86.00

70 50 120 3.33 50.00 -50 20 136.67 90.00

70 60 130 -10.00 46.00 -60 10 150.00 94.00

70 70 140 -23.33 42.00 -70 0 163.33 98.00

70 80 150 -36.67 38.00 -80 -10 176.67 102.00

70 90 160 -50.00 34.00 -90 -20 190.00 106.00

70 100 170 -63.33 30.00 -100 -30 203.33 110.00

70 120 190 -90.00 22.00 -120 -50 230.00 118.00

70 140 210 -116.67 14.00 -140 -70 256.67 126.00

57
 70 160 230 -143.33 6.00 -160 -90 283.33 134.00

70 180 250 -170.00 -2.00 -180 -110 310.00 142.00

70 200 270 -196.67 -10.00 -200 -130 336.67 150.00

9 80 0 80 80.00 80.00 0 80 80.00 80.00

80 10 90 66.67 76.00 -10 70 93.33 84.00

80 20 100 53.33 72.00 -20 60 106.67 88.00

80 30 110 40.00 68.00 -30 50 120.00 92.00

80 40 120 26.67 64.00 -40 40 133.33 96.00

80 50 130 13.33 60.00 -50 30 146.67 100.00

80 60 140 0.00 56.00 -60 20 160.00 104.00

80 70 150 -13.33 52.00 -70 10 173.33 108.00

80 80 160 -26.67 48.00 -80 0 186.67 112.00

80 90 170 -40.00 44.00 -90 -10 200.00 116.00

80 100 180 -53.33 40.00 -100 -20 213.33 120.00

80 120 200 -80.00 32.00 -120 -40 240.00 128.00

80 140 220 -106.67 24.00 -140 -60 266.67 136.00

80 160 240 -133.33 16.00 -160 -80 293.33 144.00

80 180 260 -160.00 8.00 -180 -100 320.00 152.00

80 200 280 -186.67 0.00 -200 -120 346.67 160.00

10 90 0 90 90.00 90.00 0 90 90.00 90.00

90 10 100 76.67 86.00 -10 80 103.33 94.00

90 20 110 63.33 82.00 -20 70 116.67 98.00

90 30 120 50.00 78.00 -30 60 130.00 102.00

58
 90 40 130 36.67 74.00 -40 50 143.33 106.00

90 50 140 23.33 70.00 -50 40 156.67 110.00

90 60 150 10.00 66.00 -60 30 170.00 114.00

90 70 160 -3.33 62.00 -70 20 183.33 118.00

90 80 170 -16.67 58.00 -80 10 196.67 122.00

90 90 180 -30.00 54.00 -90 0 210.00 126.00

90 100 190 -43.33 50.00 -100 -10 223.33 130.00

90 120 210 -70.00 42.00 -120 -30 250.00 138.00

90 140 230 -96.67 34.00 -140 -50 276.67 146.00

90 160 250 -123.33 26.00 -160 -70 303.33 154.00

90 180 270 -150.00 18.00 -180 -90 330.00 162.00

90 200 290 -176.67 10.00 -200 -110 356.67 170.00

11 100 0 100 100.00 100.00 0 100 100.00 100.00

100 10 110 86.67 96.00 -10 90 113.33 104.00

100 20 120 73.33 92.00 -20 80 126.67 108.00

100 30 130 60.00 88.00 -30 70 140.00 112.00

100 40 140 46.67 84.00 -40 60 153.33 116.00

100 50 150 33.33 80.00 -50 50 166.67 120.00

100 60 160 20.00 76.00 -60 40 180.00 124.00

100 70 170 6.67 72.00 -70 30 193.33 128.00

100 80 180 -6.67 68.00 -80 20 206.67 132.00

100 90 190 -20.00 64.00 -90 10 220.00 136.00

100 100 200 -33.33 60.00 -100 0 233.33 140.00

59
 100 120 220 -60.00 52.00 -120 -20 260.00 148.00

100 140 240 -86.67 44.00 -140 -40 286.67 156.00

100 160 260 -113.33 36.00 -160 -60 313.33 164.00

100 180 280 -140.00 28.00 -180 -80 340.00 172.00

100 200 300 -166.67 20.00 -200 -100 366.67 180.00

12 110 0 110 110.00 110.00 0 110 110.00 110.00

110 10 120 96.67 106.00 -10 100 123.33 114.00

110 20 130 83.33 102.00 -20 90 136.67 118.00

110 30 140 70.00 98.00 -30 80 150.00 122.00

110 40 150 56.67 94.00 -40 70 163.33 126.00

110 50 160 43.33 90.00 -50 60 176.67 130.00

110 60 170 30.00 86.00 -60 50 190.00 134.00

110 70 180 16.67 82.00 -70 40 203.33 138.00

110 80 190 3.33 78.00 -80 30 216.67 142.00

110 90 200 -10.00 74.00 -90 20 230.00 146.00

110 100 210 -23.33 70.00 -100 10 243.33 150.00

110 120 230 -50.00 62.00 -120 -10 270.00 158.00

110 140 250 -76.67 54.00 -140 -30 296.67 166.00

110 160 270 -103.33 46.00 -160 -50 323.33 174.00

110 180 290 -130.00 38.00 -180 -70 350.00 182.00

110 200 310 -156.67 30.00 -200 -90 376.67 190.00

13 120 0 120 120.00 120.00 0 120 120.00 120.00

120 10 130 106.67 116.00 -10 110 133.33 124.00

60
120 20 140 93.33 112.00 -20 100 146.67 128.00

120 30 150 80.00 108.00 -30 90 160.00 132.00

120 40 160 66.67 104.00 -40 80 173.33 136.00

120 50 170 53.33 100.00 -50 70 186.67 140.00

120 60 180 40.00 96.00 -60 60 200.00 144.00

120 70 190 26.67 92.00 -70 50 213.33 148.00

120 80 200 13.33 88.00 -80 40 226.67 152.00

120 90 210 0.00 84.00 -90 30 240.00 156.00

120 100 220 -13.33 80.00 -100 20 253.33 160.00

120 120 240 -40.00 72.00 -120 0 280.00 168.00

120 140 260 -66.67 64.00 -140 -20 306.67 176.00

120 160 280 -93.33 56.00 -160 -40 333.33 184.00

120 180 300 -120.00 48.00 -180 -60 360.00 192.00

120 200 320 -146.67 40.00 -200 -80 386.67 200.00

61
 12. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION

An experimental investigation was conducted on a normal bicycle and on the Multi-

Powered Pedelec.

EXPERIMENT ON NORMAL BICYCLE

The torque and power for various speed and slopes were found out. Certain data were
extrapolated from the measured data. The average power that can be applied on a normal
bicycle by a normal human was found to be around 200-300 watts.

The experimental results have been analysed and graphs were plotted. The following
table shows the data collected which includes the extrapolated data too.

Angle Velocity Applied Applied Propelling Power

0 (kmph)
() force torque force (W)
(N) (Nm) (N)
0 5 18.62 3.35 4.32 6.00
0 10 33.90 6.10 7.86 21.85
0 15 59.36 10.67 13.77 57.38
0 20 95.00 17.08 22.04 122.46
0 25 140.84 25.32 32.67 226.92
5 5 313.42 56.35 72.72 101.00
5 10 322.70 59.10 76.26 211.84
5 15 354.16 63.68 82.17 342.38
5 20 389.81 70.09 90.44 502.46
5 25 435.64 78.33 101.05 701.92
10 5 605.98 108.96 140.60 195.28
10 10 621.26 111.71 144.14 400.40
10 15 646.72 116.29 150.05 625.21
10 20 682.37 122.54 158.32 879.58
10 25 728.20 130.94 168.95 1173.32

62
 140

120

100
torque vs speed(level
80 road)
torque vs
60 speed(5degree)
torque vs
40 speed(10degree)

20

0
0 10 20 30

Graph 1: torque vs. speed

1400

1200

1000 power vs speed(level

road)
800
power vs speed(5 degree)
600

400 power vs speed(10degree

slope)
200

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Graph 2: power vs. speed

63
 LOAD TEST ON MOTOR:
Load test on motor was conducted at various loads and the following results were found.
W1 W2 TORQUE SPEED POWER
(kg) (kg) (Nm) (rpm) (W)
0 0 0 400 0
3.4 2.4 .81 372 38.3
6 3.5 2.45 336 86.2
8 4 3.92 332 136.4
11.5 5 6.37 328 218.8
13.5 6 7.35 322 248.6

The following results have been found out.

 The maximum torque produced by the motor was found to be 7.35Nm.

 The maximum power output was found to be about 248.6W.
 The torque-speed curve is found to be a straight line.
 The torque-speed curve shows a decreasing slope with the speed decreasing initially
with torque and afterwards remains almost constant.

torque vs power
300

250

200

150 torque vs power

100

50

0
0 2 4 6 8

Graph 3

64
 torque vs speed
450

400

350

300

250

200 torque vs speed

150

100

50

0
0 2 4 6 8

Graph 4

65
MAXIMUM POWER DETERMINATION

Another experimental investigation was conducted on the pedelec with the motor
switched off.

AIM:
The aim of the experiment was to find out the maximum constant power that can be
delivered continuously to the pedals of a pedelec by a normal human being.

PROCEDURES FOLLOWED:

 A man weighing 60 Kg was selected for the experiment.

 The person is made to pedal continuously for about 4 Minutes at various loads at
constant speed of about 75 rpm.
 The load corresponding to a power of about 100 watts at 75 rpm was selected as the
initial load.
 The same procedure was repeated at various higher loads and the following
observations were found.

OBSERVATIONS

LOAD SPEED TORQUE POWER

(kg) (rpm) (Nm) (W)
15 75 11.77 92.41
25 75 19.62 154.02
35 75 27.46 215.62
38 75 29.82 234.10

RESULT:
The maximum constant power that can be delivered continuously by a average human
being is found to be about 235 watts from the experiment.

66
 13. EXPERIMENTAL FINDOUTS AND INFERENCE

 Based on experiments done on the normal bicycle, it has been found that a maximum
power delivered by the person is close to 500 W and that for a very short period of
time of about several seconds. Also on a level road the power required to propel an
80 kg bicycle and man at a normal speed of 10-15 kmph is about 30-60 W.
 At higher slopes of 50, for a maximum continuous power delivery of about 100-200
W, the speeds attained is between 5-10 kmph. With the aid of motor delivering a
maximum power at its full throttle (240-250 W) combined with pedal power of 200
W, speeds as high as 15-20 kmph or even above can be achieved.
 At slopes of 100, by combined action of pedalling and motor power, speeds between
5 and 10 kmph is achieved.
 The motor supplied power can be varied from zero to 250 W by throttle operation.
At maximum throttle maximum current is delivered at the constant voltage of 24v
which is a little above 10A.
 If motor is replaced using a motor generator, power can be produced with it while
climbing down hills or slopes. The motor generator could be used as a power
production and delivery source.
 The maximum constant power that can be delivered continuously by the combined
motor and pedal action (by an average human), as from the series of experiments
conducted, is found to be 434 W.
 On a normal bicycle, the maximum torque that can be delivered while delivering a
continuous power of 200W is found to be a little less than 60Nm.The torque applied
can be reduced significantly with the aid of the motor which can deliver a maximum
torque of about 7.5 Nm.
 On a level road, the power required to propel the bicycle at speeds as high as 25
kmph is found to be 225 W which is still less than the maximum motor power.
Therefore the motor alone can provide the entire propulsive power even without
pedalling. Also at small slopes the motor alone can provide enough power to propel
at very low speeds.
 At higher slopes where much higher torque and power is required, the motor can aid
the person in delivering enough propulsive power to the pedelec while travelling
uphill.

67
 14. CASE STUDY

The study involves analysing the performance of the multi powered pedelec while riding
through a real road. For conducting the study a 100m irregular road was selected. The
ordinates of the road at every ten metres have been found out and slope of the road
between every ten metres is determined.

We know that at higher positive slopes, the pedelec requires much higher power
compared to level roads or lower slopes. Depending upon the road conditions, terrain,
weather condition etc. small variations in power required is present.

this study, we have selected a 100m tarred road of varying slopes. The power required at
various regions (every 10m) is determined. While conducting the study, it is assumed that
a constant speed (10 kmph) is maintained while riding the entire 100m distance. The data
has been collected which involves road information (ordinates, distance, slope etc.),
propelling force, power required. The graphical representation of the road is shown in
graph.

Region Distance Ordinates Angle Slope Propelling Power

(m) (m) (o) (grad) Force (W)

(N)
I 0-10 0 10 11 144 400
II 10-20 1.76 5 5.5 76 212
III 20-30 2.63 0 0 8 22
IV 30-40 1.23 -8 -8.8 -101 -280
V 40-50 0.88 -2 -2.2 -20 -55
VI 50-60 1.93 0 0 8 22
VII 60-70 3.16 6 6.67 90 250
VIII 70-80 5.84 7 7.78 103 288
IX 80-90 5.84 15 16.67 210 586
X 90-100 5.84 0 0 8 22

68
 Assumed road
profile
7
6
5 5.84 5.84 5.84
4
3
3.16
2 2.63 2.63
1 1.76 1.93
1.23
0 0.88
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Graph 5:Road profile

o Red line indicates the assumed road profile.

o Blue line indicates the real road profile.

INFERENCE

 From the table given above, the propelling force and power required increases with
slope.
 Negative value of force and power required implies no power is required to be
delivered by the bicycle or motor. Necessary force for propulsion is delivered by the
component of weight of (bicycle + motor) in the forward direction, at negative slopes
while travelling at the constant speed of 10 kmph.

CASE I

 Let us assume the case when the rider is delivering constant power throughout the
distance. We have found earlier, the maximum continuous power delivered by an
average human which is about 235W for about 4 minutes. For this study let us
assume that the rider is delivering a constant power output of 200W.When required
power becomes less than 200W, the power delivered by the rider equals the required
power.
 At different regions the power required is much higher than that delivered; the extra
power has to be delivered by the motor.

69
700
CASE - 1
600

500

400

300

200

100

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
-100

-200
Total power
-300 Rider power[200W]
Motor power(0-250W)
-400

Graph : Power variation at constant speed.

 The blue line indicates the power delivered by the rider.

 The green line shows the motor power which reaches a maximum of 250W at
maximum throttle.
 At times, when the total power required exceeds the (motor + rider) power, the rider
has to increase his power output. Still, if the power requirement is not met, then he
has to step down from the pedelec and manually push it through the distance.

70
 15. CONCLUSION

In modern context, there are so many developments going on every direction. Taking into
account these progressive trends in the developed countries, we cannot ever imagine that
there could be any shortage of energy in this world or there should be necessary for other
solutions. Considering the developments, it seems that everything is going smoothly and
this energy crisis seems to be unreal.
But when we move towards other side, the countries who are developing and mainly
those countries who are under-development, then we realize how heavy this energy crisis
is. There people do not have regular electricity even for their household needs then how it
is possible to use it for the external requirements that is where the alternative ways stand
as the only rescue option for them to function somehow if it is made available there.
The reason to get motivation also by the fact that we already have less energy in this
world in the form of fossil fuel and until there is possibility gained for some stable
solutions. It is better to be careful and not totally finish off this fossil fuel option. It might
have many other benefits than just the fuel for vehicles. Therefore those particularities we
should never undermine is always a safer choice, is the moral lesson of this study.
Besides when people use car, usually people ride alone to go to offices and other places,
when the capacity consisting of four, suggesting clearly that it is the wasting of scarce
fossil fuel for limited gain. We may some situations where there is no better option than
car riding, but still there are so many possibilities where it can be easily replaced with
other transportation services, and importantly the fuel saving services. That is why, to
suggest the possible area we propose this e-bike as one of the better options for saving
energy, especially in short distant traveling. This helps save the fuel and also the
environment altogether by reducing pollutions causing mainly by combustion engines.
There has always been this willingness in human race to improve the on-going technology
that is prevailing at a particular time, by bringing a more sophisticated and advanced
product than that is what presently available today. This act what actually leads into
bringing new developments, progress in every aspect of life for better livelihood all
around? That is why by the improvements and growth in science and technology in
recent decades, we can see similar progress in the field of transportations also. As we
know development is a continuous process and until it reaches into a state of complete
perfection, there is always room for its improvements, and our study is just to support this
idea.

71
As we know that pedelecs makes transportation comfortable and convenient than any
normal bicycles, therefore the chance for its growth is enormous. Mainly in the countries
where people are unable to afford expensive transportations, it has huge market and
potential. That makes the task of making environment secure, becomes quite realistic
indeed.
There are many other benefits which can be achieved by its popularity. The fossil fuel
consumption will be reduced that will bring significant change in the environment
pollutions; similarly many diseases which are the direct result of pollution will be
reduced. The sudden climatic changes, unexpected behaviour of nature, natural disasters
will also decrease accordingly. It will help reducing the waste of many non-recyclable
resources. The most important benefit that will be rewarded is our health.
We have done an experimental analysis on the properties of the multi powered pedelec,
studying its various characteristics under various slopes and various terrain conditions.
Also the study focussed on the effectiveness of using the motor that can aid the pedalling.
The pedalling effort can be significantly reduced. We have also highlighted the
importance and effectiveness that these pedelecs can bring to the society. We have
successfully fabricated the model which could have been improved if extensive
component requirements have been met. There are also several limitations in the model
especially in design, development and manufacturing.

72