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Introduction to Linguistics

Session 11: Syntax


(The Study of Sentence Pattern)

Edi Brata, S.Pd.


http://edibrata.wordpress.com
Mathla’ul Anwar University
Preview to the Previous Session
(Part of Speech)
Part of Speech
(Word Class )
 
1. Noun

2. Pronoun

3. Adjective

4. Verb
Part of Speech
5. Adverb

6. Preposition

7. Conjunction

8. Interjection
SOME GRAMMAR SOURCES CATEGORIZE ENGLISH
INTO 9 OR 10 PARTS OF SPEECH

• Verbs may be treated as two different parts of


speech:
o Lexical Verbs (work, like, run)
o Auxiliary Verbs (be, have, must)
• Determiners may be treated as a separate part of
speech, instead of being categorized under
Adjectives.
NOUN (NOUN PHRASE)

Description:
A word (or group of word) that is the name of person, a place, thing or
activity, or a quality of idea.

Example:
Andi, Pandeglang, book, sense, walking stick (ph.), town hall (ph.), etc.

1. Andi is a students.
2. I live in Pandeglang.
3. I recommend this book.
4. John need walking stick.
5. Meet me at town hall.
PRONOUN

Description:
A word that is used in place of a noun or noun phrase.

Example:
her, she, him, they.

1. Mary’s husband love her.


2. She met him two years ago.
3. Look at him!
4. They are friends.
ADJECTIVES

Description:
A word that gives more information about noun or
pronoun (noun/ pronoun modifiers.)
Example:
Kind, better, best, big.

1. He is a kind man.
2. We all want better life!
3. That’s the best thing about her.
4. That is the big house.
VERBS

Description:
A word (or group of words) which is used in describing an
action, experience or state.

Example:
Write, ride, run, be.

1. He wrote a poem.
2. I like riding a horse.
3. He run quickly.
4. We are not terrorists.
ADVERBS
(ADVERBIAL PHRASE)

Description:
A word (or group of words) that describes or adds to the
meaning of verbs, adjective, another adverbs, or a whole
sentence.

Example:
Sensibly, carefully, at home, in half an hour.

1. Please talk sensibly!


2. He walk across the bridge carefully.
3. I like listening to the music at home.
4. See you in a half an hour.
PREPOSITION
(PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE)

Description:
A word (or group of words) which is used to show the way
in which other words are connected.

Example:
For, of, in, on top of.

1. A plan for life.


2. Bring me two bottles of tea!
3. Put it in the box!
4. You will find it on top of the cupboard.
CONJUNCTION

Description:
A word that connect sentences, phrases, or clauses.

Example:
And, so, but.

1. Girl and boy.


2. My car broke down, so I went by bus.
3. I like it, but I can't afford it.
INTERJECTION

Description:
A word that short exclamation, sometimes inserted into a
sentence.

Example:
oh!, ouch!, hi!, well.

1. Ouch! That hurts!


2. Hi! How are you?
3. Well, I don't know.
Grammatical or Ungrammatical:

1. The boy found the ball


2. The boy found quickly
3. The boy found in the house
4. The boy found the ball in the house
5. Arwani slept the baby
6. Arwani slept soundly
Grammatical or Ungrammatical:

1. The boy found the ball


2. ∗ The boy found quickly
3. ∗ The boy found in the house
4. The boy found the ball in the house
5. ∗ Arwani slept the baby
6. Arwani slept soundly

Find: Transitive verb (with object)


Sleep: Intransitive verb (no object)
Grammatical or Ungrammatical:

1. the lucky boys


2. boys the lucky
Grammatical or Ungrammatical:

1. the lucky boys  grammatical


2. ∗boys the lucky  ungrammatical

An asterisk ∗ is used to indicate that a form is


unacceptable or ungrammatical.
Syntactic Categories

Lexical categories: Examples:


• Noun (N) • moisture, policy
• Verb (V) • melt, remain
• Adjective (A) • good, intelligent
• Preposition (P) • to, near
• Adverb (Adv) • slowly, now
Syntactic Categories

Non-lexical categories Examples


• Determiner (Det) • the, this
• Degree word (Deg) • very, more
• Qualifier (Qual) • always, perhaps
• Auxiliary (Aux) • will, can
• Conjunction (Con) • and, or
Indicate the category of each word in the
following sentences!

a. The glass suddenly broke.


Det / N / Adv / V
b. A jogger ran towards the end of the lane.
Det / N / V / P / Det / N / P / Det / N

c. The peaches never appear quite ripe.


Det / N / Qual / V / Deg / A

d. Alivia will play the trumpet and the drums in the orchestra.
N / Aux / V / Det / N / Conj / Det / N / P / Det / N
Phrases

o NP : Noun Phrase
The car, a clever student
o VP : Verb Phrase
study hard, play the guitar
o PP : Prepositional Phrase
in the class, above the earth
o AP : Adjective Phrase
very tall, quite certain
Phrase Structure Rules
• NP (Det) N (PP)
• PP P NP
The bus in the yard
The bus (NP)
NP

Det N
Det N PP

The bus P NP

Det N

The bus in the yard


Phrase Structure Rules
• VP V (NP) (PP)
• S NP (Aux) VP

took the money took the money from the bank


(VP) (VP)

V NP V NP PP
Det N Det N P NP

took the money Det N

took the money from the bank


Draw the tree diagram!

1. repaired the telephone


2. the success of the program
3. a film about pollution
4. move towards the window
5. cast a spell on the broomstick
Clauses

o Noun Clause: Clause that is functioned like a noun


He said that he was tired.
o Adjective Clause: Clause that is functioned like an
adjective
The girl who is standing under the tree is my sister.
o Adverbial Clause: Clause that is functioned like an adverb
When he arrived we were all sleeping
Word, Phrases and Clauses

I always remember Jhon.


word

I always remember his kindness.


phrase
I always remember what Jhon has done.
clause
The Main Structure Rules

1. S NP (Aux) VP
2. NP (Det) (AP) N (PP)
3. VP V (NP) (PP) (Adv)
4. PP P NP
5. AP A (PP)
Example (1)
The old tree swayed in the wind
S

NP Aux VP

Det Adj N V PP

P NP

Det N

The old tree past swayed in the wind


Example (2)
The children put the toy in the box
S

NP VP

Det N V NP PP

Det N P NP

Det N

The children put the toy in the box


Ambiguity:
More than One Meaning
Yuhaesih whack a man with an umbrella.
S

NP VP

N V NP PP

Det N P NP

Det N

Yuhaesih whack a man with an umbrella


Structural Ambiguity (1)
The boy saw the man with the telescope

The boy saw the man with the telescope


S

NP Aux VP

Det N V NP PP

Det N P NP

Det N

The boy past saw the man with the telescope


Structural Ambiguity (2)
The boy saw the man with the telescope

The boy saw the man with the telescope


S

NP Aux VP

Det N V NP

Det N PP

P NP

Det N

The boy past saw the man with the telescope


Declarative – Interrogative

Move the auxiliary to the left of the subject.

The boy will leave. Will the boy leave?


S S

NP Aux VP Aux NP VP

Det N V Det N V

The boy will leave Will the boy leave


The deep structure The surface structure
The Wh Movement
• Surface structure: Which car should the man repair?
• Deep structure:
S

NP Aux VP

Det N V NP

Det N

The man should repair which car


Draw the deep structure of the following
sentences!

1. Will the boss hire Hillary?


2. Is that player leaving the team?
3. Who should the director call?
4. What is Joanne eating?
Sentence
 
One
subject

I love you.
One
verb

Independent clause: only one subject and one verb


Independent
clause

I love you, and you love me.


Independent
clause

Two independent clauses joined together


Dependent clause

Because you love me, I love you.

Independent clause

A dependent clause joined to an independent clause.


(The dependent clause needs the rest of the
sentence for support.)
Simple Sentence

 A simple sentence contains a subject and verb.


 It expresses a single complete thought.
 A simple sentence is a single independent clause.

I live in Cikaliung.

Subject
Verb
Compound Sentence
A compound sentence contains two independent
clauses that are joined together.

She works in the city, but she lives in the suburbs.

Independent Independent
Clause Clause
ComplexSentence
A complex sentence contains one independent
and one dependent clause.

Because she was sick, she stayed home.

Dependent Independent
Clause Clause
Sentence
Declarative:
I will arrive at three.

Imperative:
Come here.

Interrogative:
Did you see your brother yesterday?

Exclamatory:
Just a minute!
Thank You
http://edibrata.wordpress.com
(Some materials are directly adopted from some sources)

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