ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I have great pleasure in presenting this report on ‘The Grid Flexibility: A Quiet
Revolution’. I take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to all those who
have helped me in this report and those who have contributed to make this a success.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Mr. DEBABRATO MUKHERJEE

Assistant Professor at GTC campus. For giving me an opportunity to work under his
guidance and a rare chance to work in a seminar report .

I express my heartfelt thanks Mr. Bhupendra Gupta Assistant Professor at GTC

campus whose guidance was of valuable help for me.

I also extend my thanks to all the faculty members for their support and guidance for
the completion of my seminar report.

GUMAN SINGH BAIRWA

14EGCEE011
GCT ELECTRICAL

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 ABSTRACT

This report reviews different approaches, technologies, and strategies to manage

large-scale schemes of variable renewable electricity such as solar and wind power.
We consider both supply and demand side measures. In addition to presenting energy
system flexibility measures, their importance to renewable electricity is discussed.
The flexibility measures available range from traditional ones such as grid extension
or pumped hydro storage to more advanced strategies such as demand side
management and demand side linked approaches, e.g. the use of electric vehicles for
storing excess electricity, but also providing grid support services. Advanced batteries
may offer new solutions in the future, though the high costs associated with batteries
may restrict their use to smaller scale applications. Different “P2Y”-type of
strategies, where P stands for surplus renewable power and Y for the energy form or
energy service to which this excess in converted to, e.g. thermal energy, hydrogen,
gas or mobility are receiving much attention as potential flexibility solutions, making
use of the energy system as a whole. To “functionalize” or to assess the value of the
various energy system flexibility measures, these need often be put into an
electricity/energy market or utility service context. Summarizing, the outlook for
managing large amounts of RE power in terms of options available seems to be
promising.

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 CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii

ABSTRACT iii

LIST OF CONTENT iv

LIST OF FIGURES vii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Grid Flexibility 3

1.2 Define Flexibility 3

1.3 Flexibility Today-Making More Efficient 4

CHAPTER 2: Power System Flexibility 9

2.1 Introduction 9

2.2 Methods of Grid Flexibility 9

2.2.1 Short-term: Operational Flexibility Programs 10

2.2.2 Long-Term: Planning For Flexibility 11

2.3 Resource for Grid Flexibility 13

2.4 Define Flexibility Terms 14

2.4.1 Improved Operations 14

2.4.2 Demand Response 15

2.4.3 Grid Infrastructure 16

2.5 Options for Increasing Power System Flexibility 19

2.5.1 Fast Market 20

2.5.2 Flexible Generation 21

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 2.5.3 Demand Side Management (DMS) 21

2.6 Potential DMS 24

2.6.1 Household 24

2.6.2 Service Sector 26

2.6.3 Industrial Loads 26

2.7 Example of DSM with Renewable Energy 28

2.8 Energy Storage 31

2.8.1 Pumped Hydro 31

2.8.2 Compressed Air 32

2.8.3 Hydrogen 33

2.8.4 Batteries 34

2.8.5 Flywheels 35

2.8.6 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage 36

2.8.7 Super Capacitor 36

CHAPTER 3: Challenges of Grid Flexibility 38

3.1 Introduction 38

3.2 Integrating Low Levels of Variable Resources 39

3.2.1 Managing Distribution Grids 41

3.2.2 The Role of Transmission Networks 42

3.2.3 Market and System Operation Challenges 43

CHAPTER 4: Vision of Power System Flexibility 47

4.1 Vision Elements 47

4.2 Vision Details 49

4.2.1 Exploiting Demand Side Flexibility 49

4.2.2 Expanded and Liberalized Markets 50

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 4.2.3 Grid Support Services from Renewable Energy 51

4.2.4 Encouraging Renewable Resource Diversity 52

4.2.5 Role of Bulk Energy Storage 53

4.2.6 The Smart Grid 54

CONCLUSION 55

REFERENCES 56

APPENDIX 57

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 List of Figures

Fig. No. Name of Figure Page No.

1.3 A New Business Model for Power Generation 5

2.2.1- The impacts of variable generation on the flexibility time line 10

2.2.2: Capacity Cleared in PJM Capacity Market 12

2.3: Flexibility Resource Supply Curve 13

2.4.1- Decreased Variability with a Bigger Portfolio of Resource 15

2.5 Flexibility needs source, and enables 20

2.4.3 Categories of demand side management 22

2.8.1 Energy Storage System 32

3.2 Transformation power system with growing vRES penetration level 40

4.1 Elements of the flexibility vision 48

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