MAE 101A

Homework 2 – Solutions

1/25/2018
Munson 2.22: Equation 2.12 provides the relationship between pressure and elevation in the
atmosphere for those regions in which the temperature varies linearly with elevation. Derive this
equation and verify the value of the pressure given in Table C.2 in Appendix C for an elevation of 5 km.

Determine Given Model and Assumptions

𝛽𝑧 𝑔/𝑅𝛽
Derive 𝑝(𝑧) = 𝑝𝑎 (1 − ) 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑎 − 𝛽𝑧 Linear temperature variation
𝑇𝑎
Equation 2.12 𝛽 = 0.0065 K/m Ideal gas
𝑇𝑎 = 288.15 K
Basic Equations 𝑝𝑎 = 101.33 K
𝑑𝑝
= −𝛾 = −𝜌𝑔 𝑅 = 286.9 J/kg ∙ K air
𝑑𝑧 ̂
⃗⃗ = −𝑔𝒌
𝒈
𝑝 = 𝜌𝑅𝑇 𝑔 = 9.81 m/s
𝑧 = 5000 m 𝑧
Analysis
𝑑𝑝
= −𝛾 = −𝜌𝑔
𝑑𝑧

𝑑𝑝 = −𝜌𝑔𝑑𝑧
𝑝
𝑑𝑝 = − 𝑅𝑇 𝑔𝑑𝑧

𝑑𝑝 𝑔
𝑝
= − 𝑅(𝑇 𝑑𝑧
𝑎 −𝛽𝑧)

𝑝 𝑑𝑝 𝑔 𝑧 𝑑𝑧
∫𝑝 = − 𝑅 ∫0 (𝑇𝑎 −𝛽𝑧)
𝑎 𝑝

𝑝 𝑔 1 𝑧
ln (𝑝 ) = − 𝑅 [− 𝛽 ln(𝑇𝑎 − 𝛽𝑧)]
𝑎 0

𝑝 𝑔
ln (𝑝 ) = 𝑅𝛽 [ln(𝑇𝑎 − 𝛽𝑧) − ln(𝑇𝑎 )]
𝑎

𝑝 𝑔 𝛽𝑧
ln (𝑝 ) = 𝑅𝛽 [ln (1 − 𝑇 )]
𝑎 𝑎

𝑝 𝛽𝑧 𝑔/𝑅𝛽
ln (𝑝 ) = ln (1 − 𝑇 )
𝑎 𝑎

𝛽𝑧 𝑔/𝑅𝛽
𝑝(𝑧) = 𝑝𝑎 (1 − 𝑇 )
𝑎
m
9.81 2
s
K J K
0.0065 5000 m (286.9 )(0.0065 )
𝑝(5 km) = (101.33 kPa) (1 − m
288.15 K
) kg∙K m

𝑝 = 54 kPa
Discussion
The calculated value, 𝑝 = 54 kPa, agrees with the tabulated value, 𝑝 = 54.05 kPa. The two solutions
differ by 0.09% so either method can be used. The advantage of the equation is the parameters, 𝑇𝑎 , 𝛽,
and 𝑝𝑎 can be updated to match any given day’s conditions or specific data.

1
Munson 2.40: Two pipes are connected by a manometer as shown in Fig. P2.40. Determine the
pressure difference, 𝑝𝐴 − 𝑝𝐵 , between the pipes.

Determine Given Model and Assumptions Diagram

Pressure difference 𝑝𝐴 − 𝑝𝐵 𝑆𝐺𝑚 = 2.6 Fluid statics
𝑧𝐴 = 0 m Incompressible fluid
Basic Equations 𝑧𝛼 = −1.1 m
𝑑𝑝
𝑑𝑧
= −𝛾 = −𝜌𝑔 𝑧𝛽 = −0.5 m
𝜌
𝑆𝐺 = 𝜌 𝑧𝐵 = −1.3 m
H2 O

Analysis ⃗⃗
𝒈
𝑑𝑝
𝑑𝑧
= −𝛾 = −𝜌𝑔
2 2
∫1 𝑑𝑝 = − ∫1 𝛾𝑑𝑧
𝑝2 − 𝑝1 = 𝛾(𝑧1 − 𝑧2 )
Assuming constant density prevents this equation from being applied across any fluid interface where
the density changes. Instead it will be used in series to find pressure at each interface and then 𝑝𝐵 .
𝑝𝛼 − 𝑝𝐴 = 𝛾𝑤 (𝑧𝐴 − 𝑧𝛼 )  𝑝𝛼 = 𝛾𝑤 (𝑧𝐴 − 𝑧𝛼 ) + 𝑝𝐴
𝑝𝛽 − 𝑝𝛼 = 𝛾𝑚 (𝑧𝛼 − 𝑧𝛽 )  𝑝𝛽 = 𝛾𝑚 (𝑧𝛼 − 𝑧𝛽 ) + 𝛾𝑤 (𝑧𝐴 − 𝑧𝛼 ) + 𝑝𝐴
𝑝𝐵 − 𝑝𝛽 = 𝛾𝑤 (𝑧𝛽 − 𝑧𝐵 )  𝑝𝐵 = 𝛾𝑤 (𝑧𝛽 − 𝑧𝐵 ) + 𝛾𝑚 (𝑧𝛼 − 𝑧𝛽 ) + 𝛾𝑤 (𝑧𝐴 − 𝑧𝛼 ) + 𝑝𝐴
𝑝𝐴 − 𝑝𝐵 = −𝛾𝑤 (𝑧𝛽 − 𝑧𝐵 ) − 𝛾𝑚 (𝑧𝛼 − 𝑧𝛽 ) − 𝛾𝑤 (𝑧𝐴 − 𝑧𝛼 )
We now have the relationship for 𝑝𝐴 − 𝑝𝐵 . Consider the geometry to determine the values of 𝑧.
𝑧𝐴 = 0 m , 𝑧𝛼 = −0.5 m − 0.6 m = −1.1 m , 𝑧𝛽 = −0.5 m , 𝑧𝐵 = −1.3 m

All that remains is to find 𝛾𝑚

𝜌𝑚 𝜌𝑚 𝑔 𝛾𝑚
𝑆𝐺𝑚 = 𝜌𝑤
= 𝜌𝑤 𝑔
= 𝛾𝑤

𝛾𝑚 = 𝑆𝐺𝑚 𝛾𝑤
𝑝𝐴 − 𝑝𝐵 = −𝛾𝑤 [(𝑧𝛽 − 𝑧𝐵 ) + 𝑆𝐺𝑚 (𝑧𝛼 − 𝑧𝛽 ) + (𝑧𝐴 − 𝑧𝛼 )]
kN
𝑝𝐴 − 𝑝𝐵 = − (9.81 m3 ) [(−0.5 m + 1.3 m) + 2.6(−1.1 m + 0.5 m) + (0 m + 1.1 m)]
kN
𝑝𝐴 − 𝑝𝐵 = − (9.81 ) [1.9 m + 2.6(−0.6 m)]
m3

𝑝𝐴 − 𝑝𝐵 = −3.34 kPa
Discussion
Pressure variation is caused by the weight of the fluid in the manometer. Notice that 1.9 m is the net
height of water which is acting to increase 𝑝𝐵 and 0.6 m is the net height of manometer fluid acting to
increase the pressure 𝑝𝐴 .

2
Munson 2.43: For the inclined-tube manometer of Fig. P2.43, the pressure in pipe 𝐴 is 0.6 psi. The fluid
in both pipes 𝐴 and 𝐵 is water, and the gage fluid in the manometer has a specific gravity of 2.6. What is
the pressure in pipe 𝐵 corresponding to the differential reading shown?

Determine Given Model and Assumptions Diagram

Pressure 𝑝𝐵 𝑝𝐴 = 0.6 lbf/in2 Fluid statics
𝑆𝐺𝑚 = 2.6 Incompressible 𝑧
lbf
𝛾𝑤 = 62.4 ft3 𝑥

Basic Equations
𝑑𝑝
= −𝛾 = −𝜌𝑔  𝑝2 − 𝑝1 = 𝛾(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )
𝑑𝑧
𝜌
𝑆𝐺 =
𝜌H2O

Analysis
Although the geometry of the manometer has changed compared to 2.40, the physics have not. There
are still two fluid interfaces separating pipes 𝐴 and 𝐵 so the same equation derived in the last problem
is valid with appropriate values of 𝑧.

𝑧𝐴 = 0 in , 𝑧𝛼 = − 3 in , 𝑧𝛽 = − 3 in + (8 in) sin(30) = 1 in , 𝑧𝐵 = 1 in + 3 in = 4 in

𝑝𝐵 = 𝛾𝑤 (𝑧𝛽 − 𝑧𝐵 ) + 𝛾𝑚 (𝑧𝛼 − 𝑧𝛽 ) + 𝛾𝑤 (𝑧𝐴 − 𝑧𝛼 ) + 𝑝𝐴

𝑝𝐵 = 𝛾𝑤 [𝑧𝛽 − 𝑧𝐵 + 𝑧𝐴 − 𝑧𝛼 + 𝑆𝐺𝑚 (𝑧𝛼 − 𝑧𝛽 )] + 𝑝𝐴

lbf 1 ft 3 lbf
𝑝𝐵 = (62.4 3
) ( ) [1 in − (4 in) + 0 − (−3 in) + 2.6(− 3 in − 1 in)] + 0.6 2
ft 12 in in

lbf
𝑝𝐵 = 0.2244
in2
Discussion
Using an inclined manometer is advantageous since it creates greater displacement for a given pressure
reading, decreasing measurement errors by the user.

3
Munson 2.77: Determine the magnitude and direction of the force that must be applied to the bottom
of the gate shown in Fig. P2.77 to keep the gate closed of width 𝑤 = 2 m.

Determine Given Model and Assumptions Diagram

Force, 𝐹𝑥 , needed 𝑤 =2m Fluid statics
to keep gate closed 𝐻 = 2.1 m Incompressible fluid
𝐷 = 0.8 m Constant 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 acting ℎ
𝜂 = 1.3 m on all surfaces.
𝛾 = 9.81 kN/m3 ⃗⃗
𝒈
Basic Equations 𝑝(ℎ)
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝
𝑑𝑧
= −𝛾 = −𝜌𝑔 , 𝑑ℎ = 𝛾 = 𝜌𝑔 (Eq. 1)
⃗𝑭 = − ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑨 ⃗ , ∑ ⃗𝑴
⃗⃗ = ∑ 𝒓⃗ × ⃗𝑭 = 𝐼𝜶
Analysis
Static equilibrium requires a moment balance (𝛼 = 0) to keep the gate closed
∑ 𝑀𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝐼𝛼 = 0
The free body diagram shows the distributed force (due to pressure variation) replaced by an equivalent
point force, 𝐹𝑃 , located at a distance, 𝑏, from the hinge.
𝑏𝐹𝑝 − 𝐷𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝑏
𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹𝑝
𝐷

Find the net force due to the pressure variation. The pressure is found by integrating Equation 1 from
the surface to some arbitrary location. Gage pressure can be used since the atmosphere is pushing on
both sides of the gate. Note the sign of equation 1 is consistent with ℎ = 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ positive down.
𝑑𝑝
𝑑ℎ
=𝛾

𝑑𝑝 = 𝛾𝑑ℎ
𝑝 ℎ
∫𝑝 𝑑𝑝 = ∫0 𝛾𝑑ℎ
0

𝑝 = 𝑝𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑝(ℎ) − 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 𝛾ℎ

Integrate the pressure field over the surface of the gate. Define 𝜂 = 𝐻 − 𝐷 = 1.3 m as the location of hinge.
The vector equation: ⃗𝑭𝑝 = − ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑨 ⃗ indicates ⃗𝑭𝑝 acts in the opposite direction as 𝑑𝑨
⃗ , i.e. towards the
surface. Integrate the scalar equation to determine the magnitude, 𝐹𝑝 .
𝐹𝑝 = ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝐴
𝐻
𝐹𝑝 = ∫𝜂 𝛾ℎ𝑤𝑑ℎ
𝐻 (incompressible, constant 𝑔)
𝐹𝑝 = 𝛾𝑤 ∫𝜂 ℎ𝑑ℎ
1
𝐹𝑝 = 2𝛾𝑤[ℎ2 ]𝐻
𝜂

1
𝐹𝑝 = 2𝛾𝑤[𝐻 2 − 𝜂 2 ]
1 kN
𝐹𝑝 = 2 (9.81 m3 ) (2 m)[(2.1 m)2 − (1.3 m)2 ] = 26.68 kN

𝐹𝑝 = 26.68 kN
4
The location of 𝐹𝑝 must produce the same moment as the distributed force. The moment arm (distance
from hinge) of the pressure acting on a differential area 𝑑𝐴 is ℎ − 𝜂
𝑏𝐹𝑝 = ∫ (ℎ − 𝜂)𝑃𝑑𝐴
𝐻
𝑏𝐹𝑝 = ∫𝜂 (ℎ − 𝜂)𝛾ℎ𝑤𝑑ℎ
𝐻
𝑏𝐹𝑝 = 𝛾𝑤 ∫𝜂 (ℎ − 𝜂)ℎ𝑑ℎ (incompressible, constant 𝑔)

1 1 𝐻
𝑏𝐹𝑝 = 𝛾𝑤 [3 ℎ3 − 2 𝜂ℎ2 ]
𝜂
𝛾𝑤 1 3 1 1 1
𝑏= [ 𝐻
𝐹𝑝 3
− 2 𝜂𝐻 2 − 3 𝜂 3 + 2 𝜂 3 ]

(9.81 kN/m3 )(2 m) 1 1 1 1

𝑏= 26.68 kN
[3 (2.1 m)3 − 2 (1.3 m)(2.1 m)2 − 3 (1.3 m)3 + 2 (1.3 m)3 ]

𝑏 = 0.4314 m
Returning to the moment balance,
𝑏
𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹𝑝
𝐷
0.4314 m
𝐹𝑥 = (26.68 kN)
0.8 m

𝐹𝑥 = 14.39 kN
Discussion
To keep the gate stationary there must be a force and moment balance. Taking moments about the
hinge saves the effort of calculating the reaction forces at the hinge. The pressure of the air on the RHS
of the gate was accounted for by using gage pressure in the water.

Replacing the distributed force by a point force simplifies the analysis by making the moment balance an
algebraic equation. While there are several methods of determining 𝐹𝑥 , the method presented here is
preferred as it emphasizes the basic underlying physics, i.e., hydrostatic forces generated by the
pressure distribution.

5
Munson 2.87: A homogeneous, 4-ft-wide, 8-ft-long rectangular gate weighing 800 lbf is held in place by
a horizontal flexible cable as shown in Fig. P2.87. Water acts against the gate, which is hinged at point A.
Friction in the hinge is negligible. Determine the tension in the cable.

Determine Given Model and Assumptions Diagram

Tension, 𝐹𝑇 , in cable 𝑤 = 4 ft Fluid statics
𝐿𝑔 = 8 ft Incompressible fluid
𝐿𝑤 = 6 ft Constant 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 acting
𝐹𝑔 = 800 lbf on all surfaces
ℎ
Basic Equations 𝜃 = 60°
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝
𝑑𝑧
= −𝛾 = −𝜌𝑔 , 𝑑ℎ = 𝛾 = 𝜌𝑔 (Eq. 1)
⃗ = − ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑨
𝑭 ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ = ∑ 𝒓
, ∑𝑴 ⃗ ×𝑭⃗ = 𝐼𝜶

Analysis
Similar to 2.77, a moment balance will be applied at the hinge to determine the cable tension 𝐹𝑇 .
However, first it will be useful to replace the distributed force with a point force, 𝐹𝑝 .

Determine an expression for the pressure field. Gage pressure will be used since acts on both sides of gate.
𝑑𝑝 ∇
=𝛾
𝑑ℎ
𝑑𝑝 = 𝛾𝑑ℎ ℎ
𝑝(ℎ) ℎ
∫ 𝑑𝑝 = 𝛾 ∫ 𝑑ℎ
𝑝0 0

𝑝 = 𝑝(ℎ) − 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 𝛾ℎ
Define a coordinate 𝜂 beginning at the surface of the water and aligned with the gate. Find a
relationship between ℎ and 𝜂.
ℎ = 𝜂 sin 𝜃
Substitute this change of variables into our equation for pressure, 𝑝(𝜂)
𝜂
𝑝 = 𝛾𝜂 sin 𝜃
Now we can evaluate the pressure at any location 𝜂 on the gate. The net pressure 𝐹𝑝 is found by
integrating the pressure field over the gate.
𝐿
𝐹𝑝 = ∬ 𝑝𝑑𝐴 = ∫ 𝛾𝜂 sin 𝜃 𝑤𝑑𝜂
0
𝐿
𝐹𝑝 = 𝛾 sin 𝜃 𝑤 ∫ 𝜂𝑑𝜂
0
1
𝐹𝑝 = 𝛾 sin 𝜃 𝑤𝐿2
2
1 lbf
𝐹𝑝 = (62.4 3 ) sin(60°) (4 ft)(6 ft)2
2 ft

6
 𝐹𝑝 = 3891 lbf

To find the point of application of the resultant force,

𝐿
𝑏𝐹𝑝 = ∬ 𝜂𝑝𝑑𝐴 = ∫ 𝜂 𝛾𝜂 sin 𝜃 𝑤𝑑𝜂
0
𝐿
𝑏𝐹𝑝 = 𝑤𝛾 sin 𝜃 ∫ 𝜂 2 𝑑𝜂
0
3
𝑤𝐿 𝛾
𝑏= sin 𝜃
3𝐹𝑝
lbf
(4 ft)(6 ft)3 (62.4 )
𝑏= ft 3 sin(60°)
3(3891 lbf)
𝑏 = 4 ft
The point force equivalent of the distributed force is located 𝑏 = 4 ft along the gate below the surface,
which is also 2 ft from the hinge. Consider a moment balance,

∑ 𝑀𝑂 = 𝐷𝑔 𝐹𝑔 + 𝐷𝑝 𝐹𝑝 − 𝐷𝑇 𝐹𝑇 = 0
∇
𝐷𝑇 𝐹𝑇 = 𝐷𝑔 𝐹𝑔 + 𝐷𝑝 𝐹𝑝
𝐷𝑔 𝐹𝑔 + 𝐷𝑝 𝐹𝑝
𝐹𝑇 =
𝐷𝑇
(4 ft)(cos 60°)(800 lbf) + (2 ft)(3891 lbf)
𝐹𝑇 =
(8 ft) sin(60°)
𝐹𝑇 = 1354 lbf
Discussion
This problem is essentially the same as 2.77. The general approach is,
 Determine the pressure distribution (a change of variables may simplify integration)
 Integrate 𝑝 over the surface to find the equivalent point force 𝐹𝑝
 Determine the location of 𝐹𝑝 by equating the moment generated by 𝐹𝑝 to that of the distributed force
 Consider static equilibrium to solve for any unknown forces

7
Munson 2.137: A barge is 40 ft wide by 120 ft long. The weight of the barge and its cargo is denoted by
𝑊. When in salt-free riverwater, it floats 0.25 ft deeper than when in seawater (𝛾 = 64 lbf/ft 3). Find
the weight 𝑊.

Determine Given Model and Assumptions Diagram

Weight, 𝑊, of barge 𝑏 = 40 ft Fluid statics ∇
𝐿 = 120 ft Incompressible fluid
Basic Equations Δ = 0.25 ft Rectangular barge
∑ 𝑭 = 𝑚𝒂 𝛾𝑅 = 62.4 lbf/ft 3
𝜌 = 𝑚/∀ 𝛾𝑠 = 64 lbf/ft 3 ∇

Analysis
Archimedes’ principle requires the weight of the barge be balanced by the buoyancy force - which is the
weight of displaced fluid.
𝑊 = 𝐹𝐵 𝑊

𝑊 = 𝛾∀ 𝐹𝐵

This is true both in riverwater, where 𝛾 = 𝛾𝑅 , and in seawater, where 𝛾 = 𝛾𝑠 . In the lighter riverwater
the barge will sink Δ = 0.25 ft more than when in heavier seawater.

Riverwater Seawater
𝑊 = 𝛾𝑅 𝐴(𝑑 + Δ) 𝑊 = 𝛾𝑠 𝐴𝑑

Since the weight of the barge is unchanged the above expressions can be equated.
𝛾𝑟 𝐴(𝑑 + Δ) = 𝛾𝑠 𝐴𝑑
Solve for 𝑑
𝛾𝑅 Δ = (𝛾𝑠 − 𝛾𝑅 )𝑑
𝛾𝑅 Δ
𝑑=
𝛾𝑠 − 𝛾𝑅

lbf
(62.4 ) (0.25 ft)
𝑑= ft 3
lbf lbf
64 3 − 62.4 3
ft ft

𝑑 = 9.75 ft
With a known depth the weight can be calculated from either equation for 𝑊,
𝑊 = 𝛾𝑅 𝐴(𝑑 + Δ)
lbf
𝑊 = (62.4 ) (40 ft)(120 ft)(10 ft)
ft 3
𝑊 = 3 × 106 lbf
Discussion
The buoyancy force is equal to the weight of displaced fluid. Boat designers must consider both the
weight of the boat as well as the density of the fluid to know level of water.
8