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1-Natural Refrigeration
In olden days refrigeration was achieved by natural means such as the use of ice or evaporative
cooling.
Evaporative cooling is the process of reducing the temperature of a system by evaporation of water.
Certain substances such as common salt, when added to water dissolve in water and absorb its heat of
solution from water (endothermic process). This reduces the temperature of the solution (water+salt).
Sodium Chloride salt (NaCl) can yield temperatures up to -20˚C and Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) up to - 50˚C
in properly insulated containers.
2- Artificial Refrigeration
Vapour Compression Refrigeration Systems
• John Hague
Simple VCS Components:
Refrigerant
Evaporator/Chiller
Compressor
Condenser
Receiver
high pressure
from boiler
Flash Tank
Extractor
Chilled Water pump
Feed Water Pump
Report : Draw the variation of Carnot COP with evaporator temperature for different condenser
temperatures. Write your comments about Prepared
it. by Dr. Mohamed Elhelw 4
Standard Vapour Compression Refrigeration System (VCRS)
As a result, one would expect the theoretical COP of standard cycle to be smaller than
that of a Carnot system for the same heat source and sink temperatures.
Where
CC Cooling capacity in kW
mref Refrigerant mass rate in kg/s
( h1 - h4 ) Refrigeration effect ( R.E. ) kJ/kg
Compressor:
For isentropic compression
Condenser:
It can be air or water cooled
Qr = mref ( h2 - h3 )
Air Cooled Condenser Prepared by Dr. Mohamed Elhelw Water Cooled Condenser 9
Vapour Compression Refrigeration System Analysis
Expansion Device :
In all devices
h3 = h4
Capillary Tube Expansion valve
Coefficient of Performance:
COPth = CC/ P
Prepared by Dr. Mohamed Elhelw 10
Refrigerants
Refrigerants.
A refrigerant is the primary working fluid used for absorbing and transmitting heat in a
refrigeration system.
Refrigerant required to be :
1- Chemical stability:
4- Saturation pressure
7-”Environmentally friendly”
Prepared by Dr. Mohamed Elhelw 12
P-h Chart
3 2
4 1
h3 h1 h2
Prepared by Dr. Mohamed Elhelw 15
Prepared by Dr. Mohamed Elhelw 16
Prepared by Dr. Mohamed Elhelw 17
Prepared by Dr. Mohamed Elhelw 18
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
3 2
4 1
h3 h1 h2
Prepared by Dr. Mohamed Elhelw 3
Actual Vapour Compression Cycle
• Tube material must have high coefficient of heat transfer, with minimum wall
thickness. Tube may have internal and external fins.
• To improve the expansion process in the expansion valve (EV), the entering
refrigerant must be absolute liquid. Therefore, liquid must be cooled to
temperature lower than the saturation one.
Prepared by Dr. Mohamed Elhelw 9
Actual Vapour Compression Cycle
Superheating
• It can be carried within the evaporator, allowing refrigerant to continue its heat transfer
process after complete evaporation.
• Outside the evaporator can be done using electric heater, atmospheric air at high
temperature, or by heat exchange with the hot liquid refrigerant leaving the condenser.
• Allow refrigerant to be in contact with the electric motor, the refrigerant will be super-
heated and motor will be cooled.
Prepared by Dr. Mohamed Elhelw 10
Actual Vapour Compression Cycle
Superheating
• When refrigerant enters to the compressor crank case, before entering the compressor
it will be super-heated and the oil will be cooled.
Subcooling
• Performing a heat exchange process with the cold vapor refrigerant leaving the evaporator.
• Using atmospheric air, if it has lower temperature than the hot liquid refrigerant leaving the
condenser, to be a cooling media for the condenser.
ηv th = 1 + c – c (Pd/Ps )(1/n)
COPth = R.E./W
Prepared by Dr. Mohamed Elhelw 2
Characteristics and Performance of Vapour
Compression System
1. Evaporator Pressure
W' > W 2
vs' > vs 3
ηv' < ηv 4
from 1 & 5 :
CC' < CC
from 2 & 5:
R.E.' < R.E 1
Power' < Power
W' > W 2
ηv' < ηv 4
COP' < COP Prepared by Dr. Mohamed Elhelw 4
Characteristics and Performance of Vapour
Compression System
2. Condenser Pressure
W' > W 2
vs' = vs 3
ηv' < ηv 4
from 1 & 5 :
CC' < CC
from 2 & 5:
R.E.' < R.E 1
Power' > Power
W' > W 2
ηv' < ηv 4
COP' < COP Prepared by Dr. Mohamed Elhelw 6
Characteristics and Performance of Vapour
Compression System
3. Compressor speed (RPM)
4. Volumetric efficiency
Volumetric efficiency is not only affected by evaporator and condenser pressure but it
also affected by: Refrigeration System Determinants
• Clearance volume
• Cylinder temperature.
• Cylinder pressure.
Report : Draw the variation of VCS CC, Power, and COP with evaporator temperature for different
condenser temperatures. Write your comments about it.
Prepared by Dr. Mohamed Elhelw 7
Refigeration System Determinantes
Major determinates
1- Evaporator temperature
2- Condenser temperature
Mainor determinates
1- Degree of Superheating
2- Degree of Subcooled
( h 2 - h 1 ) = ( h4 - h 5 )
• Qcond = mref ( h3 - h4 )
• There are many applications where the temperature lift can be quite high. The temperature lift
can become large either due to the requirement of very low evaporator temperatures and/or due
to the requirement of very high condensing temperatures. For example, in frozen food industries
the required evaporator can be as low as –40 oC, while in chemical industries temperatures as low
as –150oC may be required for liquefaction of gases. On the high temperature side the required
condensing temperatures can be very high if the refrigeration system is used as a heat pump for
heating applications such as process heating, or drying.
a) Multi-compression systems
b) Multi-evaporator systems
System Analysis
• Mass Balance.
• Heat Balance.
• Compressor power
• Evaporator capacity (Refrigerating or
Cooling capacity) “C.C”
• Coefficient of performance “C.O.P”
System Analysis
• Mass Balance.
• Heat Balance.
• Compressor power
• Evaporator capacity (Refrigerating or
Cooling capacity) “C.C”
• Coefficient of performance “C.O.P”
System Analysis
• Mass Balance.
• Heat Balance.
• Compressor power
• Evaporator capacity (Refrigerating or
Cooling capacity) “C.C”
• Coefficient of performance “C.O.P”
System Analysis
• Mass Balance.
• Heat Balance.
• Compressor power
• Evaporator capacity (Refrigerating or
Cooling capacity) “C.C”
• Coefficient of performance “C.O.P”
System Analysis
• Mass Balance.
• Heat Balance.
• Compressor power
• Evaporator capacity (Refrigerating or
Cooling capacity) “C.C”
• Coefficient of performance “C.O.P”
Report : Check if the consumed power is decreasing in all type of refrigerant and determine them .
System Analysis
• Mass Balance.
• Heat Balance.
• Compressor power
• Evaporator capacity (Refrigerating or
Cooling capacity) “C.C”
• Coefficient of performance “C.O.P”
Report : Check if the consumed power is decreasing in all type of refrigerant and determine them .
Though multi-stage systems have been very successful, they have certain limitations. These are:
a) Since only one refrigerant is used throughout the system, the refrigerant used should have high critical
temperature and low freezing point.
b) The operating pressures with a single refrigerant may become too high or too low. Generally only R12, R22
and NH3 systems have been used in multi-stage systems as other conventional working fluids may operate in
vacuum at very low evaporator temperatures. Operation in vacuum leads to leakages into the system and
large compressor displacement due to high specific volume.
c) Possibility of migration of lubricating oil from one compressor to other leading to compressor break-down.
Prepared by Dr. Mohamed Elhelw 7
Cascade Systems
• In a cascade system a series of refrigerants with progressively lower boiling points are used in
a series of single stage units.
Where :
Qs = U A ΔTs/1000 (kW)
Normal cooling
•Ice production
Qe = mst r /(24*3600)
Where
Where
Where
Qtotal = ∑ Q
Where