

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

٦
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٥  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦

 
 K٪٩٥‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٥  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ J٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  K       ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬ K٥
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬        ‫א‬   
      ‫א‬    1930   ،‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 K (γ d ) ‫א‬‫ א‬K١

 K (w) ‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬ K٤
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ J٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫ א‬K١
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٥  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
  ‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
(Standard Proctor Test) ‫א‬‫א‬E

 KE١ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫اﻟﻤﻄﺮﻗﺔ‬

‫اﻣﺘﺪاد ﻋﻠﻮي‬

‫اﻟﻘﺎﻟﺐ‬

  
 KWE١ J٦F 
 
 W
 K٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١١{٦‫א‬١٠{٢‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K٣٠{٥‫א‬٢{٤٩‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٥  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬٢٥‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
KEγF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
W‫א‬EγdF‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
γ
 γ d = w
1+
100
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
KE٢ J٦F‫א‬EwF‫א‬‫א‬EγdF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
(OMC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Eγd-maxF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
KEγd JwF‫א‬

 
 
(kg/cm3)،‫א‬‫א‬

1.90
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1.80
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1.70

1.60
0 5 10 15 20 25

  E٪F ،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬WE٢ J٦F
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٥  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 (Modified Proctor Test) ‫א‬‫א‬E

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ (AASHTO) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K   
 W‫א‬
 
K٤{٥٤Z‫א‬ K١
K٤٥{٧Z‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K٥‫א‬ K٣
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ E٣ J٦F ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
(kg/cm3)،‫א‬‫א‬

1.90
‫א‬‫א‬
1.80

1.70
‫א‬‫א‬
1.60
0 5 10 15 20 25
  E٪F ،‫א‬‫א‬
  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٣ J٦F
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٥  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٦F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬WE١ J٦F

E٪F‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

6.00  1847.71 ١
8.00 2000.37 ٢
10.58  2163.13 ٣
12.90 2188.75 ٤
15.68 2097.81 ٥
17.78 2012.74 ٦

 W‫א‬
W
 γ = W‫א‬‫א‬
Vm

 K‫א‬EVm = 943.3 cm3F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
γ
 γ d =
w
W‫א‬
1+
100
gm/cm3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٦F‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ E٤ J٦F ‫א‬   KkN/m3
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
γ d − max = 20 .43 kN / m 3
 
OMC = 11 .40 %
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٥  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬WE٢ J٦F

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
(kN/m3) (kN/m3) (gm/cm3) (cm3) (gm) (%) ‫א‬
1
18.13 19.22 1.96 943.30 1847.71 6.00
2
19.26 20.80 2.12 943.30 2000.37 8.00
3
20.34 22.50 2.29 943.30 2163.13 10.58
4
20.16 22.76 2.32 943.30 2188.75 12.89
5
18.86 21.82 2.22 943.30 2097.81 15.68
6
17.77 20.93 2.13 943.30 2012.74 17.78

 

 
 K‫א‬WE٤ J٦F
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٥  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣ J٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  w = 0   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬      ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬ (١
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E٥ J٦F ‫א‬ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٥  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥ J٦F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫( א‬٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
w2 w1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

γd

w1 w2 w (%)

‫א‬‫א‬، E٦ J٦F‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEOMCF‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٦ J٦F
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٥  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ E٣
‫א‬   ‫א‬  E٧ J٦F ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(γ d −max )

‫א‬
(γ d −max )
γd
‫א‬
OMC
OMC

w (%)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٧ J٦F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤ J٦
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٥ J٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٥  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٣٠٢٠‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦ J٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣٠ ٢٠
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٦ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬        ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٥  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧ J٦
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢
،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
   E٨ J٦F ‫א‬ K   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬WE٨ J٦F

‫א‬80 %‫א‬W‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬     K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ٢٠٠  
‫א‬‫א‬ E٩ J٦F‫א‬K700 kN/m2‫א‬ 
K
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٥  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 
 KWE٩ J٦F
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K7000 kN/m2 1400‫א‬‫א‬  ،K‫א‬‫א‬ 12 %
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬
 E١٠ J٦F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬WE١٠ J٦F
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٥  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      K‫א‬  
 E١١ J٦F ‫א‬ K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬WE١١ J٦F
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٨ J٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
γ d ( field )
  RC (%) = × 100
γ d −max(lab)
 W
 K‫א‬ = RC
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = γ d ( field )
 K‫א‬ = γ d −max(lab )
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K%100%90‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٥  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١ J٨ J٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 KE١٢ J٦F‫א‬ E γ sand F‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬WE١٢ J٦F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KEwF (Wsoil) ‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
(Vhole) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
W
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٥  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  

WSand
  Vhole =
γ Sand
Wh
γh = W‫א‬‫א‬ •
Vsoil
γh
γd =
w W‫א‬‫א‬ •
(1 + )
100
γ d ( field )
  RC (%) = × 100 W‫א‬ •
γ d − max( lab )
 
 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  γ sand = 1.46 gm/ cm W‫א‬‫א‬
3

  W sand = 468 .7 gm W‫א‬‫א‬

  W dry − soil = 618 .3 gm W‫א‬

 W‫א‬
Wsand 468.7
  Vhole = = = 321.0 cm3 W‫א‬ •
γ sand 1.46
Wdry − soil 618.3
γd = = = 1.93 gm / cm 3 ≈ 19.3 kN / m 3 W‫א‬‫• א‬
V hole 321.0
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٥  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٥  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  

W
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٥
K‫א‬ E٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٧
   ،1.02 kg   19.55 kN/m3‫א‬  ‫א‬   E٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K0.99 kg
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   E٩
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

5 4 3 2 1  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 17.33 18.93 19.22 18.05 16.73
 γ (kN / m 3 )

32.52 24.91 19.32 12.13 4.75   w (%) ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬،15.75 kN/m3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، % ٩٩  ‫א‬‫א‬ E١٠
W‫א‬‫א‬
γ d − max = 19 . 25 kN / m 3
 
OMC = 14 . 37 %
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٥  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
γ d − field = 17.60 kN / m3
 
w = 16.3 %
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 ‫א؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣