DG Project

Addis Ababa University
Addis Ababa Institute of Technology

School of Electrical & Computer Engineering
(MSc. In Power Engineering)
=========================
Mitigation of power interruption using micro

grid
Case study: Debre Birhan town

By: Genet Belayneh
Examiner:Dr. Getachew B.
Jun 2016
0
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Firstly I like to thank God for all things. I am deeply grateful to my instructor Dr. Getachew
Bekele whose give, assistance and suggestions greatly contributed to do this project work.
I would like to thank also Debre Birhan substation employer who insisted me to collect the
necessary data for my project work; particularly Ato Tilahun Azezew (substation incharge). I am
also indebted to all of the members of electrical and computer engineering department of Addis
Ababa University for their being cooperative and for providing me with different facilities to
attend my MSc study and to conduct this project work.
Lastly my deepest appreciation goes to my family and friends who are always with me.
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Acronyms
CAID: Customer Average Interruption Duration Index
DPEF: Distribution Permanent Earth Fault
DPSC: Distribution Permanent Short Circuit
DTEF: Distribution Temporary Earth Fault
DTSC: Distribution Temporary Short Circuit
DLOL: Distribution Line over Load
SAIDI: System Average Interruption Duration Index
SAIFI: System Average Interruption Frequency Index
OP: operational fault
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Abstract
Unreliable power interruption reduces user power consumption, affects daily activity and drags
modern life style. It impacts societal development and individuals’ income. Basically, Power
interruption has been a major challenge in Debre Birhan town. In this town power interruption is
occur in many interval of time for longer hours and frequently. And it has many industries are
constructed. These causes incurred cost on customers and lowered product quality. In Debre
Birhan, Customers have faced frequent interruption and utility has taken long time to alleviate it.
Hence, it has to get amicable solution. Thus, the objective of the study is to assess the
interruption of power distribution system and suggest mitigating the interruption of power by
using micro grid.
Debre Birhan substation, which has high rate of interruption, is selected as case study area.
Debre Birhan substation’s reliability is assessed based on data of sex month from Debre Birhan
substation. To limit the scope of the study, Debre Birhan substation has SAIDI of 431.177
Hr./cust./yr and SAIFI of 577 Int./cust./yr. The reliability index values of feeder are not within
the ranges of bench marks of best practices and Ethiopia’s reliability requirement. Reliability
indices of Debre Birhan substation show the substation is unreliable as compared to standard
practices and Ethiopia’s reliability requirement.
So, it needs much more studying on micro grid system to satisfy the customers and to mitigate
the interruption of power.
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Table of Contents
Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENT................................................................................................................................ i
Acronyms ...................................................................................................................................................... ii
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ iii
Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................................... iv
List of tables................................................................................................................................................. vi
List of figures .............................................................................................................................................. vii
Chapter one ................................................................................................................................................... 1
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction to micro Grid .............................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem ................................................................................................................ 5
1.3 Objective ......................................................................................................................................... 5
1.4 Methodology ................................................................................................................................... 6
1.5 Expected Outcomes of the Study .................................................................................................... 6
Chapter Two.................................................................................................................................................. 7
2. Literature Review.................................................................................................................................. 7
2.1. Overview ........................................................................................................................................ 7
2.2. Sources of Disturbances ................................................................................................................. 8
2.3. Reliability Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 10
2.4. Reliability Improvement Methods ............................................................................................... 12
2.5. Reliability Analysis Methods and Optimization .......................................................................... 12
Chapter Three.............................................................................................................................................. 14
3. Current State of Power Distribution System ....................................................................................... 14
In Debre birhan substation ...................................................................................................................... 14
3.1. Collecting Data ............................................................................................................................ 14
3.2. Comparison with Standard Practice ............................................................................................. 17
3.3. Solution Ideas for Reliability Improvement (mitigation of power interruption) of the Existing
System ................................................................................................................................................. 18
Chapter Four ............................................................................................................................................... 19
4. Mitigation of power interruption using Micro Grid ............................................................................ 19
4.1. Smart Micro Grid Technologies .................................................................................................. 19
4.2. Operation of micro grid................................................................................................................ 19
4.3. Improve average reliability indices .............................................................................................. 20
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Chapter five................................................................................................................................................. 21
Summary and Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 21
Reference .................................................................................................................................................... 22
APPENDIX A ............................................................................................................................................. 23
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List of tables
Table3.1. feeders’ data…………………………………………………………………….15
Table3.2. Average Frequency and Duration of interruption for Debre Birhan substation…..15
Table3.3. Target values for reliability indices …………………………………………17
Table6a. Feeder loads in November 2015……………………………………………….23
Table6b. Frequency and Duration of Interruption of Nov…………………………………….24
Table6c. Interruption in Nov……………………………………………………………24
Table6d. Energy reading on the end of the month Nov……………..…………………………26
Table7a. Feeder loads in December 2015………………………………………………..26
Table7b. Frequency and Duration of Interruption of Dec…..………………………………….27
Table7c. Interruption in Dec…………………………………………………………….27
Table7d. Energy reading on the end of the month Dec…………………………………………31
Table8a. Feeder loads in January 2016………….……………………………….………..31
Table8b. Frequency and Duration of Interruption of Jan ………………………………………32
Table8c. Interruption in Jan……………………………………………………………...33
Table8d. Energy reading on the end of the month Jan………………………………………….36
Table9a. Feeder loads in February 2016…………………………………..……………….36
Table9b. Frequency and Duration of Interruption of Feb………………………………………..37
Table9c. Interruption in Feb………………………………………………………………38
Table9d. Energy reading on the end of the month Feb…………………………………………..39
Table10a. Feeder loads in March 2016……………………………………………….…….41
Table10b. Frequency and Duration of Interruption of Mar …………………………………..….42
Table10c. Interruption in Mar………………………………………………………….......42
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Table10d. Energy reading on the end of the month Mar…………………………………………46
Table11a. Feeder loads in April 2016……………………………………………………….46
Table11b. Frequency and Duration of Interruption of Apr……………………………………….47
Table11c. Interruption in Apr………………………………………………………………48
Table11d. Energy reading on the end of the month Apr…………………………………………..54
List of figures
Figure1. Sample system design and interconnection……………………………………………….8
Figure4.1. Micro grid operation modes ……………………………………………………20
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Chapter one
1. Introduction
1.1 Introduction to micro Grid
In the perspective of its customer attractiveness and effective power delivery, the distribution
network is the main point of interest to work research on. Especially where competitive market
exists, distribution reliability takes high concern to satisfy the user and keep power quality issues
within limits. In Debre Birhan town, achieving Power distribution reliability has been very
challenging issue due to various shortcomings of legacy distribution network: Radial
distribution system is vulnerable to faults, supply and demand imbalance occurs, aging of system
equipment and time taking fault locating mechanism .Such vulnerability of the system to
disturbance has caused frustration in daily activity of the customer. Unpredictable and non-
programmed power outage, and long outage duration has affected customer electricity
consumption patterns. Hence, the reliability issue is still the basic challenge for power utility to
meet the customers need. Upgrading of the legacy distribution system to smart distribution
system to alleviate existing problems is the proposed solution of this project. Being reliability
one of the core advantages of micro grid system, its implementation makes visible change in the
system’s reliable power delivery and operation. Implementation of smart distribution is not one
step work but continual improvement. The aim of this project is to study some of the features of
micro grid to step up the legacy distribution system with an incremental step towards the smart
distribution.
1.1.1 What’s micro grid

A microgrid is a combination of electricity generation, wires, communications and control
technologies, and energy storage, which are able to operate both in a grid-connected fashion and
independently, in an island mode. Microgrids are fully customizable to specific end-user needs,
and offer the opportunity for improved reliability, cost-efficiency, and environmental benefits
(Klemun 2014). In the past, microgrids have been of interest primarily for military bases and
remote communities, but the application of microgrids is rapidly evolving. Cities, communities,
andpublic institutions represent the next phase of micro grid adopters, largely driven by
resiliency concerns. Five U.S. stateshave passed laws or announced investment programs to
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establish microgrids for reliability purposes. Critical facilities such as hospitals, wastewater
treatment facilities, and schools are already targeted for micro grid development, but this is likely
to extend to privately owned services, such as gasoline fueling stations and grocery stores.
Distributed energy generation is increasingly part of new microgrid development, particularly in

cases in which reliability is a key concern. Incorporating distributed solar systems into
microgrids adds value to the micro grid and allows additional value to be drawn from the solar
system. In some cases, improved integration of high levels of distributed renewable energy
generation resources is a driver for the development of micro grids. Energy storage and control
technologies key features of micro grids provide voltage control services that facilitate high
levels of variable generating resources on a distribution network. And, on the other hand, micro
grids enable solar PV to provide reliability benefits through the provision of demand response
and grid services. Barriers, most of which are regulatory in nature, inhibit microgrid growth.
Microgrids typically require the use of existing lines or the construction of new power lines
within the defined zone, which may infringe on utility franchise rights. Microgrid operation may
involve the exchange of power between parties or the transmission of power across streets or
public areas, which could make operators subject to public utility regulation. The lack of clarity
regarding interconnection rules and who pays for necessary equipment or network upgrades is
another major barrier. Standards for interconnection procedures and costs would relieve these
uncertainties and facilitate deployment. Finally, the facilitation of new financing models for
developers of microgrids would help overcome the barrier of high upfront costs and provide the
option of micro grids to a broader number of end users.
1.1.2 Why are Micro grids needed? What are the Drivers?
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory statistics show that 80% to 90% of all grid failures begin at the
distribution level of electricity service. (Asmus and Stimmel, Utility Distribution Micro grids
2012) A recent study conducted for the US DOE estimated that sustained power interruptions
(over 5 minutes) cost the US over $26 billion annually. (Cagle 2012) Microgrid advocates
contend that reliability and power quality can be dramatically improved at the local distribution
level through systematic application of Micro grid technologies. In the Zpryme/IEEE study the
top three benefits of Microgrids include: meet local demand (49% of respondents), enhance grid
reliability (36%), and ensure local control of supply (30%). Lower frequency responses included
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enhancing supply reliability, reducing energy cost and enhancing grid security. (Zpryme
Analysis and Consulting 2012) Pike Research also views the Microgrid as a foundational
building block in the ultimate smart grid because the Microgrid provides reliability and
integration of distributed energy resources (DER) and energy storage assets through improved
system intelligence. (Asmus andStimmel, Utility Distribution Microgrids 2012) One view
expressed is that the Microgrid is a “bottoms-up” solution platform whereby the smart super
grids represent a “top-down” approach.A driver for Microgrids is to reduce the physical
vulnerabilities of the electric grid to terrorist attack and natural disasters. According to the report
Terrorism and the Electric Power Delivery System, Micro grids and expanded use of distributed
resources would help limit cascading failures and leave islands of power within a blacked-out
region. (Morgan, et al. 2007)
1.1.3 Expected micro grid features

Micro grid components such as renewable or fossil-fueled generators, point of common coupling
breaker and its control, loads, energy storage systems, and others must meet several requirements
to enable seam-less operation. Appropriate micro grid standards will be laid down, others will be
revised. To support these activities, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has identified some
important top level micro grid features that should be considered in all research, development,
prototyping, and standardization projects:
Autonomy: Micro grids include generation, storage, and loads, and can operate autonomously in
grid connected and islanded mode. In the first case, a micro grid can independently optimize its
own power production and consumption under the consideration of system economics such as
buy or sell decisions. In both operation modes, the system can minimize CO2emissions by
maximizing renewable energy consumption and minimizing fossil-based generation. In islanded
mode the system is capable of balancing generation and load and can keep system voltage and
frequency in defined limits with adequate controls.
Stability: Independent local control of generators, batteries, and loads of micro grids are based
on frequency droops and voltage levels at the terminal of each device. This means that a micro
grid can operate in a stable manner during nominal operating conditions and during transient
events, no matter whether the larger grid is up or down. (Additional research is required,
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however, to achieve a high level of stability, for example to eliminate unnecessary reactive
power exchange between rotating or inverter based generators.)
Compatibility: Micro grids are completely compatible with the existing utility grid. They may
be considered as functional units that support the growth of the existing system in an economical
and environmentally friendly way.
Flexibility: The expansion and growth rate of micro grids does not need to follow any precise
forecasts. The lead times of corresponding components (fossil-fueled and renewable generators,
storage systems, and others) are short, and a micro grid can grow incrementally. Micro grids are
also technology neutral and able to cope with a diverse mixture of renewable and fossil-fueled
generators.
Scalability: Micro grids can simply grow through the additional installation of generators,
storage, and loads. Such an extension usually requires an incremental new planning of the micro
grid and can be per-formed in a parallel and modular manner in order to scale up to higher power
production and consumption levels.
Efficiency: Centralized as well as distributed micro grid supervisory controller structures can
optimize the utilization of generators, manage charging and discharging energy storage units, and
manage consumption. In this way energy management goals can be profoundly optimized, for
example in economic as well as environmental respects.
Economics: According to market research studies, economics of heat recovery and its
application by CHP systems is very important to the evaluation of micro grids. In addition, the
utilization of renewable energy resources will help reduce fuel costs and CO2emissions.
Peer-to-peer model: Micro grids can support a true peer-to-peer model for operation, control,
and energy trade. In addition, interactive energy transactions with the centralized utility grid are
also possible with this model. The proposed concept does not dictate the size, scale, and number
of peers and the growth rate of the micro grid.
This means that no central entity, such as a central computer with appropriate software and
communication capability to all micro grid components, will be required.
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1.2 Statement of the Problem
Reliable power delivery plays a key role to profitability and customer satisfaction. Ethiopian
electric power corporation has tried to improve the delivery mechanism and quality of supply.
But the power distribution system in Debre Birhan has remained inadequate to meet customer
demand both in required reliability and reduced safety risks of the public. The power failure
impacted, to varying degrees, a wide range of critical infrastructure like the industry, the
business enterprises and for residential users. Low system reliability has led to increased outages
resulting in more losses to business sectors. Reliability and consistency of electricity supply is
critical to many industrial and service activities. Unreliable power supply does not only slows
down or damages production or results in shut down of plant but also leads to equipment
damage, additional maintenance and the industries’ reputation for the quality of product. Power
outage has resulted in customer stoppage of production and unavailability of lighting in the
major areas of Ethiopia’s cities. Achieving reliability of power supply in Debre Birhan has been
a major challenge for the last many years and it will continue to be a challenge in the future, if an
amicable solution is not found to the problem. How a reliable distribution system can be
redesigned and reconfigured for optimal remedy is the main question this study tries to address.
Therefore, the micro grid concept is to achieve the mitigation of power interruption in this public
problem.
1.3 Objective
The issue of distribution reliability is the main concern of the project. The study looks into the
current system’s reliability issues, challenges and possible effective improvement areas.
1.3.1 Main Objective

The main objective of this project is to identify and analyze the major problems of power
distribution in Debre Birhan town and explore the implementation of micro grid features for
mitigating the existing distribution problems.
1.3.2 Specific Objectives

The specific objectives include:
 Evaluate the current state of power distribution system problems in Debre Birhan town.
 Evaluate various solution options for deal with the problems
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 Identify solution ideas with micro grid environment and evaluate how it can foster
distribution reliability in Debre Birhan town.
 Analyze reliability improvements of distribution system with micro grid model.
1.4 Methodology
The methodology of this project goes starting from the problem identification and reading
helpful literatures. The problem identification is the first step towards solving the public
problem. For this particular problem in power distribution reliability, the study goes through
literature survey on micro grid system reliability solution and come up with ideas of mitigating
the problems. Debre Birhan substation is selected as case study area where interruption problems
are highly pronounced. Data collection and analysis is done for the case study. Data obtained is
organized such that it’s easier to utilize it for distribution reliability implication. Then, the study
stated the current situation of the distribution reliability from the data analysis and identified
reliability solutions in micro grid system.
 Problem identification, title relevance, necessity identification

 Literature survey and methodology
 Data collection and organization
 Case study identification
 Data analysis and interpretation
 Current challenges and reliability solutions
 Micro grid system and optimization techniques
1.5 Expected Outcomes of the Study

The study is expected to identify the current problems of distribution system in Debre Birhan.
The reliability of the Debre Birhan substation will be analyzed and conclusion will be derived
based on the analysis. For reliability improvement, Additional micro sources will be designed for
Debre Birhan substation. Optimized locations for new switches installment will be achieved
under reliability constraint.
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Chapter Two
2. Literature Review
2.1. Overview
Distributed energy resources allow electricity to be generated closer to where it is used,
protecting businesses and institutions from unexpected outages caused by natural disasters and
other disruptions. The U.S. national laboratories as well as public-private partnerships provide
financial resources and access to research facilities to foster innovations to modernize the power
sector from a 100-year-old centralized system to one that incorporates disparate clean
technologies such as micro grids, batteries, and energy smart tools. These investments and the
resulting new products and capabilities decrease costs, improve grid reliability, reduce emissions,
and offer consumers more options. Micro grids are small groupings of interconnected power
generation and control technologies that can operate within or independent of a central grid,
mitigating disturbances and increasing system reliability. By enabling the integration of
distributed resources such as micro hydro, wind and solar, these systems can be more flexible
than traditional grids. This market presents a new and important opportunity for end users,
generators, and planners to provide increased efficiency and resiliency in the evolving grid.
2.1.1. Localized power generation and management

Micro grids are at the forefront of the nation’s evolving electric grid because they balance supply and
demand to optimize energy distribution and production within a defined geographic area. Many are able
to disconnect from the larger grid and operate autonomously, ensuring uninterrupted power. A micro grid
can be as simple as a generator that provides power to a building during a blackout or as complex as
generation, distribution, and management technologies that control production and consumption to meet
the electricity, heating, and cooling needs of a whole neighborhood.
Micro grids can incorporate a Range of Technologies to Ensure Power for Critical Facilities:
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Figure1. Sample system design and interconnection
Source: LG CNS © 2016 The Pew Charitable Trusts
2.2. Sources of Disturbances

Electrical power quality is mainly affected by disturbances in feeding systems.
The sources of these disturbances are: -
1) Disturbances originating from utility feeding system due to faults which disturb the source
voltage waves and can be isolated within two seconds to one minute by protection systems, or
supply interruption will occur.
2) Disturbances originating from consumers networks and devices is mainly due to three-phase
loads, connection unbalance, absence of appropriate neutral wire, absence of grounding system
and also low circuit breaker rating.
3) Non-linear characteristics of loads and devices or unsuitable line sites are other sources of
disturbances.
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2.2.1. Types of Electrical Power Disturbances
1. Voltage Spikes and Surges
It is a short duration from microsecond to millisecond voltage increase; it occurs due to
lightning, switching of heavy loads and power system faults. It leads to equipment
failure, system lock-up, data corruption and data loss. Solutions to voltage spikes and
surges problems include equipment such as surge arresters, filters and isolation
transformer.
2. Voltage Sag (Dip)
It is a reduction in voltage outside the normal tolerance for a short time less than few
seconds. The magnitude of the reduction is between 10 percent and 90 percent of the
normal (rms) voltage. It occurs due to starting of heavy loads and power system faults. It
reduces the energy being delivered to the end user and causes computers to fail,
adjustable-speed drive to shut down and motors to stall and over heat.
3. Voltage Swell
It is a momentary increase in voltage outside the normal tolerance. The rms voltage
variations that exceed 110 percent and less than 180 percent. Faults and turning off heavy
electrical equipment cause voltage swell. The increased energy from a voltage swell often
overheats equipment and reduces its life. Voltage regulator, motor-generator set and
uninterruptible power supply can mitigate the voltage swell effects.
4. Under Voltage
It is a decrease in the rms ac voltage to less than 90% at the power frequency. A load
switching on or a capacitor bank switching off can cause an under voltage until the
voltage regulation equipment in the system can bring the voltage back within tolerance s.
Overloaded circuits and the loss of major transmission support can also result in under
voltages. It can cause sensitive computer equipment to read data incorrectly and motor to
stall and operate inefficiently. Utility can prevent under voltage by building more
generation and transmission lines.
5. Over Voltage
It is an increase in the rms ac voltage greater than 110% at the power frequency. Over-
voltage is usually the result of the switching-off of a large load, or the energizing of a
capacitor bank. Over-voltages occur either because the system is too weak for the desired
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voltage regulation or the voltage controls are inadequate. An incorrect tap setting in
transformers is one example.
6. Voltage Modulation
It is a periodic increase and decrease of amplitude. Periodic loads cause it. It leads to poor
power quality and equipment failures.
7. Voltage Imbalance (IEEE Std. 1159) or Unbalance
It can be defined as the maximum deviation from the average of the three-phase voltages,
divided by the average of the three-phase voltages and expressed in percentage points.
Imbalance can also be defined using symmetrical components. The ratio of either the
negative or zero sequence components to the positive sequence component can be used to
specify the percent imbalance. The primary source of voltage imbalance (typically less
than 2%) is the unequal distribution of single-phase loads in a three-phase circuit.
Voltage imbalance can also be the result of blown fuses in one phase of a three-phase
capacitor bank. Severe voltage imbalance (greater than 5%) can result from single-
phasing conditions. Voltage imbalance causes motors and transformers to overheat. This
is because the current imbalance in an induction device.
8. Phase Angle Imbalance
It is the deviation from the normal 120 or 240 degree between three-phase voltages.
Phase angle imbalance can be caused by the uneven distribution of loads among the
phases.
9. Voltage Fluctuations (Flicker)
They are cyclical variations in the voltage rms values or a series of random voltage
changes, whose magnitude does not normally exceed voltage ranges of 0.9 p.u. to 1.1 p.u.
A common phenomenon of voltage fluctuations is the voltage flicker. Loads, which can
exhibit continuous, rapid variations in the load current magnitude, can cause voltage
fluctuations or flickers. The present industry practice is to characterize the severity of a
voltage flicker with respect to the sensitivity of the human visual perception.
2.3. Reliability Analysis

A reliability data obtained from historical records conveys information about the system
adequacy to supply power to customers. Reliability of distribution system can be expressed
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numerically using reliability indices: System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI),
System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI) and Customer Average Interruption
Duration Index (CAIDI) .These quantities reveal the sustained interruption frequency and
duration of interruption on monthly basis or annual calculations. Moreover, reliability analysis
can also be conducted using failure rates and outage duration of system components.
SAIDI and SAIFI are the best known reliability measures. They are calculated to display general
reliability characteristics of a distribution system.
Where
λ i is average failure rate of load point i
Ui average annual outage time of load point i
Ni number of customers connected to load point i
But the problem with such reliability measures is that the load loss during outage is neglected.
Moreover, a calculation of these indices is inconsistent. They don’t show particular reliability
measure in a bus but the system. For same number of interruptions in two systems, the reliability
of the systems is affected by the number of customers. The more the number of customers, the
lesser the reliability numeric value it’s obtained. Reliability measurement is also conducted from
customer point of view.
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The CAIDI Shows for how long an interruption lasts. By increasing interruption frequency with
short time duration, the reliability of system can be improved. CAIDI improvement doesn’t
necessarily indicate reliability improvement because the CAIDI value can be reduced by
reducing the duration of interruption while frequency of interruption remains same. Hence the
system’s SAIFI value is unchanged. System reliability can also be evaluated from the available
data of equipment failure rate and repair time. SAIDI based distribution reliability spending
enables cost-to-benefit analysis for outage duration minimization. However, reliability
improvement program that uses SAIDI and SAIFI performance tests tend to areas with densely
populated feeders. The reliability indices are calculated based on the number of customers the
feeder supplies. Therefore, reliability improvement measures tend to satisfy large number of
customers. Feeders with large number of customers, although could have satisfactory reliability,
are preferred for reliability projects than with few numbers of customers.
2.4. Reliability Improvement Methods

The main purpose of reliability data quantification and information extraction is to take
reliability improvement measures. The Micro grid concept also reflects a new way of thinking
about designing and building smart grids. Specifically, the Micro grid concept focuses on
creating a design and plan for local power delivery that meets exact needs of the constituents
being served. The Micro grids efficiently and economically integrate customers and buildings
with electricity distribution and generation – and energy distribution such as heat – again at a
local level. The Micro grids also enhance power reliability for the users due to redundant
distribution, smart switches, intelligence and automation, local power generation and the ability
to “island” the Micro grid from the Macro grid. Hence, blackouts and power disturbances are
either eliminated or substantially minimized. The Micro grid’s improved reliability can
significantly reduce costs incurred by consumers and businesses due to power outages,
brownouts, and poor power quality.
2.5. Reliability Analysis Methods and Optimization

Depending on the complexity of distribution system, reliability can be analyzed in various
methods. Fault tree analysis and Marko analysis method are two examples that have been used in
reliability analysis for many years. The preference of one with respect to the other depends on
how complex and time consuming the analysis could be. Although, the modeling types and
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different design complexities with recent technologies can take long computational time, these
analysis methods are effective. For nature of system representation and type of analysis required,
both discrete and continuous processes make the Markov analysis versatile. Probabilistic
reliability assessment method is also another analysis based on the component modeling and
failure assumption. Distribution systems components are modeled in a probability of the
component be in maintenance, end of life, face active failure and passive failure. Data
Population of distribution equipment are considered and aging patterns are assumed. The
reliability is evaluated in cut set level. The different states of a component give rise to different
value of reliability. By modeling each component, the reliability of the whole system can be
analyzed.
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Chapter Three
3. Current State of Power Distribution System
In Debre birhan substation
3.1. Collecting Data
Debre birhan substation has three outgoing feeders. Out of these, Feeder-01 has the highest
installed capacity of 132kv, Feeder-02 has 33kv, and Feeder-03 has 15kv. This project assesses
reliability improvement measure taken on all Feeders, which can bring fair improvement in
reliability of both to the feeders and to Debre birhan substation.
3.1.1. Power Distribution study of Debre birhan Substation

In Debre birhan the power demand and the capacity of substation load are not balanced, that
means, demand load is greater than capacity of substation it leads to interrupt the power.
The current power distribution in Debre birhan town is also radial distribution system type.
Power is delivered to the customer from the utility in a straight forward fashion. There are no
laterals and interconnection or mesh type network topology. Though radial power distribution
system is less costly in terms of design and protection, it’s vulnerable to disturbance hence less
reliable. Because of its ease of operation, it has been very long applied in Debre birhan town.
But, the mesh or interconnected distribution is highly recommended to improve customer based
reliability and power availability. Debre birhan substation has a very high frequent interruption
and lengthy interruption duration compared to other substations.
Table 3.1 shows the feeders’ power capacity, Frequency of interruption, Duration of interruption
and loads on each feeder those collect from Debre Birhan substation for sex month data. This
data indicates the substation becomes over loaded and causes interruption.
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Table3.1. feeders’ data
capacity of feeders
feeder 132kv feed 33kv feed 15kv feeder 33
load(mw) load(mw) load(mw) kv feeder 15 kv
Month SAIDI SAIFI max Min max min max Min max min max min
November 61.58 273 40.3 12.5 6.24 1.32 10.3 2.91 6.31 1.2 8.6 2.6
December 269.6 374 57.69 16.12 6.38 1.42 10.57 3.46 6.46 0.88 9.15 3
January 199.1 344 62.93 20.42 8.21 1.79 10.3 3.06 6.4 0.82 9.14 2.13
February 102.4 215 70.42 19.52 18.77 2.47 10.19 3.26 5.9 0.78 9.2 2.9
March 198.4 273 74.5 20.47 22.72 1.94 11.37 3.03 7.3 0.78 10.15 2.98
April 326 356 77.84 14.73 19.87 2.19 11.4 3.73 7.46 0.54 10.33 2.33
1157.6
Total 1835 383.7 103.8 82.19 11.13 64.13 19.5 39.8 5 56.57 15.94
Source: Debre birhan substation
Table3.2. Average Frequency and Duration of interruption for Debre Birhan substation
Feeder Average Interruption Average Interruption

Name Frequency (Int./year) SAIFI Duration (Hours/year) SAIDI
Feeder 01 106 160
Feeder 02 784 622.75
Feeder 03 841 510.78
Substation’s Average 577 431.177
Int. /year: interruption per year
SAIFI is a measure of how many sustained interruptions an average customer will experience
over the course of a year. For a fixed number of customers, the only way to improve SAIFI is to
reduce the number of sustained interruptions experienced by customers.
SAIDI is a measure of how many interruption hours an average customer will experience over
the course of a year. For a fixed number of customers, SAIDI can be improved by reducing the
number of interruptions or by reducing the duration of these interruptions. Since both of these
reflect reliability improvements, a reduction in SAIDI indicates an improvement in reliability.
CAIDI is a measure of how long an average interruption lasts, and is used as a measure of utility
response time to system contingencies. CAIDI can be improved by reducing the length of
15
interruptions, but can also be reduced by increasing the number of short interruptions.
Consequently, a reduction in CAIDI does not necessarily reflect an improvement in reliability.
The CAIDI value of Debre Birhan substation is 0.7473.
CAIDI= SAIDI/ SAIFI
=431.177/ 577
=0.7473
ASAI is the customer-weighted availability of the system and provides the same information as
SAIDI. Higher ASAI values reflect higher levels of system reliability, with most US utilities
having ASAI greater than 0.999. Debre Birhan substation has 0.9508 ASAI value.
ASAI= (8760- SAIDI)/ 8760
= (8760-431.177)/ 8760
=0.9508
Six month interruption frequency and duration of fault types are shown in Appendix A: table 6b,
table 7b, table 8b, table 9b, table 10b and table 11b those DPEF: Distribution Permanent Earth
Fault, DPSC: Distribution Permanent Short Circuit, DTEF: Distribution Temporary Earth
Fault, DTSC: Distribution Temporary Short Circuit, DLOL: Distribution Line Overload and OP:
operational fault are illustrated.
3.1.2. Root Cause Analysis of Distribution System

There are various problems faced with the existing Debre Birhan power distribution network. For
this case study, Debre Birhan substation is selected due to the availability of load supply data.
Similar to other substations, various faults occur in Bella substation that frequently cause
interruption (momentary and sustained) .The causes of the interruptions are:
 Technical problems: - Technical problems are interruption causes that occur due to
failure in distribution system components. They occur as result of distribution equipment
failure. Outage or disconnections of lines by the operator for maintenance purpose are
also technical cases. Technical problems occurred: transformer and arrestor explosion,
16
loose lines on the supporting structures, oil leakage from transformer tank, aging of wood
towers, and breaker failure to trip, etc.
 External causes: - Externals causes are other than technical problems or outages that
occur due to failure of distribution components. They are result of natural phenomena or
human errors on the distribution system from external. Wind, stormy rain, animals
contacts of distribution lines, trees, lightning, and car accidents, etc.
3.2. Comparison with Standard Practice

Table3.3. Target values for reliability indices
Index Target
SAIFI 1.0
SAIDI 1.0–1.5 h
CAIDI 1.0–1.5 h
ASAI 0.99983
From table 3.1 for the six month, the average reliability indices Feeders are
SAIDI=0.4152 hrs/year and SAIFI=0.495 int. /year per monitored points. The analysis is made
based on reliability indices formulas in equation above.
General conclusion from the data analysis
1. Interruptions in Debre Birhan distribution network are mostly caused by distribution technical
problems. Interruptions from outside or external causes have also contributed to the frequent
power outage.
2. In the past six month, permanent earth fault and permanent short circuit faults have caused
power outage substantially because of substation overloading.
3. ASAI values of all feeders in Debre Birhan are almost close to the standard practice. But this
doesn’t show the feeders are reliable. Because the SAIFI, SAIDI and CAIDI are not even close
to the standard practice and bench marks.
17
4. Compared to reliability standards set by Ethiopian Electric Agency, Debre Birhan substation
has reliability indices values far away from the required values. Out of feeders in Debre Birhan
substation is the most unreliable.
5. Debre Birhan substation needs more reliability improvement to come to best practice. It
needs amicable reliability solution to achieve standard and best practiced power reliability.
3.3. Solution Ideas for Reliability Improvement (mitigation of power

interruption) of the Existing System
Proper Load Forecasting Mechanism: - Load forecasting is technique of predicting the load that
will demand power from the utility. It can be conducted on daily, weekly and monthly basis.
Proper load forecasting balances supply and demand. But poor load forecasting can result in load
shifting and peak shaving. Customers can be subjected to such actions which reduces the
reliability of the system. Supply and demand imbalance can lead to disconnecting of specific
customer from the distribution network, the substation become overloaded and then interrupt the
feeder. Peak power demand shall be within acceptable capacity of supply and load forecasting
accuracy shall be maximized. That improves the normal operation of the system. Fussy systems,
neural network and other load forecasting methods can be applied to achieve accuracy in
prediction. The demand side management involves:
a. Load shifting
Load shifting involves shifting from on peak periods to off peak period. Use of storage
mechanism improves loading on distribution network hence customer load shift paves way of
power continuity during high tension period of distribution network.
b. Peak clipping
It’s method of direct load control mechanism. It provides way of minimizing operating cost and
system disturbance by reducing peak demand from customers.
18
Chapter Four
4. Mitigation of power interruption using Micro Grid
4.1. Smart Micro Grid Technologies
Micro Grid benefits local utilities by providing on-demand generation and ancillary services
(e.g., voltage, frequency, and wave form stability) and by helping to manage the grid load. They
are remotely controlled. This feature has high importance in automation. The micro grid system
is an evolution towards smarter power distribution with high flexibility towards controllability,
monitoring and protection. The micro grid system approach enhances better power availability.
Data from table 3.1 demand power is greater than supply power for each feeder.
On feeder 02, 33kv the unnerved load =load power – supply power
=82.19 – 39.8
= 42.39 MW
On feeder 03, 15kv the unnerved load = 64.13 – 56.57
=7.56 MW
This project study to full fill the power shortage in this substation by using micro grid system
from renewable resources such as wind, solar and micro hydro resource.
The opportunity of resources in Debre Birhan is from ongoing study:
 Wind resource up to 400 MW

 Micro hydro resource up to 0.5 MW
 Solar resource up to 5 MW
4.2. Operation of micro grid

Micro grids should be able to operate autonomously but also interact with the main grid.
19
Figure4.1. Micro grid operation modes
From grid-connected an islanded modes, it is necessary a smooth transition. For both modes, the
converters could work as voltage sources. It also used for improvement of power quality.
The power quality can be established in two levels. The first is reactive power compensation and
harmonic current sharing inside the micro grid and the second level is the reactive power and
harmonic compensation at the PCC; thus, the micro grid can support the power quality of the
main grid.
4.3. Improve average reliability indices

Substation SAIDI upgrading from 0.4152 hrs/year to 1.1hrs/year and SAIFI from 0.495int. /year
to 0.9 int. /year by using micro grid of 7MW from wind source, 0.5MW from micro hydro and
0.3MW from solar resource and this analysis substation CAIDI also upgrading from0.839hrs to
1.22hrs availability indices.
20
Chapter five
Summary and Conclusion
Mitigation of power interruption for Debre Birhan town Debre Birhan substation in micro grid
system is achieved by applying micro grid operation. Basically, reliability of distribution system
in micro grid context is assumed to improve the distribution adequacy by renewable resources of
operation model in the existing distribution system.
Reliability data obtained for the substation is analyzed in table to illustrate potential unreliability
in terms of frequency and duration of interruption. Potential causes of interruption are identified
which helped to select what feature of micro grid in distribution system can tackle these
problems. Reliability indices are used to quantify and state the reliability of Debre Birhan
substation. Because of limitation in available data, Only SAIDI and SAIFI are used to evaluate
the reliability of the distribution system. Besides, System Fault assessment and data recording is
made in terms of how many delivery points are affected during outage event.
The fault types and causes are identified for the feeders at Debre Birhan substation. Reliability
improvement ideas are identified to reduce frequency of interruption and the time an interruption
lasts.
By using micro grid system upgrading the substation availability indices that are SAIDI and
SAIFI depends on the standard.
Future works
This section presents the possibilities of extension of this project paper in the future.
1. Analysis how to synchronous micro grid with main grid and how to full fills the un served
load.
2. Reliability data available is only in sustained interruption level. The optimization can also be
conducted in wider sense of momentary events inclusion and cost-reliability subjected design.
3. Apply Simulation and results discussion for evaluate the micro grid system of Debre Birhan
substation of feeders for reliability improvement.
21
Reference
R.Sastry Vedam and Mulukutla S. Sarma, “Power Quality: VAR Compensation in Power
Systems”, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis group, 2009, London.
Gregorio Romero, Luisa M. Muneta, “Power Quality Harmonics Analysis & Real Measurements
Data”, Published by InTech, 2011, Croatia.
Mohhamed Fuad Faisal,“Voltage Sag Solutions for Industrial Customers”, Engineering

Department, Tenaganasional Berhad, 2007, Malaysia.
Sandeep Kuman,”Power Quality Issues & Its Mitigation Techniques”, A thesis Submitted to the
Department of Electrical Engineering at National Institute of Technology Rourkela, 2014
http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/assets/2016/02/why_and_how_microgrid_technology_is_a_g
ood_power_source.pdf
http:// energy. Gov/ sites/ prod/ files/2014/12/f19/AdvancedMicrogrid_integration-

interoperability_March2014.pdf
22
APPENDIX A
From Debre birhan substation monthly data records in 2015/16
Table 6a. feeder loads in November 2015
Peak Load Minimum Load

M Current(A M Current(A
N W ) Date Time W ) Date Time
o Bay/Feeder
132 Kv Line
/Feeder
Legetaf o 6/11/201
1 Incoming 26.1 110 18/11/15 20 8.2 42 5 14
Robi Out
2 Going
Transformer
3 1
Transformer 7/11/201
4 2 14.2 73 30/11/15 11 4.3 23 5 11
33 KV 1/11/201
Line/Feeder 6.31 130 30/11/15 11 1.2 25 5 14
6/11/201
Sheno 0.88 18 18/11/15 20 0.2 4.2 5 17
1 Enawori 3.2 65 5/11/2015 20 0.54 12 21/11/15 12
Aliyu Amba( 20:0 4/11/201
2 Line1) 2.16 44 11/11/2015 0 0.58 12 5 14
3
15 KV 1/11/201
Line/Feeder 8.6 390 17/11/15 20 2.6 130 5 15
Blanket 20:0 1/11/201 14:00:0
1 Factory 0.98 45 24/11/15 0 0.2 10 5 0
Town
1(MENDIDA 4/11/201
2 ) 3.3 150 17/11/15 20 0.6 25 5 14
Town 2 12:0 7/11/201
3 (ANKOBER) 3.97 180 30/11/2015 0 1.5 70 5 14
20:0
4 Sheno 2.05 93 5/11/2015 0 0.61 28 23/11/15 15
23
Table6b. Frequency and Duration of Interruption of Nov
Frequency and Duration of Interruption

DPEF DPSC DTEF DTSC OP
Duratio
n of
Voltage Feeder / D(H D(H D(H D(H D(H Freq. of intrrupt
level Bay F r.) F r.) F r.) F r.) F r.) interruption ion
F1 4
Sheno 4 7.5 8 4 8 0.67 60 12.17
F2 1 1
Eniwari 2 3 1 1.5 6 1.33 0 0.83 29 6.67
F3
Aliyu 3
33KV Amba 5 11.5 6 3 8 0.67 1 0.58 50 15.75
Blanket
Factory 1 0.5 1 0.5
1 2
Town 1 4 3.67 2 1 4 2 3 4.5 43 11.16
3
Town 2 3 4.33 8 0.67 6 3 1 0.5 48 9
3
15KV Sheno 1 1.33 2 1.33 6 0.5 2 2.67 1 0.5 42 6.33
Table6c. Interruption in Nov
Reconnect Differenc Line Un

Interruption ion e load solde
Date Energ
Feeder / Cause of Time ( Hrs ( Kw y(
No Bay fault Time ( Hrs ) ) ( Hrs ) ) kwh )
Aliyu
7/11/2015
1 Amba earth fault 8:00 14:00 6:00 880 5280
Aliyu load
8/11/2015
2 Amba shading 18:30 20;00 1:30 1300 1950
load
8/10/2015
3 sheno F1 shading 18:30 20;00 1:30 540 810
enuwari 17/11/201
4 F2 5 earth fault 15:00 17:00 2:00 1300 2600
aliyu
25/11/15
5 amba earth fault 11:50 12:50 1:00 1300 1300
26/11/201
6 sheno F1 5 earth fault 10:00 12:00 2:00AM 490 980
enuwari
27/11/15
7 F2 earth fault 15:00 16:00 1:00 1600 1600
24
aliyu 27/11/201
8 amba 5 earth fault 8:00 10:00 2:00 880 1760
aliyu maintenanc
29/11/15
9 amba e 14:15 14:50 0:35 1200 699.99
aliyu
29/11/15
10 amba earth fault 6:00 7:30 1:30 880 1320
enuwari short
29/11/15
11 F2 circuit 6:00 7:30 1:30 1800 2700
12 sheno F1 27/11/15 earth fault 7:00 10:00 3:00 540 1620
aliyu
28/11/15
14 amba earth fault 11:20 12:20 1:00 980 980
mendida short
16/11/15
16 T1 circuit 11:20 11:50 0:30 2100 1050
ankober short
17/11/15
17 t2 circuit 10:15 11:15 1:00 2400 2400
short
17/11/15
18 sheno circuit 9:25 9:55 0:30 1200 600
1306.6
18/11/15
19 sheno earth fault 15:20 16:40 1:20 980 7
ankober maintenanc
19/11/15
20 t2 e 8:30 9:00 0:30 3200 1600
mendida maintenanc
20/11/15
21 T1 e 9:30 10:30 1:00 2400 2400
mendida 23/11/201 short
22 T1 5 circuit 7:30 8:00 0:30 1800 900
mendida 23/11/201 maintenanc
23 T1 5 e 11:00 13:00 3:00 1900 5700
mendida short
24/11/15
24 T1 circuit 18:50 20:30 1:40 2100 3500
maintenanc
24/11/15
25 sheno e 10:45 11:15 0:30 2300 1150
ankober short
25/11/15
26 t2 circuit 4:40 7:50 3:10 2100 6650
short
26/11/15
27 sheno circuit 7:00 7:50 0:50 1300 1083.3
ankober over
26/11/15
28 t2 current 7:05 7:15 0:10 2800 466.67
mendida maintenanc
26/11/15
29 T1 e 10:20 10:50 0:30 2200 1100
load 1026.6
30/11/15
30 sheno shading 10:20 11:30 1:10 880 7
mendida over
30/11/15
31 T1 current 11:30 12:30 1:00 3100 3100
maintenanc
24/11/15
32 b/factory e 10:15 10:45 0:30 200 100
25
Table6d. Energy reading on the end of the month November
NO BAY TIME KWH KVAR
1 132KV 6:00 17326.7 26982.8
12:00 17326.8 26982.8
2 33KV 6:00 247.48
12:00 247.7
3 15KV 6:00 37355 11695.9
12:00 37356.4 11696.1
4 AUX 6:00 3755.2
12:00 3755.3
Table7a. Feeder loads in December2015

MW Current(A) Date Time MW Current(A) Date Time
No Bay/Feeder
132 Kv Line
/Feeder
Legetaf o
1 Incoming 27.4 120 23/12/15 19 7.5 45 16/12/2015 14
2 Robi Out Going 12.7 65 30/12/15 20:00 3.3 17 15/12/15 14:00
3 Transformer 1 3.09 63 6/12/2015 6:00 0.72 4 29/12/15 20:00
4 Transformer 2 14.5 74 3/12/2015 20 4.6 24 29/12/15 9
33 KV
Line/Feeder 6.46 133 30/12/15 20 0.88 18 10/12/2015 8
Sheno 0.82 17 17/11/15 20 0.2 4 17/12/2015 12
1 Enawori 3.4 70 30/12/15 20 0.88 18 6/12/2015 14
Aliyu Amba(
2 Line1) 2.16 44 2/12/2015 20:00 0.34 7 30/12/15 9
3
15 KV
Line/Feeder 9.15 404 23/12/15 19 3 135 29/12/15 9
1 Blanket Factory 1.2 57 3/12/2015 0:00 0.24 11 2/12/2015 11:00:00
2 Town 3.2 147 14/12/15 19 1.3 60 3/12/2015 14
26
1(MENDIDA)
Town 2
3 (ANKOBER) 3.97 180 25/12/2015 20:00 1.4 66 9/12/2015 9
4 Sheno 2.2 100 30/12/15 16:00 0.52 27 1/12/2015 15
Table7b. Frequency and Duration of Interruption of Dec
Duratio
DPEF DPSC DTEF DTSC OP Freq. of n of
Voltage Feeder / D(H D(H D(H D(H D(H interrupt intrrupti
level Bay F r.) F r.) F r.) F r.) F r.) ion on
1 27.4 6 1
F1 Sheno 4 5 2 2.95 2 5.16 2 1 1 3 91 49.52
1 6.96 2
F2 Eniwari 0 7 1 1.95 4 2 6 0.5 41 11.37
2.66
Dashen 2 7 8 0.67 10 3.33
Habesha
F3 Aliyu 53.4 3 1
33KV Amba 7 5 3 3.33 6 3 2 1 58 60.78
Blanket
Factory 4 14.5 6 0.5 10 15
1 59.5 4
Town 1 1 0.95 7 5 6 0.5 8 4 5 1.7 77 66.63
11.3 3
Town 2 4 3 6 0.5 6 3 46 14.83
12.2 30.4 2
15KV Sheno 1 5 7 7 8 0.67 4 2 1 3 41 48.13
Table7c. Interruption in Dec
Lin
e
Interruptio Reconnectio Differenc loa Un
Date n n e d solde
( Energ
N Feeder / Cause of Time ( Hrs Kw y(
o Bay fault ) Time ( Hrs ) ( Hrs ) ) kwh )
short
1/12/2015
1 Aliyu Amba circuit 6:00 7:30 1:30 880 1320
27
180
1/12/2015
2 enuwari F2 earth fault 6:00 7:30 1:30 0 2700
3 dashen 1/12/2015 earth fault 7:30 9:30 2;00 0 0
120
2/12/2015
4 Aliyu Amba earth fault 18:33 11:30 15:57 0 19200
120
4/12/2015
7 Aliyu Amba 4/12/2015 earth fault 18:35 16:00 10:25 960 10000
8 Aliyu Amba 6/12/2015 earth fault 10:30 10:55 0:25 880 366
9 sheno F1 6/12/2015 earth fault 11:30 11:45 0;15 540 135
120
6/12/2015
130
6/12/2015
120
7/12/2015
short 120
8/12/2015
130
8/12/2015
short 120
9/12/2015
10/12/201
21 sheno F1 5 earth fault 11:55 12:55 1:00 540 540
10/12/201 short 120
22 enuwari F2 5 circuit 5:55 7:50 1:55 0 2300
11/12/201 190
23 enuwari F2 5 earth fault 8:32 9:30 0:58 0 1836
11/12/201 180
11/12/201 100
25 Aliyu Amba 5 earth fault 22:15 10:20 12:05 0 12083
12/12/201 short
26 sheno F1 5 circuit 17:00 17:55 0:55 490 449
13/12/201 120
13/12/201 118
13/12/201
29 dashen 5 earth fault 13:40 14:00 0:40 0 0
14/12/201
28
14/12/201
16/12/201
17/12/201 short
33 sheno F1 5 circuit 7:25 9:25 2;00 350 700
17/12/201 Maintenan
34 sheno F1 5 ce 13:50 16:50 3:00 540 1620
20/12/201 120
21/12/201 140
36 enuwari F2 5 earth fault 7:50 9:10 1:20 0 1866.6
22/12/201
37 sheno F1 5 earth fault 7:40 14:00 6:20 490 3103.3
27/12/201
29/12/201
29/12/201 100
30/12/201
30/12/201
short 280
43 ankober T2 2/12/2015 circuit 6:00 9:25 3:25 0 9548
Mendida short 260
44 T1 3/12/2015 circuit 7:10 9:10 2:00 0 5200
sheno 15 short
45 kv 4/12/2015 circuit 9:10 9:20 0:10 880 146.67
sheno 15 short
46 kv 4/12/2015 circuit 7:10 9:40 2:30 620 1550
blanket short
47 factory 4/12/2015 circuit 8:15 8:30 0:15 360 90
sheno 15 short
48 kv 5/12/2015 circuit 16:00 16:15 0:15 970 242.5
Mendida short 130
49 T1 7/12/2015 circuit 11:30 11:45 0:15 0 325
Mendida short 140
50 T1 7/12/2015 circuit 12:15 14:15 2:00 0 2800
Mendida 11/12/201 over 320
51 T1 5 cuurent 11:45 12:10 0:25 0 1333.3
Mendida 11/12/201 over 320 24533.
52 T1 5 cuurent 12:40 20:20 7:40 0 3
blanket 12/12/201 short
53 factory 5 circuit 20:00 20:30 0:30 240 120
54 T1 5 cuurent 19:00 22:30 3:30 0 11480
sheno 15 14/12/201
55 kv 5 earth fault 22:10 9:25 12:15 760 9310
29
sheno 15 15/12/201 short
56 kv 5 circuit 4:02 8:00 3:58 560 2237
Mendida 16/12/201 260
57 T1 5 earth fault 8:00 8:55 0:55 0 2383.3
Mendida 17/12/201 Maintenan 310
58 T1 5 ce 9:15 9:35 0:20 0 1033.3
sheno 15 17/12/201 Maintenan
59 kv 5 ce 13:50 16:50 3:00 970 2910
Mendida 17/12/201 short 290
60 T1 5 circuit 17:35 19:15 1:40 0 4834.3
61 T1 5 cuurent 19:25 20:35 1:10 0 3733.3
62 T1 5 ce 9:05 9:25 0:20 0 999.99
63 T1 5 ce 10:50 11:05 0:15 0 700
sheno 15 21/12/201 short 1535.8
64 kv 5 circuit 16:30 18:05 1:35 970 3
Mendida 21/12/201 over 328 7270.6
65 T1 5 cuurent 18:37 20:50 2:13 0 6
23/12/201 Maintenan 330 1099.9
66 ankober T2 5 ce 8:10 8:30 0:20 0 9
67 T1 5 cuurent 19:00 20:20 1:20 0 4373.3
68 T1 5 cuurent 14:30 17:00 2:30 0 8200
Mendida 24/12/201 over 15:00(25/12/1 320
69 T1 5 cuurent 17:45 5) 22:45 0 72800
sheno 15 25/12/201 short 10:40(26/12/1
70 kv 5 circuit 15:40 5) 19:00 870 16530
71 T1 5 cuurent 18:30 21:00 2:30 0 8200
sheno 15 26/12/201 short
72 kv 5 circuit 7:00 11:00 4:00 760 3040
27/12/201 short 320
73 ankober T2 5 circuit 9:02 10:30 1:30 0 4800
Mendida 27/12/201 over 328 7926.6
74 T1 5 cuurent 18:30 20:55 2:25 0 6
75 T1 5 cuurent 7:05 10:05 3:00 0 9600
76 T1 5 cuurent 14:00 14:30 0:30 0 1640
29/12/201 short 290
77 ankober T2 5 circuit 7:20 9:45 2:25 0 7008.3
78 factory 5 circuit 8:30 9:45 1:15 660 825
30/12/201 short 285
80 T1 5 circuit 9:30 13:10 3:40 0 9900
30
81 factory 5 circuit 20:00 8:30 12:30 720 9000
82 T1 5 ce 10:30 11:00 0:30 0 1050
83 T1 5 ce 11:45 12:00 0:15 0 550
Table7d. Energy reading on the end of the month December
1 132KV 6:00 17326.8 26982.8
12:00 17326.8 26982.8
2 33KV 6:00 256.74
12:00 256.89
3 15KV 6:00 37449.5 11714.7
12:00 37450.9 11715.9
4 AUX 6:00 3761.2
12:00 3761.3
Table8a. Feeder loads in January 2016

Current(A M Current(A
N MW ) Date Time W ) Date Time
o Bay/Feeder
132 Kv Line
/Feeder
Legetafo 9.1 23/1/201
1 Incoming 30 136 1/1/2016 20 4 47 6 9
11:0 25/1/201
2 Robi Out Going 12.9 66 5/1/2016 0 5.6 29 6 15:00
0.5 30/1/201
3 Transformer 1 1.36 7 2/1/2016 9:00 8 3 6 10:00
4 Transformer 2 18.6 96 19/1/201 14 5.1 26 9/1/2016 14:00
31
7 6
33 KV 20:0 0.8
Line/Feeder 6.4 131 4/1/2016 0 2 17 8/1/2016 8:00
20:0 0.2 28/1/201
1 Sheno 0.82 17 4/1/2016 0 4 5 6 15:00
20:0 0.6 31/1/201
2 Enawori 3.2 661/1/2016 0 8 14 6 11:00
Aliyu Amba( 26/1/201 18:0 0.4 11/1/201
3 Line1) 2.25 46 6 0 9 10 6 8:00
13/1/201 12:0 0.1
4 habesha line 0.58 12 6 0 9 4 3/1/2016 8:00
12/1/201 16:0 0.1 20/1/201
5 dashen line 1.36 26 6 0 9 4 6 18:00
15 KV 29/1/201 15:0 2.3 31/1/201
Line/Feeder 9.14 414 6 0 1 105 6 17:00
25/1/201 16:0 19/1/201 2:00:0
1 Blanket Factory 1.25 56 6 0 0.2 10 6 0
Town 19:0 28/1/201
2 1(MENDIDA) 3.18 144 6/1/2016 0 1.1 46 6 17:00
Town 2 20:0 1.5 31/1/201
3 (ANKOBER) 3.75 170 4/1/2016 0 4 70 6 15:00
19/1/201 14:0 0.2 17/1/201
4 Sheno 2.12 96 6 0 2 33 6 14:00
Table8b. Frequency and Duration of Interruption of Jun
Durati
Volta DPEF DPSC
DTEF DTSC DLOL OP Freq. of on of
ge Feeder / D(Hr. D(H D(H D(H D(H D(H interrup intrrupt
level Bay F ) F r.)
F r.) F r.) F r.) F r.) tion ion
F1 4 1
Sheno 7 18:05 2 1:55 8 4:00 2 1:00 69 25
F2 2
Eniwari 8 6:06 4 2:00 6 0:30 1 1:00 39 9.6
habesha
33K F3 Aliyu 34:43 3 1 13:0
V Amba 8 :00 2 1:32 6 3:00 2 1:00 3 5 61 53.33
dashen 2 1:25 6 0:30 8 1.91
Blanket 21:0
Factory 3 8 6 0:30 1 1:30 10 23.13
11:4 4 1 18:1
Town 1 1 0:25 6 2 6 0:30 8 4:00 1 5 6 4:30 78 39.2
15K 2
V Town 2 1 11:56 3 2:00 6 0:30 4 2:00 4 1:15 38 17.71
32
1 2
Sheno 3 22:45 2 3:30 2 1:00 4 2:00 41 29.25
Table8c. Interruption in Jan
Lin
e
Interrupt Reconnecti Differenc loa Un
Date ion on e d solde
(
N Feeder / Cause of Time ( Kw Energy
o Bay fault Hrs ) Time ( Hrs ) ( Hrs ) ) ( kwh )
enuwari
2/1/2016
1 F2 earth fault 7:35 10:30 2:55 440 1283.3
Aliyu 15106.6
3/1/2016
2 Amba earth fault 20:40 13:30 17:10 880 7
Aliyu 190
5/1/2016
3 Amba short circuit 20:20 : 0:32 0 1013.3
4 sheno F1 5/1/2016 short circuit 20:25 21:00 0:30 830 415
Aliyu 10/1/201 160
5 Amba 6 earth fault 16:10 19:40 3:30 0 5600
Aliyu 11/1/201 130
6 Amba 6 short circuit 12:00 13:00 1:00 0 1300
Aliyu 12/1/201 140
7 Amba 6 earth fault 8:30 10:30 2:00 0 2800
Aliyu 12/1/201 170
8 Amba 6 earth fault 19:30 20:30 1:00 0 1700
Aliyu 12/1/201 170 16858.3
9 Amba 6 maintenance 22:05 7:00 9:55 0 3
12/1/201
10 sheno F1 6 short circuit 9:05 10:30 1:25 540 765
enuwari 12/1/201 240
11 F2 6 earth fault 20:08 21:10 1:02 0 2479.9
13/1/201
enuwari 14/1/201 180
13 F2 6 maintenance 11:10 12:10 1:00 0 1800
enuwari 14/1/201 160
14 F2 6 earth fault 14:40 14:55 0:15 0 400
16/1/201
15 dashen 6 earth fault 13:10 14:10 1:00 970 970
Aliyu 18/1/201 150
16 Amba 6 maintenance 17:15 18:05 0:50 0 1250
19/1/201
17 dashen 6 earth fault 15:00 15:25 0:25 190 79.16
enuwari 19/1/201 245
18 F2 6 load shading 19:25 21:25 2:00 0 4900
33
enuwari 22/1/201 210
19 F2 6 earth fault 8:00 8:40 0:40 0 1407
enuwari 22/1/201 220
20 F2 6 earth fault 10:25 10:47 0:22 0 806.67
23/1/201
Aliyu 23/1/201 101
22 Amba 6 earth fault 14:30 18:00 3:30 0 3535
Aliyu 25/1/201
23 Amba 6 maintenance 13:40 16:00 2:20 640 1493.3
Aliyu 26/1/201 130
24 Amba 6 earth fault 13:00 15:00 2:00 0 2600
27/1/201
Aliyu 27/1/201
26 Amba 6 earth fault 13:58 17:45 3:56 870 3422
enuwari 27/1/201 140
27 F2 6 earth fault 16:58 18:40 1:52 0 2613.3
27/1/201
28/1/201
28/1/201
Aliyu 28/1/201
31 Amba 6 earth fault 17:33 19:10 1:37 980 1584.33
enuwari 31/1/201 130
32 F2 6 earth fault 7:00 9:00 2:00 0 2600
enuwari 31/1/201
33 F2 6 earth fault 9:25 10:25 1:00 540 540
31/1/201
ankober 220
1/1/2016
35 T2 short circuit 9:35 9:58 0:23 0 843.3
Mendida 160
1/1/2016
36 T1 maintenance 9:40 10:00 0:20 0 533.3
Mendida 320
3/1/2016
37 T1 over cuurent 13:20 19:20 6:00 0 19200
Mendida 320
4/1/2016
38 T1 over cuurent 7:25 9:20 1:55 0 6133.3
ankober 260
4/1/2016
39 T2 short circuit 9:34 10:40 1:06 0 2860
sheno 15 101
5/1/2016
40 kv short circuit 8:00 8:30 0:30 0 505
Mendida 328
6/1/2016
41 T1 over cuurent 19:07 20:30 1:23 0 4537.3
Mendida 280
8/1/2016
42 T1 short circuit 15:23 15:55 0:32 0 1493.3
ankober 213 25417.9
9/1/2016
43 T2 earth fault 2:54 8:50 11:56 0 9
34
Mendida 10/1/201 190
44 T1 6 earth fault 12:30 12:55 0:25 0 791.66
sheno 15 13/1/201 100 11666.6
45 kv 6 earth fault 4:20 16:00 11:40 0 7
Mendida 14/1/201 260
46 T1 6 short circuit 15:25 15:45 0:20 0 866.6
sheno 15 14/1/201
47 kv 6 earth fault 22:45 9:30 10:45 970 10427.5
blanket 15/1/201
48 factory 6 short circuit 19:25 8:40 13:15 660 8745
Mendida 15/1/201 220
49 T1 6 short circuit 7:30 8:30 1:00 0 2200
ankober 16/1/201 190
50 T2 6 maintenance 9:20 9:40 0:20 0 633.3
Mendida 16/1/201 210
51 T1 6 maintenance 10:20 10:55 0:35 0 1224.9
Mendida 16/1/201 230
52 T1 6 maintenance 15:50 18:05 2:15 0 5175
ankober 16/1/201 350
53 T2 6 maintenance 20:30 20:45 0:15 0 875
blanket 18/1/201
Mendida 18/1/201 280
55 T1 6 maintenance 9:30 10:00 0:30 0 1900
blanket 18/1/201
56 factory 6 maintenance 10:40 12:10 1:30 340 510
Mendida 18/1/201 210
57 T1 6 maintenance 10:40 12:10 1:30 0 3150
ankober 18/1/201 280
58 T2 6 maintenance 7:30 7:50 0:20 0 933.3
Mendida 18/1/201 240
59 T1 6 maintenance 15:05 15:35 0:20 0 799.9
Mendida 18/1/201 328
60 T1 6 over current 18:25 21:50 3:25 0 11206.6
blanket 19/1/201
Mendida 19/1/201 159
62 T1 6 earth fault 19:25 21:25 2:00 0 3180
sheno 15 20/1/201 100
63 kv 6 short circuit 7:00 10:00 3:00 0 3000
sheno 15 22/1/201 100
64 kv 6 earth fault 7:50 8:10 0:20 0 333.3
Mendida 24/1/201 210
65 T1 6 short circuit 8፡00 8፡30 0፡30 0 1050
Mendida 24/1/201 240
66 T1 6 short circuit 10፡05 10፡35 0፡30 0 1200
Mendida 24/1/201 260
67 T1 6 short circuit 21፡50 7፡10 8፡50 0 22966.6
Mendida 25/1/201 320
68 T1 6 over cuurent 10፡04 10፡25 0፡21 0 1120
35
Mendida 25/1/201 320
69 T1 6 over cuurent 10፡52 11፡06 0፡14 0 746.6
Mendida 25/1/201 320
70 T1 6 over cuurent 18፡58 19፡15 0፡17 0 906.6
ankober 26/1/201 200
71 T2 6 maintenance 9፡05 9፡25 0፡20 0 666.66
Mendida 26/1/201 328
72 T1 6 over cuurent 18፡23 20፡23 2፡00 0 6560
Mendida 26/1/201 320
73 T1 6 over cuurent 21፡20 22፡00 0፡40 0 2133.3
Mendida 29/1/201 328

74 T1 6 over cuurent 19፡00 20፡00 1፡00 0 3280
Mendida 29/1/201 320

75 T1 6 over cuurent 20፡20 21፡20 1፡00 0 3200
ankober 30/1/201 247

76 T2 6 short circuit 9፡50 10፡20 0፡30 0 1235
Table8d. Energy in January
1 132KV 6:00 17326.8 26982.8
12:00 17326.8 26982.8
2 33KV 6:00 266.28

12:00 266.35
3 15KV 6:00 37544.6 11735
12:00 37545.8 11736.1
4 AUX 6:00 3767.2
12:00 3767.3
Table 9a. Feeder loads in February 2016

M Current(A M Current(A
W ) Date Time W ) Date Time
No Bay/Feeder
132 Kv Line
36
/Feeder
Legetafo 17/2/201 20:0
1 Incoming 36.1 161 6 0 10 56 7/2/2016 14:00
16/2/201 20:0 26/2/201
2 Robi Out Going 13.7 70 6 0 5.83 30 6 16:00
18/2/201 11:0
3 Transformer 1 5.64 29 6 0 0.19 1 9/2/2016 20:00
11:0
4 Transformer 2 15 77 3/2/2016 0 3.5 18 7/2/2016 14:00
33 KV 22/2/201 20:0 26/2/201
Line/Feeder 5.9 122 6 0 0.78 16 6 14:00
18/2/201 20:0
1 Sheno 0.93 19 6 0 0.19 4 2/2/2016 8:00
12:0
2 Enawori 3.38 69 3/2/2016 0 0.62 13 5/2/2016 14:00
Aliyu Amba( 10:0
3 Line1) 2.04 42 3/2/2016 0 0.39 8 1/2/2016 16:00
21/2/201 15:0
4 habesha line 1.62 33 6 0 0.19 4 1/2/2016 8:00
22/2/201 17:0 27/2/201
5 dashen incoming 5.4 110 6 0 0.54 11 6 18:00
dashen line out 22/2/201 17:0 27/2/201
6 going 5.4 112 6 0 0.54 11 6 18:00
15 KV 17/2/201 20:0 20/2/201
Line/Feeder 9.2 420 6 0 2.9 125 6 16:00
18/2/201 12:0 2:00:0
1 Blanket Factory 1.23 56 6 0 0.35 16 7/2/2016 0
Town 17/2/201 20:0
2 1(MENDIDA) 2.9 132 6 0 0.84 38 9/2/2016 9:00
Town 2 17/2/201 20:0 12/2/201
3 (ANKOBER) 3.7 168 6 0 1.43 65 6 14:00
26/2/201 11:0 10/2/201
4 Sheno 2.36 107 6 0 0.64 29 6 14:00
Table9b. Frequency and Duration of Interruption of Feb

DPEF DPSC DTEF DTSC OP Duratio
Volta Freq. of n of
ge Feeder / D(Hr D(Hr D(Hr D(Hr interrupti intrrupti
level Bay F D(Hr.) F .) F .) F .) F .) on on
1
F1 Sheno 6 7:40 2 2:15 2 1:00 6 0:30 3 3:28 29 14:53
F2 2 1 25:51:0
Enuwari 5 13:50 3 5:36 4 2:00 2 1:00 2 3:25 46 0
Habesha
F3 Aliyu 18:53:0 1 25:13:0
33KV Amba 4 0 2 3:05 2 1:00 6 0:30 1 1:45 25 0
37
Dashen 1 5:55 6 0:30 1 0:45 8 6:25
Blanket
Factory 2 0:30 5 0:25 7 0:55
1
Town 1 3 3:35 6 0:30 2 1:00 4 1:10 25 6:15
1 2
Town 2 1 0:15 2 1:00 4 2:00 8 8:50 45 12:05
1
15KV Sheno 1 0:35 6 6:20 8 0:40 2 1:00 3 2:30 30 11:05
Table9c. Interruption in Feb
Lin
e
Date n n e d solde
( Energ
Feeder / Cause of Time ( Hrs Kw y(
No Bay fault ) Time ( Hrs ) ( Hrs ) ) kwh )
120
2/2/2016
short 120
2/2/2016
2 enuwari F2 circuit 18:20 19:48 1:28 0 1760
short 150
3/2/2016
3 enuwari F2 circuit 6:47 10:05 3:18 0 4950
short 140
4/2/2016
4 enuwari F2 circuit 18:00 18:50 0:50 0 1166.7
200
5/2/2016
5 enuwari F2 earth fault 10:30 10:55 0:25 0 833.3
short 108
6/2/2016
short 100
6/2/2016
Maintenanc 240
7/2/2016
8 enuwari F2 e 13:00 16:00 3:00 0 7200
210
8/2/2016
250
9/2/2016
11/2/201 Maintenanc
13 sheno F1 6 e 11:12 11:40 0:28 490 228.67
13/2/201
14 dashen line 6 earth fault 9:45 14:40 5:55 930 5502.5
15/2/201
38
18/2/201
22/2/201
23/2/201 Maintenanc 176
18 Aliyu Amba 6 e 10:15 12:00 1:45 0 3080
24/2/201 103
19 Aliyu Amba 6 earth fault 8:00 11:40 3:40 0 3780.1
24/2/201 short
20 sheno F1 6 circuit 8:30 9:50 1:20 630 840
24/2/201 short
21 sheno F1 6 circuit 16:45 17:40 0:55 540 495
25/2/201
25/2/201 120
25/2/201 180
26/2/201 122
25 Aliyu Amba 6 earth fault 9:00 16:08 7:08 0 8702.7
26 enuwari F2 6 e 10:05 10:30 0:25 0 1070.8
27/2/201 Maintenanc
27 sheno F1 6 e 14:35 16:50 2:15 630 1417.5
28/2/201 Maintenanc
28 sheno F1 6 e 14:00 14:45 0:45 540 405
29 dashen line 6 e 14:00 14:45 0:45 0 1725
29/2/201 101
31
32
Maintenanc 190
1/2/2016
33 ankober T2 e 8:40 10:20 1:40 0 3166.7
Maintenanc
2/2/2016
34 sheno 15 kv e 9:10 9:20 0:10 900 150
short 110
5/2/2016
35 sheno 15 kv circuit 7:40 9:40 2:00 0 2200
Maintenanc 120
5/2/2016
36 sheno 15 kv e 11:00 12:20 1:20 0 1600
short 100
7/2/2016
37 sheno 15 kv circuit 13:00 13:30 0:30 0 500
Maintenanc 290
8/2/2016
38 ankober T2 e 8:40 9:10 0:30 0 1450
Mendida Maintenanc 260
8/2/2016
39 T1 e 9:00 9:30 0:30 0 1300
short 203
9/2/2016
40 sheno 15 kv circuit 9:10 10:00 0:50 0 1691.6
41 ankober T2 9/2/2016 Maintenanc 13:50 15:35 1:45 240 4200
39
e 0
42 ankober T2 6 e 9:20 10:40 1:20 0 2933.3
13/2/201 Maintenanc
43 sheno 15 kv 6 e 9:00 10:00 1:00 900 900
44 factory 6 circuit 9:25 9:40 0:15 570 142.5
45 T1 6 circuit 13:20 16:00 2:40 0 6133.3
16/2/201 short 174
46 sheno 15 kv 6 circuit 9:00 10:00 1:00 0 1740
16/2/201 short 300
17/2/201 short 180
48 sheno 15 kv 6 circuit 7:45 8:45 1:00 0 1800
Mendida 17/2/201 Maintenanc 192
49 T1 6 e 9:25 9:35 0:10 0 320
50 ankober T2 6 e 8:50 9:20 0:30 0 1050
51 ankober T2 6 e 16:00 17:10 1:10 0 2916.6
23/2/201 short 160
52 sheno 15 kv 6 circuit 8:00 9:00 1:00 0 1600
53 ankober T2 6 e 10:15 12:00 1:45 0 4830
54 ankober T2 6 e 14:45 14:55 0:10 0 466.6
55 T1 6 circuit 18:00 18:30 0:30 0 900
56 T1 6 e 9:35 9:40 0:05 0 174.99
57 T1 6 e 10:05 10:30 0:25 0 958.3
58 T1 6 circuit 19:50 20:15 0:25 0 1137.5
29/2/201 114
59 sheno 15 kv 6 earth fault 8:30 9:05 0:35 0 664.99
60 factory 6 circuit 11:45 12:00 0:15 720 180
Table9d. Energy in February
1 132KV 6:00 17326.8 26982.8
12:00 17326.8 26982.8
40
2 33KV 6:00 276.39
12:00 276.45
3 15KV 6:00 37638.3 11749.1
12:00 37640 11749.2
4 AUX 6:00 3772.1
12:00 3772.2
Table10a. Feeder loads in March 2016

M Current( Tim M Current(
N W A) Date e W A) Date Time
o Bay/Feeder
132 Kv Line
/Feeder
37. 24/3/201 20:0 10.
1 Legetafo Incoming 2 158 6 0 5 47
6/3/2016 9:00
13. 17/3/201 20:0 23/3/201
2 Robi Out Going 7 70 6 0 4.9 25 6 15:00
6.0 26/3/201 0.1 10/3/201
3 Transformer 1 3 31 6 8:00 9 1 6 19:00
17. 24/3/201 19:0 4.8 20/3/201
4 Transformer 2 6 90 6 0 6 25 6 11:00
33 KV 29/3/201 20:0 0.7 14/3/201
Line/Feeder 7.3 150 6 0 8 16 6 15:00
0.9 30/3/201 20:0 0.1
1 Sheno F1 3 19 6 0 9 4 7/3/2016 15:00
29/3/201 20:0 0.4
2 Enuwari F2 3.7 77 6 0 4 9 4/3/2016 20:00
29/3/201 20:0 0.3 18/3/201
3 Aliyu Amba( F3) 2.6 53 6 0 9 8 6 15:00
1.1 14/3/201 16:0 0.1 28/3/201
4 habesha line 7 24 6 0 9 4 6 9:00
7.1 22/3/201 16:0 0.3 13/3/201
5 dashen incoming 6 146 6 0 9 8 6 14:00
dashen line out 7.1 22/3/201 16:0 0.3 13/3/201
6 going 6 146 6 0 4 7 6 14:00
15 KV 10. 29/3/201 19:0 2.9
Line/Feeder 2 460 6 0 8 135 4/3/2016 14:00
41
23/3/201 11:0 0.3 20/3/201 18:00:0
1 Blanket Factory 1.2 56 6 0 9 18 6 0
Town 3.0 30/3/201 20:0 30/3/201
2 1(MENDIDA) 2 137 6 0 0.7 32 6 14:00
Town 2 4.1 20:0 1.5 28/3/201
3 (ANKOBER) 7 189 4/3/2016 0 9 72 6 14:00
2.9 29/3/201 12:0 0.3
4 Sheno 8 135 6 0 5 16 9/3/2016 9:00
Table10b. Frequency and Duration of Interruption of Mar
Frequency and Duration of Interruption Duratio

Volta DPEF DPSC DTEF DTSC OP Freq. of n of
ge Feeder / D(Hr D(Hr D(Hr D(Hr interrupti intrrupti
level Bay F D(Hr.) F .) F .) F .) F .) on on
1
F1 Sheno 7 1:50 4 7:35 2 1:00 6 0:30 29 10:55
F2 1 2 1 21:20:0
Enuwari 2 13:35 3 1:05 4 2:00 2 1:00 4 3:40 55 0
habesha 1 0:30 1 0:30
F3 Aliyu 23:16: 10:2 1 13:2 48:31:0
33KV Amba 7 00 4 0 2 1:00 6 0:30 6 5 35 0
22:0 1
dashen 1 0:20 1 0 2 1:00 6 0:30 20 23:50
Blanket
Factory 1 13:00 5 0:25 1 4:40 7 18:05
12:2 1
Town 1 3 0 2 1:00 6 4:35 25 17:55
10:3 1 2 12:1 25:45:0
Town 2 2 0 2 1:00 4 2:00 8 5 46 0
20:4 3 31:45:0
15KV Sheno 1 3:05 9 5 8 0:40 6 3:00 1 4:15 55 0
Table10c. Interruption in Mar
Lin
e
Date n n e d solde
( Energ
N Feeder / Cause of Time ( Hrs Kw y(
o Bay fault ) Time ( Hrs ) ( Hrs ) ) kwh )
Maintenanc 150
3/3/2016
1 Aliyu Amba e 13:20 15:45 2:25 0 3625
Maintenanc 157
4/3/2016
2 Aliyu Amba e 9:20 15:50 6:30 0 10205
157
4/3/2016
3 Aliyu Amba earth fault 15:55 17:00 1:05 0 1700.8
4 enuwari F2 4/3/2016 earth fault 17:10 18:40 1:30 210 3150
42
0
160
4/3/2016
Maintenanc 120
5/3/2016
6 Aliyu Amba e 10:50 11:10 0:20 0 399.9
Maintenanc 180
5/3/2016
7 enuwari F2 e 10:50 11:20 0:30 0 900
short 160
5/3/2016
8 enuwari F2 circuit 13:00 13:20 0:20 0 533.3
120
5/3/2016
short
7/3/2016
10 sheno F1 circuit 12:00 14:45 2:45 680 1870
short 120
8/3/2016
121
9/3/2016
12 Aliyu Amba earth fault 9:05 10:15 1:10 0 1411.7
short
9/3/2016
13 dashen line circuit 8:30 6:30 22:00 980 21560
short
9/3/2016
14 sheno F1 circuit 11:30 12:00 0:30 540 270
10/3/201 167
15 dashen line 6 earth fault 6:30 6:50 0:20 0 551.1
10/3/201 130
14/3/201 short
17 sheno F1 6 circuit 8:45 11:25 2:40 630 1680
14/3/201
14/3/201 short
19 sheno F1 6 circuit 14:55 16:35 1:40 390 650.13
15/3/201
15/3/201 short
21 Aliyu Amba 6 circuit 7:00 10:00 3:00 880 2640
22 enuwari F2 6 e 14:10 16:10 2:00 0 4200
23 enuwari F2 6 e 13:00 14:00 1:00 0 1300
17/3/201 130
17/3/201 180
17/3/201 180
17/3/201
18/3/201 short 220
28 enuwari F2 6 circuit 19:15 20:10 0:55 0 2016.6
43
19/3/201
19/3/201 160
21/3/201 Maintenanc
31 Aliyu Amba 6 e 9:30 12:00 2:30 730 1825
21/3/201 Maintenanc
32 Aliyu Amba 6 e 14:00 15:25 1:25 730 1034.2
21/3/201 100
23/3/201 130
23/3/201 short 130 17333.
23/3/201
25/3/201 220
25/3/201 220
25/3/201 short 130
25/3/201
27/3/201
habesha 28/3/201
42 line 6 earth fault 13:00 13:30 0:30 580 290
28/3/201 2506.3
29/3/201 390
29/3/201
31/3/201 309
1/3/2016
47 T1 e 10:10 10:40 0:30 0 1200
short 120
3/3/2016
48 sheno 15 kv circuit 7:55 8:00 0:05 0 99.99
Mendida Maintenanc
3/3/2016
49 T1 e 9:40 9:55 0:15 0:00 375
Maintenanc 250
3/3/2016
50 ankober T2 e 10:30 10:45 0:15 0 625
Maintenanc 260
3/3/2016
51 ankober T2 e 13:20 15:25 2:05 0 5416.6
short 210
3/3/2016
52 ankober T2 circuit 23:55 9:00 9:05 0 19075
Maintenanc 198
4/3/2016
53 ankober T2 e 9:20 15:50 6:30 0 12870
44
Mendida short 160
5/3/2016
54 T1 circuit 10:30 10:35 0:05 0 133.3
5/3/2016
55 T1 e 13:20 13:50 0:30 0 800
short
6/3/2016
56 sheno 15 kv circuit 11:00 13:00 2:00 980 1960
short 130
6/3/2016
57 sheno 15 kv circuit 15:30 15:45 0:15 0 325
short 130
6/3/2016
58 sheno 15 kv circuit 21:15 9:15 12:00 0 15600
short 123
8/3/2016
59 sheno 15 kv circuit 19:50 8:40 12:50 0 15785
101 3114.1
9/3/2016
60 sheno 15 kv earth fault 14:40 17:45 3:05 0 6
11/3/201 short 170
61 sheno 15 kv 6 circuit 14:30 15:00 0:30 0 850
62 ankober T2 6 e 9:55 10:20 0:25 0 1020.8
63 T1 6 e 9:10 10:20 1:10 0 1866.6
64 factory 6 circuit 20:00 9:00 13:00 670 8710
65 ankober T2 6 e 16:35 16:40 0:05 0 224.99
blanket 19/3/201 Maintenanc
66 factory 6 e 9:30 14:10 4:40 690 3220
67 sheno 15 kv 6 e 11:10 15:25 4:15 0 5100
21/3/201 short 190
68 ankober T2 6 circuit 9:00 10:25 1:25 0 2691.6
22/3/201 short 132
69 sheno 15 kv 6 circuit 12:12 13:42 1:30 0 1980
70 ankober T2 6 e 14:30 16:00 1:30 0 3150
71 T1 6 circuit 11:10 13:30 0:20 0 799.9
28/3/201 short 214
72 sheno 15 kv 6 circuit 20:15 7:00 10:45 0 23005
73 T1 6 e 9:00 10:15 1:15 0 1500
74 ankober T2 6 e 13:45 14:00 0:15 0 650
29/3/201 short 160
75 sheno 15 kv 6 circuit 14:05 18:55 4:50 0 7733.3
76 ankober T2 6 e 15:30 16:40 1:10 0 3033.3
77 T1 6 e 17:25 22:20 0:55 0 1925
78 T1 6 current 18:00 20:00 2:00 0 5600
45
Mendida 30/3/201 short 280 33366.
79 T1 6 circuit 20:00 7:55 11:55 0 6
80 enuwari F2 6 e 10:15 10:25 0:10 0 515
81 Aliyu Amba 6 e 10:15 10:30 0:15 0 475
31/3/201 short 250
82 enuwari F2 6 circuit 19:00 19:50 0:50 0 2083.3
Table10d.Energy in MARCH
1 132KV 6:00 17326.8 26982.8
12:00 17326.8 26982.8
2 33KV 6:00 287.54

12:00 287.76
3 15KV 6:00 37741.3 11769
12:00 37745.4 11769.8
4 AUX 6:00 3777.2
12:00 3777.3
Table11a. Feeder loads in April 2016

Current( Tim M Current(
N MW A) Date e W A) Date Time
o Bay/Feeder
132 Kv Line
/Feeder
18/4/201 19:0 7.9
1 Legetafo Incoming 38.5 140 6 0 4 34.7 3/4/2016 8:00
12.9 20:0 1.5
2 Robi Out Going 6 66 6/4/2016 0 5 8 3/4/2016 8:00
19/4/201 15:0 0.3 13/4/201
3 Transformer 1 7.19 37 6 0 8 2 6 18:00
18.4 12/4/201 20:0 4.8 23/4/201
4 Transformer 2 8 95 6 0 6 25 6 16:00
33 KV 11/4/201 19:0 0.5 30/4/201
Line/Feeder 7.46 152 6 0 4 11 6 9:00
18/4/201 19:0 0.3 23/4/201
1 Sheno F1 1.03 21 6 0 4 7 6 14:00
46
14/4/201 19:0 0.3 18/4/201
2 Enuwari F2 3.9 80 6 0 9 8 6 10:00
17/4/201 20:0 0.1 27/4/201
3 Aliyu Amba( F3) 2.4 50 6 0 9 4 6 8:00
20:0 0.1 11/4/201
4 habesha line 0.78 16 7/4/2016 0 9 4 6 8:00
26/4/201 20:0 0.5 10/4/201
5 dashen incoming 5.88 121 6 0 4 11 6 11:00
dashen line out 26/4/201 20:0 0.5 10/4/201
6 going 5.88 121 6 0 4 11 6 11:00
15 KV 10.3 19/4/201 20:0 2.3 13/4/201
Line/Feeder 3 468 6 0 3 108 6 20:00
21/4/201 19:0 0.3 12:00:0
1 Blanket Factory 1.3 59 6 0 4 15 3/4/2016 0
Town 19/4/201 20:0 1.1
2 1(MENDIDA) 3.29 149 6 0 5 52 5/4/2016 14:00
Town 2 22/4/201 12:0 10/4/201
3 (ANKOBER) 4.01 182 6 0 1.6 74 6 14:00
19/4/201 0.6
4 Sheno 2.8 127 6 8:00 4 29 8/4/2016 8:00
Table11b. Frequency and Duration of Interruption of Apr
Frequency and Duration of Interruption Duratio

Volta DPEF DPSC DTEF DTSC SOL OP Freq. of n of
ge Feeder D(Hr. D(H D(H D(H D(H D(H interrup intrrupt
level / Bay F ) F r.) F r.) F r.) F r.) F r.) tion ion
F1 1 48:35: 2 53:05:0
Sheno 5 00 4 2:00 6 0:30 3 2:00 48 0
Enuwa 2 74:52: 3 1 84:22:0
ri 1 00 5 5:10 6 3:00 2 1:00 1 0:20 75 0
aliyu 3 61:00: 16:2 4 1 85:07:0
amba 2 00 9 5 2 3:30 8 1:30 5 3:42 106 0
habesh
a line
dashen
33kv line 1 3:30 1 3:30
B/Fact
ory 1 14:20 3 0:15 6 0:30 10 15:05
Mendi 1 12:3
da 1 0:40 6 0:30 2 1:00 6 9:15 9 0 34 23:55
Ankob 17:3 1 31:40:0
er 5 4:05 2 0 9 0:45 2 1:00 9 8:20 37 0
12:5 1 1 29:15:0
15kv sheno 6 9:45 5 5 2 1:00 8 1:30 4 2:05 45 0
47
Table11c. Interruption in Apr
Lin
e
Date n n e d solde
( Energ
Feeder / Cause of Time ( Hrs Kw y(
No Bay fault ) Time ( Hrs ) ( Hrs ) ) kwh )
enuwari short 130
1/4/2016
1 F2 circuit 18:00 19:00 1:00 0 1300
maintenanc
1/4/2016
2 sheno F1 e 8:00 8:30 0:30 540 220
Aliyu 101
3/4/2016
3 Amba earth fault 11:05 15:30 4:25 0 4461
Aliyu 130
4/4/2016
4 Amba earth fault 13:35 14:35 1:00 0 1300
Aliyu
4/4/2016
5 Amba earth fault 15:00 16:55 1:55 930 1783
enuwari
5/4/2016
6 F2 earth fault 10:25 14:15 3:50 580 2223
Aliyu
5/4/2016
7 Amba earth fault 16:35 18:38 2:03 680 1394
Aliyu
6/4/2016
8 Amba earth fault 9:37 14:10 3:33 730 2592
Aliyu 190
6/4/2016
9 Amba earth fault 7:20 9:00 6:40 0 12667
enuwari 190
6/4/2016
10 F2 earth fault 8:00 9:00 1:00 0 1900
Aliyu 130
6/4/2016
11 Amba earth fault 17:50 19:50 2:00 0 2600
enuwari 190
6/4/2016
12 F2 earth fault 18:00 20:30 2:30 0 4750
enuwari 132
7/4/2016
14 F2 earth fault 17:40 20:17 2:37 0 3454
Aliyu 176
7/4/2016
15 Amba earth fault 19:50 20:50 1:00 0 1760
enuwari 176
7/4/2016
16 F2 earth fault 20:20 7:00 10:40 0 18773
enuwari 130
8/4/2016
17 F2 earth fault 8:00 8:50 0:50 0 1083
Aliyu short 130
8/4/2016
18 Amba circuit 8:00 9:00 1:00 0 1300
Aliyu 130
8/4/2016
19 Amba earth fault 15:00 16:00 1:00 0 1300
Aliyu
9/4/2016
20 Amba earth fault 10:22 11:33 1:11 390 461.5
48
Aliyu
9/4/2016
21 Amba earth fault 13:30 14:15 0:45 580 435
enuwari 10/4/201 short 130
22 F2 6 circuit 8:10 8:30 0:20 0 433.3
10/4/201
enuwari 11/4/201 400
24 F2 6 earth fault 21:00 6:35 9:25 0 37667
Aliyu 12/4/201
25 Amba 6 earth fault 12:55 15:00 2:05 680 1417
12/4/201
Aliyu 13/4/201 short 130
27 Amba 6 circuit 7:00 7:20 0:20 0 433.3
28 Amba 6 circuit 7:30 14:05 6:35 0 8558
enuwari 13/4/201 122
29 F2 6 earth fault 8:00 8:30 0:30 0 610
Aliyu 13/4/201 short
30 Amba 6 circuit 16:00 17:20 1:20 580 773.3
13/4/201
enuwari 13/4/201 162
32 F2 6 earth fault 22:30 10:40 12:10 0 19710
Aliyu 14/4/201 130
33 Amba 6 earth fault 10:45 11:15 0:30 0 650
enuwari 14/4/201 140
34 F2 6 earth fault 22:06 8:30 10:24 0 14560
Aliyu 15/4/201
35 Amba 6 earth fault 9:40 10:28 0:48 980 784
15/4/201 19833.
36 sheno F1 6 earth fault 9:40 15:30 680 3
enuwari 15/4/201 279
37 F2 6 earth fault 19:26 20:12 0:46 0 2120.4
Aliyu 16/4/201 176 4546.6
38 Amba 6 earth fault 7:50 10:25 2:35 0 6
Aliyu 16/4/201 maintenanc 162
39 Amba 6 e 13:23 14:35 1:12 0 1944
40 Amba 6 circuit 15:25 16:38 1:13 0 1241
enuwari 17/4/201 120
41 F2 6 earth fault 8:20 8:35 0:15 0 300
enuwari 17/4/201 150
42 F2 6 earth fault 9:00 9:20 0:20 0 499.99
Aliyu 17/4/201 maintenanc
43 Amba 6 e 12:35 13:00 0:25 880 366.66
enuwari 17/4/201 156
44 F2 6 earth fault 17:00 18:00 1:00 0 1560
17/4/201 maintenanc
45 sheno F1 6 e 17:00 17:20 0:20 630 209.9
49
18/4/201
enuwari 18/4/201 180 3749.9
47 F2 6 earth fault 8:00 10:05 2:05 0 9
48 Amba 6 circuit 8:00 9:25 1:25 930 1317.5
18/4/201
49 sheno F1 6 earth fault 9:50 13:00 0:10 113.33
50 Amba 6 e 12:00 13:00 1:00 0 1300
enuwari 18/4/201 112
51 F2 6 earth fault 12:00 12:30 0:30 0 560
enuwari 18/4/201 112
52 F2 6 earth fault 14:00 14:15 0:15 0 280
Aliyu 18/4/201 150
53 Amba 6 earth fault 14:30 14:35 0:05 0 124.99
Aliyu 18/4/201 150
54 Amba 6 earth fault 15:00 15:10 0:10 0 250
18/4/201
Aliyu 18/4/201 240
56 Amba 6 earth fault 18:15 18:25 0:10 0 400
Aliyu 18/4/201 240
57 Amba 6 earth fault 18:30 18:40 0:10 0 400
enuwari 19/4/201 280
58 F2 6 earth fault 7:10 7:15 0:05 0 233.33
enuwari 19/4/201 maintenanc 324 1079.9
59 F2 6 e 10:00 10:20 0:20 0 9
enuwari 19/4/201 short 324 5401.0
60 F2 6 circuit 10:40 12:20 1:40 0 8
61 Amba 6 circuit 12:40 14:22 1:42 0 1904
Aliyu 19/4/201
62 Amba 6 earth fault 14:40 15:10 0:30 540 270
dashen 19/4/201 maintenanc 270
63 line 6 e 15:15 18:45 3:30 0 9450
enuwari 20/4/201 130
64 F2 6 earth fault 7:50 8:30 0:40 0 867.1
Aliyu 20/4/201 maintenanc
65 Amba 6 e 12:00 12:35 0:35 880 513.3
20/4/201
20/4/201
20/4/201
69 Amba 6 circuit 7:00 9:00 2:00 0 2400
70 Amba 6 circuit 9:10 11:00 1:50 930 1705
50
Aliyu 21/4/201 156
71 Amba 6 earth fault 14:30 17:00 2:30 0 3900
Aliyu 21/4/201 210
72 Amba 6 earth fault 17:10 19:00 1:50 0 3849.3
enuwari 22/4/201 220
73 F2 6 earth fault 17:35 18:20 0:45 0 1650
74 Amba 6 e 18:55 19:25 0:30 0 1000
23/4/201
enuwari 23/4/201 108
76 F2 6 earth fault 20:05 10:20 14:15 0 15390
24/4/201 maintenanc
77 sheno F1 6 e 10:50 12:00 1:10 540 630
24/4/201
Aliyu 25/4/201 137
79 Amba 6 earth fault 13:20 14:15 0:55 0 1255.8
Aliyu 26/4/201 120
80 Amba 6 earth fault 8:00 10:10 2:10 0 2600
Aliyu 26/4/201 120
81 Amba 6 earth fault 10:20 10:25 0:05 0 99.9
ankober maintenanc 220
1/4/2016
82 T2 e 8:40 9:05 0:25 0 916.66
1/4/2016
83 T2 e 14:25 14:50 0:25 0 750
ankober short 250 13958.
3/4/2016
84 T2 circuit 3:30 9:05 5:35 0 8
sheno 15 120
4/4/2016
85 kv earth fault 8:00 9:20 1:20 0 1600
sheno 15 short 250
4/4/2016
86 kv circuit 10:15 10:20 0:05 0 208.3
sheno 15 240
4/4/2016
87 kv earth fault 12:15 12:25 0:10 0 400
sheno 15 250
4/4/2016
88 kv earth fault 13:50 14:20 0:30 0 1250
6/4/2016
89 T2 e 11:00 12:00 1:00 0 3600
Mendida maintenanc 262
7/4/2016
90 T1 e 10:20 11:35 1:15 0 3275
7/4/2016
91 T1 e 13:40 15:50 2:10 0 4333.3
7/4/2016
92 T1 e 18:30 19:15 0:45 0 1800
sheno 15 short 167 18091.
7/4/2016
93 kv circuit 21:10 8:00 10:50 0 7
sheno 15 maintenanc
8/4/2016
94 kv e 9:00 9:20 0:20 640 213.3
sheno 15 maintenanc 190
8/4/2016
95 kv e 12:35 12:50 0:15 0 475
51
sheno 15 maintenanc 190
8/4/2016
96 kv e 11:40 12:10 0:30 0 950
sheno 15 180
9/4/2016
97 kv earth fault 7:50 8:10 0:20 0 599.99
98 T1 6 current 19:45 21:00 1:15 0 4075
Mendida 13/4/201 maintenanc 212 10423.
99 T1 6 e 9:15 14:10 4:55 0 3
10 ankober 13/4/201 371
0 T2 6 earth fault 19:30 20:30 1:00 0 3710
10 b/factory 13/4/201
1 line 6 earth fault 19:30 8:50 14:20 580 8313.3
10 Mendida 13/4/201 over 288
2 T1 6 current 19:45 21:00 1:15 0 3600
10 ankober 13/4/201 short 371 44210.
3 T2 6 circuit 22:20 9:15 11:55 0 8
10 Mendida 14/4/201 maintenanc 270
4 T1 6 e 8:00 9:50 1:50 0 4949.1
10 Mendida 14/4/201 over 318
5 T1 6 current 11:00 14:00 3:00 0 9540
10 Mendida 14/4/201 over 312
6 T1 6 current 19:30 20:50 1:20 0 4159.9
10 ankober 14/4/201
7 T2 6 earth fault 19:25 20:05 0:30 0:00 1850
10 ankober 14/4/201 280
8 T2 6 earth fault ####### ##### 0:10 0 466.6
10 ankober 14/4/201 280
9 T2 6 earth fault 6:05 6:50 0:45 0 2100
11 ankober 15/4/201 280
0 T2 6 earth fault 8:00 9:40 1:40 0 4666.6
11 sheno 15 15/4/201 220
1 kv 6 earth fault 8:00 8:50 0:50 0 1832.6
11 sheno 15 15/4/201 190 12508.
2 kv 6 earth fault 9:15 15:50 6:35 0 3
11 sheno 15 16/4/201 maintenanc 120
3 kv 6 e 7:15 8:15 1:00 0 1200
11 sheno 15 17/4/201 short 130
4 kv 6 circuit 16:30 16:45 0:15 0 325
11 sheno 15 17/4/201 short 130
5 kv 6 circuit 16:50 17:20 0:30 0 650
11 ankober 18/4/201 maintenanc 401
6 T2 6 e 11:30 11:35 0:05 0 334.16
11 Mendida 18/4/201 over 316
7 T1 6 current 19:00 20:25 1:25 0 4476.6
11 Mendida 19/4/201 over 329
8 T1 6 current 20:05 21:05 1:00 0 3290
9 T2 6 e 12:00 13:00 1:00 0 2600
0 T1 6 e 13:00 13:25 0:25 0 666.6
52
1 T2 6 e 14:50 15:15 0:25 0 916.66
2 T1 6 e 9:45 10:00 0:15 0 450
3 T2 6 e 15:30 16:00 0:30 0 1300
12 Mendida 23/4/201 short 167
4 T1 6 circuit 15:45 16:25 0:40 0 1113.3
12 sheno 15 24/4/201 short 130
5 kv 6 circuit 7:00 8:15 1:15 0 1625
6 T1 6 e 13:00 13:25 0:25 0 666.6
12 sheno 15 25/4/201 short 163 4346.6
7 kv 6 circuit 11:50 14:30 2:40 0 6
8 T1 6 e 19:45 20:15 0:30 0 1360
12 ankober 26/4/201 maintenanc 320 13066.
9 T2 6 e 6:55 10:00 4:05 0 6
13 Aliyu 26/4/201
0 Amba 6 earth fault 10:40 11:00 0:20 730 243.3
13 Aliyu 26/4/201
1 Amba 6 earth fault 14:00 17:00 3:00 730 2190
13 27/4/201
13 enuwari 27/4/201 short 130
3 F2 6 circuit 10:25 12:15 1:50 0 2379
13 enuwari 27/4/201 short 130
4 F2 6 circuit 14:00 14:20 0:20 0 433.3
13 27/4/201
13 Aliyu 28/4/201 1216.6
6 Amba 6 earth fault 8:40 10:20 1:40 730 6
13 Aliyu 28/4/201 1155.8
7 Amba 6 earth fault 10:25 12:00 1:35 730 3
13 Aliyu 30/4/201 112
8 Amba 6 earth fault 10:15 10:20 0:05 0 93.3
13 enuwari 30/4/201
9 F2 6 earth fault 8:00 10:00 2:00 780 1560
14 Aliyu 30/4/201 122
0 Amba 6 earth fault 11:45 13:00 2:15 0 2745
14 Aliyu 30/4/201 130
1 Amba 6 earth fault 22:00 10:00 12:00 0 15600
2 T2 6 e 7:55 8:20 0:25 0 1125
53
Table11d. Energy in APRIL
1 132KV 6:00 17326.8 26982.8

12:00 17326.8 26982.8
2 33KV 6:00 298
12:00 298.5
3 15KV 6:00 37849.8 11789
12:00 37851 11790.2
4 AUX 6:00 3783.1
12:00 3783.2
54

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Addis Ababa University

Addis Ababa Institute of Technology

(MSc. In Power Engineering)

Mitigation of power interruption using micro

Case study: Debre Birhan town

DPEF: Distribution Permanent Earth Fault

DPSC: Distribution Permanent Short Circuit

DTEF: Distribution Temporary Earth Fault

DTSC: Distribution Temporary Short Circuit

DLOL: Distribution Line over Load

SAIDI: System Average Interruption Duration Index

SAIFI: System Average Interruption Frequency Index

OP: operational fault

Table3.3. Target values for reliability indices …………………………………………17

Table6a. Feeder loads in November 2015……………………………………………….23

Table6b. Frequency and Duration of Interruption of Nov…………………………………….24

Table6c. Interruption in Nov……………………………………………………………24

Table6d. Energy reading on the end of the month Nov……………..…………………………26

Table7a. Feeder loads in December 2015………………………………………………..26

Table7b. Frequency and Duration of Interruption of Dec…..………………………………….27

Table7c. Interruption in Dec…………………………………………………………….27

Table7d. Energy reading on the end of the month Dec…………………………………………31

Table8a. Feeder loads in January 2016………….……………………………….………..31

Table8b. Frequency and Duration of Interruption of Jan ………………………………………32

Table8c. Interruption in Jan……………………………………………………………...33

Table8d. Energy reading on the end of the month Jan………………………………………….36

Table9a. Feeder loads in February 2016…………………………………..……………….36

Table9b. Frequency and Duration of Interruption of Feb………………………………………..37

Table9c. Interruption in Feb………………………………………………………………38

Table9d. Energy reading on the end of the month Feb…………………………………………..39

Table10a. Feeder loads in March 2016……………………………………………….…….41

Table10b. Frequency and Duration of Interruption of Mar …………………………………..….42

Table10c. Interruption in Mar………………………………………………………….......42

Table11a. Feeder loads in April 2016……………………………………………………….46

Table11b. Frequency and Duration of Interruption of Apr……………………………………….47

Table11c. Interruption in Apr………………………………………………………………48

Table11d. Energy reading on the end of the month Apr…………………………………………..54

Figure4.1. Micro grid operation modes ……………………………………………………20

1.1.1 What’s micro grid

Distributed energy generation is increasingly part of new microgrid development, particularly in

1.1.3 Expected micro grid features

1.3.1 Main Objective

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

 Problem identification, title relevance, necessity identification

1.5 Expected Outcomes of the Study

2.1.1. Localized power generation and management

Source: LG CNS © 2016 The Pew Charitable Trusts

2.2. Sources of Disturbances

The sources of these disturbances are: -

2.3. Reliability Analysis

λ i is average failure rate of load point i

Ui average annual outage time of load point i

Ni number of customers connected to load point i

2.4. Reliability Improvement Methods

2.5. Reliability Analysis Methods and Optimization

3.1.1. Power Distribution study of Debre birhan Substation

Feeder Average Interruption Average Interruption

CAIDI= SAIDI/ SAIFI

ASAI= (8760- SAIDI)/ 8760

3.1.2. Root Cause Analysis of Distribution System

3.2. Comparison with Standard Practice

General conclusion from the data analysis

3.3. Solution Ideas for Reliability Improvement (mitigation of power