University of Basrah

College of Engineering
Department of Chemical Engineering

Fluid lab Experiment name

Bernoulli’s theoremdemonstrations

Prepare students
Mahmood Kareem Ahmed

Number: (68)
The second phase
 Name of student : Mahmood Kareem Ahmed

Number of student: (68)

Name of experment:Bernoulli’s theorem

demonstrations

Number of experiment : (4)

The objective of the experiment

The objective of this experiment is:

 To investigate the validity of Bernoulli’s Theorem as applied to the

flow of water in a tapering tube, to determine if the total pressure
head remains constant along the length of the tube as the equation
predicts.

 To determine if the variations in static pressure head along the

length of the tube can be predicted with Bernoulli’s Equation.
Theory
The Bernoulli theorem is an approximate relation between pressure,
velocity, and elevation, and is valid in regions of steady, incompressible
flow where net frictional forces are negligible. The equation is obtained
when the Euler’s equation is integrated along the streamline for a
constant density (incompressible) fluid. The constant of integration
(called the Bernoulli’s constant) varies from one streamline to another but
remains constant along a streamline in steady, frictionless, incompressible
flow. Despite its simplicity, it has been proven to be a very powerful tool
for fluid mechanics.

Bernoulli’s equation states that the “sum of the kinetic energy (velocity
head), the pressure energy (static head) and Potential energy (elevation
head) per unit weight of the fluid at any point remains constant” provided
the flow is steady, irrotational, and frictionless and the fluid used is
incompressible. This is however, on the assumption that energy is neither
added to nor taken away by some external agency. The key
approximation in the derivation of Bernoulli’s equation is that viscous
effects are negligibly small compared to inertial, gravitational, and
pressure effects. We can write the theorem as

The Bernoulli equation applies along a streamline with no heat or work

interaction.Considering flow at two stations along a pipe, as shown in
figure 1 with subscripts 1 and 2 refer to different points in the flow.
 Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the Bernoulli's principle

Starting from a fluid element along a streamline; the Bernoulli equation

for steady one-dimensional flow of an incompressible, inviscid fluid; may
be written as:

P1 V12 P V2
  Z1  2  2  Z 2 (1)
 g 2g  g 2g

Where:

v = average velocity of the flow (m/s)

g = acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)

P = pressure (N/m2)

 = density (kg/m3)

Z = elevation (m)
 P1
However, for this apparatus, Z1 = Z2 and  h ; where h is the
g
manometer reading for tappings 1 through 6. So Bernoulli’s Equation
reduces to:

V12 V22
h1   Z1  h2   Z2 (2)
2g 2g

The total head at any tapping is defined as:

V2
H  h (3)
2g

If Bernoulli's equation is obeyed, the total head is constant all along the
test section

Bernoulli's Principle
a principle to enable us to determine the relationships between the
pressure,density, andvelocity at every point in a fluid.Daniel Bernoulli

1700 – 1782

Swiss physicist and mathematician who made important discoveries in

hydrodynamics. Born into family of mathematicians on Feb. 8th, 1700, he
was the only member of the family to make a markinphysics.Received his
doctorate in Basel, Switzerland.

"Hydrodynamica" was published in 1738, a theoretical and practical

study of equilibrium,pressure, and velocityof fluids. He showed thatas the
velocity of fluid flowincreases, its pressure decreases, referredto as
Bernoulli's Principle, his work is used to produce a vacuum in chemical
laboratories by connecting a vessel to a tube through which water is
running rapidly. Bernoulli'sbook also attempted the first explanation of
thebehavior of gases with changing pressure and temperature – the
beginning ofthe kinetic theory of gases.

P1 V12 P V2
Bernoulli'sEquation:   Z1  2  2  Z 2
 g 2g  g 2g

Applications of Bernoulli'sPrinciple:
Airplane Wing:
assumethat the air streamapproaches the wing horizontally fromthe right
with avelocity v1. The tilt of the wing causes the airstream to be deflected
downward with a velocity v2.Because the airstreamis deflected by the
win, the wingmust exert a force on theairstream.According to Newton's
third law, the airstreammust exert an equal and opposite force Fon the
wing. This force has a vertical component called the lift and a horizontal
component called drag. The lift depends on several factors, suchas the
speedof the airplane, the area of the wing, its curvature, and the angle
between the wing and horizontal.
Asthis angle increases, turbulent flow can set in above the wing to
reduce the lift. The lift onthe wing isconsistent with Bernoulli's equation.
The speed of the airstream is greater above the wing, hence the air
pressure above the wing is lessthanthe pressure belowthe wing, resulting
in a net upward force.An object experiences lift by any effectthat causes
the fluid to changeit's direction as it flows past the object.

Somefactors that influence the lift are the shape of the object, its
orientation with respect to the fluid flow, spinning motion (spinning
baseball).And the texture of the object'ssurface.
For a spinning ball
the stitcheson the ball will cause pressure on one nside to be less than on
its opposite side. This will force the ball to move faster on one side than
the other and will force the ball to "curve." This is the Magnus

Effect.

When a pitcher throws a curveball, he will throw it such that the axis of
rotation is not perpendicular to the ground, as it is in a fastball. Because
it is spinning in a skewed axis, the Magmus force will force the ball
tocurve in a horizontal direction instead of vertical"curve" of a fastball
Equation of Continuity and Bernoulli’s Equation
Apparatus
The apparatus set of this experiment consist of Armfield hydraulic bench
F1-10 and Bernoulli's Theorem apparatus F1-15 as shown in the
following image (figure 2).

Figure2: Photographic image Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration

apparatus

Figure 3 depicts the apparatus used in the experiment. It consists of as

shown in the diagram below:

1. Armfield hydraulic bench F1-10

2. Bernoulli's Theorem apparatus F1-15
3. Graduated cylinder
4. Stop watch
5. Hand level
The Bernoulli apparatus is positioned on the Armfield hydraulic bench so
that the outlet pipe (11) will discharge into the volumetric well of the
bench. The apparatus is levelled using the adjustable feet and a hand
level. The inlet pipe (1) is attached to the quick release inlet connector of
the bench.

Schematic of Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration

Experimental procedure
For three different flow rates (measure each flow rate using a graduated
cylinder and the stopwatch), determine the pressure head readings with
manometers 1 through 6 and the total head readings at each station with
the hypodermic manometer through the following steps .

1. Open the flow control valve (12) fully and close the discharge valve
on the bench
2. Start the pump and open the discharge valve slowly to fill the pipe
work until all air is expelled.
3. Turn on the pump and adjust both the control valve on the hydraulic
bench and the valve for the Venturi tube unit alternatively so the tube is
filled up with water. Set-up the manometers by the following procedure:

I. Close the discharge valve and the flow control valve (12)

II. Open the air bleed valve (4).

III. Position the flexible drain tubing connected to the air inlet (4) to
discharge to the hydraulic bench volumetric well.

IV. Open the hydraulic bench discharge valve to allow flow through the
manometers to purge all air.

V. Close the air bleed valve (4). Close the bench discharge valve and
outlet control valve (12). Stop the pump.

VI. Open the air bleed valve (4) to allow air to enter the top of the
manometers. Close the valve when the levels in the manometers reach
approximately half-height.
4. Adjust the valves to obtain a flow rate so that the total head at the inlet
approaches near maximum height on the manometer scale. Take
manometer readings (Manometers 1 –6) for the static heads at the six
cross sections Tappings 1 through 6 are within the test section at the
locations shown in the sketch, and are connected to manometers 1
through 6. Note that manometers 1 through 6 act as piezometers and
give the value of pressure head (hydraulic grade line = HGL) along the
test section. Do not remove the needle from the apparatus. Try to keep
the tip of the hypodermic located on the centreline of the test section

5. Close the drain valve at the bottom of the tank of the hydraulic bench.
Collect a known volume of water in the tank and record the time
required to do so. Repeat this several times to obtain a more reliable
average flow rate.

6. Turn off the pump and drain the Venturi tube. Next group of students
takes over. Loosen the couplings and reverse the Venturi tube so that
the pressure taps are on the divergent duct downstream of the throat.
Repeat steps 1 through 6
DISCUSSION:
The objectives of this experiment is to investigate the validity of the
Bernoulli equation when applied to the steady flow of water in a tapered
duct and to measure the flow rates and both static and total pressure heads
in a rigid convergent and divergent tube of known geometry for a range
of steady flow rates.
This experiment is based on theBernoulli’sprinciple which relates
between velocities with the pressure for an in viscid flow.
To achieve the objectives of this experiment, Bernoulli’s theorem
demonstration
apparatus along with the hydraulic bench were used. This instrument was
combined with a venturi meter and the pad of manometer tubes which
indicate the pressure of h1until h8 but for this experiment only the
pressure in manometer h1 until h6 being measured.
A venturi is basically a converging-diverging section (like an hourglass),
typically placed between tube or duct sections with fixed cross-
sectional area. The flow rates through
the venturi meter can be related to pressure measurements by using
Bernoulli’s equation.
From the result obtained through this experiment, it is been observed that
whenthe pressure difference increase, the flow rates of the water increase
and thus the velocitiesalso increase for both convergent and divergent
flow. The result show a rise at eachmanometer tubes when the pressure
difference increases.
As fluid flows from a wider pipe toa narrower one, the velocity of the
flowing fluid increases. This is shown in all the resultstables, where the
velocity of water that flows in the tapered duct increases as the duct
areadecreases, regardless of the pressure difference and type of flow of
each result taken
From the analysis of the results, it can be concluded that the velocity of
water decrease as the water flow rate decrease. For slow flow rate, the
velocity difference at crosssection A for water flow rate is (-0.026 m/s), B
(-0.127m/s), C (-0.221 m/s), D (-0.099 m/s),E (-0.115 m/s), F (-0.084
m/s). Also for medium flow rate, the velocity difference at crosssection A
for water flow rate is (0.265 m/s), B (0.195m/s), C (0.356 m/s), D (0.292
m/s), E(0.266 m/s), F (0.234 m/s). At the same time, for fast flow rate, the
velocity difference atcross section A for water flow rate is (0.332m/s), B
(0.197m/s), C (0.358 m/s), D (0.332m/s),E (0.320m/s), F (0.321m/s).
So,it can be concluded that the diameter of the tube will affectthe
differences in velocity as a bigger tube will cause the differences in
velocity become bigger while the smaller tube cause the velocity
differences between ViBand Victo be smaller.The flow rate of the
difference flow also different.
Introduction:
The flow of a fluid has to conform with a number of scientific
principles in particular the conservation of mass and the conservation
of energy.
The first of these when applied to a liquid flowing through a conduit
requires that for steady flow the velocity y will be inversely proportional
to the flow area. The second requires that if the velocity increases then
the pressure must decrease.
Bernoulli's apparatus demonstrates both of these principles and can
also be used to examine the onset of turbulence in an accelerating fluid
stream. Both Bernoulli's equation and the continuity equation are
essential analytical tools required for the analysis of most problems in the
subject of mechanics of fluids.
 Attempt-1
0.25

0.2

0.15

h (m)
Series1
0.1
Series2

0.05

0
5 4 3 2 1 0
points

Attempt-2
0.3

0.25

0.2
h(m)

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
5 4 3 2 1 0

points
 Attempt-3
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5

h(m)
Series1
0.4
Series2
0.3
Series3
0.2
0.1
0
5 4 3 2 1 0
points