Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Facultad de Ingenierı́a
Escuela de Ingenierı́a Eléctrica
Por:
Por:
Margoth Flores Soto
iii
Índice general
Índice de figuras vi
Índice de cuadros vi
Nomenclatura ix
1 Introducción 1
1.1 Introducción . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Justificación . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Alcance del proyecto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Objetivos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.5 Metodologı́a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Marco Teórico 5
2.1 Motores Stirling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Modelado matemático termodinámico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3 Disco Parabólico Stirling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3 Experimentación 23
3.1 Diseño del motor Stirling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.2 Pruebas y resultados . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.3 Conclusiones y Recomendaciones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Bibliografı́a 39
4 Anexos 41
4.1 Hoja de fabricante. TMP36GZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.2 Hoja de fabricante. MLX-90614 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.3 Hoja de fabricante. ITR9608-F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.4 Código fuente de lector de temperatura. TMP36GZ . . . . . . . 65
4.5 Código fuente de lectura de temperatura. MLX90614 . . . . . . 65
4.6 Código fuente de lectura de velocidad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.7 Código fuente de cálculo de presión . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
v
Índice de figuras
Índice de cuadros
vi
3.1 Dimensiones mecánicas del motor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.2 Dimensiones disco Stirling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.3 Prueba de lectura de velocidad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.4 Prueba de lectura de temperatura. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.5 Volúmenes del ciclo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.6 Comportamiento del motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.7 Comportamiendo del disco parabólico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.8 Variables para energı́a útil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
vii
Nomenclatura
Aap Área de la apertura.
σ Constante de Stefan-Boltzmann.
f Punto focal.
ix
1 Introducción
1.1 Introducción
1
2 1 Introducción
1.2 Justificación
Dada la problemática de la contaminación ambiental producida por la cantidad
de emisiones de gases a la atmósfera como consecuencia de la producción
de energı́a eléctrica, inherente en el desarrollo del ser humano, es de suma
urgencia, utilizar medidas alternativas, menos perjudiciales al ecosistema. La
idea de implementar sistemas alimentados por fuentes no invasivas tales como
la energı́a solar, parece y es, un modo de contribuir con el objetivo.
La utilización de un motor Stirling en un generador eléctrico, presenta
una tecnologı́a en auge, con la idea de familiarizar y recopilar los conceptos
referentes a este tipo de tecnologı́as controladas por la plataforma Arduino.
Se desea presentar las ventajas de la utilización de un diseño industrial que
habı́a sido desechada por la industria de hidrocarburos.
Realizando la construcción del motor y el espejo solar, guiados por la
información facilitada de empresas pioneras en el tema y la brindada por el
profesor guı́a, se presentará una alternativa de una tecnologı́a de fuente limpia
y que cuya ingenierı́a y producción podrı́a representar un costo accesible si los
inversionistas y el mercado conciliaran un acuerdo, ya que, la parte económica
es importante en esta eventual empresa.
1.4 Objetivos
1.4.1 Objetivo general
Construir un generador de electricidad utilizando un motor Stirling solar.
1.5 Metodologı́a
Para la elaboración del proyecto, se deben seguir ciertos pasos, para lograr un
óptimo desarrollo en la solución, es ası́ como se enumeran a continuación.
8. Recopilación de resultados.
5
6 2 Marco Teórico
3. Regenerador
Es sumamente necesario utilizar regenerador cuando el motor Stirling
es presurizado, también, cuando el motor tenga grandes dimensiones a
pesar de que no esté presurizado. El regenerador absorbe y entrega calor
al fluido de trabajo compensando una parte del calor perdido por el
motor y absorbiendo el calor sobrante, haciendo que la velocidad y la
potencia del motor se incrementen, ya que, al utilizar un regenerador, el
motor se vuelve más rápido y además de eso, disminuirı́a la cantidad de
combustible utilizado (Agüero Zamora, 2006).
Suponiendo la temperatura en la zona caliente de, al menos, 400◦ C y en
la zona frı́a a 40◦ C. Cuando el gas pasa de la zona frı́a a la zona caliente,
un regenerador ideal elevarı́a la temperatura del gas hasta 300◦ C, por
lo tanto, el calentador tiene que entregar menos cantidad de calor para
subir la temperatura del gas de 300 a 400◦ C, de la misma manera, cuando
el gas pasa de la zona caliente a la zona frı́a, el calor absorbido por el
regenerador dejarı́a al gas que está en el lado frı́o a una temperatura de
100◦ C y sólo se tendrı́a que enfriar un poco para pasar de 100 a 40◦ C.
Con esto se lograrı́a, en ambos casos, reducir el tiempo de calentamiento
y enfriamiento del gas con lo cual el ciclo se desarrolla más rápidamente.
4. Volante
Es la parte que entrega energı́a al ciclo para que se produzca la compre-
sión del gas de trabajo y también ayuda a mantener estable el giro del
motor(Agüero Zamora, 2006).
8 2 Marco Teórico
Zona caliente
Regenerador
Zona fría
• Configuración Beta:
Esta configuración consta de un cilindro donde se incorporan el despla-
zador y el pistón de potencia. Este cilindro posee una zona caliente y
otra frı́a, en donde sucede el proceso termodinánico. El pistón es concén-
trico con el desplazador, los cuales poseen un desfase entre ellos de 90◦ ,
mediante un cigüeñal especial que permite el correcto funcionamiento
del motor. La figura 2.3 muestra la representación gráfica de esta confi-
guración (Escudero, 2006).
• Configuración gamma:
Esta configuración presenta dos cilindros, uno alberga el pistón y el otro,
el desplazador. El mecanismos está unido mediante el sistema biela-
manivela, según la figura 2.4 (Escudero, 2006).
2.1. Motores Stirling 9
Zona caliente
Zona fría
2 4
Qreg
Q 1
2 1
1-2
v s
Figura 2.5: Ciclo Stirling.
Figura 2.6: Comportamiento del motor según la etapa del ciclo Stirling, (Ter-
modinámica., 2011).
Trabajo Útil
Para esto se tienen los modelos de Schmidt y West. Estos modelos consideran
las leyes de los gases ideales, haciendo las siguientes suposiciones:
Modelo de Schmidt:
Este se basa en un modelo isotérmico y considerando movimientos de los
pistones sinusoidales. Gracias a este modelo, se ha sido capaz de mejo-
rar el comportamiento de los motores Stirling, por su relación entre las
dimensiones de las piezas del motor y su potencia de salida. La ecuación
(2.2) determina la relación del trabajo realizado por ciclo.
kp sin(α)
WSchmidt = π(1 − τ )pm VD √ (2.2)
Y + Y 2 − X2
siendo τ = TTHC
, con TC , siendo la temperatura de la fuente de calor y
TH , la temperatura de la fuente frı́a; pm , la presión del gas dentro del
V
motor; kp = VDp , donde Vp es el volumen barrido por el pistón y VD , es el
volumen barrido por el desplazador, además, α, es el ángulo con el que
el desplzador adelanta al pistón. Ahora bien, las expresiones para X y
Y están vistas por las ecuaciones (2.3) y (2.4).
q
X= (1 − τ )2 − 2(1 − τ )kp cos(α) + kp2 (2.3)
4kp τ
Y =1+τ + + kp (2.4)
1+τ
2.2. Modelado matemático termodinámico. 13
Modelo de West:
Es más simple, sin embargo, presenta un ligero porcentaje de error con
respecto al resultado obtenido por Schmidt, pese a esto, es muy utilizado
y su fórmula se muestra en (2.5)
πpm VD VP TH − TC
Wwest = × VP
× sin(α) (2.5)
2 VD + Vn + 2
TH + TC
Potencia de salida
Fórmula de Beale
William Beale de la empresa Sunpower, Inc., determinó la potencia de
salida del motor, después de muchas investigaciones, como la ecuación
(2.6) (Marı́n, 2009)
P = Nb pm f Vo (2.6)
siendo pm la presión promedio ejercida sobre el gas de trabajo, dada por
pm = nRT /V , donde n es el número de moles, V es el volumen de la
sustancia, T es la temperatura y R es la constante de gas ideal; f es la
frecuencia del motor en Hz; Vo es el volumen desplazado por el pistón
de trabajo en cm3 y la constante de Beale, NB , es determinada por la
temperatura de la zona caliente del motor, según la curva de la figura
2.7, Vidal (2008).
0.020
0.015
Número de Beale
0.012
0.005
TH − TC
P = F pm f VP (2.7)
TH + TC
θ
r
x l
La relación que modela dicho sistema está dado por la ecuación (2.9) y se
obtiene de un análisis geométrico en conjunto con propiedades matemáticas
ya conocidas.
Por ley de Cosenos se tiene el largo de la biela dada por la ecuación (2.8)
Pistón
Vc
vclcd
Desplazador
vcle Ve
Eficiencia
La eficiencia de este proceso se observa en la ecuación (2.12), dada por (Agüe-
ro Zamora, 2006)
Tmin
η =1− (2.12)
Tmax
Conociendo las condiciones (2.13)
Tmin = T1
(2.13)
Tmax = T4
Absorvedor Q conducción
Regenerador
Enfriador
sol
Q conducción
Q útil
nxctot (Qen,mot)
Q convección
Q rad.reflejada
Q rad.emitida
Potencia
motor
Punto focal
z z
F
φ φ
Φr Φr
rr rr
Paraboloide Parábola
r
B
A y
y Da / 2
x
Da
y
tan(φr ) = (2.15)
f −z
y
sin(φr ) = (2.16)
rr
Despejando para z en la ecuación (2.15) y sustituyendo en (2.16), se obtiene
la relación (2.17)
4f y
y 2 = 4f 2 − (2.17)
tan(φr )
Considerando la identidad trigonométrica cos2 (φr ) + sin2 (φr ) = 1 y susti-
tuyendo la ecuación (2.16) en (2.17), se tiene que,
2f
rr = (2.18)
1 + cos(φr )
Utilizando la relación y = Da /2 en la ecuación (2.15), da como resultado
Da
rr = (2.19)
2 sin(φr )
2.3. Disco Parabólico Stirling 19
2.3.1 Receptores
Según (Losada San José, 2009), el receptor constituye la comunicación del flujo
entre el concentrador y el motor Stirling, debiendo cumplir con dos objetivos
fundamentales, la absorción de la radiación solar reflejada por el concentrador
y la transmisión de la energı́a absorbida al motor Stirling en forma de calor
con las mı́nimas pérdidas.
Los receptores son de cavidad, en las parábolas donde la radiación concen-
trada entra por una apertura, incidiendo posteriormente sobre el absorbedor.
Disminuyendo ası́, la cantidad de pérdidas radiactivas y conectivas. Los dos re-
ceptores utilizados en esta tecnologı́a, son el receptor de tubos de iluminación
directa y los receptores de reflujo.
sin2 φr cos2 (∆ + φr )
CRminimo = (2.24)
sin2 φr
Teóricamente el valor máximo de esta relación deberı́a situarse en CRgmax
= 46,200 y conociendo las relaciones de las ecuaciones que describen la distan-
cia focal y el diámetro del concentrador (2.20 y 2.21 ), se llega a la conclusión
que la relación focal y el ángulo lı́mite φr , deben ser
φr = 45◦
(2.25)
f /D = 0,6
TMP
36G
Pin 1 Pin 3
Pin 2
• Sensor MLX90614:
Como se determina en los detalles brindados por el fabricante en el anexo
A4, el sensor especificado posee la capacidad de medir la temperatura de
objetos que se encuentran a cierta distancia, o sea, sin necesidad de tener
contacto fı́sico con este, gracias a su aplicación infrarroja. La figura 2.13
muestra una vista superior del esquema del sensor explicado, el cual,
cuenta con 4 terminales y sus respectivas aplicaciones.
Medición de velocidad
• ITR9608-F:
De forma simple, se desea obtener la cantidad de revoluciones en la
salida del motor, para ası́ conocer su capacidad de producción. Es por
22 2 Marco Teórico
E
C
A
K
Generador
Disco
Radiación solar Motor Stirling de
parabólico
imanes
23
24 3 Experimentación
• Desplazador:
El pistón de la zona caliente, también llamado desplazador, por su fun-
ción de desplazar el aire de la zona caliente a la zona frı́a y viceversa,
consiste en una camisa de aluminio, que posee un 2/3 de la longitud del
cilindro donde se desplaza, esto como recomendación de construcción
para una mejor eficiencia, entonces, sabiendo que el cilindro térmico,
externo presenta una longitud de 13,5 cm y un diámetro de 8 cm, el des-
plazador será de 9 cm de longitud y un diámetro de 6 cm. El diámetro
del desplazador posee una diferencia de al menos el 3 % con respecto al
diámetro en el que se desplaza, esto para que permita el paso de la sus-
tancia de trabajo (aire) a cada zona. El cilindro donde se desplaza este
pistón es de vidrio transparente con el fin de que el proceso sea aprecia-
ble a la vista y se pueda entender cada una de las etapas del mismo. El
3.1. Diseño del motor Stirling 25
• Comunicación pistones/volantes:
Es el sistema mecánico que provoca el movimiento del volante en función
del comportamiento de los pistones. Esto se logra utilizando un sistema
de transmisión, involucrando las bielas/manivelas, para cada pistón, y
un cigüeñal. (Véase figura 3.2a). La confección de esta etapa no conlleva
cálculos matemáticos complejos, pero si, una exactitud mecánica entre
las comunicaciones, además de que, debido al diseño gamma, las vielas
deben permitir el movimiento giratorio del cigüeñal, por esto, se debe
implementar un sistema rı́gido, que permita a los pistones moverse en
un solo eje, pero permitiendo que el cigüeñal gire, todo con la misma
biela.
Como solución, se construyó la biela del desplazador en dos partes, una
que permitiera su movimiento puramente vertical, utilizando una varilla
de 2 mm de diámetro y longitud dependiente de la altura del cilindro en
que se desplaza, en nuestro caso, la longitud es 16 cm, para que permita
sobrepasar el lı́mite del cilindro térmico de 13,5 cm, además de una etapa
de selladura sobre el mismo.
Como se mencionó, se realiza una comunicación entre dos pistones, uno
de trabajo y otro de desplazamiento, conectados a un cigüeñal, permitido
por la interacción de una respectiva biela, sin embargo, parte importante
de esta relación, es la longitud de las manivelas, que dependen directa-
mente de la longitud de la carrera realizada por ambos pistones, por esto,
26 3 Experimentación
2 cm 1.6 cm
6.5 cm 2 cm 3.5 cm
• Volante:
Con el objetivo de aumentar la velocidad de giro del motor, se colocan
dos volantes en los extremos externos del cigüeñal, los cuales poseen
contrapesos en el lı́mite de sus radios, colocados de manera inversa al
comportamiento del desplazador, para que el torque al sistema debido
al peso de los contrapesos aumente las fuerzas de levantamiento y des-
censo, experimentas por el desplazador. La implementación del volante
se observa en la figura 3.5.
La tabla 3.1 determina las principales dimensiones del diseño del motor,
en configuración gamma.
La figura 3.6 muestra el resultado de la construcción del motor Stirling,
obteniendo un sistema termo-solar.
3.1. Diseño del motor Stirling 27
Parámetro Dimensión
Da 25 cm
f 15 cm
rr 18 cm
φr 45 ◦
• Sensor MLX90614:
Este sensor permite obtener de manera infrarroja la temperatura de un
cuerpo, facilitando la obtensión de la temperatura de cada etapa del sis-
tema utilizado. La implementación en la plataforma Arduino se observa
en la figura 3.8 en el cual el circuito electrónico mostrada representa una
implementación sencilla, consistiendo, básicamente, en dos resistencias
y un capacitor, conectados a las patillas del componente MLX90614,
este circuito se encuentra recomendado por el fabricante en la hoja de
especificaciones, que ha sido anexada.
El circuito utilizado para la lectura de temperatura utilizando el MLX90614,
se observa en la figura 3.8.
A5
R 4,7K
5V
0V
C 0,1u
5V
5V
R 4,7K
A4
Figura 3.8: Esquema electrónico de sensor infrarrojo de temperatura.
Medición de velocidad
Para la medición de la velocidad, se considera una opción simple y robusta,
utilizar el sistema óptico como un sistema de interrupción digital, es decir,
que cada vez que la rejilla instalada en el volante pase por el encapsulado, este
genere un flanco positivo que será interpretado por el Arduino como una inte-
rrupción discreta, desarrollada en el algoritmo capaz de almacenar el número
de interrupciones generada en cierto diferencial de tiempo y generar un cálculo
de revoluciones entre segundo. El esquema del opto transistor implementado
se muestra en la figura 3.9. El algoritmo a implementar se presenta en A4.6.
Salida
Vcc R
R Vcc
Sensores de temperatura
TMP36GZ y MLX90614
Se toma como comprobación la aplicación del sistema a agentes externos,
con el fin que se experimenten con diferentes temperaturas y se obtiene
los valores de la tabla 3.4, donde se muestran los cuerpos a los que estos
32 3 Experimentación
Cuerpo Temperatura [◦ C]
TMP36Gz MLX90614
Refrigerador, potencia mı́nima 10 4
Temperatura ambiente - 23
Temperatura corporal 28.9 30
Temperatura mı́n. en motor 32.5 36.8
Fuente(15 cm3 alcohol) - 110
Fuente (40 cm3 alcohol) - 167
Con los resultados obtenidos en las tablas 3.5 y 3.6, se procede a aplicar las
ecuaciones (2.5 y 2.7), las cuales determinan el trabajo realizado y la potencia
de salida lograda en un ciclo, respectivamente. Entonces, para el cálculo de
estas se debe determinar primero la presión promedio experimentada por el
gas, es por esto que se desarrolla el código de cálculo mostrado en A4.7 y
se determina la presión dada por 0,4495 J/cm3 , utilizando datos técnicos de
(Pérez Sáez, 2004).
34 3 Experimentación
Ángulo Θ Temperaruta /◦ C
45◦ 53
40◦ 39
35◦ 32
30◦ 28
25◦ 10
20◦ 4
15◦ 0
Variable Valor
E 0.36
F o.8
Ibn 2.4 kW
Tamb 25 ◦ C
Trec 55 ◦ C
U 0
α 0.17
τ 1.5
φ 0.95
ρ 0.778
σ 1.38065 J/K
θi 0
f 15 cm
φr 12.5◦
rr 4.5 cm
3.3.2 Recomendaciones
• Estudiar muy bien los sensores y las implementaciones a utilizar con la
tarjeta Arduino.
Losada San José, J. (2009). Análisis de un sistema de disco parabólico para con
motor stirling. Reporte técnico, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Escuela
Politécnica Superior.
39
40 Bibliografı́a
41
42 4 Anexos
00337-001
Specified −40°C to +125°C, operation to +150°C
Less than 50 μA quiescent current Figure 1.
Shutdown current 0.5 μA max
Low self-heating PIN CONFIGURATIONS
Qualified for automotive applications
VOUT 1 5 GND
APPLICATIONS
+VS 2 TOP VIEW
Environmental control systems (Not to Scale)
00337-002
Industrial process control
NC = NO CONNECT
Fire alarms
Power system monitors Figure 2. RJ-5 (SOT-23)
CPU thermal management
VOUT 1 8 +VS
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
NC 2 7 NC
TOP VIEW
The TMP35/TMP36/TMP37 are low voltage, precision centi- NC 3 (Not to Scale) 6 NC
grade temperature sensors. They provide a voltage output that GND 4 5 SHUTDOWN
00337-003
is linearly proportional to the Celsius (centigrade) temperature.
NC = NO CONNECT
The TMP35/ TMP36/TMP37 do not require any external
calibration to provide typical accuracies of ±1°C at +25°C Figure 3. R-8 (SOIC_N)
and ±2°C over the −40°C to +125°C temperature range.
1 2 3
The low output impedance of the TMP35/TMP36/TMP37 and
its linear output and precise calibration simplify interfacing to BOTTOM VIEW
(Not to Scale)
temperature control circuitry and ADCs. All three devices are
00337-004
intended for single-supply operation from 2.7 V to 5.5 V maxi- PIN 1, +VS; PIN 2, VOUT; PIN 3, GND
mum. The supply current runs well below 50 μA, providing
Figure 4. T-3 (TO-92)
very low self-heating—less than 0.1°C in still air. In addition, a
shutdown function is provided to cut the supply current to less
than 0.5 μA.
The TMP35 is functionally compatible with the LM35/LM45 The TMP37 is intended for applications over the range of 5°C
and provides a 250 mV output at 25°C. The TMP35 reads to 100°C and provides an output scale factor of 20 mV/°C. The
temperatures from 10°C to 125°C. The TMP36 is specified from TMP37 provides a 500 mV output at 25°C. Operation extends
−40°C to +125°C, provides a 750 mV output at 25°C, and to 150°C with reduced accuracy for all devices when operating
operates to 125°C from a single 2.7 V supply. The TMP36 is from a 5 V supply.
functionally compatible with the LM50. Both the TMP35 and The TMP35/TMP36/TMP37 are available in low cost 3-lead
TMP36 have an output scale factor of 10 mV/°C. TO-92, 8-lead SOIC_N, and 5-lead SOT-23 surface-mount
packages.
Rev. F
Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no
responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its use, nor for any infringements of patents or other
rights of third parties that may result from its use. Specifications subject to change without notice. No One Technology Way, P.O. Box 9106, Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A.
license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices. Tel: 781.329.4700 www.analog.com
Trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Fax: 781.461.3113 ©1996–2010 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
4.1. Hoja de fabricante. TMP36GZ 43
TMP35/TMP36/TMP37
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Features .............................................................................................. 1 Basic Temperature Sensor Connections.................................. 10
Applications....................................................................................... 1 Fahrenheit Thermometers ........................................................ 10
General Description ......................................................................... 1 Average and Differential Temperature Measurement ........... 12
Functional Block Diagram .............................................................. 1 Microprocessor Interrupt Generator....................................... 13
Pin Configurations ........................................................................... 1 Thermocouple Signal Conditioning with Cold-Junction
Revision History ............................................................................... 2 Compensation............................................................................. 14
ESD Caution.................................................................................. 4 Driving Long Cables or Heavy Capacitive Loads .................. 17
REVISION HISTORY
11/10—Rev. E to Rev. F 10/02—Rev. B to Rev. C
Changes to Features.......................................................................... 1 Changes to Specifications.................................................................3
Updated Outline Dimensions ....................................................... 18 Deleted Text from Commentary on Long-Term Stability
Changes to Ordering Guide .......................................................... 19 Section.............................................................................................. 13
Added Automotive Products Section .......................................... 20 Updated Outline Dimensions....................................................... 14
8/08—Rev. D to Rev. E 9/01—Rev. A to Rev. B
Updated Outline Dimensions ....................................................... 18 Edits to Specifications .......................................................................2
Changes to Ordering Guide .......................................................... 19 Addition of New Figure 1 .................................................................2
3/05—Rev. C to Rev. D Deletion of Wafer Test Limits Section ............................................3
Rev. F | Page 2 of 20
44 4 Anexos
TMP35/TMP36/TMP37
SPECIFICATIONS
VS = 2.7 V to 5.5 V, −40°C ≤ TA ≤ +125°C, unless otherwise noted.
Table 1.
Parameter 1 Symbol Test Conditions/Comments Min Typ Max Unit
ACCURACY
TMP35/TMP36/TMP37 (F Grade) TA = 25°C ±1 ±2 °C
TMP35/TMP36/TMP37 (G Grade) TA = 25°C ±1 ±3 °C
TMP35/TMP36/TMP37 (F Grade) Over rated temperature ±2 ±3 °C
TMP35/TMP36/TMP37 (G Grade) Over rated temperature ±2 ±4 °C
Scale Factor, TMP35 10°C ≤ TA ≤ 125°C 10 mV/°C
Scale Factor, TMP36 −40°C ≤ TA ≤ +125°C 10 mV/°C
Scale Factor, TMP37 5°C ≤ TA ≤ 85°C 20 mV/°C
5°C ≤ TA ≤ 100°C 20 mV/°C
3.0 V ≤ VS ≤ 5.5 V
Load Regulation 0 μA ≤ IL ≤ 50 μA
−40°C ≤ TA ≤ +105°C 6 20 m°C/μA
−105°C ≤ TA ≤ +125°C 25 60 m°C/μA
Power Supply Rejection Ratio PSRR TA = 25°C 30 100 m°C/V
3.0 V ≤ VS ≤ 5.5 V 50 m°C/V
Linearity 0.5 °C
Long-Term Stability TA = 150°C for 1 kHz 0.4 °C
SHUTDOWN
Logic High Input Voltage VIH VS = 2.7 V 1.8 V
Logic Low Input Voltage VIL VS = 5.5 V 400 mV
OUTPUT
TMP35 Output Voltage TA = 25°C 250 mV
TMP36 Output Voltage TA = 25°C 750 mV
TMP37 Output Voltage TA = 25°C 500 mV
Output Voltage Range 100 2000 mV
Output Load Current IL 0 50 μA
Short-Circuit Current ISC Note 2 250 μA
Capacitive Load Driving CL No oscillations 2 1000 10000 pF
Device Turn-On Time Output within ±1°C, 100 kΩ||100 pF load2 0.5 1 ms
POWER SUPPLY
Supply Range VS 2.7 5.5 V
Supply Current ISY (ON) Unloaded 50 μA
Supply Current (Shutdown) ISY (OFF) Unloaded 0.01 0.5 μA
1
Does not consider errors caused by self-heating.
2
Guaranteed but not tested.
Rev. F | Page 3 of 20
4.1. Hoja de fabricante. TMP36GZ 45
TMP35/TMP36/TMP37
Rev. F | Page 4 of 20
46 4 Anexos
TMP35/TMP36/TMP37
0.3
30
0.2
20
0.1
10
00337-009
00337-005
0 0
–50 0 50 100 150 –50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125
TEMPERATURE (°C) TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 5. Load Regulation vs. Temperature (m°C/μA) Figure 8. Power Supply Rejection vs. Temperature
2.0 100.000
a. TMP35
1.8 b. TMP36
c. TMP37 31.600
+VS = 3V c
POWER SUPPLY REJECTION (°C/V)
1.6
10.000
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
1.4
b 3.160
1.2
1.0 1.000
0.8
a 0.320
0.6
0.100
0.4
0.032
00337-007
0.2
00337-010
0 0.010
–50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 20 100 1k 10k 100k
TEMPERATURE (°C) FREQUENCY (Hz)
Figure 6. Output Voltage vs. Temperature Figure 9. Power Supply Rejection vs. Frequency
5 5
4
MINIMUM SUPPLY VOLTAGE REQUIRED TO MEET
3 4 DATA SHEET SPECIFICATION
MINIMUM SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V)
2 NO LOAD
b. TYPICAL ACCURACY ERROR
c. MINIMUM LIMIT (G GRADE)
1 3
0 b
–1 2
b a
–2
–3 1
a. TMP35/TMP36
00337-008
00337-011
–4 b. TMP37
c
–5 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 –50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125
TEMPERATURE (°C) TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 7. Accuracy Error vs. Temperature Figure 10. Minimum Supply Voltage vs. Temperature
Rev. F | Page 5 of 20
4.1. Hoja de fabricante. TMP36GZ 47
TMP35/TMP36/TMP37
60 400
a. +VS = 5V
b. +VS = 3V
50
NO LOAD 300
= +VS AND SHUTDOWN PINS
SUPPLY CURRENT (µA)
a 200
00337-012
00337-015
10 0
–50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 –50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125
TEMPERATURE (°C) TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 11. Supply Current vs. Temperature Figure 14. VOUT Response Time for +VS Power-Up/Power-Down vs.
Temperature
50 400
= SHUTDOWN PIN
TA = 25°C, NO LOAD HIGH TO LOW (3V TO 0V)
40
300
SUPPLY CURRENT (μA)
30
200
20
100
10 = SHUTDOWN PIN
LOW TO HIGH (0V TO 3V)
VOUT SETTLES WITHIN ±1°C
00337-016
00337-013
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 –50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125
SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V) TEMPERATURE (°C)
Figure 12. Supply Current vs. Supply Voltage Figure 15. VOUT Response Time for SHUTDOWN Pin vs. Temperature
50 1.0
0.8
a. +VS = 5V
b. +VS = 3V TA = 25°C
40 0.6 +VS = 3V
NO LOAD 0.4 SHUTDOWN =
SUPPLY CURRENT (nA)
SIGNAL
0.2
30
0
1.0
20
0.8
a 0.6
TA = 25°C
10 0.4 +VS AND SHUTDOWN =
SIGNAL
00337-017
00337-014
0.2
b
0 0
–50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 –50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
TEMPERATURE (°C) TIME (µs)
Figure 13. Supply Current vs. Temperature (Shutdown = 0 V) Figure 16. VOUT Response Time to SHUTDOWN Pin and +VS Pin vs. Time
Rev. F | Page 6 of 20
48 4 Anexos
TMP35/TMP36/TMP37
110
a
100 10mV 1ms
90
100
c +VS = 3V, 5V
80 b 90
VOLT/DIVISION
70
CHANGE (%)
60
50
40
a. TMP35 SOIC SOLDERED TO 0.5" × 0.3" Cu PCB
30 b. TMP36 SOIC SOLDERED TO 0.6" × 0.4" Cu PCB 10
c. TMP35 TO-92 IN SOCKET SOLDERED TO 0%
20 1" × 0.4" Cu PCB
00337-019
00337-034
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 TIME/DIVISION
TIME (s)
Figure 17. Thermal Response Time in Still Air Figure 20. Temperature Sensor Wideband Output Noise Voltage;
Gain = 100, BW = 157 kHz
140 2400
a. TMP35 SOIC SOLDERED TO 0.5" × 0.3" Cu PCB 2200
120 b. TMP36 SOIC SOLDERED TO 0.6" × 0.4" Cu PCB
VOLTAGE NOISE DENSITY (nV/ Hz)
1600
80 1400
+VS = 3V, 5V
1200
60
1000
b
800
40
c 600
a
20 400 a. TMP35/TMP36
00337-018
b. TMP37
00337-020
200
a
0 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 10 100 1k 10k
AIR VELOCITY (FPM) FREQUENCY (Hz)
Figure 18. Thermal Response Time Constant in Forced Air Figure 21. Voltage Noise Spectral Density vs. Frequency
110
a
100
90
c +VS = 3V, 5V
80
b
70
CHANGE (%)
60
50
40
a. TMP35 SOIC SOLDERED TO 0.5" × 0.3" Cu PCB
30 b. TMP36 SOIC SOLDERED TO 0.6" × 0.4" Cu PCB
c. TMP35 TO-92 IN SOCKET SOLDERED TO
20 1" × 0.4" Cu PCB
00337-035
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
TIME (s)
Rev. F | Page 7 of 20
4.1. Hoja de fabricante. TMP36GZ 49
TMP35/TMP36/TMP37
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION
+VS
An equivalent circuit for the TMP3x family of micropower,
centigrade temperature sensors is shown in Figure 22. The core SHUTDOWN
of the temperature sensor is a band gap core that comprises 25µA
00337-006
6X
Q1 as an offset term in VOUT. Table 4 summarizes the differences
GND
in the output characteristics of the three temperature sensors.
Figure 22. Temperature Sensor Simplified Equivalent Circuit
The output voltage of the temperature sensor is available at the
emitter of Q4, which buffers the band gap core and provides
load current drive. The current gain of Q4, working with the Table 4. TMP3x Output Characteristics
available base current drive from the previous stage, sets the Offset Output Voltage Output Voltage
short-circuit current limit of these devices to 250 μA. Sensor Voltage (V) Scaling (mV/°C) @ 25°C (mV)
TMP35 0 10 250
TMP36 0.5 10 750
TMP37 0 20 500
Rev. F | Page 8 of 20
50 4 Anexos
TMP35/TMP36/TMP37
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
SHUTDOWN OPERATION THERMAL ENVIRONMENT EFFECTS
All TMP3x devices include a shutdown capability, which The thermal environment in which the TMP3x sensors are used
reduces the power supply drain to less than 0.5 μA maximum. determines two important characteristics: self-heating effects
This feature, available only in the SOIC_N and the SOT-23 and thermal response time. Figure 23 illustrates a thermal model
packages, is TTL/CMOS level-compatible, provided that the of the TMP3x temperature sensors, which is useful in under-
temperature sensor supply voltage is equal in magnitude to the standing these characteristics.
logic supply voltage. Internal to the TMP3x at the SHUTDOWN TJ θJC TC θCA
pin, a pull-up current source to +VS is connected. This allows
the SHUTDOWN pin to be driven from an open-collector/drain
PD CCH CC TA
driver. A logic low, or zero-volt condition, on the SHUTDOWN
00337-021
pin is required to turn off the output stage. During shutdown,
the output of the temperature sensors becomes high impedance Figure 23. Thermal Circuit Model
where the potential of the output pin is then determined by
external circuitry. If the shutdown feature is not used, it is In the T-3 package, the thermal resistance junction-to-case, θJC,
recommended that the SHUTDOWN pin be connected to +VS is 120°C/W. The thermal resistance case-to-ambient, CA, is the
(Pin 8 on the SOIC_N; Pin 2 on the SOT-23). difference between θJA and θJC, and is determined by the char-
acteristics of the thermal connection. The power dissipation of
The shutdown response time of these temperature sensors is the temperature sensor, PD, is the product of the total voltage
shown in Figure 14, Figure 15, and Figure 16. across the device and its total supply current, including any
MOUNTING CONSIDERATIONS current delivered to the load. The rise in die temperature above
If the TMP3x temperature sensors are thermally attached and the ambient temperature of the medium is given by
protected, they can be used in any temperature measurement TJ = PD × (θJC + θCA) + TA
application where the maximum temperature range of the Thus, the die temperature rise of a TMP35 SOT-23 package
medium is between −40°C and +125°C. Properly cemented or mounted into a socket in still air at 25°C and driven from a 5 V
glued to the surface of the medium, these sensors are within supply is less than 0.04°C.
0.01°C of the surface temperature. Caution should be exercised,
especially with T-3 packages, because the leads and any wiring The transient response of the TMP3x sensors to a step change
to the device can act as heat pipes, introducing errors if the in the temperature is determined by the thermal resistances and
surrounding air-surface interface is not isothermal. Avoiding this the thermal capacities of the die, CCH, and the case, CC. The
condition is easily achieved by dabbing the leads of the temper- thermal capacity of CC varies with the measurement medium
ature sensor and the hookup wires with a bead of thermally because it includes anything in direct contact with the package.
conductive epoxy. This ensures that the TMP3x die temperature In all practical cases, the thermal capacity of CC is the limiting
is not affected by the surrounding air temperature. Because factor in the thermal response time of the sensor and can be
plastic IC packaging technology is used, excessive mechanical represented by a single-pole RC time constant response. Figure
stress should be avoided when fastening the device with a clamp 17 and Figure 19 show the thermal response time of the TMP3x
or a screw-on heat tab. Thermally conductive epoxy or glue, sensors under various conditions. The thermal time constant
which must be electrically nonconductive, is recommended of a temperature sensor is defined as the time required for the
under typical mounting conditions. sensor to reach 63.2% of the final value for a step change in the
temperature. For example, the thermal time constant of a
These temperature sensors, as well as any associated circuitry, TMP35 SOIC package sensor mounted onto a 0.5" × 0.3" PCB is
should be kept insulated and dry to avoid leakage and corrosion. less than 50 sec in air, whereas in a stirred oil bath, the time
In wet or corrosive environments, any electrically isolated metal constant is less than 3 sec.
or ceramic well can be used to shield the temperature sensors.
Condensation at very cold temperatures can cause errors and
should be avoided by sealing the device, using electrically non-
conductive epoxy paints or dip or any one of the many printed
circuit board coatings and varnishes.
Rev. F | Page 9 of 20
4.1. Hoja de fabricante. TMP36GZ 51
TMP35/TMP36/TMP37
BASIC TEMPERATURE SENSOR CONNECTIONS FAHRENHEIT THERMOMETERS
Figure 24 illustrates the basic circuit configuration for the Although the TMP3x temperature sensors are centigrade
TMP3x family of temperature sensors. The table in Figure 24 temperature sensors, a few components can be used to convert
shows the pin assignments of the temperature sensors for the the output voltage and transfer characteristics to directly read
three package types. For the SOT-23, Pin 3 is labeled NC, as are Fahrenheit temperatures. Figure 25 shows an example of a
Pin 2, Pin 3, Pin 6, and Pin 7 on the SOIC_N package. It is simple Fahrenheit thermometer using either the TMP35 or the
recommended that no electrical connections be made to these TMP37. Using the TMP35, this circuit can be used to sense
pins. If the shutdown feature is not needed on the SOT-23 or temperatures from 41°F to 257°F with an output transfer
on the SOIC_N package, the SHUTDOWN pin should be characteristic of 1 mV/°F; using the TMP37, this circuit can be
connected to +VS. used to sense temperatures from 41°F to 212°F with an output
2.7V < +VS < 5.5V transfer characteristic of 2 mV/°F. This particular approach
0.1µF
does not lend itself to the TMP36 because of its inherent 0.5 V
output offset. The circuit is constructed with an AD589, a 1.23 V
+VS voltage reference, and four resistors whose values for each sensor
are shown in the table in Figure 25. The scaling of the output
SHUTDOWN TMP3x VOUT
resistance levels ensures minimum output loading on the temp-
GND erature sensors. A generalized expression for the transfer
equation of the circuit is given by
⎛ R1 ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
PIN ASSIGNMENTS VOUT = ⎜ ⎟(TMP35 ) + ⎜ R3 ⎟( AD589 )
⎜ R1 + R2 ⎟ ⎜ R3 + R4 ⎟
PACKAGE +VS GND VOUT SHUTDOWN ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
SOIC_N 8 4 1 5
where:
00337-022
SOT-23 2 5 1 4
TO-92 1 3 2 NA TMP35 is the output voltage of the TMP35 or the TMP37 at the
Figure 24. Basic Temperature Sensor Circuit Configuration measurement temperature, TM.
AD589 is the output voltage of the reference, that is, 1.23 V.
Note the 0.1 μF bypass capacitor on the input. This capacitor
should be a ceramic type, have very short leads (surface-mount The output voltage of this circuit is not referenced to the
is preferable), and be located as close as possible in physical circuit’s common ground. If this output voltage were applied
proximity to the temperature sensor supply pin. Because these directly to the input of an ADC, the ADC common ground
temperature sensors operate on very little supply current and should be adjusted accordingly.
may be exposed to very hostile electrical environments, it is +VS
0.1µF
important to minimize the effects of radio frequency interference
+VS
(RFI) on these devices. The effect of RFI on these temperature
sensors specifically and on analog ICs in general is manifested as TMP35/ VOUT
placed across the 0.1 μF ceramic capacitor may offer additional VOUT
noise immunity. AD589 R3
1.23V
–
R4
Rev. F | Page 10 of 20
52 4 Anexos
TMP35/TMP36/TMP37
The same circuit principles can be applied to the TMP36, but At the expense of additional circuitry, the offset produced by
because of the inherent offset of the TMP36, the circuit uses only the circuit in Figure 26 can be avoided by using the circuit in
two resistors, as shown in Figure 26. In this circuit, the output Figure 27. In this circuit, the output of the TMP36 is conditioned
voltage transfer characteristic is 1 mV/°F but is referenced to by a single-supply, micropower op amp, the OP193. Although
the common ground of the circuit; however, there is a 58 mV the entire circuit operates from a single 3 V supply, the output
(58°F) offset in the output voltage. For example, the output voltage of the circuit reads the temperature directly, with a
voltage of the circuit reads 18 mV if the TMP36 is placed in a transfer characteristic of 1 mV/°F, without offset. This is accom-
−40°F ambient environment and 315 mV at +257°F. plished through an ADM660, which is a supply voltage inverter.
+VS The 3 V supply is inverted and applied to the V− terminal of the
OP193. Thus, for a temperature range between −40°F and +257°F,
+VS
the output of the circuit reads −40 mV to +257 mV. A general
VOUT expression for the transfer equation of the circuit is given by
0.1µF TMP36
⎛ R6 ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
R1
45.3kΩ VOUT = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜1 + R4 ⎟(TMP36 ) − ⎛⎜ R4 ⎞⎟⎛⎜ VS ⎞⎟
GND ⎜ R5 + R6 ⎟ ⎜ R3 ⎟⎠ ⎝ R3 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠
⎝ ⎠⎝
VOUT @ 1mV/°F – 58°F
R2
10kΩ
00337-024
R1
50kΩ R3 R4
R2 C1 + 0.1µF
50kΩ 10µF
7
2
+VS –
OP193 VOUT @ 1mV/°F
+ VOUT R5 3 6 –40°F ≤ TA ≤ +257°F
10µF/0.1µF TMP36 +
R6 4
GND
8
1 5
NC –3V
ELEMENT VALUE 2 10µF
+
R3 258.6kΩ + ADM660 6
10µF 4
R4 10kΩ
NC
R5 47.7kΩ 3 7
R6 10kΩ
00337-025
Rev. F | Page 11 of 20
4.1. Hoja de fabricante. TMP36GZ 53
TMP35/TMP36/TMP37
2.7V < +VS < 5.5V
AVERAGE AND DIFFERENTIAL TEMPERATURE
MEASUREMENT 0.1µF
VTEMP(AVG)
In many commercial and industrial environments, temperature 7 @ 10mV/°C FOR TMP35/TMP36
2 @ 20mV/°C FOR TMP37
sensors often measure the average temperature in a building, or –
6
OP193
the difference in temperature between two locations on a factory 3
+
floor or in an industrial process. The circuits in Figure 28 and 4
R5
Figure 29 demonstrate an inexpensive approach to average and 100kΩ
R1
differential temperature measurement. 300kΩ
TMP3x
In Figure 28, an OP193 sums the outputs of three temperature
sensors to produce an output voltage scaled by 10 mV/°C that R6
7.5kΩ
R2
represents the average temperature at three locations. The circuit 300kΩ
can be extended to include as many temperature sensors as TMP3x
required as long as the transfer equation of the circuit is FOR R1 = R2 = R3 = R;
VTEMP(AVG) = 1 (TMP3x1 + TMP3x2 + TMP3x3)
maintained. In this application, it is recommended that one 3
R3
temperature sensor type be used throughout the circuit; 300kΩ R5 = R1
TMP3x 3
otherwise, the output voltage of the circuit cannot produce an R4 R4 = R6
7.5kΩ
accurate reading of the various ambient conditions.
00337-026
The circuit in Figure 29 illustrates how a pair of TMP3x sensors
used with an OP193 configured as a difference amplifier can Figure 28. Configuring Multiple Sensors for
read the difference in temperature between two locations. In Average Temperature Measurements
these applications, it is always possible that one temperature 2.7V < +VS < 5.5V
sensor is reading a temperature below that of the other sensor.
To accommodate this condition, the output of the OP193 is
offset to a voltage at one-half the supply via R5 and R6. Thus,
the output voltage of the circuit is measured relative to this R11 R21
0.1µF TMP36
point, as shown in Figure 29. Using the TMP36, the output @ T1 R8
25kΩ
voltage of the circuit is scaled by 10 mV/°C. To minimize the
error in the difference between the two measured temperatures,
a common, readily available thin-film resistor network is used
0.1µF
for R1 to R4.
7
2
– VOUT
6
OP193
R31 3
0.1µF TMP36 +
@ T2 4
R9 R7
25kΩ 100kΩ
CENTERED AT
R41 1µF
R5 R6 VOUT = T2 – T1 @ 10mV/°C
0°C ≤ TA ≤ 125°C 100kΩ
100kΩ
VS
CENTERED AT
2
00337-027
NOTE:
1 R1–R4, CADDOCK T914–100k–100, OR EQUIVALENT.
Rev. F | Page 12 of 20
54 4 Anexos
TMP35/TMP36/TMP37
MICROPROCESSOR INTERRUPT GENERATOR Because temperature is a slowly moving quantity, the possibility
These inexpensive temperature sensors can be used with a for comparator chatter exists. To avoid this condition, hysteresis
voltage reference and an analog comparator to configure an is used around the comparator. In this application, a hysteresis
interrupt generator for microprocessor applications. With the of 5°C about the trip point was arbitrarily chosen; the ultimate
popularity of fast microprocessors, the need to indicate a value for hysteresis should be determined by the end application.
microprocessor overtemperature condition has grown The output logic voltage swing of the comparator with R1 and
tremendously. The circuit in Figure 30 demonstrates one way to R2 determines the amount of comparator hysteresis. Using a
generate an interrupt using a TMP35, a CMP402 analog 3.3 V supply, the output logic voltage swing of the CMP402 is
comparator, and a REF191, a 2 V precision voltage reference. 2.6 V; therefore, for a hysteresis of 5°C (50 mV @ 10 mV/°C),
R1 is set to 20 kΩ, and R2 is set to 1 MΩ. An expression for the
The circuit is designed to produce a logic high interrupt signal hysteresis of this circuit is given by
if the microprocessor temperature exceeds 80°C. This 80°C trip
point was arbitrarily chosen (final value set by the microprocessor VHYS = ⎛⎜
R1 ⎞
(
⎟ VLOGIC SWING, CMP402
⎝ R2 ⎠
)
thermal reference design) and is set using an R3 to R4 voltage
divider of the REF191 output voltage. Because the output of the Because this circuit is probably used in close proximity to high
TMP35 is scaled by 10 mV/°C, the voltage at the inverting speed digital circuits, R1 is split into equal values and a 1000 pF
terminal of the CMP402 is set to 0.8 V. capacitor is used to form a low-pass filter on the output of the
TMP35. Furthermore, to prevent high frequency noise from
contaminating the comparator trip point, a 0.1 μF capacitor is
used across R4.
3.3V
R2
1MΩ
+VS 0.1µF
R1A R1B 3
VOUT 10kΩ 10kΩ 6 4
0.1µF TMP35 –
2
R5 CL CMP402 INTERRUPT
100kΩ 1000pF 5 14
+
GND
0.1µF
>80°C
2 13
<80°C
R3
6 16kΩ VREF
REF191
3
+ R4
1µF 10kΩ 0.1µF
4
C1 = 1 CMP402
00337-028
Rev. F | Page 13 of 20
4.1. Hoja de fabricante. TMP36GZ 55
TMP35/TMP36/TMP37
THERMOCOUPLE SIGNAL CONDITIONING WITH and the wires of the thermocouple from introducing an error in
COLD-JUNCTION COMPENSATION the measured temperature. This compensation works extremely
well for circuit ambient temperatures in the range of 20°C to 50°C.
The circuit in Figure 31 conditions the output of a Type K
Over a 250°C measurement temperature range, the thermocouple
thermocouple, while providing cold-junction compensation for
produces an output voltage change of 10.151 mV. Because the
temperatures between 0°C and 250°C. The circuit operates from
required output full-scale voltage of the circuit is 2.5 V, the gain
a single 3.3 V to 5.5 V supply and is designed to produce an
of the circuit is set to 246.3. Choosing R4 equal to 4.99 kΩ sets
output voltage transfer characteristic of 10 mV/°C.
R5 equal to 1.22 MΩ. Because the closest 1% value for R5 is
A Type K thermocouple exhibits a Seebeck coefficient of 1.21 MΩ, a 50 kΩ potentiometer is used with R5 for fine trim of
approximately 41 μV/°C; therefore, at the cold junction, the the full-scale output voltage. Although the OP193 is a superior
TMP35, with a temperature coefficient of 10 mV/°C, is used single-supply, micropower operational amplifier, its output stage
with R1 and R2 to introduce an opposing cold-junction temp- is not rail-to-rail; therefore, the 0°C output voltage level is 0.1 V.
erature coefficient of −41 μV/°C. This prevents the isothermal, If this circuit is digitized by a single-supply ADC, the ADC
cold-junction connection between the PCB tracks of the circuit common should be adjusted to 0.1 V accordingly.
+VS P1
50kΩ
VOUT R3
0.1µF 10MΩ R4 R51
TMP35 5% 4.99kΩ 1.21MΩ
0.1µF
GND
R11
24.9kΩ 7
2
–
6 VOUT
OP193 0V TO 2.5V
CU
CHROMEL 3 R6
+ + 100kΩ
4 5%
TYPE K
THERMO- COLD
COUPLE JUNCTION
ALUMEL CU NOTE:
– 1 ALL RESISTORS 1% UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED.
R21
00337-029
102Ω
ISOTHERMAL
0°C ≤ TA ≤ 250°C BLOCK
Figure 31. Single-Supply, Type K Thermocouple Signal Conditioning Circuit with Cold-Junction Compensation
Rev. F | Page 14 of 20
56 4 Anexos
TMP35/TMP36/TMP37
USING TMP3x SENSORS IN REMOTE LOCATIONS TEMPERATURE TO 4–20 mA LOOP TRANSMITTER
In many industrial environments, sensors are required to In many process control applications, 2-wire transmitters are
operate in the presence of high ambient noise. These noise used to convey analog signals through noisy ambient environ-
sources take many forms, for example, SCR transients, relays, ments. These current transmitters use a zero-scale signal current
radio transmitters, arc welders, and ac motors. They can also of 4 mA, which can be used to power the signal conditioning
be used at considerable distances from the signal conditioning circuitry of the transmitter. The full-scale output signal in these
circuitry. These high noise environments are typically in the transmitters is 20 mA.
form of electric fields, so the voltage output of the temperature Figure 33 illustrates a circuit that transmits temperature inform-
sensor can be susceptible to contamination from these noise ation in this fashion. Using a TMP3x as the temperature sensor,
sources. the output current is linearly proportional to the temperature of
Figure 32 illustrates a way to convert the output voltage of a the medium. The entire circuit operates from the 3 V output of
TMP3x sensor into a current to be transmitted down a long the REF193. The REF193 requires no external trimming because
twisted pair shielded cable to a ground referenced receiver. The of its tight initial output voltage tolerance and the low supply
temperature sensors are not capable of high output current current of the TMP3x, the OP193, and the REF193. The entire
operation; thus, a standard PNP transistor is used to boost the circuit consumes less than 3 mA from a total budget of 4 mA.
output current drive of the circuit. As shown in the table in The OP193 regulates the output current to satisfy the current
Figure 32, the values of R2 and R3 were chosen to produce an summation at the noninverting node of the OP193. A generalized
arbitrary full-scale output current of 2 mA. Lower values for the expression for the KCL equation at Pin 3 of the OP193 is given by
full-scale current are not recommended. The minimum-scale
1 ⎞ ⎛ TMP3x × R3 VREF × R3 ⎞
output current produced by the circuit could be contaminated I OUT = ⎛⎜ ⎟×⎜ + ⎟⎟
by ambient magnetic fields operating in the near vicinity of the ⎝ R7 ⎠ ⎜⎝ R1 R2 ⎠
circuit/cable pair. Because the circuit uses an external transistor, For each temperature sensor, Table 5 provides the values for the
the minimum recommended operating voltage for this circuit is components P1, P2, and R1 to R4.
5 V. To minimize the effects of EMI (or RFI), both the circuit
and the temperature sensor supply pins are bypassed with good Table 5. Circuit Element Values for Loop Transmitter
quality ceramic capacitors. Sensor R1 P1 R2 P2 R3 R4
TMP35 97.6 kΩ 5 kΩ 1.58 MΩ 100 kΩ 140 kΩ 56.2 kΩ
TMP36 97.6 kΩ 5 kΩ 931 kΩ 50 kΩ 97.6 kΩ 47 kΩ
R1 TMP37 97.6 kΩ 5 kΩ 10.5 kΩ 500 Ω 84.5 kΩ 8.45 kΩ
4.7kΩ 5V
Rev. F | Page 15 of 20
4.2. Hoja de fabricante. MLX-90614 57
MLX90614 family
Single and Dual Zone
Infra Red Thermometer in TO-39
Ordering Information
Part No. Temperature Code Package Code - Option Code
MLX90614 E (-40°C to 85°C) SF (TO-39) -X X X
K (-40°C to 125°C) (1) (2) (3)
(1) Supply Voltage/ (2) Number of thermopiles: (3) Package options:
Accuracy A – single zone A – Standard package
A - 5V B – dual zone B – Reserved
B - 3V C – gradient compensated* C – 35° FOV
C - Reserved F – 10° FOV
D - 3V medical accuracy
Example:
MLX90614ESF-BAA * : See page 2
MLX90614 family
Single and Dual Zone
Infra Red Thermometer in TO-39
MLX90614 family
Single and Dual Zone
Infra Red Thermometer in TO-39
3 Table of Contents
1 Functional diagram......................................................................................................................................................................................1
2 General Description ....................................................................................................................................................................................1
General description (continued) .....................................................................................................................................................................2
3 Table of Contents........................................................................................................................................................................................3
4 Glossary of Terms.......................................................................................................................................................................................4
5 Maximum ratings.........................................................................................................................................................................................4
6 Pin definitions and descriptions ..................................................................................................................................................................5
7 Electrical Specifications ..............................................................................................................................................................................6
7.1 MLX90614Axx .....................................................................................................................................................................................6
7.2 MLX90614Bxx, MLX90614Dxx............................................................................................................................................................8
8 Detailed description...................................................................................................................................................................................10
8.1 Block diagram....................................................................................................................................................................................10
8.2 Signal processing principle................................................................................................................................................................10
8.3 Block description ...............................................................................................................................................................................11
8.3.1 Amplifier .....................................................................................................................................................................................11
8.3.2 Supply regulator and POR .........................................................................................................................................................11
8.3.3 EEPROM....................................................................................................................................................................................11
8.3.4 RAM ...........................................................................................................................................................................................14
8.4 SMBus compatible 2-wire protocol ....................................................................................................................................................14
8.4.1 Functional description ................................................................................................................................................................14
8.4.2 Differences with the standard SMBus specification (reference [1]) ...........................................................................................15
8.4.3 Detailed description....................................................................................................................................................................15
8.4.4 AC specification for SMBus .......................................................................................................................................................17
8.4.5 Bit transfer..................................................................................................................................................................................18
8.4.6 Commands.................................................................................................................................................................................18
8.4.7 Sleep Mode ................................................................................................................................................................................19
8.5 PWM..................................................................................................................................................................................................20
8.5.1 Single PWM format ....................................................................................................................................................................21
8.5.2 Extended PWM format ...............................................................................................................................................................22
8.5.3 Customizing the temperature range for PWM output.................................................................................................................23
8.6 Switching Between PWM and SMBus communication......................................................................................................................24
8.6.1 PWM is enabled .........................................................................................................................................................................24
8.6.2 Request condition ......................................................................................................................................................................24
8.6.3 PWM is disabled ........................................................................................................................................................................24
8.7 Computation of ambient and object temperatures.............................................................................................................................25
8.7.1 Ambient temperature Ta ............................................................................................................................................................25
8.7.2 Object temperature To ...............................................................................................................................................................25
8.7.3 Calculation flow ..........................................................................................................................................................................25
8.8 Thermal relay.....................................................................................................................................................................................27
9 Unique Features........................................................................................................................................................................................28
10 Performance Graphs...............................................................................................................................................................................29
10.1 Temperature accuracy of the MLX90614 ........................................................................................................................................29
10.2 Field Of View (FOV) ........................................................................................................................................................................31
11 Applications Information..........................................................................................................................................................................33
11.1 Use of the MLX90614 thermometer in SMBus configuration ..........................................................................................................33
11.2 Use of multiple MLX90614s in SMBus configuration.......................................................................................................................33
11.3 PWM output operation.....................................................................................................................................................................34
11.4 Thermal alert / thermostat ...............................................................................................................................................................34
11.5 High voltage source operation.........................................................................................................................................................35
12 Application Comments ............................................................................................................................................................................36
13 Standard information regarding manufacturability of Melexis products with different soldering processes............................................38
14 ESD Precautions.....................................................................................................................................................................................38
15 FAQ.........................................................................................................................................................................................................39
16 Package Information ...............................................................................................................................................................................41
16.1 MLX90614XXA ................................................................................................................................................................................41
16.2 MLX90614XCC................................................................................................................................................................................41
16.3 MLX90614XCF ................................................................................................................................................................................42
16.4 Part marking ....................................................................................................................................................................................42
17 References..............................................................................................................................................................................................43
18 Disclaimer ...............................................................................................................................................................................................43
MLX90614 family
Single and Dual Zone
Infra Red Thermometer in TO-39
4 Glossary of Terms
PTAT Proportional To Absolute Temperature sensor (package temperature)
PTC Positive Temperature Coefficient sensor (package temperature)
POR Power On Reset
HFO High Frequency Oscillator (RC type)
DSP Digital Signal Processing
FIR Finite Impulse Response. Digital filter
IIR Infinite Impulse Response. Digital filter
IR Infra-Red
PWM Pulse With Modulation
DC Duty Cycle (of the PWM) ; Direct Current (for settled conditions specifications)
FOV Field Of View
SDA,SCL Serial DAta, Serial CLock – SMBus compatible communication pins
Ta Ambient Temperature measured from the chip – (the package temperature)
To Object Temperature, ‘seen’ from IR sensor
ESD Electro-Static Discharge
EMC Electro-Magnetic Compatibility
ASSP Application Specific Standard Product
TBD To Be Defined
Note: sometimes the MLX90614xxx is referred to as “the module”.
5 Maximum ratings
Parameter MLX90614ESF-Axx MLX90614ESF-Bxx MLX90614KSF-Axx
MLX90614ESF-Dxx
Supply Voltage, VDD (over voltage) 7V 5V 7V
Supply Voltage, VDD (operating) 5.5 V 3.6V 5.5V
Reverse Voltage 0.4 V
Operating Temperature Range, TA -40…+85°C -40…+125°C
Storage Temperature Range, TS -40…+125°C -40…+125°C
ESD Sensitivity (AEC Q100 002) 2kV
DC current into SCL / Vz (Vz mode) 2 mA
DC sink current, SDA / PWM pin 25 mA
DC source current, SDA / PWM pin 25 mA
DC clamp current, SDA / PWM pin 25 mA
DC clamp current, SCL pin 25 mA
Exceeding the absolute maximum ratings may cause permanent damage. Exposure to absolute-maximum-
rated conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
ITR9608-F
█ Features
․Fast response time
․High analytic
․Cut-off visible wavelength λp=940nm
․High sensitivity
․Pb free
․This product itself will remain within RoHS compliant version
█ Descriptions
․The ITR9608-F consist of an infrared emitting diode and an NPN silicon phototransistor,
encased side-by-side on converging optical axis in a black thermoplastic housing,
․The phototransistor receives radiation from the IRED only .This is the normal situation.
․But when an object is in between , phototransistor could not receives the radiation.
․For additional component information , please refer to IR928-6C-F and PT928-6C-F
█ Applications
․Mouse Copier
․Switch Scanner
․Floppy disk driver
․Non-contact Switching
․For Direct Board
ITR9608-F
█ Package Dimensions
Notes:
1.All dimensions are in millimeters
2.Tolerances unless dimensions ±0.2mm
3.Lead spacing is measured where the lead emerge from the package
4.Above specification may be changed without notice. EVERLIGHT will reserve authority
on material change for above specification
5.These specification sheets include materials protected under copyright of
EVERLIGHT corporation . Please don't reproduce or cause anyone to reproduce them
without EVERLIGHT's consent
6.When using this product , please observe the absolute maximum ratings and the
instructions for use outlined in these specification sheets. EVERIGHT assumes
no responsibility for any damage resulting from use of the product which does
not comply with the absolute maximum ratings and the instructions included in
these specification sheets.
ITR9608-F
█ Absolute Maximum Ratings (Ta=25℃)
Parameter Symbol Ratings Unit
Power Dissipation at(or below) 25℃ Free
Pd 75 mW
Air Temperature
Reverse Voltage VR 5 V
Input
Forward Current IF 50 mA
Peak Forward Current (*1)
IFP 1 A
Pulse width ≦100μs, Duty cycle=1%
Collector Power Dissipation Pd 75 mW
Collector Current IC 20 mA
Output
Collector-Emitter Voltage B VCEO 30 V
Emitter-Collector Voltage B VECO 5 V
Operating Temperature Topr -25~+85 ℃
Storage Temperature Tstg -40~+85 ℃
Lead Soldering Temperature (*2)
Tsol 260 ℃
(1/16 inch form body for 5 seconds)
(*1) tw=100 μsec. , T=10 msec. (*2) t=5 Sec
ITR9608-F
█ Typical Electrical/Optical/Characteristics Curves for IR
Fig.1 Forward Current vs. Fig.2 Spectral Distribution
Ambient Temperature
70 100
IF=20mA
60 Ta=25°C
80
50
60
40
30 40
20
20
10
0 0
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
960
3
10
940
2
10
920
1
10
900
0 1 2 3 4
-25 0 25 50 75 100
30
1.2
IF=20mA 1.0 40
0.9 50
1.1
0.8 60
0.7 70
80
1
25 50 75 100 120 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6
int temperatura;
void setup() {
// initialize serial communication at 9600 bits per second:
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop()
int dev = 0x5A<<1; // 0x5A es la dirección asignada
para comunicación I2C del sensor 1.
// Escribe
i2c_start_wait(dev+I2C_WRITE);
i2c_write(0x07);
//LEE
i2c_rep_start(dev+I2C_READ);
data_low = i2c_readAck(); // Lee 1 byte y envı́a ack.
data_high = i2c_readAck(); // Lee 1 byte y envı́a ack
pec = i2c_readNak();
i2c_stop();
Serial.println(’Celcius’);
Serial.print(celcius);
delay(1000);
float velocidad_salida=0;
// Se definen variables de control del tiempo para llevar conteo adecuado
//de cada medio segundo.
long milli = millis();
long milliult = milli;
boolean ACTIVO;
int tiempo=3000;
float max;
void setup(){ //Condición que se corre al inicio
Serial.begin(9600);
ACTIVO = true;
attachInterrupt(0, CONTAR_REV, RISING); //leer interrupción
}
void loop(){
if (milli-milliult >= tiempo){ //Tiempo en el que se realiza cálculo de
velocidad de salida
velocidad = revoluciones*4; //Cantidad de revoluciones por segundo
velocidad_salida = map (velocidad , 0 , 226 , 0 , 255); //Re-escalamiento de
velocidad de salida