1.

ISOTROPIC MATERIAL means a material having identical values of a

property in all directions. Glass and metals are examples of isotropic materials.

2. ANISOTROPIC MATERIAL'S properties such as Young's Modulus, change

with direction along the object. Common examples of anisotropic materials are wood
and composites.

3. ORTHOTROPIC MATERIALS have material properties that differ along three

mutually-orthogonal twofold axes of rotational symmetry. They are a subset of
anisotropic materials, because their properties change when measured from different
directions.A familiar example of an orthotropic material is wood.

4. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
• Brittleness: Ability of a material to break or shatter without significant deformation
when under stress; opposite of plasticity
• Compressive strength: Maximum stress a material can withstand before compressive
failure (MPa)
• Creep: The slow and gradual deformation of an object with respect to time
• Ductility: Ability of a material to deform under tensile load (% elongation)
• Durability: Ability to withstand wear, pressure, or damage; hard-wearing.
• Elasticity: Ability of a body to resist a distorting influence or stress and to return to its
original size and shape when the stress is removed
• Fatigue limit: Maximum stress a material can withstand under repeated loading (MPa)
• Flexibility: Ability of an object to bend or deform in response to an applied force;
pliability; complementary to stiffness
• Flexural strength : The stresses in a material just before it yields.
• Fracture toughness: Ability of a material containing a crack to resist fracture (J/m^2)
• Hardness: Ability to withstand surface indentation and scratching (e.g. Brinnell
hardness number)
• Plasticity: Ability of a material to undergo irreversible or permanent deformations
without breaking or rupturing; opposite of brittleness
• Poisson's ratio: Ratio of lateral strain to axial strain (no units)
• Resilience: Ability of a material to absorb energy when it is deformed elastically
(MPa); combination of strength and elasticity
• Shear modulus: Ratio of shear stress to shear strain (MPa)
• Shear strength: Maximum shear stress a material can withstand
• Specific modulus: Modulus per unit volume (MPa/m^3)
• Specific strength: Strength per unit density (Nm/kg)
• Specific weight: Weight per unit volume (N/m^3)
• Stiffness: Ability of an object to resist deformation in response to an applied force;
rigidity; complementary to flexibility
• Tensile strength: Maximum tensile stress of a material can withstand before failure
(MPa)
• Toughness: Ability of a material to absorb energy (or withstand shock) and plastically
deform without fracturing (or rupturing); a material's resistance to fracture when
stressed; combination of strength and plasticity
• Viscosity: A fluid's resistance to gradual deformation by tensile or shear stress;
thickness
• Yield strength: The stress at which a material starts to yield plastically (MPa)
Young's modulus: Ratio of linear stress to linear strain (MPa)
• Strength of materials (relation of various strengths)

5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Figure 1 BCC Figure 2 FCC Figure 1 HCP

• The body-centered cubic system (cI) has one lattice point in the center of the unit cell
in addition to the eight corner points. It has a net total of 2 lattice points per unit cell
(1⁄8 × 8 + 1).
• The face-centered cubic system (cF) has lattice points on the faces of the cube, that
each gives exactly one half contribution, in addition to the corner lattice points, giving
a total of 4 lattice points per unit cell (1⁄8 × 8 from the corners plus 1⁄2 × 6 from the
faces). Each sphere in a cF lattice has coordination number 12. Coordination number
is the number of nearest neighbours of a central atom in the structure
• The face-centered cubic system is closely related to the hexagonal close packed (HCP)
system, and the two systems differ only in the relative placements of their hexagonal
layers. The [111] plane of a face-centered cubic system is a hexagonal grid.

6. CREEP AND FATIGUE

Creep is a situation in which a component experiences deformation with time as t is
put into use. Best example to illustrate this is that electrical cables are taught(tight)
when they are installed but after some time they experience sagging due to self weight.
Fatigue is a situation in which component is subjected to cyclic loading. Yield stress
and ultimate stress of material are drastically reduced during fatigue. 90 percent of
machine components fail due to fatigue.
7. STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM

Proportional Limit (Hooke's Law)

From the origin O to the point called proportional limit, the stress-strain curve is a
straight line. This linear relation between elongation and the axial force causing was
first noticed by Sir Robert Hooke in 1678 and is called Hooke's Law that within the
proportional limit, the stress is directly proportional to strain or

σ∝εσ∝ε or σ=kεσ=kε

Elastic Limit
The elastic limit is the limit beyond which the material will no longer go back to its
original shape when the load is removed, or it is the maximum stress that may e
developed such that there is no permanent or residual deformation when the load is
entirely removed.

Elastic and Plastic Ranges

The region in stress-strain diagram from O to P is called the elastic range. The region
from P to R is called the plastic range.

Yield Point
Yield point is the point at which the material will have an appreciable elongation or
yielding without any increase in load.

Ultimate Strength
The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain diagram is the ultimate strength or tensile
strength.

Rapture Strength
Rapture strength is the strength of the material at rupture. This is also known as the
breaking strength.
8. LINEAR PROPERTIES
Material properties (which may be functions of temperature) are described as linear
properties because typical non-thermal analyses with these properties require only a
single iteration.
1. In mechanics, the internal friction may be one of the causes of such damping
effect.
2. Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to change in shape, area, and
volume in response to a change in temperature.
3. Emissivity is defined as the ratio of the energy radiated from a material's surface
to that radiated from a blackbody (a perfect emitter) at the same temperature and
wavelength and under the same viewing conditions.
4. The specific heat is the amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the
temperature by one degree Celsius.

9. NON LINEAR PROPERTIES

Conversely, if properties needed for a thermal analysis are temperature-dependent, the
problem is nonlinear. Properties such as stress-strain data are described as nonlinear
properties because an analysis with these properties requires an iterative solution.

10. STRESS AND ITS TYPES

Stress is defined as the force across a "small" boundary per unit area of that boundary.

Uniaxial normal stress A common situation with a simple stress pattern is when a
straight rod, with uniform material and cross section, is subjected
to tension by opposite forces of magnitude along its axis.
If the system is in equilibrium and not changing with
time, and the weight of the bar can be neglected, then
through each transversal section of the bar the top part
must pull on the bottom part with the same force F.
Therefore, the stress throughout the bar, across any
horizontal surface, can be described by the number =
F/A, where A is the area of the cross-section.

Simple shear stress Another simple type of stress occurs when a uniformly thick layer
of elastic material like glue or rubber is firmly attached to two stiff bodies that are pulled
in opposite directions by forces parallel to the layer; or a section of a soft metal bar that
is being cut by the jaws of a scissors-like tool. Let F be the magnitude of those forces,
and M be the midplane of that layer. Just as in the normal stress case, the part of the
layer on one side of M must pull the other part with
the same force F. Assuming that the direction of the
forces is known, the stress across M can be
expressed by the single number = F/A, where
F is the magnitude of those forces and A is the
area of the layer.
 Isotropic stress Another simple type of stress occurs when the material
body is under equal compression or tension in all directions.
This is the case, for example, in a portion of liquid or gas at
rest, whether enclosed in some container or as part of a
larger mass of fluid; or inside a cube of elastic material that
is being pressed or pulled on all six faces by equal
perpendicular forces — provided, in both cases, that the
material is homogeneous, without built-in stress, and that the
effect of gravity and other external forces can be neglected.

11.STIFFNESSis the rigidity of an object — the extent

to which it resists deformation in response to an
applied force. The complementary concept is
flexibility or pliability: the more flexible an
object is, the less stiff it is.

12.CONDUCTION, CONVECTION, RADIATION

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (often denoted k, λ, or κ) is the property of a

material to conduct heat. A measure of the ability of a material to transfer heat.
Thermal conduction is the transfer of heat (internal energy) by microscopic collisions
of particles and movement of electrons within a body.

CONVECTION is the heat transfer due to bulk movement of molecules within fluids
such as gases and liquids, including molten rock (rheid).

In physics, RADIATION is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of

waves or particles through space or through a material medium.