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Technical guide
• The Sétra regularly exchanges its experience and projects with its foreign counterparts, through
bilateral co-operations, presentations in conferences and congresses, by welcoming delegations,
through missions and expertises in other countries. It takes part in the European standardization
commissions and many authorities and international working groups. The Sétra is an organization for
technical approval, as an EOTA member (European Organisation for Technical Approvals).
Technical guide
This technical guide on road improvements has been prepared by a working group set up by
representatives of the Scientific and Technical Network of the Ministry of Infrastructure and
consulting engineers. It was technically validated by (Sétra).
Members of the working group:
• David Gaillard (Sétra),
• J. Ranchet (DREIF - LREP),
• Jean Béréterbide (CETE Sud-Ouest),
• Marc Valin (CETE Nord-Picardie),
• Jacques Hurtevent (CETE Méditerranée),
• Alain Costille (DDE (District-level Offices for Infrastructure) 95),
• Gilles Cartoux (DDE 58),
• René Marcaud (Sté SILENE),
• Alain Limandat (SEEE).
Contents
The Sétra supports the public owner ............................................................................2
The Sétra, producer of the state of the art....................................................................2
The Sétra, a work in partnership..................................................................................2
Contents..................................................................................................................... 5
Preamble ................................................................................................................... 7
1 - Technical design of structures ........................................................................... 8
1.1 - Re-establishment of natural flows (catchment areas < 100 km2).............. 8
1.1.1 - General principles.............................................................................................9
1.1.2 - Determination of the project flow ...................................................................11
1.1.3 - Design of hydraulic structures ........................................................................18
1.1.4 - Maintenance and operation of the hydraulic structures .................................19
1.2 - Surface drainage of the platform.................................................................. 20
1.2.1 - General principles...........................................................................................20
1.2.2 - Nature and function of systems .......................................................................20
1.2.3 - Choice of drainage structures and hydraulic design calculation ...................26
1.1.4 - Maintenance and operation of the structures [11] .........................................26
1.3 - Road structure drainage................................................................................ 27
1.3.1 - Definition ........................................................................................................27
1.3.2 - Who does what? ..............................................................................................27
1.3.3 - Summary of the effects of water on the road...................................................27
1.4 - Controlling road pollution............................................................................ 27
1.4.1 - Definition ........................................................................................................27
1.4.2 - Who does what? ..............................................................................................27
1.4.3 - Summary of risks and challenges....................................................................28
Preamble
Road construction hydrology covers the re-establishment of natural flows, the drainage of roadways,
drainage and the control of road pollution. The recommendation on road improvements of 1982 dealt
essentially with the first two fields. The collection of guides "Water and road construction" deals with
the protection of water resources and aquatic environments in the context of road infrastructure.
A working group made up of hydraulic experts was set up by Sétra to collect up-to-date knowledge in
the field of hydrology and take account of environmental protection-related impacts.
This work took shape in a guide in three main sections:
• the technical design of structures;
• studies;
• the quality procedure.
General technical appendices give calculation examples and ABAC calculation charts to be used.
It was devised to meet the needs and expectations of prime contractors. Its primary purpose is as a
tool that assists in the design of drainage structures for new road projects and improvement planning
studies on existing roads.
This guide puts forward a methodological approach to the technical design of structures to re-establish
natural run-offs, drain the platform and drain off road use generated pollution. It can also provide
assistance in drawing up an improvement project and in applying the quality approach at the study
level.
In must be noted that this document deals only with the re-establishment of natural flows in
small catchment areas (catchment area smaller than 100 square kilometers or so). For larger
catchment areas or where there are specific hydraulic problems, a specialist must be consulted.
It is for the project designer to co-ordinate the various aspects to be taken into account in the design
of structures (road safety, signage, multi-functional structures etc.).
The present document includes the aspects of maintenance, operation and management of structures
at the project design stage. The chapters dealing with internal drainage and road pollution are
summarized in the present document, as these topics are the subject of specific guides, one on
drainage and the other on pollution management, to be published by Sétra at the same time as this
one.
Upstream water level (HAM) and speed of flow (Ve) in hydraulic structures
The upstream water level must be compatible with the height setting of the infrastructure and the flood
risk. In all cases, the upstream water level must not exceed 1.2 times the height of the structure for
the project flow for structures with an opening of ð 2 m.
The speeds must meet the following criteria with regard to the durability of the structures:
• concrete structures: ≤ 4 m/s,
• metal structures: ≤ 2.5 m/s => see appendix 4.6 [8].
To take account of the fish population, lower speeds must be demonstrated (approximate speed of 1
m/s).
If it is impossible to satisfy these conditions, protective arrangements should be considered.
Rational formula
Range of validity
Its range of validity is as follows:
• up to 1 km2 in mainland France, except for the Mediterranean sea-board,
• up to 10 km2 on the Mediterranean sea-board (zone with rainfall intensities similar to the regions of
PACA, Corsica, Languedoc Roussillon).
Formula
where:
: recurrence interval project flow m3/s
: run-off coefficient* weighted for the recurrence interval, T
: rainfall intensity in mm/h for the recurrence interval* T during the concentration time* tC
: total area of the catchment area in km2.
AJ: partial area of the natural catchment area with coefficient CJ in km2
where Lj: length of flow (in m) on a section where the speed of flow is Vj (en m/s).
The Montana coefficients, a and b are obtained by statistical adjustment from the water levels
observed during a given time. The base data or the reconstituted Montana coefficients can be
obtained from the weather service.
An application example of the variation of the run-off coefficient* of the rain is given in appendix 4.1.2.
Rainfall parameters
These parameters (see appendix 4.1.1) can be obtained from Météo France (the French weather
service).
–b
These are the Montana coefficients a(T) and b(T) of the rain i(T) = a(T) x tc (T)
with i in mm/h and tc in minutes
Ten-year daily rainfall of the recurrence interval
Daily rainfall of a given recurrence interval PT in mm.
V in m/s
p in m/m
V = k x p 1 / 2 x Rh 2 / 3 (see appendix 4.2.1)
Table No. 3 below was drawn up for k = 15 and Rh =1, values generally accepted for pilot projects.
Slope in
m/m 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.30
Speed
in m/s 0.14 0.20 0.24 0.31 0.44 0.54 0.62 0.76
Slope in 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.15 0.20
m/m 0.01
3 5 7 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
where:
tc(T) : concentration time* for the ten-year recurrence interval, in minutes.
Tc10 : ten-year concentration time* , in minutes.
P(T) : daily rainfall of recurrence interval T, in mm.
P10 : ten-year daily rainfall, in mm.
P0 : initial retention, in mm.
The value of the concentration time* is an approximate value, which depends, in part, on the
precipitations and the morphology of the natural catchment area. In the interests of simplification, it is
generally accepted that, for studies up to the pilot project stage, the empirical formulae in appendix
4.5 can be applied.
Crupedix formula
This comes from the Ministry of Agriculture (Cemagref, 1980).
Range of validity:
• from 10 km2, except for the Mediterranean sea-board (50 km2), and up to 100 km2,
• formula valid only for the ten-year flow,
• the interval (Q/2 - 2Q) represents confidence interval with a probability of more than 80 % of
including the calculated value.
Formula:
The flow
where:
Q10 : ten-year flow, in m3/s,
R : regional coefficient reflecting the aptitude for run-off
P10 : daily rainfall of ten-year recurrence interval, in mm
SBV : area in km2
Evaluation of the hundred-year flow from the ten-year flow of the Crupedix formula
We obtain the hundred-year flow from the correlation:
Q100 = b’ . Q10 a priori: 1.4 ≤ b’ ≤ 4
The parameter b’ depends on the area of the catchment area:
• up to 20 km2, b’ is determined using the rational formula (calculation of Q10 and Q100 as if the rational
formula were applicable),
• above 20 km2, b’ is determined from data obtained from gauged water courses on catchment areas
near the project. Failing this, b’ = 2 minimum.
where:
: project flow with recurrence interval T,
: flow yielded by the rational formula, recurrence interval T,
: flow yielded by the Crupedix formula, recurrence interval T,
α, β : weighting coefficients
• α varies linearly from 1 to 0 as the surface area (S) increases from 1 to 10 km2, from which:
α= France except Mediterranean sea-board
and β = 1 - α
• α varies linearly from 1 to 0 as the surface area (S) increases from 10 to 50 km2
α= Mediterranean sea-board
and β = 1 - α
The ranges of applicability of the three formulae presented above are as follows: (see table No. 4).
An application example is shown in appendix 4.1.2 on a fictional natural catchment area.
Area of
catchment 1 10 50 100
(in km2)
France except
Rational Transition Crupedix Crupedix
Mediterranean
formula formula formula formula
sea-board
• the structure must be able to discharge the flood quantity corresponding to the project flow* with an
upstream water level* (HAM) of the structure compatible with the setting of the project and the
preservation of private property,
• the verification for an exceptional flow must be examined,
• in the context of the present guide, the upstream water level (HAM) is confused with the total energy
head line,
• the setting of the longitudinal section requires knowledge of the rise in the water line inherent in this
narrowing of the flow; it is therefore necessary to determine the flow régime,
• the setting of the structure must not engender a hydraulic jump*,
• the calculation is carried out from downstream to upstream, i.e. the first thing to look for is the flow
régime in the stream downstream of the hydraulic structure,
• the speed of flow must not exceed 4 m/s for concrete structures and 2.5 m/s for metal pipes.
The method presented in the present guide is a simplified method (simplified Bernoulli theorem). It
draws on the basic notions of hydraulics* (taking account of the flow régimes). The basic data required
to understand the calculation method are shown in appendix 4.2.1.
The principle of the method consists in determining, in the first place, the flow régime downstream of
the proposed structure in order to calculate the upstream water level, HAM, of the structure:
• if the flow is in fluvial régime*, the proposed structure must be set in fluvial régime (application of
ABAC charts 1 to 5 – see appendix 4.2.2),
• if the flow is in torrential régime*, the proposed structure can be set in fluvial régime* (application of
ABAC charts 1 to 5 – see appendix 4.2.2),
The general relationship giving HAM is the following:
where:
ye = water level at the entry and immediately inside the hydraulic structure, in meters.
Ve = speed at the entry to the structure in meters per second under ye.
Ke = head loss coefficient at the entry to the hydraulic structure (function of the type of head).
G = acceleration due to gravity in m/s2
and Ve =
In questions of drainage:
• respect the criteria for the placing of structures with regard to the safety of users (see Guide sur le
traitement des obstacles latéraux [Guide on dealing with lateral obstacles] [6]),
• adapt sealing of the collector structures to the requirement to protect water resources (see Guide sur
le traitement de la pollution routière [Guide on the management of road pollution] [13]),
• equip the tops of cutting banks of longitudinal structures in the case of run-off in a natural catchment
area (bank erosion and overload of the system at the foot of the bank),
• proscribe pumping stations (reversing or lifting stations) except in exceptional cases (costly
installations, complex to operate and maintain),
• always try to keep water moving under gravity and on the surface,
• use as many discharge points as possible to avoid flow concentrations to be weighed against
environmental considerations,
• study the possibility that infiltrations overflow (if this is consistent with the protection of water
resources) and of downstream flows (water meadows*, intermediate holding basins etc.),
• dimension systems for rainfall with a recurrence interval of at least ten years (T = 10 years),
• check that the roadway will not be submerged for a recurrence interval of 25 years; on the contrary,
this can be permitted for the shoulder for T = 25 years,
• avoid discharging into the road platform* drainage system any water from natural catchment areas or
surface water layers,
• plan for a clad structure if the gradient is ≤ 1 % or if the speed of flow is likely to cause erosion (the
critical gradient is often of the order of 3.5 %),
• in regions subject to frost, give the preference to concrete or masonry structures,
• turfed structures slow the downstream passage of flows, favor infiltration and tend to reduce
pollution.
banks/embankments to evacuate them towards the outfalls*. The main development of its architecture
is along the infrastructure, using gravity driven hydraulics (between a high point and a low point), by
assembling unitary structures (linear or at points, buried or superficial).
The platform* systems have the peculiarity of mainly being linear systems, parallel to the axis of the
road (a distinction must, however, be made between off-platform systems and systems on the
platform). Diagram No. 5 shows the situation of these systems on the transverse section of a two-lane
dual roadway.
The architecture of a drainage system can, conventionally, be broken down into 5 main parts: the
longitudinal collection system, the transverse structures, the connecting structures, the containing and
pollution control structures and the outfalls*.
Diagram No. 5: situation of the systems on the transverse Diagram No. 6: position of the cutting bank top system
section of a four-lane bidirectional highway.
Diagram No. 7: unlined median Diagram No. 8: banked curve: a surface structure
completes the arrangement. Its location must take account
of the safety devices and subsequent resurfacing of the
roadway
Transverse structures
Classified under this heading are structures for transferring run-off from one longitudinal system to
another. Classically, this family of structures includes surface structures, such as tiled downdrains as
well as transverse structures beneath the roadway (buried collectors). Their location is subject to
examination of the following points: the mapping of the road, the direction of run-off (from the platform
and the associated catchment areas), the flows to be carried and the positions of outfalls*.
A few rules to apply:
• the water from a cutting bank must be discharged, as soon as possible, off the platform via a cross-
drain under the roadway,
• where the infrastructure includes a median, an inspection hatch for the cross-drain should be
provided in the median,
• tiled downdrains are to be preferred to pipes (significant risk of obstruction),
• the feet of tiled downdrains must be connected to the ditch* in such a way as to avoid erosion
(concrete molding).
Connecting structures
These are the manholes and the various connections between longitudinal and transverse structures,
the proper execution of which is critical to the correct operation of the drainage system and its
longevity. Most frequently, these structures are prefabricated but may sometimes be cast in situ.
These are:
• inspection manholes, required for the inspection and maintenance of buried collectors,
• drainage openings to into which the water falls,
• pipe header walls to funnel the water and retain the earth,
• various connections (ridges* / downdrains, downdrains / ditches etc.),
• others.
A few rules to apply:
• a manhole is obligatory at any change in direction of the line of the collector, at a change in gradient
in the longitudinal elevation or at a change in collector diameter,
• in these structures, provide decantation channels (at least 10 cm deep) to trap sand and gravel.
Outfalls*
The outfalls* to which the discharge can be directed in terms of quantity and quality must be identified
before designing the system.
where:
Q : flow in m3/s
K : roughness coefficient
Rh: hydraulic radius with: in meters
• in straight sections, the spacing between manholes can be increased to 80 m, taking account of the
performances of jetting maintenance equipment,
• it is essential to place visitable manholes along the line of the system; smaller accesses for
maintenance can, where appropriate, be placed between the visitable manholes,
• when locating the structures, always bare in mind the safety of the operating personnel and minimize
any nuisance to the user.
1.3.1 - Definition
Road drainage consists in the collection and evacuation of water within the substructure of the road.
1.4.1 - Definition
The management of road pollution consists in the provision of all measures to be implemented to meet
water resource protection requirements.
The designer dimensions the structures to achieve the water resource protection objectives.
2 - Sequence of studies
The establishment of a surface drainage project must not take priority over the definitive mapping and
setting of the road.
The required procedure, therefore, is one of joint iteration with the geometric study of the road line, the
geological study and the environment. It is advisable to involve the regional environmental directorate
[DIREN] and the water police at the start of the study procedures or no later than the stage at which
environmental studies are carried out in detail.
The main objective is to establish the constraints on the altitude of the road line relative to the re-
establishments of natural run-off, the protection of water resources, surface drainage and drainage of
the platform. The future operating company shall be associated with the project team (design of
structures, working methods, operation, maintenance and management).
This procedure shall be initiated from the preliminary study stage and be applied up to the definitive
project.
2.1.1 - Hydraulics*
By planning:
• the location of outfalls* (flow, qualitative and quantitative aspects),
• the definition of flood planes (environmental study) and listing of the flood zones (expansion, depth of
flooding, duration, frequency),
• the proposal of structures for bridging water courses and their flood areas,
• the analysis of sections crossing flood planes and their approximate heading up (estimation of
embankment and protection work).
2.2.2 - Road surface drainage at the Outline Preliminary Project (APS) study stage
The road surface drainage study consists, in the first place, of:
• precisely locating the outfalls* with their specific characteristics,
• within the boundary of the chosen study zone, investigate the environmental data relating to surface
and ground water, in particular those that may cause future difficulties. These data can represent a
constraint or introduce obligations. At this stage, the hydrological* and hydrogeological* investigations
should have been started, as these must be summarized in the dossier,
• list the setting constraints on all the routes studied, defined in table No. 5.
These constraints are established from plans to the scales already mentioned.
In the majority of cases, the engineering consultancy will base its work on existing information with
regard to flood planes or on summary calculations. Modeling shall be used only for hard points. The
delays, sometimes considerable, in completing these studies imply that they should be undertaken
very early.
The analysis of the constraints connected with road surface drainage (and other aspects of the road)
can be used to optimize the settings of the routes. These can then be used as a basis for the definitive
road surface drainage study.
They can then be classified on the basis of the equipment, the costs, the modifications imposed on
run-offs and the impact of the project on water resources for each of the variants.
The dimensioning of the water protection structures shall be refined for the proposed solution1
in longitudinal in transverse
in plan
elevation section
Establish
Links with
natural run- water course crossing the height setting
the nomenclature
offs points, flood planes constraints
of the Water Act
by defining HAM
Determine steep
Platform gradient zones, Zones requiring
Discharge points or
surface height settings for large-scale
constraints
drainage median discharges, structures
low points
From
Protection Low points Types of
the vulnerability ranking of Types of
of water to be prohibited, structures off
water resources along structures
resources direction of gradients platform
the route
See appendix 4.4 for abbreviations and symbols
Table No. 5: height setting constraints for all routes
1
Note, the threshold of 1,830,000 Ä for the overall cost of the project conditions the way in which the public inquiry is started (cost of project < 1,830 kÄ:
common law inquiry, cost of project > 1,830 kÄ: inquiry under Bouchardeau rules [law No. 83-630, 12 July, 1983]).
Contraintes liées à la protection de la RE Constraints linked to the protection of the water resources
Esquisse de tracé ou fuseau d'étude Outline route proposal or design envelope
Etude de labo définissant les sols sensibles à l'eau Laboratory study defining soils sensitive to water
Contraintes de calage du tracé Routing constraints
- établissement des EN - re-establishment of natural flows
- protection de la RE - protection of water resources
- assainissement/drainage - drainage
Remise d'un nouveau tracé par le MO Submission of a new route by the project owner
Propositions d'aménagements par le BE Development proposals by the consultants
Validation par le MO Approval by the project owner
- Analyse et chiffrage des propositions retenues - Analysis and costing of retained proposals
- Définition de la procédure d'enquête publique - Definition of the public inquiry procedure
-Choix du tracé soumis à l'enquête d'utilité publique - Choice of route submitted to public inquiry
Enquête d'utilité publique Public inquiry
Avis favorable Favorable opinion
Etude de projet Project design
Oui Yes
Non No
Diagram No. 9: summary of the sequence of Outline Preliminary Project (APS) studies
Contraintes liées à la protection de la RE Constraints linked to the protection of the water resources
Esquisse de tracé ou fuseau d'étude Outline route proposal or design envelope
Etude de labo définissant les sols sensibles à l'eau Laboratory study defining soils sensitive to water
Définition des principes de protection de la RE Definition of water resource protection principles
Définition des principes de rétablissement des EN Definition of principles of re-establishment of natural flows
Definition des zones à drainer en liaison avec les "terrassements Definition of areas to be drained in conjunction with "roads and
et chaussées" en fonction de la nature des ouvrages earthworks" according to the type of platform surface drainage
d'assainissement de PF structures.
Validation par services de PE Approval by the water police
Calage "fin" du projet en fonction (points de rejets, types) "Fine" setting-out of project according to discharge points, types
Calage "fin" du projet lié aux rétablissements des EN "Fine" setting-out of project according to re-establishment of
natural flows
Calage "fin" du projet pour assurer le drainage et "Fine" setting-out of project to ensure drainage of the platform
l'assainissement de PF avec les exutoires with the outfalls
Remise des contraintes d'AR au MO Submission of roadway water management constraints to the
project owner
Prise en compte de l'ensemble des contraintes par le MO Consideration of all constraints by the project owner
Remise d'un tracé calé au BE AR par le MO Submission of route setting-out to the road surface drainage
consultants by the project owner
Vérification du calage par BE AR Checking of layout by the road surface drainage consultants
Faire part au MO de l'incidence du calage sur AR Advise project owner of the implications of the setting-out on the
road surface drainage scheme
Nouveau calage éventuel du tracé Further adjustment of the route setting-out if necessary
Etude du projet d'AR d'après la géométrie validée par le MO Design of a road surface drainage scheme based on the
geometry approved by the project owner
Oui Yes
Non No
(1)
or refinement relative to the Outline Preliminary Project
(2)
it also concerns constraints other than those connected with the road surface drainage (geology, countryside, noise etc.)
See appendix 4.4 for abbreviations and symbols
– 36 –
Overall geometry of the project
(3) (1)
(1) where appropriate or details
September 2007
protection at the structure outlet (vegetation etc.), use typical
Roadway water management – Technical guide
Définition des principes de rétablissement des EN et de Definition of principles of re-establishment of natural flows and
protection de la RE protection of water resources
Définition du contenu et du niveau technique du DLE Definition of the content and technical level of the Water Law
Dossier
Validation par le service de PE Approval by the water police
Elaboration du DLE Elaboration of the Water law Dossier
Compléments topographiques de "détail" et études Additional "detailed" topographical information an additional
complémentaires de "détail" "detailed" design studies.
Non No
3.1.1 - Process
The process represents all those study levels that take place one after the other to arrive at a project
meeting the needs expressed by the project owner.
3.1.2 - Progression
In the context of the present guide, at each study level, the progressions apply to the four following
fields (see diagram No. 12):
• re-establishment of natural flows,
• protection of water resources,
• platform surface drainage,
• ground drainage of the platform.
Note: the term progression applies here to the macro-tasks necessary to successfully complete each
technical stage at each road project study level. It differs from the term of chapter 2 "Sequence of
studies", which, in this chapter, dealt with "collective entities" (e.g. setting the longitudinal elevation).
Processus Process
Progression Progression
Entrées Inputs
Sorties Outputs
Etudes préliminaires Preliminary studies
APS Outline Preliminary Project
Etude de projet Project study
Dossier loi sur eau Water law dossier (DLE)
1. Mapping of the proposed • Delimitation of the Catchment • Catchment area maps with
project (with Natural Terrain) Areas positions of hydraulic structures,
- plans • Field investigation (verification zones liable to flooding etc.
- longitudinal evaluation of critical catchment area limits, • Plans and longitudinal elevation:
typical longitudinal and transverse census of existing hydraulic •Brief note showing, in particular:
sections. structures, flood levels and flood
- summary of inputs
planes, operation of these
2. Environmental study: summary - assumed pattern of rainfall
hydraulic structures in flood
of aspects having an influence on
periods, type of bed, obstacles - calculation of Qp and Qex, QMNA5,
the re-establishment natural flows
etc.) and collection of data and Q annual average
and aquatic environments, PPRN
information - principles of re-establishment of
[Natural risk prevention plan].
(regional environmental natural flows underlying the types
3. PLU [Local town plan] directorate, district agricultural of structures
and forestry directorate)
- Consequences of Qex
4. Recurrence interval of project • Knowledge of rainfall
flow (Qp) - the hard points (e.g. request to
• Evaluation of Qp and Qex, QMNA5, substantially raise the longitudinal
5. Account taken of exceptional Q annual average elevation and the consequences
flows (Qex) • Types of projected hydraulic of not doing so)
structures
6. Minimum characteristics of • Pre-dimensioning of hydraulic Note: for the constraint on setting the height
structures and account taken of structures with definition of values of the road, the outputs can be submitted to
maintenance and operation of HAM the project owner in the form of a working
aspects document (documents, minutes).
• Passage of Qex through the
7. Validation by the Water Police projected hydraulic structures
services of the selected options • Recommendations for line and • Catchment area maps with
(optional: can apply, for example, elevation of the route in plan and positions of hydraulic structures
to the assumptions made longitudinal elevation submitted to - Plans and longitudinal elevation
regarding the raising of zones the project owner of the road with positions and
liable to flooding) • End point* characteristics of the hydraulic
structures, Qp, Qex and HAM
8. Validated definitive mapping • Re-adjustment:
• Justificatory technical note with,
- plan representing all re- - of the limits and areas of in particular, a listing of the inputs
established roadways with catchment areas
positions of the structures... • Estimate
- of Qp values
- typical longitudinal and
transverse sections - of Qex values
• Pre-dimensioning of structures
• Supporting measures
(recalibrations, falls, protections
etc.)
• Tentative bill of quantities
• Estimates
1. Mapping of the proposed • Classification over the length of • Graphical documentation of the
project the projected mapping of the ranking of the vulnerability of
vulnerability of water resources water resources
2. Environmental studies:
• Assignment of a type of water • Diagrams of typical water
vulnerability of receiving surface
resource protection structure to resource protection structures
environments, water course
each class of resource with an • Plans and longitudinal
quality targets, position of
inadequacy recurrence interval elevation showing recommended
harnessing points and protection
associated with the structure. changes of route
perimeters, SAGE [Water
development and management • Recommendations for setting • Brief note explaining the
scheme] guidance, general the height of the road (plan and proposals
measures aimed at protecting longitudinal elevation)
• Positions of harnessing points
water resources etc. End point* and their protection perimeters
• Application of water resource on the catchment area plan (or a
3. Geological: protection measures separate plan)
- nature of subsoils – thickness - Tentative bill of quantities • Water course quality target
of ground water protection - - Estimate (Catchment area plan)
vulnerability of ground water
resources, see appendix 4.6 [13] • Classification of water resource
vulnerability
4. Road traffic • Typical water resource
protection structures
5. On-site intervention times in • Project plans longitudinal
the event of Accidental Pollution, elevation
and account taken of - positions of discharge points
maintenance and operation - positions of off-platform
aspects watercourse protection
structures
6. Validation by the Water Police
services of the measures taken • Zones of application of the
to protect water resources projected measures on the
(optional) platform (zones to be sealed)
• Evaluation of the pollution
7. Definitive mapping of all loads (if necessary) and the
roadways resulting concentrations
- plans- typical longitudinal and - Technical note
transverse sections. - Tentative bill of quantities
- Estimate
1. Geometry of the proposed • Definition by uniform classes of • Typical clad sections with
project the nature and first order typical surface drainage
of all roadways characteristics of the surface structures
- plan drainage • Plan with discharge points and
- typical longitudinal and
zones of application of the
transverse sections
typical sections
• Appreciation of the specific
• Brief note explaining the
zones having an impact on the
2. Study of water resource proposals
project footprint or (and) a
protection significant cost increase of the
- ranking of the vulnerability of structures and on the height
water resources setting of the road.
- discharge points
3. Geological study
- nature of subsoils (sensitivity to • Recommendations for the
water) height setting of the road
- nature of permeability of
subsoils (protection of ground
water against accidental • End point*
pollution)
This summary uses the elements from the four preceding tables.
PROJECT OWNER DESIGN OFFICE
Environmental
Account taken
study
of Qex
2
1+2 Traffic
1 + 2 + 3 + result of B
BV Catchment area
Enquête Terrain et recueil d'infos Field survey and collection of information
Pluviométrie Rainfall
Evaluation Qp Evaluation of Qp
Choix typologie des OH Choice of type of hydraulic structures
Prédimension OH avec Ham, Qp Initial design of hydraulic structures with Ham and Qp
"passage" Qex dans OH "passage" of Qex in hydraulic structures
Hiérarchisation de la vulnérabilité de la RE Classification of vulnerability of water resources
Affectation d'un type d'ouvrage par classe de vulnérabilité Assignment of a type of structure for each vulnerability class
Définition d'une typologie d'ouvrage d'assainissement par zone Definition of a surface water drainage structure type per zone
Vérification de la faisabilité des points de rejet Verification of feasibility of discharge points
Recommandation pour le calage du projet Recommendation for project setting out
Point d'arrêt Stop point
Géométrie validée Geometry approved
Etude proprement dite Design
- Zone nécessitant un drainage - Area requiring to be drained
- Profondeur du dispositif de drainage - Depth of drainage structure
- Vérification des possibilités de rejets des drains (exutoires) - Verification of drain discharge options (outfalls)
Note: the progression described for the Outline Preliminary Project (APS) applies for the variants and
the proposed solution.
This progression relates to the technical aspects.
The design office should, in any case, keep within the context of the study level and concentrate, in
particular, on aspects that weigh significantly in the estimate.
The design office's investigation must therefore remain at the scale of the study and not overreach
itself by seeking after an illusory level of precision.
Let it be remembered that the main impact of road surface drainage on the project costs results from
resetting the height of the road. This re-adjustment can affect the amounts of cutting and banking to
an extent that is not negligible and for which an estimation from the ratios is difficult.
Project / additions relative to Outline Preliminary Project (APS) at the Water Resources
Protection level
8. Landscape constraints
9. Possibility of evacuation
other than by gravity?
Project / additions relative to Outline Preliminary Project (APS) at the platform surface
drainage level
2. For memory:
- structuring of the measures • Hydraulic calculation
taken for water resource
protection • Information from the project
- definition of the structures for owner if incompatibility with
re-establishing natural flows the road height setting and
end point
3. recurrence interval of project
• Technical note:
flow of the surface drainage
• Plans defining structures: - list of inputs
systems
- route in plan with positions and - rainfall data
characteristics of the various - project flow
4. Possibility of evacuation
isolated systems and structures - recurrence interval of
other than by gravity?
- dimensioning of the structures inadequacy of the structures
(plan or (and) longitudinal - structuring of systems
5. Lifting of end point*
elevation) - choice and calculation of
- typical structures structures
- typical transverse sections with - description of constructive
typical positions of surface measures
drainage structures - justification of pumping peak
flow or overflow per
accumulation cistern etc.
• Plans defining pumping
stations
Project / additions relative to Outline Preliminary Project (APS) at the platform surface
drainage level
- elements enumerated for the • Details of the zones to be • Plan with positions of the
platform surface drainage drained various drainage devices and
at the project level manholes, suppliers quotes
where appropriate
• Choice of drainage devices
• Typical drawings
• Typical drawings of drainage
devices and manholes
• Memo with, in particular, listing
of inputs and decision
• Transfer to plan of the various
parameters
types of drainage devices and
their manholes
2 + all equipment
- safety, borders, noise protection....
- positions and plans of civil engineering structures
- positions and plans of walls
+ typical transverse sections with equipment and
roadway structures
+ current transverse sections with equipment and
top bedding of earthworks
+ dimensioned plans of the various existing or
projected systems
PL du CE avec projet routier et OH projeté Longitudinal elevation of water course with road scheme and
projected hydraulic structure
Caractéristiques hydrauliques de l'écoulement Hydraulic flow characteristics
Recommandation pour le calage fin de projet Recommendation for detailed project setting-out
Point d'arrêt Stop point
Géométrie validée Geometry approved
Etude proprement dite Design
Collection « Les outils » – Sétra – 53 – September 2007
Roadway water management – Technical guide
Remarks:
• the coefficients a and b must not be used outside their range of validity,
• in all cases, it is advisable to use local rainfall data,
• the rainfall data values change with time, altering the coefficients a and b. They can be obtained
from the national meteorological service (METEO-FRANCE),
• in each study, the location of the reference rain gage used, the observation period and the units of
the coefficients a and b with their recurrence interval must be shown for each range of validity (D)
applied in the study.
As an example, table No. 15 gives the values of the Montana coefficients obtained from the Météo
France office of Lille-Lesquin (59) for the period: 1955-1997 (years 1989, 1991, 1992 and 1993
incomplete).
Remark:
the use of these values in the Montana formula:
i(T,tc) = a(T) x tc–b(T) gives the result of the intensity i in mm/minute with a concentration time tc
expressed in minutes). To obtain a result in mm/hour, value a must be multiplied by 60.
Table No. 16 gives the daily water heights for a given frequency.
Recurrence
Height in mm
intervals
10 years 47.5
20 years 53.6
25 years 55.5
50 years 61.3
75 years 64.7
a b a b a b
4.1.2 - Numerical example of application for the calculation of a project flow of a natural catchment
area
Map of the natural catchment area crossed and location of the re-establishment structure
Ground use
• wooded areas SB = 0.71 km2
• built-up areas SU = 0.17 km2
• grazing areas SP = 0.98 km2
• arable land SC = 0.67 km2
a b a b
(1)
Years 1989, 1991, 1992 and 1993 incomplete
Table No. 17: ranges of validity of the Montana coefficients as a function of the recurrence interval
from which
from which
For dimensioning the hydraulic structure to re-establish the Quievelon stream under the project, we
therefore take the project flow Q(100) = 7.4 m3 .
By way of comparison, the flow Q(100) = 7.4m3 / s corresponds to a water level of 1.40 m in the
existing structure located downstream of the project (by using the Manning Strickler formula with an
estimated roughness coefficient, K, of 40 and a gradient p = 0.0030 m/m). To the extent that this
structure permits a water level of up to 2 m, the selected flow seems consistent. The inquiries made in
the neighborhood confirmed that this structure has never shown itself inadequate, making the result of
our calculation acceptable.
Uniform flows
A flow is uniform if the flow, the gradient, the cross-section (form and nature of the walls) are constant
(see diagram No. 17).
The flow in the platform surface drainage structures is nevertheless considered as uniform.
In such conditions, the Manning – Strickler formula can be applied:
where:
Q : flow in m3/s
K : roughness coefficient
Rh : hydraulic radius in m where
Sm : wetted cross-section in m2
Pm : wetted perimeter in m
p : gradient in m/m
This formula can be used to determine the height of the waterline at a point of flow through a given
section. This water level is then called the normal level* (it is symbolized as yn in the case of a
hydraulic structure and hn in the water course)
h ð 0.15 m 10
h ð 0.20 m 15
Bernoulli's equation
Under the conditions defined above, BERNOULLI'S equation applies on a flow line at each section of the
free flow:
where:
H : total head in meters
z : level of bed relative to a reference plan in meters
y : pressure head in meters (real height of the flow level)
V : speed of flow in m/s
g : acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2 (usually rounded up to 10 m/s2)
: represents the kinetic energy in m
Taking account of the drop in head along the flow, Bernoulli's equation (see diagram No. 18) is
written:
Applying Bernoulli's theorem at the entry to the projected structure, the water level, HAM, upstream of
the structure can be evaluated:
Specific head
Specific head is the value
Replacing , we obtain
The variation of Hs, as a function of y for a constant flow is represented by the curve (diagram No. 19):
The specific head passes through a minimum for a water level called the critical level*. The specific
head is then called the critical specific head.
The level yc satisfies the equation:
Lc is the width at the water surface for the water level yc.
• if the water level y of the flow < yc, the flow is in torrential régime*,
• if the water level y of the flow = yc, the flow is in fluvial régime *.
• if the water level y of the flow = yc, the flow is in critical régime *.
The waterline in fluvial régime* rises in an upstream direction, which is not the case in torrential
régime*. The critical régime* along the flow in the structure is to be proscribed.
For the flow régime within the structures, the following configurations are aimed at (see table No. 19):
Régime
Régime
downstream
within the structure
of the structure
Fluvial Fluvial
Table No. 19: configurations for the flow régime within the structure
Note: when the régime changes from torrential to fluvial, a jump* is created which is prejudicial for the
longevity of the projected structure. This configuration must be the exception.
Si l'OH est calé en torrentiel (cas de la figure ci-dessus) alors If the hydraulic structure is designed for torrential flow (case
ye=yc shown in the above figure) then ye=yc
Si l'OH est calé en torrentiel (yn>yc) alors (ye=yn) If the hydraulic structure is designed for torrential flow (yn>yc)
then (ye=yn)
Funneling coefficient* Ke
This coefficient varies according to the type of entry to the structure. Take the values from table No. 20:
These funneling coefficients Ke of table No. 20 do not take account of the sometimes important
narrowing of the flow due the embankment of the road and the structure. Also, for these more complex
scenarios, other equations must be used that are given in specialist works not mentioned in this
document.
Type of entry Ke
Table No. 20: pummeling coefficient* Ke as a function of the type of entry to the structure
Diagram No. 23: ends cut on the slope Diagram No. 24: end with head wall and wing walls
4.2.2 - ABAC design charts for small hydraulic structures for re-establishing natural flows
Calculer N = Calculate N =
avec where
Q en m3/s Q in m3/s
l et h en m l and h in m
p en m/m p in m/m
Déterminer m (dalots rectangulaires m=0) Determine m (rectangular box culverts m=0)
lire X sur l'abaque Read X from the design chart
En déduire hn=l/X Deduce hn=l/X
Canal rectangulaire Rectangular channel
Calculer N = Calculate N =
avec where
Q en m3/s Q in m3/s
l et h en m l and h in m
g ~ 10m.s2 g ~ 10m.s2
Déterminer m (dalots m=0) Determine m (box culverts m=0)
lire X sur l'abaque Read X from the design chart
En déduire hc=l/X Deduce hc=l/X
Canal rectangulaire Rectangular channel
Fill ratio τ =
- circular pipes: λ = 1
- arched culverts and passages: λ varies from 1.25 to 5
- semi-circular arches: we include λ = ∞
λ λ
Table No. 21: interpolation elements for ABAC design charts 3, 4 and 5 for τ = 0.75
chart No. 5
yn = τn x F
Remarks:
• the oblique straight line indicates the practical limit of
the fill ratio in fluvial régime (). Any increase in flow
beyond the value corresponding g to et risks fully
loading the structure,
• where the flattening coefficient of the pipe does not
appear in the ABAC, table No. 21 gives, pour τ = 0.75,
the elements for interpolation. Draw the curve
corresponding to the closest to that of the pipe in the
region of the value τn = 0.75,
• if τn < 0.5: try a smaller structure.
S en m2 S in m2
R en m R in m
ABAC design chart No. 4: determination of S (flow cross-section) for the water level (or, more simply,
for the fill ratio) determined previously.
From this we deduce the average speed for this level
V=
ou = where
Compare this ratio with the index numbers shown on the two curves (full and dashed) corresponding
to each diameter.
There are three possible cases:
1. upstream index (full line curve).
The upstream water level is read off from the full curve.
2. upstream index < downstream index (dashed curve).
Find a curve linearly interpolated between the two curves of the ABAC to determine the upstream H.
3. > downstream index.
These ABAC design charts are unusable. Proceed as for arched culverts and box culverts.
Diagram No. 26: application of ABAC design charts 6 to 11 for a flow downstream of the hydraulic structure not creating a
downstream reaction
Remark:
• the horizontal dotted lines on ABAC design charts 6 to 11 indicate, for each curve, the precision
limits not to be exceeded. These limits are essentially located at the upstream water level equal to
two diameters (HAM = 2 ∅),
• the flow must be free at the exit from the pipe (Hdownstream < ∅),
• These ABAC design charts correspond to simple head structures. The use of a profiled upstream
head, an assumption different from that of the ABAC design charts, is possible: refer to the
methodology explained for arched culverts and box culverts.
ABAC design chart No. 6: concrete pipes from 0.40 to 1.50 m in diameter. Upstream check.
ABAC design chart No. 7: concrete pipes from 0.40 to 1.50 m in diameter. Upstream check.
Mètres Meters
Courbe "amont" "Upstream" curve
Courbe "aval" "Downstream" curve
Q en L/sec. Q in L/sec.
ABAC design chart No. 8: concrete pipes from 1.80 to 4.50 m in diameter. Upstream check.
Mètres Meters
Extension du graphe inférieur Extension of the lower graph
Q en L/sec. Q in L/sec.
ABAC design chart No. 9: concrete pipes from 0.45 to 1.80 m in diameter. Upstream check.
ABAC design chart No. 10: concrete pipes from 0.45 to 1.80 m in diameter. Upstream check.
Mètres Meters
Q en L/sec. Q in L/sec.
ABAC design chart No. 11: concrete pipes from 2.10 to 4.60 m in diameter. Upstream check.
Mètres Meters
Extension du graphe inférieur Extension of lower graph
Q en L/sec. Q in m3/sec.
Setting
A structure is set, as a priority, in the bed of a water course. If this is not possible (sinuous course,
pronounced oblique angle), attention must be given to:
• maintenance of a good hydraulic flow upstream and downstream of the structure (diversion of the
bed may prove necessary),
• protection of bends in the new bed and of the filled parts of the old bed.
If the flow is permanent, the project must also take account of the provision of a temporary deviation of
the water course or, where appropriate, construction of the structure alongside the existing bed
(see diagram No. 27).
The setting of the structure is linked with the gradient of the bed and the possible constraints relating
to the level of the longitudinal elevation of the road.
If the gradient of the bed is low (0.5 % to 6 %) and there are no constraints relating to the level of the
longitudinal elevation of the road, the structure shall be set in line with the longitudinal elevation of the
water course (bottom at about -0.20 m relative to this theoretical longitudinal elevation).
In all scenarios, the setting of the structure should take account of the ichthyofauna.
If the gradient of the bed is too steep, other types of solution are possible:
• make arrangements to slow the water (energy dissipaters) while keeping to the longitudinal elevation
of the bed (see diagram No. 28); This solution, only usable in box culverts, may require anchoring of
the structure (see diagram No. 29),
• set the structure with a lower gradient than that of the water course with its outlet part way up the
embankment or its inlet excavated below normal ground level (see diagram No. 30).
Diagram No. 27: diversion of the bed to reduce the obliqueness of the Diagram No. 29: anchoring of the structure
crossing
Diagram No. 28: energy dissipating arrangements Diagram No. 30: solutions for reducing the gradient in the
absence of ichthyofauna
Ecoulement d'origine Original flow
Solution économique Economical solution
A éviter To be avoided
Protections Protections
Voie franchie Road crossed
Ancrage sur assise en béton Anchored on concrete base
Dispositifs dissipateurs d'energie Energy dissipaters
Dalots uniquement Box culverts only
Radier en escalier Stepped raft
Radier muni de plots Raft with blocks
The choice between these solutions depends on the flow and the nature of the terrain.
If the gradient is small or zero, the structure shall be set with the maximum gradient
permitted by deepening of the bed by washing out (see diagram No. 31).
If the longitudinal elevation of the road requires deepening of the structure, we may
consider:
• low structures: arched culverts or box culverts *,
• several structures of smaller capacity (less satisfactory solution hydraulically),
• deepening of the bed if downstream dredging will permit evacuation of the water,
• in extreme cases, a siphon or an aqueduct after studying all other solutions, including an adaptation
of the longitudinal elevation of the infrastructure.
Protections
These are, essentially, those placed at the inlet and outlet of the structure.
The upstream end is protected by a cutoff and a head wall, the embankment by wing walls and a head
wall up to the previously determined upstream water level (taking account of exceptional flood levels).
The downstream end is also protected by a cutoff and a head wall. Furthermore, the bed and banks
are to be protected, preferably by vegetation or, if required by a cladding or rip-rap where the water
speed at the outlet is such that there is risk of erosion (V> 2 to 4 m/s, depending on the ground), or
where there is an elbow in the water course downstream of the structure.
It is essential that the road or motorway embankment crossed by the hydraulic structure is protected
up to the project upstream water level or exceptional flood level.
Approfondissement Deepening
4.2.4 - Dimensioning of a hydraulic structure for re-establishing natural flows - application example
Following the calculation of the flow from the natural catchment area, a project flow, Q(100), of
7.40 m3/s is retained for dimensioning of the hydraulic structure. The verification of the flow conditions
is also carried out for an exceptional flow equal to 1.5 x Q(100), i.e. a flow of 11.10 m3/s, with the
purpose of evaluating the impacts on the longevity of the infrastructure and the safety of adjacent
property owners and users. It is thus a question of determining the nature and size of the hydraulic
structure and the associated upstream water level (HAM) permitting re-establishment of the natural flow
through the embankment and the emplacement of the necessary protective measures, taking account
of the following elements:
Longitudinal elevation of the stream at the crossing point (see diagram No. 32)
Cross-section of the stream at the crossing point (see diagram No. 33):
The representative cross-section (diagram No. 33) of the Quievelon stream downstream of the
crossing can be represented as a trapezium (see diagram No. 34). In line with the nature of the walls
consisting of grassy earth, we took a roughness coefficient K = 25 (see table No. 18 appendix 4.2.1).
The estimated gradient of the banks is 1/1 (45 degrees), which gives m = cotg 45° = 1
The current gradient of the stream downstream of the crossing is 0.004 m/m or 0.4 %.
The permissible upstream level has been fixed at 179,75 NGF, which represents the overflow limit of
the low-level bed. The exceptionally permissible upstream level has been fixed at 182.00 NGF. This
level corresponds to the threshold of the closest dwellings and ensures that the roadway structure is
above water.
Diagram No. 32: longitudinal elevation of the stream at the level of the crossing point
Diagram No. 33: cross-section of the stream at the level - Diagram No. 34: representative cross-section of the stream
of the crossing point trapezium approximation
Determination of the normal water level hn (use of ABAC design chart No. 1)
Value of
where: Q = Q(100) = 7.4m3/s, K = 25 (roughness of the stream bed), p = 0.004 m/m (stream gradient
downstream of the crossing), l = 3.80 m (width at bottom of the ditch) and m = cotg 45° = 1 (slope of
walls)
Calculer N = Calculate N =
avec where
Q en m3/s Q in m3/s
l et h en m l and h in m
p en m/m p in m/m
Déterminer m (dalots rectangulaires m=0) Determine m (rectangular box culverts m=0)
lire X sur l'abaque Read X from the design chart
En déduire hn=l/X Deduce hn=l/X
Canal rectangulaire Rectangular channel
where: Q = Q(100) = 7.4m3/s, l = 3.80 m (width at bottom of the ditch) , m = cotg 45¡ = 1 and g
acceleration due to gravity = 9.81m/s2
Calculer N = Calculate N =
avec where
Q en m3/s Q in m3/s
l et h en m l and h in m
g ~ 10m.s2 g ~ 10m.s2
Déterminer m (dalots m=0) Determine m (box culverts m=0)
lire X sur l'abaque Read X from the design chart
En déduire hc=l/X Deduce hc=l/X
Canal rectangulaire Rectangular channel
where: Q = Q(100) = 7.4m3/s, l = 3 m (width of box culvert), m = cotg 90° = 0 (vertical walls) and g
acceleration due to gravity = 9.81m/s2
From ABAC design chart No. 2, we read off: X = 3.5
The critical water level is:
Calculer N = Calculate N =
avec where
Q en m3/s Q in m3/s
l et h en m l and h in m
g ~ 10m.s2 g ~ 10m.s2
Déterminer m (dalots m=0) Determine m (box culverts m=0)
lire X sur l'abaque Read X from the design chart
En déduire hc=l/X Deduce hc=l/X
Canal rectangulaire Rectangular channel
Calculation of the gradient to be given to the hydraulic structure (using ABAC design
chart No. 1).
The normal level so
of the gradient:
where Q = Q(100) = 7.4m3/s, l = 3.00 m (width of culvert) , m = cotg 90° = 0 (vertical walls), K = 70
(roughness of culvert) and N = 0.12 (obtained using ABAC design chart No. 1).
Calculer N = Calculate N =
avec where
Q en m3/s Q in m3/s
l et h en m l and h in m
p en m/m p in m/m
Déterminer m (dalots rectangulaires m=0) Determine m (rectangular box culverts m=0)
lire X sur l'abaque Read X from the design chart
En déduire hn=l/X Deduce hn=l/X
Canal rectangulaire Rectangular channel
Calculation of the wetted section and the speed of flow in the hydraulic structure
The water line being at 1.12 m and the width of the box culvert: l = 3 m, we can calculate the wetted
section (Sm) in the structure:
Sm = hn downstream x l = 1.12 x 3 = 3.36 m2
We obtain the speed of flow in the structure:
where, Q = Q(100) = 7.4m3/s et Sm = 3.36 m2
This speed of 2.20 m/s is acceptable as it is well below 4 m/s and does not require the installation of
any special protection in the structure.
The funneling head loss coefficient Ke is taken as equal to 0.5 (use of a classical head to the structure
with wing walls) from which:
Sm = wetted section in m 2
p = gradient in m/m
V = full bore flow speed in m/s
where - t1 = time required for the water from the platform to reach the collecting structure.
In practice, t1 is taken as equal to 3 minutes:
- t2 = time in minutes taken for the flow in the structure to cover a length L
Chaussée Roadway
point de calcul Design point
- grassed gully 2 m wide and 0.25 m deep (with K = 15); this structure is imposed by the cross-section,
- I.D.F. curve of the region of study for T =10 years: i in mm/h and tc in minutes.
The first iteration for the structure at saturation leads to the following results:
1) calculation of the flow capability of the structure:
where:
Qev (69 l/s) < Qc (92 l/s): the structure is suitable but is not saturated where it leaves the cutting.
If we wish to gain "more precise" knowledge of the flow at the end of the cutting area, a second
iteration is required, taking as input parameter Qc = Qev = 69 l/s.
We require to know the speed of the water in the structure for a flow of 69 l/s, using the MANNING
STRICKLER formula. The results are obtained by constructing the graphs 1 and 2 (or by using a
computer program). It is also interesting to know the level of water generated in the structure (general
principle for assessing whether the characteristics of the structure can be reduced).
For a grassed gully 2 m wide, 0.25 m deep, gradient 1 %, we have:
Graph No. 1: flow / level ABAC design chart
Graph No. 2: flow / speed ABAC design chart
Thus, for a flow of 69 l/s, we obtain a water level of 22.50 cm with a speed of 0.343 m/s in the gully.
From this, we can calculate a new value of tc.
• where which gives tc ≈ 14.43 minutes
•
• Qev =2.78 x 89 x 103 x 0.27 = 67 l/s
In conclusion, the ten-year peak flow at the end of the half platform in cutting is 67 l/s.
Note: this iteration is given by way of a possible step; in our scenario, the difference in flow is
negligible. This procedure can prove interesting in other situations.
tc » 10.69 minutes
•
• Qev =2.78 x 0.88 x 117 x 0.56
(A = 400 m x 14 m = 5600 m2 = 0.56 ha)
Qev = 160 l/s
Qev (160 l/s) < Qc (510 l/s): the structure is suitable but is not saturated where it leaves the
embankment.
If we wish to gain "more precise" knowledge of the flow at the end of the embanked section, we can,
as in the previous example, proceed to a second iteration, taking as input parameter
Qc = Qev = 160,l/s.
For a grassed, trapezoidal ditch, 1.5 m wide at the top, 0.5 m at the bottom and 0.5 m deep with a
gradient of 1 %: see graphs 3 and 4.
Thus, for a flow of 160 l/s, we obtain a water level of 27.5 cm with a speed of 0.75 m/s in the ditch.
From this, we can calculate a new value of tc.
• from which tc » 13.46 minutes
In conclusion, the ten-year peak flow at the end of the half platform in embankment is 143 l/s.
Graph no. 3: flow / level ABAC design chart for a trapezoidal ditch
Graph no. 4: flow / speed ABAC design chart for a trapezoidal ditch
Débit en l/s Flow in l/s
Hauteur en m Height in m
Vitesse en m/s Velocity in m/s
Courbe Débit/Hauteur Curve of Flow against Height
Courbe Débit/Vitesse Curve of Flow against Velocity
• ditch at foot of embankment of which the flow/level and flow/speed laws are given by graphs 3 and 4.
To find the flow to be evacuated at point P2, the new concentration time at this point must be
calculated; it is equal to:
tc = tc1 + tc2
• tc1 is known and corresponds to the time of transfer between the high point haut of the road
impluvium up to point P1 to cover the 200 m of the part in cutting, i.e. 14.43 minutes
• tc2 corresponds to the time of transfer between P1 and P2 to cover the 400 m of the embanked part,
i.e:
where:
- V1 speed at start of ditch at point P1 for 67 l/s, => V1 = 0.60 m/s (value obtained by calculation or by
using graph No. 4),
- V2 speed at saturation at point P2 for 510 l/s, => V2 = 1.02 m/s.
We obtain an average speed:
Note: in our case, the average speed found is lower than 0.85 V. At the practical level, this calculation
procedure is accepted.
The concentration time tc2 is:
•
•
• Qev =2.78 x 0.88 x 77.1 x 0.83 = 156 l/s
In conclusion, the ten-year peak flow at the end of the half platform in embankment is 156 l/s.
Note: in our case, the ditch used has a very large evacuation capacity (510 l/s) relative to the inflow
(156 l/s); however, as it is a conventional ditch, this structure is retained.
Association of several systems (in the neighborhood of a low point, for example)
The low point at the level of the crossing is the result of two interchange slip roads. Branch 1 has the
characteristics mentioned in the preceding example, branch 2 has a larger impluvium than branch 1
and branches 3 and 4 are the symmetrical slip roads of the interchange (see diagram No. 40 ).
The characteristics of the branches studied separately are as follows:
Branche = Branch
Knowledge of the input flow to the basin requires summation of the contributions from the four
branches: this is not a simple sum of the separate contributions, which would give a flow of 503 l/s.
In fact, the rational method being based on the longest transit time where there is an association of
catchment areas, the concentration time to be considered in our case is the longest concentration
time, i.e. tc = 34.50 minutes (branch No. 2).
The input parameters to the rational formula become:
weighted C = 0.91
i10 = 64.4 mm/h
A = 2.49 ha (sum of impluvia)
• Qev =2.78 x 0.91 x 64.4 x 2.49 ≈ 406 l/s (flow less than the sum of elementary contributions)
In conclusion, the ten-year aggregate peak flow is 406 l/s.
Note: in some rare cases, the resultant flow can be less than the contribution of one branch alone; the
highest contribution should be retained in such cases.
Bassin Basin
Branche Branch
Traversée Crossing
4.3 - Glossary
Roadway water management: All constructional measures contributing to the clearance of the
road in three respects, namely:
- the collection and evacuation of surface water,
- the drainage of internal water (ground drainage),
- the re-establishment of natural flows.
Sedimentation: Accumulation of earth, sand or other sediment carried by water courses or
the sea.
Alluvium, sediment.
Catchment area: Area of a form such that any water falling within it flows to a single point:
the discharge point of the catchment area.
Retaining basin: Generic term for a structure installed in series or parallel with a system for
the temporary storage of run-off water.
Other terms used: buffer, storage, holding etc. basin/tank.
Verge: Unsurfaced strip either side of a road
Containment ditch: Linear storage structure intended to contain accidental pollution.
Ridge gutter: Small linear constructional device placed at the top of an embankment,
generally made of concrete or bituminous concrete serving to guide a runoff
water along the side of the road to a downdrain.
Arched culvert: Concrete or metallic hydraulic structure for the re-establishment of natural
flows and characterized by its span and its peak height.
Pipe: Family of structures for the collection and longitudinal transport of run-off
water from the road (see Acsare).
Funneling coefficient Ke: Parameter characterizing the transition into the hydraulic structure and
characterizing head loss at the upstream end of the structure.
Roughness or
Manning Strickler coefficient: Coefficient indicating the impediment to flow presented by a hydraulic
structure.
Run-off coefficient: Theoretical fraction of the gross rainfall that appears as run-off
.
As a first approximation, it is the ratio of the sealed surface area to the total
area of a catchment area (sealing coefficient).
Water course: No technical criterion. The existence of a water course is recognized only if
the following 3 conditions are satisfied:
- persistent natural character of the bed,
- a certain flow that depends on the local climatic conditions without
necessarily being permanent,
- normal route for run-off water.
Flood: Phenomenon characterized by a more or less abrupt rise in the level of a
water course with an increase in flow to a maximum level. This
phenomenon can be accompanied by an overflow of the low-water bed.
Floods are part of the régime of a water course. Floods are also
characterized by their recurrence interval. The hundred-year flood has a
recurrence interval of 100 years.
Gully: Shallow, grassed or clad ditch with a gentle shape in the interests of user
safety.
Box culvert: Hydraulic structure of rectangular section, prefabricated or cast in place and
with a high capacity.
Flow capability: Maximum flow through a structure running full bore.
Project flow: Flow value used for the dimensioning of hydraulic structures. In general,
hundred-year flows are used for hydraulic structures re-establishing natural
flows and ten-year flows for platform surface drainage.
Free surface flow: Term referring to a flow with the upper surface in contact with the air.
Closed conduit flow: As opposed to free surface flow, this term refers to, for example, full bore
flow in a pipe, i.e. with no remaining air space.
Edge effect: Lateral movement of water in the ground at the edge of the surfaced part of
the road.
Outfall: In general, point of discharge of water outside the road footprint. Also refers
to the downstream end of a drainage structure.
Ditch: Simple, longitudinal hydraulic structure for the collection of run-off water
dug in the ground beyond the shoulder, characterized by its cross-section
and gradient.
Gabion: Structural element consisting of a metal mesh basket filled with pebbles or
small pieces of rock and used to stabilize loose ground and the banks of
water courses.
Geomembrane: Product suitable for civil engineering, thin flexible, continuous and
impervious to liquids, even under working loads.
Upstream water level: HAM, height of the waterline at the entry to a hydraulic structure.
Downstream water level: HAV, height of the waterline immediately downstream of a hydraulic
structure. Its value depends on
the régime downstream of the structure.
(see 4.2.1 On the theory of flows).
Critical water level: Theoretical value determined from an ABAC design chart to define the flow
régime (fluvial, torrential or critical).
Normal water level: as above.
Hydraulics: Study of the flow of liquids and of water in particular.
Hydrogeomorphology: Scientific discipline consisting in the detailed study of the morphologie of
alluvial planes and identifying on the ground the physical limits associated
with the various ranges of floods that have formed them.
Hydrogeology: Scientific discipline that concerns itself with the movements of ground water
and the behavior of surface water.
Hydrology: Scientific discipline that concerns itself with the water cycle.
Aquaplaning: Loss of road adhesion due to the intrusion of a thin layer of water between
the tire and the road surface.
Impluvium: Delimited area receiving rainfall (sometimes synonymous with catchment
area).
Water meadow: Rich, wet ground – often at the end of a backwater.
Platform: In the geometric sense, road surface, including roadways and shoulders.
Permeability: Ease with which the ground (or other material) allows the passage of a fluid.
Wetted perimeter: In a flow section, length of contact between the water and the wall of the
structure.
Recurrence interval: Average time interval between two occurrences of a specific event. Symbol
T, it is the inverse of frequency.
Daily rainfall: Uncentered rainfall measured from 06:00 (UTC) on day D to 06:00 (UTC)
on day D+1.
Rain gage: Apparatus for recording rainfall. It yields data from which, in particular,
intensity-duration rainfall curves can be obtained for various frequencies.
End point: Point defined in an appropriate document beyond which an activity must not
continue without the agreement of an organ or a designated authority.
Collection « Les outils » – Sétra – 106 – September 2007
Roadway water management – Technical guide
Bearing capacity: Ability of ground, prepared or not, to withstand loads without deformation
beyond a required limit.
Radier (rd): French term for the bottom (floor/bed) of a hydraulic structure.
Hydraulic radius: Ratio of the wetted area to the wetted perimeter.
Critical régime: Theoretical boundary régime between fluvial and torrential (Froude number
= 1).
Fluvial régime: Free surface flow with a Froude number less than 1 (a perturbation can
propagate against the current). In fluvial régime, a head loss leads to a fall
in the waterline.
Torrential régime: Free surface flow with a Froude number greater than 1 (a perturbation
cannot propagate against the current). In torrential régime, a head loss
leads to a rise in the waterline.
Hydraulic jump (or Jump): Rise in the waterline due to a change from torrential to fluvial régime.
Wetted section: Cross-sectional area of a structure occupied by the flow.
Substratum: Rock underlying and more or less masked by surface deposits.
Fill ratio: Ratio between the water level and the nominal water level or the nominal
diameter of a hydraulic structure.
Concentration time: Time taken by water to cover the distance between the point furthest from
an outfall and the outfall.
Talweg: Line joining the lowest points of a valley (valley line).
Free space: Free height between the waterline and the high point of a conduit-like
hydraulic structure.
Abbreviations (French)
AEP: Adduction d’Eau Potable [drinking water supply]
APS: Avant Projet Sommaire [Outline Preliminary Project]
AR: Assainissement Routier [roadway water management]
BAU: Bande d’Arrêt d’Urgence [emergency lane]
BE: Bureau d’Etudes [design office, consultancy]
BV, BVR, BVN: Bassin Versant, Bassin Versant Routier, Bassin Versant Naturel [catchment area,
road catchment area (impluvium), natural catchment area]
CE: Cours d’Eau [water course]
CETE: Centre d’Etudes Techniques de l’Equipement [Technical Engineering Centers for
Infrastructure]
DIREN: Direction Régionale de l’Environnement [regional environmental directorate]
DDAF: Direction Départementale de l’Agriculture et de la Forêt [district agricultural and
forestry directorate]
DLE: Dossier Loi sur l’Eau [water law dossier]
DUP: Déclaration d’Utilité Publique [declaration of public utility]
EN: Écoulement Naturel [natural flow]
GNT: Grave Non Traitée [untreated gravel]
MISE: Mission Inter-service de l’Eau [inter-district water mission]
MO: Maître d’Ouvrage [project owner]
NGF: Nivellement Général de la France [French national survey / national height datum]
OA: Ouvrage d’Art [civil engineering structure]
OH: Ouvrage Hydraulique [hydraulic structure]
PDC: Perte de Charge [head loss]
PE: Police de l’Eau [water police]
PF: Plate-forme [platform]
PL: Profil en Long [longitudinal elevation]
PIPO: Passage Inférieur à Portique Ouvert [open-ended underpass]
PPRN: Plan de Prévention des Risques Naturels [natural risk prevention plan]
PT: Profil en Travers [transverse elevation/section]
PLU: Plan Local d’Urbanisme [local town plan]
RE: Ressource en Eau [water resources]
SAGE: Schéma d’Aménagement et de Gestion des Eaux [water development and
management scheme]
TPC: Terre-Plein Central [median]
Symbols
A: area of catchment area
a et b: Rainfall or Montana coefficients
α et β: Weighting coefficients in the transition formula
b’: Regional coefficient for the calculation of Q100
Bernoulli's equation
Rational formula
Montana formula
Crupedix formula
Empirical formulae
for the calculation of concentration time
Passini
Ventura
Speeds method
Technical documents:
[1] M. Larinier. Facteurs biologiques à prendre en compte dans la conception des ouvrages de
franchissement [biological factors to be taken into account in the design of crossing structures],
Bulletin Français de la Pêche et de la pisciculture [French bulletin of fishing and pisciculture] (BFPP) –
1992 – vol 65 – No. 326-327.
[2] C. Gosset, M. Larinier, J.P. Porcher, F. Travade. "Passes à poissons: expertise, conception des
ouvrages de franchissement [Fish passes: expertise, design of crossing structures]" (compilation)–
available from Conseil Supérieur de la Pêche, 134, avenue de Malakoff, Paris.
[3] Guide L’eau et la route [Guide to water and roads] - Sétra - 1994 to 1999. Volume 1: problems of
aquatic environments, volume 2: elaborating the project, volume 3: management of the road, volume
4: Impacts on aquatic environments, volume 5: laws and regulations on water resources, volume 6:
accidental pollution on large infrastructures, volume 7: arrangements for the treatment of rainwater.
[4] CCTG - ouvrages d’assainissement [water management structures] - leaflet 70. Title I: réseaux
[systems] – title II: ouvrages de recueil, de restitution et de stockage des eaux pluviales [structures for
the collection, return and storage of rainwater] – November 2003.
[5] Réhabilitation des voies rapides urbaines: thème assainissement [Rehabilitation of urban freeways:
topic water management] – Sétra technical guide – 2001-
Ref. D 0025
[6] Traitement des obstacles latéraux [Treatment of lateral obstacles] – Sétra technical guide – 2002 –
Ref. E0233
[7] Aide au Choix des Solutions d’Assainissement et de drainage des Routes Existantes (ACSARE)
[Selection aid for solutions for the improvement and drainage of existing roads] - Sétra technical guide
– 1993 – Ref. D9232
[8] Buses métalliques: recommandations et règles de l’art [Metal culverts: recommendations and
engineering rules] – Guide technique Sétra/LCPC technical guide – September 2001,– Ref. F8105
[9] Nomenclature de la loi sur l’eau: application aux infrastructures routières [Nomenclature of the
water law: application to road infrastructures] – Sétra guide – June 2004,– Ref. 0412
[10] B. Lachat. Protection des berges de cours d’eau en techniques végétales [Protection of the banks
of water courses using vegetation techniques] – Ministry of the Environment Editions – 1994.
[11] L’entretien courant de l’assainissement de la route [Running maintenance of road surface
drainage]. Sétra practical guide – 1998 - Ref. D9841
[12] Drainage routier [Road drainage] – Sétra technical guide – 2006,– Ref. 0605
[13] Traitement de la pollution routière [Treatment of road pollution] – Sétra technical guide – to be
published shortly.
Regulatory texts:
Law No. 92-3 of January 3, 1992 on water (included under title I of book II of the Code of the
Environment) and its implementation orders.
Order No. 93-742 of March 29, 1993 regarding the authorization and declaration procedures provided
by the article of the law No. 92-3 of January 3, 1992 on water.
Circular No. 94-56 of May 5, 1994 defining the procedures for drawing up, instruction and approval of
investment operations in the unassigned national road network.
Roads Directorate Circular No. 18 581 of December 22, 1992 on road quality – available from Sétra –
Ref. A 9353.
For information
Technical instruction regarding drainage systems in agglomerations – interministerial circular
77.284/INT of June 22, 1977 replaced by "la ville et son assainissement [the town and its drainage]"
from Certu – June 2003.
Ouvrages routiers et inondations: « des idées pour mieux gérer les écoulements dans les petits
bassins versants » [Road structures and floods: "ideas for the better management of flows in small
catchment areas"] – Sétra information note No. 56,– économie environnement conception [economy
environment design] – June 1998 (available for download from the Sétra Web-site).
The Sétra authorization is required for reproduction of this document (all or even part)
© 2007 Sétra - Reference: 0744A - ISRN: EQ-SETRA--07-ED41--FR+ENG