Professional Documents
Culture Documents
com
Contents
101seminartopics.com
1. Who am I?
2. Laws of Robotics
3. Sixth sense & AI
4. Rise of machines
4 Generation of Robots
5. Robot systems
Controller
Sensor
Transformation MATRIX
6. Advantages
7. Impacts of Robotics on society
8. Termination
101seminartopics.com
Abstract
ROBOT---Mechatronic device consists of Brain (computer) and sensors
and mechanical parts. There are four laws to be followed for Robo implimentation
Then they can think like Humans that is they acquire SIXTH SENSE.
RISE OF MACHINES that is ROBOT has undergone four types of step by step Generation.
The robot Hands are moved using the MATRIX Transformation techniques.
Robots have advantage over many fields such as medical, space, agriculture etc…
There are some dangerous things may happen by robots when they do dangerous jobs.
Robot –The TERMINATOR which can terminate the given job without failure.
Introduction to Robots
"We don't remember a world without robots.
For us, a robot is a robot. Gears and metal; electricity and
positrons. Mind and iron! Human-made! If necessary, human-
destroyed! But we haven't worked with them, so we don't know
them. They're a cleaner better breed than we are."
Who am I?
The word "robot' was coined by Karel Capek who
wrote a play entitled "R.U.R." or "Rossum's
Universal Robots" back in 1921. The base for this
word comes from the Czech word 'robotnik' which
means 'worker'.
But even before that the Greeks made movable
statues that were the beginnings of what we would call robots.
For the most part, the word "Robot" today means any man-made
machine that can perform work or other actions normally
performed by Humans.
Robots are ideal for jobs that require repetitive, precise movements. Human
workers need a safe working environment, salaries, breaks, food and sleep.
Robots don’t. Human workers get bored doing the same thing over and
over,which can lead to fatigue and costly mistakes. Robots don’t get bored.
With these three components, robots can interact and affect their environment to
become useful.
Laws of Robotics
Laws of Robotics:
# A robot must not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to
come to harm.
# A robot must always obey orders given to it by a human being, except where it
would conflict with the first law.
101seminartopics.com
# A robot must protect it's own existence, except where it would conflict with the
first or second law.
Later, this "Zeroth Law" is added:
# A robot must not injure a humananity or, through inaction, allow a humananity to come
to harm.
Once the robots are used to fight wars, they turn on their human owners and take
over the world.
SIXTH SENSE:
ROBOT SENSING:
The use of external sensing mechanisms allows a robot to interact with its
environment in a flexible manner. This is in contrast to preprogrammed operations in
which a robot is “taught” to perform repretitive tasks via a set of preprogrammed
functions.
The use of sensing technology to endow machines with a greater degree of
intelligence in dealing with their environment is indeed an active topic of research and
development in the robotics field.
The function of robot sensors may be divided into two principal categories:
1. Internal state.
2. External State.
Internal state sensors deal with the detection of variables such as
arm joint position, which are used for robot control.
External state sensors, on the other hand, deal with the detection of
variables such as range, proximity and touch.
External sensing is used for robot guidance as well as for object
identification and handling. Although proximity,, touch, vision is recognized as the most
powerful of robot sensory capabilities, Robot vision may be defined as the process of
extraction, characterizing, and interpreting information from images of a three-
dimensional world. The process, also commonly referred to as machine or computer
vision, may be subdivided into six principal areas:
1. Sensing.
2. Preprocessing.
3. Segmentation.
4. Description.
101seminartopics.com
5. Recognition.
6. Interpretation.
It is convenient to group these various areas of vision according to the
sophistication involved in their implementation. We consider three levels of processing:
low, medium and high level vision.
Here, we shall treat sensing and preprocessing as low-level vision
functions. This will take us from the image formation process itself to compensations
such as noise reduction, and finally to the extraction of primitive image features such as
intensity discontinuities.
Thinking
Human thinking (heuristic) and robotic thinking (algorithmic) will be
explored as you gain an understanding of why a robot needs specific
instructions.
Certain dangerous jobs are best done by robots. Guided remotely using
video cameras, the Mini-Andros can investigate–and defuse–bombs.
A Sense of Space
Fast Replay
Robots also can go into dangerously polluted environments, like chemical spills or
radioactive "hot zones" in nuclear power plants.
For example, doing jobs fast and keeping its batteries charged
will be positive; hitting or breaking something will be negative. There will be other
ways to accomplish each stage of an application program, from the minutely
specific (grasp the handle underhand or overhand) to the broadly general (work
indoors or outdoors). As jobs are repeated, alternatives that result in positive
reinforcement will be favored, those with negative outcomes shunned. Slowly but
surely, second-generation robots will work increasingly well.
The simulation would track external events and tune its models
to keep them faithful to reality. It would let a robot learn a skill by imitation and
afford a kind of consciousness. Asked why there are candles on the table, a
third-generation robot might consult its simulation of house, owner and self to
reply that it put them there because its owner likes candlelit dinners and it likes to
please its owner. Further queries would elicit more details about a simple inner
mental life concerned only with concrete situations and people in its work area.
Robot Systems
Robots are comprised of several systems working together as a
whole. The type of job the robot does dictates what system elements it needs. The
general categories of robot systems are:
Controller
Body
Mobility
Power
Sensors
Tools
Controller
The controller is the robot's brain and controls the robot's
movements. It's usually a computer of some type which is used to store information
about the robot and the work environment and to store and execute programs
which operate the robot.
101seminartopics.com
Body
The body of a robot is related to the job it must perform.
Industrial robots often take the shape of a bodyless arm since its job requires it to
remain stationary relative to its task. Space robots have many different body
shapes such as a sphere, a platform with wheels or legs, or a ballon, depending on
it's job.
The free-flying rover, Sprint Aercam is a sphere to minimize
damage if it were to bump into the shuttle or an astronaut.
Some planetary rovers have solar platforms driven by wheels to traverse
terrestrial environments. Aerobot bodies are balloons that will float through the
atmosphere of other worlds collecting data. When evaluating what body type is
right for a robot, remember that form follows function.
Mobility
How do robots move? It all depends on the job they have to do
and the environment they operate in.
craters by rapelling down the crater. Dante has eight legs; four legs on each of two
frames. The frames are separated by a track along which the frames slide relative
to each other. In most cases Dante II has at least one frame (four legs) touching
the ground.
An example of a track driven robot is Pioneer, a robot
developed to clear rubble, make maps and acquire samples at the Chornobyl Nuclear
Reactor site. Pioneer is track-driven like a small bulldozer which makes it suitable
for driving over and through rubble. The wide track footprint gives good stability
and platform capacity to deploy payloads.
Many robots use wheels for locomotion.
In the Air/Space:
Robots that operate in the air use engines and thrusters to
get around.
One example is the Cassini, an orbiter on its way to Saturn. Movement and
positioning is accomplished by either firing small thrusters or by applying a force to
speed up or slow down one or more of three "reaction wheels." The thrusters and
reaction wheels orient the spacecraft in three axes which are maintained with
great precision.
TRANSFORMATION ‘MATRIX’:
Robot arm kinematics deals with the analytical study of the geometry
of motion of a robot arm with respect to the fixed reference coordinate system without
regard to the forces/moments that cause the motion.
Power
Power for industrial robots can be electric, pneumatic or
hydraulic. Electric motors are efficient, require little maintenance, and aren't very
noisy. Pneumatic robots use compressed air and come in a wide variety of sizes. A
pneumatic robot requires another source of energy such as electricity, propane or
gasoline to provide the compressed air.
Hydraulic robots use oil under pressure and generally
perform heavy duty jobs. This power type is noisy, large and heavier than the other
power sources. A hydraulic robot also needs another source of energy to move the
fluids through its components.
Pneumatic and hydraulic robots require
maintenance of the tubes, fittings and hoses that connect the
components and distribute the energy.
Two important sources of electric power for mobile
robots are solar cells and batteries.
Sensors
Sensors are the perceptual system of a robot and measure physical
quantities like contact, distance, light, sound, strain, rotation, magnetism, smell,
temperature, inclination, pressure, or altitude.
Sensors provide the raw information or signals that must be
processed through the robot's computer brain to provide meaningful information.
Robots are equipped with sensors so they can have an understanding of their
surrounding environment and make changes in their behavior based on the
information they have gathered.
Sensors can permit a robot to have an adequate field of view, a
range of detection and the ability to detect objects while operating in real or near-
real time within its power and size limits.
Additionally, a robot might have an acoustic sensor to detect
sound, motion or location, infrared sensors to detect heat sources, contact sensors,
tactile sensors to give a sense of touch, or optical/vision sensors. For most any
environmental situation, a robot can be equipped with an appropriate sensor. A
robot can also monitor itself with sensors.
Tools
101seminartopics.com
Advantages of Robotics
The advantages are obvious - robots can do things we humans
just don't want to do, and usually do it cheaper.
Robots can do things more precise than humans and allow
progress in medical science and other useful advances.
Educational Goals
Robotics was designed to introduce the science behind the design and operation of
robots, and after interacting with the exhibit, you will be able to:
Each major thematic area of the exhibit has specific educational goals accomplished
using hands-on activities that compare how human and robotic systems sense, think,
and act.
101seminartopics.com
APPLCIATONS:
Robots have many applications.
Industrial robots have long been used for welding and painting.
Goals:
Statement of Problem:
Current Activities:
Today’s Robotics:
Today, robots are enjoying resurgence. Faster and cheaper
computer processors make robots smarter and less expensive. Meanwhile, researchers
are working on ways to make robots move and "think" more efficiently. Although most
robots in use today are designed for specific tasks, the goal is to make universal robots,
robots flexible enough to do just about anything a human can do.
CONCLUSION
ROBOT – ‘THE TERMINATOR’:
The ROBOT which terminates every job within a shortest period has no termination.
Human brain has boundaries up to which it thinks, but for Computers no
limitations .That is we have to use the brain up to the capacity of neurons in our brain.
But there is no limit to computer memory.