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• In this paper discussed chromium and zinc coated HSS tool with compared
to non coated HSS tool in this study.
• Chromium-plating of tool's cutting part decrease friction force during
cutting, facilitates chips' escape, significantly reduces temperature of
cutting and, as a result, improves durability of tool(from 2 to 10 and more
times).
• Main features of chromium and zinc coated which ensure an increase of
tool's quality, are high hardness, combined with sufficient plasticity,
• which provides high resistance of coating to fatigue, deformation and
abrasion forms of wear, as well as low coefficient of friction, which ensures
coating's ability to resist a formation of out growth of processed material
on tool's body.
.
Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION
Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION
Coated and uncoated carbides are widely used in the metal-working industry and
provide the best alternative for most machining operations. When machining using
carbides under typical cutting conditions, the gradual wear of the flank and rake
faces is the main process by which a cutting tool fails. It carried out tool wear
investigations on some cutting tool materials. Plotted tool life curves using the
flank wear criterion and obtained that the tool life of carbides decreased quickly at
higher speed. The flank wear in carbide tools initially occurs due to abrasion and as
the wear process progresses, the temperature increases causing diffusion to take
place. Actually, the fact that abrasive wear may occur in metal cutting is not
surprising since there are many hard abrasive particles present in metals, especially
in steel. The use of coolant to increase tool life is an issue with many differing
views. In contrast, others have found that coolant promotes tool wear in machining.
The inherent brittleness of carbides renders them susceptible to severe damage by
cracking if sudden loads of thermal gradients are applied to their edge. The better
performance of carbides was obtained under dry cutting.
BACKGROUND
Metal cutting process forms the basis of the engineering industry and is involved
either directly or indirectly in the manufacture of nearly every product of our
modern civilization. The cutting tool is one of the important elements in realizing
the full potential out of any metal cutting operation. Over the years the demands of
economic competition have motivated a lot of research in the field of metal cutting
leading to the evolution of new tool materials of remarkable performance and vast
potential for an impressive increase in productivity. Changes in work piece
materials, manufacturing processes and even government regulations catalyze
parallel advances in metal cutting tooling technology. As manufacturers
continually seek and apply new manufacturing materials that are lighter and
stronger and therefore more fuel efficient it follows that cutting tools must be so
developed that can machine new materials at the highest possible productivity. The
most important elements in the design of cutting tools is the material construction
and there judicious selection. The properties that a tool material must process are
as follows
Capacity to retain form stability at elevated temperatures during high cutting
speeds.
Cost and ease of fabrication
High resistance to brittle fracture
Resistance to diffusion
Resistance to thermal and mechanical shock
Developmental activities in the area of cutting tool materials are guided by the
knowledge of the extreme conditions of stress and temperature produced at the
tool-work piece interface. Tool wear occurs by one or more complex mechanisms
which includes abrasive wear, chipping at the cutting edge, thermal cracking etc.
Since most of these processes are greatly accelerated by increased temperatures,
the more obvious requirements for tool materials are improvements in physical,
mechanical and chemical properties at elevated temperature.
TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
Tool materials have improved rapidly during the last sixty years and in many
instances, the development of new tool materials has necessitated a change in the
design trend of machine tools to make full use of the potentialities of tool materials
for high productivity. Progress from carbon tool steels, high speed steels and cast
alloys to carbides and ceramics has facilitated the application of higher speeds at
each stage of development. With the advent of carbides and ceramics radical
changes have taken place in the design of tool holders and cutters and the concept
of the throw away tipped tool where the insert is held mechanically and is
discarded after use represents a major advance in the metal removing technology
of modern times. Till 1900 machining was performed by plain carbon tool steel,
shortly after 1900 high speed steel was introduced which has undergone many
modifications giving rise to several types of HSS. The next notable improvement
came with the introduction of cobalt bonded sintered tungsten carbide. However
shortage of tungsten has led to the development of many non-tungsten cutting tool
materials. Ceramic tools exhibit very high hardness and wear resistance facilitating
the use of higher cutting speeds. UCON a new tool material consisting of
columbium, tungsten, titanium permits 60% increase in the cutting speed when
compared with tungsten carbide. Cubic Boron Nitride with hardness next to
diamond which is claimed to give speed 5 to 8 times that of carbide can be used to
cut hardened materials. Polycrystalline diamond bonded to tungsten carbide
substrate has been successfully employed for machining non-ferrous materials.
But no single tool material has all the desired properties to withstand wide range of
stresses, temperatures, abrasion and thermal shock to which a cutting tool is
subjected during metal cutting. Each cutting tool has a unique combination of
properties that are important to its performance. Hence by fine tuning
combinations of tool material compositions, coatings and geometries tool makers
enable users to make more parts faster and at reduced cost.
Traditional tool materials such as HSS continue to undergo substantial
improvement in there properties through suitable modifications in their
composition by optimizing the processing technique as well as incorporating
various surface treatments. As a result of these technological advances HSS are
still in use having surviving competition from carbides and ceramics. Carbide
because of the ability to retain its strength and hardness at very high temperatures,
to withstand cutting speeds 6 or more than 6 times higher than tools of HSS and
the economical price has become a logical choice of many cutting industries.
However with the incorporation of suitable surface treatments, its service life as
well as its properties can be enhanced even more.
SURFACE TREATMENTS
Over the past few years there has been an increase in interest in the
application of cryogenic temperature to different materials. Some literature says
that the cryogenic treatment can improve the life span would depend a lot on the
cutting conditions. Hence various research works are being carried out to study the
effects of this treatment on the performance of various cutting tools so that it could
be added to the regular heat treatment cycle for the components the production
sector manufacture. However for evaluating the performance of the cutting tools it
is very necessary to study the effect of cutting parameters (cutting speed, depth of
cut and feed) on the tool wear. This necessitates planning experiments in advance
so that maximum benefit can be derived from data obtained from organized sets of
experiment. Designs of experiment (DOE) are one such approach that has proved
to be a powerful technique in getting a quantitative relationship among the
variables (in the form equations). One important benefit of DOE is that this not
only evaluates the significant effect of each of the individual factors (parameters)
but also determines the interaction effects among all the factors. When an
interaction is large the corresponding main effect cease to have much meaning.
Hence, it is very important to determine the interaction effects of various process
variables to fully evaluate the performance of the tools.
OBJECTIVE
LITERATURE SURVEY
Everal attempts have been made to improve the performance of the cutting tool
through different types of coatings by increasing abrasiveness and the hardness.
These coatings offer not only high hardness and excellent refractoriness but also
generally lower coefficient of friction, good oxidation resistance and chemical
stability by Venkatesh (1983, 1984). Supriya Sahu (2012) stated when cutting
ferrous and hard to machine materials such as steels, cast iron and super alloys,
softening temperature and the chemical stability of the tool material limits the
cutting speed. Therefore, it is necessary for tool materials to possess good high-
temperature mechanical properties and sufficient inertness.
SELECTION OF MATERIAL
The recognized standard high-speed tool steel, which serves almost all applications
under mild to severe metal-cutting conditions A smaller group of intermediate
steels, which are satisfactory for limited applications under mild to moderate
metal-cutting conditions the minimum requirements that must be met to be classed
as a standard high-speed tool steel, and those for an intermediate high-speed tool
steel, are listed in Table I. To be acceptable for either group, an alloy must meet all
of the requirements shown for that group. A chronology of some of the significant
developments in high-speed tool steels. The research work in 1903 on a 14%
tungsten alloy led to the development of the first high-speed tool steel, which is
now designated.
HISTORY
Although development of modern high speed steel began in the second half of the
19th century, there is documented evidence of steels produced earlier with similar
content. These include hardened steels in China in 13th century BC, wootz steel
manufactured in India around 350 BC and production of Damascus and Japanese
layered steel blades in years 540 AD and 900 AD. High speed properties of those
steels would be mostly coincidental (as no machining technology that involved
quantification of speeds and feeds existed at the time) and would be the result of
local iron ores containing natural traces of tungsten or other favorable alloying
components. In 1868 the English metallurgist Robert Forester Mushet developed
Mushet steel, considered to be the forerunner of modern high speed steels. It
consisted of 2% carbon (C), 2.5% manganese (Mn), and 7% tungsten (W).
The major advantage of this steel was that it hardened when air cooled from
a temperature at which most steels had to be quenched for hardening. Over the next
30 years the most significant change was the replacement of manganese (Mn) with
chromium (Cr). In 1899 and 1900, Frederick Winslow Taylor and Maunsel White,
working with a team of assistants at the Bethlehem Steel Company at Bethlehem,
Pennsylvania, US, performed a series of experiments with the heat treating of
existing high-quality tool steels, such as Mushet steel, heating them to much higher
temperatures than were typically considered desirable in the industry. Their
experiments were characterised by a scientific empiricism in that many different
combinations were made and tested, with no regard for conventional wisdom or al
chemic recipes, and with detailed records kept of each batch. The end result was a
heat treatment process that transformed existing alloys into a new kind of steel that
could retain its hardness at higher temperatures, allowing much higher speeds and
rate of cutting when machining.
TYPES
High speed steels are alloys that gain their properties from either tungsten or
molybdenum, often with a combination of the two. They belong to the Fe–C–X
multi component alloy system where X represents chromium, tungsten,
molybdenum, vanadium, or cobalt. Generally, the X component is present in
excess of 7%, along with more than 0.60% carbon. The alloying element
percentages do not alone bestow the hardness-retaining properties; they also
require appropriate high-temperature heat treatment to become true HSS; see
History above. In the unified numbering system (UNS), tungsten-type grades (e.g.
T1, T15) are assigned numbers in the T120xx series, while molybdenum (e.g. M2,
M48) and intermediate types are T113xx. ASTM standards recognize 7 tungsten
types and 17 molybdenum types. The addition of about 10% of tungsten and
molybdenum in total maximises efficiently the hardness and toughness of high
speed steels and maintains those properties at the high temperatures generated
when cutting metals.
The addition of cobalt increases heat resistance, and can give a Rockwell hardness
up to 67. M35 M35 is similar to M2, but with 5% cobalt added. M35 is also known
as Cobalt Steel, HSSE or HSS-E. It will cut faster and last longer than M2. M42
M42 is a molybdenum-series high-speed steel alloy with an additional 8% or 10%
cobalt. It is widely used in metal manufacturing industries because of its superior
red-hardness as compared to more conventional high-speed steels, allowing for
shorter cycle times in production environments due to higher cutting speeds or
from the increase in time between tool changes. M42 is also less prone to chipping
when used for interrupted cuts and costs less when compared to the same tool
made of carbide. Tools made from cobalt-bearing high speed steels can often be
identified by the letters HSS-Co.
APPLICATIONS
Steels High-speed tool steels, regardless of whether they are an AISI M-type or T-
type, have a rather striking similarity in their physical makeup:
WEAR RESISTANCE
Ability to absorb (impact) energy the relative importance of these properties varies
with every application. High machining speeds require a composition with a high
initial hardness and a maximum resistance to softening at high temperatures.
Certain materials may abrade the cutting edge of the tool excessively; hence, the
wear resistance of the tool material may well be more important than its resistance
to high cutting temperatures. Hardness is necessary for cutting harder materials and
generally gives increased tool life, but it must be balanced against the toughness
required for the application. The desired combination of properties in a high-speed
tool steel may be obtained, first, by selection of the proper grade and,
PROBLEMS STATEMENT
There are many factors that affect the performance of cutting tool especially when
dry machining. Nowadays, there are many type of cutting tools invented by
manufacture engineers to overcome the problem. As an example the coated and
uncoated carbide cutting tools. This two cutting tools have their advantages and
disadvantages. We try to investigate the best cutting tool whether coated or
uncoated carbide cutting tool for dry machining Aluminum Alloy. Surface
roughness is often a good predictor of the performance of a mechanical
component, since irregularities in the surface may form nucleation sites for cracks
or corrosion. Although roughness is usually undesirable, it is difficult and
expensive to control in manufacturing. Decreasing the roughness of a surface will
usually increase exponentially its manufacturing costs. This often results in a trade-
off between the manufacturing cost of a component and its performance in
application.
TYPE OF COATING MATERIALS
1. Nickel
2. Chromium
3. Yttrium oxide
4. black oxide
5. zinc
1. Pvd coating
2. Cvd coating
1. CHROMIUM
Chromium is a chemical element with symbol Cr and atomic number 24. It is the
first element in Group 6. It is a steely-grey, lustrous, hard and brittle metal which
takes a high polish, resists tarnishing, and has a high melting point. The name of
the element is derived from the color because many of its compounds are intensely
colored. Chromium oxide was used by the Chinese in the Qin dynasty over 2,000
years ago to coat metal weapons found with the Terracotta Army.
PROPERTIES VALUE
Density 7.19 g.cm-3 at 20°C
Atomic number 24
It is one of the several methods of depositing single crystals and invented in the
late 1960s. The deposition of single crystal films by the condensation of one or
more beams of atoms and molecules from Knudsen sources under ultra high
voltage (UHV) condition is called molecular beam epitaxy. The term ‘beam’
means the evaporated atoms do not interact with each other or with other vacuum
chamber gases until they reach the substrate or wafer. Epitaxial growth takes place
due to the interaction of molecular or atomic beams on a surface of a heated
crystalline substrate.
Fig shows the experimental set up of molecular beam evaporation. The Knudsen
effusion source consists of a metallic chamber, containing the evaporant with a
small orifice. The orifice dimension is smaller than the mean fee path of the vapour
in chamber. Flow of the molecules from source is by effusion. The effusion
molecular beam has a large mean free path compared to source substrate distance.
The flux of beam is precisely determined by the partial pressures of the vapour
species within the chamber, their molecular weight, and source temperature and
orifice dimension. The beam is directed on the substrate by orifice slits and
shutters.
Molecular beam epitaxy takes place in high vacuum or ultra high vacuum
(10−8Pa). The most important aspect of MBE is the deposition rate less than 3000
nm per hour that allows the films to grow epitaxially. These deposition rates
require proportionally better vacuum to achieve the same impurity levels as other
deposition techniques. The absence of carrier gases as well as the ultra high
vacuum environment results in the highest achievable purity of the grown films.
During operation, reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) is often
used for monitoring the growth of the crystal layers. A computer controls shutters
in front of each furnace, allowing precise control of the thickness of each layer,
down to a single layer of atoms. Intricate structures of layers of different materials
may be fabricated this way. Such control has allowed the development of
structures where the electrons can be confined in space, giving quantum wells or
even quantum dots. Such layers are now a critical part of many modern
semiconductor devices, including semiconductor lasers and LEDs.
In systems where the substrate needs to be cooled, the ultra high vacuum
environment within the growth chamber is maintained by a system of cryopumps,
and cryopanels, chilled using liquid nitrogen or cold nitrogen gas to a temperature
close to 77 Kelvin. Molecular beam epitaxy is also used for the deposition of some
types of organic semiconductors. In this case, molecules, rather than atoms, are
evaporated and deposited onto the substrate or wafer.
Experimental Set Up Of Molecular Beam Evaporation
Other variations include gas source MBE, which resembles CVD. MBE has many
key characteristics which make it an industry and research standard thin film
growth system. There are three types of MBE such as Solid Source MBE (SS-
MBE), Plasma Assisted MBE (PA-MBE) and Reactive MBE (R-MBE).
MBE is a very versatile technique, allowing a wide variety of semiconductor alloys
to be grown, under non equilibrium conditions, through the combined evaporation
of its constituent elemental sources. Abrupt doping profiles (δ doping) can be
synthesized. The slow growth rates provide for great control over the epitaxial
layer thickness. Therefore, it is widely used in the manufacture of semiconductor
devices, including transistors for cellular phones and Wi-Fi. MBE has excellent
thickness uniformity, minimal foreign contamination as a result of the UHF
conditions, yielding high purity crystals, real time in situ characterization during
growth and high quality multiwafer growth for high volume production. MBE is
less hazardous as it does not employ any dangerous chemical pre cursors.
Disadvantages of Molecular beam epitaxy are substrate rotation is required for
uniformity in thickness and conformity. MBE has individual effusion cells for each
element. Large effusion cells and efficient heat dissipation make multiwafer scale
up more difficult.
4. ACTIVATED REACTIVE EVAPORATION (ARE) METHOD
The evaporation of a metal occurs in the presence of a reactive gas and plasma to
deposit compounds with increased adhesion and increased deposition rates. The
deposition technique has been mainly used to deposit highly adherent films of
oxides and carbides. Fig shows the experimental set up of activated reactive
evaporation. In this evaporation process, metal is heated and melted by a high
acceleration voltage e-beam. Metal has a thin plasma sheath on top of it.
Biased ARE
The substrate is biased normally negative to attract the positive ions and positively
biased electrode between source and substrate is used to create the plasma.
Enhanced ARE
The plasma in ARE is enhanced by accelerating electrons emitted from tungsten
filament under electric field perpendicular to the vapor beam. The ionization can
be further enhanced using a magnetic field. This has the advantages that deposition
can be done at a lower pressure.
Advantages of ARE technique are extremely high deposition rates, variety of
coating compositions, precise control of stoichiometry, better adhesion and denser
microstructure than direct evaporation. Disadvantages of ARE are high substrate
temperature, addition of an extra electrode, slightly complicated compared to
evaporation, and substrate must generally be rotated for uniform coating.
5. ION PLATING METHOD
Ion plating is a PVD process that uses electron beam evaporation. The material
used in this type of coating is ionized and vaporized through the aid of an electric
arc and then forced toward the target at high speed. This process is commonly
performed within a vacuum chamber or an inert gas setting. It is also known as
physical vapour deposition. Fig. 5 shows the experimental set up of ion plating
Materials that are to be subjected to ion plating are usually treated prior to plating
in order to thoroughly clean them and eliminate foreign materials. This is also
performed in the environment where plating is to be accomplished, a process called
sputtering. Plating and sputtering can be two identical processes, but with the
former, the target is typically bombarded with other materials ions, like argon gas,
that can strip off all foreign particles rather than promoting a bond.
When the target is prepared and treated for coating application, the process of ion
plating commences. The coating material undergoes vaporization with the help of
electric arc current that makes use of the high flow of current and low voltage. This
is done in order to ionize all atoms that repel each other because of similar electric
charges, as well as to vaporize the material used for coating. The vapour produced
is propelled onto the target and delivered in opposite weak electrical charge to be a
magnet for the ionized coating. This process makes ion vaporization possible and
in turn results in the adhesion of coating to the surface.
Experimental Set Up Of Ion Plating
Ion plating application techniques can be altered in several ways. One way is the
introduction of other types of vaporized ions and various gases within the closed
setting.
It is also possible to mix vaporized ions of one material with another in order to
form different compounds that adhere to the surface target. Combining different
materials also allows a broad variety of coatings.
Coatings applied through ion plating are usually even and ultra thin, making them
ideal for materials with uneven or irregular shapes. Most importantly, coatings
applied by ion plating possess impressive hardness, high durability and corrosion
resistance capabilities.
6. PULSED LASER DEPOSITION (PLD) METHOD
While the basic setup is simple relative to many other deposition techniques, the
physical phenomena of laser target interaction and film growth are quite complex.
When the laser pulse is absorbed by the target energy is first converted to
electronic excitation and then into thermal, chemical and mechanical energy
resulting in evaporation, ablation, plasma formation and even exfoliation. The
ejected species expand into the surrounding vacuum in the form of a plume
containing many energetic species including atoms, molecules, electrons, ions,
clusters, particulates and molten globules, before depositing on the typically hot
substrateIn pulsed laser deposition, the solid is irradiated by high power laser
pulses in a background pressure of few Torr to 10-6 Torr.
Due to absorption of the laser power, surface layers of the solid can vaporize and is
collected on the substrate to form a thin film. Except laser wavelength transparent
material this method is useful for deposition of various composite materials
PVD WORK
Precursor gases (often diluted in carrier gases) are delivered into the reaction
chamber at approximately ambient temperatures. As they pass over or come into
contact with a heated substrate, they react or decompose forming a solid phase
which and are deposited onto the substrate. The substrate temperature is critical
and can influence what reactions will take place.
COATING CHARACTERISTICS
Fine grained
Impervious
High purity
Harder than similar materials produced using conventional ceramic
fabrication processes
PVD coatings are usually only a few microns thick and are generally deposited at
fairly slow rates, usually of the order of a few hundred microns per hour.
PVD APPARATUS
Gas delivery system – For the supply of precursors to the reactor chamber
Reactor chamber – Chamber within which deposition takes place Substrate
loading mechanism A system for introducing and removing substrates,
mandrels etc
Energy source – Provide the energy/heat that is required to get the
precursors to react/decompose.
Vacuum system – A system for removal of all other gaseous species other
than those required for the reaction/deposition.
Exhaust system – System for removal of volatile by-products from the
reaction chamber.
Exhaust treatment systems – In some instances, exhaust gases may not be
suitable for release into the atmosphere and may require treatment or
conversion to safe/harmless compounds.
Process control equipment Gauges, controls etc to monitor process parameters such
as pressure, temperature and time. Alarms and safety devices would also be
included in this category.
Energy Sources
There are several suitable sources of heat for PVD processes. These include:
Resistive Heating e.g. tube furnaces
Radiant Heating e.g. halogen lamps
Radio Frequency Heating e.g. induction heating
Lasers other energy sources may include UV-visible light or lasers as a
source of photo energy.
PVD is an extremely versatile process that can be used to process almost any
metallic or ceramic compound. Some of these include:
Elements
Metals and alloys
Carbides
Nitrides
Borides
Oxides
Inter metallic compounds
Chapter-4
EXPERIMENTAL TESTING
Chapter-4
EXPERIMENTAL TESTING
1. PERFORMANCE TEST
Selection of tool
High speed steel single point cutting tool is coated with chromium and Zinc
separately by CVD coating process. HSS tool (Fig. 1) of 10 centimeter length with
good surface finish is required for further machining process. The preparation of
work piece involves the following steps:
1. Facing Operation
The cut piece of tool was held in lathe machine and facing operation was
performed to have smooth face as shown in Fig.
Fig. Facing operation
After the preparation of tool material next step is to perform the turning operation
on the work piece with the selected set of values of feed, speed and depth of cut.
The experimental setup during the turning process
TURNING OPERATION
The faced work piece is turned in lathe machine and appeoximately 1mm thickness
is reduced. The main purpose of turning operation is to make the outer surface of
work piece smooth.
2. TOOL WEAR
Cutting tools are subjected to an extremely severe rubbing process. They are in
metal-to-metal contact, between the chip and work piece, under conditions of
very high stress at high temperature. The situation is further aggravated due to
the existence of extreme stress and temperature gradients near the surface of the
tool. During cutting, cutting tools remove the material from the component to
achieve the required shape, dimension and finish. However, wears are occurring
during the cutting action, and it will result in the failure of the cutting tool.
When the tool wear reach certain extent, the tool or edge change has to be
replaced to guarantee the ordinary cutting action.
Under high temperature, high pressure, high sliding velocity and mechanical or
thermal shock in cutting area, cutting tool has normally complex wear
appearance, which consists of some basic wear types such as crater wear, flank
wear, thermal crack, brittle crack, fatigue crack, insert breakage, plastic
deformation and build-up edge. The dominating basic wear types vary with the
change of cutting conditions.
Fig. Types of Tool Wear
WEAR MECHANISM
In order to find out suitable way to slow down the wear process, many research
works are carried out to analyze the wear mechanism in metal cutting. It is found
that tool wear is not formed by a unique tool wear mechanism but a combination
of several tool wear mechanisms. Tool wear mechanisms in metal cutting
include abrasive wear, adhesive wear, delamination wear, solution wear,
diffusion wear, oxidation wear, electrochemical wear, etc. Among them,
abrasive wear, adhesive wear, diffusion wear and oxidation wear are very
important.
Abrasive wear Abrasive wear is mainly caused by the impurities within the
work piece material, such as carbon, nitride and oxide compounds, as well as the
built-up fragments. This is a mechanical wear, and it is the main cause of the
tool wear at low cutting speed.
Diffusion of major tool constituents into the work (Chemical element loss):
The tool matrix or a major strengthening constituent may be dissolved into the
work and chip surfaces as they pass the tool. In cast alloy, carbide or ceramic
tools, this may be the prime wear phenomenon. With HSS tools, iron diffusion is
possible, but it seems unlikely to be the predominant wear process. Diamond
tool – cutting iron and steel is the typical example of diffusion wear.
Oxidation wear High temperatures and the presence of air mean oxidation for
most metals. A slight oxidation of tool face is helpful to reduce the tool wear. It
reduces adhesion, diffusion and current by isolating the tool and the workpiece.
But at high temperature soft oxide layers, for example WO3, TiO2, are formed
rapidly, and then taken away by the chip and the workpiece. This results in a
rapid tool material loss, which is oxidation wear.
Chemical wear Corrosive wear (due to chemical attack of a surface)
Work piece It includes the work piece material and its physical properties
(mechanical and thermal properties, microstructure, hardness, etc), which
determine cutting force and energy for the applied cutting conditions.
Tool The tool material, tool coatings and tool geometric design (edge preparation,
rake angle, etc) need to be appropriately chosen for different operations (roughing,
semiroughing, or finishing). The optimal performance of a cutting tool requires a
right combination of the above tool parameters and cutting conditions (cutting
speed, feed rate, depth of cut)
APPLICATION
CONCLUSION
In this paper discussed chromium and zinc coated HSS tool with compared
can be considered as a good material for tool coating while zinc and
Similarly machining with zinc and chromium coated tool produced good
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