Correcting for Hydrogen

 Once ρ is determined and corrected for mud weight and

borehole diameter, it must be converted to the apparent
density ρa.
 Remembering that ρ is actually ρe, the Standard Industry
Transform equation is

LIMESTONE+FRESHWATER

ra = 1.0704re - 0.1883
r
ra
This equation makes the Tool read True Bulk density b
correctly for Water filled Limestone ONLY while it reads
for all other lithologies
ρb, ρa, ρe – CONFUSED?
rb Bulk density, true density as would be determined by Archimedes principle

ra Apparent density, given to us by the Logging Software

by using the transform below. If the Lithology is water

re
filled Limestone then this is equal to ρb

Electron density, to which our Tool responds

For Limestone CaCO3 For Water H2O

ρb = 2.71 gm/cc ρb = 1.00 gm/cc

Using the above 2 point calibration, we get the transform for Hydrogen correction

ra = 1.0704re - 0.1883
 ρb, ρa, ρe for Compounds
Compound Formula RhoB 2 Z/A RhoE RhoA
Quartz SiO2 2.654 0.9985 2.650 2.648
Calcite CaCo3 2.710 0.9991 2.708 2.710
Dolomite CaCO3MgCO3 2.870 0.9977 2.863 2.876
Freshwater H2O 1.000 1.1101 1.110 1.00
Saltwater 200.000 ppm 1.146 1.0797 1.237 1.135
"Oil" n(CH2) 0.850 1.1407 0.970 0.850
 The PEF Curve
Photoelectric Factor
For Molecules
Pe = Photoelectric Factor
Pe has no units
For low Z materials

Pe curve is an index of the effective

photoelectric absorption cross section of
the formation
 How to calculate Pe?

example of
Limestone
CaCO3
Sandstone = 1.81
Limestone = 5.08
Dolomite = 3.14
Shale = 3-4
Salt = 4.65
Anhydrite = 5.05
How to measure Density
and Pe
Density and Pe of a formation
is like height and weight
properties of a person.
While height and weight are
independent properties,
normally when height
increases, weight also
increases
Similarly when Density
increases, Pe also increases
But just like we can have a
short but fat person, or tall but
thin person, similarly there are
Counts in this materials that can have
energy range used variations, where one effect is
for Density dominant
Density Spectrum
(one for each detector)
 Density Log
 Density Log (RHOB) is presented
on Linear Scale on Track 3 or 4
 Lesser Density implies more
Porosity
 Some companies present Density
Porosity
 Density Correction (DRHO) is also
presented for Quality Control
 Normally Density tool is always
run with Neutron tool and both
curves are presented on
Limestone compatible scale