MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

LAB MANUAL
SUBJECT: - ENERGY CONVERSION – II

VII-SEMESTER

LIST OF PRACTICAL

1. Trial on Twin cylinder reciprocating air compressor.

2. Trial on Rotary Air Compressor (Roots Blower)

3. Study of Internal combustion Engine

4. Study of fuel injection and Ignition sys

5. Study of Engine cooling and Lubrication system.

6. Trial on Computerized Single Cylinder four stroke diesel engine with

eddy current dynamometer.

7. Trial on Computerized Single Cylinder four stroke petrol engine with

eddy current dynamometer.

8. Visit to thermal power plant

9. Heat balance sheet on Multi cylinder Diesel engine

10. Study on Gas Turbine

11. Study of Carburetors such as Zenith, Carter, Solex, S.U. etc.

12 Study of Cogeneration G. T. Plant and Jet Propulsion system

13 Study and demonstration on AVL exhaust gas analyzer.
 Experiment No.1

Aim:
To Conduct a Test on Air Compressor and to determine the Volumetric Efficiency and
Isothermal Efficiency at various delivery pressure.

Description:

The Air Compressor is a two stage, reciprocating type. The air is sucked from atmosphere
and compressed in the first cylinder. The compressed air then passes through the air
cooler into the second stage cylinder, where the air is further compressed. The air further
goes to the air reservoir through safety valve, which operates the electrical switch, when
the pressure exceeds the limit. The test unit consists of a air chamber, containing an
orifice plate, the manometer, compressor, an electrical dynamometer type induction
motor.

Equipment Data:

1. Diameter of low pressure cylinder = 101.6 mm

2. Diameter of high pressure cylinder = 63.5 mm
3. Length of stroke = 69.85 mm
4. Maximum discharge pressure = 10.50 kg/cm2
5. Compressor speed = 650 RPM
6. Motor speed = 1440 RPM
7. H.P. of Motor = 3.00
8. Orifice Diameter = 12.00 mm
9. Coefficient of discharge of orifice = 0.65
10. Area of Orifice = 1.1304 x 10-4 m2
11. Dynamometer Arm Length = 70 mm

Procedure:

1. The outlet valve is closed.

2. The dynamometer is adjusted, so that the circular balance reads zero, when the
pointers at the motor pedestal coincide. This can be easily done by operating the
hand wheel.
3. The manometer connections are checked. (The manometer may be filled with
water upto the half level.)
4. The compressor is started. The pressure develops slowly
5. At the particular pressure, the outlet valve is opened slowly and adjusted so that
the pressure is maintained constant.
6. Take the all readings

Observations:

Speed of the motor = __________ N-m

Speed of the compressor Nc = __________ RPM
Manometer readings h1 = __________ m
 h2 = __________ m
High Pressure gauge reading P = __________ Kg/cm2
The Room Temperature t = __________ C
Repeat the experiment for different pressures T1

Calculations:

1. Manometer readings

h1 = __________ m, and
h2 = __________ m

2. Water Head causing flow

hm = h1 – h2 m

3. Air head causing flow

  1
H = h   w 
  a 

Where w = Density of water

a = Density of air
Density of air at RTP = 1.293 Kg/m3
1.293 x 273
Density of air at NTP =
273  t

4. Actual Volume of air compressed at RTP

Va = Cd x a x 2gH
Where Cd = Coefficient of orifice = 0.65
a = area of orifice in m2

5. Actual volume of air compressed at NTP

Va TN
V1 = m3/sec.
TR

Where TN = 273
TR = (273 + t)

6. Theoretical volume of air

  N
Vt =  D 2  L  C m3/sec.
4 60

Where D = Diameter of the high pressure cylinder

L = Stroke length.
Nc = RPM of the Compressor.

7. Volumetric Efficiency

actual volume at NTP / Sec.

vol. =
Theoretical volume / Sec.
V1
= OR  100
Vt
Va
=  100
Vs

Compressor Output:
8. Isothermal Work Done

Pa  Va  log e r
With. =
75
P 
= Pa  Va  log 3 
 P1 
Where Pa = atmospheric pressure
Va =
actual volume of air compressed per sec at RTP
r =
Compression Ratio
Gauge pressure  atmospheric pressure
= atmospheric pressure

9. Isothermal efficiency

Isothermal H.P.
ith =
I.H.P.
Isothermal Work.
=
Actual Work.
Graphs:

Draw Graphs
1. Pressure Ratio Vs. Volumetric Efficiency
2. Pressure Ratio Vs. Isothermal Efficiency
3. Pressure Ratio Vs. Input / shaft power to compressor
4. Pressure Ratio Vs. Free air delivered.

Observation Table:
Suction Outlet Inlet Outlet
1st stage 2nd stage Energy
Tank Ambient of 1st of 2nd of 2nd Tank SI
discharge Discharge Meter
Head Pressure Temp. stage stage stage Inlet Bar
Pressure Pressure Reading
Temp. Temp. Temp.
h P1 P2 P3 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
mm Kg/cm2 Kg/cm2 Kg/cm2 Sec/rev C C C C C Kg
Do’s and Dont’s

DO’s
1. Keep Air Inlet portion clean.
2. Check current belt tension.
3. Current Oil Level in the crankier to be maintained.
4. Drain daily by opening Drain Cock.
5. If you hear any unusual sound, please attend immediately.
6. Use safety glasses or goggles.

DO NOT’s
1. Do not neglect the routine checking.
2. Do not neglect any leakage in the system.
3. Do not do any meddling or adjustment while compressor is working.
4. Do not keep any loose tools on compressor.
5. Do not run the compressor without belt yard.
6. Do not use any cleaning agents while changing oil.
7. Do not inhale compressed air directly.
8. Do not use the compressor in the rain or any explosive atmosphere.
9. Do not tamper with safety valve, occasionally pull the ring on the change
setting of safety valve to make sure that the valve operate freely.

Results:

Pressure
Delivery Speed Input Isothermal Volumetric Overall F.A.D.
ratio
Sr. Pressure Power

No. r  ith  vol. o

2
kg/cm RPM KW % % % m3/min
1
2
3
4
5

Precautions:

1. The orifice should never be closed, otherwise the manometer liquid (water) will
be sucked into the tank.
2. At the end of the experiment the outlet valve at the reservoir should be opened, as
the compressor is to be started again at low pressure, to prevent undue strain on
the piston.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 2

Aim: To Determine Efficiency of Rotary Air Compressor (Root’s Blower)

Basically air compressors are of two types, namely reciprocating and rotary.
Reciprocating type are commonly used everywhere in commercial applications. But
rotary compressors find application in industries. Both are positive displacement
types. Above compressor is Twin lobe type, in horizontal position with air cooled.

Working Principle:

Two rotors each of identical profile rotate in opposite directions, without

touching each other or the casing, thus developing a known volume of oil free air,
carrying it to and forcing it out POSITIVELY through the discharge opening. For one
complete revolution of both rotors, this action occurs four times, hence air supplied is
intermittent type, which is reflected in vibration of pressure gauge.
During this rotation known volume of air trapped between the rotors and casing does
not decrease from entry to exit and hence no pressure is developed till the discharge
end is uncovered, where high pressure receiver air offers resistance resulting in
irreversible mixing of compressor and receiver air and consequent irreversible
pressure rise as shown in fig.

Application:

Application:-

Cement Plant : Cement blending, aeration, fluidization

Steel Plants : Coke oven gas, lime kiln bed, coal washing
Water treatment plant : Aeration air to keep beneficial bacteria
& Sewage plants alive in activated sludge process,
Demineralization, supply of air for back washes
of filters
Sugar Plants : Sulphitation Process
Textile mills : Humidification, beam dying
Pneumatic Conveying : material handling, including flour, sugar,
Salt, cement, coall, plastic chips, wood
chips, etc,.
Chemical : transport of gases
Test Set Up:

It comprises of following
1. Blower, motor, transmission, base, etc.
2. Electrical panel
3. Suction and Discharge ducts, control valve
4. Venturimeter and gauges

BLOWER : Rotary, Twin lobe type

Outlet and Inlet : 2” NB
Maximum Pressure at 2 HP 4 psig (0.24
kg/sq.cm)
MOTOR : 3 phase, 440 V AC, induction, foot mounted, 2
HP, 1400 rpm
COUPLING : Transmission through V Belts and double grooved
pulley sets.
BASE : Made from strong channel
100mmx50mmx5.5mm
ELECTRICAL PANEL : It comprises of following :
Energy meter : 3 phase, BHEL, 10A 4 wire, 150 rev/kWh
Starter : Cutter Hammer, AMLE 50, 3phase, Thermal
overload protection
Manometer : U-tube, glass, 30cm, water filled / mercury filled
SUCTION & DISCHARGE : 2” pipes with ports for gauges, flanges etc.
DUCTS
CONTROL VALVE : 2” Gun metal, gate valve
VENTURIMETER : Flanged ends, 58mm Inlet diameter, 29 mm throat
diameter
GAUGES :
Pressure Gauges : 0 – 1 kg/sq.cm
Vacuum Gauge : 0 – 760 mm Mercury

Procedure:

1. Check all electrical connections.

2. Ensure clockwise rotation of compressor when viewed from pulley end.
3. Check oil level in the compressor, if reduced fill it to the level
4. ENSURE FULL OPENING of control valve, do not block suction side.
5. Check tension in the belts.
6. Fill up mercury to the desired level.
7. Now start the compressor with the help of starter
8. After steady start, note down readings of following.
9. Slowly close the valve partially to read pressure of 0.02 kg/sq.cm and up-to
0.24 kg/sq.cm.
10. Note down all readings.
11. Maximum limit of pressure for given set up = 4 psig (0.24 kg/cm2)

Observations:

1. Energy-meter constant KE = 150 revolutions / KWH

 2. Venturimeter
a. Inlet Diameter d1 = 58 mm
b. Outlet Diameter d2 = 29 mm
c. Inlet Area A1 = 0.00264 m2
d. Throat Area A2 = 0.00066 m2
Calculations:

1. Pressure of air

P = _________ kg/cm2

2. Total Head
Pd  10 4
H = m
a

Where,air density
a = 1.2 kg/m3
3. Venturimeter Constant
A1  A2
K =
A12  A22
4. Manometer head
hm   m
Ha = m
a
Where hm = (h1 – h2) m
m = density of mercury = 13,600 kg/m3
5. Air discharge

Qa = Cd  K  2 g  Ha m3/sec

Where Cd = Coeff. of Discharge = 0.97

g = 9.81 m/sec2
6. Output HP of Compressor
 a  Qa  H t
B = g kW
1000

7. Input HP to Compressor

N  3600 1.37  m  t
I =
t  KE

Where m = Motor Efficiency = 0.8

T = Transmission eff. = 0.75
KE = 150 rev/KWH
N = No. of revolution
t = Time

8. Blower efficiency
 B
B =  100%
I

Observation Table:

Energy meter reading

Discharge Pressure Suction Pressure Manometer Readings
Sr. for 2 rev. of disc
No. P V h1 h2 t
Kg/cm2 mm of Hg cm cm Sec.

1.

2.

3.

4.
 Experiment No .3

Aim : Study of Internal Combustion Engine.

Introduction:
1. Theory.
2. Working Principle
3. Application
4. Classification of I.C. Engine
5. 4 stroke Otto cycle with Line Diagram, PV diagram and Valve Timing
Diagram.
6. 4 stroke Diesel cycle with Line Diagram, PV diagram and Valve
Timing Diagram.
7. 2 stroke SI Engine with Line Diagram, PV diagram and port timing
diagram.
8. Difference between Two Stroke and Four Stroke Engine
9. Difference between SI engine and CI engine.
 Experiment No. 4

Aim: Study of fuel injection and ignition system.

A] Fuel injection.
1. Introduction
2. Theory and Function
3. Types.
a. Air injection.
b. Solid or airless injection.
4. Electronic fuel injection.

B] Ignition system.
1. Introduction
2. Theory and Function
3. Requirements of Ignition system.
4. Types
a. Battery or coil ignition system with diagram, Advantages and
disadvantages
b. Magneto Ignition System with diagram, advantages and disadvantages.
5. Electronic Ignition System.
 Experiment No. 5

Aim: Study of Engine Cooling and Lubrication System.

A] Engine Cooling System:

1. Introduction
2. Theory and Function
3. Types
a. Air Cooling with diagram, advantages and disadvantages
b. Liquid Cooling
i. Thermo Syphon Cooling with diagram, advantages and
disadvantages.
ii. Forced or pump Cooling with diagram, advantages and
disadvantages
iii. Cooling with Thermostatic regulator with diagram, advantages
and disadvantages
iv. Pressurized water cooling with diagram, advantages and
disadvantages
v. Evaporative Cooling with diagram, advantages and
disadvantages.
B] Lubrication System:
1. Introduction
2. Theory, Function and Properties of Lubricants
3. Types
a. Wet sump lubrication system with diagram, advantages and
disadvantages.
b. Dry Sump lubrication system with diagram, advantages and
disadvantages
c. Mist Lubrication system with diagram, advantages and disadvantages.
 Experiment No. 6

Aim: Trial on 4 Stroke Single Cylinder Compression Ignition Engine with Eddy
Current Dynamometer.

To conduct a performance test on the engine to determine the following

1. Brake Power
2. B.S.F.C.
3. Brake Thermal Efficiency
4. Volumetric Efficiency
5. To prepared heat balance sheet.

Observation Table:

Air
for for Fuel
flow Speed Temperature
Engine Calorimeter flow
rate
Sr.
No. T mw mw T1 T2 T4 T5 T6
N-
Kg/hr Kg/hr m3/hr Kg/hr rpm c c c c c c
m
1.

Calculations:
2NT
1. Brake Power, B.P. = kW
60  1000
V 1
2. Fuel Consumption, Mf= 6
  e f Where, v = _ cm3, t =__ s, f =_ kg/m3
10 t
mf
3. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption B.S.F.C.= kg/kWh
B.P.
B.P.
4. Brake Thermal Efficiency Bth =  100 =___%
m f  C.V .

va Cd o Ao 2 gH a
1. Volumetric Efficiency vol = =  2 N =____%
vs d L K
4 60  2

Result:

Brake Thermal Volumetric

Load Brake Power B.S.F.C.
Sr. Efficiency Efficiency
No. W B.P.  bth  vol.
N kW kg/kWh
1.
Computer (Software) Operating System:
2. After switching ON of all the meters and converter.
3. Run the software.
4. In software, you have options to do two types of tests.
a. Performance test
b. PV P Test
5. In software, you have got different menus as below:
a. Start Test: In start test you can start the test of two types.
i. Performance Test

ii. PV-- P Test

If you opt for performance test, you should enter the time in
seconds. If you opt for PV P test, you should open (top) the
pressure transducer valve which is provided on the engine to access
the pressure of the engine at every 2 of crank rotations. When you
click on PV P test you see on the computer screen

iii. Checking for data when it starts for down loading data you see
down loading data. As soon as you see down loading data close the
valve (downwards) of pressure transducer immediately.
b. Save File : This command is used to save the data from the current test.

c. View File : You can view the file of saved file (data).

d. View Report : You can view the reports and graphs of the current or
previous file.

e. Settings : In this there are 3 types of settings viz. : Com 1, Com2, Com3,
where our current setting should be always in Com1.

f. Exit : To exit from the current set up.

g. Stop test : when you click on start test and opt for performance test you
see stop test in place of start test menu. (when number of values are
accessed) when you opt to stop the test you click on the stop test menu.

Experiment No. 7
Variable Compression Ratio Computerized 4 Stroke Single Cylinder Petrol Engine Test
Rig

Aim: Trial on Variable Compression Ratio 4 Stroke Single Cylinder Spark Ignition
Engine with Eddy Current Dynamometer.

To conduct a performance test on the engine by changing the cylinder heads for
different COMPRESSION RATIO to determine the following
1) Brake Power,
2) Indicated Power
3) Frictional Power
4) BSFC
5) Mechanical Efficiency
6) Brake Thermal Efficiency
7) Indicated Thermal Efficiency
8) Volumetric Efficiency
9) Graphs.

Computer (software) operating system:

1. Initially, with no load on engine, it is started by hand cranking

2. Run the software.
3. Press the button for “Get Pressure” to get the Mean effective Pressure, and
note that reading
4. Fill the burette by petrol, on the fuel supply line and measure time required
for 50 cc.
5. On computer, press the “Start Data Acquisition” button to get the various
data.
6. Manually note down the various readings such as Temperatures, water
flow rate, air pressure, speed
7. Now On computer save the each reading.
8. By increasing the torque on the engine again take readings.
9. Maximum 5 readings will have to be taken in the torque range of 0-5 N-
m.
10. Calculate brake power, indicated power, various efficiencies and prepare a
heat balance sheet.
Observation Table:

Time for
Air Water
Temperature Load Speed 50 cm3 of m.e.f.
Pressure flow rate
Sr. fuel
No.
T1 T2 T4 Pm
c c c c mm kg Rpm lit/hr Sec

1.

Calculations:
1. Torque T = 9.81 x Load x R = ____ N-m, where R = Length of Torque arm = 0.15 m
2NT
2. Brake Power, B.P. = kW
60  1000
Pm  9.8110 4  L  A  N
3. Indicated Power, IP = 2 KW
60  1000
4. Frictional Power, FP = IP – BP = ___ KW
V 1
5. Fuel Consumption, Mf= 6
  e f Where, v = 50 cm3, t =__ s, f =_ kg/m3
10 t
mf
6. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption B.S.F.C.= kg/kWh
B.P.
B.P.
7. Mechanical Efficiency, mech =  100 = ___%
I .P.
B.P.
8. Brake Thermal Efficiency Bth =  100 =___%
m f  C.V .
I .P.
9. Indicated Thermal Efficiency, Ith =  100 =___%
m f  C.V .

va Cd o Ao 2 gH a
10. Volumetric Efficiency vol = =  2 N =____%
vs d L K
4 60  2

RESULT:
 Mechanic Brake Indicated Volumetri
Indicat
Sr Loa Brake Frictional al Thermal Thermal c
ed B.S.F.C.
. d Power Power Efficienc Efficienc Efficienc Efficienc
Power
N y y y y
o. W B.P. I.P. F. P. mech bth Ith vol.
N kW kW kW kg/kWh % % % %

1.

GRAPHS:

1. Compression Ratio Vs. Brake Power

2. Compression Ratio Vs. Brake Thermal Efficiency
3. Compression Ratio Vs. Specific Fuel Consumption
4. Compression Ratio Vs. Volumetric Efficiency
Brake Thermal Efficiency

30

3.4 20
Brake Power

3.1 10

5 7 9 11 5 7 9 11
Compression Ratio Compression Ratio
 45

0.25
35
Specific Fuel Consumption

Volumetric Efficiency
0.22 25

15

0.19

5 7 9 11 5 7 9 11
Compression Ratio Compression Ratio
 Experiment No.9

Aim: Trial On Two Cylinder Water Cooled C.I. Engine Under Variable Load.

1. Load Test
2. To determine Brake Power (B.P.)
3. To Determine B.S.F.C.
4. To Determine Brake Thermal Efficiency
5. To draw heat balance sheet

Engine Specification:

Engine : Kirloskar Twin Cylinder Diesel

Type : Vertical Four Stroke, C.I. Engine
Bore : 87.5 mm
Stroke : 110 mm
Cubic Capacity : 1.323 liters
Normal Comp. ratio : 17.5 : 1
Fuel Tank Capacity : 11 lts.
Governor : centrifugal Mechanical Type
Speed : 1500 rpm
Cooling : water cooling
Mode of starting : By hand cranking
B.M.E.P. at full load and : 6.33 kg/cm2
1500 rpm

Air And Fuel Measurement Set Up:

Air Tank : M. S. 40 cm x 40 cm x 40 cm
Orifice : sharp edge 16 mm diameters
Manometer : U-tube, 30 cm
Burrette : 50CC, glass

Observations

1. No. of Cylinder k = 2
2. Coeff. Of discharge Cdo = 0.82
3. C. V. of Diesel c.v. = 49500 kJ/kg
4. Density of Diesel  = 831 kg/m3
5. Gas Constant R = 0.287 kJ/kg
6. Engine Speed N = 1500 rpm
7. Density of Hg = 13600 kg/m3
8. Room Temperature Ta = _______
9. Brake drum diameter = _______
10. Diameter of Rope = _______

Procedure:

Diesel engines are tested for performances characteristics. This testing is carried out at
various loads starting at no load to the full load condition. The governors will adjust the
 engine speed nearly equal to the load and takes care of it. At no load, the engine is started
by hand cranking. The burette is fitted with fuel and time required for 20 ml. of fuel
consumption is recorded. All the temperatures are measured with the help of thermometer
and thermocouples respectively and also quantity of water through water jacket is
measured with the help of water meter and stop watch, speed is also recorded. This above
condition is repeated for various load. The B.P., Brake thermal efficiency, B.S.F.C. and
Heat balance sheet is prepared.

Calculations:

1. Area of Orifice
 2 2
Ao = do m
4

2. Density of Air
Pa
a =
RTa

Where,R = 0.287 kJ/kgK

Ta = Room Temperature in K
Pa = N/m2

3. Head of air Ha in meter

H m m
Ha =
a
Where,m = 13600 kg/m3
Hm = ___________meter

4. Air mass flow rate ma in kg/min

Va = Cdo.Ao.
Cd o . Ao 2 gH a
Where  = Velocity of air passing through (m/s)

5. Brake Power

2NT
B.P. =
60  1000
2N (W  R )
=
60  1000
= ______________ kW

6. Fuel Consumption
V 1
Mf = 6  ef
10 t
Where,v = _________ cm3
t = _________ sec
 f = _________ kg/m3
7. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption
mf
B.S.F.C.=
B.P.
= __________ kg/kWh

8. Air Fuel Ratio

ma
A:F =
mf

9. Piston displacement Volume

 2 N
Vs = d L  K
4 2
= ____________ m3/min

 2 N
Ma = d L  K  a
4 2
= ____________ kg/min

10. Brake Thermal Efficiency

B.P.
Bth =  100
m f  C.V .
= ___________

11. Volumetric Efficiency

va
vol =
vs
Cd o Ao 2 gH a
=  2 N
d L K
4 60  2

= ______________
 Observation Table:

Manometer Load Radius Fuel Test Engine Cooling Temperatures

(w-
S.
h1-h2 s)x RE Vec t V/t Q T Q/T tw1 tw2 tw3 tw4
No.
9.8
m N m3 sec. Lit. Sec. m3/sec C C C C
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Result:

Brake Thermal Volumetric

Load Brake Power B.S.F.C.
Sr. Efficiency Efficiency
No. W B.P.  bth  vol.
N kW kg/kWh
1
2
3
4
5
6
 Experiment No.10

Aim: Study of Gas Turbines

1. Introduction
2. Theory, Function and Application
3. Working principle of Open Cycle Gas Turbine with line diagram and T-S
diagram.
4. Working principle of Closed Cycle Gas Turbine with line diagram and T-S
diagram.
5. Methods for Improving thermal efficiency
a. Inter-cooling with Line Diagram and TS diagram.
b. Reheating with Line Diagram and TS diagram.
c. Regeneration with Line Diagram and TS diagram
 Experiment no. 11

Aim: Study of Carburetor

1. Introduction
2. Theory and Function
3. Working Principle of Zenith Carburetor with Line diagram
4. Working Principle of Carter Carburetor with Line diagram
5. Working Principle of Solex Carburetor with Line diagram
6. Working Principle of S.U. Carburetor with Line diagram
 Experiment no. 12
Aim : Study of Cogeneration G. T. Plant and Jet Propulsion System

1. Cogeneration Theory
2. Purpose of Cogeneration
3. Basic Theory of Jet Propulsion
4. Theory of Jet Engine
5. Classification of Jet Engine
A. Atmospheric Jet Engine
i. Steady jet combustion system, continuous air flow
a. Turbo Jet
b. Turbo Prop
c. Ram Jet
ii. Intermittent Combustion system
a. Pulse Jet
B. Rocket Engine
i. Liquid Propellant
ii. Solid Propellant
 Experiment no.13

Aim: Measure amount of CO and HC in exhaust gases of 2-stroke & 4-stroke

engine with help of exhaust gas analyzer.

Concept:

I.C. Engine testing are classified as:

a) Thermodynamics test
b) Commercial test
c) P.U.C. test

Types of I.C. Engine test

Thermodynamic test Commercial Test P.U.C. test

a) Thermodynamic Test: The test which is performed on the engine for the
purpose of comparing actual result with the theoretical are known as
thermodynamic test.

Thermodynamic Test

Power Developed Distribution of Supplied Heat

Heat Supplied Per Unit Time

 b) Commercial test :
The tests performed on two stroke engine for commercial purpose are known as

Commercial test. This test is performed to check the following.

Commercial Test

Output Quantity of Quantity of the Overload

Power Lubricant BHPh coming BHPh Capacity

c) P. U. C. test: (to check exhaust gas emission)

Due to increase in automobile pollution all over the country. The state has made it

mandatory for all vehicles checked & obtains P.U.C. certificates. The P.U.C.

certificate will be valid for 6 month. All these measurements are being taken to keep

CO, HC, CO2 & pm under control which are highly injurious to the health.

P. U. C.

%CO %C02 %HC

 Emission Euro- II standard for controlling PUC in India from 1st April 2000.

2-Wheeler 3-Wheeler

CO (g/Km) HC (g/Km) CO (g/Km) HC (g/Km)

Min 2.0 Min 2.0 Min 4.0 Min 2.0
Max 2.4 Max 2.4 Max 4.8 Max 2.4

Test certificate is provided after PUC testing

PUC is the process of adjusting air fuel ratio to make the mixture lean or reach or

adjust the values of CO & HC emitted by the vehicle in exhaust within times.

Is done by only RTO approved center

Is compulsory for all vehicles

PUC For small Petrol vehicles costs Rs. 50/-

Certificate is valid only for 6 months

PUC values for Petrol Vehicles are RTO approved

 For For MPFI

Carburetor
CO 0.5 % to 1.5% < 0.5 %
HC < 1200 ppm < 300 ppm
Note : MPFI – Multi point fuel injection : Fuel is injected directly in the engine

Environment used for checking vehicle emissions.

Sampling

Chassis Dmanemothe Constant voltage

Sampler
Test

Analysis principle:

Spectroscopic method

NDIR (non-dispasive informed)

Laser Spectres copy with semiconductor diodes

Fowler transformation method

Magnetic method

Electro chemical method

Learning Objective:

1. Discriminating & classifying Petrol engine contains Tetra – Ethyl Lead

(TEL) which is added to increase anti knock quantity at octane number.
Because of TEL engine exhaust contains compounds of lead which are
poisonous.
2. Equipment used for checking vehicle emissions (HC, CO & CO2)
 a. Out O emission analyzer
b. Diesel smoke tester meter
3. Exhaust Gas Combustion
The various contents of exhaust emission are :

a. Carbon Monoxide (CO)

b. Hydrocarbons (HC)
c. Oxide of Nitrogen (NO2)

i) Reset equipment used for analyser

1. Automobile Test Analyser

Measurable gas and range

HC – 0 – 1000 ppm (2 ppm/digit)

1000 – 2000 ppm (5 ppm/digit)

Recording method : Printing of gas concentration limit value, time & date etc. by
thermal printer (2 sheet)

Power Consumption : 100V

Outer dimensions : 400 mm (w) x 215 mm (h) x 490

Weight : 22 kg (approx.)

ii) Diesel Smoke Test on Meters

Open Diesel Smoke Tester specification

 Model RDT – 101
Detection method Filter paper reflex system
Measuring substance Black smoke exhausted from diesel engine
Accuracy Between  3% of fuel scale
Calibration method By standard colour paper
Dimensions 300 (w) x 385 (h) x 225 (d) mm
Weight 14 kg

Motor Skills:

1. Proper setting of the knob

2. Noting the proper readings
3. Take print out

Stepwise Procedure:

1. Start the engine and warm it up till 80 Cylinder temperature.

2. Switch ON the PUC machine analyzer.
3. Allow machine to warm up period 15 minutes. Response time 5 minutes.
4. PUC machine consists of plastic pipe, nozzle, printer unit, monitor with
digital number display, knob for manual adjustment, Power ON-OFF
switches and gas selector knob.
5. Plastic pipe is connected to the pump of PUC machine through which
smoke enters into the machine for analysis.
6. Put in the nozzle of the plastic pipe in the silencer tail pipe. Wait for 5
minutes.
7. Set CO & HC value of zero by using the knob.
8. Switch ON the pump.
9. Operate the gas selection switch and put it to HC & CO.
10. After 5 minute operate the air – screw in carburetor for adjustment the
value.
11. Note the recording of CO & HC.
12. Switch OFF the pump & machine & remove the pipe from the silencer of
the car.
13. Take print out for certification.