EEL303: Power Engineering I - Tutorial 5

1. A single circuit 50 Hz, 3-phase transmission line has the following parameters per km:
R=0.2 ohm, L=1.3mH and C=0.01 µ F. The voltage at the receiving end is 132 KV. If
the line is open at the receiving end, find the rms value and phase angle of the following:
(a) The incident voltage to neutral at the receiving end (reference) .
(b) The reflec ted voltage to neutral at the recei ving end.
(c) The incident and reflected voltages to neutral at 120 km from the receiving end.

Solution: The series impedance per unit length of the line

−3
z = r + jx = (0.2 + j 1.3 × 314 × 10 ) = (0 .2 + j 0.408) = 0 .454̸ 63.88
−6 −6 ̸
The shunt admittance = jwc = j 314 × 0.01 × 10 3.14 × 10 90
z 0.454
T he characteristic impedance Z = c = × 10 (63.88 − 90) = 380 −13.06
5̸ ̸
y 0.314
√ √
γ = yz = 0.314 × 0.454 × 10 (90 + 63 .88)/2 = (0 .2714+j 1.169)×10 = (α+jβ )
−6 ̸ −3

132 × 1000
The receiving end line to neutral voltage V = √3 = 76200 volts
r

The receiving end current under open circuited condition Ir = 0

(a) The incident voltage to neutral at the receiving end (x=0) is

Vr + I r Zc
2
Since, it is no load condition, Ir = 0

Vr 76200
Incident voltage = = = 38100 volts
2 2
(b) Similarly, the reflected voltage to neutral at the receiving end

Vr −I Z r c Vr
= = 38100 volts
2 2
(c) The incident voltage at a distance of 120 km from the receiving end

Vr+ = V r exp(αx)exp(jβx)
Vr+ = 76.2exp(0.2712 120 10−3 exp(j 1.69 120
× × × × 10 −3
) = 78 .7̸ 8.02
The incident voltage at a distance of 120 km from the receiving end
78.7
= ̸ 8.02 = 39 .35̸ 8.02
2

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 EEL303: Power Engineering I - Tutorial 5

Vr− = V r exp( αx)exp( jβ x)

− −
+
V r = 76.2exp( 0.0325)exp( j 0.140) = 73 .76̸
− − − 8.02
The rreflected voltage at a distance of 120 km from the receiving end
73.76
=
2
̸ − 8.02 = 36 .88 − 8.02
̸

2. Determine the efficiency of the line in the above problem if the line is 120 km long and
delivers 40 MW at 132 KV and 0.8 p.f. lagging.

Solution:

The receiving end currentI r = √340××1321000

× 0.8 = 218.7amps
From the above problem,
Zc = 380 ̸ − 13.06
For 120 km length of the line,

exp(αx)exp(jβ x) = 1.033̸ − 8.02

exp( αx)exp( jβ x) = 0.
− − 968̸ − 8.02
Taking Vr as reference,
Ir = 218 .7̸ − 36.8
Vr + I r Zc
Vs+ = exp(αx)exp(jβ x)
2
76200 + 380 218.7̸ 13.06̸ 36.8
× − −
Vs+ = 1.033̸ 8.02 = 74 .63̸ 18
× −
2
Vr Ir Zc −
Vs− = exp( αx)exp( jβ x)
− −
2
Vs− = 76200 + 380 218.7 49.86 0.968̸ 8.02 = 32 .619̸ 62.37KV
× ̸ −
2
× −
Vs = V s+ + Vs− = 74.63̸ 18 + 32 .619̸ 62.37 = 86077 + j 5751 = 86 .26̸ 3.82
−
Now,

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 EEL303: Power Engineering I - Tutorial 5

Vr Vr
+ Ir Ir
−
Zc Zc
Is = exp(αx)exp(jβ x) − exp( αx)exp( jβ x)
− −
2 2
V + Vs−
Is = s − = 200 .39̸ 29.9 −
Zc Zc
P ower at the sending end = 3 Vs Is cosφs = 3 86.26 200.39cos33.72 = 43 .132M W
×| || | × ×
40
% Ef f iciency = 43.132 100 = 92 .7%
×

3. Determine the ABCD parameters of the line of above problem and verify the sending
end quantities found in the above problem.

Solution:
−3
γl = (0.2712 + j 1.169)120 × 10 = 0.03254 + j 0.1402
A = cosh l= cosh(0.03245 + j 0.1402)
A = cosh0.03254cos0.1402 + jsinh 0.03254sin0.1402 = 0 .99 + j 0.004435 = 0 .99̸ 0.26
B = Z c sinh l

sinh l= sinh lcos + l jcosh lsin l

sinh l= sinh0.03254cos0.1402+jcosh 0.03254sin0.1402 = 0 .031958+j 0.1386 = 0 .1422̸ 77
B = Z c sinh l= 380 ̸ − 13.06 × 0.1422 77 = 54 .03 64
̸ ̸

Vs = AVr + BI r = 0.99̸ 0.26 × 76200 + 54 .03 64 × 218.7 − 36.8

̸ ̸

Vs = 85908 + j 5380 = 86 .07̸ 3.588

4. A three phas e 50 Hz transmission line is 400 km long. The voltage at the sendin g end
is 220 KV. The line parameters are r=0.0125 ohm/km, x=0.4 ohm/km and y = 2.8 ×
10−6 mho/km. Find the following:
(a) The maximum permissible line length if the receiving end no-load vo ltage is not to
exceed 235 KV.
(b) For part (a), the maximum permissible line frequency , if the no-load voltage is not
to exceed 250 KV.

Solution: The total line parameters are:

R=0.125 × 400 = 50 ohms

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 EEL303: Power Engineering I - Tutorial 5

X = 0.4 × 400 = 160 ohm

−6 −3 ̸
Y = 2.8 × 10 × 400 90 = 1.12 × 10
̸ 90 mho
Z = R+jX = (50+j160) 168 ̸ 72 .6 mho
−3 ̸
YZ = 1.12 × 10 90 ×168 ̸ 72 .6 = 0.188 ̸ 162 .6
(a) Maximum permissible no-load receiving end voltage = 235 KV

Vs 220
|A| = | V | = 235 = 0.936
r

Now,
|A| = 1 + Y2Z
2 −6
|A| = 1 + l × j 2.8 × 10 2× (0.125 + j 0.4) = (1 − 0.56 × 10 −6 2
l ) + j 0.175 × 10 −6 2
l

Since, the imaginary part will be less than 1 /10th of real part, A can be approxi- | |
mated as
A = (1 0.56 10−6 l2 ) = 0.936
| | − ×
1 0.936
−
l2 =
0.56 10−6
×
l=338 km.
(b)
|A| = | VV | = 220
s

r 250
= 0.88

A = 1+
| | 1
2
j 1.12 10−3
× × × 50f (50 + j 160 × 50f )
Neglecting the imaginary part, we can write
2
|A| = 1 − 12 × 1.12 × 1.12 × 10 × 160 50f −3
2
= 0.88

Simplifying, we obtain the maximum permissible frequency as f=57.9 Hz

5. A 275 KV transmission line has the following line constraints: A=0.85 ̸ 5; B=200 ̸ 75
(a) Determine the power at unity pow er factor that can be received if the voltage profil e
at each end is to be maintained at 275 KV.
(b) What type and rating of compensation equip ment would be required if the load is
150 MW at unity power factor with the same voltage profile as in part (a).
(c) With the load as in part (b), what woul d be the recei ving end voltage if the com-
pensation equipment is not installed.

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 EEL303: Power Engineering I - Tutorial 5

Figure 1:

Solution: (a) Given, Vs = Vr = 275 KV;

| | | |
α = 5, β = 75.
Since, the power is received at unity power factor,
×
275 275 .85
Qr = 0 =
200
sin(75 − δ) − 0200 2
× (275) sin(75 − 5)
0 = 378 sin(75 − δ ) − 302
which gives, δ = 22.

275 × 275 cos(75 0.85

Pr = 22) (275) 2cos(75 5) = 227 .6 109.9 = 117 .7M W
200 − − 200 × − −
(b) Now Vs = Vr = 275 KV
| | | |
Power demand by load = 150 MW at UPF
PD = Pr =150 MW; Q D =0

×
275 275 .85
150 =
200
cos(75 − δ) − 0200 2
× (275) cos(75 − 5) = 227 .6 − 109.9 = 117 .7M W
150 = 378 cos(75 − δ ) − 110
δ = 28.46

Qr = 275 275 cos(75 28.46) 0.85 (275)2 cos(75 5) = 274 .46 302 =
× − − × − − −27.56MVAR
200 200

Thus, in order to maintain 275 KV at the receiving end, Q r = -27.56 MVAR must be
drawn along with the real power of Pr = 150MW. The load being 150 MW at unity
power factor, i.e., Q D =0, compensation equipment must be installed at the receiving
end.

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 EEL303: Power Engineering I - Tutorial 5

-27.56 + QC = 0
QC = 27.56 MVAR
i.e., the compensation equipment must feed positive VARs into the line.
(c) Since, no compensation equipment is provided
Pr = 150MW; Qr = 0
Now, Vs = 275 KV, Vr = ?
| |
Figure 5 | |
Substituting this data in Pr and Qr , we have

275 Vr
×| | 0.85 2
150 = cos(75 δ ) − − × |V | cos70
r (1)
200 200
275 Vr
×| | 0.85 2
0= sin(75 δ )− − × |V | sin70
r (2)
200 200
From, Eq. (2), we get
sin(75 − δ) = 0.0029|V | r (3)
√
cos(75 − δ ) = (1 − 0.0029 |V | ) 2
r
2
(4)

Substituting in Eq. (1), we obtain

150 = 1 .375 Vr
| |
√(1 − 0.0029 |V | ) − 0.00145|V |
2
r
2
r
2
(5)

Solving the quadratic and retaining the higher value of |V |, we obtain

r

|V | = 244.9 KV.
r

6. Input to a single-phas e short line shown in below Figu re is 2000 KW at 0.8 lagging power
factor. The line has a series impedance of (0.4+j0.4) ohms. If the load voltage is 3KV,
find the load and receiving end power factor. Also find the supply voltage.

Figure 2:

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 EEL303: Power Engineering I - Tutorial 5

Solution: Sending end active/reacti ve power = receiving end active/reactive power

+ active/reactive line losses.
For active power,
2
|V ||I |cosφ = |V ||I |cosφ + |I | R
s s r r (6)
For reactive power,
2
|V ||I |sinφ = |V ||I |sinφ + |I | X
s s r r (7)

Squaring eq. (6) and (7), adding and simplifying, we get

2 2 2 2
|V | |I | = |V | |I |
s r + 2 Vr I 2 ( I Rcosφr + I Xsin
| || | | | || r ) + I 4 (R2 + X 2 )
|| (8)

From the numerical values given,

2
|Z | = (R2 + X 2 ) = 0.32 (9)
3
|V ||I | = 20000.×8 10 = 2500 × 10
s
3
(10)
3
|V ||I |cosφ = 2000 × 10
s s (11)
3 3
|V ||I |sinφ = 2000 × 10 × 0.6 = 1500 × 10
s s (12)

From eq. (6) and (7), we get

3 2
|I |cosφ r =
2000 × 10 − 0.4|I | (13)
3000
3 2
|I |sinφ r =
1500 × 10 − 0.4|I | (14)
3000
Substituting all the known values in Eq. (8), we have
4 6 2 12
0.32 I
| | − 11.8 × 10 |I | + 6.25 × 10 =0 (15)

|I | = 725amps (16)

Substituting for I in Eq. (13), we get

||
cosφr = 0.82 (17)

LoadPr = Vr I cosφr = 3000

| || | × 725 × 0.82 = 1790 KW (18)
Now,
|V ||I |cosφ
s =2000 s (19)
2000
| | Vs = = 3.44KV (20)
725 0.8 ×

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