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Engineering Structures
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doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.02.028
1770 R.K.L. Su et al. / Engineering Structures 32 (2010) 1769–1778
Table 1
Summary of bolt–plate arrangements of BSP specimens.
Specimen SBSP Specimen WBSP Specimen WBWP Specimen SBWP
a Table 2
Concrete mix adopted for producing a cubic meter of concrete.
Water Cement Fine aggregate 10 mm aggregate
Table 3
Cube strength of concrete.
Concrete cube strength (MPa)
Specimen NBNP Specimen SBSP Specimen WBSP Specimen WBWP Specimen SBWP
Table 4 Table 5
Material properties of T-16 reinforcement. Material properties of T-10 reinforcement.
Yield strength (MPa) Young’s modulus (GPa) Yield strength (MPa) Young’s modulus (GPa)
Table 6
Material properties of steel plates.
75 mm plate 150 mm plate
Young’s modulus (GPa) Yield strength (MPa) Young’s modulus (GPa) Yield strength (MPa)
Table 7
Summary of failure modes and increase in strength of BSP beams.
Failure mode Mu (kN m) Increase in strength (%)
Table 8
Summary of displacement ductility factors and post-elastic strength enhancement factors.
∆y (mm) ∆u (mm) µ Py (kN) Pu (kN) υ
Specimen NBNP 17.4 63.0 3.62 101.4 101.4 1.00
Specimen SBSP 20.8 35.2 1.70 154.4 161.5 1.05
Specimen WBSP 21.0 48.2 2.30 140.2 149.2 1.06
Specimen WBWP 19.4 49.9 2.57 124.0 133.4 1.08
Specimen SBWP 18.0 44.0 2.45 123.6 144.6 1.17
µ = displacement ductility, υ = post-elastic strength enhancement factor.
Fig. 9. Tilting of anchor bolts (a) deformation mode and (b) shear transfer mechanism through the action of bolts.
Fig. 11. Moment–curve responses of RC and steel plates (a) Specimen SBSP, (b) Specimen WBSP, (c) Specimen WBWP, and (d) Specimen SBWP.
hinges formed afterwards and the beam failed when the curvature typical load–deflection response of a concrete-controlled case,
of the RC beam was 61×10−3 m−1 . This value was much larger than such as that of Specimen SBSP, is shown in Fig. 12(a). The tension
the other specimens. The curvature responses of steel plates were reinforcement yields at the end of the elastic stage (Segment OA).
about 10% smaller than that of the RC beam up to the elastic limit, The stiffness of the beam drops abruptly after yielding of the
when the curvature in the steel plates was 14×10−3 m−1 . Then, the tension reinforcement (Point A) but the beam is still able to take up
curvature in the steel plates decreased gradually to 6 × 10−3 m−1 further loads as resisted by the axial force couple between the RC
at the peak moment (M = 145 kN m). At the post-peak stage the beam and the steel plate (Segment AC). At the ultimate state (Point
curvature in steel plates remained unchanged. C), although the steel plate is still able to provide additional tensile
It can be seen that the curvatures of steel plates were consis- force, concrete is unable to provide the required compression to
tently lower than the RC beam in the inelastic stage. In some cases, give additional moment resistance. So concrete crushes and leads
the curvature even reduced when further loads were applied. In to brittle failure of the beam (Segment CE).
the inelastic range of response, the additional moment was mainly Case 2: Bolt-controlled BSP beams
resisted by the axial force couple between the RC beam in compres- Fig. 12(b) illustrates the idealized load–deflection curve of a
sion and the steel plate in tension. The axial tension force extended bolt-controlled beam like that of Specimen WBSP or Specimen
and straightened the plate and hence reduced the curvature of steel WBWP. The beam responds elastically (Segment OA) until the
sections. Also, as the stiffness of bolts drop, their ability to mobilize yielding of the tension reinforcement in the RC beam (Point A).
the transverse deflections of the plates also drop and that also con- When further loads are applied, the loads are taken up by the
tributes to the separation of curvatures between the RC and plates. axial force couple similar to that in the concrete-controlled case
(Segment AC). However, as the stiffness of the bolts significantly
4. Various design controlling factors of BSP beams drops, the interaction between the RC beam and steel plates
decreases and results in a gradual drop in the stiffness of the beam
From the results mentioned in the previous sections, it is ob- (Segment AC). At point C, the average stiffness of the bolts reaches
served that the behaviour of BSP beams could be significantly af- zero so that the force induced in the plates goes to its maximum
fected by using different strengthening schemes. The strength and and the beam becomes plastic. Further deformation applied to the
ductility of BSP beams could be controlled by concrete compo- bolt–plate system is taken up by the bolts alone and the bolts fail
nents, anchor bolts or steel plates. A new generic classification when the ultimate deformation is reached (Point D). The failure
of BSP beams is herein established according to the controlling path of bolt-controlled beams depends on the post-peak responses
factors and three groups of beams, namely concrete-controlled, of the bolts, which can be gradual or brittle, as indicated by the path
bolt-controlled and plate-controlled are identified. The structural DE1 or DE2 respectively.
behaviour of these three groups of BSP beams are discussed herein. Case 3: Plate-controlled BSP beams
Case 1: Concrete-controlled BSP beams The load–deflection response of plate-controlled beams, similar
In a concrete-controlled case, the structural behaviour of the to that of Specimen SBWP, is illustrated in Fig. 12(c). Similar to the
strengthened beam is controlled by concrete in compression. The concrete-controlled case, an elastic stage (Segment OA), followed
R.K.L. Su et al. / Engineering Structures 32 (2010) 1769–1778 1777
Fig. 13. Generic classification of BSP beams according to the strength of bolts and
plates.
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The research described here was supported by the Research groups by a kinematic hardening approach. J Construct Steel Res 2009;65(2):
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