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2017

Souvenir of All India Seminar‘Think-IoT


2017.v1 – Booting IoT: An introduction to the
IoT platform’
Under the aegis ofCOMPUTER ENGINEERING
DIVISION (CPDB), IEI28-29, April 2017,
Durgapur
Organised by :The Institution of Engineers (India)Durgapur
Local CentreIn association withDr B C Roy Engineering
College, Durgapur

Souvenir All India Seminar


The Institution of Engineers
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Souvenir of All India Seminar


‘Think-IoT 2017.v1 – Booting IoT: An introduction to the IoT
platform’
Under the aegis of
COMPUTER ENGINEERING DIVISION (CPDB), IEI
28-29, April 2017, Durgapur

Organised by :
The Institution of Engineers (India)
Durgapur Local Centre
In association with
Dr B C Roy Engineering College, Durgapur
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ALL INDIA SEMINAR


On
‘Think-IoT 2017.v1 – Booting IoT: An introduction
to the IoT platform’
Under the aegis of
COMPUTER ENGINEERING DIVISION
(CPDB), IEI
28-29, April 2017, Durgapur
Organised by :
The Institution of Engineers (India)
Durgapur Local Centre
In association with
Dr B C Roy Engineering College, Durgapur

Venue:
Albert Einstein Hall, Dr. B. C. Roy Engineering College, Durgapur-713206
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►National Advisory committee

Chairman : Mr Navinchandra B Vasoya, FIE, President, IEI


Co-Chairman : Mr Bharat Shamjibhai Patel, FIE, Chairman, CPDB, IEI
Convenor : Mr M N Bandyopadhyay, MIE, Honorary Secretary, IEI,
DLC
Co- Convenor : Dr Chandan Koner BCREC, Durgapur

Members : Mr S C Rudra, FIE, Vice President IE(I)


Mr Sunil Grover,FIE, Member CPDB
Mr K Rajanikanth, FIE Member CPDB
Dr (Prof) Hari Shankar Sharma, FIE ,Member, CPDB
Mr P Hirabhai Tandel, FIE ,Member CPDB
Prof H B Goswami, FIE, Council member
Prof (Dr) N R Bandyopadhyay, FIE, Council Member
Mr Atanu Kumar Mukherjee ,FIE, Chairman MRDB
►Organizing committee

 Chairman – Mr. R K Roy, Chairman, Durgapur L. C., IEI


 Co-Chairman-Dr Amitava Sinha, Principal, BCREC
 Jt Convenor (I)- Prof. Saikat Maity, Associate Professor , Dept. of IT, BCREC
 Jt Convenor (II): Mr. Arindam Ghosh, Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE, BCREC

►Members, IEI, Durgapur Local Centre

Shri J Konar, Past Chairman, Shri S Islam, Shri P K Roy, Shri S K Dey, Shri S K Ghosh, Shri S K Gorai, Shri S K
Mondal, Shri R Chakraborty, Shri I Sengupta, Shri R Mukherjee, Shri T Roy, Shri D P Das, Shri T K Dutta,
Shri M K Biswal.

Members, BCREC, Durgapur: Faculty:

Shoan Bandopadhyay, AP, CSE, BCREC 2. Rajib Mondal, AP, CSE, BCREC 3. Ruma Ghosh, AP, CSE, BCREC

Members, BCREC, Durgapur: Students:

Bibek Poddar, CSE, BCREC 2. Amartya Chakraborty, CSE, BCREC 3. Anubrata Sanyal, CSE, BCREC 4.
Ashutosh Roy, CSE, BCREC 5. Kartick Das Banerjee, CSE, BCREC 6. Dhruv Chakraborty, CSE, BCREC 7.
Deepak Prasad, CSE, BCREC

►Technical Committee

Chairman: Prof.(Dr.) Sujoy Saha, Dept. of CSE, NITDGP Members: Prof.(Dr.) Chandan Koner, Mr. Arindam
Ghosh, BCREC, Prof(Dr.) Rajkumar Samanta, Prof(Dr.) Debaprasad Mukherjee, Mr. Babul Prasad Tewari
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INDEX

SL Details Name of writer Page


NO no
1 Committee members From Brochure 4

2 Editorial Editorial Board 6

3 Message-President IE(I) President Mr N B Vasoya 7

4 Message-Principal BCREC Principal-Dr A Sinha 8

5 IoT and its applicatons Dr Sujoy Saha 9

6 IoT-the future communication and life Dr H S Sharma 10


style
7 Ant colony optimisation technique Mr Sujit Das 12

8 IoT and its relevance in energy Er Suneel Grover 13


management
9 Security in cloud computing Sri Arun Kanti Manna 18

10 Real time speaker identification using Sri Dhruv Chakraborty 18


sound detector
11 Human activity recognition using Sri Amartya Chakraborty 20
ultrasonic sensors and other apparatus
12 Smart phone sensor applications Mr Munshi Yusuf Alam 21

13 IoT,an oner view and smart city Prof H B GOSWAMI 22


concepts
14 How the Internet of Things will change An Expert’s view 26
our lives--Concepts from ISO
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EDITORIAL
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines,
objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a
network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.A thing, in the Internet of
Things, can be a person with a heart monitor implant, a farm animal with a biochip transponder, an
automobile that has built-in sensors to alert the driver when tire pressure is low -- or any other natural or
man-made object that can be assigned an IP address and provided with the ability to transfer data over a
network.IoT has evolved from the convergence of wireless technologies, micro-electromechanical systems
(MEMS), micro-services and the internet. The convergence has helped tear down the silo walls between
operational technologies (OT) and information technology (IT), allowing unstructured machine-generated
data to be analyzed for insights that will drive improvements.THE Internet of Things (IoT) is a recent
communication paradigm that envisions a near future, in which the objects of everyday life will be
equipped with microcontrollers, transceivers for digital communication, and suitable protocol stacks that
will make them able to communicate with one another and with the users, becoming an integral part of the
Internet . The IoT concept, hence, aims at making the Internet even more immersive and pervasive.
Furthermore, by enabling easy access and interaction with a wide variety of devices such as, for instance,
home appliances, surveillance cameras, monitoring sensors, actuators, displays, vehicles, and so on, the IoT
will foster the development of a number of applications that make use of the potentially enormous amount
and variety of data generated by such objects to provide new services to citizens, companies, and public
administrations. This paradigm indeed finds application in many different domains, such as home
automation, industrial automation, medical aids, mobile healthcare, elderly assistance, intelligent energy
management and smart grids, automotive, traffic management, and many others .However, such a
heterogeneous field of application makes the identification of solutions capable of satisfying the
requirements of all possible application scenarios a formidable challenge. This difficulty has led to the
proliferation of different and, sometimes, incompatible proposals for the practical realization of IoT
systems. Therefore, from a system perspective, the realization of an IoT network, together with the
required backend network services and devices, still lacks an established best practice because of its
novelty and complexity. In addition to the technical difficulties, the adoption of the IoT paradigm is also
hindered by the lack of a clear and widely accepted business model that can attract investments to
promote the deployment of these technologies .The workshop and seminar aims to immerse the
innovative minds in the concepts of Internet of Things (IoT). The workshop & seminar will be an
interactive, informative introduction to the concepts of IoT with a hands-on approach.
This souvenir comprised of messages,papers,presentation abstracts and some synopsis of on going project
also.The seminar /workshop will be an experience of innovative mind and interaction with experienced
speakers will certainly lead to future course of actions

Editorial Board

Dr(Prof) Chandan Konar


Prof H B Goswami
Prof Arindam Ghosh
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“97 Years of Relentless Journey Towards Engineering


Advancement for Nation-building”

NB Vasoya,, FIE
President,IE(I)

MESSAGE
It is my immense pleasure to note that Durgapur Local Centre of The Institution of Engineers
(India) (IEI) is organising the All India Seminar on ‗Think-IoT 2017.V1 – Booting IoT: An
Introduction to the IoT Platform‘ on 28-29 April 2017 under the aegis of Computer Engineering
Division Board. I thank the oganisers for choosing such an apt topic. With the emergence of leading
technologies, development model of Internet of Things (IoT) has changed adequately. I am
confident that the Seminar will offer opportunity for mutual sharing of knowledge, expertise and
experience amongst the participants. The recommendations that will come out of the deliberations
would be learning points to the participants and valuable inputs for the policy makers. I wish the
Seminar a grand success and laud the efforts of Durgapur Local Centre.

(N B Vasoya)
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DR. B. C. ROY ENGINEERING COLLEGE, DURGAPUR


(Approved by AICTE & Affiliated to MAKAUT, WB)

CAMPUS: JEMUA ROAD, FULJHORE DURGAPUR-713206 (W.B.), INDIA


(0343) 250-4121/1353 Fax (0343) 250-4059/ 3424
E-mail: principal@bcrec.ac.in Website: ww.bcrec.ac.in

Prof. Amitabha Sinha Ph D, (IIT Delhi) FIE(I)

Date: 19/4/17

I am very glad to know that our Computer Science Engineering & Information Technology
department and The Institution of Engineers (India), Durgapur Local Centre, is going to organize an
All India Seminar cum workshop on ―THINK-IOT 2017.V1 – BOOTING IOT: AN
INTRODUCTION TO THE IOT PLATFORM‖ to be held on April 28-29, 2017.

The topic is in line with present trend of the advancement of Computer Science Engineering and
Information Technology. The deliberation from different experts will certainly enlighten the
participants and new source of knowledge may be ascertained.

I am sure that the seminar will generate the right sparks and intelligence and will come up with
innovative solutions of seminar topic that will ease us with developing products and systems and
will make our lives easier and more convenient.

My best wishes for the success of the seminar.

Prof. Amitabha Sinha


Principal
Dr. B. C. Roy Engineering College, Durgapur
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IOT and its applications.

Dr. SujoySaha.
Department of Computer Science and Engineering. NIT Durgapur.

A growing number of physical objects are getting connected to the Internet at an unprecedented rate
realizing the ideaof the Internet of Things (IoT). There are several domains and environments in
which the IoT can play a remarkable role and improve the quality of our daily lives. These
applications include transportation, healthcare, industrial automation, energy saving andemergency
response to natural and man-made disasters where human decision making is difficult.
As the average age is increasing in developed and developingcountries,activity recognition can be
used for protecting agedpeople from accidental injuries. Taking an example, fall relatedinjuries are
very common in elders. Almost 87% of falls causesome kind of fracture in elders. To ensure safety
of independentand aged people from accidental injuries we need to monitortheir daily activities.
There are two kind of sensor placement can be done for activity recognition are wearable sensors
and environment fitted sensors. The main advantage of usingenvironment fitted sensors over
wearable sensors is that in case ofwearable sensors, the one‘s privacy at risk asrelevant data is
always being used for decision making. Inthe case of environment sensors, there is no such scope
andthe different height or movement data collected does not poseany direct threat to privacy.
Ultrasonic sensors are widely used for distance measurement in many applications. Two different
kinds of ultrasonic sensors, HC-SR04 sensors and LV-MaxSonar-EZ0 sensor can be used to
determine height and width of the individuals. It also recognizesactivities such as standing, sitting,
fall, no of people in the room, picking etc.
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IoT- The Future of Communication and Life Style

Dr H. S. Sharma, PVC Mewar University & Member IEI CPDB

― Internet as a tool and system of interaction had revolutionized communication and interaction. IoT
has further added to this.Dimension as IoT can make everything to communicate with.Everything
else from anywhere to anywhere any time. Key to the development lies in digitization and IP
addressing Scheme.‖

Key Words: Digitisation, Internet, IP Address

Introduction
In the human history every technological development has lead to change in life style and
communication. In the recent past two developments that have revolutionized the way we think and
live, more than all other developments in the past, are digitization and Internet.

Result of digitization and internet is most visible in development of Internet of Things (IoT).
Digitisation has helped in conversion of every material object into a grouping of digits and IP
address has facilitated assigning a unique address to every item in existence. Thus IoT can make
everything in creation to communicate and be controlled from any where anytime by any one
authorized.

According to Goldman Sachs, more than 12 billion devices are already connected to the Internet of
Things and by 2020, that number could surge to 30 billion, This can cover every living being and
systems in existence. Currently IoT is limited to interconnection of devices.

Internet of Things (IoT)


In simple words IoT is the interconnection of every identifiable object with other identifiable
objects through Internet. Internet as a interconnection of networks so far used IPv4 which was
limited by no of addresses ( 4.3 billion addresses). IPv6, already in use, has literally unlimited
addresses ( 3.4x1036 addresses). This can be illustrated by diagrams given below,

Drivers of IoT
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Mobile communication and computer are the keys to bring devices in the fold of IoT. Computers
are being developed on chips, integration of chips into machines and devices facilitates
interconnection and communication using IPv6 protocols.

Major Areas
IoT is giving rise to‘ Connected places‘ and ‗Connected devices‘. Home is the main place to live
and office as the place to work. But mobility has allowed humans to live and work from both, static
and moving places like car, airplane, ship, satellite etc. Human beings use devices to make life
easier. According to some experts connectivity amongst vehicles will allow the exchange of data
amongst all road users, but also with road infrastructure like traffic signs, traffic lights and smart
road networks.. Thus major areas effected by IoT can be homes, cities, vehicles, services including
entertainment and healthcare and all that requires interconnection and communication. A projected
image of IoT developed by Goldman Sachs Research is as give in figure below,

Conclusion
Internet is the interconnection of networks. IoT is implanting computer and internet address into
objects. Every object having computer capability and an IP address can be approached by another
similar device from anywhere anytime by anyone having IP based communication capability. This
can make every device in the home and office or any other static or moving place/ device amenable
to control in real time but in virtual space any where on earth or in the space. This is the future of
IoT.
References
1. Reports from Internet 2017
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Multi-attribute decision making using hesitant fuzzy elements and


ant colony optimization techniques
Sujit Das & Gour Sundar Mitra Thakur
Dept. of CSE, Dr. B. C. Roy Engineering College, Durgapur-6
sujit_cse@yahoo.com, cse.gsmt@gmail.com

In this paper, we propose a multi-attribute decision making (MADM) method in the framework of
hesitant fuzzy environment using hesitant fuzzy weighted geometric (HFWG) operator and ant
colony optimization (ACO) technique. We use hesitant fuzzy elements (HFEs) to represent the
weights of attributes and the evaluating values of alternatives with respect to attributes. Initially, the
proposed method transforms the decision matrix given by the decision maker and represented by
HFEs into a transformed decision matrix using the accuracy function of HFEs. Then, it produces
the optimal weights of the attributes based on the obtained transformed decision matrix and ACO
technique. The weighted evaluating HFE of each alternative is computed based on the HFWG
operator, the obtained optimal weights of the attributes and the decision matrix. Finally, we
calculate the transformed value of the weighted evaluating HFE of each alternative based on the
accuracy function to get the preference order of the alternatives. The main contribution of this paper
is that we propose a new MADM method based on the HEWG operator of HFEs, the accuracy
function of HFEs and ACO techniques, which can overcome the drawbacks of the existing MADM
methods in hesitant fuzzy environments.
Keywords: HFWG operator, hesitant fuzzy elements, multi-attribute decision making, ant colony
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Internet of Things and its relevance in energy management……


…… a Way forward.
--By ER. SUNEEL GROVER

Synopsis

Simply put, The Internet of Things is the future of Technology that can make our lives more
efficient. It is a platform that allow to process information, Communicate data & analyze context
collaboratively. Internet of Things offers new sources of data and business operation models that
can boost productivity in variety of industries. Big data and the Internet of Things: Two sides of the
same coin, every minute, approximately we send 204 million emails, generate 1.8 million Facebook
likes, send 278 thousand tweets, and upload 200 thousand photos to Facebook across the
globe. The Internet of Everything, the Internet of Intelligent Things, intelligent systems—call it what
you want, but it’s happening, and its potential is huge. In this paper relevance of IoT in energy
management & gains have been highlighted.

1. Reduction in energy demands

Internet of Things (IoT) will greatly change the way we consume energy. loT will empower
users with actionable insight to better understand their energy consumption in real-time,
down to the small appliance level — to create personalized recommendations for users
based on data gathered.
―I‘m pretty confident that the Internet of Things is going to have net negative power
consumption,‖ said Urs Hölzle, senior vice president of technical infrastructure at Google.
―If you control lights, heat, and cooling in a smarter ways, that‘s really substantial.‖
While trimming home energy use can bring big energy reductions, the true future lies in an
integrated system, a smart grid. As of right now, the flow of energy in a normal grid is one
way, with energy flowing from power plants to homes and businesses. With a smart grid, it
would flow multiple ways — allowing people to control their own energy, including selling
the energy they make. A smart grid would allow customers to preset how and when their
home or business uses energy, including the ability to control by way of smartphones.
IoT extends the benefits of smart grid beyond the automation, distribution and monitoring
being done by the utilities. The task of the IoT in the field of electrical energy includes i)
Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) ii) SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition) iii) Smart Inverters. The evaluation of the IoT in the electrical power industry
transformed the way things performed in usual manner. IoT increased the use of wireless
technology to connect power industry assets and infrastructure in order to lower the power
consumption and cost. Some of the examples of IoT usage include SCADA, smart metering,
building automation, smart grid, and connected public lighting.
1.1 SCADA
SCADA is one of the major application areas of IoT. SCADA allows the centralized
monitoring and control of remote located generation and transmission systems. It
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consists of sensors, actuators, controllers and communication devices at the remote


field place, and central master unit with communication systems at the controlling
side. It collects the data from sensors in the field and provides a user interface in
HMI at central station. Also, it stores the time-stamped data for later analysis.

IoT SCADA is a step beyond SCADA that has been in use from earlier days. It
provides real-time signal acquisition and data logging through IoT servers and
internet technologies. It integrates the individual devices, machines, sensors and
other electrical equipment with internet by realizing the functionality of supervision
and control.

1.2 Smart Metering


Smart metering is an essential element in smart grid implementations as they are
using Internet of Things technologies to transform traditional energy infrastructure.
Smart metering through IoT helps to reduce operating costs by managing metering
operations remotely. It also improves the forecasting and reduces energy theft and
loss. These meters simply capture the data and send it back to the utility companies
over highly reliable communication infrastructure.

1.3 Building Automation


IoT based solutions enable the efficient way of monitor and control of buildings to
property owners as they connect lighting systems, elevators, environmental systems
and other electrical appliances with internet and communication technologies. It
saves the power consumption by automatically turning off the lights when rooms are
not occupied and also by making sure of not drawing too much power by appliances.
IoT based appliances provide remote monitoring and control through mobile and
web applications to the end users or owners.

1.4 Connected Public Lighting


This is the part of a project under smart cities where wireless IoT solutions are
deployed to connect IP based lights. This smart public lighting uses intelligent-
connected outdoor LED luminaries which are centrally controlled from the control
station. This type of infrastructure also facilitates dynamical adjustment of
illumination based on environmental changing conditions. This would dramatically
result lower operating costs and power consumption.

1.5 Smart Grid


IoT in smart grid determines parts where the lacking power and excessive power
taking place at a given point of time and accordingly helps the generating stations to
come online to fill up the gap.
With the use of internet connected smart meters at individual customers, smart grid
collects the current load data instead of historical data and then control local energy
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generation and load. This can also implement an efficient way of energy measures
and billing the consumers.
The smart meter data can also be used for improving the real-time identification of
grid fault location and restoration. Another benefit from IoT based smart grid is that
it can schedule the consumers to operate their high wattage loads when demand on
the grid is low.
This is something about IoT (Internet of Things) and its applications in electrical
field. Hope this is informative to the readers. Please feel free to share your thoughts
about this new and evolving topic in the comment section.

2. Predicting and mitigating problems

IoT makes sense of large amounts of data captured, it uncovers valuable insight into the
health and performance of equipment and infrastructure. Sensor network developed on the
principles of loT to monitor turbines constantly in order to reduce downtime. These
predictive analytics help identify impending problems early in order to avoid unexpected
downtimes or failures.

Cisco provides a great example of loT at work: A devastating ice storm could bring down
miles upon miles of power lines, leaving tens of thousands of customers without power. An
optimally connected system allows for faster triage, more collaborative decision-making,
better communications, and a more productive workforce response. The result is power
restoration well ahead of customer expectations. Energy operators can find ways to optimize
investments in new and existing facilities, and integrate more distributed energy resources
onto the grid. By having equipment, operations and systems interlinked, IoT could
significantly alleviate problems while increasing efficiency and productivity.

3. Proficiency

IoT will increase efficiency, but how exactly will it in practice? According to Computer
Weekly, Xerox Research Centre Europe has developed a system for managing traffic flow
in Los Angeles with dynamic pricing at parking meters. The company deployed 7,000
sensors around the city to detect if a parking meter was occupied, and then adjusted pricing
dynamically to ensure 20 percent of parking spaces were always available.

Availability based tariff (ABT) with frequency correction value addition in real time
control, management & regulation of power will make us more proficient in energy usages
& will effectively help professionals to dynamic cost & efficient usages of electrical power
to get to work faster or run regular errands in record time.
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IoT Would Bring A ―Less Is More‖ Approach to Power Systems Efficiency While the
power systems industry has already seen some innovative implementations of IoT, those
that benefit from power services also have a lot to gain from this technological advance.
Here are just a few ways we could see IoT affect all those connected to the power industry:
3.1 Energy Conservation
While there are times when increased energy usage is a must, there are also times
when it is not in such demand. Smart sensors in energy meters would allow
providers to see when and how our power is being used, and in turn, optimize output
accordingly. Perhaps most importantly, we must remember that there are limitations
on most of the energy resources on Earth. This would help to incorporate more
sustainable forms of energy into organizations.

3.2 Cost Reductions


Similarly, optimizing how much systems output can equal big savings. It‘s no secret
that less used means less spent, but with this constantly monitoring technology, the
responsibility of knowing how to balance use and cost is done for you. Over
consumption surprises will be a thing of the past.

3.3 Greater Security


Power failures are bad enough, but become even worse when your backups fail as
well. Being able to know the health of all of your energy stores at all times means
that you are prepared at all times. This visibility into your equipment means peace of
mind for your customers who require operations that must continue indefinitely.

Efficient Power Management Becomes a Powerful Tool with IoT, but its reach is
further ingrained in how we live. By utilizing the data of IoT, power companies can
more efficiently manage and repair equipment to keep their customers’ up and
running, conserve energy and costs, and provide the most reliable service possible.

4. Convenience

Whether at home, in the office or on the road, IoT will reduce the complexity of managing
energy consumption from different places and provide an all-in-one stop. This means
devices like your smartphone, tablet and laptop can connect and have access to other smart
devices like the air conditioner or washing machine for enhanced usability. IoT will usher in
a wide array of benefits from remote-controlled households, improved home security to
more convenience, lower bills and more intuitive devices.

5. Empowering innovation
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IoT will be much the same, except bigger. It is expected to drive innovation and could create
new business models for the provision of energy services such as new forms of demand
management may lead to creative alternatives to traditional energy consumption patterns. It
could also drive forward lifestyle innovations, transforming the idea of a smart home into a
reality very soon. IoT-based technology solutions and associated services are anticipated to
bring immense value to the power generation, delivery & usages in coming years.

Ultimate ……………. IoT a Va


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Security in Cloud Computing


Arun Kanti Manna
Techno India University
EM Block, Sector V, Bidhannagar, Kolkata

Attacking and Hacking are increasing day by day with the enhanced volume of wireless traffic in
cloud. Authentication of subscribers and network in cloud computing is a challenging issue to the
future researchers. Cloud computing is the freedom of computing services over the networks of
networks i.e. ―Internet‖. Cloud services permit individual subscriber or organization as a hole to use
software and hardware that are controlled by third-party service providers at distant locations. In
this paper, we propose a three entity authentication technique that verifies the authenticity of the
subscriber at the beginning of communication to the cloud networks. The authenticity of subscriber
and the service provider network are verified by subscriber‘s password, biometric property and
certified document of the subscriber.

Real Time Speaker Identification Using Sound Detector SEN-12642


Dhruv Chakraborty. Think IoT Laboratory, Department of CSE, BCREC

In today’s world importance of security systems are increasing drastically. As the technology is
evolving, it is getting easier to surpass the available security systems and therefore, new systems with
new technologies are needed. One of those security system can be made by the help of real time voice
based speaker identification. It can also be used for automatic speaker tagging in teleconferencing and
adaptive user interfaces for example, a sound controlled car or home automation system.
There are various methods to speed up the computation among which the state of the art method is
Gaussian Mixture Method. Generally, speaker dependent data is obtained from the speaker
independent universal background model (UBM). This data is compared with the validatory data and a
score is assigned to the validatory data. The best scoring data is selected and its corresponding speaker
is said to be the identified speaker. This process effectively reduces the amount of computations.
In the proposed work, we’ll use a Sparkfun sound detector SEN-12642 sensor and an Arduino
microcontroller. The sound detector will be connected to the Arduino by its envelop output pin. The
data acquired by the sensor will be then processed by a python script. The whole sound detection
approach is based upon Vector Quantisation. Firstly, the data received by the sensor will be stored as
validatory data in the database for different speakers. During identification phase, observed sound
data will be taken from the same sensor and broken into approximately 10 to 20 segments or clusters.
These clusters will be passed through silence detection or noise filtration phase where we’ll discard
the data which doesn’t hold any relevance. During this phase, some distortion will be added to the
extracted data to make it of similar intensity level as that of the validatory data by adding or
subtracting a variance value from each intensity data from the cluster. We will use a threshold level,
data below or above which will be considered as silence or noise and will be discarded to reduce
background noise and improve the computation speed. The extracted data clusters will be matched
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with the available data in the database and a match score will be assigned to the validatory data in the
database. In every iteration the data set with the lowest match score will be pruned out of the
database. At the end of all the iteration the validatory data set left will be checked if it has more than
90% of match score. If yes, the corresponding speaker will be the active speaker.
The given method will be effective for developing a simple real time speaker identification system but
there is a drawback. The background noise cannot be completely eliminated due to which there will be
decrease in accuracy of detection. This system’s major use is in security systems but this system can
also be used for other purposes such as automation or speaker tagging.
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Human Activity Recognition using Ultrasonic Sensors and other


approaches

Amartya Chakraborty, Think-IoT Laboratory, Department of CSE, BCREC

Human activity recognition is an important IoT based field of research, applicable in solving
human-centric problems like health care, elder-care, ambient-assisted living, surveillance-based
security, etc. and has crucial applications in a smart environment. The system is a non-invasive,
automated one, used for monitoring human activity using an array of environment-fitted,
heterogeneous ultrasonic sensors. Ultrasonic sensors are widely used for distance measurement in
many practical, real-life applications such as SONAR. The working principle of an individual
sensor units is essential for realizing the evolution of the overall sensing grid, consisting of different
types of ultrasonic sensors. The sensing unit has two kinds of setups of ultrasonic sensors: the
former with five HC-SR04 sensors, and the latter with four HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensors and an LV-
MaxSonar-EZ0 sensor. The proposed method is one that is capable of detecting standing, sitting
and falling of a person, and also the movements in different directions. The processes of data
acquisition and data visualization are essential for working with any such system. This is followed
by pattern recognition in the acquired raw data with the use of algorithms. Data mining and
machine learning come next, both of which are used vehemently in all activity recognition systems,
even in case of recognizing online activity, by social networking sites. The use of machine learning
techniques is thus relevant for activity classification accuracy in the discussed work. Based on the
data collected using ten volunteers in a controlled laboratory environment, classification analysis
using multiple machine learning algorithms show 81% to 90% correct detection of different
activities of the volunteers in case of the discussed setup. There are other sensing methods that
could be used to develop an effective human activity recognition system. Irrespective of the sensor
in use, there are certain factors, such as risk to privacy and computational overhead, which should
be considered while designing an activity recognition system. The relevance of these factors varies,
depending on the sensor type in use. There are a number of other types of sensors, which are viable
for recognising different human activities. This includes sensors like the Thermal Sensing modules,
PIR(Passive Infra-Red) sensor, LiDAR(Light Detection And Ranging) sensor, etc. An efficient non-
invasive system for recognition of human activities may make use of a combination of any such
types of sensors, in an optimized number.
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Smart Phone Sensor Applications


Munshi Yusuf Alam
Computer Science &Engineering,NIT Durgapur, INDIA

Smart phones as a device is an integral part of the IoT based systems. With the emergence of related
infrastructure, such devices are perpetually connected to the Internet over WiFi, 3G or 4G, but they
already have a range of sensory devices built into them.For example a standard Android phone has
motion sensors, like gravity sensors, accelerometers and gyroscopes that measure acceleration and
rotational forces, environmental sensors, like thermometers, barometers, photometers that measure
ambient temperature, pressure, humidity and illumination levels, position sensors that can detect
object in the proximity of the device or the geographical latitude and longitude, plus cameras and
microphones that can detect and record images and sounds. Such standard Android phones can be
extended with specialist sensors, as in the case of LifeWatch V phone, that can carry out a battery
of medical tests that include one-lead ECG, body temperature, blood glucose, heart rate, blood
oxygen saturation, body fat percentage and stress levels as expressed by heart rate variability.

Smartphone sensors these days have several purposes of utilization like human behavior
recognition, pattern recognition, behavior prediction, environmental status recognition, activity
recognition etc. Driver rating is one of the areas of importance where a combination of smart
sensors can be used to measure the quality of driver. This kind of work becomes significantly
important considering the following aspects,

a. It has been observed that the increasing of road accidents is more in developing countries
than developed countries.
b. In India, 23% of road accidents eventuate by two wheelers and 19% occurs for truck and 9%
for bus according to the report of Ministry of Road Transport and Highways Transport
Research Wing.
c. National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) in 2014 World Health Organization (WHO) that
the Aggressive driving is the prime reason for road accidents.

This application uses accelerometer and GPS data from smart phones for driver rating. A custom
designed mobile Android app has been designed for data accusation.Data has been taken for a
month long traces over 7 km road from City center to Prantika in Durgapur, 2 known and 6
unknown drivers using scooty two wheeler. Experimental results were encouraging.
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IoT,an oner view and smart city concepts


Prof H B Goswami
THE Internet of Things (IoT) is a recent communication paradigm that envisions a near future, in
which the objects of everyday life will be equipped with microcontrollers, transceivers for digital
communication, and suitable protocol stacks that will make them able to communicate with one
another and with the users, becoming an integral part of the Internet . The IoT concept, hence, aims
at making the Internet even more immersive and pervasive. Furthermore, by enabling easy access
and interaction with a wide variety of devices such as, for instance, home appliances, surveillance
cameras, monitoring sensors, actuators, displays, vehicles, and so on, the IoT will foster the
development of a number of applications that make use of the potentially enormous amount and
variety of data generated by such objects to provide new services to citizens, companies, and public
administrations. This paradigm indeed finds application in many different domains, such as home
automation, industrial automation, medical aids, mobile healthcare, elderly assistance, intelligent
energy management and smart grids, automotive, traffic management, and many others .

In this complex scenario, the application of the IoT paradigm to an urban context is of particular
interest, as it responds to the strong push of many national governments to adopt ICT solutions in
the management of public affairs, thus realizing the so-called Smart City concept . Although there
is not yet a formal and widely accepted definition of ―Smart City,‖ the final aim is to make a better
use of the public resources, increasing the quality of the services offered to the citizens, while
reducing the operational costs of the public administrations. This objective can be pursued by the
deployment of an urban IoT, i.e., a communication infrastructure that provides unified, simple, and
economical access to a plethora of public services, thus unleashing potential synergies and
increasing transparency to the citizens. An urban IoT, indeed, may bring a number of benefits in the
management and optimization of traditional public services, such as transport and parking, lighting,
surveillance and maintenance of public areas, preservation of cultural heritage, garbage collection,
salubrity of hospitals, and school. Furthermore, the availability of different types of data, collected
by a pervasive urban IoT, may also be exploited to increase the transparency and promote the
actions of the local government toward the citizens, enhance the awareness of people about the
status of their city, stimulate the active participation of the citizens in the management of public
administration, and also stimulate the creation of new services upon those provided by the IoT .
Therefore, the application of the IoT paradigm to the Smart City is particularly attractive to local
and regional administrations that may become the early adopters of such technologies, thus acting
as catalyzers for the adoption of the IoT paradigm on a wider scale.

Smart City Concept and Services

According to Research on Smart Cities, the Smart City market is estimated at hundreds of billion
dollars by 2020, with an annual spending reaching nearly 16 billions. This market springs from the
synergic interconnection of key industry and service sectors, such as Smart Governance, Smart
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Mobility, Smart Utilities, Smart Buildings, and Smart Environment. These sectors have also been
considered in the Smart Cities project to define a ranking criterion that can be used to assess the
level of ―smartness‖ of cities.

In this section, we overview some of the services that might be enabled by an urban IoT paradigm
and that are of potential interest in the Smart City context because they can realize the win–win
situation of increasing the quality and enhancing the services offered to the citizens while bringing
an economical advantage for the city administration in terms of reduction of the operational costs [.
To better appreciate the level of maturity of the enabling technologies for these services, we report
in Table I a synoptic view of the services in terms of suggested type(s) of network to be deployed,
expected traffic generated by the service, maximum tolerable delay, device powering, and an
estimate of the feasibility of each service with currently available technologies. From the table, it
clearly emerges that, in general, the practical realization of most of such services is not hindered by
technical issues, but rather by the lack of a widely accepted communication and service architecture
that can abstract from the specific features of the single technologies and provide harmonized
access to the services.

Structural Health of Buildings: Proper maintenance of the historical buildings of a city requires the
continuous monitoring of the actual conditions of each building and identification of the areas that
are most subject to the impact of external agents. The urban IoT may provide a distributed database
of building structural integrity measurements, collected by suitable sensors located in the buildings,
such as vibration and deformation sensors to monitor the building stress, atmospheric agent sensors
in the surrounding areas to monitor pollution levels, and temperature and humidity sensors to have a
complete characterization of the environmental conditions

Waste Management: Waste management is a primary issue in many modern cities, due to both the
cost of the service and the problem of the storage of garbage in landfills. A deeper penetration of
ICT solutions in this domain, however, may result in significant savings and economical and
ecological advantages. For instance, the use of intelligent waste containers, which detect the level of
load and allow for an optimization of the collector trucks route, can reduce the cost of waste
collection and improve the quality of recycling.To realize such a smart waste management service,
the IoT shall connect the end devices, i.e., intelligent waste containers, to a control center where an
optimization software processes the data and determines the optimal management of the collector
truck fleet.

Air Quality: Renewable Energy Directive setting climate change reduction goals for the next
decade. The targets call for a 20% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 compared with
1990 levels, a 20% cut in energy consumption through improved energy efficiency by 2020, and a
20% increase in the use of renewable energy by 2020. To such an extent, an urban IoT can provide
means to monitor the quality of the air in crowded areas, parks, or fitness trails . In addition,
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communication facilities can be provided to let health applications running on joggers‘ devices be
connected to the infrastructure. In such a way, people can always find the healthiest path for
outdoor activities and can be continuously connected to their preferred personal training
application. The realization of such a service requires that air quality and pollution sensors be
deployed across the city and that the sensor data be made publicly available to citizens.

Noise Monitoring: Noise can be seen as a form of acoustic pollution as much as carbon oxide (CO)
is for air. In that sense, the city authorities have already issued specific laws to reduce the amount of
noise in the city centre at specific hours. An urban IoT can offer a noise monitoring service to
measure the amount of noise produced at any given hour in the places that adopt the service.

Traffic Congestion: On the same line of air quality and noise monitoring, a possible Smart City
service that can be enabled by urban IoT consists in monitoring the traffic congestion in the city.
Even though camera-based traffic monitoring systems are already available and deployed in many
cities, low-power widespread communication can provide a denser source of information. Traffic
monitoring may be realized by using the sensing capabilities and GPS installed on modern vehicles.

Energy Consumption: Together with the air quality monitoring service, an urban IoT may provide
a service to monitor the energy consumption of the whole city, thus enabling authorities and
citizens to get a clear and detailed view of the amount of energy required by the different services
(public lighting, transportation, traffic lights, control cameras, heating/cooling of public buildings,
and so on).

Smart Parking: The smart parking service is based on road sensors and intelligent displays that
direct motorists along the best path for parking in the city . The benefits deriving from this service
are manifold: faster time to locate a parking slot means fewer CO emission from the car, lesser
traffic congestion, and happier citizens. The smart parking service can be directly integrated in the
urban IoT infrastructure, because many companies are providing market products for this
application. Furthermore, by using short-range communication technologies, such as Radio
Frequency Identifiers (RFID) or Near Field Communication (NFC), it is possible to realize an
electronic verification system of parking permits in slots reserved for residents or disabled, thus
offering a better service to citizens that can legitimately use those slots and an efficient tool to
quickly spot violations.

Smart Lighting: The optimization of the street lighting efficiency is an important feature. In
particular, this service can optimize the street lamp intensity according to the time of the day, the
weather condition, and the presence of people. In order to properly work, such a service needs to
include the street lights into the Smart City infrastructure. It is also possible to exploit the increased
number of connected spots to provide WiFi connection to citizens. In addition, a fault detection
system will be easily realized on top of the street light controllers.
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Automation and Salubrity of Public Buildings: Another important application of IoT technologies is
the monitoring of the energy consumption and the salubrity of the environment in public buildings
(schools, administration offices, and museums) by means of different types of sensors and actuators
that control lights, temperature, and humidity. By controlling these parameters, indeed, it is possible
to enhance the level of comfort of the persons that live in these environments, which may also have
a positive return in terms of productivity, while reducing the costs for heating/cooling .

Conclusion

From the analysis of the services described above, it clearly emerges that most Smart City services
are based on a centralized architecture, where a dense and heterogeneous set of peripheral devices
deployed over the urban area generate different types of data that are then delivered through
suitable communication technologies to a control center, where data storage and processing are
performed.

A primary characteristic of an urban IoT infrastructure, hence, is its capability of integrating


different technologies with the existing communication infrastructures in order to support a
progressive evolution of the IoT, with the interconnection of other devices and the realization of
novel functionalities and services. Another fundamental aspect is the necessity to make (part of) the
data collected by the urban IoT easily accessible by authorities and citizens, to increase the
responsiveness of authorities to city problems, and to promote the awareness and the participation
of citizens in public matters
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How the Internet of Things will change our lives

Concepts from ISO


An Expert view

The Internet of Things (IoT) has the power to change our world. And while we are starting to see its
incredible impact, we are still very much at the beginningof the transformational journey. Here‘s a
look into the current state of affairs inthe race to standardize IoT, along with what people are saying
about it.

Soon every device you own – and nearly every object you can imagine – will be connected to the
Internet. Whether it‘s through your phone, wearable tech or everyday household objects, the
Internet of Things (IoT) will connect us in ways we can‘t even imagine yet.

Your thermostat, alarm system, smoke detector, doorbell and refrigerator may already be
―networked‖, but changes are starting to take root in our cities as well. Better management of
energy, water, transportation and safety are bringing people in closer touch with their surroundings
and capturing our imaginations for urban bliss – a fully integrated, smart, sustainable city. Last but
not least, we‘re seeing dramatic increases in activity and innovation on the factory front, where the
potential for cyber-physical systems to improve productivity in the production process is vast.

As you can imagine, life in ten years will look materially different from how it looks in 2016 as the
pace of technology change accelerates, thanks in large part to the coming boom of the Internet of
Things. In some ways, IoT still feels like empty tech jargon. It‘s hard to lump all these different,
disparate things together and talk about them in a meaningful way. So, in an attempt to make sense
of this emerging technology, let‘s look at what plans are afoot to build an IoT future.

Paradigm shift in technology

Technology consulting firm Gartner, Inc. projects that 6.4 billion connected things will be in use
worldwide this year, up 30 % from last year. And this number is expected to grow by more than
three times to nearly 21 billion by the year 2020.

Over half of major new business processes and systems will incorporate some element of IoT by
2020, assures Gartner. The impact on consumers‘ lives and corporate business models is rapidly
increasing as the cost of ―instrumenting‖ physical things with sensors and connecting them to other
things – devices, systems and people – continues to drop.

Futurist and technologist Chuck Evanhoe, who has spoken extensively about IoT, explains the
precipitation of devices connected to the Internet and each other: ―IoT will be a tremendous enabler
of better information in both the consumer and business environments. I believe that the impact of
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IoT will be across the board. All of the systems that we don‘t think about in our day-to-day life will
be more effective in keeping humans productive so the impact won‘t be in just one area.‖

While flashy applications to consumer technologies understandably generate the most media buzz,
there is more to IoT than merely everyday life situations and communications. Networked devices
perhaps hold the most promise to cut costs and raise efficiency in production and manufacturing,
offering not only to make their management more effective but the work itself smarter.

Evanhoe lists the multiple benefits: ―From ‗Smart Appliances‘ to the ‗Smart Factory‘, we will have
better information, more control and insight into the everyday things that we need to function, both
known and unknown. By unknown, I refer to things most people don‘t think about until they
become a problem, such as the power grid. By sensing the things in our world, systems will be
better able to keep running without human intervention until something needs or will need, e.g.
predictive maintenance, our intervention.‖

Welcome to Industry 4.0

Around the world, traditional manufacturing industry is also in the midst of a major change,
marking the dawn of smart manufacturing or Industry 4.0. Every day, technologies based on IoT
make factories smarter, safer and more environmentally sustainable. IoT connects the factory to a
whole new range of smart manufacturing solutions, which run around the production. The dramatic
improvements to production and cost reduction are projected to generate billions in revenue growth
and productivity over the next decade. The transformation that it implies is huge.

IoT gives manufacturers the ability to track objects, to find out how consumers are using a certain
product, and to determine which features are the prominent ones. This creates a better
understanding of what adjustments should be made to the product(s) to help improve adoption and
purchasing rates. Knowing what the users do with the product is something brands want to leverage
and IoT makes that readily available.

According to a global survey released by Gartner earlier this year, adoption of IoT is expected to
reach 43 % of enterprises by the end of this year, with the heaviest users including companies in the
oil, gas, utilities and manufacturing industries.

IoT, for example, promises to bring to the automotive industry changes that we can‘t predict yet and
is already influencing how carmakers build their vehicles and how they think of the future of their
products.

Igor Demay, Chair of ISO/TC 22, Road vehicles, explains: ―IoT in the automotive industry
appeared around the beginning of the 21st century, with navigation systems changing dramatically
the relationship between the driver and the vehicle. We are now in the second period with ‗mirror
devices‘ such as mobile phones or portable navigation units known as nomadic devices, whose
screens are used by car owners or drivers while driving their vehicles.‖
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That influence is only going to deepen as more connected cars come online and as consumers
continue to demand more technology in their vehicles. ―The third step,‖ says Demay, ―will consist
of all advanced driver-assistance systems and automated driving solutions.‖ So while IoT solutions
are part of the industry‘s future, the challenges that lie ahead are mountainous as the levels of
sophistication continue to grow.

Biggest challenge

As with any new technology, IoT can be confusing and intimidating, especially as debates swirl
around standardization. Currently, the biggest problem facing IoT is the lack of consistent
standards.

While some layers of the IoT technology stack have no standards, others have numerous competing
standards with no obvious winner. Without a ―common communication method‖, devices will only
be able to talk to their own brands and severely limit the helpfulness of connected machines.

To understand how a lack of uniform standards can complicate product development and industry
growth, consider connectivity issues. For example, if a company that develops smart clothing is
different from a company that develops smart home technology, the chances of their products
communicating are minimal. That‘s because different devices will often use different
communications protocols, resulting in a lack of interoperability and an experience that‘s far from
seamless for customers. However, if the two companies used the same standard for connectivity,
interoperability would be much more likely.

It‘s no wonder, therefore, that IoT is a hot topic in the standards community. ISO/IEC joint
technical committee JTC 1 formed a working group on the Internet of Things (WG 10) to develop
an architectural model for the interoperability of IoT systems. Many of the standards that are
needed probably exist, but their relative importance, deployment and application are not yet clear.

To address the situation, ISO established a Strategic Advisory Group (SAG) on Industry 4.0. Its
Chair, Kai Rannenberg, believes network connectivity that enables these objects to collect and
exchange data is key. ―The IoT opens great opportunities and unforeseen applications, but can also
create major risks, e.g. when data collection is exaggerated, or when devices connected to the
Internet were not designed to handle this challenge.‖

Rannenberg sees standards leveraging IoT technologies to create more efficient, responsive make-
to-order systems. ―There will be interfaces, interfaces and more interfaces. Standards are needed to
avoid interfaces becoming bottlenecks for bringing products to market. And there is certainly a big
role for standards on the architectural design of Industry 4.0/smart manufacturing to coordinate
workflows and processes.‖
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For Rannenberg and others, the culmination of the SAG‘s work is a set of standards ensuring that
every device connected to the Internet will be able to seamlessly talk to each other – no matter the
chip, operating system or maker of the device.

Collaborating and sharing

Although multiple organizations, including interest groups and industry consortia, are attempting to
establish standards, ISO has its eyes set on collaborative efforts. Earlier this year, ISO, IEC
(International Electrotechnical Commission) and ITU (International Telecommunications Union)
organized a joint workshop on standards for IoT in Berlin, Germany. The event was hosted by the
German Institute for Standardization (DIN), the ISO member for the country, and led by
ISO/IEC JTC 1. The aim was to share experience and gain insights on ongoing standardization
activities in the area of IoT among the three organizations.

Demonstration of the new Saeco application which controls the bluetooth coffee
machine on an Apple Iphone 6 Plus.

Speakers from various sectors shared their expectations of IoT and how it could impact their area of
activity. Several use cases were presented, addressing applications such as smart grids, intelligent
manufacturing, supply chain management and wearable smart devices. Global challenges such as
energy conservation, smarter cities and improved healthcare were also discussed as concrete
examples where IoT can have a significant transformational role. The workshop also examined
issues transversal to the different application domains of IoT, such as data privacy and security, and
reference architectures. Progress of related standardization is critical for the large-scale adoption of
IoT technologies and solutions.

The workshop concluded that International Standards are of great importance to build a global
market for safe, energy-efficient and interoperable IoT devices and systems. Panellists concurred
that expanding the existing collaboration between the three international standards organizations is
vital for accelerating the successful deployment of IoT.

Ultimately, it‘s likely that more than one collaborative effort will be needed before the state of
standards flux settles. No doubt we‘ll see many more joint efforts to make standards compatible. As
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a practical matter, though, this pending work will come about in an evolutionary fashion. The
experts seem hopeful that we‘ll start to see a shake-out in 2017 or so – stay tuned.

Going beyond connectivity

Rapid changes in IoT technology make it challenging for even the most experienced experts to
anticipate the future of standardization in the field. What is certain, however, is that the possibilities
will be limitless.

Evanhoe, as a futurist, understands the current trends of technology and predicts where they are
headed. ―The convergence is inevitable,‖ he says. ―IoT goes beyond connected devices, i.e. things
with an IP address; all of the automatic identification technologies, including RFID and bar codes,
enable IoT by helping to identify the ‗things‘ in IoT so it‘s all of this working together to enable
IoT and its benefits.‖

Whether it‘s through your phone, wearable tech or everyday household objects, IoT will connect us
in ways we can‘t even imagine yet. So, if you are looking to hitch your wagon to a rising tide, grab
the coat-tails of the coming IoT standards tidal wave and hang on for the ride of your life.

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