INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION OF MATERIAL

Materials may be defined as substance of which something is composed or made.

Materials are obtained from earth crust and atmosphere. Production and processing of
materials constitute a large part of our economy. Engineers choose materials to suite design.
New materials might be needed for some new applications. For example High temperature
resistant materials, space station and Mars Rovers should sustain conditions in space, High
speed, low temperature, strong but light, modification of properties might be needed for some
applications. For example, Heat treatment to modify properties. Materials science deals with
basic knowledge about the internal structure, properties and processing of materials.
Materials engineering deals with the application of knowledge gained by materials science to
convert materials to products.

Materials science Materials Science and Engineering Materials Engineering

Basic Knowledge Resultant

Applied
of Knowledge
Knowledge
Materials of Structure and
of Materials
Properties

In this assignment, we decide to research a material stainless steel. This material has
many application that can be used for human in the life. For Example, Stainless steel also use
in medical, Architecture and Civil Construction, Cutlery, Household Appliances and other.
Steel is one of the basic materials used in today’s civil engineering industry due to its proven
high strength and durability. As stainless steel possesses similar desirable properties to
normal steel and eliminates their disadvantages, stainless steel has been widely used as a
construction material. The rate of growth of stainless steel use in the civil engineering sector
is rapid.

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CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

Materials are classified according to many different criteria including their physical and
chemical characteristics as well as their intended applications whether it is thermal, optical,
electrical, magnetic, or combined. As their methods of usage dictate their physical
appearance, they can be designed, tailored, and/or prepared in many forms such as powders,
thin or thick films, and plates and could be introduced/studied in a single or multi layers. End
products could be pure materials or doped ones with most useful compounds are those with
controlled added impurities.The dopants could be added chemically or mixed and implanted
physically. In case the impurities were added chemically, the dopants/co-dopants on
substitutional/interstitial sites should be optimized and investigated thoroughly as well as any
stresses instigated by their presence within the structure; whereas in the case of the physical
mixing, the influence of the degree of heterogeneity of the prepared hybrid composites ought
to be studied.The different physical and chemical preparation techniques can be used solely
or combined including solid state synthesis, hydrothermal, sol-gel, precipitations and
coprecipitations, spin coating, physical vapor deposition, and spray pyrolysis. Types of
impurities along with their amounts are usually dictated by types of matrices to be added
to,and their ability to maximize the desired products’ usefulness. Among the most commonly
used characterization techniques are X-ray diffraction (XRD) either single crystal or powder,
scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray
fluorescence (XRF), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), UV-Vis absorption
Spectroscopy, Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), and Photoluminescence spectrometry. In
addition, it is usually considered of extreme importance to find theoretical models that can
confirm and/or predict the experimental findings and assist in discussion, assignment, and the
explanation of results and outcomes. Also, vision and room for future modification and
development should always be pinpointed. Hence, one can classify the material as a smart
one if its presence can serve multi purposes within the final product.

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BACKGROUND OF THE MATERIAL

It is common practice to nickel plate many different types of industrial parts which are
made of stainless steel in order to give the parts a bright, shinny surface. By way of example,
automative vehicle body moldings, door handles, and other functional or decorative parts are
nickel-plated for appearance purpose. In commercial practice, nickel plating stainless steel
parts typically is accomplished by initially buffing the stainless steel to achieve a high luster
and then electroplating with chromium to retain the high luster and then electroplated with
chromium to retain the high luster and to make the finished surface more durable.

In the pass, stainless steel parts have been electroplated with nickel before the
chromium electrolystic plating step. But, the adhesion between the nickel plating and the
stainless steel part has been erratic. It has been understood that proper adhesion and good red
rust resistance could not be consistently pre-plating surface treatment followed by
conventional plating has not been effective in producing sufficient chemical bond between
the stainless steel surface and the nickel coating.

Stainless steels are commonly divided into five group, martensitic stainless steel,
ferritic stainless steel, austenitic stainless steels, duplex (ferritic-austenitic) stainless steel, and
precipitation-hardening stainless steel.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

Common electronic methods of nickel over stainless steel have some problem. The
addition between the nickel plating and stainless steel part has been problem. The adhesion
between the nickel plating and stainless steel part has been erratic. Also the preparation of the
surface for electroplating is difficult, for example wood’s nickel strikes are very sensitive to
metallic impurities or the strike deposit is usually very sensitive to metallic inpurities or the
strike deposit is usually very thin and examination of strike layer may not show any sign of
pitting and roughness. Something even after following all the proper pre-plating treatment the
adhesion is also poor. Further, the red rust resistance of the nickel plated part has been erratic
because this oxide layer not electrical conductive and so it should be removed from the
surface and its removing is a hard work. These problem lead to use better methods for nickel
electroplating over stainless steel such as high speed electroplating.

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CHARACTERISTISC OF STAINLESS STEEL

The characteristics of the board group of stainless steels can viewed as compared to the more
familiar plain carbon “mild” steels. As a generalisation the stainless steel have:

 Higher work hardening rate

 Higher ductility
 Higher strength and hardness
 Higher hot strength
 Higher cryogenic toughness
 Lower magnetic response (austenitic only)
 Must retain corrosion resistant surface in the finished product

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Effect of Alloying on Structure and Properties
Certain alloying elements promote the formation of a ferrite microstructure and are classified
as ferrite stabilizers, while others are classified as austenite stabilizers because they promote
the formation of an austenite microstructure. This is significant in the identification of the
various families of stainless steel and their properties

Chromium
Chromium is the most important alloying element in stainless steel production. A minimum
of 10.5% chromium is required for the formation of a protective layer of chromium oxide on
the steel surface. Corrosion resistance increases with increasing chromium content. It also
increases resistance to oxidation at high temperatures. Chromium is a ferrite stabilizer.

Nickel
Nickel is a strong austenite stabilizer and the main reason for a nickel addition is to create an
austenite microstructure. It also reduces the corrosion rate and is thus advantageous in acid
environments. Stainless steels with 8% nickel and 18% chromium have a fully austenitic
microstructure and exhibit superior welding and working characteristics in comparison to
ferritic stainless steels.

Molybdenum
Molybdenum increases resistance to both general corrosion (particularly acidic conditions)
and localized corrosion (pitting, crevice corrosion, etc). Molybdenum is a ferrite stabilizer,
which when used in austenitic alloys, must be balanced with austenite stabilizers in order to
maintain an austenitic structure. Molybdenum is added to martensitic stainless steels to
improve high temperature strength.

Carbon
Carbon is a strong austenite stabilizer. It also substantially increases the mechanical strength.
Carbon reduces the resistance to intergranular corrosion, if chromium carbides have been
formed by exposure of the steel to high temperature, such as in the heat affected zone from
welding. In ferritic stainless steels carbon will strongly reduce both toughness and corrosion
resistance. In the martensitic stainless steels carbon increases hardness and strength, but is
generally accompanied by a decrease in toughness.

Manganese
Manganese is generally used in stainless steels in order to improve hot ductility. It is an
austenite stabilizer and also increases the solubility of nitrogen, which is also an austenite
stabilizer. Thus in some stainless steels the combination of manganese and nitrogen is used to
replace some of the nickel to produce higher strength nitrogen-bearing austenitic stainless
steels.

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Nitrogen
Nitrogen is a very strong austenite stabilizer. It also substantially increases the mechanical
strength in the same manner as carbon. Nitrogen increases the resistance to localized
corrosion, especially in combination with molybdenum. In ferritic stainless steels nitrogen
will strongly reduce toughness and corrosion resistance.

Copper
Copper enhances corrosion resistance in certain acids (e.g. sulfuric acid) and promotes an
austenitic microstructure. In precipitation hardening steels copper is used to form the
intermetallic compounds that are used to increase the strength.

Titanium
Titanium is both a strong ferrite and carbide former. In austenitic stainless steels it is added to
increase the resistance to intergranular corrosion but it also increases the mechanical
properties at high temperatures. In ferritic stainless steels titanium is added to improve
toughness and corrosion resistance by lowering the amount of interstitials in solid solution. In
martensitic steels titanium lowers the martensite hardness and increases the tempering
resistance. In precipitation hardening steels titanium is used to form the intermetallic
compounds that are used to increase the strength.

Niobium (Columbium)
Like titanium, niobium is both a strong ferrite and carbide former. In austenitic stainless
steels it is added to increase the resistance to intergranular corrosion but it also increases the
mechanical properties at high temperatures.

Sulphur
Sulphur is added to certain stainless steels, the free-machining grades, in order to increase
machinability. At the levels present in these grades sulfur will substantially reduce corrosion
resistance, ductility and fabrication properties, such as weldability and formability.

Silicon
Silicon improves resistance to oxidation at high temperatures and increases corrosion resistance in strongly
oxidizing solutions, such as nitric acid or concentrated sulfuric acid. Silicon is a ferrite stabilizer.

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THE PROCESS OF STAINLESS STEEL

The manufacture of stainless steel involves a series of processes:

To make stainless steel, the raw materials—iron ore, chromium, silicon, nickel, etc.—are melted together in
an electric furnace. This step usually involves 8 to 12 hours of intense heat. Next, the mixture is cast into
one of several shapes, including blooms, billets, and slabs.

First, the steel is melted, and then it is cast into solid form. After various forming steps, the
steel is heat treated and then cleaned and polished to give it the desired finish. Next, it is
packaged and sent to manufacturers, who weld and join the steel to produce the desired
shapes.

Melting and casting

 The raw materials are first melted together in an electric furnace. This step usually
requires 8 to 12 hours of intense heat. When the melting is finished, the molten steel is
cast into semi-finished forms.

Forming

 Next, the semi-finished steel goes through forming operations, beginning with hot
rolling, in which the steel is heated and passed through huge rolls. Blooms and billets
are formed into bar and wire, while slabs are formed into plate, strip, and sheet.

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Heat treatment

 After the stainless steel is formed, most types must go through an annealing step.
Annealing is a heat treatment in which the steel is heated and cooled under controlled
conditions to relieve internal stresses and soften the metal. Some steels are heat
treated for higher strength.

Descaling

 Annealing causes a scale or build-up to form on the steel. The scale can be removed
using several processes. One of the most common methods, pickling, uses a nitric-
hydrofluoric acid bath to descale the steel. In another method, electrocleaning, an
electric current is applied to the surface using a cathode and phosphoric acid, and the
scale is removed. The annealing and descaling steps occur at different stages
depending on the type of steel being worked.

Cutting

 Cutting operations are usually necessary to obtain the desired blank shape or size to
trim the part to final size. Mechanical cutting is accomplished by a variety of
methods, including straight shearing using guillotine knives, circle shearing using
circular knives horizontally and vertically positioned, sawing using high speed steel
blades, blanking, and nibbling.

Stainless steel can also be cut using flame cutting, which involves a flame-fired torch
using oxygen and propane in conjunction with iron powder.

Finishing

 Surface finish is an important specification for stainless steel products and is critical
in applications

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 The initial steel shapes—blooms, billets, slabs, etc.—are hot rolled into bar, wire, sheet, strip,
and plate. Depending on the form, the steel then undergoes further rolling steps (both hot and
cold rolling), heat treatment (annealing), descaling Ito remove buildup), and polishing to produce
the finished stainless steel. The steel is then sent the end user.

Manufacturing at the fabricator of end user

 After the stainless steel in its various forms are packed and shipped to the fabricator
or end user, a variety of other processes are needed. Further shaping is accomplished
using a variety of methods, such as roll forming, press forming, forging, press
drawing, and extrusion.

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 TYPES OF STAINLESS STEEL

A. Austenitic Stainless Steel

These are chromium and nickel containing stainless steels with very low carbon
content. They are non-magnetic, but can become slights magnetic when cold worked.
Cold working also enhances their strength. Austenitic Stainless Steel have excellent
corrosion resistance, good formability, and excellent mechanical properties over a
wide range of temperatures. In addition, these steel are easy to clean, which enhances
their use in applications in hygienic and sterile environments.
Typical application for the various grades includes:
-304/304L
-309/310
-318/316
-321/316Ti

B. Ferritic Stainless Steel

Ferritic Stainless Steel are plain chromium stainless steels, usually with a low carbon
content. They are magnetic and have good ductility and resistances to corrosion and
oxidation. They are generally resistant to stress corrosion cracking. However, there
are weldability limitations which restrict their use to thinner gauges.
Typical application for the various grades includes:
-409
-430
-4509(441)
-AISI 444
-3CR12

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 C. Martensitic Stainless Steel
These steels are similar to ferritic steels in being based on Chromium but have higher
Carbon levels up as high as 1%. This allows them to be hardened and tempered much
like carbon and low-alloy steels. They are used where high strength and moderate
corrosion resistance is required. They are more common in long products than in sheet
and plate form. They have generally low weldability and formability. They are
magnetic.

D. Duplex Stainless Steel

These steels have a microstructure which is approximately 50% ferritic and 50%
austenitic. This gives them a higher strength than either ferritic or austenitic steels.
They are resistant to stress corrosion cracking. So called “lean duplex” steels are
formulated to have comparable corrosion resistance to standard austenitic steels but
with enhanced strength and resistance to stress corrosion cracking. “Superduplex”
steels have enhanced strength and resistance to all forms of corrosion compared to
standard austenitic steels. They are weldable but need care in selection of welding
consumables and heat input. They have moderate formability. They are magnetic but
not so much as the ferritic, martensitic and PH grades due to the 50% austenitic phase.

E. Precipitation Hardening (PH) Stainless Steel

These steels can develop very high strength by adding elements such as Copper,
Niobium and Aluminium to the steel. With a suitable “aging” heat treatment, very
fine particles form in the matrix of the steel which imparts strength. These steels can
be machined to quite intricate shapes requiring good tolerances before the final aging
treatment as there is minimal distortion from the final treatment. This is in contrast to
conventional hardening and tempering in martensitic steels where distortion is more
of a problem. Corrosion resistance is comparable to standard austenitic steels like
1.4301 (304).

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SAE TYPE HARDENING DESCRIPTION APPLICTION
GRAD /MAGNETISM
E
301 Austenitic Cold only / Non- Corrosion resistance is similar Toaster springs, screen frames, car
magnetic to 304. Lower heat resistance & wheel covers, often roll formed.
strength than higher 3-series Lower quality kitchen pots and
grades, but cheaper. silverware.
303 Austenitic Cold only / Non- Addition of sulphur makes 303 Any component that is heavily
magnetic the best machinable austenitic. machined and where lower
But it makes it less corrosion corrosion resistance is ok, e.g nuts
resistant than 301, 304, and 316. and bolts, gears.
304 Austenitic Cold only / Non- Accounts for more than half of Kitchen sinks & appliances,
magnetic the stainless steel produced. The architectural panelling, truck
larger amount of nickel than 301 trailers, food processing equipment
make it more suitable for – beer brewing, milk processing,
complex forms. wine making. Ok for utensils but
too soft for good knife blades.
316 Austenitic Cold only / Non- Most expensive austenitic and Food preparation, pharmaceuticals,
magnetic 2nd most used after 304. The marine applications, architectural,
addition of molybdenum gives it medical implants, chemical
better corrosion resistance. containers. Good for utensils other
than knife blades.
430 Ferritic Can not be Most widely used ferritic. Its Car rims, fridge doors, cold headed
hardened / ability to resist nitric acid attack fasteners, fridge covers, inside of
Magnetic permits its use in specific dish washers. Also used for low
chemical applications. Lower quality cutlery.
corrosion resistance than 304
and 316.
409 Ferritic Can not be Cheapest stainless steel. Mufflers and low quality kitchen
hardened / Suitable for high temperatures utensils.
Magnetic but not very corrosion resistant (
low content of chromium)
410 Martensitic Thermal hardening Most widely used martensitic Bots, nuts, screws, bushings, car
/ Magnetic steel due to low-cost. Harder parts, industrial products.
than the austenitic steels , but
they corrode easier. Softer than
416 or 420, but more Machin
able.
420 Martensitic Thermal hardening 420 stainless steel is a high Better quality cutlery and knife
/ Magnetic carbon version of 410, and blades. Medium quality tools,
therefore harder. surgical instruments.
440 Martensitic Thermal hardening High hardness combined with Highest quality for knife blades,
/ Magnetic good corrosion resistance make tools, chisels, surgical instruments.
it a highest priced stainless
steel.
2205 Duplex Cold only / Most used duplex. 50% ferrite Marine, chemical and
Magnetic and 50% austenitic results in petrochemical industries. Oil and
high strength , hardness, and gas exploration.
resistance to erosion, fatigue
and corrosion.

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TYPE CORROSION HARDNE MAGNETIS HARDENABLE WELDANILITY
RESISTANCE SS M WITH
THERMAL
TREATMENTS
Martensiti Low High Yes Yes Poor
c
Ferritic Good Medium – Yes No Limited
low
Austenitic Excellent High No No Excellent
Duplex Excellent High Yes No Good

APPLICATION OF STAINLESS STEEL

There is no doubt that stainless steel is an essential material for a wide array of industries
applications. It is known for its immense strength, corrosion resistance, longevity, ductility,
and acid resistance. This is why stainless steel is the first choice for industries when it comes
to using steel in an application.

STAINLESS STEEL INDUSTRIES APPLICATION

 Aerospace: Stainless steel is the perfect metal for fabrication aerospace components.
It has the capability of maintaining its mechanical properties even in extremely harsh
environments and temperature. It is resistant to corrosion and high temperature
oxidation. These features make stainless the perfect metal for manufacturing
components such as:
-High Temperature Engines
-Retaining Rings and Springs
-Exhaust Components
-Landing Gear

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  Marine Ship Building: One of the greatest advantage of stainless steel is its
formability. The marine and ship building industry utilizes components in various
sizes, shapes, lengths, and specifications. Steel is used for constructing various crucial
parts of marine vessels as it is easy to cut, bend, fold, and shape. A few examples of
stainless steel marine components are:
-Anchors
-Ballasts
-Chains
-Keel

 Food Service: Stainless steel provides a number of benefits to food service

applications in terms of transport, preparation, and presentation.
-It does not affect the taste of food
-It can be easily cleaned and sterilized
-Stainless steel parts last longer various steel grades are used to produce components
such as containers, conveyor systems, kiosks and even metallic scrubbers.
 Nuclear: This industry required high grade stainless steel that can resist the strongest
chemicals and protect employees from harmful radiation. Also, steel is a key
components when it comes to nuclear plant development or upgradation. The nuclear
industry utilizes stainless steel create a variety of equipment including:
-Reactor Components
-Cooling Pipes
-Heat Exchanges
-Wastewater Tanks
 Automotive: The automotive industry is perhaps one of the most popular industries
associated with stainless steel are used to manufacture components of different shapes
and sizes. The steel provide benefits of formability, heat resistance, safety, and
efficiency. A few example of stainless steel automotive products are:
-Exhaust System
-Tubing
-Wheel Rims
-Gaskets

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  Architecture And Civil Construction
Facedes fronts, roofting interior architecture, urban furniture, skins and vats
 Cutlery
Tableware and professional knives
 Household Utensils
Kitchenware, pots and pans
 Household Appliances
Ovens, kitchen flues, cook tops, refrigerators, micro-wave ovens and washing
machines
 Pipes and Tubes
Washing machine exhaust pipes, distilleries in addition to various application in sugar
mills
 Capital Goods
Boiler for solar heaters, water and alcohol fermentation and distillation vats, milk
coolers, railways cars, magnetic separations, coins as well as various application in
sugar mills.

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 COMMON STAINLESS STEEL APPLICATIONS

Stainless Steel Classification Typical Applications

Alloy
430 Ferritic Used for moderately corrosive applications involving vegetables, fruits,
and dry foods. Ideal for table surfaces, equipment trim, and places with
little welding or forming.
420 Martensitic Very durable ; excellent corrosion resistance. Used for knife blades,
spatulas, and other utensils.
316 Austenitic Superior durability ; ideal for food processing equipment and
components. Can withstand corrosive foods and frequent cleaning and
sanitizing.
304 Austenitic Excellent corrosion resistance ; often used for items requiring welding
and forming , such as vats, bowls, and piping.
303 Austenitic Less weldable but more Machin able than 304. Good corrosion
resistance ; widely used in trim and other applications not intended for
direct contact with food.
1.4539 Austenitic Suitable for hot and cold corrosive foods that sit for long periods , such
as brines and other salty liquids.
1.4462 Duplex Stronger than 1.4539 ; ideal for some applications.
6% Austenitic Well suited for corrosive foods and high temperatures such as steam
Molybdenum heating and hot work areas.

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BASIC INGREDIENTS IN STAINLESS STEEL

 Iron- Very Strong, very corrosive. Makes up 70-75% of stainless steel

 Chromium- Highly non-corrosive. To be called “stainless”, steel much have a
minimum of 11% chromium
 Nickel- Soft, some corrosion resistance. Makes metal easier to form adds luster
 Manganese- Blinds steel alloys together, reducing brittleness and cracking
 Copper- Soft, conducts heat and electricity. Can replace nickel to make metal easier
to form
 Carbon- Strong, corrosive, Added for strength

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STAINLESS STEEL AND THE ENVIROMENT

Stainless steel is a green product. It is 100% recyclable, as it is not coated with any toxic
material it does not produce toxic run off. A huge difference can be made by companies and
individuals by simply choosing stainless steel over non recyclables materials.

During production, stainless steel uses scrap metal as its primary raw material, with up to
70% of the product coming from recycled material. Increased efficiency in process
technology has also decreased the amount of energy required to manufacture stainless steel.

Even if stainless steel is not recycled and it does find its way to a landfill or disposal site, it
will have no detrimental effects to the soil or groundwater.

Stainless Steel is the preferred material for green bulding throughout the world. Its impact on
the environment is minimal when compared to other materials and its life impact reduces
significantly as it used and recycled.

ENTERPRENUR STAINLESS STEEL

INDUSTRY INSIGHT

The global stainless steel market size was estimated at 37.89 million tons in 2015. The
market is expected to witness significant growth owing to superior properties including
corrosion resistance, durability, and high strength.

Rising use in vehicle manufacturing on account of growing need for lightweight automobiles
on global level is expected to accelerate demand over the next eight year. The product is
being majorly employed in automotive sector worldwide as develop economies are increasing
emphasis on lightweight automobile production.

The U.S and Europe have introduced regulations pertaining to fuel economy and vehicles
emissions to curb global warming which is a key factor promoting stainless steel use in
automobiles. In addition, increasing demand for stainless steel in in household appliance is
expected to augment market growth over the forecast period

High recycling rates as compared to other alloys is further expected to drive demand thereby
propelling market growth. Fluctuating nickel cost are expected to pose a challenge for

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manufacturing thus restricting market growth. Growing applications in renewable energy,
construction, healthcare and cryogenic industries is expected to serve as a growth opportunity
over the forecast period.

APPLICATION INSIGHT

Other application of stainless steel include railways, aerospace, household, chemical, and
pharmaceutical industry. Building & construction application is expected to witness the
fastest growth at a CAGR of over 4% from 2016 to 2024 on account of suitable functional
and aesthetic features of stainless steel.

GRADE INSLIGHT

The market is primarily classified into three major grades on the basis of the alloys
composition of stainless steel. The Cr-Ni alloy also known as the 300 grade was the most
widely used accounting for over 40% of the global volume share in 2015.

316 grade is referenced as food grade and major used in the manufacture of kitchen utensils
or machinery required in kitchen. The Cr-Mn alloy or 200 grade is used for applications
including cookware, freight containers, and infrastructure applications. The alloy is being
used widely on account of non-magnetic nature and low or zero nickel content in countries
including China, Thailand and Indonesia.

PRODUCT INSLIGHT

Various forms of stainless steel including sheets, bars, tubes, billets, ingots and rods are
broadly classified under two product segments namely long and flat. Flat products accounted
for a major market share of over 70% in 2015 on account of high demand from food
processing, chemical processing, high vacuum, wastewater treatment, power generation, heat
treatment, pulp and paper, beverage bottling, pharmaceutical, and brewing industries. Long
products comprise seamless tubes, forged products, profile, peeled bars, CF bars and wire.

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CONCLUSION

At the end of this assignment we get to know more about of stainless steel. The
stainless steel have a lot of advantage in human daily use. As an example stainless steel can
be used in medical, Architecture and Civil Construction, Cutlery, Household Appliances and
others. Based on our observation for this material, it also can improve our country economic.

Furthermore , we also get to know various type of stainless steel such as, martensitic
stainless steel, ferritic stainless steel, austenitic stainless steels, duplex (ferritic-austenitic)
stainless steel, and precipitation-hardening stainless steel. Stainless steel also eco in
environment because it 100% recyclable and save to use. Next, we study about processing in
stainless steel from composite until end of the process.

Other than that, stainless steel also being used widely in food processing. In
industries, various food factories that produce chocolate, water, and other types of foods
usually used stainless steel for water and food tanks. Type of stainless steel that being used in
manufacturing such food and water tanks is named as SUS304. The material is widely use in
food processing because it will never getting rusty and totally save for processing foods and
drinks.

As a conclusion, stainless steel is most common use metal in industries and also used
thoroughly in daily live. We also get to know more about stainless steel right after doing
some research about it such as types of stainless steels, the applications of stainless steels,
and more chemically knowledge about several types of metal.

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REFERENCE

1. Book
Cleaning and Descaling Stainless Steels. American Iron and Steel Institute, 1982.
Finishes for Stainless Steel. American Iron and Steel Institute, June, 1983.
Llewellyn, D. T. Steels: Metallurgy & Applications. Butterworth-Heinemann, 1992.
MacMillan, Angus, ed. The Steel-Alloying Handbook. Elkay Publishing Services,
1993.
Stainless Steel & Heat Resisting Steels. Iron & Steel Society, Inc., 1990.

2. Website
www.brasil.aperam.com
https://removeandreplace.com/2016/11/07/stainless-steel-grades-and-types/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steel#Health_effects

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APPENDIX

Aerospace

Marine Ship Building

Food Service

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Nuclear

Automotive

Architecture

Cutlery

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Household Appliances

Pipes and Tubes

Capital Goods

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