Assignment in ME 312

(Thermodynamics 2)
Research on Power Cycles

Submitted by:
Franz Edriane M. Sotingco

Submitted to:
Engr. Marilou S. Tomentos

1
 Table of Contents

Power Cycles
I. Rankine Cycle…………………………… 3

II. Reheat Cycle…………………………….. 8

III. Regenerative Cycle……………………. 11

IV. Reheat Rankine Cyle…………………. 18

References……………………………………….. 23

2
 I. Rankine Cycle
Basic Cycle

The Rankine cycle is the fundamental operating cycle of all power plants where
an operating fluid is continuously evaporated and condensed. The selection of operating
fluid depends mainly on the available temperature range. Figure 1 shows the idealized
Rankine cycle.

The pressure-enthalpy (p-h) and temperature-entropy (T-s) diagrams of this cycle are
given in Figure 2. The Rankine cycle operates in the following steps:
 1-2-3 Isobaric Heat Transfer. High pressure liquid enters the boiler from the feed
pump (1) and is heated to the saturation temperature (2). Further addition of energy
causes evaporation of the liquid until it is fully converted to saturated steam (3).
 3-4 Isentropic Expansion. The vapor is expanded in the turbine, thus producing
work which may be converted to electricity. In practice, the expansion is limited by
the temperature of the cooling medium and by the erosion of the turbine blades by
liquid entrainment in the vapor stream as the process moves further into the two-
phase region. Exit vapor qualities should be greater than 90%.
 4-5 Isobaric Heat Rejection. The vapor-liquid mixture leaving the turbine (4) is
condensed at low pressure, usually in a surface condenser using cooling water. In well
designed and maintained condensers, the pressure of the vapor is well below
atmospheric pressure, approaching the saturation pressure of the operating fluid at
the cooling water temperature.
 5-1 Isentropic Compression. The pressure of the condensate is raised in the feed
pump. Because of the low specific volume of liquids, the pump work is relatively
small and often neglected in thermodynamic calculations.

Figure I-1. Rankine

Cycle

3
 Figure I-1. T-s and p-h diagrams

The efficiency of power cycles is defined as

Values of heat and work can be determined by applying the First Law of
Thermodynamics to each step. The steam quality x at the turbine outlet is determined
from the assumption of isentropic expansion, i.e.,

where is the entropy of vapor and Si* the entropy of liquid.

Inefficiencies of Real Rankine Cycles

The efficiency of the ideal Rankine cycle as described in the previous section is
close to the Carnot efficiency (see Carnot Cycle). In real plants, each stage of the
Rankine cycle is associated with irreversible processes, reducing the overall efficiency.
Turbine and pump irreversibilities can be included in the calculation of the overall cycle
efficiency by defining a turbine efficiency according to Figure 3

4
where subscript act indicates actual values and subscript is indicates isentropic values
and a pump efficiency

Figure I-2. Turbine efficiency

If ηt and ηp are known, the actual enthalpy after the compression and expansion
steps can be determined from the values for the isentropic processes. The turbine
efficiency directly reduces the work produced in the turbine and, therefore the overall
efficiency. The inefficiency of the pump increases the enthalpy of the liquid leaving the
pump and, therefore, reduces the amount of energy required to evaporate the liquid.
However, the energy to drive the pump is usually more expensive than the energy to
feed the boiler.

5
 Figure I-3. Rankine cycle with vapor superheating
Even the most sophisticated boilers transform only 40% of the fuel energy into
useable steam energy. There are two main reasons for this wastage:
 The combustion gas temperatures are between 1000°C and 2000°C, which is
considerably higher than the highest vapor temperatures. The transfer of heat across
a large temperature difference increases the entropy.
 Combustion (oxidation) at technically feasible temperatures is highly irreversible.
Since the heat transfer surface in the condenser has a finite value, the condensation will
occur at a temperature higher than the temperature of the cooling medium. Again, heat
transfer occurs across a temperature difference, causing the generation of entropy. The
deposition of dirt in condensers during operation with cooling water reduces the
efficiency.

Increasing the Efficiency of Rankine Cycles

Pressure difference
The net work produced in the Rankine cycle is represented by the area of the
cycle process in Figure 2. Obviously, this area can be increased by increasing the
pressure in the boiler and reducing the pressure in the condenser.

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 Figure I-4. Regenerative feed liquid heating

Superheating and reheating

The irreversibility of any process is reduced if it is performed as close as possible
to the temperatures of the high temperature and low temperature reservoirs. This is
achieved by operating the condenser at subatmospheric pressure. The temperature in
the boiler is limited by the saturation pressure. Further increase in temperature is
possible by superheating the saturated vapor, see Figure 4.
This has the additional advantage that the vapor quality after the turbine is increased
and, therefore the erosion of the turbine blades is reduced. It is quite common to reheat
the vapor after expansion in the high pressure turbine and expand the reheated vapor in
a second, low pressure turbine.

Feed water preheating

The cold liquid leaving the feed pump is mixed with the saturated liquid in the
boiler and/or re-heated to the boiling temperature. The resulting irreversibility reduces
the efficiency of the boiler. According to the Carnot process, the highest efficiency is
reached if heat transfer occurs isothermally. To preheat the feed liquid to its saturation
temperature, bleed vapor from various positions of the turbine is passed through
external heat exchangers (regenerators), as shown in Figure 5.

Ideally, the temperature of the bleed steam should be as close as possible to the
temperature of the feed liquid.

7
Combined cycles
The high combustion temperature of the fuel is better utilized if a gas turbine or
Brayton engine is used as "topping cycle" in conjunction with a Rankine cycle. In this
case, the hot gas leaving the turbine is used to provide the energy input to the boiler.
In co-generation systems, the energy rejected by the Rankine cycle is used for space
heating, process steam or other low temperature applications.

II. Reheat Cycle

If very wet steam flows through a turbine, the hydrodynamic conditions for the
turbine blades and nozzles deteriorate sharply, causing a reduction of the internal
relative efficiency of the turbine, ; this in turn leads to a reduction of the effective
(thermal) efficiency of the power plant as a whole. For modern turbines the admissible
dryness fraction of exhaust steam (at the turbine exit) should be not less
than x = 0.86 to 0.88.

As has already been mentioned, one of the ways to reduce the wetness of exhaust
steam at the turbine exit is to superheat the steam in the boiler. Superheating leads to
an increase in the thermal efficiency of the cycle realized, and at the same time, on
the T-s diagram it shifts the point corresponding to the conditions of exhaust steam to
the right, into the region of greater dryness fractions, as illustrated in Fig. II-1

We have also found that with the same superheat temperature the use of high
pressures increases the cycle areas ratio and, consequently, the thermal efficiency of the
cycle, but simultaneously a higher pressure diminishes the dryness fraction of the
exhaust steam and the internal relative efficiency of the turbine.

Figure II-1

One solution could be to further increase the superheat temperature. However, as

was already mentioned, further temperature increases are restricted by the properties of
construction materials. The economic advantage of this undertaking should also take
into consideration increased investments involved in building such a plant.

8
 One way to reduce the final wetness of exhaust steam is to reheat the steam. After
the flow of steam, performing work in the turbine, expands to some pressure p* > p2, it
is extracted from the turbine and directed to flow into an additional superheater,
or reheater, installed, for instance, in the boiler flue. In this reheater, steam temperature
rises to T*, and then the steam flows back into the turbine, in which it expands to the
pressure p2. As can be seen from the T-s diagram, shown in Fig. II-1 c, the final wetness
of steam diminishes.

The diagram of a power plant with steam reheating is shown in Fig. II-2, in which
the reheat superheater, or reheater, is designated by RS. When reheating the steam, the
turbine is a two-cylinder unit, comprising a high-pressure turbine and a low-pressure
turbine arranged on a common shaft along with a generator.

Figure II-3 shows on a T-s diagram an internally reversible reheat cycle of the
steam power plant, practising superheating. It is clear that this cycle can be visualized as
consisting of two individual cycles, the conventional Rankine cycle (main) 5-4-6-1-2-3-
5 and an additional cycle 2-7-8-9-2 (the line 7-8 is an isobar p* = const). It can be
assumed that the work done along the section 7-2 of the expansion adiabat in the main
cycle is spent to ensure adiabatic compression of the working medium on the section 2-
7 of the additional cycle.

Figure II-2

Figure II-3

9
The expression for the thermal efficiency of the reheat cycle can be presented in the
following form:

If the thermal efficiency of the additional cycle,

is greater than the thermal efficiency of the main cycle,

then the thermal efficiency of the reheat cycle, , will be greater than the thermal
efficiency of a Rankine cycle without reheating (i.e. greater than that of the main cycle):

In fact, if , it means that the area ratio of the additional cycle is

greater than that of the main cycle and, consequently, the area ratio of the total reheat
cycle is larger than the area ratio of the main cycle.

Steam reheating, practised at one time mainly to do away with the high wetness
of steam in the last stages of turbines, is now used to increase the thermal efficiency
cycles.

Analyzing the T-s diagram, we see that if steam is returned for reheating at a
temperature not very low and it is being reheated to a temperature close to T1, the
thermal efficiency of the additional cycle will be higher than the thermal efficiency of the
main cycle; in this case the area ratio of the additional cycle will be far greater than that
of the main cycle (Fig. II-4).

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 Figure II-4
A cycle with steam reheating to a temperature T* = T1 is shown on the i-s diagram in
Fig. 11.24.

Figure II-5
Modern steam power plants are usually operated not only with single but with
double steam reheating.
Steam reheating used in steam power plants as a means for raising the thermal
efficiency of the plant, is similar to the two-stage heat addition in gas-turbine plants.

III. Regenerative Cycle

As in gas-turbine plants, the thermal efficiency of a steam power plant is raised
by means of heat regeneration.

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 If a steam power plant is operated on a Rankine cycle without steam reheating
and if complete regeneration of heat is accomplished, then the thermal efficiency of this
Rankine cycle will be equal to the thermal efficiency of a Carnot cycle. Figure III-1 shows
the Rankine wet-steam cycle with full regeneration on a T-s diagram (it is understood
that we are speaking of internally reversible cycles).

Figure III-1

The efficiency of the Rankine cycle with steam reheating, even with maximum
regeneration, will be inferior to the thermal efficiency of the Carnot cycle in the same
temperature interval: as it follows from the T-s diagram shown in Fig. III-2, with the
thermal efficiency of the reheat Rankine cycle increasing appreciably, compared with
the cycle without regeneration.

Figure III-2

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 The regenerative cycle shown in Fig. III-2 is represented as an ideal cycle: as was
shown in Sec. 10.2 equidistant heat addition and heat rejection lines (line 3-4 and line 7-
2r, respectively, in III-2) can be ensured provided an ideal regenerator is used.

It follows from the T-s diagram shown in Fig. III-2 that the thermal efficiency of the
Rankine cycle with maximum regeneration is determined from the expression

In actual steam power cycles regeneration is effected with the aid of surface-type
or direct-contact regenerative feed-water heaters, either of which is supplied with steam
from intermediate turbine stages (the regenerative takeoff). The steam condenses in the
regenerative feed-water heaters FWH 1 and FWH 2 heating the feed water which is
delivered to the boiler. Heating steam condensate is also delivered to the boiler or mixes
with the main flow of feed water (Fig. III-3). Strictly speaking, the regenerative cycle of a
steam power plant cannot be represented on a two-dimensional T-s diagram, since this
diagram is plotted for a constant amount of working medium, whereas in a regenerative
cycle, involving the use of regenerative feed-water heaters, the quantity of the
working medium varies along the turbine blading. Therefore, in investigating the cycle
plotted on a flat T-s diagram (Fig. III-4), the hypothetical nature of this representation
should be borne in mind; for emphasis, a diagram representing the rate of steam flow
through the turbine along its blading is shown adjacent to the T-s diagram. This new
diagram pertains to line 1-2 on the T-s diagram, the line of adiabatic expansion of steam
in the turbine. Thus, on the section 1-2 of the cycle, shown on the T-s diagram, the
quantity of the working medium diminishes with a drop in pressure, and along the
section 5-4 the quantity of the working medium increases with rising pressure (heating
steam condensate is added to the feed water).

Figure III-3

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 Figure III-4
Ideally, the regenerative cycle should be represented in a three-dimensional
system of coordinates: T, s, D. Figure III-5 shows a regenerative cycle with two heating
stages on a T-s-D diagram. The T-s diagrams of the cycles realized by three fractions of
the steam flow are shown in the same illustration: the fraction of steam bled into the
first heating stage (a1D), the fraction of steam bled from the turbine into the second
heating stage (a2D) and the fraction passing into the condenser [(1 - a1 - a2)D]. Since it
is rather difficult to make use of the three-dimensional system of coordinates, they find
no practical application.

Figure III-5

When not surface-type but direct-contact regenerative heaters are used, in

accordance with the layout of the steam power plant shown in Fig. 11.27, several pumps
must be installed, since water pressure should be increased in steps: the pressure of the
water flowing into a direct-contact heater should be equal to the pressure of the steam
bled for this heater. In the diagram the number of pumps exceeds the number of steam
bleeding points by one.

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 Let us consider in detail the cycle of the regenerative steam power plant with two
direct-contact feed-water heaters, depicted in Fig. III-3 (an internally reversible cycle is
considered). Denote the fraction of the working medium bled from the turbine by α. If
the rate of steam flow at the turbine entry is denoted by D, then a1D kg/h of steam is
bled from the turbine and directed into the first regenerative heater FWH1, and
a2D kg/h of steam is bled into the second regenerative heater FWH2.

Hence, up to the first bleeding point D kg/h of steam performs work in the
turbine, downstream from this point (1 – a1)D kg/h of steam performs work, and
downstream from the second bleeding point (1 - a1 - a2)D kg/h of steam performs work.

Correspondingly, (1 - a1 - a2)D kg/h of exhaust steam passes into the condenser;

(1 - a1 - a2)D kg/h of water (condensate) from the condenser and a2D kg/h of steam
from the second bleeding point are delivered into the second regenerative heater. As a
result of the mixing of bled steam and condensate (1 – a1)D kg/h of heated feed water
leaves the second regenerative heater. Directed into the first regenerative heater is (1 –
a1)D kg/h of water from the second heater and a1D kg/h of steam from the first bleeding
point; the water and steam mix and D kg/h of heated feed water leaves this heater. The
feed water flows to the feed pump which delivers it to the boiler. Let us find out on what
basis the values of a1 and a2 are selected.

The conditions of the steam bled from the turbine are preset. Let us denote steam
pressure at the first bleeding point by and the pressure of steam at the second
bleeding point by .

The pump delivers (1 - a1 - a2)D kg/h of feed water from the condenser into the second
regenerative heater at a pressure of . This water is not heated to the boiling point
corresponding to the pressure ; the temperature of this feed water is somewhat
higher than T2. Let us denote its enthalpy by . From the bleeding point a2D kg/h of
superheated steam is delivered into the heater at the same pressure . Denote the
enthalpy of this superheated steam by . The value of a2 is selected so that the mixing
of superheated steam and water at a temperature below the boiling point will yield
feedwater heated to the boiling point corresponding to the pressure . The enthalpy
of saturated water at the pressure will be denoted by . The heat balance equation
for the second regenerative heater takes the following form:

(Equation III-1)

The first regenerative feed-water heater receives water in the amount of (1 – a1)D kg/h
at a pressure ; denote its enthalpy by . Superheated steam flows from the first
bleeding point into the heater in the amount of a1D kg/h; denote the enthalpy of this
steam by . Just as for the second regenerative heater, the rate of flow from the first
bleeding point into the first heater is selected so that water leaves the heater at the
boiling point corresponding to the pressure ; the enthalpy of this feed water is
denoted .

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The heat balance equation for the first regenerative heater takes the following form:

(Equation III-2)

Equations (III-1) and (III-2) yield:

As a result of regenerative heating, feed water is delivered into the boiler at a

temperature of , i.e. at the saturation temperature corresponding to the
pressure . The enthalpy of water in this state is . Hence, the amount of heat
added in the boiler to 1 kg of working medium is

(III-3)

In the condenser an amount of heat (i2 — i 3 ) is removed from each kilogram of steam.
However, since we have shown that from each kilogram of steam entering the turbine
only (1 - a1 - a2) kilograms of exhaust steam enters the condenser, it is clear that the
heat rejected from one kilogram of exhaust steam amounts to

(III-4)

It follows that, in accordance with the general relationship (9.1), the equation for the
thermal efficiency of the regenerative feed-water cycle with two steam bleedings can be
presented in the following form:

(III-5)

The problem of determining the thermal efficiency of the regenerative feed-water cycle
can also be approached in another way.

One kilogram of steam passing into the condenser produces in the turbine the following
amount of work:

(III-6)

One kilogram of steam bled from the turbine into the second regenerative heater,
performs in the turbine the following amount of work prior to bleeding:

(III-7)

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Finally, one kilogram of steam bled into the first regenerative heater does the following
amount of work in the turbine:

(III-8)

Taking into account Eqs. (III-6) to (III-8), the work of the regenerative cycle can be
presented in the form

(III-9)
Taking Eq. (III-3) into account, we obtain from the above formula the following
expression for the thermal efficiency of the regenerative feed-water cycle:

(III-10)

Finally, the work done by the steam in the cycle will be equal to the work which would
be done by 1 kg of steam without bleeding minus the work which would be performed by
the fractions of 1 kg of steam bled into the heaters (if the fractions of steam were
expanded in the turbine to the condenser pressure):

(III-11)

From Eq. (III-11) we obtain one more expression for the thermal efficiency of the
regenerative cycle with two steam bleedings:

(III-12)

It is understood that the three equations for the thermal efficiency of the regenerative
cycle, (III-5), (III-10) and (III-12), are identical.

Of a similar nature are the equations for the thermal efficiency of the regenerative cycle
with any number of heating stages. In particular, the expression similar to Eq. (III-12)
for a cycle with n heating stages can be written in the form

(III-13)

An analysis shows that an increase of the number of regenerative heating stages leads to
a higher cycle thermal efficiency, for in this case the degree of regeneration in the cycle
approaches the maximum (Fig. III-2). However, each subsequent stage of regenerative
heating contributes less and less to the rise in thermal efficiency, as can be seen from the
graph in Fig. III-6, where the rate of increase in the thermal efficiency of a regenerative

17
cycle, , is plotted as a function of the number of regenerative heating stages, n; the
graph is plotted for the case of uniform distribution of feed-water heating among
individual stages.

Figure III-6

In modern high-power steam power plants operated at high steam conditions the
number of regenerative heating stages reaches nine.

The selection of bleeding points on a turbine for supplying steam to direct-contact

regenerative feed-water heaters (i.e. the selection of the temperature to which feed water
is to be heated in each of the heating stages) is the subject for special analysis, a detailed
consideration of which is beyond the scope of this book. It will only be noted that the
criterion in selecting a particular distribution of regenerative heating by stages is to
ensure a maximum economy, usually attained by raising the thermal efficiency of the
cycle. With an infinite number of feed-heating stages the cycle thermal efficiency is
determined unambiguously, but when a finite number of feed-heating stages is
operated, the cycle efficiency will differ depending on the mode of temperature
distribution between individual stages.

IV. Reheat Rankine Cycle

Increasing the boiler pressure increases the thermal efficiency of the Rankine cycle,
but it also increases the moisture content of the steam to unacceptable levels. Then it is
natural to ask the following question:

How can we take advantage of the increased efficiencies at higher boiler pressures
without facing the problem of excessive moisture at the final stages of the turbine?

Two possibilities come to mind:

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 1. Superheat the steam to very high temperatures before it enters the turbine. This
would be the desirable solution since the average temperature at which heat is
added would also increase, thus increasing the cycle efficiency. This is not a
viable solution, however, since it requires raising the steam temperature to
metallurgically unsafe levels.
2. Expand the steam in the turbine in two stages, and reheat it in between. In other
words, modify the simple ideal Rankine cycle with a reheat process. Reheating is
a practical solution to the excessive moisture problem in turbines, and it is
commonly used in modern steam power plants.

The T-s diagram of the ideal reheat Rankine cycle and the schematic of the power
plant operating on this cycle are shown in Fig. IV-1. The ideal reheat Rankine cycle
differs from the simple ideal Rankine cycle in that the expansion process takes place in
two stages. In the first stage (the highpressure turbine), steam is expanded
isentropically to an intermediate pressure and sent back to the boiler where it is
reheated at constant pressure, usually to the inlet temperature of the first turbine stage.
Steam then expands isentropically in the second stage (low-pressure turbine) to the
condenser pressure. Thus the total heat input and the total turbine work output for a
reheat cycle become

qin = qprimary + qreheat = (h3 – h2) + (h5 – h4)

Figure IV-1
wturb,out = wturb,I + wturb,II = (h3 - h4) + (h5 -h6)

The incorporation of the single reheat in a modern power plant improves the
cycle efficiency by 4 to 5 percent by increasing the average temperature at which heat is
transferred to the steam.

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 The average temperature during the reheat process can be increased by
increasing the number of expansion and reheat stages. As the number of stages is
increased, the expansion and reheat processes approach an isothermal process at the
maximum temperature, as shown in Fig. IV-2. The use of more than two reheat stages,
however, is not practical. The theoretical improvement in efficiency from the second
reheat is about half of that which results from a single reheat. If the turbine inlet
pressure is not high enough, double reheat would result in superheated exhaust. This is
undesirable as it would cause the average temperature for heat rejection to increase and
thus the cycle efficiency to decrease. Therefore, double reheat is used only on
supercritical-pressure (P > 22.06 MPa) power plants. A third reheat stage would
increase the cycle efficiency by about half of the improvement attained by the second
reheat. This gain is too small to justify the added cost and complexity.
The reheat cycle was introduced in the mid-1920s, but it was abandoned in the 1930s
because of the operational difficulties. The steady increase in boiler pressures over the
years made it necessary to reintroduce single reheat in the late 1940s and double reheat
in the early 1950s.

The reheat temperatures are very close or equal to the turbine inlet temperature.
The optimum reheat pressure is about one-fourth of the maximum cycle pressure. For
example, the optimum reheat pressure for a cycle with a boiler pressure of 12 MPa is
about 3 MPa.

Remember that the sole purpose of the reheat cycle is to reduce the moisture
content of the steam at the final stages of the expansion process. If we had materials that
could withstand sufficiently high temperatures, there would be no need for the reheat
cycle.

Figure IV-2
Example
Consider a steam power plant operating on the ideal reheat Rankine cycle. Steam
enters the high-pressure turbine at 15 MPa and 6008C and is condensed in the
condenser at a pressure of 10 kPa. If the moisture content of the steam at the exit of the
low-pressure turbine is not to exceed 10.4 percent, determine (a) the pressure at which

20
the steam should be reheated and (b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle. Assume the
steam is reheated to the inlet temperature of the high-pressure turbine.

SOLUTION: A steam power plant operating on the ideal reheat Rankine cycle is
considered. For specified moisture content at the turbine exit, the reheat pressure and
the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
Assumptions: 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy
changes are negligible.
Analysis: The schematic of the power plant and the T-s diagram of the cycle are shown
in Fig. IV-3. We note that the power plant operates on the ideal reheat Rankine cycle.
Therefore, the pump and the turbines are isentropic, there are no pressure drops in the
boiler and condenser, and steam leaves the condenser and enters the pump as saturated
liquid at the condenser pressure.
(a) The reheat pressure is determined from the requirement that the entropies at states
5 and 6 be the same:

State 6: P6 = 10 kPa
x6 = 0.896 (sat. mixture)
s6 = sf + x6sfg = 0.6492 + 0.896(7.4996) = 7.3688 kJ/kg·K
Also,
h6 = hf + x6hfg = 191.81 + 0.896(2392.1) = 2335.1 kJ/kg

Figure IV-2

Thus,

State 5: T5 = 600°C P5 = 4.0 MPa

s5 = s6 h5 = 3674.9 kJ/kg

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Therefore, steam should be reheated at a pressure of 4 MPa or lower to prevent a
moisture content above 10.4 percent.

(b) To determine the thermal efficiency, we need to know the enthalpies at all other
states:

State 1: P1 = 10 kPa h1 = hf @ 10 kPa = 191.81 kJ/kg

Sat. liquid v1 = vf @ 10 kPa = 0.00101 m3 /kg

State 2: P2 = 15 MPa
s2 = s1

wpump,in = v1(P2 - P1) = (0.00101 m3 /kg) x [(15,000 - 10)kPa]( 1 kJ / 1 kPa·m3)

= 15.14 kJ/kg
h2 = h1 + wpump,in = (191.81 + 15.14) kJ/kg = 206.95 kJ/kg

State 3: P3 = 15 MPa h3 = 3583.1 kJ/kg

T3 = 600°C s3 = 6.6796 kJ/kg·K

State 4: P4 = 4 MPa h4 = 3155.0 kJ/kg

s4 = s3 (T4 = 375.5°C)

Thus
qin = (h3 2 h2) 1 (h5 2 h4)
= (3583.1 - 206.95) kJ/kg + (3674.9 2 3155.0) kJ/kg
= 3896.1 kJ/kg

qout = h6 - h1 = (2335.1 - 191.81) kJ/kg

= 2143.3 kJ/kg

and
ƞth = 1 – ( qout / qin )= 1 – (2143.3 kJ/kg 3896.1) kJ/kg = 0.450 or 45.0%

22
Power Cycles
References

Rankine Cycle
Muller-Steinhagen, Hans Michael Gottfried
DOI: 10.1615/AtoZ.r.rankine_cycle
Retrieved from
http://www.thermopedia.com/content/1072/

Reheat Cycle
Retrieved from
http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/TTHB/2/KiSyShe/eng/Chapter11/11-4-Reheat-cycle.html

Regenerative Cycle
Retrieved from
http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/TTHB/2/KiSyShe/eng/Chapter11/11-5-Regenerative-
cycle.html#_ftnref1

Rankine Reheat Cycle

Yunus A. Çengel
Michael A. Boles
Thermodynamics (An Engineering Approach) Eighth Edition

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