AIR CONDITIONING

- Candidate’s Name: SYED MATAHIR HUSSAIN SHAH KAZMI

- Student ID: SUKD-1500370
- Group: k
- Lecturer: Vin Cen Tai
- Date of Experiment: 08-11-2017
- Submission: 15-11-2017

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ABSTRACT:

An experiment was performed to conclude the heating and cooling effects of an air
conditioning system. Once it’s done, the temperature and relative humidity was recorded at
the inlet (ATI, AH1) and (AT2, AH2) of the pre-heater after the process was stabilized. Pitot
tube reading of the differential pressure was with help of the following refrigerant temperature
(TO, TI2, TT3, TT4) and the pressure (PI, P2) respectively. The Capillary tube SV4 on
solenoid valve picker were being repeating by selecting in this experiment. The purpose was
to gain a better understanding and the necessary measurements needed to conduct the analysis.
By using the thermodynamics principle the data was being analyzed, where applicable data
was accessible in tables and all calculations were clearly acceptable.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

No. Pg. #
1 Abstract--------------------------------------------------------- 02
2 Objective-------------------------------------------------------- 04
3 Introduction----------------------------------------------------- 04
4 Theory----------------------------------------------------------- 04
5 Apparatus------------------------------------------------------- 05
6 Procedure ------------------------------------------------------- 05
7 Results----------------------------------------------------------- 07
- Heating Process--------------------------------------------- 08
- Cooling Process (SV3)------------------------------------- 10
- Cooling Process (SV4)------------------------------------- 12
8 Discussion------------------------------------------------------ 15
9 Conclusion------------------------------------------------------ 16
10 Recommendations -------------------------------------------- 16
11 References------------------------------------------------------ 17
12 Appendix-------------------------------------------------------- 18

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OBJECTIVE:

The objective of the experiment is to study the heating and cooling effects and determine the
heating power of the heaters and the cooling power of the cooling coil respectively.

INTRODUCTION:

Air-conditioning is a widespread feature of building engineering. The main functions of an

air-conditioning system include heating and cooling in order to create the desired indoor air
conditions.

THEORY:

 Heating process: In the pre-heater and re-heater of air-conditioning system, heat is

fed to the air. This is achieved by means of electrical energy. In building engineering,
heating water is generally used to heat the air.

 Cooling process: In this Air-conditioning system the air is cooled by a direct

evaporator. In large-scale systems so-called cold-water sets are frequently interposed,
allowed for indirect cooling.

 1.3 Psychometric chart: It is used for tracking the changes of state of the air in air-
conditioning systems. The changes of state of the air caused by heating and cooling can be
plotted. The Psychometric chart shows the following constants as lines or curves:

- tp: Relative air humidity in %

- t: Temperature in °C
- h: Enthalpy in kJ/kg
- x: Absolute humidity in kg/kg

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APPARATUS:

Compressor Condenser Receiver / Drier Evaporator

Compressor Clutch Condenser Fan Expansion Valve Cabin Blower Motor

PROCEDURE:

 For Heating Process:

1. The blower was switched on and ran at maximum air speed.

2. The pre-heater was then switched on.
3. The temperature and relative humidity was recorded at the inlet (AT I, AH1) and (AT2, AH2) of
the pre-heater after the process was stabilized.
Note: It will stabilize in approximately 15 minutes.
4. The differential pressure reading of the Pitot tube was recorded

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  For Cooling Process:

1. Make sure that the Solenoid valve with Receiver was selected.
2. The Expansion Valve (SV3) was selected on Solenoid Valve Selector.
3. The blower was switched on and ran at maximum air speed.
4. The condensing unit was then switched on.
5. The temperature and relative humidity was recorded at the inlet (ATI, AH1) and outlet (AT2,
AH2) of the cooling coil when a steady state was reached.
Note: Process will stabilize in approximately 15 minutes.
6. The differential pressure reading of the pivot tube was then recorded.
7. The refrigerant temperature (TO, TI2, TT3, and TT4) and the pressure (PI, P2) was recorded
later.
8. The experiments were repeated by selecting the Capillary Tube (SV4) on Solenoid Valve
Selector.

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RESULTS:

Orifice Calibration Formula:

Velocity of the air across the orifice:

2∆𝑃
𝑣 = 0.598√
𝜌

Where, Where,
AP =Pressure difference across the m = Mass flow rate of the air.
orifice (Pa). ρ = Density of air.
ρ =Density of air. V = Volumetric flow rate of air.
The mass flow rate of V=vA
the air can be obtained: m = ρ V A = Cross Sectional Area of the orifice

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For Heating Process:
Air Duct Cross Sectional Area, A = 0.0224m2
Specific Heat Capacity Of Air, Cp = 1.0052 KJ/kg.K

Table A.

Inlet Air Temperature, AT1 (°C) 25.4

Inlet Air Relative Humidity, AH1 (%) 57.6

Outlet Air Temperature, AT2 (°C) 30.6

Outlet Air Relative Humidity, AH2 (%) 43.0

Orifice Differential Pressure, DP (Pa) 48263

Velocity of Air Across Orifice 167.86

(m/s)

Air Mass Flowrate (kg/s) 4.606

m = ρv

Heating Power, Q 22.22

Q = ma x cp x (AT2 –AT1) (KW)

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Sample Calculation:

𝟐(𝟒𝟖𝟐𝟔𝟑 𝐏𝐚)
Velocity, v = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟖√ 𝐤𝐠
𝟏.𝟐𝟐𝟓 𝟑
𝐦

= 167.86 m/s

Volumetric Flow Rate, V = (167.86m/s) (0.0224 m2)

= 3.760 m3/s

Mass Flow Rate, ṁ = (1.225 kg/m3) (3.760 m3/s)

= 4.61 kg/s

Heating Power, Q (W) = ṁ x cp x (AT2 – AT1)

= (4.61 kg/s) (1.0052 kj/kg.k) (30.6 – 25.4)
= 24.1 kW

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For Cooling Process (SV3):
Air Duct Cross Sectional Area, A = 0.00224 m2
Specific Heat Capacity Of Air, Cp = 1.0046KJ/Kg.K

Table B.

Inlet Air Temperature, AT1 (°C) 26.6

Inlet Air Relative Humidity, AH1 (%) 53.3

Outlet Air Temperature, AT2 (°C) 17.0

Outlet Air Relative Humidity, AH2 (%) 90.3

Orifice Differential Pressure, DP (Pa) 744734

Velocity of Air Across Orifice 659.36

(m/s)

Air Mass Flowrate (kg/s) 18.09

m = ρv

Heating Power, Q (KW) -174.49

Q = ma x cp x (AT2 –AT1)

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Sample Calculation:

𝟐(𝟕𝟒𝟒𝟕𝟑𝟒 𝑷𝒂)
Velocity, v = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟖√ 𝒌𝒈
𝟏.𝟐𝟐𝟓 𝟑
𝒎

= 659.40 m/s

Volumetric Flow Rate, V = (659.40m/s) (0.0224 m2)

= 14.771 m3/s

Mass Flow Rate, ṁ = (1.225 kg/m3) (14.771 m3/s)

= 18.1 kg/s

Heating Power, Q (W) = ṁ x cp x (AT2 – AT1)

= (18.1 kg/s) (1.0046 kj/kg.k) (17.0-26.6)
= -174.5 kW

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For Cooling Process (SV4):
Air Duct Cross Sectional Area, A = 0.00224 m2
Specific Heat Capacity Of Air, Cp = 1.005KJ/Kg.K

Table C.

Inlet Air Temperature, AT1 (°C) 27.5

Inlet Air Relative Humidity, AH1 (%) 50.9

Outlet Air Temperature, AT2 (°C) 17.6

Outlet Air Relative Humidity, AH2 (%) 90.1

Orifice Differential Pressure, DP (Pa) 703265

Velocity of Air Across Orifice 640.78

(m/s)

Air Mass Flowrate (kg/s) 784.95

m = ρv

Heating Power, Q (KW) -7800

Q = ma x cp x (AT2 –AT1)

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Sample Calculation:

𝟐(𝟕𝟎𝟑𝟐𝟔𝟓 𝑷𝒂)
Velocity, v = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟖√ 𝒌𝒈
𝟏.𝟐𝟐𝟓 𝟑
𝒎

= 640.78 m/s

Volumetric Flow Rate, V = (640.78m/s) (0.0224 m2)

= 14.35 m3/s

Mass Flow Rate, ṁ = (1.225 kg/m3) (14.35 m3/s)

= 17.58 kg/s

Heating Power, Q (W) = ṁ x cp x (AT2 – AT1)

= (17.58 kg/s) (1.005 kj/kg.k) (17.6-27.5)
= -174.94 kW

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Psychrometric chart:

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DISCUSSION:

As analyzed from the data tabulated above, it gives a clear image of how the heating power,
velocity and mass flow rate of the air conditioning system play a vital role in its cooling and heating
process. An idea blower speed is utilized in the air conditioning system. Moreover, the differential
pressure of both heating process and cooling process is the slight difference which implies that the
temperature has no effect on the pressure. This resulted in having a constant speed and volumetric
flow rate in the air conditioning system.

The values obtain in the air conditioning system had no parallax error, however the pressure
readings had few errors due to pressure gauge inaccuracy. The heating power of both heating
process and cooling process is determined. The value of heating power that we obtained from the
cooling process is in negative value because the atmospheric temperature after the evaporator is
lower than the atmospheric temperature before the evaporator. Sources of error during the
experiment can include the inaccuracy of the time take for the heating or cooling process to
stabilize. This fluctuates the value of the temperature and relative humidity at the inlet (AT1, AH1)
and (AT2, AH2) of the preheater.

To improve the results of the data tabulated, temperature and relative humidity at the inlet ((AT1,
AH1) and (AT2, AH2) of the preheater is measured three times to increase precision. Moreover, of
differential pressure and refrigerant pressure values can be refund by neglecting the parallax error.

By the psychrometric chart we can see how to make our TS graph. A psychrometric chart is
a graphical representation of the psychrometric processes of air. Psychrometric processes include
physical and thermodynamic properties such as dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature,
humidity, enthalpy, and air density. A psychrometric chart can be used in two different ways

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CONCLUSION:

As per the conclusion the heating power of both heating process and cooling process is determined
accurately. This lab has elaborated the difference between heating and cooling process in air
conditioning system. Moreover, the heating power of the heaters and the cooling power of the
cooling coil is determined by using the results obtained from data tabulated. All in all, great
experience was gained with the lab instructor in setting up, executing, and observing the display
readings in correspondence to its graphs. However, there were some fluctuations and alteration
during the experiment performed.

RECOMMENDATIONS:

(i) The air condition system must be checked regularly by scheduled maintenance.
(ii) The air conditioner must be installed in a building by the suitable system.
(iii) The eyes must be perpendicular to the point of view during taking the reading of
thermometer.
(iv) Take the reading at least three times for the best results.

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REFERENCES:

(i) Building Services and Equipment, Second Edition

(ii) Building Services ECM 216 Text Book
(iii)Electrical and mechanical engineering notes (ECM436)
(iv) http://www.aelag.com.au/air-conditioning-type
(v) Georg, Munters Carl, and Norback Per Gunnar, 1960, "Air conditioning system." U.S.
Patent.

(vi) Chandra, A. R., 2010, Refrigeration and air conditioning. PHI Learning Pvt.

Ltd.

(vii) Y. V. C. Rao, 2003, Refrigeration Cycle, An Introduction to Thermodynamics,

Universities Press.

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APPENDIX: (Schematic diagram of air conditioning module)

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