Journal of Saudi Chemical Society (2016) 20, S115–S121

King Saud University

Journal of Saudi Chemical Society

www.ksu.edu.sa
www.sciencedirect.com

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Application of natural and modified sugar cane

bagasse for the removal of dye from aqueous
solution
Hajira Tahir *, Muhammad Sultan, Nasir Akhtar, Uzma Hameed, Tahreem Abid

Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan

Received 20 April 2012; accepted 17 September 2012

Available online 13 October 2012

KEYWORDS
Malachite green (MG);
Sugar cane bagasse (SB);
Carbonaceous sugar cane
bagasse (C-SB);
Fly ash sugar cane bagasse
(FA-SB);
Thermodynamic parameters;
Adsorption isotherms
Abstract In the present study waste product of sugar mill (bagasse) was used as low-cost adsor-
bent in its natural, and modified forms for the removal of malachite green (MG) dye. Chemical
treatment of sugar cane bagasse (SB) was carried out with formaldehyde and sulfuric acid which
produced carbonaceous bagasse (C-SB). The sugar cane bagasse (SB), carbonaceous bagasse (C-
SB) and fly ash bagasse (FA-SB) were tested as adsorbents for the removal of malachite green
(MG) dye from aqueous solutions. The removal of dye was carried out by the adsorption process
under the optimized conditions of concentration of dye, amount of adsorbent, temperature and
contact time. The spectrophotometric technique was adopted for the estimation of concentration
of dye before and after the adsorption. The equilibrium data were applied on Langmuir, Freundlich
and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models and the values of their corresponding constants were
evaluated from the slopes and intercepts of their respective plots. The isotherm data can be best
described by the Langmuir equation in the concentration range of 1 · 105–1 · 104 M. From
the results it was observed that C-SB shows better adsorption capacity as compared to other adsor-
bents due to increase in the surface area of adsorbent by the chemical treatment.
Thermodynamic parameters DG, DH and DS were also evaluated. The values of DG show
spontaneous behavior of the system. The modified bagasse C-SB shows about 89% removal, due
to the formation of new modified surface and enhancement in its surface area. It could be employed
as a low-cost alternative method for the removal of dyes and purification of textile effluents.
ª 2012 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access
article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +92 333 3621470; fax: +92 21 1. Introduction

6832216.
E-mail address: hajirat@uok.edu.pk (H. Tahir).
With the development in technology the world is reaching to new
Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University.
horizons. Among the consequences of rapid growth are environ-
mental disorders and pollution problems. Besides other needs the
demand of water for industries has increased rapidly and resulted
Production and hosting by Elsevier in the generation of a large amount of waste water containing
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2012.09.007
1319-6103 ª 2012 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
S116
large number of pollutants. Dyes are the important class of indus-
trial pollutants (Aksu, 2001, 2005; Al-Duri et al., 1990; Al-Degs
et al., 2001) including textile effluent. Dyes are a kind of organic
compound with a complex aromatic molecular structure that can
bring a bright and firm color to other materials. However, the
complex aromatic molecular structures of dyes make them stable
and difficult to biodegrade (Chang et al., 2010).
Textile industries consume large quantities of water and
chemicals, especially in dyeing and finishing processes. On aver-
age, 60–90% of total water consumption is spent in washing
processes (Daneshvar et al., 2004). So it is estimated that around
10–15% of the dyes were lost during the dyeing processes. The
discharge of highly colored synthetic dye effluents can be very
damaging to the receiving water bodies, since these dyes in the
effluents possess high water solubility although at low concen-
trations (<1 ppm). These compounds are highly visible and
undesirable because they alter the natural appearance of rivers
and lakes which impact on aquatic life like water plants and phy-
toplankton, interfering in transmission of sunlight, reducing
photosynthesis and oxygenation of water reservoirs (Lima
et al., 2008). Dyes used in the textile industry may be toxic to
aquatic organisms and can be resistant to natural biological deg-
radation (Khraisheh et al., 2003; Allen et al., 1988, 2003; Alpat
et al., 2008). These dyes cause various diseases (Banat et al.,
1996) especially allergy, dermatitis, skin irritation and also pro-
voke cancer and mutation in humans (Lima et al., 2007).
The currently existing techniques used for the removal of
dyes are chemical coagulation/flocculation, ozonation, oxida-
tion, chemical precipitation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis
and ultrafiltration methods. The removal of dyes from dye
containing waste water has serious restrictions such as high
cost, formation of hazardous by products and intensive energy
requirement. Therefore the development of efficient, low cost
and eco friendly technologies is needed to reduce the dye con-
tent in waste water. Among treatment technologies adsorption
is extremely gaining prominence. It is the most efficient meth-
od for the removal of synthetic dyes from aqueous effluents
(Lima et al., 2009; Calvete et al., 2010).
Commercially activated carbon is an effective and the most
widely used adsorbent because it has excellent adsorption effi-
ciency, but recently many researchers have attempted to use
natural waste as adsorbents due to the high cost of activated
carbon (Garg et al., 2004). Some of these alternative biosor-
bents like banana pith, vine, eucalyptus bark, neem leaves, luf-
fa cylindrical fiber, sunflower seed hull, soybean hull, hazelnut
shell, neem saw dust, agricultural waste byproducts and teak
wood bark were used as adsorbents for the purification of
waste water (Ardejani et al., 2007; Arslan-Alaton, 2003; Atun
et al., 2003; Aydin et al., 2004; Tahir et al., 2005).
Different adsorbents have been proposed for the removal of
dyes from aqueous solutions (Mishra et al., 2010; Royer et al.,
2010; Yu et al., 2010; Ai and Jiang, 2010).
Lignins are among the most abundant natural substances
on earth, occupying about 30% of the carbon biosphere (Zhao
et al., 2010) and are only formed within the vegetal cell wall.
A number of residues are obtained in the sugarcane milling
process including bagasse (Oliveira et al., 2006) which is the
residue left after crushing the sugarcane stalks for extraction
of the sucrose-rich juice and it is a highly promising lignocellu-
losic feedstock (Soccol et al., 2010). Over the years, a large
amount of bagasse has accumulated due to the expansion of
H. Tahir et al.
sugarcane crops (Masson et al., 2007). Hence, sugarcane ba-
gasse (based on lignin) is a suitable and economically attractive
alternative for textile effluent and dye removal.
The present study demonstrates the removal of malachite
green dye by using biosorbents from aqueous solution. The
waste product of sugar mill, bagasse (SB) was utilized as a
low-cost adsorbent in its natural, carbonized (C-SB) and fly
ash (FA-SB) form for the removal of malachite green dye.
2. Materials and method
2.1. Reagents
The reagents used in the study were, sodium hydroxide
[NaOH] [pellets pure], hydrochloric acid [HCl] [37% pure],
formaldehyde [HCOH] [40% pure], sulfuric acid [H2SO4]
[98%] and malachite green dye [C23H25ClN2].
2.2. Instruments
UV–visible spectrophotometer (Shimadzu 1601), electric oven
(Heraeus), pH meter (Precisa pH 900) and shaking incubator
(Jisico, model J-NSIL-R) were used.
3. Preparation of material
3.1. Collection and preparation of sugar cane bagasse (SB)
Sugar cane bagasse was collected from a local sugar mill. It
was washed thoroughly with water to remove the colors and
dried in sunlight and kept in electric oven at 100 C for 24 h.
The dried bagasse was ground and sieved to the desired parti-
cle size of about 50 lm and used for adsorption studies.
3.2. Chemically modified sugar cane bagasse (C-SB)
For enhancing the adsorption sites on adsorbent’s surface for the
removal of basic dye the ground bagasse was treated with form-
aldehyde with w/v ratio of 1:5 at 54 ± 2 C for 24 h. Then the
content was filtered out and bagasse was separated and washed
with distilled water and kept in an electric oven for 12 to 5 h at
80 C for drying. After drying it was mixed with sulfuric acid
(98%) in a 1:1 ratio of acid and bagasse then placed in an electric
oven at 100 C for 24 h. After the acid treatment the bagasse was
washed with an excessive amount of distilled water and soaked in
1% NaHCO3 solution for overnight. Then the contents were fil-
tered and washed with an excessive amount of distilled water till
neutral pH was obtained (Ashoka and Inamdar, 2010). After air
drying the contents were kept in an electric oven for 24 h at
100 C and the particle size was found to be 150 lm.
3.3. Sugar cane bagasse fly ash (FA-SB)
Bagasse fly ash was also collected from the local sugar mill. It
was washed and dried in an electric oven at 100 C for 24 h.
The dried samples were ground into fine particles and sieved
to the desired particle size of 100 lm and then stored in a des-
iccator for dye removal studies.
Application of natural and modified sugar cane bagasse for the removal of dye from aqueous solution
4. Batch adsorption experiments
4.1. Optimization of amount of SB, C-SB and FA-SB
The optimization of amount of adsorbents (SB, C-SB and FA-
SB) was carried out by adding 0.1–1.0 g ± 0.1 g of adsorbents
in 50.0 ml of 1 · 105 M malachite green dye solutions. The
contents were shaken for a 30 min time period in a shaking incu-
bator at 30 ± 1 C. Then the solutions were filtered and the
absorbance was recorded by a UV–visible spectrophotometer.
4.2. Optimization of contact time
For the determination of optimum contact time the optimized
amount of SB, C-SB and FA-SB was placed in shaking flasks.
Then 50 ml of 1 · 105 M solution of malachite green was
added in each flask and shaken for 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and
30 min, respectively. After respective shaking time solutions
were filtered and their respective absorbances were measured.
The adsorption capacity X/m (mol/g) was calculated using
the mass balance relationship as follows:
X=m ¼ ðCo  Ct Þ ðV=WÞ ð1Þ
where, Co is the initial concentration, Ct is the concentration
after treatment, V is the volume of the solution (ml), and W
is the mass of the dry adsorbent used (g).
4.3. Optimization of concentration
The optimum range of concentrations was determined by pre-
paring a series of dye solutions ranging from 2 · 106 to
1 · 105 M. 50.0 ml of each concentration was placed in a
shaking incubator under optimum conditions of time and
amount of SB, C-SB and FA-SB. The contents were filtered
after a specific time period and absorbance was measured be-
fore and after treatment by a UV–visible Spectrophotometer.
4.4. Adsorption processes
Under the optimized conditions samples were run at various
temperatures of 303–318 K and adsorption isotherms were
scanned. The concentrations of dye were prepared in the range
of 2 · 106–1 · 105 M. Fifty milliliters of respective concen-
tration was kept in the shaking incubator under the optimized
conditions of amount of adsorbent and shaking time at tem-
peratures ranging from 303 to 318 K at steps of ±2 C. After
a specific time period they were filtered and absorbance was
measured (Khan et al., 2005).
The percent removal of dye was also calculated by the
relationship:
% Removal ¼ ðCo  Ct Þ=Co  100 ð2Þ
where, Co and Ct (mg/L) are the initial dye concentration and
the dye concentration at any time, respectively.
5. Results and discussion
The removal of malachite green dye was carried out by using
adsorbents: SB, C-SB and FA-SB. They are waste products of su-
gar mill. Aqueous solutions of malachite green dye were run for
the removal studies under the optimized conditions of amount
of adsorbent, contact time, concentration of dye and temperature.
S117
100
80
% Removal
60
MG-SB
MG-C-SB
MG-FA-SB
40
0.1 0.3 0.5 1
Amount (gram)
Figure 1 Optimization of amount of adsorbent for Malachite
green dye system.
5.1. Effect of amount of adsorbent
The optimum amount of adsorbents was found to be 0.30, 0.40
and 0.10 g for SB, C-SB and FA-SB systems as shown in
Fig. 1.
5.2. Effect of shaking time
The optimum contact time was selected as 25, 25 and 20 min
for SB, C-SB and FA-SB systems as shown in Fig. 2.
5.3. Effect of concentration
The optimum concentration of malachite green dye was
8 · 106, 1.4 · 105 and 8 · 106 M at which maximum adsorp-
tion was observed by using SB, C-SB and FA-SB systems.
5.4. Adsorption isotherm
The adsorption isotherm is a graphical representation showing
the relationship between the amount adsorbed by unit weight
of adsorbent and the equilibrium concentration remaining in
the solution. It maps the distribution of adsorbed solute be-
tween the liquid and solid phases at various equilibrium con-
centrations (Tahir et al., 2008a,b).
The adsorption experiments were run at different tempera-
tures ranges from 303 to 318 K and adsorption isotherms were
drawn at each specific temperature.
The inspection of adsorption isotherms shows a decrease in
the rate of adsorption of dyes with the increase in temperature.
It shows that adsorption of MG on SB, C-SB and FA-SB sys-
tems was found to be an exothermic process.
6. Theories of adsorption isotherm
6.1. Freundlich adsorption isotherm
The data were incorporated in the Freundlich isotherm
equation,
log X=m ¼ log K þ 1=n log CS ð3Þ
where, X/m is the amount adsorbed per unit mass of the adsor-
bent, CS is the equilibrium concentration and 1/n and K are
constants. The Freundlich plots were obtained at various tem-
peratures ranging from 303 to 318 K as shown in Fig. 3 and
S118 H. Tahir et al.

100
Table 1 Freundlich parameters for MG–SB, MG–C-SB and
90 MG–FA-SB systems.
S.No. System Temperature (K) n K · 103 R2
80
1. MG–SB 303
%Removal 70 0.515 3.461 0.982
308
60 0.971 7.245 0.900
MG-SB
MG-C-SB
313
50 0.218 8.263 0.905
MG-FA-SB
318
40 0.284 9.724 0.913
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (min) 2. MG–C-SB 303
0.180 0.439 0.918
Figure 2 Optimization of shaking time of Malachite green 308
adsorbate systems. 0.369 0.061 0.873
313
Table 1. The constant K shows the degree of adsorption while 0.478 0.002 0.869
318
n represents the intensity of the adsorption. For MG–SB sys-
0.578 0.001 0.889
tem, the values of constant K increase with the increase in tem-
perature showing that the adsorption process is more 3. MG–FA-B 303
favorable at 318 K temperature. For MG–C-SB system the 0.591 0.885 0.869
values of K decrease with the increase in temperature showing 308
0.347 0.489 0.883
that adsorption process is less favorable at higher tempera-
313
tures. For MG–FA-SB system, the values of K decrease with 0.125 0.404 0.898
the rise in temperature showing that the adsorption process 318
is more favorable at low temperature. While the values of n 0.243 0.055 0.821
were also calculated they represent the binding capacity of
adsorbate on the surface of adsorbent (Tahir et al., 2008a,b).

6.2. Lamgmuir adsorption isotherm

The theoretical model which describes the monolayer adsorp-

tion of adsorbate onto the surface of adsorbent with a finite
number of identical sites is the Langmuir isotherm which
was accomplished at different temperatures ranging from 303
to 318 K (Atun et al., 2003). The linear form of Langmuir
model is represented as:
CS =X=m ¼ 1=KVm þ CS =Vm ð4Þ
Fig. 4 and Table 2 represent the values of Langmuir constants
K, Vm and RL (equilibrium parameter). While K is the adsorp-
tion coefficient, Vm is the monolayer capacity, X/m is the

Figure 4 Langmuir Isotherms plots of MG-C- SB System 303 K

( ), 308 K ( ), 313 K ( ) and 318 K ( ).

amount of dye adsorbed to form the monolayer and CS is

Figure 3 Freundlich Isotherms for MG- C-SB System at
temperature 303 K ( ), 308 K ( ), 313 K ( ) and 318 K ( ).
the equilibrium concentration. The increase in the values of
K predicts the strong interaction between dye molecules while
in some cases there will be a decrease in the K values with the
rise in temperature indicating the weakening of adsorbate–
adsorbent interaction at high temperatures. It reveals that
the adsorption affinity of dye was decreased with the rise in
temperatures so adsorption is less favorable at higher temper-
atures. The monolayer capacity (Vm), for MG–SB system ini-
tially decreases and then increases with the rise in
Application of natural and modified sugar cane bagasse for the removal of dye from aqueous solution S119

process; RL > 1 is unfavorable; RL = 1 is linear;

Table 2 Langmuir parameters for the removal of malachite
0 < RL < 1 is favorable; and RL = 0 is irreversible. The val-
green dye by using MG–SB, MG–C-SB and MG–FA-SB
ues of RL are shown in Table 2 and observed in the range of
systems.
0.04–0.31, indicating that the adsorption process is favorable
S. No. System Temperature (K) K · 103 Vm · 102 RL R2 for all the three systems.
1. MG–SB 303 1.10
4.27 0.31 0.99 6.3. Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) adsorption isotherm
308 1.74
2.19 0.22 0.99
The adsorption data were also fitted on the Dubinin–
313 8.92
3.29 0.05 0.98 Radushkevich (D–R) Isotherm equation, which is expressed
318 2.58 as.
2.54 0.16 0.98 ln X=m ¼ ln Xm  Ke2 ð6Þ
2. MG–C-SB 303 3.06
1.53 0.18 0.99 e ¼ RT lnð1 þ 1=CS Þ ð7Þ
308 3.58
1.25 0.16 0.99 Es ¼ ð2KÞ1=2 ð8Þ
313 1.94
0.61 0.26 0.98 where, Xm is the monolayer capacity of adsorbent, K is con-
318 2.18 stant, is adsorption potential, R is a gas constant, T is absolute
0.43 0.24 0.99 temperature, and X/m is the amount of dye required to form
3. MG–FA-SB 303 1.59 the monolayer. The D-R plots of ln (X/m) versus were ob-
8.00 0.15 0.99 tained at various temperatures and are shown in Fig. 5. The
308 3.25 values of Xm and K were calculated from the intercept and
5.12 0.08 0.98 slopes of their respective plots and the mean free energy of
313 1.12 sorption (Es) was calculated from the K values and are shown
2.59 0.21 0.99 in Table 3. The sorption free energy Es was also calculated. It
318 7.16 was found that by rising the temperature the ES values increase
1.72 0.04 0.99 indicating the increase in the dye sorption with the rise in tem-
perature. While for MG–FA-SB system the values of Es were
more dominating at lower temperatures (Tahir et al., 2010).
The adsorption data for MG–SB system were best fitted to
Langmuir and Freundlich models. While for MG–C-SB and

Table 3 D-R Parameters for MG–SB, MG–C-SB and MG–

FA-SB systems.
S.No. System Temperature K Xm · 104 R2 ES
(K) (kJ/mol)
1. MG–SB 303 35.3
3.98 0.94 0.11
308 57.8
5.27 0.99 0.09
313 20.2
9.38 0.96 0.15
318 43.6
6.71 0.89 0.10
Figure 5 D-R Isotherms of MG-C- SB System at 303 K( ), 308
K ( ), 313 K ( ) and 318 K ( ). 2. MG–C-SB 303 0.54
4.84 0.98 0.95
308 0.24
3.94 0.97 1.43
temperature, indicating the higher affinity of the dye interac- 313 0.25
tion at lower temperatures. The monolayer capacity (Vm), 1.79 0.96 1.40
for MG–C-SB and MG–SB systems was more dominating at 318 0.26
lower temperatures, while for other systems showing a revers- 1.60 0.96 1.38
ible behavior. Monolayer capacity (Vm) for MG–FA-SB sys-
3. MG–FA-SB 303 0.01
tem is high at higher temperatures (Tahir et al., 2009). 3.98 0.96 5.99
The essential characteristics of Langmuir equation is the 308 0.21
separation factor or equilibrium parameter, RL, which was cal- 5.27 0.97 1.53
culated as: 313 11.4
6.38 0.94 0.20
RL ¼ 1=ð1 þ bC0 Þ ð5Þ
318 12.7
where, b is the Langmuir constant and C0 is the initial concen- 9.71 0.93 0.19
tration of dye. RL value represents the nature of adsorption
S120 H. Tahir et al.

Table 4 Thermodynamic parameters for the removal of dye by using MG–SB, MG–C-SB and MG–FA-SB systems.
Systems Concentration (mol/L) · 104 DH · 102 (kJ/mol) DS (J/mol) DG(kJ/mol)
303 K 308 K 313 K 318 K
MG–SB 2 9.307 0.2910 0.005 0.0035 0.002 0.071
4 3.924 0.7340 0.262 0.2650 0.269 0.339
6 3.716 0.7260 0.292 0.2960 0.300 0.304
8 23.78 1.366 0.193 0.1960 0.199 0.202
10 5.194 0.7770 0.222 0.225 0.229 0.232
MG–C-SB 2 6.924 0.8670 0.323 0.328 0.332 0.336
4 33.41 1.747 0.846 0.855 0.863 0.872
6 38.59 1.914 0.947 0.956 0.966 0.975
8 4.259 0.7930 0.275 0.279 0.283 0.287
10 3.337 0.7450 0.252 0.255 0.259 0.263
MG–FA-SB 2 6.94 0.8670 0.328 0.328 0.332 0.336
4 33.41 1.747 0.855 0.855 0.863 0.872
6 38.59 1.914 0.956 0.956 0.966 0.975
8 4.259 0.7930 0.279 0.279 0.283 0.287
10 3.337 0.7450 0.255 0.255 0.259 0.263

DG for MG–SB, MG–FA-SB and MG–C-SB systems were

Table 5 Comparative % removal values at different temper-
negative at different temperatures showing the spontaneous
atures for the removal of dye by using MG–SB, MG–C-SB and
behavior of the system. The values of DH were negative
MG–FA-SB systems.
showing the exothermic behavior of the systems. The values
Adsorbents Temperatures of DS show a positive behavior (Tahir et al., 2011).
303 K 308 K 313 K 318 K The comparative removal of dye at various temperatures
MG–SB 72.71 65.48 76.51 78.01 for MG–C-SB, FA-SB and SB systems are shown in Table 5.
MG–C-SB 81.0 86.8 89.07 88.00 MG–SB system shows about 78% removal tendency at
MG–FA-SB 82.19 85.78 80.12 87.00 318 K temperature. While MG–C-SB system shows about
89.60% removal at 313 K temperature. The MG–FA-SB sys-
tem shows 87.00% removal tendency at 303 K temperature
MG–FA-SB systems, the adsorption data were fitted to Lang- (Saeed et al., 2011). It represents that carbonaceous surface
muir adsorption isotherm. For MG–SB system R2 values de- shows comparatively better adsorption tendency due to the in-
scribe that both isotherm models provide good correlation crease in surface area.
for the adsorption of the dye. Hence, it can be concluded that
both monolayer and multilayer of adsorbate were formed onto 7. Conclusion
the surface of adsorbent.
For MG–C-SB and MG–FA-SB systems the correlation
The utilization of waste material as biosorbent is an eco
coefficient values suggest that they obey only Langmuir model
friendly technique. It is a way of minimization of agricultural
which indicates the monolayer coverage of MG dye onto the
waste and its utilization for the removal of dyes. By adopting
surface of both adsorbents.
the adsorption process sugar cane bagasse and its modified
forms were utilized for the decolorization of textile dyes and
6.4. Thermodynamic parameters
other effluents. By utilizing modified sugar cane bagasse the re-
moval of malachite green dye can be enhanced compared to its
In order to study the nature of adsorption, the thermodynamic other forms. About 78% for MG–SB, 87.00% for MG–FA-SB
studies play an important role. The thermodynamic parame- and 89.60% for MG–C-SB removal were obtained by adopting
ters free energy change (DG), enthalpy change (DH) and en- the batch adsorption process.
tropy (DS) of the system were evaluated. The values of DH The adsorption isotherm equations like Freundlich, Lang-
and DS were estimated by using the Van’t Hoff plot by using muir and Dubinin–Radushkevich were also applied to check
the following equation: the feasibility of adsorption process. On the basis of correla-
 tion coefficient values it is concluded that the mechanism of
DG ¼ RT ln KD ð9Þ
adsorption of dyes in the MG–SB system follows both Lang-
  muir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms while MG–FA-SB
ln k ¼ DS =R  DH =RT ð10Þ
and MG–C-SB systems obey only Langmuir adsorption iso-
   therm model.
DG ¼ DH  TDS ð11Þ
The thermodynamic parameters were also evaluated to sup-
The values of DH and DS were calculated from the slopes port the spontaneity of the system. Results of the present study
and intercepts of the linear variation of ln KD with the recipro- suggested that the C-SB system has good potential for the re-
cal of temperature (1/T) as shown in Table 4. The values of moval of MG dye. This model system can be operated on the
Application of natural and modified sugar cane bagasse for the removal of dye from aqueous solution
industrial scale for the removal of dyes, metal and other toxic
species. This is a beneficial, economical and fast method.
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