List of microbiota species of the lower reproductive tract of women

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the specific organisms that are not typically disease-
causing, found in the lower reproductive tract including the vagina of sexually
mature women. For more details, see vaginal flora.

Candida albicans
This is the list of healthy vaginal microbiota (VMB), which is defined as the group
of species and genera that generally are found to have lack of symptoms, absence of
various infections, and result in good pregnancy outcomes.[1] VMB is dominated
mainly by Lactobacillus species. This is the list of organisms that are found in
the lower reproductive tract of sexually mature women who are not
immunocompromised. A partial description of pathogens that can be found in the
lower and upper reproductive tract of women can be found in the article sexually
transmitted disease. The organisms listed below are capable of causing illness if
for some reason there is a change in vaginal pH or a change in the ratio of one
organism to another. For example, Candida is a normal inhabitant of a healthy
reproductive tract but an overgrowth of this organism can cause candidiasis.[2][3]
[4]

Contents
1 Normal microbiota
1.1 Anaerobes
1.2 Aerobes
2 Yeast
3 Microbiota changes
4 Further reading
5 References
6 External links
Normal microbiota
This is the list of the normal flora that are found in the lower reproductive tract
of sexually mature women who exhibit no symptoms of illness and who are not
immunocompromised. Lactobacilli predominate.[4][5][6] These organisms protect
against infection. Vaginal microbiota composition may have a genetic component..[3]

Anaerobes

Lactobacillus acidophilus

Bacteroide

Fusobacterium

Staphylococcus epidermidis 01

Enterococcus faecalis
Genus species Gram stain form genome sequenced reference
Peptostreptococcus spp. + cocci [2][4]
Clostridium spp. + cocci [2][4][7]
Lactobacillus spp. + bacillus [2][5][7]
Lactobacillus acidophilus + bacillus X [2][5][8][9]
Lactobacillus crispatus + bacillus [1][5][7][8]
Lactobacillus johnsonii + bacillus X [7][9]
Lactobacillus sakei + bacillus X [9]
Lactobacillus bulgaris + bacillus X [9]
Lactobacillus jensenii + bacillus [5][7][8]
Lactobacillus rhamnosus + bacillus [8]
Lactobacillus reuteri + bacillus [8]
Lactobacillus Lactobacillus casei var rhamnosus + bacillus [1][8]
Lactobacillus gasseri + bacillus [5][8]
Lactobacillus fermentum + bacillus [8]
Lactobacillus iners + bacillus [1][5]
Lactobacillus helveticus + bacillus [5][8]
Lactobacillus leichmannii + bacillus [8]
Lactobacillus brevis + bacillus [8]
Lactobacillus plantarum + bacillus X [1][8][9]
Lactobacillus delbrueckii + bacillus [8]
Lactobacillus vaginalis + bacillus [1]
Lactobacillus salivarius + bacillus X [1][9]
Lactobacillus coleohominis + bacillus [1]
Lactobacillus pentosus + bacillus [1]
Propionibacterium spp. + bacillus [2][4]
Eubacterium spp. + bacillus [2]
Bifidobacterium spp. + bacillus [2]
Prevotella spp. - bacillus [2]
Bacteroides spp. - bacillus [2][7]
Bacteroides fragilis - bacillus [2]
Fusobacterium spp. - bacillus [2]
Veillonella spp. - cocci [2]
Diphtheroids spp. + bacillus [2]
Actinomycetales spp. [7]
Aerobes
These bacteria may be detected as transients or are marginally discernable with PCR
techniques. They are also opportunistic pathogens and their overgrowth is
considered an infection though symptoms and signs may be absent.

Escherichia coli (257 06) Gramnegative rods

Genus species Gram stain form reference
Staphylococcus aureus + cocci [2]
Staphylococcus epidermidis + cocci [2]
Group B Streptococcus spp. + cocci [2][7]
Enterococcus faecalis spp. + cocci [2]
Staphylococcus spp. + cocci [2]
Actinomyces israelii + bacillus [2]
Actinomyces neuii + bacillus [1]
Escherichia coli - bacillus [2]
Klebsiella spp. - bacillus [2]
Proteus spp. - bacillus [2]
Enterobacter spp. - bacillus [2]
Acinetobacter spp. - bacillus [2]
Citrobacter spp. - bacillus [2]
Pseudomonas spp. - bacillus [2]
While the vaginal microbiota is populated predominantly by Lactobacillus spp. in
71% of women, 29% of asymptomatic, healthy women possess a microbiota essentially
lacking in Lactobacillus and instead the following groups have been isolated from
this population. This microbiota is affiliated with ethnicity:

Genus species Gram stain form reference

Aerococcus spp. cocci [3]
Atopobium spp. bacillus [3]
Dialister spp. bacillus [3]
Eggerthella spp. bacillus [3]
Finegoldia spp. [3]
Gardnerella spp. coccobacilli [3]
Megasphaera spp. [3]
Mobiluncus spp. bacillus [3]
Peptoniphilus spp. [3]
Prevotella spp. [3]
Sneathia spp. [3]
Yeast
Candida albicans and other spp.[2]

Microbiota changes
Pre-pubescent girls, women in menarch, and postmenopausal women have lower
populations of Lactobacillus spp. in proportion to the other species. Hormone
replacement therapy in postmenopausal women restores the microbiota to that of a
reproductive-aged woman. The microbiota populations change in response to the
menstrual cycle. Pregnancy alters the microbiota, with a reduction in species/genus
diversity.[3] Overgrowth of Candida albicans or other Candida (yeast infections)
sometimes occurs after antibiotic therapy.[2] Bacterial vaginosis results in
altered populations and ratios of the normal microbiota.[3][10] There has been no
link demonstrated between taking oral probiotics and maintaining normal microbiota
populations of lactobacilli.[4]

Further reading
Bacterial vaginosis: a review on clinical trials with probiotics (2013)
Enhanced Trapping of HIV-1 by Human Cervicovaginal Mucus Is Associated with
Lactobacillus crispatus-Dominant Microbiota (2015)
References
Petrova, Mariya I.; Lievens, Elke; Malik, Shweta; Imholz, Nicole; Lebeer, Sarah
(2015). "Lactobacillus species as biomarkers and agents that can promote various
aspects of vaginal health". Frontiers in Physiology. 6.
doi:10.3389/fphys.2015.00081. ISSN 1664-042X.
Hoffman, Barbara (2012). Williams gynecology, 2nd edition. New York: McGraw-Hill
Medical. p. 65. ISBN 0071716726.
Clark, Natalie; Tal, Reshef; Sharma, Harsha; Segars, James (2014). "Microbiota and
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease". Seminars in Reproductive Medicine. 32 (01): 043�049.
doi:10.1055/s-0033-1361822. ISSN 1526-8004. PMC 4148456?Freely accessible. PMID
24390920.
Senok, Abiola C; Verstraelen, Hans; Temmerman, Marleen; Botta, Giuseppe A; Senok,
Abiola C (2009). "Probiotics for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis". Cochrane
Database Syst Rev (4): CD006289. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006289.pub2. PMID 19821358.
Nardis, C.; Mastromarino, P.; Mosca, L. (September�October 2013). "Vaginal
microbiota and viral sexually transmitted diseases". Annali di Igiene. 25 (5):
443�56. doi:10.7416/ai.2013.1946. PMID 24048183.
Lamont, RF; Sobel, JD; Akins, RA; Hassan, SS; Chaiworapongsa, T; Kusanovic, JP;
Romero, R (2011). "The vaginal microbiome: new information about genital tract
flora using molecular based techniques". BJOG: An International Journal of
Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 118 (5): 533�549. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2010.02840.x.
ISSN 1470-0328.
Bennett, John (2015). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of
infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 9781455748013;
Access provided by the University of Pittsburgh
Ratner, Adam J.; Aagaard, Kjersti; Riehle, Kevin; Ma, Jun; Segata, Nicola;
Mistretta, Toni-Ann; Coarfa, Cristian; Raza, Sabeen; Rosenbaum, Sean; Van den
Veyver, Ignatia; Milosavljevic, Aleksandar; Gevers, Dirk; Huttenhower, Curtis;
Petrosino, Joseph; Versalovic, James (2012). "A Metagenomic Approach to
Characterization of the Vaginal Microbiome Signature in Pregnancy". PLoS ONE. 7
(6): e36466. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036466. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3374618?Freely
accessible. PMID 22719832.
Fijan, Sabina (2014). "Microorganisms with Claimed Probiotic Properties: An
Overview of Recent Literature". International Journal of Environmental Research and
Public Health. 11 (5): 4745�4767. doi:10.3390/ijerph110504745. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC
4053917?Freely accessible. PMID 24859749.
Brotman, Rebecca M. (2011). "Vaginal microbiome and sexually transmitted
infections: an epidemiologic perspective". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 121
(12): 4610�4617. doi:10.1172/JCI57172. ISSN 0021-9738. PMC 3225992?Freely
accessible. PMID 22133886.
External links
Wikispecies has information related to MicrobiotaWikidata link.PNG
A Metagenomic Approach to Characterization of the Vaginal Microbiome Signature in
Pregnancy. Kjersti Aagaard, Kevin Riehle, Jun Ma, Nicola Segata, Toni-Ann
Mistretta, Cristian Coarfa, Sabeen Raza, Sean Rosenbaum, Ignatia Van den Veyver,
Aleksandar Milosavljevic, Dirk Gevers, Curtis Huttenhower, Joseph Petrosino, James
Versalovic. PLoS ONE volume 7, issue 6. (2012) ISSN 1932-6203
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036466
NIH/Medline
CDC
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID; Salpingitis, Endometritis)
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