SOCIAL SCIENCE 6

GENERAL SOCIOLOGY

Sociology – scientific study o human social behavior and all the social systems that
such behavior creates.

I. The Sociological Perspective

1. The sociologist sees the general in the particular, he is able to identify general
patterns in the behavior of individuals.
2. The sociologist sees the strange in the familiar.

II. Importance of sociology

1. Provides us with the ability to see through the façade of things.

2. Provides us with the ability to see through people and how they interact.
3. The sociological method is relative and therefore does not readily judge a
situation as right or wrong.
4. It provides a framework for the analysis of social phenomena and social
problems using different perspectives.
5. It can provide answers or generalizations to social problems by analyzing the
interplay between personal biography and social history.

III. Methods of study used in Sociology

1. Observation
2. Case study method – a complete detailed account of a phenomena
3. Statistical or quantitative method – particularly in surveys it utilizes mathematics
in interpreting social phenomena.

IV. History of Sociology

A. Striking transformation in 18th and 19th century Europe drove the development of
Sociology brought about by the following:

1. Scientific discoveries and technological advances that produced factory based

industrial economy.
2. The growth of cities
3. The age of enlightenment that brought new ideas about democracy and political
rights.

B. The teaching of sociology in the Philippines began in 1896 when the first course
was offered by Fr. Valentin Marin at the University of Sto. Tomas. Later in 1911
University of the Philippines offered the course. Dean Conrado Benitez was the
first Filipino teacher to teach sociology.

(source: Ronquillo, et al. Sociology and Anthropology)

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 V. Three Major Theories or Approaches in the Study of Sociology

Theory Orientation Image of Society Core questions

1. Macro level A system of interrelated How is society integrated?
Structural parts that is relatively stable What are the major parts of
Functional based on widespread the society?
Paradigm consensus to what is morally How are these parts
desirable; each part has interrelated?
functional consequences for What are the consequences
the operation of the society of each one for the operation
as a whole. of society?
2. Social- Macro-level A system characterized by How is society divided?
Conflict social inequality; each part What are the major patterns
Paradigm of society benefits some of inequality?
categories of people more How do some categories of
than others; conflict-based people attempt to protect their
social inequality promoted privileges?
social change How do other categories of
people challenge the status
quo?
3. Micro-level An on-going process of How is society experienced?
Symbolic- social interaction in specific How do humans interact to
interaction settings based on symbolic create, sustain and change
paradigm communication; individual social patterns?
perceptions of reality are How do ind. Attempt to shape
variable and changing reality as perceived by
others?
How des individual behavior
change from one situation to
another?
Source: Macionis, John J. Sociology

VI. The Early Sociologists

1. Auguste Comte – father of sociology

2. Herbert Spencer –He believed that social as well as natural life has arisen by
progressive evolution
3. Emile Durkheim- puts emphasis on the importance of social integration
4. Max Weber- identified patterns in social actions classified as value oriented, goal
oriented, emotionally motivated and traditional.
5. Talcott Parsons- views social systems as interrelated areas of activities and they
function as a whole
6. Karl Marx – he believed that whoever controls the means of production will
control social reality.

(Source: Theories of Society and Ronquillo et. Al. Sociology and Anthropology)

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 CULTURE

 sociologists define culture as the values, beliefs, behavior, and material objects
that constitute a people’s way of life. Culture includes what we think, how we act,
and what we own.
 Only humans rely on culture rather than instinct to ensure the survival of their
kind.

I. Two types of culture

1. non material culture – is the intangible world of ideas created by members of

society that span wide range of ideas from beliefs to religion.
2. material culture - constitutes the tangible things created by members of the
society ranging from clothing to armaments.

II. Components of culture

1. Material culture – composed of the material artifacts and technology. Technology

refers to the knowledge that a society applies to the task of livin in a physical
environment.

2. Norms – rules and expectations or standards by which a society guides the

behavior of its members.
proscriptive norms – mandating what we should not do. e.g. prohibition by parents of
PDA
prescriptive norms - spells out what we should do. e.g. US schools teach practices of
“safe sex”

3. Folkways - a society’s custom of routine, it refers to the repetitive ways of doing

things which do not have moral significance but are a part of our casual
interaction. e.g. wearing of earrings, using of spoon and fork etc.

4. Mores - refers to a society’s standards of proper moral conduct e.g. prohibition

of homosexual relations.

5. Laws – are institutionalized norms. e.g. there are laws prohibiting infidelity
pressuring people to observe the acceptable standard of behavior among
couples.

6. Language and symbols – Language is a system of symbols that allows members

of society to communicate with one another. It facilitates cultural transmission.

III. Social Control – various means by which members of society encourage

conformity to norms. e.g. shame, guilt, conscience, punishment or the judicial
system.

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 IV. Cultural diversity – refers to the differentiation of culture all over the world
which means there is no right or wrong culture but there is appropriate culture
for the need of a specific group of people.
1. Subculture – refers to a smaller culture within a larger culture. These are
cultural patterns that set apart some segment of the society’s population.
2. Ethnocentrism – refers to the feeling or belief that one’s culture is better
than the rest.
3. Xenocentrism – refers to the belief that one’s culture is inferior compared
to others.
4. Ideal Culture – social patterns mandated by cultural values and norms
5. Real culture – actual patterns that only approximate cultural expectations.
6. High culture – refers to cultural patterns that distinguish a society’s elite
7. Popular culture – cultural patterns that are widespread among a society’s
population.

V. Culture Change
1. Culture diffusion – refers to the transfer or spread of cultural traits from
one area to another brought about by change agents such as people or
the media.
2. Counterculture – refers to cultural patterns that strongly oppose those
widely accepted within a society. e.g in the 1960’s counter culture among
teenagers reflect long hair, blue jeans, peace sign, rock and roll music and
drug abuse.
3. Cultural lag – when some parts of the society do not change as fast as
with other parts and they are left behind.
4. Culture Shock – inability to read meaning in one’s surroundings, feeling of
lost and isolation, unsure to act as a consequence of being outside the
symbolic web of culture that binds others.,

VI. Characteristics of Culture

1. Culture is a group product
2. Culture is adoptive
3. Culture is learned
4. Culture is transmitted
5. All people have varied culture

VII. Culture and Human Freedom

 Culture can be a constraint to human freedom because we act in accordance to
the guidelines set forth by the society, but, it also gives us the responsibility to
make and remake ourselves and society.
VII. Differentiation:
 culture is a shared way of life, nation is a political entity, that is a territory within a
designated border while a society is the organized interaction of people

VIII. Filipino Values

Values and beliefs – values refer to culturally defined standards by which people
assess the desirability, goodness and importance of a thing. These are statements
of what ought to be.
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 ANNA’S PLIGHT

On a cold winter day in 1938, a social worker walked anxiously to the door of a rural
Pennsylvania farming house. Investigating a case of a possible child abuse, the social worker
soon discovered a five year old girl hidden in a second floor storage room. The child, whose
name was Anna, was wedged into an old chair with her arms tied above her head so that she
could not move. She was dressed in filthy garments, and her arms and legs – looking like
matchsticks – were so frail that she could not use them.

Anna’s situation can only be described as tragic. She was born in 1932 to an unmarried
and mentally impaired woman of 26 who lived with her father. Enraged by his daughter’s
illegitimate motherhood, the grandfather did not even want the child in the house. Anna
therefore spent her first 6 months in various institutions. But her mother was unable to pay for
such care, so Anna returned to the hostile home of her grandfather.

At this point, her ordeal intensified. To lessen the grandfather’s anger, Anna’s mother
moved the child to the attic, where she received little attention and just milk to keep her alive.
There she stayed with essentially no human contact for five long years.

Upon her discovery, sociologist Kingsley Davis traveled to see the child. Anna was
transferred to a welfare home. Davis was appalled by her condition, she was emaciated and
feeble. Unable to laugh, smile, speak, or even show anger, she was completely unresponsive, as
if alone in an empty world.

What do you think happened to Anna?

SOCIALIZATION

 refers to a lifelong process of learning and acquisition of skills necessary for human
living. It starts from birth and ends in death.
 It is a lifelong social experience by which individuals develop their human potential and
learn patterns of their culture.

I. The importance of social experience

 unlike other living species whose behavior is biologically set, human beings rely on
social experience to learn the nuances of their culture in order to survive.
 Feral children- refers to those children reared in total isolation and were not socialized.
 Personality is a person’s fairly consistent pattern of thinking, feeling and acting. We
build a personality by internalizing our surroundings.

II. Human Development: Nature vs. Nurture

 Human infant is helpless at birth and depends on others for care and learning.
 Biological traits that are genetically inherited may provide differences in personality but
whether or not a person develops an inherited potential depends on the opportunities
associated with socialization.

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III. Agents of Socialization

1. The Family
> the child’s self concept is based on how the family reared a child. Parental attention is
important in the social development of children.
>children learn from the kind of environment that adults create.
> families provide their children “cultural capital” in the form of differing aspirations.

2. School
> schooling enlarges children’s social world to include people with social backgrounds that
differ from their own. It is the children’ s first experience with formality and
impersonality.

3. Peer group
> a peer group is a social group whose members have interests, social position, and age
in common. It allows young people to escape from the direct supervision of adults.
> anticipatory socialization refers to social learning directed toward gaining a desired
position. E.g young people may mimic the styles of the group they want to join.

4. Mass media
> refers to impersonal communications directed to a vast audience.

IV. Socialization and the life course

1. Childhood – refers to the first 12 years of life
2. Adolescence – corresponding to the teenage years, this is the stage when people
establish some independence and learn special skills necessary for adult life.
3. Adulthood – begins at the age of 20’s. Early adulthood is the period when most of life’s
accomplishment usually occur, while late adulthood lets people reflect on what they
accomplish in life.
4. Old age – beginning mid sixties
5. Dying

V. Resocialization – radical alteration of the human personality through

deliberate alteration of the environment. E.g. rehabilitation centers.
etc.

VI. Understanding the socialization Process

1. Charles Cooley’s Looking Glass self

> the image people have of themselves is based on how they believe others perceive
them.

2. George Herbert Mead’s The Social Self

> The self according to mead is a dimension of personality composed of an individual’s
self awareness and self image.

3. Sigmund Freud’s Element of Personality

> he claims that humans respond to 2 general needs or drives; eros or life instinct the
need for bonding and thanatos or aggressive instinct.
> the personality is composed of the ff;
a. id – human being’s basic drive
b. ego – a person’s conscious efforts to balance innate, pleasure-seeking drives with the
demand of the society
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 c. superego – internalized in the form of conscience, it defines moral limits.

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 SOCIAL INTERACTION
I. Status and Role

A. Status – is the position a person occupies in society by virtue of his age,

sex, birth, marriage occupation or achievement

1. Achieved Status – a status which an individual attain by means of their

own ability or skills or effort in the performance of their function. E.g.
Manager, accountant, teacher, etc.
2. Ascribed Status – is the position assigned to an individual without
reference to his innate differences and abilities. e.g. age, sex, race.
B. Role – refers to the part .the individual is expected to play in his social
group. It is the sum total of culture patterns associated with a particular
status.

II. Social Interaction – the process by which people act and react in relation to
others.
1. Status Set – refers to all statuses a person holds at a given time e.g. a
student, a daughter a crew member, a cheerleader.
2. Master Status - a status that has exceptional importance for social
identity, often shaping a person’s entire life. Occupation is often a master
status.
3. Role Set – A number of roles attached to a single status
4. Role Conflict – incompatibility among the roles corresponding to two or
more statuses
5. Role Strain – incompatibility among roles corresponding to a single status
6. Role Exit – the process by which people disengage from important social
roles
III. Social Construction of Reality – the process by which people creatively shape
reality through social interaction. Reality construction is base on the skill and
persuasive presentation of one’s self in order to achieve your ends.
Sometimes this is termed as “street smart” which means steering or
negotiating reality through social interaction.
1. Presentation of the self – an individual’s effort to create specific
impressions in the minds of others. This is also called impression
management based on:
1. Performances - includes dressing, props, tones of voice, and
particular gestures.
2. Non-verbal communication – communication using body
movements, gestures, and facial expressions rather than
speech. It includes facial expressions and eye contact.
3. Gender and personal Performances
a. Demeanor – general conduct, it reflects a person’s
level of social power.
b. Use of space. Personal space – refers to the
surrounding area to which an individual makes some
claim to privacy.
c. Staring, smiling and touching
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 How to scrutinize the four elements of a performance for deceptions:

A. Words – good liars can mentally rehearse their lines and

manipulate words with ease but they cannot avoid slips of the
tongue.
B. Voice – quick speech is a clue to anger while slow is a clue to
sadness
C. Body language –Facial Expression- A sad person frowns, drawing
of the eyebrows shows fear

SOCIAL GROUPS

Characteristics of Social Groups

2. The members interact with each other over some period of time.
3. Each member identifies with the group.
4. Each member accepts responsibilities and duties
5. There is a common goal or objective among its members.

Classification of Social Groups

2. According to nature of social ties

Primary Group - intimate, personal, face to face groups which we find
among our companions and family members.
Secondary Group- characterized by impersonal, businesslike, contractual,
formal and casual relationships.

3. According to self identification

In-group – is a group to which an individual identifies himself and which
gives him a sense of belonging.
Out- group – a group to which one do not participate, one has a feeling of
strangeness and indifference towards it.
Reference Group – is that group whose outlook is used by the actor as the
frame of reference in the organization of his perceptual needs.

4. According to organizational structure

Informal group- an unplanned organization with no rules for
memberships. Members are bound by emotions and sentiments.
Formal groups - arte groups which prescribe and allocate tasks, privileges
and responsibilities.

Importance of Social Groups

1. The group is a transmitter of culture
2. The group is a means of social control
3. The group socializes the individual
4. The group is a source of fundamental social ideals
5. The group trains the individual in communication.
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 The concept of society – A society is larger than social groups and has a distinct
culture, where membership comes from a reproductive source. It has a longer
lifetime than the individual members.

A.Kinds of society according to Ferdinand Toennies

6. Gemeinschaft society - a small homogenous society where members

interact with each other on an informal, person to person basis. E.g. rural
areas
7. Gesselschaft society - heterogenous society where the relationship is
more formal, and based on rationality. E.g. urban areas.

SOCIAL PROCESS

 this refers to repetitive behavior which are found commonly in social life..
They are consistent patterns of social behavior and interactions.

II. Two general classification of Social Processes

A. Conjunctive Social Process – those making for consensus, cooperation,

unification and integration of a group.

1. Cooperation – a form o social interaction in which two or more

people work together toward a common end. It implies an active
concern for the needs of a group.
2. Accommodation - adjustment of hostile individuals to conflict. It
is the temporary termination of conflict through displacement,
compromise and toleration.
3. Assimilation – groups which are originally dissimilar becomes
similar in outlook, sentiments and attitudes. It is the blending of
two cultures.
4. Amalgamation – biological interbreeding of two peoples of distinct
physical appearance.
5. Acculturation - process of acquiring culture of another ethnic
group.

B. Disjunctive Social Process – those making for opposition, disunity.

Disorganization and disintegration of groups.
1. Competition – struggle between two or more people to attain an
object or a goal.
2. Conflict – process of interaction in which two or more people
struggle with one another for some commonly prized object or
value.

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 SOCIAL CHANGE AND COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR

I. Social Change – the alteration or the modification of social institutions and

society over a long period of time.

A. Dynamics of Social Change

1. Evolution – this claims that there is a natural tendency for
mankind to solve its natural problem and develop from the
primitive stage to modernity.
2. Revolution – violent overthrow of existing ways of doing things in
order to change the system.
a. Political Revolution – any resort in violence within a political
order to change its leaders and form e.g. coup d’ etat.
b. Social Revolution – a drastic change in some aspects of a
society such as the change from pastoral society to an urban
society during the Industrial revolution.
c. Religious Revolution – a change in traditional religious
beliefs which lead to the proliferation of different sects.

B. Barriers to Social Change

1. Culture lag

II. Collective Behavior - this refers to unstructured and undefined social

situations and their products. It is characterized by behavior
which is not controlled by cultural norms and ordered social
relations. There is a free play of emotions, a high degree of
personal interactions and the emergence of opinions and
loyalties.
A. The study of collective behavior is important because it is a cause for
social change. It results in the establishment of new norms, and
institutions.
B. Mechanisms of collectivities.
1. Milling – defined as a situation where a number of people
engaging in aimless and irregular movement increasingly excite
one another.
2. Collective excitement – intense form of milling wherein it involves
intense readiness and quick responses and disposes individual to
act together under the influence of a common mood.
3. Social contagion - refers to the relatively rapid and non rational
dissemination of a mood, impulse or form of conduct.
C. Basic Forms of Collective Behavior
1. Elementary Collective Behavior – emotionalized and spontaneous
variety generally characterized by wild erratic behavior

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 a. The Crowd – a temporary collection of people who react to a
common focus of attention and engage in spontaneous
interaction.
a.1 Casual crowd – a momentary gathering without form or
sense of oneness. It is a group of people
attracted by something interesting like a
streetfight, accident etc.
a.2 Conventional crowd – made up of members who
assemble at a definite time or place and follow
certain regulations in their conduct e.g athletic
contest, rallies.
a.3 Expressive crowd – made up of people who gather
together, mill about and finally express
themselves in a purposive manner. e. g.
discos, carnivals, Mardi gras.
a.4 Acting crowd – goal- oriented frequently spectacular and
most emotional type of crowd. E.g mobs, riots.

b. The Mass – a relatively large group whose members

participate jointly but independently in an event , such as
volcanic eruptions, earthquakes or invasion.
c. The Public – a group of people confronted by an issue and
engaged in the discussion of an issue. A public is a
dispersed group reached by mass media.
d. Public Opinion – designates the views and feelings current in
a specified population at a particular time in regard to an
issue of interest to the population. The quality of public
opinion depends on :
d.1 Public discussion
d.2 Available information
d.3 Freedom of though and expression
d.4 The quality of leadership
d.5 Pressure groups
e. Propaganda - calculated dissemination of partisan ideas
with the aim of influencing group attitudes and opinions. It is
a deliberate campaign to influence people to accept a certain
view, sentiment or value.

Ways by which Propaganda tries to achieve its goals

1. By misrepresenting facts and by giving false information

2. By using the in-group and out-group
3. By utilizing the emotional attitudes and prejudices of
people.

Propaganda Techniques
1. Repetition – an idea is presented again and again

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 2. Name-calling - a idea or a person is given derogatory name
to make people reject or condemn the idea or person e.g
tuta
3. Glittering generalities – the use of emotionally loaded
symbols and stereotypes can make us accept an idea
without a question
4. Testimonials – celebrities or persons whose names carry a
lot of weight are asked to endorse an idea, product or
another person.
5. Transfer – the authority, prestige and approval of something
respected are carried over to make the latter acceptable.
6. Plain folk – use of ordinary citizen in endorsing.
7. Card-stacking – present only one side of the argument
whether true or false.
8. Band-wagon – everybody is doing it attitude.

2. Social Movement – a more developed type characterized by a

more or less predictable behavior in terms of general direction.
Social Movements usually come about as a result of injustice,
intolerance, greed and exploitation which are usually present in a
society. Demonstrations, rallies and boycotts are techniques of
social movements. e.g Katipunan etc.
a. political movement
b. religious movement
c. fashion movement

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

> the structure of regularized inequality in the society in which men are ranked higher or
lower according to the value accorded their various social roles and activities.

I. Basic Components of Social Stratification

A. Social Class
B. Status
C. Role
II. Types of social stratification
A. Open social class system - where there is a social mobility or change of
status of individuals
B. Close social class system - no social mobility e.g caste system in India
III. Consequences of social stratification
A. Stratification affects life chances
B. It affects lifestyles
C. It affects prestige
IV. Social stratification in the Philippines – upper class, middle class, lower class

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 RACE AND ETHNIC RELATIONS

I. Race – biological subdivisions of human beings based on distinguishable

physical characteristics.

Major Classification of races

1. Caucasian – white race

2. Negroid – black race
3. Mongoloid – yellow race

II. Characteristics of the Filipinos

1. A, B, and O blood types frequencies

2. 2/3 of the Filipinos are universal donors
3. Fat deposits are abundant on the legs and arms when young
4. Filipino women are generally slimmer than American women
5. Filipino women are 9% lighter in weight than the average women of other
races
6. The growth rate of Filipino males occur much earlier than their female
counterparts.

III. Ethnicity

A. Ethnic group – is a category of people who are distinct because of cultural

characteristics

Minority – is a group of people who perceive and imagine themselves as unique

by the dominant group on the basis of their physical, cultural and or
behavioral characteristics.

Majority groups – refers to the dominant group in a society with a higher social
status

B. Characteristics of Minority groups

1. Minorities occupy a subordinate level in society

2. Minorities have special cultural traits that are considered low in esteem by the
dominant group.
3. Minorities are self conscious units
4. Minorities tend to marry within the ethnic group
5. Membership to minority groups persists even if the physical and cultural traits are
no longer apparent in his person.

IV. Prejudice and Discrimination

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 1. Prejudice – is an emotional judgment or attitude toward a person or group of
people.

2. Discrimination – a physical manifestation of prejudice. It is the differential

treatment accorded to individuals who were considered as a part of the out
group.

A. Effects of Prejudice and discrimination

1. Economic wastages resulting from failure to employ full productivity of

manpower.
2. Discriminations breeds unhealthy social conditions.
3. Prejudice create communication barriers.
4. It brings unhappiness.
5. It results to violence and deprivation of human rights.

B. Measures to reduce prejudice and discrimination

1. Contact and acquaintance

2. Information approach

C. Patterns of ethnic relations.

1. Conflict
Causes of Conflict:
a. Economic and Social competition
b. Adverse sensory perception
c. Low cultural standard of the minority group
d. Mass Media influence

2. Assimilation-tendency of one group to imbibe the customs and traditions of of the

other to make them part of his own culture.

D. Reactions of the Minority Group to the Dominant Group

1. Acceptance
2. Avoidance or withdrawal
3. Assimilation
4. Aggression

E. Types of Majority Policies

1. Segregation – restriction of contacts between ethnic groupings

2. Cultural Pluralism - it allows different cultures to co - exist
3. Integration – a pattern whereby the society’s diverse elements are combined
allowing the ethnic groups to maintain their basic identities.

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 MARRIAGE AND FAMILY

I. Marriage – an institution admitting a man and a woman to family life.

Kinds of Marriage

As to the selection of marriage partners:

1. Endogamy - when one is allowed to marry within his group only
2. Exogamy – when one is allowed to marry outside of his group

As to the number of marriage spouses

1. Monogamy – marriage of one male to one female at any given time
2. Polygamy – the practice of marrying more than one mate.
a. polygyny – refers to the marriage of one male to more than one female
b. polyandry – marriage of one female to more than one male

II. Family – may be defined as a group of persons united by ties of blood or adoption which
provides for the rearing of children and supplying their needs.

Kinds of Families

As to variations in the selection of residence

1. Matrilocal system – this requires the couple to reside in the bride’s home
2. Patrilocal – this requires the couple to live in the groom’s home
3. Neolocal – when the couple sets up residence apart from the family of either bride or
groom.

As to variations in tracing descent

1. Matrilineal – descent requires the children to trace their family line to mother’s kin
2. Patrilineal - descent requires the children to trace their family kinship through the
father

As to the variations in the location of authority

1. Patriarchal – a family dominated by the father or elderly male
2. Matriarchal – a family dominated by the mother or by an elderly female
3. Equalitarian – when both the husband and the wife exercise equal authority within
the household
4. Matricentric – the absence of the father makes the mother the center of decisions.

As to the composition of the family

1. Nuclear family - composed of the father, the mother and the children
2. Extended family - this includes other relatives aside from the mother, the father and
the children.

As to variations due to origin

1. Family of orientation – the family where one is born
2. Family of procreation – the family where one begets children

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Functions of the Family
1. Biological Function
2. Affectional Function
3. Socialization Function
4. Status Function
5. Economic Function
6. Recreational Function
7. Social Control Function
8. Religious Function

Factors that have brought changes in the family, which may contribute, to family
disorganization
1. Industrialization
2. Urbanization
3. Democratic Ideals
4. Moral degeneration

Legal Definition of Marriage – It is a special contract of permanent union between a man

and woman entered into in accordance with the law for the establishment of conjugal and
family life.

Requisites of marriage
1. legal capacity of contracting party – must be between male and female only, at least
18 years old with parental consent.
2. authorized solemnizing officer
3. validated marriage licenses

Legal Separation – is the dissolution of marriage allowed by any court where in the
couples are allowed to live separately but cannot remarry.

Annulment - the process by which a marriage is pronounced by any court as null and void

Causes of Annulment of Marriage

1. Lack of parental consent
2. Insanity of one of the parties
3. Fraud
4. Force or intimidation
5. Impotency
6. Affliction of sexually transmissible disease

Causes of Legal Separation

1. Repeated physical violence
2. Physical violence or moral pressure to compel petitioners to change religion or
political affiliation
3. Attempt to corrupt petitioner or child to engage in prostitution
4. Final judgement sentencing respondent to more than 6 years imprisonment
5. Drug addiction or habitual alcoholism
6. Lesbianism or homosexuality
7. Sexual infidelity or perversion
8. Contracting of more than one marriage
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 9. Attempt against the life of the other spouse
10. Abandonment of one spouse by the other for more than one year.
Problems Of The Filipino Family

1. The Psychological and personal problems which may result from immaturity,
inadequate preparation for family life and personality incompatibility.
2. Economic instability
3. Present trend in migration
4. Querida System
5. Increased in the number of working mothers
6. Inadequate leisure time activities for families
7. Low levels of living

Family Planning > the process by which responsible couples if they wish can
determine by themselves the timing, spacing and number of
children born to them. It means responsible parenthood for it
seeks to prepare couples for the responsibility of rearing a
child.

Views on Family Planning

A. The Catholic Church – is not against Family Planning per se but
condemns the use of artificial methods as it is objectively against
the natural law.
B. The Protestant Church – all forms of contraceptives are accepted
by the Protestant Churches of the Philippines. They believe that
children are gift from God thus parents are responsible to God
and to the society for their well being.
C. Secular Views - majority believes that family planning is really
needed since the resources of the Earth is continuously being
depleted by the fast growing population. On the other hand,
minority believe that family planning in the developing world would
lead to the collapse of the family moral fiber.

Government Arguments on the Need to Plan the Family:

A. On the national level, high population growth places a great demand on on the
government budget for health, education and other services which the national
government can barely address.
B. On the Family level:
1. As birth interval decreases, there is a corresponding decrease in the birth
weight of children.
2. As family size increases, the quality and quantity of dietary intake
decreases.
3. As family size increases, there is a corresponding decrease in the food,
educational and medical expenditures per head.
4. When combined with poverty, large family size and closely spaced
pregnancies hamper the development of children’s cognitive, verbal,
physical and motivational development.
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 5. The health of parents suffer because of the enormous pressure of large
families.

Factors that affect a persons’ decision to practice Family Planning

1. Knowledge of Family Planning Methods.

2. Availability
3. Values, motivation and needs
4. Social Support

Family Planning Methods

A. The Natural Methods
1. The Calendar Method
2. BBT or Body Basal Temperature method.

B. The Artificial Methods

1. Pills – made up of synthetic estrogen and progestine it prevents the
production of a ripe egg cell.
2. Intra Uterine Device – a plastic or stainless device inserted in the uterus of
the woman to prevent the meeting of the sperm and egg cell.
3. Tubal Ligation – tying or cutting of the fallopian tubes of women to prevent
the entry of the egg cell from the ovary.
4. Vasectomy – tying or cutting of the vas deferens in males to prevent the
passage of the sperm to the urethra.
5. Spermicides - chemical contraceptives that kill or immobilize the sperms
after their entry into the vagina, these are usually, jellies, creams foams or
suppositories.
6. Condoms – synthetic rubber sheath worn over the penis during copulation
to prevent the sperm from entering the womb.
7. Diaphragm – a soft shallow rubber cup designed to cover the womb
opening. It is usually inserted before intercourse.

COMPONENTS OF POPULATION CHANGE

1. Fertility – the number of births in a given woman. Crude Birth Rate is the
number of births per 1,000 population.
2. Mortality – number of deaths
3. Migration – movement of people from one area to another for permanent
residence. i.e., International migration and internal migration

Factors that contribute to Rapid Increase of Population

1. Increase in food supply
2. Sanitation and health consciousness
3. Medical Discoveries which includes epidemiological and surgical advancements

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 ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

 economic system of any society helps shape the ideas, attitudes and actuations
of people especially in the acquisition of properties.

Types of economic systems

1. Socialism – holds that a society as a whole is primarily responsible for producing

economic goods.
2. Capitalism - relies on the initiative of private citizens for the production,
allocation and distribution of economic goods. The incentive is the ability to make
profits.
3. Communism - all factors of production – land, labor, capital and management
are owned and controlled by the state

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

Power – is the ability to control actions of others through diverse means.

Politics – refers to the operations of government, societal structures and procedures for
decision making.
Authority – refers to a legitimate power
Duress or coercion – refers to unjustified power

Sources of Authority
1. Traditional Authority – inherited authority exercised by a leader
2. Charismatic authority – the ability to inspire other people to express the leader’s
will
3. Rational-legal Authority – emanated from existing laws

Kinds of Political systems

1. Democracy – believes that each person is entitled to freedom and the opportunity
to pursue one’s goal.
2. Totalitarianism – all functions are regulated by the state, it controls all productive
resources.

EDUCATION AND SOCIETY

Education – is a process of teaching and learning expected patterns of human conduct.

It is the main vehicle by which culture is transmitted to succeeding
generation.

Forms of Education
1. Informal Education
2. Formal Education

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3 Functions of the school
1. Provide a simplified environment by selecting the features which are fairly
fundamental and capable of being assimilated by the immature member of the
society.
2. Balance the various elements in the society
3. Eliminate as much as possible the undesirable feature of the existing
environment

> education causes social change

Constitutional Provisions on Education:

1. Article XIV Section 2 – Establish and maintain a system of public education in the
elementary and high school levels. Elementary education is compulsory.
2. Section 3 – establish and maintain scholarship grants, student loans & subsidy.
3. Encourage non formal, formal and indigenous learning systems and Out of
school youth programs

RELIGION AND SOCIETY

Religion - is a culturally entrenched pattern of behavior composed of sacred beliefs,

emotional feeling accompanying the belief and overt conduct implementing
the beliefs and feelings. It comes from the Latin word religare which means
the bond between God and man.

Functions of Religion:

A. To the Individual :
1. Religion is the greatest source of human consolation
2. It helps to integrate the personality of the individual
3. It makes the person conscious of his limitations and potentialities
B. Social Functions:
1. It reinforces moral order
2. Religious occasions develop social cohesion and group solidarity
3. It is a unifying and integrating force
4. It is a source of international contact of different cultures

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