Dom

BuildTech Consultant Sdn. Bhd.
5.0 STRUCTURAL REINFORCEMENT CONCRETE ASPECT
5.1 GENERAL
2 storey terrace house, 2 storey semi detached house and commercial building are
proposed and will be constructed using structural RC frame system. Reinforced concrete
provided the extra tensile strength. It encompasses many types of structures and components,
including slabs, walls, beams, columns, foundation and frame and more.
The proposed buildings are designed based on conventional cast in-situ method.
Besides that, factor of safety and build ability is important in this project. Hence, the size and
position of beam must be choose and allocated appropriately in order to perform quality
building. In this report, ground floor plan, first floor plan, second floor plan and roof plan
have been plot and attached. The key plans only show the location and number of beam and
column need in the construction, it is not a detailed drawing, and it might be changes in the
final report.
5.2 DESIGN CONSTRAINTS
5.2.1 Environmental Issues
The proposed project is located at city area which nearby the commercial centres as
well as the residential area. Conventional construction method leads to produce many
material wastage and impact (air pollution or noise abatement) to environment. On the other
hand, the structural elements are built with uniform dimension in order to minimize the use
for the formwork during construction period. Hence, the proper planning of the design and
construction period is required to reduce the impact for the related party.
5.2.2 Geotechnical Constraints
Geotechnical characteristics (cohesionless soil) at the proposed site demand the pile
foundations to increases the stability.
5.2.3 Functional and Layout Constraint
The key plan layout (position and size of beam and column) of the building is pre-
determined. The position and size of beam and column might need to be reallocated
according to their ability to support the load in the actual load transfer analysis. Position of
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the column need to be continuous positioned form ground floor to second floor to allow the
load transfer.
5.2.4 Transportation of Material

The proposed site is located at city area. The delivery of construction material might
cause to the traffic congestion at particular area.
5.2.5 Climate Changes
Climate changes will affect the material characteristics. As example raining will
affected the concrete strength for fresh concrete which just pour into the formwork as well as
affect the characteristic strength ( when corrosion) of steel bar reinforcement.
5.3 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
5.3.1 Safety of structures
Safety of the end user is the priorities that need be taking into consideration to the
design of the proposed buildings. Safety of the buildings implies that not only can support the
normal expected loads, while is also enable to support the probable normal overload without
collapse. To provide the safety structures, integrity and stability of the structures, adequate
serviceability, and loading analysis need to be taking into consideration in the design. On the
other hand, the design should be based accordance to the standard requirement BS8110 (Fire
resistance, concrete grade, concrete cover, loading and etc) with provide at least min 50 years
of service life span.
5.3.1.1 Serviceability and Durability
Serviceability and durability implies the condition where the building structure will
produce the satisfactory performance under service loads, without discomfort to the user due
to excessive deflection, cracking and vibration. Serviceability limit state design of structures
includes factors such as durability, overall stability, fire resistance, deflection, cracking and
excessive vibration.
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5.3.1.2 Structure Stability
The design outcome must able provide the adequate stability. Appropriate frame
system should be designed based on the utility of building and surrounding condition. On the
other hand, the stability of the building also is depended on the appropriateness of design
such as arrangement of column, beam also is important to the safety of the structures.
5.3.1.3 Loading
Loading is one of the major role need take into consideration when designing the
building structures. For the current proposed 12 lot 3 storey building, not only dead load and
live load is taking into consideration. These loads should be appropriate load as defined in
and calculated in accordance to BS 648:1964 and BS 6399-1:1996. The design of the
elements should be accordance to the ultimate limit state design in combination all of the
loading case which given in BS 8110 to ensure can design the more safety structure.
5.3.2 Availability of Material
The proposed shop house is located at city area. Hence, the appropriateness in
choosing the material use for to construct the project is very important. Cast in-situ method is
choose due availability of the material in the current market. This is because cast in-situ does
not have raised any limitation in transport problem or sizing problem. So, the easy of
obtained the required material can give low delivery cost, and avoid over budget due to delay
of the construction period of the problem if shortage of material.
5.3.3 Site Condition
The site condition of the proposed shop house must also be taking into consideration
when in designing stage. Such as the geotechnical characteristics in the current site will
determine the appropriate piling system to be use. The traffic conditions at the proposed site
imply the need in consideration of the construction method. All the design must take into
consideration of technical issues, environment issues, safety issues, authority’s requirement,
and social impact.
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5.3.4 Economy
Design margin of safety enhances safety and serviceability. Margin of safety increase
will increase the cost of construction. However, increase the margin of safety will decrease
the potential losses for any damage. Hence, the design of the proposed shop house must
produce the most safety and economic structures.
5.4 AUTHORITIES REQUIREMENTS
The design of the project need fulfil the requirement by the authorities such as Public
Works Department (JKR), Kuching South City Council (MBKS), Jabatan Bomba and
building ordinance law for Sarawak. As example min 230 mm thick of party wall is required
to fulfil the Bomba requirement.
5.4.1 Building materials

All the materials used in the building shall be
 Suitable to the natural and quality in the related purpose.
 Adequately perform the functions for which they are designed.
 All the material should be accordance to the standard required.
5.4.1.2 General Requirement for Loading

For the purpose of the by law, dead load, live load and wind load need be include in
the design of any building. For determining for the purpose of this part, the load to which a
building should be designed accordance to:
Dead load - Calculated in accordance with BS 6399 Design loading for building, Part I
Code of Practice for dead and imposed loads.
Live Load - Calculated in accordance with BS 6399 Design loading for building, Part I Code
of Practice for dead and imposed loads
Wind load - Wind loads shall be calculated in accordance with BS 6399 Design loading for
building, Part II Code of Practice for wind loads or BSCP 3 Chapter V part 2
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5.4.1.3 Dead load calculated from weights of materials used

Dead loads shall be calculated from unit weight given in BS 648 or from the actual
known weights of the materials used.
5.4.1.4 Structure above foundations
Dead load, live load and wind load should be designed in order to construct the
buildings that are safe to sustain the load from building and transmit it to the foundation.
5.4.1.5 Nominal Thickness of Walls
For the purpose of this part wherever references are made to the thickness of any
brick wall, the maximum or minimum thickness of such wall shall not exceed the nominal
thickness plus or minus the maximum tolerance permissible under any standard specification.
5.4.1.6 Party wall
All the party wall shall be carried above the upper surface of the roof to distances of
not less than 230mm at right angles to such upper surface.
5.4.1.7 Dimensions of Staircases
According to By- Law, the rise of the staircase shall not be more than 180mm and
tread be not less than 260mm. The design for rise and tread should be uniform. On the other
hand, the widths of the staircase shall be in accordance with by-laws 155. The depth of
landings shall be not less than the width of the staircases, except in the case of straight flight
staircase, the minimum depth of intermittent half landing shall be 900 millimetres. There
shall be no obstruction in any staircase between the topmost landing thereof and the exit
discharge on the ground.
5.4.1.8 Handrails
For staircase more than 4 risers need be provide at least one handrail. If the staircases
designed is exceeding 2.3 metres in width shall be provided with intermediate handrail for
each 2.3 metres of required width spaced approximately equally. In building other than
residential buildings, a handrail shall be provided on each side of the staircase when the width
of the staircase is 1.1 metres or more.
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5.4.1.9 Access to Roof Space

Where the space beneath a roof is enclosed by a ceiling, access to such space shall be
provided by means of trap door at least 0.75 metre in any direction. No verandah-way shall
be constructed except to levels approved by the local authority and shall have a minimum
cross-fall of 1 % towards the road or drain.
5.4.1.10 Pipes and Service Ducts

Provide:
 Adequate for the accommodation of the pipes, cables or conduits and for crossings of
branches and mains together with supports and fixing; and
 Sufficiently large to permit access of cleaning eyes, stop cocks and other controls
there to enable repairs, extensions and modifications to be made to each or all of the
services accommodated.
The access openings to ducts or enclosures shall be long enough and suitably placed to enable
lengths of pipes to be installed and removed.
5.4.1.11 Fire Resistance

Every element of structure shall be so constructed as to have fire resistance for not
less than whichever of the periods specified in Building Ordinance, 1994: Schedule 1 is
relevant, having regard to the purpose group of the building of which it forms part and the
dimension specified in that particular Schedule.
5.4.1.12 M & E Services

The structure designed must provide adequate spaces for the installations of M & E
services such as pipes, cable and conduits. The M & E services of the building must be able
to satisfy the requirements provided by Laws of Sarawak, Chapter 8, Building Ordinance,
1994.
5.4.2 Kuching South City Council (MBKS):
I. Footpath crosses details:
II. Match with the footpath.

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III. Reinforcement base on structural design calculations.

IV. Minimum slab thickness more than 100mm thick.
V. Any ramp constructed at the entrances to the lots must not extend into the road reserve.
VI. All structural design calculation and structural drawings are to be endorsed by a
professional engineer.
5.5 CONSTRUCTABILITY AND AVAILABILITY
In conceptual report, cat in-situ with combination of the precast methods is used to
design. However, this method will shortest time needed for completion the project, but due to
the manpower skill, and availability of the material in the current market, the project will be
constructed using cast in-situ method.
The contactor, subcontractor in Sarawak more is expert in the cast in-situ method
compare with precast method. So, many skills labour is needed for construct the good quality
precast structure, but in Sarawak construction area, still lacking of the skill labour who are
really expert in this field.However labor intensive is required for cast-situ method required,
but the availability of low cost labor in Sarawak is high so shortage of workers will not be an
issue. Generally, cast in- situ method is less expansive if comparing with other construction
period, but it might be the highest of wastage in construction material which might cause
occurred of environment problem and it is may need spend more in the maintenance works
after the completion of the project. Although, this problem can be solved by the proper
management before and after design and construction stage. Proper coordination and
monitoring also is the more alternative way to control the riser of these issues.
On the other hand, the material for in-situ method is easily obtained in the current
market cast by compare with precast method. This is because in Kuching, there only several
factory that got production the precast component. In term of cost and transportation problem.
Precast method should not be suggested. In contrast, the cast in-situ method are more ease to
construction due to the material are easy obtained, so the transportation cost can be saved as
well as the time of transportation.
Apart of this, it is easier do changes for the design if using cast in-situ method
compares to precast method. Simple design layout to allow the ease of construction. The
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uniform sizing and framing of the reinforced concrete structural elements are designed for
ease of construction and avoiding the misunderstanding of the key plan drawing and
generation of waste materials such formworks materials. The design outcome emphasizes
cost effective construction while preserving the stability and safety of the structure.
Hence, the availability of the labour, contractor, material, and the environment issues
force to use the cast in-situ method for construct and design for the proposed 12 lot 3 story
shop - house.
5.6 DESIGN PROCEDURE
Structural reinforced concrete design
Study on architecture drawing
Study on design constraint and consideration
Finding most appropriate design options
List out the preliminary design criteria Draw key plan- preliminary allocating the
structural element - Beam and column
Pre-estimate the loading on the structural (Find critical load)
Preliminary Sizing of the structural element
Finding and analysis the actual loading on the structural element
Design stage
 Slab design
 Beam design
 Column Design
 Pile cap
 Staircase
Cost estimation
Compare and checking with the requirement and approval from

51 1994 and MBKS
Building Ordinance
Approved
Hand Over to client
Figure 5.1: Flow chart of the design procedure
5.7 DESIGN METHOD
For the structural reinforced concrete design, the following engineering software is used:
 Staad Pro
 AutoCAD 2012
On the other hand, the manual and detailed calculation will be performing in the next
stage of project.
5.8 STANDARD AND CODES OF PRACTICE
Table 5.1: code practices and standard
BS code Title
BS 8110-1: 1997 Structural use of concrete
Part 1: Code practice for design and construction
BS 8110-2:1985 Structural use of concrete
Part 2: Code of practice for standard circumstances
BS 8110-3:1985 Structural use of concrete
Part 3: Design charts for singly reinforced beams, doubly
reinforced beams and rectangular columns
BS 6399-1: 1996 Loading for buildings
Part 1: Code of practice for dead load and imposed load
BS 6399-2: 1997 Loading for buildings
Part 2: Code of practice for wind loads
BS 648: 1964 Schedule of weight of building materials
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5.9 DESIGN OPTIONS
5.9.1 Structural Frame System
Selection of the most appropriate structural frame system plays vital roles before start
in any design structural work which this decision includes selecting an efficient, economical
and attractive structural form, evaluating its safety and planning its erection under temporary
construction loads. It can determined the standard apply toward all the designed stage for
building element. Generally, structural frame systems can be classified in several types.
There are
 Reinforced concrete (RC) frame
 Steel frame,
 Wood frame,
 Composite frame and so forth.
In the current proposed project, Structural RC frame system is suggested and selected
in design of proposed 3 storey shop house, 2 storey terrace and 2 storey semi-d building.
Structural RC frame system is choose to design for the proposed project availability of the
material in the market such as reinforcing steel as well as the concrete ingredient. On the
other hand, the proposed shop house project with three levels high is not belonging t o the
types of high rise building. Hence, structural RC frame system is adequate to support the load
transfer from the building designed.
5.9.2 Design Life Span
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The proposed building is design to withstand the serviceability condition and lifespan
for 50 years. To achieve above 50 year service life, specific project criteria were developed
for design material selection, workmanship, and quality control. Special load combinations
and load and resistances factors for ultimate and serviceability limit states were derived for
the building design. Use of the material and careful attention to production and construction
practices were imperative.
5.9.3 Durability and Fire Resistance

Durability of a reinforced concrete structure is the ability of the structure to withstand
or the capability to survive unfavorable or aggressive conditions that can reduce the structure
performance in its design life span. According to BS 8100-1:1997 Pt 1: Clause 2.2.4, few
criteria need to be fulfilled to provide adequate protection to environmental conditions. Table
3.1, 3.2, and 3.3 in BS 8100-1:1997 Pt 1 is used as reference in the design of 12 lot 3 storey
proposed shop- house. One and half hour fire resistance is designed for the proposed building
and it is assumed exposure to mild condition. This is because accordance to the Law of
Sarawak, Building ordinance 1994, and the elements of the structural need be designed not
less than 1 hour fire resistance when the exit connects 3 storey’s or less.
5.9.4 Concrete Grade and Concrete Cover

The proposed 12 lot 3 storey shop house are located to the central of the city area
which are exposure to the normal condition and protected against weather or aggressive
conditions. Hence, the structural elements grade for work upper ground is designed based
accordance to the Table 3.3 (BS 8110-1: 1997). In addition, based on the borehole log, clay
type of soil (rich in acidic content) is founded at that area, so the cover design the concrete
cover for the work below ground is different if compare to the work upper ground due to the
concrete surfaces of structural element is exposed to severe rain, alternate wetting and drying
or severe condensation which accordance to BS 8110-1 (1997) One and half hour fire
resistance designed for the proposed building. Hence, the nominal cover to all reinforcement
(including links) to meet specified periods of fire resistance and concrete grade is shown in
Table 1.1. All the design is based on BS 8110-1: 1997 – Table 5.2 and Table 5.3. For easy
construction, same grade of the concrete is choosing to design for all work upper ground.
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Table 5.2: The structural element clear concrete covers which not contact with soil or
unprotected against wet condition (Normal condition)
Reinforced Concrete
Concrete Grade Concrete Cover (mm)
Structure Elements
Column G30 25
Beam G30 25
Slab G30 25
Staircase G30 25
Table 5.3: The structural element clear concrete covers which contact with soil or unprotected
against wet condition (Severe Condition)
Reinforced Concrete
Concrete Grade Concrete Cover (mm)
Structure Elements
Ground Beam G30 30
Ground Slab G30 30
Stump G40 40
Pile cap G40 75
*Fire resistance designed = 1.5 hours
5.9.5 Lean concrete

Grade 15 with thickness 50 mm is used for design. Due to clay type of soil
characteristic is found at that proposed site, hence lean concrete is function to provide the
uniform surface to the foundation concrete or work below the ground and prevent it direct
contact of foundation concrete from the soil to improve the durability of concrete.
5.9.6 Strength of Reinforcement

High tensile deformed bars type (T) with yields strength 460N/mm2 is used for
proposed the main reinforcement (compression and tension for beam, column, pile cap, slab,
and staircase). In the other hand, Hot rolled mild steel (R) reinforcement with yields strength
of 250N/mm2 is used to resist shear forces (link). The strength of reinforcement can be
referred to BS 8100-1:1997 Part 1: Table 3.1.
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5.9.7 Reinforcement Steel Bar Diameter
Table 5.4 show the diameter of reinforced steel used for respective structural element.
The preliminary selection of the steel bar diameter is based on the concrete grade and cover
choose, size of the structural element, and it supported load.
Table 5.4: the reinforcement steel bar diameter
Component Diameter of reinforced steel used

Beam , column 16 mm – 20 mm
Slab, Staircase 12 mm
Stump, Pile Cap 16 mm - 25 mm
Link 8 mm – 10 mm
5.9.8 Anchorage length

Deformation type 2 (460N/mm2) is used to designed for tension reinforcement and
compression reinforcement while Deformation type 2 (250N/mm2) is used to designed for the
link. The anchorage for each grade of concrete can be referred to BS8110-1:1997: Table 3.27.
But in this proposed project, the anchorage between the steel bar is used the equation below.
Anchorage for the steel bars = 45 x min. bar diameter
5.9.9 Material Used
5.9.9.1 Formwork
The formworks are temporary materials used in construction to hold the ready mixed
concrete and steel reinforcement at stage for pouring concrete. Hence, Plywood is
recommended to be used as the material used to construct the formwork.
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5.9.9.2 Brick
The types of bricks used for the construction of walls are red clay bricks and cement
sand bricks. Normal brick are ordinary bricks which are not designed to provide good
finished appearance or high strength. Therefore, it is necessary to provide plastering works on
the brick walls after lying of bricks.
5.10 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS DESIGN AND CONSIDERATION
A structure or structural element required to have fire resistance should be designed to

possess an appropriate degree of resistance to flame penetration, heat transmission and
collapse. Base on Table 5.5 (BS 8110-1: 1997), minimum dimensions of reinforced concrete
members for fire resistance 1.5 hours.
Table 5.5: Minimum dimension of reinforced concrete members for fire resistance 1.5 hours
(BS 8110-1: 1997)
Component Dimension
Min Beam width 200mm
Min thickness of slab 110mm
Column width fully exposed, 250mm
50% exposed, 200 mm
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One face exposed, 140mm

Thickness of wall 175mm
Hence, the design of dimension for the component must be fulfil the requirement at Table 5.5.
5.10.1 DESIGN LOAD
The proposed shop house is located at the city area which serves for business purpose
and residential purpose. Normally, load cause by the weight of all walls, permanent partitions,
floors, roofs, finishes and all other permanent construction including services of a permanent
nature are considered as the dead load while load assumed to be produced by the intended
occupancy or use, including the weight of movable partitions, distributed, concentrated,
impact and inertia, loads, but excluding wind loads are referred as the imposed load. Hence,
all the loading designs for the related project design are based accordance to BS 6399-1: 1996
(Loading for buildings: Part 1: Code of practice for dead load and imposed load), BS 6399-2:
1997: Loading for buildings (Part 2: Code of practice for wind loads) and BS 6399-3:1988
(Loading for buildings: Part 3: Code of practice for imposed roof loads) unless stated
otherwise. Apart of this, the unit weight given in BS 648:1964 (Schedule of weights of
building materials) or from the actual known weight of the materials is used to calculate the
dead load. Table 5.6 shows the typical design load for dead load and imposed load. The
loading selected also base on the concept of the project where ground floor is for tourism and
travel agency with restaurant and souvenir shop, first floor is designed for office used, and
third floor is for residential proposed.
Table 5.6: Design load

Dead Load
Specific weight of beams, columns and slabs 24.0 kN/m3
115 mm thick brick wall 2.6 kN/m2
230mm thick brick wall 5.2 kN/m2
Slab finishes 1.0 kN/m2
Roof Sheet 6.1 kN/m2
Trusses 0.5 kN/m2
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Imposed load
General Office 2.5 kN/m2
Residential 3.0 kN/m2
Public, institutional, cafes, restaurant 5.0 kN/m2
(include physical activities or overcrowding)
0.6 kN/m2
Roof load
Corridor 3.0 kN/m2
Toilets/Wash rooms 2.0 kN/m2
Stairs 5.0 kN/m2
Wind load 2.0 kN/m2
M & E room 1.0 kN/m2
Roof 0.75 kN/m2
5.10.2 LOAD TRANSFER
The load transfer from roof sheet to purlin, than go to roof truss. After that,
concentration load is acted on the top of column. While the load from slab which the dead
load (self weigh of slab) is transfer to the beam in uniform load. Then the beam carries the
load from slab plus its own self weight wills distribute the loads to the column. All the load
carries by the column will transfer to the stump finally to the pile cap and transfer load
equally to each of the pile until reach the hard strata that able to bear the load.
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Figure 5.3: Load transfer.
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5.10.3 Critical Loading
For the current proposed 12 lot 3 storey shop house, the critical design load is pre-
estimated at red circle in Figure 5.4 below. The critical loading need be determined in order
to sizing the structural member and determine the most appropriate connection between
members. On the other hand, it also can be used to evaluate deflections to ensure a
serviceable structure-one that does not deflect or vibrate excessively under load so that its
function is impaired.
Figure 5.4: The critical member in 2-storey terrace house (first floor)
From the analysis of the Staad Pro software, the critical moment is 309 kN.m at the
member.
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5.10.4 Proposed design key plan

The proposed key plan for the level 1, level 2, level 3 and roof level for block A and
B are presented. The sizes are pre- estimate in and sketch in the key plan drawing where
shown in below:
Primary beam: 250mm (width) x 600mm (depth)
Secondary beam: 150mm (width) x 400mm (depth)
Roof beam: 250 mm (width) x 400 mm (depth)
Square column: 250mm (width) x 250mm (depth)
Rectangular column: 250mm (width) x 600mm (depth)
Thickness of slab: 150mm
*Key plan showed is for the floor beam with the column below the floor. Hence, the
“black”box shown in the key plan means the column is continuous to upper floor, while the
“x” box shown in the key plan means the column is stop at the floor level and not continuous
to upper floor.
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5.10.5 Design for Slab

Slabs are the horizontal elements carrying lateral load. From the proposed shop house,
the ground floor is more on tourism and travel agency as well as souvenir shop and restaurant,
first floor is for office purpose, and second floor is for residential beg pack hotel style. Hence,
the different purpose of business will affected the design loading on the slabs. By referred to
the Table 5.7, ground floor slab support more load than other floor, the imposed load on the
shop house area is about 5.0kN/m2 plus the floor finishes 1.0 kN/m2. Several limitations must
be achieved before design for slab, such as the area for each bay must not be less than 30m2,
and the live load not more than 1.25 times the dead load and 5kN/m2 excluding partitions.
Hence, the slab thickness can be pre-design based on the large span at second floor slab and
the way of spanning slab (one way or two ways). All the slabs are designed as continuous
slab which are fully restrained because it can withstand the most unfavourable arrangements
of loads. The design procedure of the slab is based accordance to BS 8110-1:1997 Section 3.5.
The proposed slab thickness is shown in Table 5.7. The proposed slab thickness of the
minimum required for 1.5 hours fire resistance.
Table 5.7: The Proposed Slab Thickness
Proposed Thickness (mm)

Slab Thickness 150-175
5.10.6 Design of Beam
Beam is the horizontal members carrying lateral loads. The beam only supported the
dead and life load acted to the slab and its self weight then transfer to the column. The critical
loading acted on the beam can be pre-estimated according it effective length, transfer load
form the slab (one way or two ways) and the uniform load from the wall. For the proposed
building, the beam is divided to primary beam and secondary beam. The size of beam is pre-
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designed based accordance to the critical loading form the building structure which can
satisfactory the working load and fulfil the adequately to withstand the ultimate bending
moments, shear forces and torsional moments. All the design procedure is based on the beam
that stated in the BS8110-1: 1997. Continuous beam support condition is designed in order to
withstand most unfavourable arrangement of load in the same manner as slabs. The proposed
size of primary beam and secondary beam is shown in table below. The proposed beam
dimension is achieved of the minimum required for 1.5 hours fire resistance that is minimum
need achieved 200 mm dimension.
Table 5.8: Proposed Sizing of the Beam
Beams Width Depth

Primary 250 - 350 600 - 700
Secondary 150 - 250 300 - 400
5.10.7 Design of Column
The column is the vertical members carrying primarily axial load but generally
subjected to axial load and moment. The function of column is used to transfer the load from
roof truss, slab and beam down to the foundation. The design of columns will be accordance
to BS 8110-1:1997 Section 3.8.the most critical part for column design is the ground floor to
level 1 column. This is because the ground to first floor column needed to support the load
form roof, second floor and first floor. The end condition of the column designed shall be
determined by according to the BS 8110-1:1997, clause 3.8.1.6.2. Table 5.9 shown the
proposed size of column for the proposed shop house. Square and rectangular type of column
is designed in order to meet the architecture requirement. The entire column is designed as
the unbraced columns which support the vertical and horizontal load.
Table 5.9: Proposed Size of Column
Type of Proposed Size (mm)

column Depth Width
Square 250-350 250-350
Rectangular 500-700 250-350
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5.10.8 Design of Stump
Normally, stump is the designed and positioned based accordance to the ground floor
to first floor column size. Hence, for this project the 1 meter height of stump is designed.
5.10.9 Design of Staircase
Staircase is supported by the beams which are perpendicular to the staircase (upper and lower
beam). Based on the Building Ordinace (1994), the common staircase, the rise (R) must not
be more than 180mm. Therefore, the proposed design of staircase is riser with 175mm, going
with 235mm and thickness of the staircase to be 150mm.
5.10.10 Wall
Wall is the vertical plate elements resisting vertical, lateral or in-plane loads. In
addition, it also functions to fire resistance and also reflects sound insulation. The type of
wall that will be used is 115mm thick brick wall. To fulfil bomba requirement, the party wall
(wall between the sub lots) need to be constructed at least 230mm thick, hence two layer of
brick wall will placed on the party wall while other wall be only one layer of brick wall. For
the resident house, the type of partition wall used for the room I 12mm thick gypsum board as
stated inside the architectural drawing.
5.10.11 Support Condition
The support condition of the element plays in vital role in transfer the load from the
roof the beneath hard strata. Continuous beam is designed for the proposed beam instead of
simply supported. This is because it can conservative alternative to the preceding sub-frame
arrangement the moments and shear forces and also the supports providing no restraint to
rotation. For column, fixed end is designed unless the assumption of pinned ends is clearly
more reasonable. Cast in-situ method is applied for this proposed project, so the slab is
designed as the continuous slab with fully restrained. The critical loading arrangements
should be in accordance
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5.11 PRELIMINARY COST
5.11.1 Cost of Material

Rate Estimated to
Items Unit Quantity Price (RM)
(RM) extra 10% (RM)
Lean concrete (Grade 15) in
M2 13.1 172 22,558.2 24,814.02
50mm thick blinding.
Reinforced Concrete Grade 40 in
sub-structural work such as pile
M3 367.5 10.584 3889.62 4278.582
caps, pad footing, column stumps
and the like.
sub-structural work such as
ground beam, ground slab, apron M3 325.50 103 33,526.5 36,879.15
slab, steps, platform slabs, ramp
and the like.
Super-structural works such as
M3 325.50 73 23,761.50 26,136.65
columns, stiffeners, walls, and the
like.
Super-structural works such as
suspended floor beams,
suspended floor slabs, roof M3 330.80 30 23,486.80 10,916.40
beams, roof slabs, gutter, canopy
slabs, staircases, landing slab and
the like.
8- 10mm hot rolled (R) mild steel
bars in reinforcement to concrete
work generally including all KG 3.00 1250.16 19,184.88 4125.528
cutting, bending and placing in
position.
16 - 32mm diameter high tensile
(T) steel bars in reinforcement to
concrete work, generally KG 2.90 5083 14,740.70 16,214.77
including all cutting, bending and
placing in position.
Welded steel Fabric
reinforcement of 200mm x
M2 35.00 750 26,250.00 28,875.00
200mm mesh weighing 6.16
kg/m2 (MS-A393/A10).
72
20mm Thick cement and sand

M2 12.60 750 9450.00 10,395.00
(1:3) rendering to floor.
9mm Thick gypsum plaster board
in ceiling fixed complete M2 26.30 800 45,288.6 23,144.00
including cutting.
Approved one hour fire rated
doors in timber frame including
assembling all in accordance with
the manufacturer's instructions NO 840 11 60,480.00 10,164.00
complete with accessories, single
leaf size 900mm x 2100mm x
44mm thick.
Half brick wall in common bricks
in cement mortar (1:3) reinforced
with and including brick M2 35.70 500 53,550.00 19,635
reinforcement at every fourth
course
12mm Thick approved gypsum
board (one side) in partition
M2 37.80 51 5,670 2120.58
including fixing but excluding
framing.
Formwork M2 35 300 105,000 11,550.00
50mm Thick blinding on top of
M2 2.60 200 5,200.00 572
hardcore.
Two layer of 114mm Thick
precast cement and sand hollow
M2 84 200 168,000.00 18,480.00
blocks in cement mortar (1:3) as
specified.
Total 1,792,978.54
5.11.2 Cost of Labors
Estimated to
Rate Num. of Duration Price
Items extra 10%
(RM/month) labour (month) (RM)
(RM)
General Worker 900 3 17 153,000 168,300
Carpenter and bar bender 1500 5 14 315,000 346,500
Concreter 1080 3 12 155,520 171,072
Bricklayer 1000 2 6 72,000 79,200
Painter 1000 2 2 16,000 17,600
Total 78,2672
5.11.3 Cost of Machinery
73
Estimated to
Duration
Field of works/ Machinery Rate(RM) Quantity Price (RM) extra 10%
(days)
(RM)
Mobile Crane 600 2 180 216,000 237,600
Pumping Lorry 1,500 1 160 240,000 264,000
Bar bending machine 50 2 240 240,00 26,400
Bar Cutting machine 50 2 240 24,000 26,400
Concrete Vibrator 40 1 240 9,600 10,560
Total 564,960
5.11.4 Grand Total
Grand Total = Cost of Materials + Cost of Labours + Cost of Machinery

= RM 1,792,978.54+ RM 782,672 + RM 564,960
= RM 3,140,610.54
74

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BuildTech Consultant Sdn. Bhd.

5.0 STRUCTURAL REINFORCEMENT CONCRETE ASPECT

5.2 DESIGN CONSTRAINTS

5.2.1 Environmental Issues

5.2.2 Geotechnical Constraints

5.2.3 Functional and Layout Constraint

5.2.4 Transportation of Material

5.2.5 Climate Changes

5.3 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

5.3.1 Safety of structures

5.3.1.1 Serviceability and Durability

5.3.1.2 Structure Stability

5.3.2 Availability of Material

5.3.3 Site Condition

5.4 AUTHORITIES REQUIREMENTS

5.4.1 Building materials

5.4.1.2 General Requirement for Loading

5.4.1.3 Dead load calculated from weights of materials used

5.4.1.4 Structure above foundations

5.4.1.5 Nominal Thickness of Walls

5.4.1.6 Party wall

5.4.1.7 Dimensions of Staircases

5.4.1.9 Access to Roof Space

5.4.1.10 Pipes and Service Ducts

5.4.1.11 Fire Resistance

5.4.1.12 M & E Services

5.4.2 Kuching South City Council (MBKS):

I. Footpath crosses details:

II. Match with the footpath.

III. Reinforcement base on structural design calculations.

5.5 CONSTRUCTABILITY AND AVAILABILITY

5.6 DESIGN PROCEDURE

Structural reinforced concrete design

Study on architecture drawing

Study on design constraint and consideration

Finding most appropriate design options

Pre-estimate the loading on the structural (Find critical load)

Preliminary Sizing of the structural element

Finding and analysis the actual loading on the structural element

Compare and checking with the requirement and approval from

Hand Over to client

Figure 5.1: Flow chart of the design procedure

5.7 DESIGN METHOD

5.8 STANDARD AND CODES OF PRACTICE

Table 5.1: code practices and standard

5.9 DESIGN OPTIONS

5.9.1 Structural Frame System

5.9.2 Design Life Span

5.9.3 Durability and Fire Resistance

5.9.4 Concrete Grade and Concrete Cover

5.9.5 Lean concrete

5.9.6 Strength of Reinforcement

5.9.7 Reinforcement Steel Bar Diameter

Table 5.4: the reinforcement steel bar diameter

Component Diameter of reinforced steel used

5.9.8 Anchorage length

Anchorage for the steel bars = 45 x min. bar diameter

5.9.9 Material Used

5.10 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS DESIGN AND CONSIDERATION

A structure or structural element required to have fire resistance should be designed to

One face exposed, 140mm

5.10.1 DESIGN LOAD

Table 5.6: Design load

5.10.2 LOAD TRANSFER