UNIT – I

STATIC ELECTRIC FIELD

PART-A

1. State stokes theorem. (Apr/May 2011)

 
The line integral of F around a closed path L is equal to the integral of curl of F
Over the open surface S enclosed by the closed path L.
   
 F .d L     F .d S  
S

2. State divergence theorem. (May/June 2016)

The integral of the normal component of any vector field over a closed surface is
equal to the integral of the divergence of this vector field throughout the volume
enclosed by that closed surface.
   
 F . d S   .F dv .d S  
S V

3. Convert the given rectangular co-ordinate A ( x  2, y  3, z  1) in to the

corresponding cylindrical co-ordinate. (Nov/Dec 2010)
Given: x  2 x  2, y  3, z  1
r  x 2  y 2 r  x 2  y 2  22  32  13
y 3 y 3
  tan 1  tan 1  56.309o   tan 1  tan 1  56.309o
x 2 x 2
z 1
In cylindrical co-ordinates A ( 13,56.309o ,1)
4. Determine the gradient of the scalar field. (May/June 2012)
F  5r 2  r sin 
F  1 F  1 F 
F  F  ar  a  a
r r  r sin  
 1  1 
 (10r  sin  ) ar  ( r cos  ) a  sin   (0) a
r r
 
 (10r  sin  )ar  cos  a
5. What is the significance of electric flux density? (Nov/Dec 2012)
The net flux passing normal through the unit surface area is called electric flux
density denoted as D.It has specific direction which is normal to the surface
area. It is measure of the strength of an electric field generated by a free electric
charge, corresponding to the number of electric lines of flux passing through a
given area. It is independent of permittivity and will remain same irrespective of
the material used.

1
6. What is an electric dipole and Write expression for potential due to an
electric dipole? (Nov/Dec 2016)
The two point charges of equal magnitude but opposite sign, separated by a very
small distance give rise to an electric dipole.
 
Qd cos  P.ar
VP  
4 o r 2
4 o r 2
Where
V- potential due to an electric dipole.
d- Distance between the two charges.
r-Distance between point and the origin.
7. Define electric field and electric potential. (Nov/Dec 2016)
There exists a region around a charge in which it exerts a force on any other
charge. This region where a particular charge exerts a force on any other charge
located in that region is called electric field of that charge. An electric potential is
defined as the work done in moving a unit test charge from the infinity to the
point, against the direction field.
8. A point charge +2nC is located at the origin. What is the value of potential
at P(1,0,0) m? (Nov/Dec 2011; (Apr/May 2011)
Q = 2nC,P(1,0,0)
Q
VP 
4 o rp

Where rP  (1  0)2  02  02  1
2 109
Vp   17.9754 V
4  8.854 1012 1
9. State coulomb’s law of electrostatic charges. (Nov/Dec 2016)
The coulomb’s law states that force between the two point charges Q1 & Q2.
1.Acts along the line joining the two point charges.
2.It is directionally proportional to the product (Q1Q2) of the two charges.
3.It is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
QQ
F  K 1 22
R
Where K=constant of proportionality
10. Define line charge density. Write its unit.
Line charge density   l  is defined as the charge per unit length, i.e.
Q dQ
 l  lim 
L  0 l dl
Where Q = small charge
l = small length
dQ= differential charge
dl= differential length
Its unit is coulomb per meter(C/m).
2
11. State Gauss law and write its applications. (Nov/Dec 2015)
Gauss law states that the net flux passing through any closed surface is equal
to the charge enclosed by that surface. i.e.
   D.ds  Q
S

Applications:
i. It is used to find flux  or flux density D from the knowledge of enclosed
charge and surface.
ii. It is useful to find the electric field E from the knowledge of enclosed
charge and surface.
iii. It is useful to find enclosed charge from the knowledge of either D or E

12. Find the electric field intensity E at (111) if the potential is

V  xyz 2  x 2 yz  xy 2 z (V ) . (Nov/Dec 2015)
The relation between electric field and potential is given by,
E  V
Here the potential function is Cartesian co-ordinate. Therefore
 V V V 
E   ax  ay 
z 
az
 x y
   
    xyz 2  x 2 yz  xy 2 z  ax   xyz 2  x 2 yz  xy 2 z  a y   xyz 2  x 2 yz  xy 2 z  az 
 x y z 
   yz 2  2 xyz  y 2 z  ax   xz 2  x2 z  2xyz  a y   2xyz  x 2 y  xy 2  az 

E at  x  1, y  1 and z=1 is given by

E  4ax  4a y  4az V/m

E E   4    4    4 
2 2 2

 6.93 V / m

3
 PART-B

1. State and prove Stoke’s theorem. (Nov/Dec 2016)

Stokes theorem
The stokes theorem relates the line integral to a surface integral. It states that,
 
the line integral of F around a closed path is equal to the integral of curl of F
over the open surface S enclosed by the closed path L.
  
 F . d L   F .ds
   
L S

Proof of stokes theorem

Consider a surface S which is splitted in to number of incremental
surfaces. Each incremental surface is having area s as shown in figure.
Applying definition of curl to any of these incremental surfaces we can write

  F    F .dL s
---------------------(1)
N S

Where N= normal to S according to right hand rule

dL s = perimeter of the incremental surface S
 
Now the curl of F in the normal direction is the dot product of curl of F with a N .
a N  Unit vector, normal to the surface S .
  F     F .a
N
N

 F.dL    F  .a S
s N

 F.dL    F .S ---------------------------(2)

s

 To obtain total curl for every incremental surface, add the closed line integrals
for each S .
 It can be seen that at a common boundary between the two incremental
surfaces, the line integral is getting cancelled as the boundary is getting
traced in two opposite directions.
 This happens for all the interior boundaries. Only at the outside boundary
cancellation does not exist.
 Hence summation of all closed line integrals for each and every S ends up
in a single closed line integral to be obtained for the outer boundary of the
total surface S.

4
 Hence the equation (2) becomes

 F .dL      F  .dS
L S

 Thus line integral can be expressed as a surface integral which proves the
stoke’s theorem.

2. State and prove divergence theorem. (Nov/Dec 2015)

Divergence theorem
Statement : The volume integral of the divergence of a vector field over a volume
is equal to the surface integral of the normal component of this vector over the
surface bounding the volume.

 . A dv  
 A.ds

Proof:
The divergence of any vector A is given by
A A A
. A  x  y  z
x y z
  
Where   ax  a y  az
x y z
Taking volume integral on both sides
 Ax Ay Az 
v . A dv    x  y  z .dv
dv  dx dy dz
 Ax Ay Az 
 . A dv    x
v

y

z 
dx dy dz

Consider an element volume in x direction

A  A 
v xx dx dy dz     xx .dx dy dz
Ax
x2

Where 
x1
x
dx Ax2  Ax1  Ax

Ax
Then 
v
x
dx dy dz   Ax dy dz   Ax dsx
S S

Where dy dz  dsx  x component of surface area ds

5
 Similarly the following integrals become
Ay
v y dx dy dz  S Ayds y
Az

v
z
dx dy dz   Az dsz
S

Then,
 Ax Ay Az 
v . A dv    x  y  z dx dy dz
   Ax ds x  Ay ds y  Az ds z 
S

 A.ds


 . A dv  
v
 A.ds
3. Derive an expression for potential due to electric dipole. (or) Point charges
d d
Q and –Q are located at (0,0, ) and (0,0,  ) . Show that the potential at a
2 2
point ( r ,  ,  ) is inversely proportion to r , nothing that r >>d.
2

(May/June 2016)
 Two equal and opposite charges separated by a very small distance
constitute an electric dipole.
 Two point charges +Q and -Q

The distance point ‘p’ is described by spherical co-ordinate the +ve, -ve points are
separated and it describes the Cartesian co-ordinate.
Q
V1 
4 o r1
P due to –Q in V2
6
 Q
V2 
4 o r2
Q 1 1 
Total potential V  V1  V2  
4 o  r1 r2 
Q  r2  r1 
V --------------------------(1)
4 o  r1r2 
As ‘d’ is very small r1  r2  r
r1 r2  r 2

adj BM
cos     AB  d 
hyp AB
BM  AB cos
BM  d cos
PB = BM+PA = BM = PB-PA-----------------------(2)
PB  r2 , PA  r1 , BM=d cos 
d cos   r2  r1
Sub these values in (2)
Q  d cos  
V
4 o  r 2 
From Cartesian co-ordinate,
 v 1 v 1 v 
E  V    ar  a  a
 r r  r sin   
V Qd cos   1  

r 4 o  r 2  r
V Qd cos 2   2 2
 r  ( r )  2r 21  2r 3  3
r 4 o   r r r

7
 V Qd cos   2 

r 4 o  r 3 
v Q d 
 cos 
 4 o r 3 
V Q d
  sin 
 4 o r 3
V
0

Q 2 Q sin  d
E d cos  . a 
4 o r 3 r
4 o r 3
Qd
E 2cos  ar  sin  a 
4 o r 3  
4. A circular disc of radius ‘ a ‘ m is charged uniformly with a charge of  c/m .
Find the electric field intensity at a point ‘ h’ meter from the disc along its
axis. (Nov/Dec 2016)
 Consider a charged circular ring of radius ‘r’ placed in XY plane with
centre at origin carrying a charge uniformly along its circumference. The
charge density is  L c/m.
 The point ‘p’ is at a perpendicular distance ‘z’ from the ring.

dl – small differential length on this ring.

R – distance.
dQ   Ldl
 Ldl
dE  aR
4 o R 2
 Consider the cylindrical co-ordinate system dl we are moving in 
direction where dl  rd 
8
 While R can be obtained from its 2 components in cylindrical system, they
are
1. Distance r in the direction of a r radially inwards
2. Distance z in the direction of aZ  i.e. Z aZ
R  rar  Z aZ

R  r    z   r2  z2
2 2

R  rar  Z aZ
aR  
R r2  z2
 Ldl  rar  Z aZ
dE  
4 o r  z 2 2
r2  z2
 L d
dE   rar  Z aZ 
3  
4 o  r  z 2 2 2

 The radial component of E at point p will be symmetrically placed in the
plane parallel to XY plane. So they cancel each other.
 L  rd 
dE  3
Z aZ
4 o r  z
2
2 2

2
 L rd
E  3
.Z a Z
 0 4 o  r  z 2 2 2

 Lr
.Z aZ  0
2
E 3
4 o  r 2  z 2 2

2 L .r
E 3
.Z a Z
4 o  r  z 2 2 2

 L rz
E 3
.aZ
2 o  r  z
2 2 2

9
4. State and prove gauss’s law for the electric field, also give the differential
form of it. (May/June 2016)
Statement :
The electric flux passing through any closed surface is equal to the total
charge enclosed by that surface.
 Q
   D.ds
Proof :
Spherical surface = Gaussian surface

  0 to 
  0 to 2
Ds is normal to a r direction
   D.ds
Q
D .ar
4 r 2
ds  r 2 sin  d d ar
2 
Q
   4 r
0 0
2
 r 2 .ar sin  d d ar

2 
Q
   4 sin  d d
0 0
2
Q
   cos  d


4 0
0

2
Q

4    cos   cos 0 d
0
2
Q

4   (1)  1 d
0
2
Q

4  2 d
0

10
 2
2Q

4  d
0

2Q 2
  0
4
2Q
  2  0
4
4 Q
 =Q
4
 Q

5. Derive an expression for the electric field due to straight and infinite
uniformly charged wire of length ‘L’ meters and with a charge density of
  c/m at a point P which lies along the perpendicular bisector of wire.
(May/June 2016)
Consider an infinite long straight line carrying uniform line charge having
  L c/m.
 Let this line along Z-axis lies from -∞ to +∞ the point ‘P’ is on y axis at which
electric field intensity is to be determined.
 The distance from the origin to the point ‘p’ is ‘r’. consider a small differential
length dl carrying charge dQ along the line. It is along z-axis hence dl  dz .

The differential charge dQ   L dl   L dz

dl is in ‘z’ axis so dQ   L dz
The co-ordinates of dQ are (0,0,Z), while the co-ordinate of point p are (0,r,0). The
distance vector R is
R  P  dl or d  ra y  za z
11
 R ra y  za z
Unit vector ar  
R R

R  r2  z2
Q
E .aR
4 o r 2
dQ
dE  .aR
4 o R 2
Sub the value of aR & dQ   L dz
 dz ra y  za z
dE  L
.
 
2
4 o r2  z2 r2  z2

 For every charge on positive Z-axis there is equal charge present on

negative Z-axis. Hence the z-component of electric field intensities
produced by such charges at point ‘p’ will cancel each other.
 Here there will not be any ‘Z’ component of E at P, eliminate a z
 dz ra y
dE  L
.
 
2
4 o r2  z2 r2  z2

 rdza y
dE  L
3
4 o  r 2  z 2  2

Integrating dE over the Z axis from -∞ to +∞

12
 

E  L
3
rdza y
 4 o  r  z 2 2 2

To find limits we substitute,
Z  r tan   tan   Z    tan 1 z
‘r’ is not a variable for integration

When Z  ;  =tan 1       90o
2

Z  ;  =tan 1       90o
2
 
Changing the limits from  to 
2 2
To find the value of dz
z
Z  r tan   or  r 
tan 
dz  r sec 2  d

 L r sec2  .d
E  3
r.a y
o  r  r tan  
 4 2 2 2 2



2
 r 2 sec2  .d
E  L
3
.a y

2
4 o  r  r tan   2 2 2 2



 2
r 2 sec 2  .d
E
4 o
L
 3 3
.a y

2
 r  1  tan  
2 2 2 2



 2
r 2 sec 2  .d 3
E
4 o
L
 3
.a y sec2   2  1
sec 
 cos 

2
r 3  sec 2   2


 2
r 2 sec2  .d
E
4 o
L
 r 3  sec3  
.a y

2


 2
1
E
4 o
L
 r sec .a y d

2


 2
1
E
4 o r
L
 sec d .a y


2

13
 

 2
E L

4 o r  cos .d .a y


2


E L
sin   /2/2 a y
4 o r

E sin 90  sin  90  .a y
4 o r 
L


E L
2.a y
4 o r
2 L
E .a y
4 o r

E L
.a y
2 o r

E L
.a y V/m
2 o r

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS

6. The two point charges 10 C and 2 C are located at (1,0,5) and (1,1,0)
respectively. Find the potential at (1,0,1) assuming zero potential at
infinity. (Nov/Dec 2015)
Solution:
Potential (V)=V due to first point charge V1  +V due to second point charge V2 
The Potential due to point charge is given by
Q
V
4 o r
Q1
 V1  where Q1  10  106 C
4 o r1
The distance vector r1  (1  1)a x  (0  0)a y  (1  5)a z  4a z

r1  r1   4 4
2

10  106
V1  = 22.5 kV
4  8.854  1012  4
Q2
 V2  where Q2  2  106 C
4 o r2

14
 The distance vector r1  (1  1)a x  (0  1)a y  (1  0)a z   a y  a z

r2  r2   1  1  2
2 2

2  106
V2  = 12.728 kV
4  8.854  1012  2
 V  V1  V2  35.228 kV

7. Derive the expression for energy stored in an electrostatic field, in terms of

field quantities. (Nov/Dec 2015)

 To determine the energy present in an assembly of charges, it is must to

determine the amount of work necessary to assemble them. Suppose we wish
to position three point charges Q1, Q2, and Q3 in an initially empty space as
shown in figure.
 No work is required to transfer Q1 from infinity to P1 because the space is
initially charge free and there is no electric field. The work done is transferring
Q2 from infinity to P2 is equal to the product of Q2 and the potential V21 at P2
due to Q1.
 Similarly the work done in positioning Q3 at P3 is equal to Q3 (V32 + V31) where
V32 and V31 are the potentials at P3 due to Q2 and Q1 respectively. Hence the
total work done in positioning the three charges is
WE = W1 + W2 + W3 = 0 + Q2 V21 + Q3 (V31 + V32)
If the charge were positioned in reverse order, then
WE = W3 + W2 + W1 = 0 + Q2 V23 + Q1 (V12 + V13)
By adding above two equations gives
2 WE = Q1 (V12 + V13) + Q2 (V21 + V23) + Q3 (V31 + V32)
= Q1 V1 + Q2 V2 + Q3 V3
1
WE = (Q1 V1 + Q2 V2 + Q3 V3) joules
2
In general, if there are ‘n’ point charges, then
1 n
WE   QkVk joules
2 k 1
In case of continuous charge distribution, the summation becomes
integration, that is

15
 1
2 v
WE   vVdv (volume charge)

By using point form of Gauss law .D   v . Therefore

WE 
1

2 v

.D V dv

 
By using vector identity . A V  .V A  A.V ,Then

WE 
1
2v

 
1
.V D dV   D.V dv
2v
 
By applying divergence theorem to the first term on the right hand side of this
equation.
1
WE  
2S   1
V D .ds   D.V dv
2v
 
The first integral in above equation must tend to zero as the surface s becomes
large. Therefore
1
 
WE    D.V dv ,since E  V and D= 0 E .Then
2v
2
1 1 2 1 D
WE   D.E dv    o E dv   dv
2v 2v 2 v o
From this, we can define electrostatic energy density WE in J/m3 as
2
dWE 1 1 2 1 D
WE   D.E   o E  J/m3
dv 2 2 2 o
8. Determine the electric flux density D at (1,0,2) if there is a point charge
10mC at (1,0,0) and a line charge of 50mC/m along y axis.
Solution: (Nov/Dec 2015)
The electric flux density D  D due to point charge D1  D due to line charge 
D 
2

D due to point charge D1 is given by,  

Q R
D1  a where ar 
4 R 2 r
R
Q
D1  .R where Q=10  103
4 R 3

The distance vector R  (1  1)a x  (0  0)a y  (2  0)a z  2a z

R  R  22  2

10  103
Then D1  2a z  0.1989a z mC/m 2
4  23
16
 D due to point charge D2 is given by,  
   r 
D2  l ar = l 2 .r where l  50  10 3
 ar  
2 r 2 r  r 
 
The distance vector r  (1  0)a x  (2  0)az  a x  2az

r  r  12  22  5

50  103
Then D2  a 
 2a z  1.59a x +3.18a z mC/m 2
 
2 x
2  5

 D  D1  D2  1.59a x +3.3789az mC/m2

D  D  1.59   3.3789   3.73 mC/m2

2 2

x2
9. Transform A  yax  xa y  az from Cartesian to cylindrical co-
x2  y 2
ordinates.
Solution
The variables of the Cartesian co-ordinate related to cylindrical co-ordinate is
given by x   cos  , y   sin  and  = x 2  y 2 .Therefore the given vector can be
written as
 2 cos 2 
A   sin  ax   cos  a y  az

A   sin  ax   cos  a y   2 cos 2  az
Here the vector components are
Ax   sin 
Ay   cos 
Az   cos2 
The cylindrical vector components A , A and Az are related to the Cartesian
co-ordinate is given by
A  Ax cos   Ay sin 
A   sin  cos    cos  sin   2  sin  cos 
A   Ax sin   Ay cos 
A   sin  sin    cos  cos    cos 2    sin 2 
Az   cos2 
The cylindrical vector A  A a  A a  Az az
A  2 sin  cos  a    cos2   sin 2   a   cos2  az
17
 UNIT – II
CONDUCTORS AND DIELECTRICS
PART-A
1. Write the equation of continuity.(Nov/Dec 2012 & 2013;Apr/may 2011)
Continuity equation of the current is based on the principle of conservation of
charge, The principle states that the charges can neither be created nor be
destroyed.

.J   v  Point form of the continuity equation.
t
2. What are the basic properties of conductor? (Nov/Dec 2009)
 Inside the conductor, E=0.
 Inside the conductor, volume charge density = 0.
 Potential is constant throughout a conductor.
 Electric field E is normal to the surface just outside a conductor.
3. State point form of ohm’s law. (May/June 2013; May/June 2010)
 
The relationship between J and E can also be expressed in terms of
conductivity Of the material.
 
J = 𝛔E
𝛔 = conductivity of the material
The conductivity is measured in mho per meter (  / m )
4. Give Laplace’s and Poisson’s equations. (Nov/Dec 2016)
Poisson’s equation:
v
 2V 

V = potential.
 v = Volume charge density.
 = permittivity of the medium.
Laplace equation:
 2V  0
where  2  laplacian of ‘V’
5. What are the significant physical difference between Poisson’s and Laplace
equation?
 Poisson’s and Laplace equation are useful for determining the electrostatic
field ‘V’ in regions at whose boundaries are known.
 When the region of interest contains charges in a known distribution  v
Poisson’s equation can be used to determine the potential function.

 2V 

 When the region is free from charge (   0 ),Poisson’s
equation then becomes  2V  0 ,which is Laplace equation.
18
 6. Define current and current density at a given point. (Apr/May 2015)
Current :The current is defined as the rate of flow of charge measured in
amperes.
Current density: Current density is defined as the current passing through the
unit surface area, When the surface is held normal to the direction of the
current.

7. Obtain the expression for resistance of a conductor. (Nov/Dec 2016)

V L
R 
I s
Where   conductivity of the material
L= length of the conductor
S = cross section area

8. Define relaxation time.

The relaxation time ( ) is defined as the time required by the charge density to
decay 36.8 % of its initial value.

 sec.


9. Define polarization. (Apr/May 2011)

Electric dipole produces an electric field which oppose the externally applied
electric field, This process is due to which separation of bound charges results to

produce electric dipoles, under the influence of electric field E called
polarization.

10. What are the basic properties of dielectric materials? (Apr/May 2007)
 The dielectrics do not contain any free charges but contain bound charges.
 Due to polarization, the dielectrics can store the energy.
 Bound charges are under the internal molecular and atomic forces and
cannot contribute to the conduction.
 The induced dipoles produces their own electric field and assign in the
direction of the applied electric field.

11. Define capacitance.

A system which has two conducting surfaces carrying equal and opposite
charges separated by a dielectric is called capacitive system giving rise to a
capacitance.
Q
C farad
V

19
12. Write the Laplace’s equations in all the three co-ordinates.(May/June 2016)
Cartesian co-ordinate system or Rectangular co-ordinate system
 2V  2V  2V
 2V    0
x 2 y 2 z 2
Cylindrical co-ordinate system
1   V  1  V
  2V
2
 2V  r   2  0
 2 2
r r  r  r  
 z
Spherical co-ordinate system
1   2 V  1   V  1  2V
 2V  r  2  sin  
 2 2 0
r 2 r  r  r sin      r sin  
2

13. Find the energy stored in the 20pF parallel plate capacitor with plate
separation of 2 cm.The magnitude of electric field in the capacitor is
1000v/m. (Nov/Dec 2015)
The relation between electric field and potential in the parallel plate capacitor is
given by,
V= E.d
E = 1000V/m ,d = 2  10 2 m
 V  1000  2 10 2  20volts
The energy stored in the capacitor is given by,
1
WE = CV 2
2
Where C  20 1012 F
1
  20 1012  (20) 2
2
 4 nJ

14. Write the relation between perfect conductor and electrostatic field.
(Apr/May 2015)
(i) The static electric field intensity inside a conductor is zero (E=D=0)
(ii)The static electric field intensity at the surface of a conductor is everywhere
directed normal to the surface ( DN   o EN   s ).

15. State the boundary conditions at the interface between two perfect
dielectrics. (Nov/Dec 2015)

i)The tangential component of electric field is continuous i.e. Et1  Et2

ii)The normal component of electric flux density is continuous Dn1  Dn2

20
 PART-B

1. Derive Poisson’s and Laplace equation. (Nov/Dec 2015)

According to gauss’s law in point form, the divergence of electric flux density
is equal to the volume charge density.
.D   v ; D= E
.  E    v
 ..E   v
v
. E 

E  V
v
.  V  

v
.V 


 2V   v This is Poisson’s equation.

 In a certain region, volume charge density is zero,  v =0 which is true for
dielectric medium.
Then the Poisson’s equation takes the form,
2V  0  2 V is laplacian of ‘V’
This is special case of Poisson’s equation and is called Laplace equation.
∇2 Operation / Laplace equation in different co-ordinate system:
The potential ‘V’ can be expressed in any of the 3-co-ordinate system as
V ( x, y, z ),  r,  , z  &  r,  ,  
Cartesian co-ordinate system or Rectangular co-ordinate system
 2V  2V  2V
 2V    0
x 2 y 2 z 2
Cylindrical co-ordinate system
1   V  1  V
  2V2
 2V  r 
 2  0
 2 2
r r  r  r  
 z
Spherical co-ordinate system
1   2 V  1   V  1  2V
 2V  r  2  sin  
 2 2 0
r 2 r  r  r sin      r sin  
2

21
2. Derive the boundary condition between 2 perfect dielectrics.(or) Derive the
boundary conditions of the tangential and normal components of electric
field at the interface of two mediums with dielectrics.
(May/June 2016) (Nov/Dec 2016)

 Let us consider the boundary between two perfect dielectrics. One

dielectric has permittivity  1 while the other has permittivity  2 .
 The E & D are to be obtained again b resolving each into 2 components
tangential to the boundary and normal to the surface.

Boundary between two perfect dielectrics

 Consider a closed path a-b-c-d-a rectangular in shape having elementary

h
height ∆h and elementary width  . It is placed in such a way that is
2
in dielectric 1 and the remaining is in dielectric 2.
 Let us evaluate the integral of E.dL along this path, tracing it in clockwise
direction as a-b-c-d-a.

 E.dL  0
b c d a

 E.dL   E.dL   E.dL   E.dL  0

a b c d

E1  E1t  E1N
E 2  E 2t  E 2 N
 Both E 1 & E 2 in the respective dielectrics have both the components,
normal and tangential.
c a
As h  0 ,  &  becomes zero
b d
b d

 E.dL   E.dL  0 ----------------------(1)

a c

22
 Now a-b in dielectric1,hence the corresponding component of E is E tan1 as
a-b direction is tangential to the surface.
b b

 E.dL  E  dL  E
a
tan1
a
tan1  ---------------------(2)

While c-d is in dielectric 2,hence the corresponding component of E is

E tan 2 as c-d direction is also tangential to the surface, but direction c-d is
opposite to a-b hence corresponding integral is negative.
d

 E.dL   E
c
tan 2  --------------------(3)

Sub (2) & (3) in (1)

Etan1   Etan 2   0
Etan1 =Etan 2
Thus the tangential components of field intensity at the boundary in both
the dielectrics remain same.
The relation between D & E is
D E
Dtan1  1Etan1
Dtan 2   2 Etan 2
Dtan1 Dtan 2

1 2
Dtan1  
 1  r1
Dtan 2 2 r2
 To find the normal component, consider a Gaussian surface in the form of
right circular cylinder, placed in such a way that half of it lies in dielectric1
while the remaining in dielectric 2.
 The height h  0 o hence flux leaving from its lateral surface is zero the
surface area of its top & bottom is ∆s.

 D.ds  Q
 
       D.ds  Q
 top bottom lateral 


lateral
D.ds  0 as h  0

 D.ds  
top bottom
D.ds = Q

As top & bottom surfaces are elementary, flux density can be assumed
constant.
 D.ds  D  ds = D
top
N1
top
N1s

23
 For top & bottom surfaces are elementary, flux density can be assumed
constant.


bottom
D.ds   DN 1 
bottom
ds = -D N 1s

DN 1 s  DN 2 s  Q
Q   s s
DN 1  DN 2   s
 For ideal dielectric media boundary at the surface average density  s can
be assumed zero.

s  0
DN 1  DN 2  0
DN 1  DN 2
 Hence the component of flux density D is continuous at the boundary
between 2 dielectrics.
DN 1  1E N 1
DN 2   2 EN 2
DN 1 1EN 1
 1
DN 2  2 EN 2
EN 1  2  r 2
 
E N 2  1  r1
 Hence E is inversely proportional to the relative permittivities of 2 media.

24
3. A spherical capacitor consists of an inner conducting sphere of radius ‘a’
and an outer conductor with spherical inner wall of radius is ‘ b’. The space
between the conductors is filed with a dielectric of permittivity. Determine
the capacitance. (Nov/Dec 2015)
 Consider a spherical capacitor formed of two concentric spherical
conducting shells of radius ‘a’ and ‘b’.
 The radius of outer sphere is ‘ b ‘ while that of inner sphere is ‘ a’. Thus
b>a.The region between the two spheres is filled with a dielectric of
permittivity. The inner sphere is given a positive charge + Q while for the
outer sphere it is – Q.

 Considering Gaussian surface as a sphere of radius r, it can be obtained

that E is in radial direction and given by,
Q
E a r V/m
4 r 2
The potential difference is work done in moving unit positive charge
against the direction of E i.e. from r = b to r = a.
 r a
Q
V    E .dL    a r . dL
 r b
4 r 2

Now dL  dra r in radial direction

r a
Q
V  a r . dr.a r
r b
4 r 2
r a
Q
V  . dr
r b
4 r 2
r a
Q  1
V    r 
4 r b
r a
Q 1
V  r 
4 r b

Q 1 1
V  V
4  a b 

25
 Q Q
Now C  
V Q 1 1

4  a b 
4
C F
1 1
 a  b 
4. Derive an expression for capacitance of a coaxial cable. (Nov/Dec 2016)
 Consider a co-axial cable or co-axial capacitor.
Let a = Inner radius
b = Outer radius
The two concentric conductors are separated by dielectric of permittivity  .
The length of the cable is L m.
 The inner conductor carries a charge density   L C/m on its surface then
equal and opposite charge density   L C/m exists on the outer conductor.
Q  L  L

 Assuming cylindrical co-ordinate system, E will be radial from inner to

outer conductor, and for infinite line charge it is given by,
L
E ar
2 r
E is directed from inner conductor to the outer conductor. The potential
difference is work done in moving unit charge against E i.e. from r=b to r =a.
To find potential difference, consider dL in radial direction which is dL  dra r
 r a
L
V    E.dL    a . dra r
2 r
r

 r b

L
V  ln r ba
2
 a 
V   L ln  
2  b 
 b
V  L ln  V
2  a 

26
 Q L  L
C 
V L  b 
ln
2  a 
2 L
C F
b
ln  
a 

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS

5. Derive the expression for relaxation time by solving the continuity

equation. (Nov/Dec 2015)
The continuity equation is given by

. J  v ---------------------(1)
t
 Consider the effect of introducing charge at some interior point of a given
material either conductor of dielectric make use of continuity equation in
conjunction with ohm’s law and Gauss law.
J   E ------------------------(2)
v
. E  ----------------------(3)

Substituting equations (2) and (3) in (1)
 
. E  v   v -------------(4)
 t
This is a homogeneous linear ordinary differential equation. By separating
variables in equation (4),
 v 
  t
v 
Integrating both sides gives,
t
ln  v    ln  vo Where ln  vo is a constant of integration.

Thus vo  voet /Tr

Relaxation time Tr  seconds


27
6. Derive an expression for capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor.
(Apr/May 2010)
It consists of two parallel metallic plates separated by distance ‘d’ The space
between the plates is filled with a dielectric of permittivity  .
 The lower plate, plate 1 carries the positive charge and is distributed over
it with a charge density   S .
 The upper plate, plate 2 carries the negative charge and is distributed over
its surface with a charge density   S . The plate1 is placed in z = 0 i.e. xy
plane hence normal to it is z direction. While upper plate 2 is in z = d
plane, parallel to xy plane.
Let A= Area of cross section of the plates in m2
 This is magnitude of charge on any one plate as charge carried by both is
equal in magnitude. To find potential difference, let us obtain E between
the plates.

Assuming plate 1 to be infinite sheet of charge,

S 
E1  a  S a V /m
2 2
N Z

The E 1 is normal at the boundary between conductor and dielectric

without any tangential component.
While for plate 2, we can write
S S
E2 
2
aN 
2
a Z V / m  
The direction of E 2 is downwards i.e. in a Z direction.
In between the plates,
S  
E  E1  E 2  a  Sa  Sa
2 2 
Z Z Z

The potential difference is given by,

 lower
S
V    E.dL    a .dL

Z

 upper

28
 Now dL  dxa x  dya y  dza z in Cartesian system.
z 0
S
V  
z d

a .  dxa x  dya y  dza z 
Z

z 0
S S 0  S  d 
V    dz    z   
z d
 d

Sd
V  V

The capacitance is the ratio of charge Q to voltage V,
Q  A A
C  S  F
V Sd d

Thus if,    o r
 o r A
C F
d
It can be seen that the value of capacitance depends on,
1. The permittivity of the dielectric used.
2. The area of cross section of the plates.
3. The distance of separation of the plates.
It is not dependent on the charge or the potential difference between the
plates.

7. Derive the expression for continuity equation. (Apr/May 2011)

Current is defined as rate of movement of charge passing a given surface
 Continuity equation is based on the principle of law of conservation of
charge it states that the charge can neither created nor destroyed.
Integral from (continuity equation in integral form)
 Consider a closed surface ‘s’ with a current density ‘J’ the total current I
passing through the surface‘s’
I   J .ds
S

 The current flows outwards from the closed surface current means the flow
of positive charge, hence the current I is constituted due to outward flow of
positive charges from the closed surface ‘s’.
 According to the principle of conservation of charge, there must be
decrease of an equal amount of positive charge inside the closed surface
hence the outward rate of flow of positive charge gets balanced by the rate
of decrease of charge inside the closed surface.
Let Qi =Charge within the closed surface
dQ
 i =Rate of decrease of charge inside the closed surface.
dt
The –‘Ve’ sign indicates decrease in charge.
29
  Due to principle of conservation of charge, the rate of decrease is same as
rate of outward flow of charge, which is a current.
dQ
S J .dS   dt i ,This is the integral form of continuity equation.
I 

dQi
 J .dS   I 
S
dt
.

Point from or differential form

 The point from of continuity equation can be obtained from the integral
form divergence theorem current the surface integral to volume integral.

 J .dS    .J  dv
S Vol


dQi
  . J dv
dt Vol
 
Qi    v dv
dQ   v dv


  . J dv    d
dt
  v dv     v .dv
t
V

For a constant surface, the derivatives becomes the partial derivative.


 
Vol .J dv  Vol  tv dv
If the relation is true for any volume, it must be true even for incremental volume
∆v.

 
. J V   v V
t

. J   v  Point form or differential form of continuity equation of the current.
t

30
 UNIT – III
STATIC MAGNETIC FIELDS
PART-A

1. State Biot-savart’s law. (Nov/Dec 2015)

The magnetic field intensity due to the differential current element IdL is
a) Proportional to the product of the current ‘I’ and the differential length dL
b) And the sine of the angle between the element and the line joining ‘P’ to the
element.
c) Inversely proportional to the square of the distance (R) between the point
‘P’ & the element.
IdL sin 
dH  A/m
R2
KIdL sin  1
dH = ; K
R 2
4
2. Write down Lorentz equation. (Nov/Dec 2010)
The force is proportional to the product of the magnitude of the charge ‘Q’,its
velocity ‘v’ and flux density ‘B’ and to the sine of the angle between V & B.
F  Q(V  B)
F  QVB sin 
The electrical force on a charged particle in electric field of intensity ‘E’ is
F = Q.E
The force on a moving particle due to combined electric & magnetic field is
obtained.
F  Q  E  V  B 
3. State ampere’s circuital law. (Nov/Dec 2016)
 H .dL  I
  Jds
S

Ampere’s law states that the line integral of magnetic field intensity ‘H’ on any
closed path is equal to the current enclosed by that path.
4. Define magnetic vector potential. (Nov/Dec 2016)
It is defined as that quantity whose curl gives the magnetic flux density.
B   A
A= magnetic vector potential
 J
A= 
4 V r
. dr Wb/m

31
5. Define magnetic Scalar potential. (May/June 2016)
It is defined as dead quantity whose negative gradient gives the magnetic field
intensity if there is no current source present
H  Vm
Where Vm is the magnetic scalar potential
Vm   H .dl
6. Define magnetic flux density. (Nov/Dec 2012)
magnetic flux
Magnetic flux density (B ) =
Area

B Wb/m2 (Tesla)
A
7. Define magnetization. (Nov/Dec 2011)
Magnetization is defined as the ratio of magnetic dipole moment to unit volume.
Magnetic dipole Qm
M=  a A/m
Volume A
8. Define magnetic moment. (Nov/Dec 2013)
Magnetic moment is defined as the maximum torque per magnetic induction.
m= I.A
9. Define dielectric strength of material and give its unit.
The maximum electric field intensity that a dielectric material can withstand
without breakdown is the dielectric strength of the material. Its unit is V/m.
10. Define magnetic field intensity & state its unit. (Apr/May 2012)
The magnetic field intensity at any point in the magnetic field is defined as the
force experienced by a unit north pole of one Weber strength ,when placed at
that point.
→Magnetic field intensity is measured in Newton’s/Weber (N/Wb)
11. Derive point form of Ampere’s circuital law. (Nov/Dec 2015)
The point form of Ampere’s circuital law is given as
Curl H . J
The curl of magnetic field intensity is equal to the linear current density.

12. Write the relation between magnetic flux and magnetic flux density.
(Apr/May 2015)
The magnetic flux   is defined as the surface integral of the magnetic flux
density, i.e.    B.ds
13. Define magnetic flux density.
The magnetic flux density is defined as the flux passing per unit area. The unit of
magnetic flux density is Weber per meter square
Total flux 
magnetic flux density B  B Wb/m2
Area A

32
14. A current of 3A flowing through an inductor of 100mH.What is the energy
stored in inductor? (Apr/May 2016)
Energy stored in an inductor is given by
1
W  L I2
2
1
W  100  10 3 32
2
= 0.45 Joules

33
 PART-B

1. Derive the expression for magnetic field intensity due to infinite long
straight conductor. (Nov/Dec 2016)
 Consider an infinite long straight conductor along z-axis. The current
passing through a conductor is a direct current of I.
 The field intensity H at the point ‘p’ is to be calculated, which is at the
distance ‘r’ from the z-axis.
 Consider small differential element at point 1, along the z-axis at a
distance z from origin.
I dL  Idzaz

The distance vector joining point 1 to point 2 is R12 can be written as

R12   zaz  rar
R12 rar  zaz
a R12  
R12 r2  z2
 ar a az 
 
dL  a R12  0 0 dz   rdza
r 0  z 

Irdza
I dL  a R12 
r2  z2

34
According to Biot-savart law dH at point 2 is
I dL  a R12
dH 
4 R122
Irdza
dH 
 
2
4 r 2  z 2 r2  z2

Irdza
dH 
4  r 2  z 2 
3/2

Thus total field intensity H can be obtained by integrating dH over the

entire length of the conductor.
 
Irdza
H 
z 
dH  
z  4  r 2  z 2 
3/2

Put z  r tan  , z 2  r 2 tan 2 

dz  r sec 2  d

z  ;    and
2

z  ;   
2

2
I .r.r sec2  .d .a
H   4
r  r 2 tan 2  
2 3/2
 
2

2
I .r.r sec2  .d .a
H   4
r  r 2 tan 2  
2 3/2
 
2

2
I .r 2 .sec2  .d .a
H 

4 r 2 1  tan 2   
3/2
 
2

2
I .r 2 .sec2  .d .a
H 

4 r 2  sec2   
3/2
 
2

2
I .r 2 .sec2  .d .a
H  4 r 3 sec3 
 
2

2
I 1
H   4 r . sec .d .a
 
2

35
 
2
I
H
4 r   cos  .d .a
 
2

I
sin   /2 .a
 /2
H
4 r
I     
H sin  sin    .a
4 r  2  2 
I
H 1   1  .a
4 r 
2I
H .a
4 r
I
H .a A/m
2 r
I
B  H  .a wb/m 2
2 r

2. Derive the expression for magnetic field intensity on the axis of a circular
loop. (Nov/Dec 2011)
 Consider a circular loop arraying a direct current ‘I’ placed in XY plane
with z axis as its axis shown.
 The magnetic field intensity H at point P is to be obtained. The point ‘p’ is
at a distance z from the plane of the circular loop along its axis.
 The radius of the circular loop is ‘r’. Consider the differential z length dL
of the circular loop.
 In the cylindrical co-ordinate system
dL  drar  rd  a  dza z

36
 dL is in the plane for which ‘r’ is constant and z=0=constant plane. IdL is
tangential at point 1 in a direction
IdL  Ird  a

 The unit vector a R12 is in the direction along the line joining differential
current element to the point P.
R 12
a R12 
R 12

R 12   rar  zaz

R 12  r 2  z 2

rar  zaz
a R12 
r2  z2
 
 a a az 
 r
  zrd a  r 2d a
dL  a R12  0 rd 0  r z

 r r z
z 
2 2

 0 
 2 
 r z r2  z2 
2

According to Biot-savart law,

dH at point ‘p’ is given by
I dL  a R12 I  zrd ar  r 2d  a z 
dH  
4 R122
 
2
4 r 2  z 2 r 2  z 2

Total H can be obtained by integrating   0 to 2

2 I  zrar  r 2 a z  d
H  3
 0 4  r  z
2

2 2

37
  2 2

I  zrd r 2 a z d 
4 0 2
H  a  
3 r 3 

    
r  z 2 2  0 r 2  z 2 2 

Consider 1st integral to prove that its value is zero

2 2
zrd zrd
 a 
3 r  3 
 cos  a x  sin  a y 
0
r  z
2 2 2
 0
r  z2

2 2

The unit vector a r is expressed in rectangular co-ordinate system

2

 cos d  sin  

2
0
 sin 2  sin 0  0
0

2

 sin d    cos 

2
0
  cos 2  cos0  1  1  0
0

2
zrd
 3
ar  0
0
r 2
z 2 2

This proves H at ‘P’ cannot have any radial component.
2 2
I r 2d Ir 2d.a z
H
4  3
az  3  d
 0
r 2
z 
2 2
4  r  z
2

2 2  0

Ir 2 az  0
2

H 3
4  r  z 2 2 2

Ir 2 2 az
H 3
4  r  z 2 2 2

Ir 2
H 3
az A/m
2 r  z
2 2 2

If point ‘ p’ is shifted at the centre of the circular loop (i.e.) Z=0,we get
Ir 2 I
H 3
 az A/m
2 r 
2 2 2r

38
3. State and explain Ampere’s circuital law. (Nov/Dec 2015)
Statement: Ampere’s law states that the line integral of magnetic field intensity
H around a closed path is equal to the direct current enclosed by that path.

 H .dL  I

Proof:
 Consider a long straight conductor carrying direct current I placed along z
axis.
 Consider a closed circular path of radius ‘r’ which enclosed the straight
conductor carrying direct current I. The point ‘p’ is at a perpendicular
distance ‘r’ from the conductor.
 Consider dL at point ‘p’ which is in a direction, tangential to circular path
at point ‘p’.
 While H obtained at point ‘p’ from Biot-Savart law due to infinitely long
conductor is,
I
H .a
2 r
I
H .dL  .a .r.d .a
2 r
I I
H .dL  r.d = .d
2 r 2
Integrating H .dL over the entire closed path
2
I I I 2
.d =  0 =
2
 H .dL  

0
2 2 2

 H .dL  I

39
4. Derive an expression for magnetic field due to infinitely long co-axial cable.
(May/June 2016)
 Consider a co-axial cable, inner conductor is solid with radius a, carrying
direct current I. The outer conductor is in the form of concentric cylinder
whose inner radius is b and outer radius is C.
 This cable is placed along z axis. The current I is uniformly distributed in the
inner conductor. While – I is uniformly distributed in the outer conductor.

Cross-sectional view
 The space between inner and outer conductor is filled with dielectric say air.
The calculation of H is divided corresponding to various regions of the cable.
Region 1: Within the inner conductor, r < a. Consider a closed path having
radius r < a. Hence it encloses only part of the conductor as shown in figure.

The area of cross-section enclosed is  r 2 m 2 .

The total current flowing is I through the area. Hence the current enclosed by
the closed path is,
 r2 r2
I' I  I
 a2 a2
The H is again only in a direction and depends only on r.
H  H  a
So consider dL in the a direction which is rd  .
dL  rd a
H .dL  H  a .rd  a  H  rd 
According to ampere’s circuital law,

 H .dL  I '

40
 2
r2 r2
 H rd  a2
I i.e. 
 0
H rd 
a2
I

r2 r2 r
H  r  2   I i.e. H   I I
a2 2 ra 2
2 a 2
Ir
H a A/m r < a within conductor
2 a 2

Region 2 : Within a<r<b consider a circular path which encloses the inner
conductor carrying direct current I. This is the case of infinitely long
conductor along z-axis. Hence H in this region is,
I
H a A/m
2 r
Region 3 : Within outer conductor, b<r<c
The current enclosed by the closed path is only the part of the current – I,
in the outer conductor. The total current – I is flowing through the cross
 
section  c 2  b2 while the closed path encloses the cross section  r 2  b2  

Hence the current enclosed by the closed path of outer conductor is,
  r 2  b2  r 2
 b2 
I '
 I    I
 c  b 2 2
c 2
 b2 
I '' = I = Current in inner conductor enclosed
Total current enclosed by the closed path is,

I enc I I 
' r  b  I  I
''
2 2

c  b  2 2

 r  b   2
c  r
2 2 2

 I 1  I 
  c  b   c  b
2 2 2 2

According to ampere’s circuital law,

 H .dL  I enc

Now H is again in a direction only and is a function of r only.

H  H  a and
dL  r d a

41
 H .dL  H  a .r d a  H  r d 
2

 H r d  I
 0
enc

 c2  r 2 
H  r  0  I  2
2
2
c  b 
 c2  r 2 
H  r  2   I  2 2
c  b 
I  c2  r 2 
H 
2 r  c 2  b2 
I  c2  r 2 
H  H  a 
2 r  c 2  b2 
a A/m b<r<c

Region 4: Outside the cable, r > c.

Consider the closed path with r>c such that it encloses both the
conductors i.e. both currents + I and – I.
Thus the total current enclosed is,
I enc   I  I  0 A

 H .dL  0
 Ampere’s circuital law

H  0A / m r > c
The magnetic field does not exist outside the cable. The variation of H
against r.

42
 ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS

5. For a current distribution in free space,

A   2 x 2 y  yz  ax   xy 2  xz 3  a y   6 xyz  2 x 2 y 2  az Wb / m Calculate magnetic flux
density. (Nov/Dec 2015)
Solution:
The relation between A and magnetic flux density B is given by
ax ay az
  
B   A 
x y z
Ax Ay Az

ax ay az
  

x y z
2x 2
y  yz   xy 2
 xz 3   6 xyz  2 x y 
2 2

     
   6 xyz  2 x 2 y 2    xy 2  xz 3  a x    6 xyz  2 x 2 y 2    2 x 2 y  xy  a y
 y z   x z 
  
   xy 2  xz 3    2 x 2 y  yz  az
 x y 
 ( 6 xz  4 x 2 y  3xz 2 )a x  ( 6 yz  4 xy 2  y )a y  ( y 2  z 3  2 x 2  z )a z Wb/m 2

6. Derive the expression for vector magnetic potential in terms of current

density. (Nov/Dec 2015)
As the divergence of B is zero, the magnetic flux density is always
solenoidal. A vector whose divergence is zero can be expressed in terms of curl of
another vector quantity as
B   A
Where A is called the vector magnetic potential expressed in Wb/m.
Taking curl on both sides
 B   A
By using the vector identity
 
    A  . A  2 A

But   B   J where J is the current density

 
   A  2 A   J
For the situation of steady direct currents
 A  0 and  2 A   J (For direct currents only)
43
 Expanding both sides by rectangular co-ordinates
2  Ax ax  2  Ay a y  2  Az az     J x ax  J y a y  J z az 
Equating,
2 Ax   J x
2 Ay    J y
2 Az   J z
7. Obtain the expression for scalar and vector magnetic potential.
(Apr/May 2012)
In electrostatics there exist a scalar electric potential ‘V’ which is related to
the electric field intensity.
E  V
Two types of Potential in magnetic fields.
1. The scalar magnetic potential denoted by ‘Vm’
2. The vector magnetic potential A .
Scalar magnetic Potential:
If Vm is the scalar magnetic potential then it must satisfy the equation.
  Vm
The scalar magnetic potential is related to the magnetic field intensity H .
H  Vm

 
   H  0 i.e.   H  0

 H  J J 0
Thus scalar magnetic potential Vm can be defined for source free region
where J  0
H  Vm ; J  0
Relation between E and scalar potential, magnetic scalar potential.
a
Vm a,b   H .dL
b

Laplace equation for scalar magnetic potential:

Monopole of magnetic field is non-existing

 B.ds  0
Using divergence theorem

 B.ds    .B  dv  0
V

.B  0
 
. o H  0 ; .H  0

H  .  Vm   0 using H  Vm

44
 2Vm  0 for J  0
Vector magnetic potential:
The vector magnetic potential is denoted as A and measured in Wb/m. The
divergence of a curt of a vector is always zero.

.   A  0 
.B  0
B   A
Curl of vector magnetic potential is the flux density
 H  J   B  o J
B
 J     A  o J
o
Using vector identity
 
. . A  2 A  o J
1
J     H 
o  

J
1 
   
 . A  2 A

o

Poisson’s equation for magnetic field

1
J   2 A
o
2 A   o J

45
 UNIT – IV
MAGNETIC FORCES AND MATERIALS
PART-A

1. Write expressions for energy stored in an inductor (or) Write expressions for
energy stored in magnetic field. (Apr/May 2015)
1 1 1 B2
2 2 2 
Wm  B.H dv   H 2
dv = dv

2. What is relative permeability of material? (Nov/Dec 2004)

The ratio of permeability (  ) of a material to the permeability (  o ) of free space is
called relative permeability of material. It is denoted by  r .It is a dimensionless
quantity. Mathematically it can be expressed as

r 
o
3. Compare self inductance and mutual inductance. (Nov/Dec 2013)
The self inductance is the ratio of total magnetic flux linkage with the coil to the
current flowing through that coil. It is denoted by L.
N
L
I
The mutual inductance between two coils is the ratio of flux linked with one coil
to the current flowing through other coil.
N N
M  2 12 or M  1 21
I1 I2
4. Distinguish between solenoid and toroid.
→A solenoid is a cylindrically shaped coil consisting of large number of turns
wound on a non magnetic frame.
→When number of turns are wounded on non magnetic frame and is bend at a
circular form it is called as toroidal coil.
5. Give the expression for Lorentz force equation. (Nov/Dec 2016)
The force is proportional to the product of the magnitude of the charge ‘Q’,its
velocity ‘v’ and flux density ‘B’ and to the sine of the angle between V & B.
F  Q(V  B)
F  QVB sin 
The electrical force on a charged particle in electric field of intensity ‘E’ is
F = Q.E
The force on a moving particle due to combined electric & magnetic field is
obtained.
F  Q  E  V  B 

46
6. Calculate the mutual inductance of two inductively tightly coupled coils
with self inductance of 25 mH and 100 mH. (Nov/Dec 2016)
M  k L1 L2 , for iron k= 1
M  25 100
M  2500  50 mH
7. Differentiate diamagnetic, paramagnetic and ferromagnetic material.
(Apr/May 2016)
Diamagnetic materials :In diamagnetic materials magnetization is opposed to
the applied field. It has weak magnetic field.
Ex:Hydrogen,helium,copper etc.
paramagnetic materials : In paramagnetic materials magnetization is in the
same direction as the field. It has weak magnetic field.
Ex:Oxygen,potassium,tungsten etc.
ferromagnetic material : In ferromagnetic materials magnetization is in the
same direction as the field. It has strong magnetic field.
Ex: Iron, cobalt, nickel etc.

8. Mention the force between two current elements. (Apr/May 2016)

The force exerted on current element 1 due to current element 2 is given by
o I1 I 2 
d L1  d L2  a R 21 
F1 
4  
L1 L2
R212
The force exerted on current element 2 due to current element 1 is given by
o I 2 I1 
d L2  d L1  a 
F2 
4   
R 12

L L2 1
R122
9. Write the expression for torque in vector form. (Apr/may 2015)
Torque is defined as the vector product of the moment arm R and the force F .It
is measured in Newton meter(Nm).
T  R  F Nm

47
10. In a ferromagnetic material (   4.5o ), the magnetic flux density is B=10y ax
mWb/m2.Calculate the magnetization vector ( o  4 107 H / m ).
(Nov/Dec 2015)
The relation between B and H is given by
B 10 y 103 ax
H 
 4.5o
10 y 103
H ax
4.5  4 107
H  1768 yax

The relative permeability r   4.5
o
The magnetization vector is given by
 
M   r  1 H   4.5  1 1768 yax  6188 yax

48
 PART-B

1. Write the comparison between electric circuits and magnetic circuits.

(Apr/May 2016)
Sl.No Electric circuit Magnetic circuit
The path traced by the current The path traced by the magnetic
1.
is called an electric circuit flux is called a magnetic circuit
2. Electro motive force(EMF) Magneto motive force(MMF)
3. Voltage V=IR MMF=NI
V L NI L
4. Resistance, R   Reluctance, R  =
I A  A
Reciprocal of resistance is Reciprocal of reluctance is called
5.
called conductance. permeance
6. Current, I=  J .ds Magnetic flux,   B.ds
7. Electric field ,E Magnetic field ,H
8. Conductivity,𝛔 Permeability 
Positive charge +Q North pole
9.
Negative charge -Q South pole
10. Positive charge can exist alone Single pole cannot exist alone

2. State and explain ampere’s force law. (Nov/Dec 2015)

According to amperes force law, the force F between two parallel wires carrying
currents I1 and I2 is directly proportional to the individual currents and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between them.
II
F 1 22
R
II
F  K 1 22
R
  
Where K is proportionality constant depending upon the medium  K  
 4 
 I1 I 2
F
4 R 2
The force F is attractive if the two currents I1 and I 2 are the same directions and
repulsive if in opposite direction.

49
3. Derive the inductance of a toroid. (May/June 2016)
Consider a toroidal ring with ‘N’ turns carrying current ‘I’ the radius of toroid is
the ‘R’ & area is A.

According to ampere’s law

 H .dl  NI
 dl  NI
H

H .2 r  NI
NI
H
2 r
 NI
B  H  B 
2 r
  BA
 NIA

2 r
Inductance of the toroid
N N  NHA
L= 
I 2 r
N2A
L=
2 r

50
4. Derive the expression for inductance of a solenoid. (May/June 2016)
Consider a solenoid of N number of turns carrying the current I
B- Flux density
A-Area of cross section of the solenoid

The field intensity of the solenoid is

NI
H A/m
l
Total flux linkage N
Inductance  
Total current I
Total flux linkage  N 
   B.ds  B  ds  area of solenoid = BA
S S

NI
B  H  
l
  BA
 NIA

l
N  NIA
Inductance of solenoid L=  N.
I lI
N2A
L= Henry
l

5. Derive the boundary conditions of static magnetic field at the interface of

two different magnetic medium. (Nov/Dec 2015)
The condition at the magnetic field exiting at the boundary of the two
media when the magnetic field passes from one medium to other are called
boundary condition for magnetic fields.
The condition of B and H are studied at the boundary.
The vectors are resolved in to two components:
a) Tangential to the boundary
b) Normal (perpendicular) to boundary

51
Consider a boundary between two isotropic, homogeneous linear materials with
different permeability’s 1 and  2

Boundary conditions for Normal Component

H
The height of the cylinder be ∆h and be placed in such a way that is in
2
H
medium1 and remaining is in medium2. The axis of the cylinder is in the
2
normal direction to the surface.
According to the Gauss law for the magnetic field,
 B.ds  0
S
------------------------------(1)

The surface integral must be evaluated over three surface

i. Top
ii. Bottom
iii. Lateral
Let the area of the top and bottom is same, equal to ∆s
 B.ds  
top bottom
B.ds  
bottom
B.ds  0 ----------------------(2)

For top surfaces

 B.ds  BN  ds  BN s ---------------------------(3)
top
1
top
1

For bottom surfaces


bottom
B.ds  BN 2 
bottom
ds  BN 2 s -----------------------(4)

For lateral surface


lateral
B.ds  0 ----------------------------(5)

Putting values of surface integral in equation (2) we get

BN1s  BN 2 s  0 ---------------------(6)  BN1 and BN2 are in opposite direction 

52
 BN1  BN 2 ----------------------(7)
Thus the normal component of b is continuous at the boundary.
The magnetic flux density and the magnetic field intensity are related by,
B   H ------------------------(8)
Equation (7) can be written as
1 HN1  2 HN 2
HN1 2 r2
  -------------------------(9)
HN 2 1 r1
Hence the normal component of H is not continuous at the boundary.
Boundary conditions for tangential Component
According to ampere’s circuital law
 H .dl  I
Consider a closed rectangular path a b c d, length ∆l and height ∆h.
b c d a

 H .dL   H .dL   H .dL   H .dL   H .dL  I

a b c d

Allowing H to zero
c a

 H .dL   H .dL  0
b d
b d

 H .dL   H .dL  I
a c

H tan1l  H tan 2 l  I
I
H tan1  H tan 2 
l
 
a N  H tan1  H tan 2  J s J s  surface current density
In vector form
H tan1  H tan 2  a N  J s
H tan1  H tan 2  J s
Where a N – unit vector in the direction normal at the boundary form medium1 to
medium2.
For B, the tangential components can be related with permeabilities of two media
B tan1 B tan 2
  Js
1 2
Consider a special case that the boundary is free of current in other words,
media are not conductors. So J s = 0
H tan1  H tan 2  0
H tan1  H tan 2
For tangential components of B we can write
53
 B tan1 B tan 2
 0
1 2
B tan1 B tan 2

1 2
B tan1 1 r1
 
B tan 2 2 r2
 It is clear that tangential component of H are continuous, while tangential
component of B are discontinuous at the boundary, with the condition that
the boundary is current free.
 Let the fields make angles α1 and α2 with the normal to the interface.
 In terms of angle we can write relationship between normal components and
tangential components of B .

In medium 1,
B
tan 1  tan1
BN1
In medium 2,
B
tan  2  tan 2
BN 2
tan 1 Btan1 BN2
 .
tan  2 BN1 Btan 2
We know that BN1  BN2
tan 1 Btan1 r1
 
tan  2 Btan 2 r2

54
 ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS

6. Derive an expression for force between two current carrying conductors.

(Nov/Dec 2007)
Consider that two current carrying conductors are placed parallel to each other.
Each of this conductor produces its own flux around it. So when such two
conductors are placed closed to each other, there exists a force due to the
interaction of two fluxes.

 The force between such parallel current carrying conductors depends on the
directions of the two currents are same, then the conductors experience a
force of attraction.
 If the directions of two currents are opposite to each other then the
conductors experience a force of repulsion.
 Consider two long parallel conductors of length L each placed in a medium.
Assume that the conductors are separated by distance ‘d’.

The conductors carry current in opposite direction

 The magnitude of force exerted on conductor 1 i.e F 1 due to magnetic field

B2 produced conductor 2 is given by,

F 1  F 1 = I1l  B2  I1l  B2 sin 90o  I1lB2 -------------------------(1)
Using ampere circuital law, we can find magnitude of magnetic field intensity
due to straight long conductor as,
I
H 2  2 ------------------------(2)
2 d
Hence by definition
55
 o  r I 2
B2   H 2  -----------------------(3)
2 d
Substituting value of B2 in expression for F1, we get
  I 
F1  I1l  o r 2 
 2 d 
o r I1 I 2l
F1 
2 d
similarly The magnitude of force acting on conductor 2 due to magnetic field
produce by conductor1, we can write,
IIl
F2  o r 1 2
2 d
In general we can write that, for the two parallel conductors of length l
carrying two same or different currents, the force exerted is given by,
I I l
F 1 2
2 d
7. Find the permeability of the material whose magnetic susceptibility 49
Solution :
The relative permeability can be expressed in terms of magnetic
susceptibility as
r  1   m   (1  49)  50
Hence the permeability of a material is given by
  o r  4 107  50  31.4159 106 H / m
8. A solenoid is 50cm long, 2cm in diameter and contains 1500 turns. The
cylindrical core has a diameter of 2cm and a relative permeability of 75.
This coil is co-axial with a second solenoid, also 50cm long, but 3cm
diameter and 1200 turns. Calculate L for the inner solenoid and L for the
outer solenoid. (Apr/May 2012)
For inner solenoid:
 r  75
l  50cm  50  10 2 m
N  1500
d  2cm hence r =1cm= 1 102 m
The inductance of solenoid is given by
N2A
Lin 
l
o r N 2 r 2
Lin 
l
4 107  75  1500     1102 
2 2

Lin 
50 102
Lin  0.1332 H
56
 For outer solenoid:
r  1 in air 
l  50cm  50  10 2 m
N  1200
d
d  3cm hence r =  3cm 1.5  102 m
2
The inductance of outer solenoid is given by,
N2A
Lout 
l
o r N 2 r 2
Lout 
l
4 107  1200     1.5 102 
2 2

Lout 
50 102
Lout  2.5582 mH

9. Derive an expression for a torque on a closed rectangular loop placed on

uniform magnetic field. (Apr/May 2004)

 When a current loop is placed parallel to a magnetic field, force act on the
loop that tend to rotate it.
 The tangential force multiplied by the radial distance at which it acts is called
torque.
 Consider the rectangular loop of length ‘l’ and breadth ‘b’ carrying a current I
in a uniform magnetic field of flux density B.

The force acting on the loop

F=BIl
 If the loop plane is parallel to the magnetic field, the total torque on the loop
T  2  Torque on each side
T  2  Force  Distance

57
 b
T  2   BIl  
2
T   BIl   b
T  BIA (Area =lb)
Torque is given by T  BIA

 If loop plane makes and angle θ with respect to magnetic flux intensity B, the
tangential component of the force is,
Ft  F cos 
The total torque on the loop T = BIA cosθ
The magnetic moment of loop is IA

m = IA
T= m.B cosθ
In vector form T  m  B
T
m
B
 The magnetic moment is defined as the maximum torque on loop per unit
magnetic induction.

10. Calculate the inductance of the solenoid and energy stored when a current
of 8A flowing through the solenoid of 2m long,10cm diameter and 4000
turns. (Nov/Dec 2016)
l  2m
d  10 cm=10 102 m
d 10 102
r = =5 102 m
2 2
N=4000 turns
I=8A
A   r 2    5 102 
2

A   r 2    5 102   7.85 103 m2

2

N2A
Inductance of solenoid L 
l
o  r N 2 A
L
l
4 107 1  4000   7.85 103
2

L
2
L  0.0788 H
1 1
Energy stored  LI 2   0.0788  82  2.5216 Joules
2 2
58
11. Calculate the inductance of solenoid,8cm in length,2cm in radius, having
 r  100 and 1000 turns.(Apr/May 2016)
l  8cm=8  102m
r  2  102 m
N=1000 turns
A   r 2    2  102 
2

 1.256  10 3 m 2
N2A
Inductance of solenoid L 
l
o  r N 2 A
L
l
4  107  100  1000  1.256  103
2

L
8  102
L  1.97192 H

12. Explain about magnetization vector and derive the expression for relative
permeability. (Nov/Dec 2015)
The current produced by bound charges is called bound current. It is
represented by Ib.The bound charges are charges which are bound to nucleus.
Let bound current Ib flows through closed path. Assume that this closed path
encloses differential area ds.
Magnetic dipole moment is given by
M  I b ds
Let n be the number of magnetic dipoles per unit volume, v be the total volume
N=n v
N nv
M total   ma   ma
a 1 a 1
nv
1
M  lim  ma
v a 1
v 0

Magnetization is defined as magnetic dipole moment per unit volume.

dI b  M dl

 M .dl
Ib  

 H .dl
IT  I b  I  
B

IT  
o
dl

I  IT  I b
B


o  M .dl
.dl  

59
  B 
    M  .dl
 o 
 H .dl
I 
B
H M
o
B
 H M
o
B  o  H  M 
M
But  m 
H
Then M   m H
 B  o  H  m H 

 o 1   m  H
But B  o r H
 r  1   m

60
 UNIT – V
TIME VARYING FIELDS AND MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS
PART-A

1. State faraday’s law of induction. (May/Jun 2016)

The electromotive force induced in a closed path is proportional to the rate of
change of magnetic flux enclosed by the closed path.
d
e  N.
dt
2. What is poynting vector? (May/Jun 2016)
The poynting vector is defined as rate of flow of energy of a wave as it propagates.
It is a vector product of electric field and magnetic field.
P  EH
3. State poynting theorem. (Apr/May 2015)
Poynting theorem states that the total power dissipated in a volume is equal to
the rate of decrease of stored magnetic and electric energy in the volume and rate
of flow of energy inward through the surface of the volume.

4. What are the Maxwell’s equations for free space medium?(Nov/Dec 2015)
Sl.No Point form Integral form
B B
1.  E  
t  E. d L    t .d S
D D
2.  H 
t
 H . d L   t .d S
3. .D  0  D.d s  0
4. .B  0  B.d s  0
5. Find the displacement current density for field E=300sin 109t V/m.
(Nov/Dec 2016)
The displacement current density is given by
D 
JD    o  r E 
t t

J D  8.854  10 12  1 300sin109 t 
t
J D  8.854 1012  300 109  cos109 t 
J D  2.6562cos109 t A/m2

61
 6. In a medium ,the electric field intensity is 𝑬 = 𝟖𝟎𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟔. 𝟐𝟕𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒕 − 𝟐. 𝟎𝟗𝟐𝒚)𝒂𝒛
V/m.Calculate the displacement current density (𝜺𝒓 = 𝟖𝟎, 𝜺𝒐 = 𝟖. 𝟖𝟓𝟒 ×
𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐𝑭/𝒎).
D 
JD    o  r E 
t t

J D   o r 80 cos  6.277  108 t  2.092 y  a z 
t
J D  600  8.854 1012  80   6.277 108  sin  6.277 108 t  2.092 y  a z

J D  266.766 sin  6.277 108 t  2.092 y  a z A/m2

7. State Lenz’s law. (Nov/Dec 2007)
The direction of induced emf is such that it opposes the cause producing it (i.e.)
changes in the magnetic flux.
d
e  N Volts
dt
8. Define a wave. (Nov/Dec 2012)
If a physical phenomenon that occurs at one place at a given time is reproduced
at other places at later times, the time delay being proportional to the space
separation from the first location then the group of phenomena constitutes a
wave.
9. What is meant by time varying field? How are they different than static
fields?
The fields which are produced due to time varying currents are called time
varying fields or dynamic fields. Time varying electric field can be produced by
time varying magnetic field while the time varying magnetic fields can be
produced using time varying electric field. The fields which do not change with
respect to time are called static fields or time invariant fields.
10. Define phase velocity. (Nov/Dec 2016)
The phase velocity of the uniform plane wave is defined as the velocity with
which the phase of the wave propagates. It is denoted by . v p

vp 

11. Define skin depth or depth of penetration. (Apr/May 2014)
Skin depth or depth of penetration   is defined as that of depth in which the
1
wave has been attenuated to or approximately 37 % of its original value.
e
1 2 2 1
    
   f  f

62
 PART-B

1. Derive the Wave equation starting from for Maxwell’s equation for free
space. (Nov/Dec 2016)
For free space (dielectric medium) the conductivity of the medium is zero. (i.e.,
  0 ) and there is no charge containing in it (i.e.,   0 ).The electromagnetic
wave equations for free space can be obtained from Maxwell’s equations.
The Maxwell’s equation from Faraday’s law for free space in point form is
B H
 E    
t t
Taking curl on both sides,
H
    E     ---------------------------(1)
t
But Maxwell’s equation from ampere’s law for free space in point form is
D E
 H    
t t
H  H   E 
Then,     
t t t  t 
H   2 E 
    ---------------------------------(2)
t  t 2 
Substituting the equation (2) in (1)
 2 E 
    E       2                (3)
 t 
But the identity is given by,
 E    .E    2 E
1 
But .E  .D 
0
 
Then  E    .E    2 E
   E   2 E                (4)
Comparing equations (3) and (4)
2 E
 2 E  
t 2
2 E
 2 E    0                 (5)
t 2

 This is the wave equation for free space in terms of electric field.

 The wave equation for free space in terms of magnetic field H is obtained in a
similar manner as follows.

63
The Maxwell’s equation from ampere’s law for free space in point form is given by
E
 H  
t
Taking curl on both sides
E
    H                  (6)
t
But Maxwell’s equation from faraday’s law
H
  E  
t

Differentiating,
E 2H
   2        (7)

t t
Substituting equation (7) in (6)
2 H
    H                 (8)
t 2
By the identity is given by
 H    . H    2 H          (9)
1
But . H  .B  0

Then    H   2 H              (10)
Comparing equations (8) and (10)
2 H
 2 H  
t 2
2 H
 H   2  0            (11)
2

t
This wave equation for free space in terms of H.
For free space r  1 and  r  1 (air) then wave equation becomes
2H
 2 H   o o 0
t 2
1 1
o o  4 107  
36 10 9
9 1016
1
 3 108 m / s  vo
o o
Where vo is the velocity of light.
Then the wave equation,
1 2 H 1 2 E
2 H   0 (or) 2 E  0
vo2 t 2 vo2 t 2

64
2. State and prove poynting’s theorem and give its physical interpretation.
(Nov/Dec 2016)
Power density is the product of both electric field intensity (E) and magnetic field
intensity(H).But power flow in certain direction is vector quantity.i.e.
P  EH

Where P is called the pointing vector. It is an instantaneous power density

vector associated with electromagnetic field at a given point.
Let E  E x ax
H  H y ay
Then P  E  H = E x ax  H y a y  E x H y az
 P z az
The above equation indicates E,H and P are mutually perpendicular to each
other. Consider that electric field propagates in free space is given by
E   Em cos(t   z )  ax
Em
But o   120  377 ,where  o is called intrinsic impedance
Hm
H   H m cos(t   z )  a y
E 
  m H m cos(t   z )  a y
 o 
 E2 
P  E  H   m H m cos 2 (t   z )  az
 o 
This is nothing but power density measured in watt/m2.Thus the power passing
a particular area is given by
Power = power density ×Area
Poynting theorem states that the net power flowing out of given volume v is equal
to the time rate of decrease in energy stored within volume v minus ohmic power
dissipated.
By using Maxwell’s equation
B H
 E     -------------------------------(1)
t t

65
 D E
 H  J   E  ------------------------(2)
t t
Dotting both sides of equation(2) with E
 E 
E.    H   E. E  E.    -----------------------(3)
 t 
Let us use vector identity in equation (3)
  
. A  B  B.  A  A.  B   
 E 
   
H .   E  . E  H  E. E  E.   
 t 
 E 
   
2
H .   E  . E  H   E  E.    ------------(4)
 t 
Consider first term on left of equation (4) substituting the value of   E from  
equation (1)
 H  H
 
H .   E  H .    H
t  t

 H H
t
 
H .H  H .
t
 H.
t
 2 H
H  2H .
t t
1  H
2 t
 H 2   H.
t
Similarly,
1  E
2 t
 E 2   E.
t
Using above results in equation (4)
1    2
2 t
 
H 2   . E  H   E 2  2 t
(E )

1 

. E  H   E 2   2 t
( H 2   E 2 )

But P  E  H
1 
.P   E 2  (  H 2   E 2 ) -----------------------(5)
2 t
Equation (5) is poynting theorem in differential form
Applying divergence theorem to the left of the above equation
 1
  P.ds    E 2 dv   (  H 2   E 2 )dv --------------(6)
S V
t V 2
Equation (6) is poynting theorem in integral form.

66
3. Derive the Maxwell’s equation in differential and integral form or Derive the
Maxwell’s equation for time varying fields.
(Nov/Dec 2016;Nov/Dec 2015;Apr/May 2015)
Maxwell’s equation from ampere’s law (Maxwell’s equation-I)
Ampere’s circuital law states that the line integral of magnetic field intensity H
on any closed path is equal to current enclosed by that path.
 H .dl  I   J .ds
l S

In general total current involves both conduction current and displacement

current. A current through resistive element is called conduction current
whereas current through capacitive element is called displacement current.
 J  JC  J D
Conduction current density J C   E
D
Displacement current density = J D 
t
 H .dl    J C  J D  ds

l S

 D 
Then  H .dl     E  t  ds
l S

 E 
 H .dl     E  
l S
 ds --------------(1) where D   E
t 
This is Maxwell’s equation in integral form from Ampere’s law. By applying
stoke’s theorem,
 H .dl     H .ds ----------------(2)
S

Comparing equations (1) and (2)

 D 
S  H .ds  S  J  t .ds
D
 H  J 
t
E
 H   E 
t
This is Maxwell’s equation in differential form or point form from Ampere’s law.
Maxwell’s equation from Faraday’s law (Maxwell’s equation-II)
Faraday’s law states that electromotive force induced in a circuit is equal to rate
of decrease of magnetic flux linkage in the circuit.
d d
e    B.ds
dt dt S

 E.dl
But e  

67
 d
 E.dl   dt  B.ds S

B
 E.dl    t .ds -----------------------(3)  B   H 
This is Maxwell’s equation in integral form from Faraday’s law.
By applying stoke’s theorem,
 E.dl     E .ds ---------------------(4)
S

Comparing equations (3) and (4)

B
S    E .ds    t .ds
B
 E  
t
H
  E  
t
This is Maxwell’s equation in differential form or point form from Faraday’s law.
Maxwell’s equation from Electric Gauss’s law (Maxwell’s equation-III)
Electric Gauss law states that electric flux passing through any closed surface is
equal to the charge enclosed by that surface.
 Q

 D.ds  Q
  . dv  Q
v

Then  D.ds    . dv -------------------(5)

S v
v

This is Maxwell’s equation in integral form from electric Gauss’s law.

By applying divergence theorem
 D.ds   .D dv -----------------------(6)
S v

Comparing equations (5) and (6)

 .D dv   . dv
v v

.D  
This is Maxwell’s equation in differential form or point form from electric Gauss’s
law.
Maxwell’s equation from Magnetic Gauss’s law (Maxwell’s equation-IV)
Magnetic Gauss law states that the total magnetic flux through any closed
surface is equal to zero.
 0

 B. ds  0 ----------------------(7)
S

This is Maxwell’s equation in integral form from Magnetic Gauss’s law.

68
 By applying divergence theorem
 B.ds   .B dv -----------------(8)
S v

Comparing equations (7) and (8)

 .B
v
0

.B  0
This is Maxwell’s equation in differential form or point form from Magnetic
Gauss’s law.
Sl.No Point form Integral form
B B
1.  E  
t  E. d L    t .d S
D D
2.  H 
t
 H . d L   t .d S
3. .D  0  D.d s  0
4. .B  0  B.d s  0
4. Derive the expression for total power flow in a co-axial cable.
(Apr/May 2015)
Consider a co-axial cable of inner radius ‘a’ and outer radius ‘b’ between
conductors and a steady current I flowing in the inner and outer conductors as
shown in figure.

According to amperes law the magnetomotive force around any closed circles and
the axis of the cable is equal to the current enclosed.
 H .dl  I
 H .dl  H . 2 r 
Where r is the radius of the circle
H .  2 r   I
I
H
2 r

69
The electric field strength of co-axial cable is given by
V
E
r ln  b / a 
The poynting vector P= E  H
Since E and H are perpendicular to each other everywhere, The magnitude of P
as simply P=EH
The total power flow along the cable is given by the integration of the pointing
vector power any cross sectional surface of area = 2 r dr
W   E  H .ds   EH .ds
S S

 I 
b
V
E  2 r.dr
a
r ln  b / a   2 r 
VI dr
 
ln  b / a  r
VI
 ln r a
b

ln  b / a 
VI
 ln b  ln a 
ln  b / a 
VI
 ln b / a 
ln  b / a 
W=VI
This shows that the power flow along the cable is the product of the voltage and
current.

70
 ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS

5. Derive the electromagnetic boundary conditions.

Conditions at a boundary surface
The following statements can be made regarding the electric and magnetic fields
at any surface of discontinuity.
 The tangential component of electric field E is continuous at the surface i.e., it is
the same just outside the surface as it is just inside the surface.
 The tangential component of magnetic field H is continuous across the surface
except at the surface of perfect conductor. At the surface of a perfect conductor
the tangential component H is discontinuous by an amount equal to the linear
current density.
 The normal component of electric flux density D is continuous if there is no
surface charge density. Otherwise D is discontinuous by an amount equal to the
surface charge density.
 The normal component of magnetic flux density B is continuous at the surface of
discontinuity.
Consider a small rectangle of width x and length y at the boundary enclosing a
small portion of each media as shown in figure.

The integral form of the second Maxwell’s equation is

B
 E. dl  S t . ds
This is applied to a rectangle
Consider the area of rectangle is made to approach zero by reducing the width
x to approach to zero.
Then,
Ey1 y  Ey2 y  0
Ey1  Ey2
71
  The tangential component of E is continuous.
The integral form of first Maxwell’s equation is
 D 
l H . dl  S  J  t  ds
Applying to the triangle,
x x x x  D 
H y1 y  H x1  H x2  H y2 y  H x4  H x3 J   xy
2 2 2 2  t 
If x  0, then H y1 y  H y2 y  0
H y1  H y2
The tangential component of H is continuous.
 For a perfect conductor, a high frequency current will flow in a thin sheet
near the surface. In a current sheet, a linear current density J l flows in a
sheet of depth x .
 It is given in terms of surface current density J A/m2.
lim J .x  J l A / m
x 0

If the Maxwell’s I equation is applied to the rectangle, then

x x x x  D 
H y1 y  H x1  H x2  H y2 y  H x4  H x3   Jl   xy
2 2 2 2  t 
D
= J l xy  x y
x
D
= J l y  x y
x
AS x approaches to zero, (i.e. x  0 )
H y1 y  H y2 y  J l y
H y1  H y2  Jl
 The tangential component of H is discontinuous by an amount of linear
current density (A/m) at the surface of a perfect conductor.
 Consider a pill box of volume ds. x at the boundary between the two
media as shown in figure. Where ds is the area of flat surfaces of pill box
and x is their separation.  is the volume charge density enclosed by the
volume.

72
 The integral form of Maxwell’s 3rd equation
 D.ds    dv
S v

Apply to the pill box at the boundary

Dn1 ds  Dn2 ds   ds.x
As x  0 i.e., the flat surfaces of the box are squeezed together
Dn1 ds  Dn2 ds  0
Dn1  Dn2
The normal component of D is continuous if there is no surface charge density.
In case of perfect conductor, the surface has the surface charge density  s
coulomb/m2.
The volume charge density  v can be written as, if x  0 .
lim v .x  s
x 0

If the Maxwell’s third equation is applied to the pill box

Dn1 ds  Dn2 ds  v ds.x  s . ds

As x  0 , Dn1  Dn2  s
The normal component of D is discontinuous across the boundary by the
amount of surface charge density
The integral form of Maxwell’s 4th equation is
 B.ds  0
Apply to the pill box at the boundary
Bn1 ds  Bn2 ds  0
Bn1  Bn2
The normal component of magnetic flux density B is always continuous across
the boundary.
6. If D  20 xax  15 ya y  Kzaz C / m 2 Find the value of K to satisfy Maxwell’s
equations for region σ = 0 and v  0 . (Apr/May 2015)
Solution:
AS σ = 0 and v  0 ,the medium in which D and B are present is nothing but free
space. Therefore .D  v  0
Dx Dy Dz
  0
x y z
  
 20 x    15   Kz   0
x y z
20-15-K=0
K  5C / m2

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7. If H   3x cos   6 y sin   az ,Find J if fields are invariant with time.
Solution: (Apr/May 2015)
D
The point form of Maxwell’s second equation is   H  J  .But the fields are
t
D
invariant  0 .Therefore  H  J
t
 ax ay az 
 
  
J  
 x y z 
 
 0 0 3x cos   6 y sin  

 
J 3x cos   6 y sin   ax  3x cos   6 y sin   a y
y x
J  6sin  ax  3cos  a y A / m 2

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