CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION
“You must be the change you wish to see in the world

(Mahatma Gandhi)”

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme (MGNREGP)

was launched February 2nd 2000 by the prime minister, Dr Manmohan Singh, and Andhra
Pradesh in Anantapur district. It came into extended to 130 new districts from April 2007.
Prime Minister chaired a meeting which decided to cover the remaining 283 districts in the
country under the MGNREGP by April 2008. The MGNREGP is the largest ever
employment programme in human history and India will have to allocate Rs.30000 crores
every year to sustain this programme. Allocation by the Union Government for the
implementation of programme increased fronm Rs.11500 crores during 2006-07 to Rs.12000
crores for 2007-08 and more than Rs. 15000 crores are reported to be available for the current
year financial year. It may be pointed out here the Central Government provides 90 percent of
the fund and the rest is provided by the states. The five states in terms of spending tl April
2007 are Rajasthan(Rs.770 crores), Andhra Pradesh (Rs.540 crores), Madhya Pradesh (Rs.361
crores), Chhattisgarh (RS.349 crores) and Jharkhand (Rs.270 crores). In 2016-17 budget the
initial MGNREGP allocation was at Rs.38500 crores while the supplementary allocations
raised it to Rs47500 crores. The NDA Government which had earlier raised doubts over the
efficacy of MGNREGP. Totally increased its allocation by over Rs,3800 cores in 2016-17
with Finance Minister Arun Jaitley laying down the road map for rural development in union
budget Rs.38500crores have been allocated for MGNREGP in 2016-17. If the total amount is
spent it will be highest budget spend on MGNREG, the Government had made a budgetary
provision of Rs.34699 crores for MGNREGP and promised to provide another Rs.500 crores
based on the actual utilisation of funds by the states and union territories.

The MGNREGP is designed as a safety net to reduce migration by rural poor

households in the lean period by providing the at least a hundred days of guaranteed unskilled
manual labour on demand at minimum wages as prescribed by the respective states. Problems
of unemployment and poverty are inter-related and both these problems have continued to
be acute in I India. In order to overcome these problems, there have been a number of
employment schemes in the past. Some of them are Jawahar Rozgar Yojana(JRY),
Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS), Food for Work Programme (FWP) of holistic
development, National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) of community development.
The Government integrated NREP and RLEGP into a new scheme JRY. On 1st April 1999 the
JRY was renamed to JGSY with a similar objective. On 25th September 2001, the
Government integrated EAS and JGSY into a new scheme SGR .

A distinguishing of the MGNREGP is that it provides the legal right of

employment and has the potential to generate more employment directly and indirectly as also
to transform the rural economy. MGNREGP is one of the world's fastest growing and new
employment programmes. In our day to day life we can sce that so many persons have
livelyhood depend upon MGNREGP. It never needs any training programme and it ensures
the guarantee and the employment opportunity and wages. The success of this programme is
the participation and satisfaction of the people. Hence it is essential to conduct a study on this
programme. The present study "THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF MGNREGP -
with special reference to Munnar "is a detailed analysis of approaches and perception of
MGNREGP work in Munnar.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

MGNREGP is one of the world's fastest growing and new employment

programmes in India. It aims at the rural people and house hold women's for this programme.
The India Government will spend a large amount andit ensures the 100 days work of their
needs can be fulfilled. It is necessary to find the successfulness of the programme in rural
environment and how to reflect this programmer in household women's. The study of "THE
SOCIo ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF MGNREGP with special reference to Munnar" is
undertaken to find out the major problems faced by the employees of MGNREGP and its
successfulness to the house hold and rural people.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:

MGNREGP Iis the world's famous employment programme in India. It provides

100 days work of households women's. The old age peoples are highly participate in this
programme, because it helps to meet their day to day expenses in their life. It ensures the 100
days works in each year, so many people are depend upon the MGNREGP. So the study of
socio-cconomi analysis of MGNREGP is essential to find out the beneficiaries and problem
faced by each worker.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

The study entitled "THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF MGNREGP -

with special reference to Munnar" is under taken with the following specific objectives;

1. To understand the MGNREGP scheme introduced by the Government of India.

2. To analyses the extent to which the MGNREGP has guaranteed Employment to rural people..

3. To ascertain the impact of the scheme in the socio-economic conditions of the people.

4. To study the problems faced by the beneficiaries under the MGNREGP.

5. To suggest measures to improve the implementation of MGNREGP.

METHODOLOGY:

Data collection: The data were collected from two sources. Primary data were collected
from Munnar panchayath by using a structured schedule Secondary data were collected from
various book, journals, periodicals internet and newspapers.

SAMPLING:

For the convenience of study sampling technique is used , and a total of 40 respondents
were selected from Munnar randomly from a number of respondents.
 DATA ANALYSIS:
The data have been analysed by statistical methods like mean percentages, tables,
graphs like simple and compound bar charts, pie diagram's etc.

LIMITATIONS:
 The study has been conducted among 40 respondents only.
 The study mostly depends on primary data. The reliability of data.
 depends on the opinion of respondents.
 The study is not free from the inherent limitations of sample survey.
 CHAPTER-2

MGNREGP-THEORITICAL FRAME WORK

 CHAPTER-2

CONTENTS

 INTRODUCTION
 BRIEF HISTORY AND SCHEMES
 OVER VIEW
 ROLL OF PANCHAYAT
 PERFORMANCE OF MGNREGP
INTRODUCTION

The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme

(MGNREGP) was launched February 2d 2000 by the Prime Minister Dr.Manmohan
Singh, in Anantapur district Andhra Pradesh. The MGNREGP is designed as a safety net
to reduce migration by rural poor households in the lean period by providing them at least a
hundred daysof guaranteed unskilled manual labour on demand at the minimum wages as
prescribed by the respective states. The adult member of every households who resides in
the rural areas and is willing to do unskilled manual work, may apply for registration of the
household for issuance of job card after registration free of cost to each applicant
household. Registration will be made for a period of five years and may be renewed from
time to time. Employment must be provided to all applicants within fifteen days of receipt
of an application and within fifteen days of receipt of the application, the applicant shall be
entitled to a daily unemployment allowance. The rate for the first thirty days shall not be
less than one-fourth of the wage rate and for the remaining period of the financial year, the
unemployment allowance rate shall not less than one-half of the wage rates. In the event of
delay in the payment of unemployment allowance, the recipient is entitled for
compensation. Further, if employment is provided outside five kilometers, it must be
provided within the block with ten percent extra wages to meet additional transportation
and living expenses. It may also be pointed out that priority shall be given to women and in
such a way that at least one-third of the beneficiaries shall be women.
BRIEF HISTORY AND SCHEMES

The planning commission later approved the scheme and the same was adopted on
national scale. Starting 1960, the first 30 years of experimentation with employment
schemes in rural areas taught few important lessons to the Govermment Tike the "Raral
Mampower Programme" taught the lesson of financial management, the crash scheme for
rural employment programme of labour intensive works the "Drought Prone Area
Programme marginal farmers and agricultural labourers scheme of rural economic
development, the "Food for Work Programme" (FWP) of holistic development and better
coordination with the states. The "National Rural Employment Programme" NREP) of
community development and the "Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme"
(RLEGP) of focus on landless households.

On 1" April 1989, to coverage employment generation infrastructure development

and food security in rural areas, the Govemment integrated NREP and RLEGP into new
scheme JRY (Jawahar Rozgar Yoyana). The most significant change was the
decentralization of implementation by involving local people through PRIs and hence a
decreasing role of bureaucracy.

On 2 October 1993 the "Employment Assurance Scheme" (EAS) was initiated to

provide employment during the lean agricultural season The role of (Performance Related
Incentive Scheme) PRIs was reinforced with the local self-Govemment at the district level
called the zilla parishad as the main implementing authority later, EAS was merged with
(Sampooma Grameen Rozgar Yojana) SGRY IN 2001.

On 1 April 1999, the JRY was renamed to (Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana) JGSY
with a similar objective. The role of PRIs was further reinforced.
with the local. Self Government at the village level called village panchayat's as the sole
implementing authority in 2001, it was merged with SGRY.

In January 2001, the Government introduced FWP similar to the one initiated in
1977 once NREGA was enacted. The two were merged in 2006.

On 25h September 2001 to converge employment generation infrastructure

development and food security in rural areas, the Government integrated EAS and JGSY
into a new scheme SGRY.

The role of PRIs was retained with the village panchayat's as the sole implementing
authority. Yet again due to implementation issues it was merged with MGNREGP in 2006.

OVER VIEW:
According to the eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-12) the number ofIndians living on
less than $1 a day, called Below Poverty Line (BPL) was 300 million that barely declined
over the last three decades ranging from 1973-2004, although their proportion in the total
population decreased from 36 percent (1993-94) to 28 percent (2004-05) and the rural
working class dependent on agriculture was unemployed for nearly 3 months per year.

The UPA Government had planred to increase the number of working days from 100
tol 50 before the 2014 Lok Sabha elections in the country bu failed the NDA Government
has decided to provide 150 days for rain hit areasThe registration process involves an
application to the gram panchayat's and issue of job cards. The wage employment must be
provided within 15 days of the date of application. The work entitlement of 120 days per
household per year may be shared between different adult members of the same houschold.
 The law also lists permissible works: water conservation and water harvesting,
drought proofing, including forestation, irrigation works restoration, of traditional water
bodies; land development, flood control, rural connectivity and works notified by the
Government. The act sets a minimum limit to the wage-material ratio as 60:40 the
provision of accredited engineers worksite facilities and a weekly report on work sites is
also mandated by the Act.

Furthermore, the Act sets a minimum limit to the wages to be paid with gender
equality, either on a time-rate basis or on a piece-rate basis. The states are required to
evolve a set of norms for the measurement of works and schedule of rates. Unemployment
allowance must be paid if the work is not provided within the statutory limit of its days.
The law stipulates Gram panchayat's to have a single bank account for MGNREGP works
which shall be subjected to public security. To promote transparency and accountability the
act mandates "monthly squaring of accounts" to ensure public accountability through public
vigilance, the MGNREGP designates 'social audits' as key to its implementation. The most
detailed part of the act deals with transparency and accountability that lays out of the state
the publie vigilance and above all the social audits, for evaluation of outcomes, the law also
requires management of data and maintenance of records, like registers related to
employment, job cards, assets, muster rolls and complaints, by the implementing agencies
at the village, block and state level.

The leg islation specifies the role of the state in ensuring transparency and
accountability through up. Holding the right to information and disclosing information
proactively, preparation of annual reports by CEGC for partiment and SEGCs for state
legislatures mandatory financial audit by each district.
along with physical audit, taking acion on aucit reports, developing a citizens charter,
establishing vigilance and monitoring committces and developing grievance redressal
system. The act recommends establishment of technical resource support groups at district,
state and central level and active use of information technology, like creation of a
Monitoring and Information System(MIS) and a MGNREGP website, to assure quality in
implementation of MGNREGP through technical support. The law allows convergence of
MGNREGP with other programmes. As MGNREGP intends to create additional
employment, the convergence should not affect employment provided by other
programmes.

ROLL OF PANCHAYAT:

The Gram Panchayat's shall be responsible for identification of projects in the Gram
panchayat's area is preparing a development plan as recommended by the Gram Sabha and
Ward Sabha. The Gram Panchayat's shall maintain a list of possible works to be taken up as
and when demand for the work arises. It shall also be responsible for the execution and
supervision of works. There can be other implementing agreement as well..

The NREGP is not just about wage employment, it is a programme designed to

create rural infrastructure like roads, watersheds, small tank structures, address natural
resource management and much more. These activities can help to increase farm
productivity along with provision of wages to the rural poor. The MGNREGP has critical
elements built into it fo effective implementation. The MGNREGP veSts substantial
powers with village level panchayat's for effective implementation of the programme. If we
critically examine the published articles in various journals on the implementation of the
MGNREGP across the country, talk to the MGNREGP functionaries, and examine the
findings of the Comprller and hudion General (CAG) of India Report, we know tht the
three tier panchuayat's structure in India based on the 73rd constitutional amendments has
nut been involved fully responsibility.
 This was also evident when we heard hundreds of panchayat's leaders in New Delhi
(October 14-15) were they were invited by Institute of Social Sciences New Delhi to
narrate their grievances on MGNREGP Whereas the NGOs have claimed their share of
credit for whatever success the MGNREGP has achieved in the country, the panchayat's
have remained on the sidelines. In the words of late Baba Amte the famouse social worker
says pity weakens and dignity empowers". Our political leaders extend pity towads
panchayat's in India rather than empower them to undertake development works. Let us not
forget that village panchayat's are the crucible of our democratic polity and unless we wake
up and empower them by involving them in the management of the massive MGNREGP
they will miss the development train. If the MGNREGP has to succced and sustain itself it
has to be managed at the village level effectively and efficiently. Effective means it has to
physical and infrastructure assets at the village level so that the two critical inputs like
water and soil are protected and regenerated. Although on village panchayat's are supposed
to do all these, there is no evidence across the country that they are actually doing the
grassroots management of the MGNREGP. Gram sabha's are vital events in villages where
discussions take place and approval of works to be taken up in the villages is sought.
Villagers know better what is best for their village, NGOs can assist the panchayat's
secretary in these gram sabha meetings where works are approved Unfortunately the
panchayat's secretaries and presidents have not trained systematically on how the
MGNREGP works. Training is very important and towards this, panchayat president's can
visit other panchayats that have implemented the programme well to understand the
working of the MGNREGP. This can also scrve as training for the panchayat's presidents
in addition to his/her involvement in the social audit.
PERFORMANCE OF MGNREGP:

While the MGNREGP has been in its infant stage, the performance of the scheme in
various states has by and large been far from satisfactory Two sets of surveys, conducted by
Jamal Kidwai and Juhi Tyagi conducted in the villages of Jehanabad and Arval districts of
Bihar reveal several shortcomings of the MGNREGP: one survey conducted in September
2007 covered ten villages surveyed in Bihar had no clue as to how the work or or workksite
in their village was determined, though the Gram Sabha is supported to decide regarding
the works to be undertaken under the NREGS. Bypassing the Gram Sabha in make such
decisions is in complete violation of the principles of decentralization and local
participation, a aspect that is central to the objectives of the MGNRGP. In addition, the
authors reported that job cards muster rolls were mismanaged. None of the muster rolls
were reported to be ever updated on the work site and the beneficiaries were made to sign
on blank muster rolls on the days they received their payments. The Mukhias were later
reported to have matched and filled the same figures into both the muster rolls and the job
cards. The authors also pointed out that many of the concerns encountered by them in Bihar
are also common to other States as evidenced by various agencies.

The performance of the MGNREGP across the country has been disma nd a CAG
report points to a number of lapses. There are two aspects to this First, abysmally small
portions of the poor people who have sought jobs under the MGNREGP have actually
received employment. In the period April 200e to March 2007, 10 percent of all such
applicants received minimum wage jobs Between April and December 2007, the number of
actual beneficiaries has drop ot 3.3 percent of total job-seekers registered under the scheme
Second, even within the beneficiaries, only a small minority received the full promised
deal. Thus, the CAGs sample reported that the average employment per pension under the
scheme was 45 days in April 2006-March 2007, whereas this has dropped to just 38 days
during April-December 2007 In addition, the CGS has reported that the NREGP is afflicted
with corruption and mis- utilisation of funds, as well as inefficient and unreliable
documentation in most of the districts covered by the study. The worst performance in this
regard has come from the poorest states of Bihar, Orissa, Jharkhand and Utter Pradesh
These very poor states that have the greatest need for a comprehensive rural employment
scheme.

While the weaknesses of the programme have been identified and addressed by a
number of observed steps need to be taken to remove the same and strengthen the
programme in view of its usefulness. Amongst the various measures, the Grama
Panchayat's has to play a key role in identifying the possible works with pricrity tended be
attended to and a list on that score should be kept updated so that works may be taken up as
and when the demand for same arises. These will ensure transparency in the system and
that the same time guarantees their participation it has been rightly pointed out that the
disappointing implementation status of NREGA (18 instead of the 100 days in West Bengal
in 2007-08) makes it are clear once more that any development programme targeted at the
poor to succeed, the reins of the programme must in their own hands. further, the present
structure of the GREGP is not growth oriented it is designed to the most vulncrable sections
by providing employment it does not help them devclop may give them employment on a
sustainable bs Thercfore, a skill training com-potent should be incorporated in the
programme. Additionally, to accelerate the productivity of the rural economy, sound
infrastructure, such as adequate availability of power communication facilities, and roads
should also be developed and strengthened.
 CHAPTER-3
RURAL EMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
 CHAPTER-3

CONTENTS

 INTRODUCTION

 AIMS, OBIECTIVES

 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

 ROLE OF GOVERNMENT FUNCTIONS

 STRADAGIES AND PROGRAMMES FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT

 Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP)

 Wage Employment Programs

 Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS)

 Food Work for Program

 Rural housing

 Social Security Programs

 Land Reforms

 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT

 RURAL DEVELOPMENT
INTRODUCTION

Rural Development in India is one of the most important factors for the growth of
the Indian economy. India is primarily an agriculture-based country griculture contributes
nearly one-fifth of the gross domestic product in India In order to increase the growth of
agriculture, the Govemment has planned several programs pertaining to Rural Development
in India. The Ministry of Rural Development in India is the apex body for formulating
policies regulations and acts pertaining to the development of the rural sector Agriculture,
handicrafts, fisheries, poultry, and diary are the primary contributors to the rural business
and economy.

Rural development in India has witnessed several changes over the years in its
emphasis, approaches, strategies and programmes. It has assumed a new dimension and
perspectives as a consequence. Rural development can be richer and more meaningful only
through the participation of clienteles of development. Just as implementation is the
touchstone for planning, people's participation is the centre-piece in rural development.
People's participation is one of the foremost pre-requisites of development process both
from procedural and philosophical perspectives. For the development planners and
administrators it is important to solicit the participation of different groups of rural people,
to make the plans participatory.

Rural development has assumed global attention especially among the developing
nations. It has great significance for a country like India where majority of the population,
around 65% of the people, live in rural areas. The present strategy of rural development in
India mainly focuses on poverty alleviation, better livelihood opportunities, provision of
basic amenities and nfrastructure facilities through innovative programmes of wage and self
employment. This article overviews the role and function of the Government and its'
programmes for rural development in India. Science and technological nterventions in the
field of rural development have been discussed bricfly and efforts being made to document
some of the appropriate technologies developed by several research institutes, organizations
suitable for application in rural areas are listed. Besides, the actual realization achieved
during the X th plan and the proposed target and strategy of the XI th plan have been
highlighted to showcase the recent trend of developmental activities under the Ministry of
Rural Development.

AIMS &OBJETIVES

Rural development aims at improving rural people's livelihoods in an equitable and

sustainable manner, both socially and environmentally, through better access to assets
(natural, physical, human, technological and social capital), and services, and control over
productive capital (in its financial on economic and political forms) that enable them to
improve their livelihoods on a sustainable and equitable basis.

The basic objectives of Rural Development Programmes have been alleviation of

poverty and unemployment through creation of basic social and economic infrastructure,
provision of training to rural unemployed youth and providing employment to marginal
Farmers/Labourers to discourage seasonal and permanent migration to urban areas.
ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES

Rural life refers to the life of the people living in villages and under developed areas.
According to Mahatma Gandhi, real India lives in her villages. The advantages are
followed;

 Rural people live in beautiful natural surroundings.

 The air that the rural people breathe is pure.
 The food that the villagers take is fresh.
 Peace and quiet fill the rural life.
 Villagers love our neighbors as our own life is simple and natural.

The disadvantages are followed;

 In distant rural areas, the roads are extremely bad and transport difficulties
are great.
 Rural people are generally poor and ignorant of the rules of health and
hygiene.
 For want of proper education, they become narrow-minded and superstitious.
 There are few doctors and few hospitals.

The Conclusion is as followed;

Some of the facilities of town life should be extended to the rural areas more
metaled roads should be constructed. More schools and hospitals have to be established.
ROLE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE GOVERNMENT

The Government's policy and programmes have laid emphasis on poverty

alleviation, generation of employment and income opportunitics and provision of
infrastructure and basic facilities to meet the needs of rural poor The Ministry of Rural
Development in India is the apex body for formulating policies, regulations and acts
pertaining to the development of the rural sector Agriculture, handicrafts, fisheries, poultry,
and diary are the primary contributors to the rural business and economy. The introduction
of Bharat Nirman, a project by the Government of India in collaboration with the State
Governments and the Panchayati Raj Institutions is a major step towards the improvement
of the rural sector. The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 was introduced by
The Ministry of Rural Development, for improving the living conditions and its sustenance
in the rural sector of India The Ministry of Rural Development in India is engaged in
legislations for the social and economic improvement of the rural populace. The ministry
consists of three department's viz., Department of Rural Development, Department of Land
Resources and Department of Drinking Water Supply. Under the department of rural
development, there are three autonomous bodies viz., Council for Advancement of People's
Action and Rural Technology(CAPART), National Institute of Rural Development
(NIRD) and National Rural Road Development Agency (NRRDA). The objective of the
ministry can broadly be elaborated as to encourage, promote and assist voluntary action in
the implementation of projects for the enhancement of rural prosperity strengthen and
promote voluntary efforts in rural development with focus on injecting new technological
inputs, act as the national nodal point for co ordination of all efforts at generation and
dissemination of technologies relevant to rural development in its wide sense and assist and
promote programmes aimed at conservation of the environment and natural resources
However, various ministries in the central government are engaged directly or indirectly for
implementation of many programmes and schemes for the development of rural areas like
Ministries of Agriculture, Health and Family Welfare, New and Renewable Energy,
Science and Technology. Women and Child Development and Tribal affairs etc. In
addition, to strengthen the grass root level democracy, the Government is constantly
endeavoring to empower Panchayat's Raj Institutions in terms of functions, powers and
finance Sabha, NGOs, Self-Help Groups and PRIs have been accorded adequate roles to
make participatory democracy meaningful and effective.

STRATEGIES AND PROGRAMS FOR RURAL DEVELPOMENT

The rural economy is an integral part of the overall Indian economy. As majority of
the poor reside in the rural areas, the prime goal of rural development is to improve the
quality of life of the rural people by alleviating poverty through the instrument of self-
employment and wage employment providing community infrastructure facilities such as
drinking water, electricity, road connectivity, health facilities, rural housing and education
and promoting decentralization of powers to strengthen the Panchayati raj institutions etc.
The various strategies and programmes of the Government for rural development are
discussed below.

 Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP): First introduced in 1978-79,

(IRDP) has provided assistance to rural poor in the form of subsidy and bank credit
for productive employment opportunities through successive plan periods.
Subsequently, Training of Rural Youth for Selt Employment (TRYSEM),
Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA), Supply of
Improved Tool Kits to Rural Artisans (SITRA) and Ganga Kalyan Yojana (GKY)
were introduced as sub programmes of IRDP to take care of the specific needs of the
rural population.
 Wage Employment Programmes: Anti-poverty strategies, like assistance to the
rural poor families to bring them above the poverty line by ensuring appreciable
sustained level of income through the process of social mobilisation, training and
 capacity building. Wage Employment Programs have sought to achieve multiple
objectives. They not only provide employment opportunities during lean agricultural
seasons but also in times of floods, droughts and other natural calamities. They
create rural infrastructure which supports further economic activity. It encompasses
Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY), Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar
Yojana (SGRY) and National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) etc.
NREGA is an act of parliament. It is not merely a scheme o policy. It aims at
enhancing the livelihood security of the people in rural areas by guaranteeing
hundred days of wage employment in a financial year, to a rural household whose
members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. The objective of the Act is to
create durable assets and strengthen the livelihood resource base of the rural poor.
 Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS): EAS was launched in October 993
covering 1,778 drought-prone, desert, and tribal and hill area blocks It was later
extended to all the blocks in 1997-98. The EAS was designed to provide
employment in the form of manual work in the lean agricultural season. The works
taken up under the program were expected to lead to the creation of durable
economic and social infrastructure and address the felt- needs of the people.
 Food for Work Programme: The Food for Work programme was started in 2000-
01 as a component of the EAS in eight notified drought-affected states of
Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh Orissa, Rajasthan,
Maharashtra and Uttaranchal. The programme aims at food provision through wage
employment. Food grains are supplied to states free of cost. However, lifting of food
grains for the scheme from Food Corporation of India (FCI) god owns has been
slow.
 Rural Housing: Initiated in 1985-86, the (IAY) is the core programme for providing
free housing to families in rural areas. It targets scheduled castes (SCs)/scheduled
tribes (STs), households and freed bonded laborers. The ural housing programme
has certainly enabled many BPL families to acquire pucca houses. The coverage of
the beneficiaries is limited given the resource constraints. The Samagra Awas
 Yojana (SAY) was taken up in 25 blocks to ensure convergence of housing,
provision of safe drinking water sanitation and common drainage facilities. The
Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO) has extended its activities
to the rural areas, providing loans at a concessional rate of interest to economically
weaker sections and low-income group households for construction of houses.
 Social Security Programmes: Democratic decentralization and centrally supported
Social Assistance Programs were two major initiatives of the govemment in the
1990s. The National Social Assistance Program (NSAP), launched in August 1995
marks a significant step towards fulilinent of the Drective Principles of State Polisy,
The NSAP has three omponents: a) National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS); b)
National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS); o) National Maternity Benefit Scheme
(NMBS). The NSAP is a centrally-sponsored programme that aims at ensuring a
minimum national standard of social assistance over and above the assistance that
states provide from their own resources The NOAPS provides a monthly pension of
Rs. 75 to destitute BPL persons above the age of 65. The NFBS is a scheme for BPL
families who are given Rs. 10,000 in the event of the death of the breadwinner The
NMBS provides Rs. s00 to support nutritional intake for pregnant women. In
addition to NSAP, the Annapurna scheme was launched from Ist April 2000 to
provide food security to senior citizens who were eligible for pension under NOAPS
but could not receive it due to budget constraints.
 Land Reforms: In an agro-based economy, the structure of land ownership is
central to the wellbeing of the people. The government has strived to change the
ownership pattern of cultivable land, the abolition of intermediaries, the abolition of
zamindari, ceiling laws, security of tenure to tenants,consolidation of land holdings
and banning of tenaney are a few measures undertaken. Furthermore, a land record
management system is a pre-condition for an effective land reform program. In
1987-88, a centrally sponsored scheme for Strengthening of Revenue Administration
and Updating of Land Records (SRA &ULR) was introduced in Orissa and Bihar.
 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR RURAL
DEVELOPMENT

Ministry of Science and Technology plays a pivotal role in promotion of science &
technology in the country. The departments has wide ranging activities ranging from
promoting high end basic research and development of cutting edge technologies on one
hand to serving the technological requirements of the common man through development
of appropriate skills and technologies on the other. Appropriate rural technology focuses
mainly on those technologies which are simple and within the reach of the ordinary people
for their own benefit and the benefit of their community and hamess the local or regional
capacity to meet local needs without increasing dependence on external factors. A large
number of governments, public and private non government organizations are involved in
developing technologies for rural areas. However, these technologies have hardly touched
the lives of the rural population. Apparently, the problem lies not only in the generation,
diffusion and adoption of technologies but also in poor documentation. Recently, efforts
have been made by several organizations like NRDC, CAPART TRCS, NIRD, DST, DBT,
CSIR, ICAR, KVKs and other voluntary organizations etc. to bring out a compendium of
technologies for rural areas for wide information dissemination and public awareness. A
brief account of technologies which are low cost, energy-efficient and environment-friendly
as well as appropriate and sustainable for application in rural areas.
RURAL DEVELOPMENT

 Swaraj- India first indigenous tractor to facilitate mechanized agriculture.

 Value addition through post-harvest technologies like essential oil /menthol
production.
 Cheapest water purification technology including terracotta purification dise
portable arsenic detection kit, ultra pore membrane-based purifiers for removing
virus&bacteria.
 Over 365 technologies passed on to the rural masses through publications training
sessions, etc.
 Construction of around 30,000 dwelling units using cost-effective construction
technologies.
 Reverse Osmosis plant for desalination in Andaman &Nicobar Islands Gujarat,
Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu.

It needs to be mentioned here that in a collaborative project jointly initiated by the

Andhra Pradesh Government and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research in Karim
Nagar, Central Food and Technological Research Institute, Mysore played a key role in
establishing small-scale agro-based industries in that district for better livelihoods of the
rural communities and promote the setting up and modification of existing rice mills units
at Mulkanoor for better yields.

Rural Development is the main pillar of Nation's Development. In spite of rapid

urbanization, a large section of our population still lives in the villages Secondly, rural
India has lagged behind in development because of many historical factors. Though, the
11h Plan began in very favorable circumstances with the economy having grown at the rate
of 7.7% per year in the Xth Plan period, there still exists a big challenge to correct the
developmental imbalances and to accord due priority to development in rural areas.
Ministry of Rural Development is implementing a number of programmes aimed at
sustainable holistic development in rural areas. The thrust of these programmes is on all
round economic and social transformation in rural areas, through a multi-pronged strategy,
aiming to reach out to the most disadvantaged sections of the society. The actual realization
achieved during the Xth five year plans and the proposed target and strategy of the XTth
five year plan have been highlighted.
 CHAPTER-4
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATATIONS
 DATA ANALYSIS
In this study the opinion of 40 workers were collected, tabulated and interpreted
according to the objectives. The followings tables and diagrams give necessary information
relating to their satisfaction and dissatisfaction among the MGNREGP

4.1 Gender wise classification of Respondents

The workers covered under the study can be broadly classified on the basis of
gender.

Table 4.1
Gender wise classification of respondents
Slno Nature Number Percentage
1 Male 16 40%
2 Female 24 60%
Total 40 100%

The table (T-4.1) reveals that out of 40 respondent's 16 were male and 24 were
female
The above table can be simplified with following pie-diagram (F-4.1)

Figure 4.1

Gender wise classification of Respondents

MALE FEMALE

40%

60%