Professional Documents
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BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
Submitted By
K.SAI RAM (148R1A04A4)
K.PRANITH CHANDER (148R1A04A5)
L.BHAVANI (148R1A04A7)
M.SOWMYA (148R1A04B1)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the industry oriented mini-project work entitled “SIMPLE: Stable
Increased Throughput Multi-hop Link Efficient Protocol For WBANs” is being submitted
by K.SAI RAM bearing Roll No 148R1A04A4, K.PRANITH CHANDER bearing Roll
No:148R1A04A5, L.BHAVANI bearing Roll No: 148R1A04A7, M.SOWMYA bearing Roll
No:148R1A04B1 in B.Tech IV-I semester, Electronics and Communication Engineering is a
record bonafide work carried out by them during the academic year 2017-18. The results
embodied in this report have not been submitted to any other University for the award of any
degree.
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We sincerely thank the management of our college CMR Engineering College for providing
required facilities during our project work.
We derive great pleasure in expressing our sincere gratitude to our principal Dr. A.S.Reddy
for his timely suggestions, which helped us to complete the project work successfully.
It is the very auspicious moment we would like to express our gratitude to Prof C. Ashok
Kumar, Head of the Department, ECE for his consistent encouragement during the progress of this
project.
We sincerely thank our project internal guide Mr.Bhasker Dappuri, Associate Professor,
Department of ECE for guidance and encouragement in carrying out this project work.
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the project entitled “SIMPLE: Stable Increased Throughput
Multi-hop Link Efficient Protocol For WBANs” is the work done by us in campus at CMR
ENGINEERING COLLEGE, Kandlakoya during the academic year 2017 and is submitted
as Industry oriented Mini Project in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING from JAWAHARLAL NEHRU
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, HYDERABAD.
List of Figures i
List of Tables ii
Abstract iii
Chapter-1 INTRODUCTION 1
Chapter-2 RELATED WORK 2
Chapter-3 MOTIVATION 4
Chapter-4 RADIO MODEL 5
Chapter-5 SIMPLE PROTOCOL DETAIL 6
Chapter-6 PERFORMANCE METRICS 9
Chapter-7 SIMULATION RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 10
Chapter-8 PATIENTS MONITORING 15
Chapter-9 TAXONOMY AND REQUIREMENTS 18
9.1 TYPES OF DEVICES 18
9.2 DATA RATES 19
9.3 ENERGY 19
9.4 QUALITY OF SERVICE AND RELIABILITY 20
9.5 USABILITY 20
9.6 SECURITY AND PRIVACY 21
Chapter-12 MAC 33
12.1 IEEE 802.15.4 35
12.2 WBAN SPECIFIC PROTOCOLS 36
12.3 IEEE 802.15.6 37
Chapter-14 SECURITY 39
CONCLUSIONS 44
REFERENCES 45
Appendix-1 Code 46
Appendix-2 Snapshots 59
ABSTRACT
In this work, we propose a reliable, power efficient and high throughput routing protocol for
Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). We use multi-hop topology to achieve minimum
energy consumption and longer network lifetime. We propose a cost function to select parent
node or forwarder. Proposed cost function selects a parent node which has high residual
energy and minimum distance to sink. Residual energy parameter balances the energy
consumption among the sensor nodes while distance parameter ensures successful packet
delivery to sink. Simulation results show that our proposed protocol maximize the network
stability period and nodes stay alive for longer period. Longer stability period contributes
high packet delivery to sink which is major interest for continuous patient monitoring.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are used to monitor certain parameters in many
applications like environment monitoring, habitant monitoring, battle field, agriculture field
monitoring and smart homes. These wireless sensors are dispersed in sensing area to monitor
field. WBAN is new emerging sub-field of WSN. A key application of WBAN is health
monitoring. Wireless sensors are placed on the human body or implanted in the body to
monitor vital signs like blood pressure, body temperature, heart rate, glucose level etc. Use of
WBAN technology to monitor health parameters significantly reduces the expenditures of
patient in hospital. With the help of WBAN technology, patients are monitored at home for
longer period. Sensors continuously sense data and forward to medical server.
In WBANs, sensor nodes are operated with limited energy source. It is required to use
minimum power for transmitting data from sensor nodes to sink. One of the major obstacles
in WBAN is to recharge the batteries. An efficient routing protocol is required to overcome
this issue of recharging batteries. Many energy efficient routing protocols are proposed in
WSN technology . However, WSNs and WBANs have different architectures, applications
and operate in different conditions. It is impossible to port WSN routing protocols to WBAN.
Therefore, energy efficient routing protocol for WBAN is required to monitor patients for
longer period.
We propose a high throughput, reliable and stable routing protocol for WBAN. We deploy
sensor nodes on the body at fixed places. We place sink at waist. Sensors for ECG and
Glucose level are placed near the sink. Both these sensors have critical data of patient and
required minimum attenuation, high reliability and long life therefore; these sensors always
transmit their data directly to sink. Other sensors follow their parent node and transmit their
data to sink through forwarder node. It saves energy of nodes and network works for longer
period.
1
The rest of the paper is organized in following order. In section 2, we review related work,
while Section 3 describes motivation for this work. Radio model is presented in section 4,
while detail of the SIMPLE protocol is presented in section 5. Performance metrics and
simulation results are presented in section 6 and 7 respectively. Finally, section 8 gives
conclusion
2
CHAPTER 2
RELATED WORK
In WBAN technology, large numbers of routing schemes are proposed. In this section, we
present some proposed routing protocols. In the author presented a thermal aware routing
protocol. Each node selects a minimum hop rout to sink. When a parent node gets heated, the
children nodes select another optimal route.
Latre et al. proposed A Secure Low-Delay Protocol for Multi-hop Wireless Body Area
Networks (CICADA) routing protocol which consists of a spanning tree structure. CICADA
used Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) protocol to schedule transmission of nodes.
The nodes near the root act as forwarder nodes or parent nodes, these nodes collect data from
their associated children nodes and relay to sink. Due to extra traffic load of children nodes on
parent nodes causes parent nodes to deplete their energy fast.
In Quwaider et al. presented a routing protocol which tolerates to changes in network. They
used store and forward mechanism to increase the likelihood of a data packet to reach
successfully to sink node. Each sensor node has the capability to store a data packet. In source
to destination route, each node stores data packet and transmits to next node. Storing a data
packet and then retransmitting causes more energy to consume and longer end to end delay.
Ehyaie et al. proposed a solution to minimize energy consumption. They deploy some non-
sensing, dedicated nodes with additional energy source. This technique minimizes energy
consumption of nodes and enhances the network lifetime, however, additional hardware
required for relay nodes increase the cost of the network.
3
In Nabi et al. proposed a protocol similar to store and forward mechanism. They integrate
this store and forward scheme with Transmit Power Adaption (TPA). To control transmission
power consumption, all nodes know their neighbours. Nodes transmit data with minimum
power and with a stable link quality.
A similar method was proposed by Guo et al. in . They also used Transmission Power Control
(TPC) scheme as Nabi et al. proposed. When link quality of a node decreased, an Automatic
Repeat Request (ARR) is transmitted and retransmit the drop packet. Retransmission of lost
packet increases the throughput of the network with the expense of energy consumption.
Tsouri et al. in , used creeping waves to relay data packet. They proposed this protocol to
minimize energy consumption of nodes while keeping the reliable on body link. Authors in ,
analyze delay in WBANs and different medium access techniques for WBAN. In author
proposed a delay tolerant protocol. They compare their protocol with different existing
protocols
4
CHAPTER 3
MOTIVATION
Wireless Body Area Sensors are used to monitor human health with limited energy resources.
Different energy efficient routing schemes are used to forward data from body sensors to
medical server. It is important that sensed data of patient reliably received to medical
specialist for further analysis. In author presented a opportunistic protocol. Proposed scheme
facilitate mobility at cost of low throughput and additional hardware cost of relay node. They
deploy sink at wrist. Whenever sink node goes away from transmission range of nodes, it uses
a relay node which collect data from sensor nodes. In opportunistic protocol, whenever
patient moves his hands, the wireless link of sink with sensor nodes disconnects. Link failure
consumes more power of sensor nodes and relay node also more packets will drop, which
causes important and critical data to loss.
To minimize energy consumption and to increase the throughput, we propose a new scheme.
Our proposed scheme achieves a longer stability period. Nodes stay alive for longer period
and consume minimum energy.
Large stability period and minimum energy consumption of nodes, contribute to high
throughput
5
CHAPTER 4
RADIO MODEL
Many radio models are proposed in literature. We use first order radio model proposed in.
This radio model consider d, the separation between transmitter and receiver and d2, the loss
of energy due to transmission channel. First order radio model equations are given as.
where ETx is the energy consumed in transmission, ERx is the energy consumed by receiver,
ETx−elec and ERx−elec are the energies required to run the electronic circuit of transmitter and
receiver, respectively. Eamp is the energy required for amplifier circuit, while k is the packet
size.
In WBAN, the communication medium is human body which contributes attenuation to radio
signal. Therefore, we add path loss coefficient parameter n in radio model. Equation 2 of
transmitter can be rewritten as.
The energy parameters given in equation 3 depend on the hardware. We consider two
transceivers used frequently in WBAN technology. The Nordic nRF 2401A is a single chip,
low power transceiver and other transceiver is Chipcon CC2420. The bandwidth of both
transceivers is 2.4GHz. We use the energy parameter of The Nordic nRF 2401A transceiver
because it consumes less power than Chipcon CC2420. The energy parameters for this
transceiver are given in Table 1.
6
CHAPTER 5
A. System Model
In this scheme, we deploy eight sensor nodes on human body. All sensor nodes have equal
power and computation capabilities. Sink node is placed at waist. Node 1 is ECG sensor and
node 2 is Glucose sensor node. These two nodes transmit data direct to sink. Fig 1 shows the
placement of nodes and sink on the human body
B. Initial Phase
In this phase, sink broadcast a short information packet which contains the location of the
sink on the body. After receiving this control packet, each sensor node stores the location of
sink.
7
Fig 1 : Node Deployment
Each sensor node broadcasts an information packet which contains node ID, location of node
on body and its energy status. In this way, all sensor nodes are updated with the location of
neighbours and sink.
In order to save energy and to enhance network throughput, we proposed a multi hop scheme
for WBAN. In this section, we present selection criteria for a node to become parent node or
forwarder. To balance energy consumption among sensor nodes and to trim down energy
8
consumption of network, SIMPLE protocol elects new forwarder in each round. Sink node
knows the ID, distance and residual energy status of the nodes. Sink computes the cost
function of all nodes and transmit this cost function to all nodes.
On the basis of this cost function, each node decides whether to become forwarder node or
not. If i is number of nodes than cost function of i nodes is computed as follows:
(4)
Where di is the distance between the node i and sink, R.Ei is the residual energy of node i and
is calculated by subtracting the current energy of node from initial total energy. A node with
minimum cost function is preferred as a forwarder. All the neighbor nodes stick together with
forwarder node and transmit their data to forwarder. Forwarder node aggregates data and
forward to sink. Forwarder node has maximum residual energy and minimum distance to
sink; therefore, it consumes minimum energy to forward data to sink. Nodes for ECG and
Glucose monitoring communicate direct to sink and do not participate in forwarding data.
D. Scheduling
In this phase, forwarder node assigns a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) based time
slots to its children nodes. All the children nodes transmit their sensed data to forwarder node
in its own scheduled time slot. When a node has no data to send, it switches to idle mode.
Nodes wake up only at its transmission time. Scheduling of sensor nodes minimize the energy
dissipation of individual sensor node
9
CHAPTER 6
PERFORMANCE METRICS
1) Network lifetime: It represents the total network operation time till the last node die.
2) Stability period: Stability period is the time span of network operation till the first
node die. The time period after the death of first node is termed as unstable period.
4) Residual Energy: In order to investigate the energy consumption of nodes per round,
we consider residual energy parameter to analyze energy consumption of network.
5) Path Loss: Path loss is the difference between the transmitted power of transmitting
node and received power at receiving node. It is measured in decibels(d
10
CHAPTER 7
SIMULATION RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
To evaluate proposed protocol, we have conducted an extensive set of experiments using
MATLAB R2009a. We studied the performance of the SIMPLE protocol by comparisons
with the existing protocol M-ATTEMPT.
Fig 2 shows the average network lifetime of proposed scheme. The proposed new cost
function to elect forwarder node play an important role to balance the energy consumption
among the sensor nodes. New forwarder in each round is selected based on computed cost
function. Fig 2 clearly depicts that the proposed protocol has longer stability period. This is
expected, due to the appropriate selection of new forwarder in each round. Hence, each node
consumes almost equal energy in each round and all the nodes die almost at the same time. In
M-ATTEMPT, as temperature of forwarder nodes increases, nodes select alternate longer
path which consumes more energy. Hence, these nodes die early. Our proposed protocol
achieves 31% more stability period and 0.4% longer network lifetime.
B. Throughput
11
Throughput is the successful packet received at the sink. As WBAN has critical and
important data of patient, so it requires a protocol which has minimum packet drop and
maximum successful data received at sink. SIMPLE protocol achieves high throughput than
M-ATTEMPT, as shown in fig 3. Number of packets send to sink depends on the number of
alive nodes. More alive nodes send more packets to sink which increases the throughput of
network. The stability period of M-ATTEMPT is shorter than SIMPLE protocol which means
number of packets sent to sink decreased. Hence, throughput of M-ATTEMPT decreased. On
the hand, SIMPLE protocol achieves high throughput due to longer stability period
C. Residual energy
The average energy of network consumed in each round is presented in fig 4. The proposed
model use multi hop topology, in which each farthest node transmits its data to sink through a
forwarder node. Forwarder node is elected using aforementioned cost function. Selection of
appropriate forwarder in each round contributes to save energy. To
transfer packets to sink, our multi hop topology use different forwarder node in each round,
this restricts over loading of particular node. Simulation results show that SIMPLE protocol
12
consumes minimum energy till 70% of simulation time. It means, in stability period, more
nodes have enough energy and they transmit more data packet to sink. It also improves the
throughput of the network. On the other hand, in M-ATTEMPT, some nodes exhaust early
due to heavy traffic load.
D. Path Loss
distance. Path loss shown in figure 5 is function of distance. It is calculated from its distance
to sink with constant frequency 2.4GHz. We use path loss coefficient 3.38 and 4.1 for
standard deviation σ. Proposed multi hop topology reduces the path loss as shown in figure 5.
It is due to the fact that multi hop transmission reduces the distance, which leads to minimum
path loss. Fig 5 represents the results of both topologies. Initially SIMPLE protocol performs
well. However, after 2000 rounds, path loss of M-ATTEMPT dramatically decreased because
some nodes Fig 5 presents the path loss of different sensors. Path loss is a function of
frequency and of M-ATTEMPT topology die. Minimum number of alive nodes has minimum
cumulative path loss. As our proposed protocol has longer stability period and more alive
nodes has more cumulative path loss.
13
Fig. 5: network path los
Path loss represents the signal attenuation and is measured in decibels (dB). Signal power is
also degraded by Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) [19]. Path loss is the difference
between the transmitted power and received power whereas antenna gain may or may not be
considered. Path loss occurs due to the increasing surface area of propagating wave front.
Transmitting antenna radiates power outward and any object between transmitter and receiver
causes destruction of radiated signal. In WBAN, different human postures, movement of
body, hands and cloths, affects the transmitted signal. Path loss is related to the distance and
frequency and expressed as [20].
pPL(f) ∝ fk (6)
14
Where k is frequency dependent factor and it is related to the geometry of the body. The
relation of distance with path loss is given as
(7)
Where PL is received power, d is the distance between transmitter and receiver, do is the
reference distance, n is the path loss coefficient and its value depends on the propagation
environment. In free space its value is 2, for WBAN, n varies from 3-4 for line of sight (LOS)
communication and 5-7.4 for non line of sight (NLOS) communication. X is gaussian random
variable and σ is standard deviation [21]. PLo is received power at reference distance do and it
is expressed as:
(8)
Where f is frequency, c speed of light and d is distance between transmitter and receiver. The
value of reference distance do is 10cm. In reality it is difficult to predict strength of signal
15
CHAPTER 8
PATIENTS MONITORING
The main cause of death in the world is Cardio Vascular Disease (CVD), representing
30% of all global deaths. According to the World Health Organization, worldwide about
17.5 million people die of heart attacks or strokes each year; in 2015, almost 20 million
people will die from CVD. These deaths can often be prevented with proper health care.
Worldwide, more than 246 million people suffer from diabetes, a number that is expected
to rise to 380 million by 2025 [15]. Frequent monitoring enables proper dosing and
reduces the risk of fainting and in later life blindness, loss of circulation and other
complications.
These two examples already illustrate the need for continuous monitoring and the
usefulness of WBANs. Numerous other examples of diseases would benefit from
continuous or prolonged monitoring, such as hypertension, asthma, Alzheimer's disease,
Parkinson's disease, renal failure, post-operative monitoring, stress-monitoring,
prevention of sudden infant death syndrome etc. These applications can be considered as
an indicator for the size of the market for WBANs. The number of people suffering from
diabetics or CVD and the percentage of people in the population age 60 years and older
will grow in the future. Even without any further increase in world population by 2025
this would mean a very large number of potential customers. WBAN technology could
provide the connectivity to support the elderly in managing their daily life and medical
conditions. A WBAN allows continuous monitoring of the physiological parameters.
Whether the patient is in the hospital, at home or on the move, the patient will no longer
need to stay in bed, but will be able to move around freely. Furthermore, the data
obtained during a large time interval in the patient's natural environment offers a clearer
view to the doctors than data obtained during short stays at the hospital.
16
An example of a medical WBAN used for patient monitoring is shown in Figure 1.
Several sensors are placed in clothes, directly on the body or under the skin of a person
and measure the temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, ECG, EEG, respiration rate,
SpO2 levels etc. Next to sensing devices, the patient has actuators which act as drug
delivery systems. The medicine can be delivered on predetermined moments, triggered
by an external source (i.e. a doctor who analyzes the data) or immediately when a sensor
notices a problem. One example is the monitoring of the glucose level in the blood of
diabetics. If the sensor monitors a sudden drop of glucose, a signal can be sent to the
actuator in order to start the injection of insulin. Consequently, the patient will experience
fewer nuisances from his disease. Another example of an actuator is a spinal cord
stimulator implanted in the body for long-term pain relief.
A WBAN can also be used to offer assistance to the disabled. For example, a paraplegic
can be equipped with sensors determining the position of the legs or with sensors
attached to the nerves. In addition, actuators positioned on the legs can stimulate the
muscles. Interaction between the data from the sensors and the actuators makes it
possible to restore the ability to move. Another example is aid for the visually impaired.
An artificial retina, consisting of a matrix of micro sensors, can be implanted into the eye
beneath the surface of the retina. The artificial retina translates the electrical impulses
into neurological signals. The input can be obtained locally from light sensitive sensors
or by an external camera mounted on a pair of glasses.
Another area of application can be found in the domain of public safety where the
WBAN can be used by fire fighters, policemen or in a military environment.
17
Fig 1. Patient monitoring in a Wireless Body Area Network
The WBAN monitors for example the level of toxics in the air and warns the fire fighters
or soldiers if a life threatening level is detected. The introduction of a WBAN further
enables to tune more effectively the training schedules of professional athletes. Next to
purely medical applications, a WBAN can include appliances such as an MP3-player,
head-mounted (computer) displays, a microphone, a camera, advanced human-computer
interfaces such as a neural interface etc.
18
CHAPTER 9
The applications described in the previous section indicate that a WBAN consists of
several heterogeneous devices. In this section an overview of the different types of
devices used in a WBAN will be given. Further the requirements and challenges are
discussed. These include the wide variability of data rates, the restricted energy
consumption, the need for quality of service and reliability, ease-of-use by medical
professionals and security and privacy issues
A device that acts according to data received from the sensors or through interaction with
the user. The components of an actuator are similar to the sensors: actuator hardware (e.g.
hardware for medicine administration, including a reservoir to hold the medicine), a
power unit, a processor, memory and a receiver or transceiver.
A device that gathers all the information acquired by the sensors and actuators and
informs the user (i.e. the patient, a nurse, a GP etc.) via an external gateway, an actuator
or a display/LEDS on the device. The components are a power unit, a (large) processor,
memory and a transceiver. This device is also called a Body Control Unit (BCU), body
gateway or a sink. In some implementations, a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) or smart
phone is used Many different types of sensors and actuators are used in a WBAN. The
19
main use of all these devices is to be found in the area of health applications. In the
following, the term nodes refer to both the sensor as actuator nodes. The number of nodes
in a WBAN is limited by nature of the network. It is expected that the number of nodes
will be in the range of 20. 9.2 Data Rate of Due to the strong heterogeneity of the
applications, data rates will vary strongly, ranging from simple data at a few Kbit/s to
video streams of several Mbit/s. Data can also be sent in bursts, which means that it is
sent at higher rate during the bursts.
The data rates for the different applications are given in Table 1 and are calculated by
means of the sampling rate, the range and the desired accuracy of the measurements.
Overall, it can be seen that the application data rates are not high. However, if one has a
WBAN with several of these devices (i.e. a dozen motion sensors, ECG, EMG, glucose
monitoring etc.) the aggregated data rate easily reaches a few Mbps, which is a higher
than the raw bit rate of most existing low power radios. The reliability of the data
transmission is provided in terms of the necessary Bit Error Rate (BER) which is used as
a measure for the number of lost packets. For a medical device, the reliability depends on
the data rate. Low data rate devices can cope with a high BER (e.g. 104), while devices
with a higher data rate require a lower BER. The dependent on the criticalness of the
data.
9.3 Energy
20
a cost and convenience penalty which is undesirable not only for implanted devices, but
also for larger ones.
The lifetime of a node for a given battery capacity can be enhanced by scavenging energy
during the operation of the system. If the scavenged energy is larger than the average
consumed energy, such systems could run eternally. However, energy scavenging will
only deliver small amounts of energy. A combination of lower energy consumption and
energy scavenging is the optimal solution for achieving autonomous Wireless Body Area
Networks. For a WBAN, energy scavenging from on-body sources such as body heat and
body vibration seems very well suited. In the former, a thermo electric generator (TEG)
is used to transform the temperature difference between the environment and the human
body into electrical energy. The latter uses for example the human gait as energy source.
9.5 Usability
In most cases, a WBAN will be set up in a hospital by medical staff, not by
ICTengineers. Consequently, the network should be capable of configuring and
maintaining itself automatically, i.e. self-organization and self maintenance should be
supported. Whenever a node is put on the body and turned on, it should be able to join the
network and set up routes without any external intervention. The self-organizing aspect
also includes the problem of addressing the nodes. An address can be configured at
21
manufacturing time (e.g. the MAC address) or at setup time by the network itself. Further,
the network should be quickly reconfigurable, for adding new services. When a route fails,
a backup path should be set up.
The devices may be scattered over and in the whole body. The exact location of a device
will depend on the application, e.g. a heart sensor obviously must be placed in the
neighbourhood of the heart, a temperature sensor can be placed almost anywhere.
Researchers seem to disagree on the ideal body location for some sensor nodes, i.e. motion
sensors, as the interpretation of the measured data is not always the same. The network
should not be regarded as a static one. The body may be in motion (e.g. walking, running,
twisting etc.) which induces channel fading and shadowing effects
The nodes should have a small form factor consistent with wearable and implanted
applications.
22
CHAPTER 10
POSITIONING WBANs
The development and research in the domain of WBANs is only at an early stage. As a
consequence, the terminology is not always clearly defined. In literature, protocols
developed for WBANs can span from communication between the sensors on the body to
communication from a body node to a data centre connected to the Internet. In order to
have clear understanding, we propose the following definitions: intra-body communication
and extrabody communication. An example is shown on Figure 2. The former controls the
information handling on the body between the sensors or actuators and the personal device,
the latter ensures communication between the personal device and an external network.
Doing so, the medical data from the patient at home can be consulted by a physician or
stored in a medical database. This segmentation is similar to the one defined in where a
multi-tiered telemedicine system is presented. Tier 1 encompasses the intra-body
communication, tier 2 the extra-body communication between the personal device and the
Internet and tier 3 represents the extrabody communication from the Internet to the medical
server. The combination of intra-body and extra-body communication can be seen as an
enabler for ubiquitous health care service provisioning. An example can be found in where
Utility Grid Computing is combined with a WBAN. Doing so, the data extracted from the
WBAN is sent to the grid that provides access to appropriate computational services with
high bandwidth and to a large collection of distributed time varying resources.
To date, development has been mainly focused on building the system architecture and
service platform for extra-body communication. Much of these implementations focus on
the repackaging of traditional sensors (e.g. ECG, heart rate) with existing wireless
devices. They consider a very limited WBAN consisting of only a few sensors that are
directly and wirelessly connected to a personal device. Further they use transceivers with
a large form factor and large antennas that are not adapted for use on a body.
In Figure 3, a WBAN is compared with other types of wireless networks, such as Wireless
23
Personal (WPAN), Wireless Local (WLAN), Wireless Metropolitan (WMAN) and Wide
Area Networks (WAN). A WBAN is operated close to the human body and its
communication range will be restricted to a few meters
with typical values around 1-2 meters. While a WBAN is devoted to interconnection of
one person's wearable devices, a WPAN is a network in the environment around the person.
The communication range can reach up to 10 meters for high data rate applications and up
to several dozens of meters for low data rate applications. A WLAN has a typical
communication range up to hundreds of meters. Each type of network has its typical
enabling technology, defined by the IEEE. A WPAN uses IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth) or
IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee), a WLAN uses IEEE
802.11 (WiFi) and a WMAN IEEE 802.16 (WiMax). The communication in a WAN can
be established via satellite links.
24
Fig. 3 positioning of a Wireless Body Area Network in the realm of wireless networks.
In several papers, Wireless Body Area Networks are considered as a special type of a
Wireless Sensor Network or a Wireless Sensor and Actuator Network (WSAN) with its
own requirements1. However, traditional sensor networks do not tackle the specific
challenges associated with human body monitoring. The human body consists of a
complicated internal.
environment that responds to and interacts with its external surroundings, but is in
a way separate and self contained. The human body environment not only has a smaller
scale, but also requires a different type and frequency of monitoring, with different
challenges than those faced by WSNs. The monitoring of medical data results in an
increased demand for reliability. The ease of use of sensors placed on the body leads to a
small form factor that includes the battery and antenna part, resulting in a higher need for
energy efficiency. Sensor nodes can move with regard to each other, for example a sensor
node placed on the wrist moves in relation to a sensor node attached to the hip. This requires
mobility support. In brief, although challenges faced by WBANs are in many ways similar
to WSNs, there are intrinsic differences between the two, requiring special attention. An
25
overview of some of these differences is given in Table 2. A schematic overview of the
challenges in a WBAN and a comparison with WSNs and WLANs is given in Figure 4.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
26
CHAPTER 11
PHYSICAL LAYER
The characteristics of the physical layer are different for a WBAN compared to a regular
sensor network or an ad-hoc network due to the proximity of the human body. Tests with
TelosB motes (using the CC2420 transceiver) showed lack of communications between
nodes located on the chest and nodes located on the back of the patient. This was
accentuated when the transmit power was set to a minimum for energy savings reasons.
Similar conclusions were drawn with a CC2420 transceiver when a person was sitting on
a sofa; no communication was possible between the chest and the ankle. Better results were
obtained when the antenna was placed 1 cm above the body. As the devices get smaller
and more ubiquitous, a direct connection to the personal device will no longer be possible
and more complex network topologies will be needed. In this section, we will discuss the
characteristics of the propagation of radio waves in a WBAN and other types of
communication.
11.1 RF communication
Several researchers have been investigating the path loss along and inside the
human body either using narrowband radio signals or Ultra Wide Band (UWB). All of
them came to the conclusion that the radio signals experience great losses. Generally in
wireless networks, it is known that the transmitted power drops off with dn where d
represents the distance between the sender and the receiver and n the coefficient of the path
loss (aka propagation coefficient). In free space, n has a value of 2. Other kinds of losses
include fading of signals due to multipath propagation. The propagation can be classified
according to where it takes place: inside the body or along the body.
27
power in the tissue, which is dissipated as heat. As the tissue is lossy and mostly consists
of water, the EM-waves are attenuated considerably before they reach the receiver. In order
to determine the amount of power lost due to heat dissipation, a standard measure of how
much power is absorbed in tissue is used: the specific absorption rate (SAR). It is concluded
that the path loss is very high and that
The channel model for line of sight (LOS) propagation along the human body was studied
both by simulations and experiments. The studies were done for both narrowband and
UWB signals. However, the results can be compared as the studies for UWB signals were
performed in a band between 3 to 6 GHz and the narrowband system around 2.4 GHz is
relatively close to the band of 3 GHz. It was found that the path loss exponent is between
3 and 4, depending on the position of the device, e.g. the path loss on the arm is lower than
the one on the trunk. It is claimed that this is probably due to the higher absorption in the
larger volume of the trunk, and because the surface of the trunk is less at than the surface
28
of the stretched arm. The study shows a significant impact of the antenna height on the
path loss. The closer the antenna is to the body, the higher the path loss: a difference of
more than 20 dB is found for an antenna placed at 5 mm and 5 cm. As the sensors and
antennas of a Wireless Body Area Network will be designed to be as small as possible, the
antenna will be close to the body which will result in a higher path loss.
In non-line of sight (NLOS) situations, there is no direct view between the sender and
receiver. The EM waves are diffracting around the body rather than having a direct path
through the body. A path loss exponent ranging from 5 to 6 was found. Thus a higher path
loss along the NLOS channel than along the LOS channel was observed, due to diffraction
around the human body2 and absorption of a larger amount of radiation by the body. The
dominant propagation mechanism for the ear-to-ear link, which can be regarded as a worst
case scenario at the head due to the missing line-of-sight component, was identified. It was
shown that for transmission from one side of the head to the opposite direct transmission
can be neglected due to reactions and the strong attenuation of the head.
29
Graph 1 measured path loss versus the distance around (NLOS) and along the torso
(LOS). It can be clearly seen that line of sight communication experiences a lower
path loss
The results above show that it is not always possible to assume single-hop communication
along the body. Figure 5 shows the measured path loss for a LOS
30
According to the movement of the limbs can induce an attenuation of 30 dB or more. A
similar conclusion was found in an actual implementation where the sensors communicate
directly with the personal device using an RFradio operating at 868 MHz. Loss rates of
more than 50% where found when the body was in motion.
The idea of BCC is further exploited by for bootstrapping WBANs. They argue to equip
the nodes with both RF and BCC capabilities. As a BCC is restricted to a person's body,
the BCC can be used to discover and identify sensor nodes on the same body and for
waking up RF radios from low-power sleep mode.
31
CHAPTER 12
MAC
Layer the number of MAC-protocols specifically developed for WBANs is limited.
As networking in Wireless Sensor Networks has some points in common with networking
in WBANs, it is useful to consider the research in MAC-protocols designed for WSNs. An
overview can be found. Two major categories are contention based and schedule-based.
For the former, CSMA/CA is a typical example, while TDMA is a typical scheme for the
latter. The advantages of contention-based approaches are the simplicity, its infrastructure-
free adhoc feature and good adaptability to traffic fluctuation, especially for low load.
Schedulebased approaches on the other hand are free of idle listening, overhearing and
packet collisions because of the lack of medium competition, but require tight time
synchronization. The most commonly used technique for reducing energy consumption in
contention-based protocols is controlling the power and duty cycle of the radio.
Some implementations of WBANs use Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1). This was developed as
a cable replacement and does not support (or only very limited) multi-hop communication.
It has a complex protocol stack and high energy consumption compared to IEEE 802.15.4.
It is therefore not suited to be used in a WBAN.
32
Table 2 Schematic overview of MAC protocols in a WBAN
33
is not the best solution for supporting communication in WBANs. Although it can be used
for a quick (and easy) implementation, the results are rather poor. IEEE 802.15.4 was not
designed to support WBANs. Specialized MAC protocols are needed.
34
of the task group. It stresses the fact that current WPANs do not meet medical
communication guidelines, because of the proximity to human tissue. Moreover, WPAN
technology is said not to support Quality of Service, low power operation and non
interference, all required supporting WBAN applications. Based on the responses to the
Call for Applications, the PAR also outlines a large number of applications that can be
served by the proposed standard, going from classical medical usage, e.g. EEG and ECG
monitoring, to personal entertainment systems.
In 2008, a Call for Proposals on physical layer and MAC layer protocols was issued. The
large number of responses, 64 in total, confirmed the industry interest. Currently, the
responses are being evaluated at monthly meetings, while some proposals are merged. The
creation of the IEEE 802.15 Task Group 6 and the work on an IEEE 802.15.6 standard
stresses the importance of the research with respect to WBANs.
35
CHAPTER 13
NETWORK LAYER
Although a lot of research is being done toward energy efficient routing in ad hoc networks
and WSNs, the proposed solutions are inadequate for WBANs. For example, in WSNs
maximal throughput and minimal routing overhead are considered to be more important
than minimal energy consumption. Energy efficient adhoc network protocols only attempt
to find routes in the network that minimize energy consumption in terminals with small
energy resources, thereby neglecting parameters such as the amount of operations
(measurements, data processing, access to memory) and energy required to transmit and
receive a useful bit over the wireless link. Most protocols for WSNs only consider networks
with homogeneous sensors and a many-to-one communication paradigm. In many cases
the network is considered as a static one. In contrast, a WBAN has heterogeneous mobile
devices with stringent real-time requirements due to the sensor-actuator communication.
Specialized protocols for WBANs are therefore needed.
In the following, an overview of existing routing strategies for WBANs is given. They can
be subdivided in two categories: routing based on the temperature of the body and cluster
based
36
CHAPTER 14
SECURITY
The security mechanisms employed in WSNs do generally not offer the best solutions to
be used in WBANs for the latter have specific features that should be taken into account
when designing the security architecture. The number of sensors on the human body, and
the range between the different nodes, is typically quite limited. Furthermore, the sensors
deployed in a WBAN are under surveillance of the person carrying these devices. This
means that it is difficult for an attacker to physically access the nodes without this being
detected. When designing security protocols for WBANs, these characteristics should be
taken into account in order to define optimized solutions with respect to the available
resources in this specific environment. Although providing adequate security is a crucial
factor in the acceptance of WBANs, little research has been done in this specific field. One
of the most crucial components to support the security architecture is its key management.
Further, security and privacy protection mechanisms use a significant part of the available
resources and should therefore be energy efficient and lightweight.
37
A solution for data integrity and freshness was proposed. Their integrity algorithm is
based on the measurement of a permissible round trip time threshold and is
computational feasible. Authentication is done by calculating a MAC with a random
sequence of numbers. This sequence is determined at the initialization phase.
A security mechanism was added to CICADA. Doing so, CICADA-S became one of the
first protocols where appropriate security mechanisms are incorporated into the
communication protocol while addressing the life-cycle of the sensors. It was shown that
the integration of key management and secure, privacy preserving communication
techniques has low impact on the power consumption and throughput.
Another promising solution for key management is the use of biometrics. Biometrics is a
technique commonly known as the automatic identification and verification of an
individual by his or her physiological and/or behavioural characteristics. An algorithm
based on biometric data is described that can be employed to ensure the authenticity,
confidentiality and integrity of the data transmission between the personal device and all
other nodes. Algorithms that use the heartbeat to generate a key are proposed.
The developers of WBANs will have to take into account the privacy issues. After all, a
38
CHAPTER 15
EXISTING PROJECTS
Several research groups and commercial vendors are already developing the first prototypes
of WBANs. However, this research mainly focuses on building a system architecture and
service platform and in lesser extent on developing networking protocols. In this section, we
provide a non-exhaustive overview of projects for WBANs.
Otto et al and Jovanov et al. present a system architecture which both handles the
communication within the WBAN and between the WBANs and a medical server in a multitier
telemedicine system. The communication between the sensors and the sink is single-hop,
slotted and uses ZigBee or Bluetooth. The slots are synchronized using beacons periodically
sent by the sink. They use off-the-shelf wireless sensors to design a prototype WBAN such as
the Tmote sky platform from formerly Moteiv, now sentilla.
The Tmote sky platform is also used in the Code Blue-project where WBANs are used in rapid
disaster response scenarios. A wearable computer attached to the patient's wrist, i.e. a Tmote
Sky mote, forms an ad hoc wireless network with a portable tablet PC. They developed a
wireless two-lead ECG, a wireless pulse oximeter sensor and a wireless electromyogram
(EMG).
Ayushman is a sensor network based medical monitoring infrastructure that can collect, query
and analyze patient health information in real-time. A wireless ECG, gait monitoring and
environment monitoring was developed using off-the-shelf components with a Mica2 wireless
transceiver. Further, the necessary software for consulting the data at a remote client was
developed.
The Human++ project by IMEC-NL aims to achieve highly miniaturized and autonomous
sensor systems that enable people to carry their personal body area network. An ambulatory
39
EEG/ECG system with a transmitter working on 2.4 GHz was developed. This system can run
for approximately 3 months using 2 AA batteries. In order to obtain a longer autonomy, the
project also investigates energy scavenging with thermoelectric generators (TEG). In 2006, a
wireless pulse oximeter was presented, fully powered by the patient's body heat.
Further, the project investigates new wireless technologies such as UWB to make an ultralow
power transmitter.
The European MobiHealth project provides a complete end-to-end mHealth platform for
ambulant patient monitoring deployed over UMTS and GPRS networks. The MobiHealth
patient/user is equipped with different sensors that constantly monitor vital signals, e.g. blood
pressure, heart rate and electrocardiogram (ECG). Communication between the sensors and
the personal device is Bluetooth or ZigBee based and is single-hop. The major issues
considered are security, reliability of communication resources and QoS guarantees.
The French project BANET aims to provide a framework, models and technologies to design
optimized wireless communication systems targeting the widest range of WBAN-based
applications, in the consumer electronics, medical and sport domains. They focus on the study
of the WBAN propagation channel, MAC protocols and coexistence of WBANs and other
wireless networks. The German BASUMA-project (Body Area System for Ubiquitous
Multimedia Applications) aims at developing a full platform for WBANs. As communication
technique, a UWB-frontend is used and a MAC-protocol based on IEEE 802.15.3. This
protocol also uses time frames divided into contention free periods (with time slots) and
contention access periods (CSMA/CA). An exible and efficient WBASN solution suitable for
a wide range of applications is developed. The focus lies on posture and activity recognition
applications by means of practical implementation and on-the-field testing. The sensors are
WiMoCA-nodes, where sensors are represented by tri-axial integrated MEMS accelerometers.
The Flemish IBBT IM3-project (Interactive Mobile Medical Monitoring) focuses on the
research and implementation of a wearable system for health monitoring. Patient data is
40
collected using a WBAN and analyzed at the medical hub worn by the patient. If an event (e.g.
heart rhythm problems) is detected, a signal is sent to a health care practitioner who can view
and analyze the patient data remotel
41
CHAPTER 16
CONCLUSION
In this paper, we propose a mechanism to route data in WBANs. The proposed scheme use a
cost function to select appropriate route to sink. Cost function is calculated based on the
residual energy of nodes and their distance from sink. Nodes with less value of cost function
are elected as parent node. Other nodes become the children of that parent node and forward
their data to parent node. Two nodes for ECG and Glucose monitoring forward their data
direct to sink as they are placed near sink, also these two nodes can not be elected as parent
node because both sensor node has critical and important medical data. It is not required that
these two node deplete their energy in forwarding data of other nodes. Our simulation results
shows that proposed routing scheme enhance the network stability time and packet delivered
to sink. Path loss is also investigated in this protocol and in future work, we will implement
Expected Transmission Count (ETX) link metrics as demonstrated in.
42
CHAPTER 17
REFERENCES
[1] Mainwaring, Alan, et al. “Wireless sensor networks for habitat monitoring.”
Proceedings of the 1st ACM international workshop on Wireless sensor networks and
applications. ACM, 2002.
[2] N. Javaid, U. Qasim, Z. A. Khan, M. A. Khan, K. Latif and A. Javaid, “On Energy
Efficiency and Delay Minimization in Reactive Protocols in Wireless Multi-hop
Network”, 2nd IEEE Saudi International Electronics, Communications and Photonics
Conference (SIECPC 13), 2013, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
43
[6] Latre, Benoit, et al. “A low-delay protocol for multihop wireless body area networks.”
Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Networking and Services, 2007. MobiQuitous 2007.
Fourth Annual International Conference on. IEEE, 2007.
[7] Quwaider, Muhannad, and Subir Biswas. “On-body packet routing algorithms for
body sensor networks.” Networks and Communications, 2009. NETCOM’09. First
International Conference on. IEEE, 2009.
[8] Ehyaie, Aida, Massoud Hashemi, and Pejman Khadivi. “Using relay network to
increase life time in wireless body area sensor networks.” World of Wireless, Mobile and
Multimedia Networks and Workshops, 2009. WoWMoM 2009. IEEE International
Symposium on a. IEEE,
[9] Watteyne, Thomas, et al. “Anybody: a self-organization protocol for body area
networks.” Proceedings of the ICST 2nd international conference on Body area
networks. ICST (Institute for Computer Sciences, Social-Informatics and
Telecommunications Engineering), 2007.
[10] Nabi, Majid, et al. “A robust protocol stack for multi-hop wireless body area networks
with transmit power adaptation.” Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on
Body Area Networks. ACM, 2010.
[11] Guo, Cheng, R. Venkatesha Prasad, and Martin Jacobsson. “Packet forwarding with
minimum energy consumption in body area sensor networks.” Consumer
Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC), 2010 7th IEEE. IEEE, 2010.
[12] Tsouri, Gill R., Adrian Sapio, and Jeff Wilczewski. “An investigation into relaying of
creeping waves for reliable low-power body sensor networking.” Biomedical Circuits
and Systems, IEEE Transactions on 5.4 (2011): 307-319.
44
[13] Sapio, Adrian, and Gill R. Tsouri. “Low-power body sensor network for wireless ecg
based on relaying of creeping waves at 2.4 ghz.” Body Sensor Networks (BSN), 2010
International Conference on. IEEE, 2010. [14] N. Javaid, M. Yaqoob, M. Y. Khan, M. A.
Khan, A. Javaid, Z. A. Khan, “Analyzing Delay in Wireless Multi-hop Heterogeneous
Body Area Networks”, Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and
Technology, 2013
[16] Quwaider, Muhannad, and Subir Biswas. “Probabilistic routing in onbody sensor
networks with postural disconnections.” Proceedings of the 7th ACM international
symposium on Mobility management and wireless access. ACM, 2009.
[17] Maskooki, Arash, et al. “Opportunistic routing for body area network.” Consumer
Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC), 2011 IEEE. IEEE, 2011.
[19] Manzoor, B. et al. “Noise Filtering, Channel Modeling and Energy Utilization in
Wireless Body Area Networks.” High Performance Computing and Communication and
2012 IEEE 9th International Conference on Embedded Software and Systems (HPCC-
ICESS), 2012 IEEE 14th International Conference on. IEEE, 2012
45
APPENDIX-1
CODE
%------------------------------------------------------------
%Protocol Name : SIMPLE: Stable Increased Throughput Multihop
Link %Effecient for WBAN.
Clc
closeall
clearall
Prop_delay_SUM = 0;
path_loss_SUM = 0 ;
packet_to_BS_SUM=0;
packet_drop_SUM =0;
dead_SUM = 0 ;
E_SUM = 0;
allive_SUM = 0;
packet_rcvd_AVG =0;
P_loss_SUM = 0 ;
PACKETS_DROPD_SUM=0;
PKTS_TO_BS_SUM=0;
DEAD_SUM=0;
E_TOTAL_SUM=0;
Pro_delay_SUM = 0 ;
% packet_to_BS_SUM = 0;
% packet_drop_SUM = 0;
% dead_SUM = 0 ;
% E_SUM = 0;
% allive_SUM = 0;
%packet_rcvd_AVG =0;
for i = 1:1:5
xylabel=20;
legendsize=18;
sink.x =.25;
sink.y = 1 ;
n = 8;
Eo = 0.5 ;
% energy parameters
ETX=16.7*0.000000001;
ERX=36.1*0.000000001;
46
Emp=1.97*0.000000;
EDA=5*0.000000001;
do = 0.1;
lambda=.125 ;
%f=2.4GHz speed = 299792458;
flag_first_dead=0;
flag_teenth_dead=0;
flag_all_dead=0;
dead=0;
first_dead=0
teenthdead=0
all_dead=0;
flagfirstdead1=0;
flagteenthdead1=0
flag_all_dead1=0;
dead1=0;
firstdead1=0;
teenthdead1=0
all_dead1=0;
dead2=0;
thr=0.1;
C=299792458;
packettoBS=0;
packettoCH =0;
Packet_to_BS_total = 0 ;
% path_loss_round = 0 ;
% Prop_delay_round = 0;
% total_delay_round = 0;
packet_drop = 0;
rmax=8000;
allive=n;
%-------------------------------------------------------------
---------
---
% ATTEMP Data
%-------------------------------------------------------------
---------
xm=0.8;%2.5 feet
ym=1.8;%6 feet
44
%xandyCoordinate
sof the Sink
sink1.x=0.4;
sink1.y=0.9;
%Number of Nodes in the
field node=8;
alliveA=node;
%x and y Coordinates of the
Sink sink1.x=0.4;
sink1.y=0.9;
th=0.7;
P_loss_round = 0 ;
P_delay_round = 0 ;
P_loss = 0 ;
th_temp=98;
rng=0.8062;
% Network establishment
SA(1).xd=0.2;
SA(1).yd=1.2;
SA(2).xd=0.6;
SA(2).yd=1.1;
SA(3).xd=0.7;
SA(3).yd=0.8;
SA(4).xd=0.5;
SA(4).yd=0.6;
SA(5).xd=0.1;
SA(5).yd=0.8;
SA(6).xd=0.3;
SA(6).yd=0.5;
SA(7).xd=0.5;
SA(7).yd=0.3;
SA(8).xd=0.3;
SA(8).yd=0.1;
%for i = 1:1:node
%plot(S(i).xd, S(i).yd,'*r');
%hold on
%end
%plot(sink.x ,sink.y, 'bo' );
%hold on ;
for i=1:1:node
45
distanceA(i)=sqrt((SA(i).xd-(sink1.x) )^2 + (SA(i).yd-
(sink1.y) )^2 );
end
% figure(1)
%% Energy eqquipment and type identification
for i=1:1:node
SA(i).type='N';
SA(i).E=Eo;
end
SA(node+1).
xd=sink1.x;
SA(node+1).yd=sink1.y;
countCHs=0;
%the number of Stateflow objects in the current context.
cluster=1;
%first cluster is selected
dead=0;
allive=node;
%counter for bit transmitted to Bases Station and to Cluster
Headspackets_TO_BS=0;
packets_TO_CH=0;
Paskets_TO_BS_total=0
pd=0;
d=0;
s=0;
%----------------------------------------------------------
node deployment
S(1).xd=0.3;
% calf
S(1).yd=0.1;
S(1).P = 1; %
S(2).xd=0.5;
% knee
S(2).yd=0.3;
S(2).P = 1;
S(3).xd=0.3;
% lactic acid(thigh) 2.5
S(3).yd=0.55;
46
S(3).P = 1;
S(4).xd= .5;
%temp(thigh)2.5
S(4).yd=.55;
S(4).P =1;
S(7).xd= .37;
% glucose
S(7).yd=.75;
S(7).P = 2;
S(8).xd= .45;
% ECG
S(8).yd= .9;
S(8).P = 2;
S(5).xd= .7;
% left PALM 4.3 feet
S(5).yd= .8;
S(5).P = 1;
S(6).xd= .1;
%rite palm 5.4
S(6).yd= .8;
S(6).P = 1;
%-------------------------------------------------------------
------
-------
for i = 1:1:n
S(i).E = Eo ;
S(i).id = i;
S(i).g = 0 ;
%axis on ;
%axis ([0 0.8 0 2]) ;
%plot(S(i).xd ,S(i).yd, 'r*' );
%hold on ;
%grid on ;
end
%-------------------------------------------------------------
---------
----
%plot(sink.x ,sink.y, 'bo' );
a = 1;
47
b = 1;
x0 = [];
x1 = [];
for i = 1:1:n
if S(i).P ==1
x0{a} = S(i).id;
a = a+1;
end
end
for i=1:1:n
% for j=1:1:n
distance1(i,j)=sqrt((S(i).xd(S(j).xd))^2+(S(i).yd(S(j).yd))^2;
48
end
end
if S(i).E>0
S(i).g = 0;
E = E+S(i).E ;
End
end
%E1 = E/(Eo*8) *100;
Prop_delay =0 ;
packet_to_BS_per_round = 0;
packet_to_BS = 0 ;
Dead(r+1)=dead;
Allive(r+1)=n-dead;
energy(r+1)=E;
% cost function calculation to select
forwarder cost_function = 0;
%cost_function1 = 0;
for i=1:1:length(x0)
if(S(i).E > 0 )
cost_function(i) = distance(i)/(S(i).E);
end
end
%-------------------------------------------------------------
---------
fori=1:1:length
%node with minimum cost function elected as forwarder
[min_node,I] = min(cost_function);
node_num = I ;
node_sel(r) = node_num ;
end
% if energy of node is greater then threshold energy
if (S(node_num).E>thr )
S(node_num).g = 1;
% forwarder
packet_to_BS = packet_to_BS+1 ;
distanceCH=sqrt( (S(node_num).xd-(sink.x) )^2 +
(S(node_num).yd-(sink.y) )^2 );
S(node_num).E = S(node_num).E - ((ETX+ERX+EDA)*(4000)+
Emp*3.38*4000*(distanceCH^3.38));
49
PL(node_num)=10*log(((4*pi*do)/lambda)^2+10*4*log(distanceCH/d
o))+4.1 ;
delay(node_num) = distanceCH/C ;
end
% node forwading data to neighboure
faorwarder for i=1:1:length(x0)
if ( S(i).g == 0) && (S(i).E>thr && S(i).P ==1 )
temp = sqrt((S(i).xd - S(node_num).xd)^2 +
(S(i).ydS(node_num).yd)^2 ) ;
temp2 = sqrt((S(i).xd - sink.x)^2 + (S(i).yd-sink.y)^2 ) ;
if (temp <temp2)
S(i).E = S(i).E - ( (ETX)*(4000) +
Emp*3.38*4000*(temp^3.38));
% 3.38 => human body path loss exponent
packet_to_CH = packet_to_CH+1;
PL(i)=10*log(((4*pi*do)/lambda)^2+10*4*log(temp/do))+4.1 ;
path_loss = path_loss + PL(i);
delay(i) = temp/C ;
Prop_delay = Prop_delay + delay(i);
else
(i).E = S(i).E - ( (ETX)*(4000) +
Emp*3.38*4000*(temp2^3.38));
% 3.38 => human body path loss exponent
packet_to_BS = packet_to_BS+1;
PL(i)=10*log(((4*pi*do)/lambda)^2+10*4*log(temp2/do))+4.1 ;
path_loss = path_loss + PL(i);
delay(i) = temp2/C ;
Prop_delay = Prop_delay + delay(i) ;
end
end
end
%------------------------------------------------------------
---------
for i = 1:1:n
if (S(i).E > 0 && S(i).P == 2 )
d1 = sqrt((S(i).xd - sink.x)^2 + (S(i).yd-sink.y)^2 ) ;
S(i).E = S(i).E - ( (ETX)*(4000) +
Emp*3.38*4000*(d1^3.38));% 3.38 => human body path loss
packet_to_BS = packet_to_BS+1 exponent
50
PL(i)=10*log(((4*pi*do)/lambda)^2+10*4*log(d1/do))+4.1 ;
path_loss = path_loss+PL(i) ;
delay(i) = d1 /C ;
Prop_delay = Prop_delay + delay(i) ;
end
end
%direct transmission if energy of nodes decreses below
threshold
for i = 1:1:length(x0)
if (S(i).E < thr && S(i).E > 0 )
d = sqrt((S(i).xd - sink.x)^2 + (S(i).yd-sink.y)^2 ) ;
S(i).E =S(i).E - ( (ETX)*(4000) + Emp*3.38*4000*(d^3.38)); %
3.38 => human body path loss exponent packet_to_BS
= packet_to_BS+1 ;packet_to_BS = packet_to_BS+1 ;
PL(i)=10*log(((4*pi*do)/lambda)^2+10*4*log(d/do))+4.1 ;
delay(i) = d/C ;
Prop_delay = Prop_delay + delay(i);
end
end
%-----------
------------
------------
------------
---
% SIMPLE Protocol
path_loss_round(r+1) = path_loss ;
Prop_delay_round(r+1) = Prop_delay ;
packet_to_BS_per_round(r+1)=packet_to_BS;
Packet_to_BS_total=Packet_to_BS_total+packet_to_BS;
packet_to_BS1(r+1)=Packet_to_BS_total;
pkts_ lnk_status_flag1='bad';
pkts_drpd1=pkts_drpd1+1;
end
end
pd1 = pd1+pkts_drpd1;
packet_drop(r+1) =pd1;
%-------------------------------------------------------------
-
--
%Random uniformed model of packet drops ends here
51
%-------------------------------------------------------------
---------
----
% ATTEMPT
%-------------------------------------------------------------
---------
----
deadA=0
E_total=0;
for i=1:1:node
if (SA(i).E<=0)
deadA=deadA+1;
end
if(SA(i).E>0)
SA(i).type='N';
E_total=E_total+SA(i).E;
end
end
%E_ for i=1:1:node
ct=90+(rand*10);
%ct is between 90 to 100
if (SA(i).E>0 ) % && ct<th_temp
cv=rand;
if
(cv>th)distA=sqrt((SA(i).xd(SA(node+1).xd))^+(SA
(i).yd-(SA(node+1).yd) )^2 );
Emp*3.38*4000*(distA^3.38));
if(distA > 0)
ATTM = E_total/(Eo*8) *100;
E_TOTAL(r+1)=E_total;
DEADA(r+1)=deadA;
ALLIVEA(r+1)=alliveA-deadA;
packets_TO_BS_per_round=0;
packets_TO_BSA=0;
rcvd1=0;
pkts_drpd1=0;
P_opt1=0.3;
%Optimal probability to determine link status
52
for j=1:1: packet_to_BS_per_round(r+1)
pr=rand(1,1);
if(pr>=P_opt1)
lnk_status_flag1='good';
pkts_rcvd1=pkts_rcvd1+1;
else
delay_ATT = 0 ;
total_delay = 0;
PL_ATT(i)=10*log(((4*pi*do)/lambda)^2+10*4*log(distA/do)).1;
P_loss = P_loss + PL_ATT(i);
delay_ATT(i) = distA/C ;
total_delay = total_delay+delay_ATT(i) ;
end
%S(i).E=S(i).E- ( (ETX)*(4000) + Emp*4000*(dist*dist));
d=i;
packets_TO_BSA=packets_TO_BSA+1;
end
if(cv<=th)
min_dis=Inf;
min_dis_cluster=0;
for c=1:1:node
if i~= ctempA=min(min_dis,sqrt( (SA(i).xd-
SA(c).xd)^2 +(SA(i).yd-SA(c).yd)^2 ) );
if ( tempA<min_dis )
min_dis=tempA;
min_dis_cluster=c;
end
end
end
disA=sqrt( (SA(i).xd-(SA(node+1).xd) )^2
+(SA(i).(SA(node+1).yd) )^2 );
if (min_dis<disA)
disA=sqrt( (SA(i).xd-(SA(min_dis_cluster).xd) )^2 + (SA(i).yd-
(SA(min_dis_cluster).yd) )^2 );
SA(i).E=SA(i).E- ( (ETX)*(4000) +
Emp*3.38*4000*(disA^3.38)PL_ATT(i)=10*log(((4*pi*do)/lambda)^2
+10*4*log(disA/do))+4
P_loss = P_loss + PL_ATT(i);
delay_ATT(i) = disA/C ;
total_delay = total_delay+delay_ATT(i) ;
53
%S(i).E=S(i).E- ( (ETX)*(4000) + Emp*4000*(dis*dis));
s=i;
end
if(min_dis>disA)disA=sqrt(
(SA(i).x(SA(n+1).xd))^2+(SA(i).yd(SA(n+1).yd))^2 );
SA(i).E=SA(i).E- ( (ETX)*(4000) +
Emp*3.
PL_ATT(i)=10*log(((4*pi*do)/lambda)^2+10*4*log(disA/do))+4.1 ;
P_loss = P_loss + PL_ATT(i);
delay_ATT(i) = disA/C ;
total_delay = total_delay+delay_ATT(i) ;
%S(i).E=S(i).E- ( (ETX)*(4000) + Emp*4000*(dis*dis ));
packets_TO_BSA=packets_TO_BSA+1;
end
end
end
end
if (SA(4).E>0)
SA(4).E=SA(4).E- ( (ERX+EDA)*(4000) );
end
if (SA(5).E>0)
SA(5).E=SA(5).E- ( (ERX+EDA)*(4000) );
end
if (SA(7).E>0)
SA(7).E=SA(7).E- ( (ERX+EDA)*(4000) );
end
P_loss_round(r+1) = P_loss ;
total_delay_round(r+1)= total_delay ;
%Prop_delay_round(r+1) = Prop_delay ;
packets_TO_BS_per_round(r+1)=packets_TO_BSA;
Paskets_TO_BS_total=Paskets_TO_BS_total+packets_TO_BSA;
PKTS_TO_BS(r+1)=Paskets_TO_BS_total;
%%Random uniformed model of packet drops starts from here
pkts_rcvd=0;
pkts_drpd=0;
P_opt=0.3;
%Optimal probability to determine link statusfor
j=1:1:packets_TO_BS_per_round(r+1)
p_r=rand(1,1);
54
if(p_r>=P_opt)lnk_status_flag='good';
pkts_rcvd=pkts_rcvd+1;
else
lnk_status_flag='bad';
pkts_drpd=pkts_drpd+1;
end
pd=pd+pkts_drpd;
PACKETS_DROPPED(r+1)= pd;
% Random uniformed model of packet drops ends here
end
%Adding five times simulation resuts(Proposed)
Prop_delay_SUM = Prop_delay_round+Prop_delay_SUM ;
path_loss_SUM = path_loss_round+ path_loss_SUM ;
packet_to_BS_SUM=packet_to_BS1+packet_to_BS_SUM;
packet_drop_SUM=packet_drop+packet_drop_SUM;
dead_SUM=Dead+dead_SUM;
E_SUM=E_SUM+energy;
allive_SUM = allive_SUM +Allive ;
%-------------------------------------------------------------
---------
---
% my code Ends here
%------------------------------------------------------------
---------
----
%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%Adding five times simulation resuts
ddd(i,r) = total_delay_round(r) ;
Pro_delay_SUM = total_delay_round+Pro_delay_SUM ;
P_loss_SUM = P_loss_round+ P_loss_SUM ;
PKTS_TO_BS_SUM=PKTS_TO_BS+PKTS_TO_BS_Sum
PACKETS_DROPD_SUM=PACKETS_DROPPED+PACKETS_DROP
DEAD_SUM=DEADA+DEAD_SUM;
E_TOTAL_SUM=E_TOTAL_SUM+E_TOTAL;
%ALIVE_SUM = ALIVE_SUM + end
%% Calculating average values(PROPOSED)
path_loss_AVG = path_loss_SUM/5;
Pro_delay_AVG = Pro_delay_SUM/5
55
packet_to_BS_AVG=5
packet_to_BS_SUM/5;
packet_drop_AVG=5
packet_drop_SUM/5;
packet_rcvd_AVG = packet_to_BS_AVG-packet_drop_AVG;
dead_AVG = dead_SUM/5;
E_AVG = E_SUM/5;
Allive_AVG = allive_SUM/5 ;
% pr = 1:300:rmax ;
% E_AVG = E_AVG(pr);
%% Calculating average values (ATTEMPT)
Prop_delay_AVG = Prop_delay_SUM/5 ;
P_loss_AVG = P_loss_SUM/5 ;
PKTS_TO_BS_AVG=PKTS_TO_BS_SUM/5;
PACKETS_DROPD_AVG=PACKETS_DROPD_SUM/5;
PACKETS_RCVD_AVG=PKTS_TO_BS_AVG-PACKETS_DROPD_AVG;
DEAD_AVG=DEAD_SUM/5;
E_TOTAL_AVG=E_TOTAL_SUM/5;
% pat = 1:305:rmax ;
% E_TOTAL_AVG = E_TOTAL_AVG(pat);
%% plotting
r=0:
figure(1
)
plot(r,dead_AVG,'r-',r,DEAD_AVG,'b-','linewidth',2);
legend('SIMPLE','ATTEMPT');
xlabel('Rounds
(r)','FontSize',xylabel,'FontName','Arial');
ylabel('No.deadnodes','FontSize',xylabel,'FontName','Arl')
axis([0 8000 0 12]);
grid on figure(2)
plot(r,packet_to_BS_AVG,'r-
',r,PKTS_TO_BS_AVG,'b.','linewidth',2);
legend('SIMPLE','ATTEMPT');
xlabel('Rounds (r)','FontSize',xylabel,'FontName','Arial');
ylabel('Packets sent to
sink','FontSize',xylabel,'FontName','Arial');
grid on
figure(3)
56
plot(r,packet_drop_AVG,'r-',r,PACKETS_DROPD_AVG,'b-
.','linewidth',2); legend('SIMPLE','ATTEMPT');
xlabel('Rounds
(r)','FontSize',xylabel,'FontName','Arial');
ylabel('Packets
dropped','FontSize',xylabel,'FontName','Arial'); grid on
figure(4)
plot(r,packet_rcvd_AVG,'r-',r,PACKETS_RCVD_AVG,'b-
.','linewidth',2);
legend('SIMPLE','ATTEMPT');
xlabel('Rounds (r)','FontSize',xylabel,'FontName','Arial');
ylabel('Packets received at
sink','FontSize',xylabel,'FontName','Arial')
grid on
%figure(5)
% % x = r;
% % [E_AVG]= hist(x);
% % bar(E_AVG)
% Y = [pr,E_AVG] ;
% bar(Y);
% % bar(pr,E_AVG)
% %E_TOTAL_AVG,.05,'r')%'r-','linewidth',2);
% hold on
% %bar(pat,E_TOTAL_AVG, .05,'b')
% % legend('PROPOSED','ATTEMPT');
% % xlabel('No. of rounds (r)');
% % ylabel('Residual energy of the network (J)');
% axis ([0 800 0 100 ]);
% % grid on
% %
figure(5
)
plot(r,E_AVG,'r-',r,E_TOTAL_AVG,'b-.','linewidth',2);
legend('SIMPLE','ATTEMPT');
xlabel('Rounds (r)','FontSize',xylabel,'FontName','Arial');
ylabel('Residual
energy(J)','FontSize',xylabel,'FontName','Arial'); grid on
figure6)
plot(r,path_loss_AVG,'r',r,P_loss_AVG,'b');
57
xlabel('Rounds (r)','FontSize',xylabel,'FontName','Arial')
ylabel('Path Loss(dB)','FontSize',xylabel,'FontName','Arial')
legend1=legend('SIMPLE','ATTEMPT');
set(legend1,'FontSize',legendsize)
figure(7)
plot(r,Prop_delay_AVG,'r',r,Pro_delay_AVG,'b');
xlabel('Rounds(r)','FontSize',xylabel,'FontName','Aral')
ylabel('delay','FontSize',xylabel,'FontName','Arial')
legend1=legend('Proposed','ATTEMPT');
set(legend1,'FontSize',legendsize)
%
figure(8)
plot(r,Pro_delay_AVG,'b');
xlabel('Rounds (r)','FontSize',xylabel,'FontName','Arial')
ylabel('delay','FontSize',xylabel,'FontName','Arial')
legend1=legend('Proposed','ATTEMPT');
set(legend1,'FontSize',legendsize)
%{
%-------------------------------------------------------------
--------
----
% ATTEMP Ends here
%-------------------------------------------------------------
--------
----
r=0:rmax
;
%plot(r,STAT.P,'r');
figure(2)
plot(r,STATISTICS.DEAD,'r',r,DEADA,'b');
xlabel('Rounds','FontSize',xylabel,'FontName','Arial')
ylabel('Dead','FontSize',xylabel,'FontName','Arial')
legend1=legend('Proposed','ATTEMPT');
set(legend1,'FontSize',legendsize)
figure(3)
plot(r,STATISTICS.ALLIVE,'r',r,ALLIVEA,'b');
xlabel('rounds','FontSize',xylabel,'FontName','Arial')
ylabel('Percent of Allive
Nodes','FontSize',xylabel,'FontName','Arial')
58
legend1=legend('Proposed','ATTEMPT');
set(legend1,'FontSize',legendsize) ;
plot(r,STATISTICS.ENERGY,'r',r,E_TOTAL,'b');
xlabel('Rounds','FontSize',xylabel,'FontName','Arial')
ylabel('Remaining
Energy','FontSize',xylabel,'FontName','Arial')
legend1=legend('Proposed','ATTEMPT');
set(legend1,'FontSize',legendsize)
%}
38*4000*(disA^3.38));
59
51