3/8/2018 Open Doors

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Physics: Program
Mechanics
Kinematics. The reference system. Material point. Absolutely solid body. Displacement and distance traveled. Displacement. Velocity. Acсeleration.
Tangential and normal acceleration. Solid body. Angular velocity. The angular acceleration. The connection between the linear and angular velocities
and accelerations.
Dynamics of a material point. Inertial frame of reference. Galileo’s principle of relativity. Galilean Transformations. Newton’s laws. Forms of
interaction. Fundamental forces. The law of gravity. Coulomb’s Law. The Lorentz force. The forces of friction. Dry and liquid friction. Static friction.
Gravity and the weight. Elastic force.
Conservation laws. Kinetic energy. Work. Power. The work of centered forces. The full mechanical energy of the particle.
The relationship between potential energy and force. The equilibrium conditions of the mechanical system with one degree of freedom. The potential
well and potential barrier. Finite and infinite motions. The kinetic energy of the particle’s system. The potential energy of a system of particles in an
external potential field. The potential energy of the interaction of particles (in the case of central forces).
Pulse of the system of particles. The Pulse Conservation Law. The center of mass. The center of mass of the system.
Angular momentum. Shoulder of pulse. Moment of power. Shoulder of strength.
Non-Inertial reference systems. The forces of inertia. The centrifugal force of inertia.
Solid body mechanics. The center of mass of a rigid body movement. Moment of momentum of a solid body rotating around a fixed axis. Moment of
inertia. Steiner theorem.
Mechanics of incompressible fluid.The lines and the flow tube. Continuity jet. Bernoulli equation.
Fundamentals of special theory of relativity. Fundamental experiments underlying the theory of relativity. Einstein’s principle of relativity. The principle
of the constancy of the speed of light.
Relativistic Mechanics. Length of body in different frames of reference. The time interval between events. Relativistic Dynamics. The relativistic
expression for the energy and momentum of a particle. The transformation of momentum and energy. The rest energy. The relationship of mass and
energy.
The general aspects of oscillations. Small oscillations. Harmonic oscillations. The amplitude, frequency and phase of oscillations. The harmonic
oscillation energy.
Damping oscillations. Damping coefficient.
Forced oscillations. Resonance. The resonance curves. The parametrical resonance.

Thermodynamics and molecular physics

The atomic and molecular structure of matter. The characteristic values of masses and sizes of molecules. Estimations of the number of molecules
per unit volume and intermolecular distances. The interaction energy of molecules as a function of distance between them. The number of impacts of a
molecule on a wall. The pressure of an ideal gas on a wall. Internal energy. Work. Quantity of heat. The first law of thermodynamics.
The experimental equation of the state of an ideal gas state. The Boltzmann constant. The mean energy of the translational motion of molecules.
Temperature and its physical sense.
The Van der Waals gas. Internal energy. The state equation.
The Maxwellian distribution. The distribution function with respect to the velocity components, and with respect to the velocity modulus.
The Boltzmann distribution. The Boltzmann distribution of molecules in the Earth’s gravitation field. The barometric formula.
Entropy and the second law of thermodynamics. The second law of thermodynamics. The statistical interpretation of the second law of
thermodynamics.
The efficiency of the heat machine. The Carnot cycle. The Carnot circle efficiency..The Carnot theorems.
The crystal matter. A crystal cell. The physical types of crystal cells. The specific heat of crystals. The Dulong –Petit law.
The liquid matter. The surface tension. The free energy. The pressure in a capillary.
Equilibrium between phases. Evaporation and condensation. Melting and crystallization. The entropy increment under evaporation and
condensation. The Clapeyron-Clausius equation. The triple point.

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3/8/2018 Open Doors

Electricity
Elementary charge. Law of electrical charge conservation. Point charge.Coulomb law. System of units. Electrical field. Field strength. Field of point
charge. The fieldsuperpositionprinciple.Work of electrostatic field forces.The potential energy of the charge in the field.Potential.
Gauss theorem for vector. Divergence of . The volume, surface and linear charge density. Field of one and two charged planes.
The equilibrium conditions the charge on the conductor. Field near the surface of a conductor. The conductor in an external electric field. Electric
capacity. Capacitors. Capacity of a flat condenser.
Electric current. Current strength and density. The continuity equation. Extraneous forces. Electromotive force. Voltage. Ohm’s law. The resistance of
the conductors. The specific heat capacity of the current (differential form of Joule –Lents’s law).
A magnetic field. The interaction of currents. Oersted’s experiment. Magnetic induction. The principle of superposition of magnetic fields. The
magnetic field of a uniformly moving charge. The Biot - Savart – Laplace law. Field of infinite direct current.
Lorentz force. Ampere’s law.. The force acting on the circuit in an inhomogeneous field.
Gauss’ theorem for the vector . The field of coil and of the toroid.
The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. Lenz rule. Electromotive induction strength. Total magnetic flux. The ballistic method for measuring
magnetic induction. Eddy currents. The phenomenon of self-induction. Inductance. EMF of self-induction. The inductance of the coil.
The vortex electric field. Electromagnetic field. The displacement current. The total current. Maxwell’s equations in differential form. Maxwell’s
equations in integral form.

Optics and waves

Elastic waves. The definition of wave. Longitudinal and transverse waves. The wave equation. The wave equation’s solution. Classification of waves
by the phase front. Harmonic waves. A plane harmonic wave. The Doppler effect for sound waves.
Electromagnetic waves. The wave equation for an electromagnetic field in a homogeneous, isotropic, neutral, non-conducting medium.
Geometrical optics’ approximation. Light rays. The optical path. The Fermat’s principle. A centered optical system.
The phenomenon of the interference of electromagnetic waves. The interference of two plane harmonic waves. Fresnel’s double mirror. Fresnel’s
biprism. Lloyd’s mirror. Interference of light reflected from thin plates. Fringes of equal inclination. Fringes of equal thickness. Newton’s rings. Optical
coating of lenses. Michelson interferometer. Michelson-Morley experiment. Fizeau experiment. Multibeam interference.
Diffraction of light. The Huygens-Fresnel principle. Fresnel zones. Diffraction from a round aperture and from a disk. Fraunhofer diffraction from a slit.
Diffraction grating. The angular dispersion.
Polarization of light. Natural and polarized light. Partly polarized light. Polarizers. The degree of polarization. Polarization in reflection and refraction.
Brewster’s angle.
Dispersion of light.
Absorption of light. Scattering of lightMolecular scattering. The combination scattering of light (the Raman effect).

Atomic and nuclear physics

Thermal radiation. Stefan-Boltzmann law. Wien displacement law. Statistical average energy of harmonic oscillator (classic and quantum
expressions). Planck’s formula. Planck constant.
Photons. Short-wavelength limit of the X-ray bremsstrahlung spectrum. Photo effect. Stoletov experiments.
Nuclear model of atom. Atomic spectra. Alpha-particle scattering experiments. Rutherford’s formula. Nuclear model of atom. Bohr’s postulates.
Wave properties of matter. De Broglie hypothesis. Experimental basis of quantum mechanics.
Orbital angular momentum quantum number. Spin. Electron spin. Summing angular momenta. Total angular momentum of multielectron atom.
Distribution of electrons over energy levels in atom. Pauli principle. Electron shells and subshells. Mendeleev periodic table.
Magnetic moment of atom. Orbital and spin magnetic moments. Bohr magneton.
Lasers. Spontaneous and induced radiation. Einstein coefficients. Spectral line width. Population inversion of energy levels.
Energy bands in crystal. Quantum theory of free electrons in metal. Density of energy states. Fermi-Dirac distribution. Metals and semiconductors.
Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. Electronic and hole conduction. Superconductivity. Work function.
Thermal electron emission. Contact potential difference. Thermoelectrical phenomena.
Basics of atomic nucleus physics. Content of atomic nucleus. Atomic number and mass number. Isotopes. Atomic nucleus size. Mass and binding
energy. Mass effect. Nuclear shell model and droplet nuclear model. Radioactivity. Varieties of radioactive decay. Law of radioactive decay.
Basics of elementary particle physics. Varieties of interaction and classes of elementary particles. Particles and antiparticles.

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