Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
Muhammad Fahim
hmf.engr2@gmail.com
Class contents
• Modified Galerkin Method
• Variational Methods
Revision: Weighted Residual Methods
• Least Squares Weighted Residual Method
1,2, …
• Collocation Weighted Residual Method
1,2, …
• Galerkin Weighted Residual Method
1,2, …
Revision: Example 1
1
sin 0 1 sin
• Least Squares Weighted Residual Method
1
sin
• Collocation Weighted Residual Method
1
• Galerkin Weighted Residual Method
12
Modified Galerkin Method
• The basic Galerkin criteria is given as:
0 1,2, …
• The computation of requires differentiating trial solution as
many times as the order of the highest derivative in the BVP.
• Thus a second order BVP would require differentiating E twice.
• Therefore if the basic Galerkin criteria is used directly, we must use at
least a quadratic polynomial as a trial solution for a second order BVP.
Modified Galerkin Method
• However, the order of derivatives required in the trial solution can be
reduced by using integration by parts.
• This makes it possible to use even linear trial solutions, if desired.
• This is important in finite elements since a large class of elements are
based on linear assumed solutions.
Modified Galerkin Method: Example 1
• Consider the boundary value problem:
sin 0 1
• The boundary conditions (BCs) are: 0 0 1 0
• Can we use linear trial solution?
Modified Galerkin Method: Example 2
• Consider the boundary value problem:
0 0 1
• The boundary conditions are:
0 0
1 1
Modified Galerkin Method: Example 2
• The basic weighted residual statement becomes:
• Integrate the first term in the integral by parts:
0
Sub Topic: Integration by parts
• Integration by parts for a definite integral of two functions is given as:
• And for a general integral:
Sub Topic: Integration by parts
Example:
g
Modified Galerkin Method: Example 2
• There is no advantage in further integration as further integration by
parts increases the order of derivatives on .
• Using the above equation, it is clear that only first order derivatives of
are required.
• Thus using this formulation even a linear trial solution can be used if
desired.
Modified Galerkin Method: Example 2
• Linear trial solution:
• Using essential BC: 0 0→ 0
• Admissible trial solution:
0 0 and 1 1
Modified Galerkin Method: Example 2
• Substituting the values from previous slide we get:
1 0 9/8
• Thus the approximate solution is
Modified Galerkin Method: Example 2
Modified Galerkin Method: Example 2
• The results are not too disappointing considering the simplicity of the
trial solution.
• The solution itself is reasonable but there is significant error in its first
derivative.
• This is generally the case with most approximate solutions where the
higher the order of the derivative the more is the error.
Variational Methods
• The BVP is first expressed in an equivalent Variational form
• The approximate solution is constructed from the Variational
statement
• For certain classes of BVP it is not possible to derive equivalent
variational form: LIMITATION
• For some physical problems it may be possible to develop variational
form from physical properties
• For example, energy methods of structural mechanics are based on
developing potential energy functional.
Variational Methods: Definition of variation
• The variation of a function is the change in the function as some
parameters in the function are perturbed.
• Assume a quadratic polynomial as a trial solution
+
Variational Method: Finding variation
• Variation of other functions can be written in a similar fashion
2
Sub topic: Variational identities/principles
:
1
2
where f is any function of x.
Sub topic: Variational identities/principles
• The following can be easily verified
1
2
Variational Method: Variation and Total
Differential
• Variation of a function is equivalent to its total differential.
+
• For a general function of n parameters.
+ … +
Variational Methods: Example 1
sin 0 1
• Boundary conditions:
0 0
1 0
Variational Methods: Example 1
1. Multiply both sides of the differential equation by δ and
integrate over the domain.
sin 0
2. Use integration by parts for the first term to reduce the order of
highest derivative present:
sin 0
Variational Methods: Example 1
sin 0
3. Use mathematical manipulations to take variation outside the integral
1
sin sin
2
1
sin 0
2
Variational Methods: Example 1
4. Use boundary conditions to simplify boundary terms.
• The goal is to express the entire equation as:
… 0
• For any value of parameters a1, a 2 and an, the admissible trial solution
satisfies essential boundary conditions.
• That means, variation of u evaluated at the points at which essential
BCs are specified, admissible trial solution is going to be zero.
• Therefore boundary terms drop and we get:
1
sin 0
2
Variational Methods: Example 1
1
sin 0
2
• Denote the expression inside the variation symbol by we have
0
• where
1
sin
2
Variational Methods: Example 1
• Consider the boundary value problem:
sin 0 1
• The boundary conditions (BCs) are: 0 0 1 0
• The exact solution of the problem is as follows:
1
sin
Variational Methods: Example 1
• From the boundary conditions:
0 0→ 0
1 0→
• Thus the trial solution satisfying the given boundary conditions
becomes:
Variational Methods: Example 1
• The variation of u is given by
0 0 1 0
• Thus the two requirements of the equivalent functional are satisfied
and makes the given trial solution admissible.
Variational Methods: Example 1
1
sin
2
• Substitute the admissible trial solution and its derivative
1
1 2 sin
2
4
6
Variational Methods: Example 1
• The stationarity condition is
4 12
0 0 0
3
• Thus the approximate solution of the BVP is
12
Variational Methods: Example 1
Variational Methods: Example 2
• Consider the boundary value problem:
0 0 1
• The boundary conditions are:
0 0
1 1
Variational Methods: Example 2
1. Multiply both sides of the differential equation by δ and
integrate over the domain.
u 0
2. Use integration by parts for the first term to reduce the order of
highest derivative present:
0
Variational Methods: Example 2
0
3. Use mathematical manipulations to take variation outside the integral
1/2
1
2
1 1
0
2 2
Variational Methods: Example 2
4. Use boundary conditions to simplify boundary terms.
• The goal is to express the entire equation as:
… 0
• Consider the boundary condition:
1 1
1
Variational Methods: Example 2
4. Use boundary conditions to simplify boundary terms.
• Consider the second BC and boundary the boundary term:
0 0
• This term can’t be simplified to … using the given BC.
• The only way to proceed any further is to assume 0 0 which
eliminates the second boundary term altogether.
• The implication of this assumption is that the trial solutions for this
problem must satisfy the BC at x=0 for any value of the parameters.
Variational Methods: Example 2
• Using these simplifications we get:
1 1
1 0
2 2
• Thus the equivalent functional for the problem is as follows
1 1
1
2 2
Variational Methods: Example 2
1 1
1
2 2
• Remember that in this functional, the admissible trial solutions are
those that satisfy the boundary condition 0 0
• They do not have to satisfy the boundary condition 1 1
because this boundary condition has been incorporated into this
functional.
• Because of this reason, the first boundary condition is called essential
or required and the second as natural or suppressible.
Variational Methods: Example 2
• Assume a quadratic trial solution:
• From the boundary conditions:
0 0→ 0
• Thus the trial solution satisfying the given boundary conditions
becomes:
Variational Methods: Example 2
• Clearly this trial solution is admissible because
0 0
• Substitute the admissible trial solution into the functional to get
1 1
, 2
2 2
Variational Methods: Example 2
• Stationarity conditions give us two equations as follows
0 1 2 0
3 2 3
0
4 3 4
0 1 2 2 0
4 3 17
0
5 4 15
Variational Methods: Example 2
• Solving the two equations simultaneously
180 21
139 139
• Thus the approximate solution is
180 21
139 139
180 21
139 139
Variational Methods: Example 2
• It can be verified that the exact solution and its first derivative are as
follows
2 cos 1 sin
2
cos 1
2 sin 1 cos
2
cos 1
Variational Methods: Example 2
Variational Methods: Example 2
• Let us solve the same problem by assuming a cubic trial solution
• From the boundary conditions:
0 0→ 0
• Thus the trial solution satisfying the given boundary conditions
becomes:
Variational Methods: Example 2
1 1
1
2 2
• Substitute the admissible trial solution into the functional to get
1
, , 2 3
2
1
2 3
2
Variational Methods: Example 2
• Stationarity conditions give us three equations as follows
1 2 3 0
3 2 3 4
0
4 3 4 5
Variational Methods: Example 2
• Stationarity conditions give us three equations as follows
1 2 2 3 0
4 3 17 4
0
5 4 15 3
Variational Methods: Example 2
• Stationarity conditions give us three equations as follows
1 3 2 3 0
5 4 4 58
0
6 5 3 35
Variational Methods: Example 2
• Solving the three equations simultaneously give
1.2831, 0.11424, 0.02462
• Thus the approximate solution is
1.2831 0.11424 0.02462