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INGENIERÍA AERONÁUTICA
Fundamentos de Aerodinámica
2018-1

Jorge Mario Tamayo Avendaño

MSc. Ingeniería Aeroespacial

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 Lecture Overview

Lets analyse the equations of conservation of mass, and linear momentum,

aiming for practical applications of this relations. Todays lecture includes:

• Concept of differential flow volume along a segment of streamline

• Mass and Linear Momentum conservation equations and the derivation
of the Bernoulli equation

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 Bernoulli Equation

Now lets consider a frictionless fluid flow, keeping in mind that in reality all
fluids are viscous to some extent and therefore, experience some king of
friction.

In assuming frictionless fluid flow, a restriction is being set beforehand:

The relationship that is about to be derived, must be used in regions where
friction is negligible.

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 Bernoulli Equation

Consider the following element of streamline 𝑑𝑠

𝑝 + 𝑑𝑝
𝑉 + 𝑑𝑉
Have in mind that the flow
properties are assumed
𝐴 + 𝑑𝐴 uniform across area
𝑑𝑧
elements 𝐴 and 𝐴 + 𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑠 respectively.

𝜃
𝑑𝑊

𝐴, 𝑝, 𝜌

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 Bernoulli Equation

Lets begin by invoking mass conservation equation for the fluid element:

𝑑 𝜕𝜌
𝜌𝑑𝑉 + 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0 ≈ 𝑑𝑉 + 𝑑𝑚
𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝜕𝑡

Then this equation can be formulated according to the properties of the

proposed differential fluid element

𝜕𝜌
𝑑𝑚 = − 𝑑𝑉
𝜕𝑡

𝜕𝜌
𝑑 𝜌𝐴𝑉 = − 𝐴𝑑𝑠
𝜕𝑡

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 Bernoulli Equation

Now lets focus on the formulation that the equation for conservation of
linear momentum would have in this case:

𝑑 𝜕
𝑑𝐹𝑠 = 𝑉𝜌𝑑𝑉 + 𝑉𝑚 − 𝑉𝑚 ≈ 𝑉𝜌 𝐴𝑑𝑠 + 𝑑 𝑚𝑉
𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉
𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝜕𝑡

This equation is not complete without having an explicit expression for the
force term to the left, 𝑑𝐹𝑠 .

What are the external forces acting on the differential element of fluid:
• Body forces due to gravitational acceleration?
• Surface forces due to normal pressure acting on the CS?
• Surface forces due to shear stress acting on the CS?

Think of the assumptions that have been made until now…

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 Bernoulli Equation

Assuming that the resultant external force is generated by

• Body forces due to gravitational acceleration, 𝑑𝐹𝑠,𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣.

• Surface forces due to normal pressure acting on the CS, 𝑑𝐹𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠.

Body forces can be described by

𝑑𝐹𝑠,𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣. = −𝑑𝑊 sin 𝜃 = −𝛾𝐴𝑑𝑠 sin 𝜃 = −𝛾𝐴𝑑𝑧

Surface forces are expressed as

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𝑑𝐹𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠. = 𝑑𝑝𝑑𝐴 − 𝑑𝑝 𝐴 + 𝑑𝐴 ≈ −𝐴𝑑𝑝
2

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 Bernoulli Equation

Now group all terms into the initial momentum equation:

𝜕
𝑑𝐹𝑠 = −𝛾𝐴𝑑𝑧 − 𝐴𝑑𝑝 = 𝑉𝜌 𝐴𝑑𝑠 + 𝑑 𝑚𝑉
𝜕𝑡

Which is equivalent to:

𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝑉
−𝛾𝐴𝑑𝑧 − 𝐴𝑑𝑝 = 𝑉𝐴𝑑𝑠 + 𝜌𝐴𝑑𝑠 + 𝑉𝑑𝑚 + 𝑚𝑑𝑉
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡

And can be further simplified to (why?)

𝜕𝑉
−𝛾𝐴𝑑𝑧 − 𝐴𝑑𝑝 = 𝜌𝐴𝑑𝑠 + 𝑚𝑑𝑉
𝜕𝑡

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 Bernoulli Equation

When the equation that have just been derived is divided by the product 𝜌𝐴,
it is possible to proceed with further manipulation, solving the differential
terms and obtaining a completely algebraic equation:

𝜕𝑉 𝑑𝑝
𝑑𝑠 + 𝑉𝑑𝑉 + + 𝑔𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝜕𝑡 𝜌

This is done by integrating the expression above between two points in a

single streamline,

2 2 2 2
𝜕𝑉 𝑑𝑝
𝑑𝑠 + 𝑉𝑑𝑉 + + 𝑔𝑑𝑧 = 0
1 𝜕𝑡 1 1 𝜌 1

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 Bernoulli Equation

Initially part of the equation can be integrated

2 2
𝜕𝑉 𝑑𝑝 1
𝑑𝑠 + + 𝑉2 2 − 𝑉1 2 + 𝑔 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 = 0
1 𝜕𝑡 1 𝜌 2

To the initial assumption of frictionless flow two other assumptions are

made from this point in order to continue with the simplification of the
differential terms of the momentum equation:

𝜕𝑉
• Steady flow assumption: =0
𝜕𝑡

• Incompressible flow: 𝜌 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡.

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 Bernoulli Equation

The equation of linear momentum becomes then

𝑝2 − 𝑝1 1
+ 𝑉2 2 − 𝑉1 2 + 𝑔 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 = 0
𝜌 2

Reorganized as

𝑝1 1 2 𝑝2 1 2
+ 𝑉 + 𝑔𝑧1 = + 𝑉2 + 𝑔𝑧2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝜌 2 1 𝜌 2

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 Bernoulli Equation

Lets explore the applications of Bernoulli eqn. in more detail

Case A Case B

𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 , 𝒛𝟐 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 , 𝒛𝟐

𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 , 𝒛𝟏 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 , 𝒛𝟏

𝑝1 1 2 𝑝2 1 2 𝑝1 1 2 𝑝2 1 2
+ 𝑉 + 𝑔𝑧1 = + 𝑉2 + 𝑔𝑧2 + 𝑉 + 𝑔𝑧1 ≠ + 𝑉2 + 𝑔𝑧2
𝜌 2 1 𝜌 2 𝜌 2 1 𝜌 2

Image: https://www.siemens.com/press/en/feature/2015/mobility/2015-12-ice4.php

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