CMB Chapter 15

Package Title: Test Bank
Course Title: Karp7e

Chapter Number: 15
Question Type: Multiple Choice
1) How do cells in the body of a multicellular organism usually communicate with each other?
a) intracellular messenger molecules

b) direct connection by cells through long projections
c) extracellular messenger molecules
d) electrical signals between cells
e) ion transport between cells
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 15.1 Define signal transduction, listing some of the steps by which it can occur
Section Reference: Section 15.1 The Basic Elements of Cell Signaling Systems
2) Sometimes an enzyme is activated by a receptor and brings about the cellular response by generating a second
messenger. Such an enzyme is called a(n) __________.
a) activator
b) effector
c) affector
d) refractor
e) generator
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
3) No matter how the signal initiated by the binding of a ligand is transmitted (via a second messenger or by protein
recruitment), what is the outcome of that signal?
a) A protein in the middle of an intracellular signaling pathway is activated.

b) A protein at the top of an intracellular signaling pathway is activated.
c) A protein at the top of an extracellular signaling pathway is activated.
d) A protein at the top of an intracellular signaling pathway is deactivated.
e) A protein at the bottom of an intracellular signaling pathway is activated.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
4) Which of the following is (are) not characteristics of the pathways activated by second messengers?
a) Each signaling pathway consists of a series of distinct proteins that operate in sequence.
b) Each protein in the pathway typically acts by altering the conformation of the previous (upstream) protein in the
series, an event that activates or inhibits the protein.
c) Alterations in the conformations of signaling proteins are often accomplished by protein kinases and protein
phosphatases that, respectively, add or remove phosphate groups from other proteins.
d) Some phosphatases and protein kinases in the pathway have numerous proteins as their substrates; others act on
only a single protein substrate or a single amino acid of a protein substrate.
e) Many of the protein substrates of the pathway enzymes are enzymes themselves, like other kinases and
phosphatases, but they include ion channels, transcription factors and various regulatory molecules.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
5) What kinds of responses are not initiated when signals traveling down signaling pathways reach their target
proteins, which are usually involved in basic cellular processes?
a) a change in gene expression

b) a change in ion permeability
c) cessation of DNA synthesis and degradation of DNA
d) the death of the cell
e) an alteration of the activity of metabolic enzymes
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
6) At which site do virtually all of the signals that regulate the activities in which a cell is engaged originate?
a) at the cell surface

b) in the nucleus
c) in the nucleolus
d) in the endoplasmic reticulum
e) in the cell wall
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
7) The overall process in which information carried by extracellular messenger molecules is translated into changes
that occur inside the cell is called ___________.
a) signal digestion
b) signal destruction
c) signal interaction
d) signal transduction
e) signal induction
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
8) If the receptor is degraded along with its ligand after internalization, what is the effect on the cell's ability to
respond to a hormone?
1) The response is enhanced.
2) The cell has increased sensitivity to subsequent stimuli.
3) The cell has decreased sensitivity to subsequent stimuli.
4) The cell exhibits no change in responsiveness to subsequent stimuli.
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
e) 1 and 2
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
9) Proteins interact with one another, or with components of the cellular membrane, by means of _________.
1) specific types of interaction domains
2) intercellular glue
3) the SH3 domain
4) peptide bonds
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
e) 1 and 3
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
10) Most protein kinases transfer phosphate groups to which amino acid(s)?
1) glutamate
2) threonine
3) serine
4) tryptophan
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
e) 2 and 3
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
11) Which amino acids are known to be phosphorylated by protein kinases?
a) tyrosine, threonine, glycine

b) threonine, serine, tryptophan
c) serine, threonine, tyrosine
d) phenylalanine, serine, tyrosine
e) serine, leucine, tyrosine
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
15.1
12) Which molecule below is unlikely to act as either a neurotransmitter or hormone?
a) glucose
b) glycine
c) dopamine
d) eicosanoids
e) thyroid hormone
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 15.2 List the molecules that can function as extracellular carriers of information.
Section Reference: Section 15.2 A Survey of Extracellular Messengers and their Receptors
13) Which molecule below does not act as a neurotransmitter and a hormone?
a) glutamate
b) glycine
c) dopamine
d) eicosanoids
e) thyroid hormone
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
14) From what molecule are the steroids derived?

a) CO2
b) cholesterol
c) glucose
d) phospholipids
e) glucagons
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
15) Which signaling molecules are nonpolar molecules containing 20 carbons that are derived from a fatty acid
named arachidonic acid?
a) eicosanoids
b) steroids
c) acetylcholine
d) acetylsalicylic acid
e) epinephrine
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
16) Which of the following processes is not regulated by eicosanoids?
a) pain
b) inflammation
c) blood pressure
d) blood clotting
e) neurotransmission
Answer: e
Difficulty: Easy
17) What allows receptors for extracellular signaling molecules present on the responding cell's surface to recognize
such molecules so readily?
a) They bind the signaling molecules with low affinity.

b) They bind the signaling molecules with high affinity.
c) They denature the signaling molecules.
d) They stabilize the signaling molecules.
e) They infiltrate the signaling molecules.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
18) What role do activated steroid receptors play in the cell?
a) activation of inactive enzymes

b) inactivation of active enzymes
c) ligand-regulated transcription factors
d) opening of specific ion channels
e) activation of cytoplasmic proteins
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
19) Where are steroid receptors generally located and where do they bind the steroid hormone once it enters the cell?
a) They are located and bind the steroids in the cytoplasm.

b) They are located and bind the steroids in the middle of the cell membrane.
c) They are located and bind the steroids on the extracellular membrane surface.
d) They are located and bind the steroids on the intracellular membrane surface.
e) The receptors are located in the cytoplasm but they bind their ligands in the lysosomes.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
20) Why are G-protein coupled receptors often known as 7TM receptors?
a) They have 7 tyrosine-methionine dipeptides in their structure.

b) They have 7 transmembrane -pleated sheets.
c) They have 7 transmembrane --helices.
d) They have 7 methionine-tryptophan dipeptides in their structure.
e) They have 7 nucleotides attached to their structure.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 15.3 Explain the role of the G-protein coupled receptors within a signaling pathway.
Section Reference: Section 15.3 G-Protein Coupled Receptors and their Second Messengers
21) What is the largest protein superfamily encoded by animal genomes?
a) G-protein coupled receptors

b) RTKs
c) steroid receptors
d) tubulin superfamily
e) ligand-gated channels
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
22) Which of the following are not natural ligands that bind to G-protein coupled receptors?
a) hormones
b) neurotransmitters
c) chemoattractants
d) opium derivatives
e) steroid hormones
Answer: e
Difficulty: Easy
23) For many years, _______ was the only member of the GPCR superfamily to have its X-ray crystal structure
determined.
a) rhodopsin
b) the steroid receptor
c) the insulin receptor
d) the glucagon receptor
e) the endocrine receptor
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
24) Why does rhodopsin have an unusually stable structure for a GPCR?
a) Its ligand is permanently bound to the protein.

b) A retinal group is permanently bound to the protein.
c) The protein molecule can only exist in a single conformation in the absence of a stimulus.
d) The protein molecule can only exist in a single conformation in the dark.
e) All of these are correct.
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
25) Place the events below in the correct order.
1) G protein binds to activated receptor forming a receptor-G protein complex
2) Release of GDP by the G protein
3) Change in conformation of the cytoplasmic loops of the receptor
4) Binding of GTP by the G protein
5) Increase in the affinity of the receptor for a G protein on the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane.
6) Binding of a hormone or neurotransmitter to a G-protein coupled receptor
7) Conformational shift in the  subunit of the G protein
a) 6 – 3 – 5 – 1 – 2 – 4 – 7
b) 3 – 6 – 5 – 1 – 7 – 2 – 4
c) 6 – 3 – 5 – 1 – 7 – 2 – 4
d) 6 – 7 – 3 – 5 – 1 – 2 – 4
e) 6 – 3 – 5 – 1 – 7 – 4 – 2
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
26) The subunits of the heterotrimeric G protein are called ___________ subunits.
a) ,  and 
b) ,  and 
c) ,  and 
d) ,  and 
e) ,  and 
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
27) Where is the guanine nucleotide-binding site of the G protein located?
a) on the G subunit
b) on the G subunit
c) on the G subunit
d) on the G subunit
e) on all three subunits
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
28) Place the following events in the proper order.

1) Activation of one or more cellular signaling proteins.
2) Dissociation of G from the G protein complex.
3) Production of a second messenger, like cAMP.
4) Replacement of GDP by GTP on the G after interaction with an activated GPCR.
5) Conformational change in the G subunit causing a decreased affinity for the G  subunit.
6) G-subunit with its attached GTP activates an effector like adenylyl cyclase.
a) 4 – 5 – 2 – 6 – 3 – 1
b) 5 – 4 – 2 – 6 – 3 – 1
c) 4 – 6 – 2 – 5 – 3 – 1
d) 4 – 5 – 2 – 3 – 1 – 6
e) 1 – 5 – 2 – 4 – 3 – 6
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
29) Which heterotrimeric G proteins couple receptors to adenylyl cyclase via the activation of GTP-bound G
subunits?
a) Gs family
b) Gq family
c) Gi family
d) G12/13 family
e) Gr family
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
30) Which heterotrimeric G proteins function by inhibiting adenylyl cyclase?
a) Gs family
b) Gq family
c) Gi family
d) G12/13 family
e) Gr family
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
31) Which heterotrimeric G proteins are less well characterized than the other G protein families and have had their
inappropriate activation associated with excessive cell proliferation and malignant transformations?
a) Gs family
b) Gq family
c) Gi family
d) G12/13 family
e) Gr family
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
32) The process that blocks active receptors from turning on additional G proteins is called ________.
a) hypersensitization
b) desensitization
c) hyposensitization
d) deactivation
e) sensitivitization
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
33) In order to begin desensitization, the ________ domain of the activated G protein-coupled receptor is
phosphorylated by a specific enzyme called a(n) ________.
a) extracellular, G protein-coupled receptor kinase

b) extracellular, G protein-coupled receptor phosphatase
c) cytoplasmic, G protein-coupled receptor kinase
d) cytoplasmic, G protein-coupled receptor phosphatase
e) extracellular, GRK
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
34) GRKs are a small family of ________ protein kinases, most of which are localized to the _______ surface of the
plasma membrane.
a) serine-threonine, cytoplasmic
b) serine-threonine, extracellular
c) tyrosine, cytoplasmic
d) tyrosine, extracellular
e) serine-tyrosine, cytoplasmic
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
35) What recruits cytoplasmic GRKs (G protein-coupled receptor kinases) to the plasma membrane?
a) inhibition of certain G proteins

b) destruction of the GPCRs
c) activation of GPCRs
d) inhibition of the GPCRs
e) destruction of the hormone
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
36) ________ form a small group of proteins that bind to GPCRs and compete for binding to those GPCRs with
heterotrimeric G proteins.
a) Stablins
b) Arrestins
c) Monomeric G proteins
d) G protein-coupled receptor kinases
e) Desensitizers
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
37) Arrestin binding to GPCRs __________.
a) causes the binding of additional G proteins

b) prevents further activation of additional G proteins
c) causes denaturation of G proteins
d) stabilizes G proteins
e) stabilizes GPCRs
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
38) While bound to phosphorylated GPCRs, to what else can arrestins bind?
a) G proteins
b) clathrin molecules in clathrin-coated pits
c) other arrestins
d) hormones
e) GRKs
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
39) What does the interaction between arrestin and clathrin promote?
a) the uptake of free hormone

b) the uptake of phosphorylated GPCRs into the cell by exocytosis
c) the uptake of phosphorylated GPCRs into the cell by endocytosis
d) the expulsion of phosphorylated GPCRs from the cell by exocytosis
e) the secretion of GPCRs
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
40) What happens to cells if the receptors are degraded once they are internalized?
a) The cells are able to make a magnified response to the same stimulus from the ligand in question.
b) The cells permanently lose sensitivity for the ligand in question.
c) The cells lose, at least temporarily, sensitivity for the ligand in question.
d) The cells remain sensitive to the ligand in question.
e) The cells expand.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
41) How is signaling by an activated G subunit terminated?
a) The bound GTP is hydrolyzed to GMP.

b) The bound GDP is hydrolyzed to GTP.
c) The bound GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP.
d) The bound GDP is phosphorylated to GTP.
e) The G subunit releases GDP and binds GTP.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
42) What is the function of carbon number 1 on the inositol ring of phosphatidylinositol?
a) It binds to steroid receptors.

b) It joins inositol to diacylglycerol.
c) It joins a phosphate group to diacyglycerol.
d) It joins glucose to diacylglycerol.
e) It joins two diacyglycerol molecules together.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
43) What group of enzymes phosphorylates most of the carbons on inositol?
a) phospholipases
b) phosphoinositide kinases
c) phosphorylases
d) phosphodiesterases
e) phosphatases
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
44) What enzyme below does diacylglycerol (DAG) recruit and activate?
a) phosphatidylinositol (PI)-specific phospholipase C-

b) protein kinase A
c) protein kinase C
d) glycogen phosphorylase
e) phosphorylase kinase
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
45) The effect of inositol triphosphate is usually transient because __________.
a) it is so stable
b) it is rapidly inactivated enzymatically
c) it is slowly activated enzymatically
d) it is so big
e) it is so small
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
46) In what form do animal cells store glucose?
a) glucogen
b) glycogen
c) agarose
d) amylose
e) amylopectin
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
47) Which cells secrete epinephrine?
a) -cells in the pancreas

b) -cells in the pancreas
c) -cells in the pancreas
d) cortical cells in the adrenal gland
e) medulla cells in the adrenal gland
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
48) Which hormone is secreted by -cells in the pancreas in response to low blood glucose levels?
a) insulin
b) glycogen
c) glucagon
d) epinephrine
e) somatostatin
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
49) What might cause a person to have an inability to detect a particular chemical in the environment that most other
members of the population can perceive?
a) mutations is a specific gene encoding the odorant receptor for that particular chemical
b) mutations in the genes for all odorant molecules
c) mutations in the genes for G proteins
d) mutations in the genes for neurotransmitters
e) mutations in the gene for one neurotransmitter
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
50) Perception of sour tastes depends upon _________.
a) a compound interacting with a G protein coupled receptor on the receptor cell surface
b) sodium ions in the food that enter cation channels in the taste receptor plasma membrane, leading to a membrane
depolarization
c) protons in the food that enter cation channels in the taste receptor plasma membrane, leading to a membrane
depolarization
d) potassium ions in the food that enter cation channels in the taste receptor plasma membrane, leading to a
membrane depolarization
e) protons in the food that enter cation channels in the taste receptor plasma membrane, leading to a membrane
hyperpolarization
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
51) How many high-affinity sweet-taste receptors have been identified?
a) none
b) 30
c) 1
d) 10
e) 3
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
52) Where are the olfactory receptor cells located?
a) the brain
b) the nasal septum
c) the nasal mucosa
d) the surface of the tongue
e) the nasal serosa
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
53) Why do colds cause us to lose some of our appreciation for the taste of food?
a) The symptoms of colds interfere with the stimuli reaching the taste bud receptors, thus dulling the perception of
taste.
b) The symptoms of colds prevent stimuli from reaching olfactory neurons efficiently, thus dulling the perception of
taste.
c) Cold viruses raise the firing threshold of olfactory neurons, thus dulling the perception of taste.
d) Cold viruses lower the firing threshold of olfactory neurons, thus dulling the perception of taste.
e) Cold viruses denature olfactory neurons, thus dulling the perception of taste.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
54) _________ are enzymes that phosphorylate specific tyrosine residues on protein substrates.
a) Protein tyrosinases
b) Protein-tyrosine kinases
c) Tyrosine pronases
d) Proteokinases
e) Tyrokinases
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 15.4 Discuss how protein-tyrosine kinases function in a variety of signal transduction
pathways.
Section Reference: Section 15.4 Protein-Tyrosine Phosphorylation as a Mechanism for Signal Transduction
55) Which of the following features would be a requirement for a receptor that exhibits ligand-mediated
dimerization?
a) The ligand has only one binding site for receptors.

b) The ligand has two binding sites for receptors.
c) The receptor must have a phenylalanine residue in a specific location.
d) The receptor must have a molecular weight of 50,000 daltons.
e) Ligand binding causes a conformational shift that reveals a binding site for another receptor.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
pathways.
56) Which of the following supports the ligand-mediated model of receptor dimerization?
a) Some growth and differentiation factors like PDGF or CSF-1 are composed of two similar or identical disulfide-
linked subunits, each of which has a binding site for a receptor.
b) Ligands have been found to be small proteins.
c) Ligands have been found to be steroid hormones.
d) Ligands were found to bind to each other
e) Receptors have been shown to have multiple binding sites for ligands.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Hard
pathways.
57) Which statement below is an accurate description of receptor-mediated dimerization?
a) Ligands act as allosteric regulators that turn on the ability of their receptors to form dimers.
b) Ligands act as allosteric inhibitors that turn on the ability of their receptors to form dimers.
c) Ligands act as allosteric inhibitors that turn off the ability of their receptors to form dimers.
d) Ligands act as allosteric regulators that turn off the ability of their receptors to form dimers.
e) Ligands act as bridging factors that allow the receptors to dimerize.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
pathways.
58) Once the kinase domain of receptor protein-tyrosine kinase has been activated, what does the activated receptor
protein-tyrosine kinase do?
a) The receptor subunits denature.

b) Each receptor subunit phosphorylates its partner on tyrosine residues found in regions adjacent to the kinase
domain.
c) Each receptor subunit phosphorylates itself on tyrosine residues found in regions adjacent to the kinase domain.
d) The receptor subunits dephosphorylate each other.
e) The receptor subunits refold into a more effective conformation.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
pathways.
59) What phosphorylates the tyrosine residues found on docking proteins?
a) a G protein coupled receptor

b) a receptor protein-tyrosine kinase
c) a cytoplasmic protein-tyrosine kinase
d) adaptor proteins
e) receptor protein phosphatases
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
pathways.
60) Which of the following contains an SH2 domain together with a tyrosine phosphorylation site that can act as a
binding site for the SH2 domain of an identical molecule leading to dimerization?
a) adaptor proteins
b) docking proteins
c) transcription factors
d) enzymes
e) All of these are correct.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
pathways.
61) What event is usually responsible for terminating signal transduction by RTKs?
a) dephosphorylation of the receptor

b) degradation of the ligand
c) receptor internalization
d) phosphorylation of the receptor
e) acetylation of the receptor
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
pathways.
62) ________ is a small protein that is linked covalently to other proteins, thereby marking those proteins for
internalization or degradation.
a) Chaperonin
b) Ubiquitin
c) Proinsulin
d) Transcriptin
e) Tubulin
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
pathways.
63) Viruses that carry their genetic information in the form of RNA are called ________.
a) viria
b) retroviruses
c) reverse transcriptases
d) retrons
e) provirions
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
pathways.
64) Genes that enable viruses to transform normal cells into tumor cells are called _________.
a) oncogenes
b) cancogenes
c) haplogenes
d) tumor enhancer genes
e) transformer genes
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
pathways.
65) What kind of enzyme is the RAS gene product, the Ras protein?
a) an ATPase
b) a kinase
c) a phosphodiesterase
d) a GTPase
e) a phosphatase
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
pathways.
66) What holds Ras at the inner surface of the plasma membrane?
a) weak interactions with the phospholipid head groups

b) weak interactions with integral membrane proteins
c) hydrophilic interactions of the Ras protein with the interior of the phospholipid bilayer
d) attachment to a lipid group that is embedded in the inner leaflet of the bilayer
e) attachment to a carbohydrate group that is embedded in the inner leaflet of the bilayer
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
pathways.
67) How is Ras activity turned off?
a) It is turned off by phosphorylation.

b) It is turned off by hydrolysis of its bound GTP to GDP.
c) It is turned off by hydrolysis of its bound GDP to GTP.
d) It is turned off by an allosteric inhibitor.
e) It is turned off by hydrolysis of its bound GTP to GMP.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
pathways.
67) In cells exposed to stressful stimuli, like X-rays or damaging chemicals, what response does the MAP kinase
cascade coordinate?
a) cell proliferation
b) withdrawal from the cell cycle
c) rapid differentiation
d) slowing of the Krebs cycle
e) a loss of sensory ability
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
pathways.
68) What is the reason for the withdrawal of cells from the cell cycle after exposure to stressful stimuli, like X-rays
and damaging chemicals?
a) It gives the cell time to repair damage resulting from such adverse conditions.
b) It allows the cell to initiate programmed cell death.
c) It allows cells to initiate sodium transport.
d) It allows the cell to secrete defensive chemicals.
e) It gives the cell time to switch its developmental pathways.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
pathways.
69) Specificity in MAP kinase pathways is sometimes achieved by spatial localization of the pathway's component
proteins. Spatial localization of these components is done by structural (i.e., nonenzymatic) proteins called
_____________.
a) sequestration proteins
b) partitioning proteins
c) scaffolding proteins
d) framework proteins
e) spatial organization proteins
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
pathways.
70) Two  heterodimers of the insulin receptor are held together by ____ between the _______.
a) ionic bonds,  chains

b) ionic bonds,  chains
c) disulfide bonds,  chains
d) disulfide bonds,  chains
e) disulfide bonds,  chain of one heterodimer and the  chain of the other
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
pathways.
71) What part of an insulin-receptor substrate binds to tyrosine phosphorylation sites on the activated insulin
receptor?
a) an N-terminal PH domain
b) a PTB domain
c) a long tail containing tyrosine phosphorylation sites
d) a C-terminal PH domain
e) a PKB domain
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
pathways.
72) The enzyme below that has been identified as a negative regulator of glycogen synthase is ______.
a) glycogen phosphorylase
b) glycogen phosphorylase kinase
c) glycogen synthase kinase-3
d) insulin synthase kinase
e) protein kinase A
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
pathways.
73) What is responsible for deactivating glycogen synthase kinase-3?
a) its phosphorylation by PKB

b) its dephosphorylation by protein phosphatase 1
c) its dephosphorylation by PKB
d) its phosphorylation by protein phosphatase 1
e) its degradation by PKB
Answer: a
Difficulty: Hard
pathways.
74) Type I diabetes is caused by ________.
a) degradation of insulin in the bloodstream

b) an inability to produce insulin
c) a decrease in the ability of target cells for insulin to respond to the presence of the hormone
d) insulin resistance
e) an overproduction of insulin
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
pathways.
75) The concentration of calcium ions in the ER lumen, the plant cell vacuole and the extracellular space are on
average more than _______ times higher than in the cytosol.
a) 10
b) 100
c) 1,000
d) 10.000
e) 1,000,000
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 15.5 Describe the role of calcium in mediating responses to various stimuli.
Section Reference: Section 15.5 The Role of Calcium as an Intracellular Messenger
76) Following a nerve impulse, what triggers the opening of plasma membrane voltage-gated Ca2+ channels?
a) membrane hyperpolarization
b) binding of an appropriate ligand
c) membrane depolarization
d) membrane hypopolarization
e) binding of K+ ions
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
77) How is the distribution of free calcium ions in the living cell detected?
a) fluorescent probes that emit light in the presence of calcium ions

b) antibodies bound to ferritin
c) an electron microscope
d) autoradiography and the distribution of radioisotope
e) NMR imaging
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
78) What generally triggers the release of calcium ions by ryanodine receptors?
a) potassium efflux
b) sodium influx
c) an action potential
d) IP3 release
e) IP3 uptake
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
79) Among the agents that can cause ryanodine receptors to open are _______ ions, in a phenomenon called
_______.
a) calcium, calcium-integrated calcium release

b) calcium, calcium-induced calcium release
c) potassium, potassium-induced calcium release
d) chlorine, chlorine-induced calcium release
e) copper, copper-induced calcium release
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
80) What is activated by calcium ions entering an egg cell just after fertilization?
a) protein kinase A
b) insulin
c) cyclin-dependent kinases that drive the zygote toward its first mitotic division
d) cyclin-dependent kinases that drive the zygote toward its first meiotic division
e) glucagon-dependent kinases that drive the zygote toward its first mitotic division
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
81) What can cause the stockpile of intracellular calcium ions to be depleted?
1) periods of repeated cellular responses
2) a paucity of cellular responses
3) crystallization of calcium ions with chlorine ions
4) crystallization of calcium with phosphate ions
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
e) 3 and 4
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
82) Ora1 is a tetrameric _______ that has been identified as being involved in a particular type of inherited human
immune deficiency that results from a lack of Ca2+ stores in ________.
a) Ca2+--ion channel, B lymphocytes

b) Ca2+--ion pump, B lymphocytes
c) Ca2+-ion channel, T lymphocytes
d) Ca2+--ion pump, T lymphocytes
e) Ca2+--ion channel, macrophages
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
83) What is the name of a calcium-binding protein that acts in conjunction with calcium to bring about the responses
associated with cytoplasmic rises in calcium ion concentration?
a) calpectin
b) calmodulin
c) calcariain
d) callistin
e) modulocalcin
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
84) In which organism below has calmodulin not been found?
a) plants
b) animals
c) bacteria
d) yeasts
e) humans
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
85) Why does calcium not bind to calmodulin in an nonstimulated cell?
a) Calmodulin's affinity for calcium ions is too low to allow binding in an nonstimulated cell.
b) Calmodulin's affinity for calcium ions is too high to allow binding in an nonstimulated cell.
c) In an nonstimulated cell, calcium ions are destroyed.
d) In an nonstimulated cell, calcium ions are produced.
e) In an nonstimulated cell, calcium ions preferentially bind to another protein in the cytosol.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
86) The activation of a common effector by signals from a variety of unrelated receptors, each of which binds to its
own ligand, is called _________.
a) divergence
b) convergence
c) crosstalk
d) transvergence
e) coherence
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 15.6 Define convergence, divergence, and crosstalk in reference to signal transduction
pathways.
Section Reference: Section 15.6 Convergence, Divergence, and Crosstalk Among Different Signaling Pathways
87) The passage of signals back and forth between different pathways is referred to as _________.
a) divergence
b) convergence
c) crosstalk
d) transvergence
e) coherence
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
pathways.
88) What molecule is responsible for activating Rsk-2?
a) PKA
b) CREB
c) MAPKK
d) MAPK
e) cAMP
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
pathways.
89) What inorganic gas has been shown to act as a second messenger that relaxes the smooth muscles of blood
vessels?
a) NO
b) N2O
c) nitrous oxide
d) CO
e) N2
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
pathways.
90) _____ is formed from the amino acid L-______ in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme _____.
a) Nitrous oxide, arginine, nitrous oxide synthase

b) Nitric oxide, asparagine, nitric oxide synthase
c) Nitric oxide, alanine, nitric oxide synthase
d) Nitric oxide, arginine, nitric oxide synthase
e) Nitrous oxide, arginine, nitric oxide synthase
Answer: d
Learning Objective: LO 15.7 Describe the steps in the signaling pathway by which nitric-oxide mediates dilation of
blood vessels.
Section Reference: Section 15.7 The Role of NO as an Intracellular Messenger
91) Why did the smooth muscle in cultured strips of aorta not respond to acetylcholine by relaxing, while the
smooth muscle of aortic rings did?
a) Smooth muscle cells in aortic strips are physically incapable of relaxing under any circumstances.
b) Acetylcholine in the strips could not penetrate to the muscle cells while in the rings it could.
c) Smooth muscle cells in aortic rings express acetylcholine receptors, while those in strips do not.
d) The delicate endothelial layer in aortal strips had been rubbed away during dissection, while in aortal rings it
remained intact.
e) The endothelial layer in aortal strips was abnormally thickened, while in aortal rings it was not.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
blood vessels.
92) In which of the following biological processes is nitric oxide not involved?
a) anticoagulation
b) neurotransmission
c) smooth muscle relaxation
d) visual perception
e) hearing
Answer: e
Difficulty: Easy
blood vessels.
93) What agent made by endothelial cells makes blood vessel smooth muscle cells relax?
a) nitrous oxide
b) acetylcholine
c) nitric oxide
d) cAMP
e) cGMP
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
blood vessels.
94) What stimulus triggered by the binding of acetylcholine then activates nitric oxide synthase?
a) a rise in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration

b) a drop in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration
c) an action potential
d) cellular hyperpolarization
e) release of cGMP
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
blood vessels.
95) How were nitroglycerine's therapeutic benefits discovered?
a) through careful drug testing

b) the fact that dynamite factory workers with heart conditions had less angina on days that they worked
c) the fact that dynamite factory workers with heart conditions had more angina on days that they worked
d) by reading the literature
e) by prayer
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
blood vessels.
96) How does Viagra enhance erectile function of the penis?
a) by inhibiting nitric oxide release

b) by inhibiting guanylyl cyclase activity
c) by preventing cGMP production
d) by inhibiting cGMP phosphodiesterase
e) by inhibiting cGMP phosphatase
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
blood vessels.
97) The addition of nitric oxide to the sulfhydryl groups of certain cysteine residues in a number of proteins,
including hemoglobin, Ras, ryanodine channels and caspases alters the activity, turnover or interactions of the
proteins. This posttranslational modification is called _______.
a) S-nitrosylation
b) SH-nitrosylation
c) sulfhydration
d) nitrofruition
e) nitric acidification
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
blood vessels.
98) To which amino acid is nitric oxide added, altering the activity, turnover and/or interactions of proteins like
hemoglobin, Ras, ryanodine channels and caspases?
a) alanine
b) cysteine
c) methionine
d) asparagine
e) phenylalanine
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
blood vessels.
99) How does the immune system manage to avoid recognizing and attacking normal cells within the body?
a) The body never makes T lymphocytes that can react against normal cells within the body.
b) T lymphocytes that have the ability to recognize normal cells within the body are eliminated by apoptosis early in
the development of the immune system.
c) Normal body cells are coated with a special secreted protective proteoglycan that prevents the immune system
from attacking them.
d) Normal body cells are coated with a special secreted protective glycoprotein that prevents the immune system
from attacking them.
e) Normal body cells are coated with a mixture of special secreted protective proteoglycans and glycoproteins that
prevents the immune system from attacking them.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 15.8 Discuss the steps that induce and cause apoptosis in vertebrate biology.
Section Reference: Section 15.8 Apoptosis (Programmed Cell Death)
100) What gene in C. elegans was found to play a critical role in apoptosis?
a) CED-3
b) DEG-3
c) NSO-1
d) Eco R1
e) CEL-3
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
101) A family of proteins homologous to the products of the CED-3 gene in C. elegans has been discovered in
mammals. What is this family of proteins called?
a) capsidases
b) caspases
c) capsasins
d) capsulases
e) apoptases
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
102) How is caspase-activated DNase (CAD) activated?
a) A caspase cleaves CAD, activating it.

b) A caspase cleaves an activator of CAD, turning it on and causing it to activate CAD.
c) A caspase cleaves a CAD inhibitor, relieving the CAD of inhibition.
d) A caspase binds to CAD allosterically, activating it.
e) None of these are correct.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
103) The _________ pathway of apoptosis is one in which external stimuli activate apoptosis via a signaling
pathway.
a) extrinsic
b) external
c) intrinsic
d) peripheral
e) integral
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
104) The _________ pathway of apoptosis is one in which internal stimuli activate apoptosis.
a) extrinsic
b) external
c) intrinsic
d) peripheral
e) integral
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
105) What is the name of an extracellular messenger protein that is named for its ability to kill tumor cells and also
serves as an apoptotic stimulus?
a) tumor angiogenesis factor

b) tumor death factor
c) tumor necrosis factor
d) necromancer factor
e) tumorigenic factor
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
106) Evidence suggests that TNFR1 is present in the plasma membrane as __________.
a) a preassembled trimer
b) a preasembled dimer
c) a disassembled trimer
d) a disassembled dimer
e) a tetrameric trimer
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
107) Each TNFR1 receptor subunit has a cytoplasmic domain with a segment of about 70 amino acids that mediates
protein-protein interactions. This domain of the receptor is referred to as the ______ domain.
a) central
b) morte
c) death
d) terminal
e) cytoplasmic
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
108) Bcl-2 acts as a(n) ________ by promoting ___________.
a) oncogene, cell division

b) haplogene, survival of potential cancer cells that would otherwise die by apoptosis
c) oncogene, survival of potential cancer cells that would otherwise die by apoptosis
d) cancer gene, survival of potential cancer cells that would otherwise die by apoptosis
e) haplogene, cell division
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
109) Once activated, what does caspase-9 itself activate?
a) phospholipase C
b) protein kinase A
c) other initiator caspases
d) downstream executioner caspases
e) downstream caspase-8
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy

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Package Title: Test Bank

Course Title: Karp7e

Question Type: Multiple Choice

a) intracellular messenger molecules

a) A protein in the middle of an intracellular signaling pathway is activated.

a) a change in gene expression

a) at the cell surface

11) Which amino acids are known to be phosphorylated by protein kinases?

a) tyrosine, threonine, glycine

12) Which molecule below is unlikely to act as either a neurotransmitter or hormone?

14) From what molecule are the steroids derived?

16) Which of the following processes is not regulated by eicosanoids?

a) They bind the signaling molecules with low affinity.

18) What role do activated steroid receptors play in the cell?

a) activation of inactive enzymes

a) They are located and bind the steroids in the cytoplasm.

a) They have 7 tyrosine-methionine dipeptides in their structure.

21) What is the largest protein superfamily encoded by animal genomes?

a) G-protein coupled receptors

a) Its ligand is permanently bound to the protein.

27) Where is the guanine nucleotide-binding site of the G protein located?

28) Place the following events in the proper order.

30) Which heterotrimeric G proteins function by inhibiting adenylyl cyclase?

a) extracellular, G protein-coupled receptor kinase

a) inhibition of certain G proteins

37) Arrestin binding to GPCRs __________.

a) causes the binding of additional G proteins

a) the uptake of free hormone

41) How is signaling by an activated G subunit terminated?

a) The bound GTP is hydrolyzed to GMP.

a) It binds to steroid receptors.

43) What group of enzymes phosphorylates most of the carbons on inositol?

a) phosphatidylinositol (PI)-specific phospholipase C-

45) The effect of inositol triphosphate is usually transient because __________.

47) Which cells secrete epinephrine?

a) -cells in the pancreas

50) Perception of sour tastes depends upon _________.

51) How many high-affinity sweet-taste receptors have been identified?

52) Where are the olfactory receptor cells located?

a) The ligand has only one binding site for receptors.

57) Which statement below is an accurate description of receptor-mediated dimerization?

a) The receptor subunits denature.

59) What phosphorylates the tyrosine residues found on docking proteins?

a) a G protein coupled receptor

a) dephosphorylation of the receptor

a) weak interactions with the phospholipid head groups

67) How is Ras activity turned off?

a) It is turned off by phosphorylation.

a) ionic bonds,  chains

73) What is responsible for deactivating glycogen synthase kinase-3?

a) its phosphorylation by PKB

74) Type I diabetes is caused by ________.

a) degradation of insulin in the bloodstream

a) fluorescent probes that emit light in the presence of calcium ions

a) calcium, calcium-integrated calcium release

a) Ca2+--ion channel, B lymphocytes

84) In which organism below has calmodulin not been found?

85) Why does calcium not bind to calmodulin in an nonstimulated cell?

88) What molecule is responsible for activating Rsk-2?

a) Nitrous oxide, arginine, nitrous oxide synthase

a) a rise in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration

95) How were nitroglycerine's therapeutic benefits discovered?

a) through careful drug testing

108) Bcl-2 acts as a(n) by promoting ___.