Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
(KALASALINGAM UNIVERSITY)
(Kalasalingam academy of research and education)
Krishnankoil 626 126
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
ABSTRACT
Fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) has been found to improve strength, ductility,
toughness, and durability of the structures. The application of FRC includes tunnel lining,
ground slab, façade and many more. However, when exposing them to high temperature such
as fire, there is still little information on the impact on its mechanical properties. The main
objective of the study is to understand the fundamental behaviour of FRC when it is exposed
to elevated temperature. However, rather than relying on one type of fibre, this study
proposed of mixing two different types of fibre in concrete which will then be exposed to
elevated temperature at normal temperature i.e. 27qC (room temperature), 200qC, and
400qC. The two types of fibres i.e. steel and propylene has different characteristics. The
study is mainly focused on the experimental work.
The fibre dosage will also be varied with percentage of steel of (1%), (1.5%), poly
propylene (0.10%), (0.15%) and (0-100) at fibres proportion from the volume of the concrete.
Therefore this research is expected to answer the fundamental question whether if one type is
vulnerable to fire, the other one will take place to avoid catastrophic failure of the whole
structure. Experimental work will be carried out to study the impact of elevated temperature
on the compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength. The effects high
temperatures on the compressive strength of concretes are presented. High performance
concrete was prepared in two series, using plain ordinary Portland cement (PC), and steel &
polypropylene fibre. The different percentages of fibres are considered depending on that
three series of mixes were prepared. Each series comprised a concrete mix, prepared without
any fibres, and concrete mixes reinforced with either or both steel fibres and polypropylene
fibres.
4
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2
2.1
General
3 MIX DESIGN 7
4.1 Preparation 9
4.1.1 Materials 9
4.1.2 Series of mixes 9
4.2 Basic tests 11
4.2.1 Specific gravity test 11
4.2.2 Initial and final setting time 13
5 METHODOLOGY
5.1 Methodology 15
5.2 Materials 16
5.3 Physical properties 19
5.3.1 Cement 19
5.3.2 Fine and course aggregate 19
5.3.3 Water and admixtures 20
5.3.4 Polypropylene fibres 20
5.3.5 Steel fibres 21
5.3.6 Advantages of steel f.r.c 21
5.4 Experimental procedures 21
5.5 Casting of concrete specimen 25
5
7 AKNOWLEDGEMENT 36
8 REFERENCES 36
6
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
4.1 PERCENTAGE OF FIBRES 12
4.2.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FINE AGGREGATE 13
6.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CUBE 29
6.2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AT DIFFERENT 30
TEMPERATURE
6.3 PERCENTAGE LOSS IN WEIGHT 32
6.4 PERCENTAGE LOSS IN COMPRESSIVE 34
STRENGTH
8
CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
In Present days the use of high strength concrete is increased drastically and this is
made possible with the help of reinforcements like steel fibres, polypropylene fibres,
geopolymers etc. These reinforcements have a direct increase in the strength of the concrete
matrix. When these fibre reinforced concretes are subjected to high temperatures they will not
behave as usual. The behaviour of concrete at Elevated temperatures depends on length of
exposure, rate of temperature rise, degree of water saturation of the concrete, age of the
concrete, type of aggregate used, type of cement used, aggregate/ cement ratio. In this study
the change in the properties of fibre reinforced concrete under different temperatures and also
the maximum temperature till the concrete can withstand is discussed.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) has been found to improve strength, ductility,
toughness, and durability of the structures. However, when exposing them to high
temperature such as fire, there is still little information on the impact on its mechanical
properties. The main objective of the study is to understand the fundamental behaviour of on
(FRC) when it is exposed to elevated temperature. Fibre in concrete which will then be
exposed to elevated temperature at normal temperature i.e. 27C (room temperature),
200C, and 400C.
The fibre dosage will also be varied with percentage of steel-to – polypropylene of
(100-0), (75-25), (50-50), (25-75) and (0-100) at 1.5% of fibres proportion from the volume
of the concrete. Therefore this research is expected to answer the fundamental question
whether if one type is vulnerable to fire, the other one will take place to avoid catastrophic
failure of the whole structure.
Nuclear Engineering and Design 192 (2011) 17–65, Mechanical properties of steel fibre
reinforced reactive powder concrete following exposure to high temperature reaching
800 ◦C -Yuh-Shiou Taia, Huang-HsingPanb, Ying-NienKungb,
This study investigates the stress–strain relation of RPC in aquasistatic loading after
an elevated temperature. The cylinder specimens of RPC with ϕ 50mm×100mm are examined
at the room temperature and after 200–800 ◦C. Experimental results indicate that there is dual
compressive strength of RPC after heating from200–300 ◦C increases more than that at room
temperature, but significantly decreases when the temperature exceeds 300 ◦C. There is dual
10
peak strains of RPC also initially increase up to 400–500 ◦C, then decrease gradually beyond
500 ◦C.
This paper Fire belongs to one of the most dangerous aspects of civil and underground
engineering, mainly in the assessment of underground structures. The extensive use of
concrete as structural materials of linings or envelopes of underground power stations has led
to the need of full understanding the effects of fire. If concrete is subject to high temperature,
its mechanical behavior, including the compressive and tensile strengths, Poisson’s ratio and
modulus of elasticity, etc., changes dramatically with the increase of temperature.
On the other hand, these changes depend also on the peak temperature, the rate of
heating, the fire duration (time at which the structure is exposed to the extreme temperature),
on the type of concrete and the type of testing. The distribution of temperature inside of the
concrete slabs (cubes) reveals to be a very important phenomenon, as the water inside there
changes at a special temperature to a vapor, which, as superheated, can damage the surface of
the concrete elements and lower their bearing capacity. A large scale of experiments has been
carried out, which can, serve a possible improvement of the formulation of material
properties and subsequent comparison with numerical results. Various combinations of fibers,
such as a compound of PP and steel, also a carbon and steel combination and the normal
concrete have been tested for temperature to 10000 C. Cubes with dimension of 7 x 7 x 7
cm3 serve as the test specimens, which are heated to 150, 500, 600 or 10000 C. This
dimension is in full compliance with the existing norms. The loading is due to a one-sided
heating, while the other sides of the cubes will be held at room temperature.
Construction and Building Materials 132 (2017) 240–250 Influence of steel and/or
polypropylene fibres on the behavior of concrete at high temperature: Spalling, transfer
11
In this study different mixtures of high strength concretes (70 MPa) were prepared
with different natures of aggregates, moisture content, length and dosage of polypropylene
fibres (PPF) and steel fibres (SF) and subjected to the standard ISO 834 fire. Concretes with
60 kg/m3 of SF show spalling while plain concrete (without fibres) and concrete with 0.75
kg/m3 of PPF and 60 kg/m3 of SF did not spall. Microstructures, thermal, hydric and
mechanical properties of concretes were investigated. PPF increase the porosity and
permeability of concretes. Steel fibres control crack development which reduce the stress
relaxation phenomenon and the size of new pores
This paper presents and discusses the results of experimental tests performed on
concrete specimens internally reinforced with polypropylene and steel fibers. Specifically,
samples of five mixtures (plus a reference plain concrete), characterized by the same total
volume of fibers, but different fractions of polypropylene and steel fibers, and were tested
under compression and in bending. This study was aimed to clarify the influence of different
combinations of these fibers on the resulting fracture behavior of Hybrid Fiber-Reinforced
Concrete (HyFRC). As expected, the results obtained from compression tests highlighted a
negligible influence of fibers in terms of strength and, hence, FRC specimens exhibited a
post-peak response more ductile than the reference ones.
concrete were investigated. The test results show that both compressive strength and stiffness
of the concrete are significantly reduced after exposure to high temperatures. The addition of
steel fibers is helpful in preventing spalling, and significantly improves the ductility and the
cracking behavior of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) after exposure to high temperatures,
which is favorable for the application of RAC in building construction.
In this study, an artificial neural network model for compressive strength of self-
compacting concretes (SCCs) containing mineral additives and polypropylene (PP) fiber
exposed to elevated temperature were devised. Portland cement (PC) was replaced with
mineral additives such as fly ash (FA), granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS), zeolite (Z),
limestone powder (LP), basalt powder (BP) and marble powder (MP) in various
proportioning rates with and without PP fibers. SCC mixtures were prepared with water to
powder ratio of 0.33 and polypropylene fibers content was 2 kg/m3 for the mixtures
containing polypropylene fibers. Specimens were heated up to elevated temperatures (200,
400, 600 and 800 _C) at the age of 56 days. Then, tests were conducted to determine loss in
compressive strength.
The results showed that a severe strength loss was observed for all of the concretes
after exposure to 600 _C, particularly the concretes containing polypropylene fibers though
they reduce and eliminate the risk of the explosive spalling. Furthermore, based on the
experimental results, an artificial neural network (ANN) model-based explicit formulation
was proposed to predict the loss in compressive strength of SCC which is expressed in terms
of amount of cement, amount of mineral additives, amount of aggregates, heating degree and
with or without PP fibers. Besides, it was found that the empirical model developed by using
ANN seemed to have a high prediction capability of the loss in compressive strength of self
compacting concrete (SCC) mixtures after being exposed to elevated temperature.
15
CHAPTER 3
Mix design can be defined as the process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete
and determining the relative proportions with the objective of producing concrete of certain
minimum strength and durability as economically as possible. There are many methods
available for mix design. Here Indian Standard method, based on IS 10262-1982.
= 382 kg/m3
= 0.121
= 0.186
16
= 0.693
= 1160 kg/m3
= 825 kg/m3
Cement = 115.3 kg
CHAPTER 4
4.1.1 Material
1) Cement – ordinary Portland cement 53. The type / brand of cement are Ramco 53
grade. The specific gravity of cement is 3.15.
2) Course and fine aggregate- The 20 mm aggregate is used having specific gravity
2.920g/cm3.
3) Fibers: - the steel fibers used were hooked fibers with a length of 20 mm and aspect
ratio of 60. The polypropylene fibers are used manufactured by propex concrete systems
U.S.A. in an ISO 9001:2008 certified manufacturing facility certified by BBA.
4) Water: - potable tap water available in the site was used in the present investigation
for both casting and curing.
A total of 128 concrete mixes were prepared in each series with different cement
materials constitutions. While Series I mixes were prepared with plain ordinary PC, and
without fibers.
1% 32
Steel
1.5% 32
0.10% 32
polypropylene
0.15% 32
Test Procedure:
Clean the flask and dry it. Find the empty weight of the flask (W1) brass cap and
washer accurate to 1 g.
Take about 250 g of oven-dried soil and put in the flask. Find the weight of flask plus
cement (W2).
Fill the flask to half its height with distilled water and mix it thoroughly with glass
rod. Add more water and stir it. Replace the screw top and fill the flask flush with
hole in the conical cap. Dry the flask from outside, and find the Weight (W3).
Empty the flask, clean it and fill it with distilled water to the hole of the conical cap
and find the weight (W4).
Calculation:
Where,
CALCULATION
=3.13
TIMES
STANDARD
OBJECTIVE
APPARTUS
PROCEDURE
Immediately place the test block with the non-porous resting plate, under the
rod bearing the initial setting needle.
Lower the needle and quickly release allowing it to penetrate in to the mould.
Repeat this procedure until the needle fails to pierce the mould for 5 + 0.5mm.
Record the period elapsed between the time of adding water to the cement to
the time when needle fails to pierce the mould by 5 + 0.5mm as the initial
setting time.
22
Replace the needle of the vicat apparatus by the needle with an annular ring
Repeat the process until the annular ring makes an impression on the mould.
Record the period elapsed between the time of adding water to the cement to
the time when the annular ring fails to make the impression on the mould as
the final setting time
REPORT
o Report the initial setting time and final setting time in minutes.
PRECAUTION
The time of gauging in any case shall not be less than 3 minutes not more than
5minutes.
23
CHAPTER 5
5.1METHODOLOGY
Study of Journals
Collection of
Materials
Analysis Of Properties
Of Materials
Casting of Specimans
Curing of Specimans
Compression &
Flextural Strength Test
DurabilityTest
Results Analsis
24
5.2 MATERIALS
Basic and conventional concrete making materials like OPC 53 grade, locally
available fine aggregate of maximum size as 4.75mm, course aggregate of size 20mm and
10mm, potable water were used for casting conventional concrete (CC) and the fibers (Steel
and Polypropylene) are added in various % steel (1% and 1.5 %) and Polypropylene (0.5 %
and 1%) were used for casting fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) cubes. The figure below
shows the materials used for casting of conventional concrete specimens.
Sand polypropylene
25
Steel fibre
In this study we have used polypropylene fibres and steel fibres as reinforcing
materials to the concrete matrix. The cement we used is ordinary Portland cement of 53
grade.
5.3.1. Cement:
OPC 53 grade cement is used, conforming to IS 12269-1987. Cement specific gravity
is found to be 3.15 using pyconometer. Using Vicat apparatus consistency, initial and final
setting time is found which 32%, 30 and 260 minutes respectively.
Figure 4: cement
26
The river sand and crushed stones is used as fine aggregate and coarse aggregates
respectively. With the sieve size of 2.36 microns the fine aggregates are sieved whereas
coarse aggregate in 12mm sieve. The specific gravity with the help of pyconometer is found
for both fine and coarse aggregates which are 2.65 and 2.70 respectively.
A good quality of water is used and the water/cement ratio used is 0.35. Since low w/c
ratio is used 1% hyper plasticizer is used as admixture. The mix ratio as per design is
1:1.4:2.3.
Steel fibre is made up of steel and has a density of 7900 kg/cum. The diameter of the
steel fibre used is about 0.60 mm which is a hook end fibre. Length of this fibre used is 35
mm and hence the aspect ratio (L/D) is 55. The weight of steel fibre used is 1% to the total
volume of the concrete mix.
28
The mix design is based on the concept of conceptual mix design and the mix ratio is
determined as 1:1.4:2.3 with 0.35 w/c ratio. The materials are collected as per the ratio. Then
for steel fibre cube casting 1% the weight of the concrete mix is weighed and is mixed with
the cement and aggregates whereas for polypropylene fibres 0.15% of the weight of the
concrete mixture is used. Then the concrete is then casted in 100 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm
cubes. Allowing for setting of concrete for a day the cubes are demoulded and are kept in
curing water for 28 days. On the 28th day the cubes are taken out of the curing tank and are
made to dry. After an hour the weight of the air dried cube sample is noted and is then kept
inside a muffle furnace with temperature set to 100°C for an hour. Then the furnace is
switched off and the sample is left inside the furnace undisturbed for 24 hours. Next day the
cube is then tested to determine the compressive strength. The same is repeated for different
temperatures of 200°C, 300°C, till 800°C and the respective compressive strength of the cube
are found.
29
Metal moulds were arranged and oil was applied for easy demoulding of specimens.
Materials were weighed according to the mix ratio and were dropped in the mixer machine in
the order of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and cement. They were mixed in dry form
initially and then water was added to make it a wet mix.
The fibers (Steel and polypropylene) were added with the natural fine aggregate at the
time of weighing itself and rotated to get fiber reinforced concrete (FRC). After thorough
mixing, the concrete was transferred to the cubical moulds placed on the vibrating table.
Concrete was placed in three layers and each layer was compacted. Totally 64 Nos. Of cubes
of size 100mm x 100mm for both Steel and polypropylene materials
Curing means to cover the concrete so it stays moist. By keeping concrete moist, the
bond between the paste and the aggregates gets stronger so as to promote hardening of
concrete. Concrete doesn’t harden properly, if it is left to dry out and leads to early age
drying shrinkage. To help reduce water loss, immediately after demoulding of specimens they
were placed in curing tank containing potable water for proper curing until testing for a
period of 7days and 28 days. The figure below shows the picture of specimens placed in
curing tank.
values obtained from two successive values of weight exceeded 0.5 % of the lesser value and
repeated the procedure until the difference between any two successive values is less than 0.5
% of the lowest value obtained.
CHAPTER 6
The 7 days and 28 days cube compressive strength of plain concrete and fibre
reinforced concrete specimens are obtained from tests and tabulated. The bar charts are drawn
for comparative interpretation.
1%
Steel
1.5%
0.10%
polypropylene
0.15%
36
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
70
60
COMPRSSIVE STRENGTH(MPa)
50
40
steel fibre
30
polypropylene fibre
20
10
0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Temperature (◦C)
Tabulation for decrease in compressive strength and percentage loss in weight are
calculated and respective graphs are plotted. From figure 3 it is clear that the strength of steel
fibre is maximum at 400 °C and for polypropylene fibre is at 300 °C. So the percentage loss
in the compressive strength of the
fibres are calculated beyond the maximum temperatures of the respective fibres and
are plotted. The percentage loss in weight is taken as ordinate and temperature in abscissa and
weight loss is plotted for both the fibres.
38
STEEL
2600
2550
2500
2450
WEIGHT (Grams)
2400
2350
2300
2250
2200
2150
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
TEMPERATURE °C
Before heating After heating
POLYPROPYLENE
2700
2650
2600
2550
WEIGHT(Grams)
2500
2450
2400
2350
2300
2250
2200
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
TEMPERATURE °C
Before heating
After heating
8.00
7.00
Percentage Loss in Weight
6.00
5.00
4.00
steel fibre
3.00
polypropylene fibre
2.00
1.00
0.00
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Temperature °C
100 0 0
200 0 0
300 0 0
400 0 23.22
70
Percentage loss in Compressive Strength
60
50
40
steel fibre
30
polypropylene fibre
20
10
0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Temperature ° C
6.2. Conclusion
From the results and discussions the following conclusions are made regarding behaviour of
fibre reinforced concrete at elevated temperatures.
1. The steel fibre should not be used in places above 400°C as it started to decrease in
strength after the optimum temperature.
2. For the polypropylene fibres the maximum allowable temperature for good
functioning is about 300°C.
3. From figure 6 it is inferred that the polypropylene fibre melts but they fills up the
voids so that the weight loss is less when compared to steel fibres.
4. From table 1 it is clear that the compressive strength of polypropylene fibre is more
than that of the steel fibres in most of the cases.
42
5. The percentage loss of the compressive strength (figure 6) clearly proves that even
though the polypropylene fibres starts to melt before the steel fibres its fracture
properties is good than that of steel fibres at higher temperatures.
6.3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our sincere thanks to our chancellor Dr. K.Sridharan, for all the facilities
provided by him for completion of this project work.
We would like to express our gratitude to our Director of SMBS Dr. S.Sasi anand, for
his kind cooperation in this study.
Our sincere thanks to our Guide and Programmed chair Dr. R.C.Rajkiran, without him
this project could not have been this much successful; he also encouraged and guided us
throughout our experimental study.
6.4 REFERENCES
[1] T. Horiguchi, T. Sugawara & N. Saeki (2004). "Fire Resistance of Hybrid Fibre
Reinforced High Strength Concrete". RILEM Publications PRO. 39, pp: 303-310.
[2] L.T. Phan & N.J. Carino (2002). "Effects of Testing Conditions and Mixture Proportions
on Behaviour of High-Strength Concrete Exposed to High Temperature". ACI Material
Journal. pp: 54-66.
[3] S.l. Suhaendi T. Horiguchi (2008). "Explosive Spalling Mitigation Mechanism of Fibre
Reinforced High Strength Concrete under High
Temperature Condition". Proceeding of The International FIB Workshop on Fire Design of
Concrete Structure. pp: 189-197.
[4] K.D. Hertz (1992). "Danish Investigation on Silica Fumes Concrete at Elevated
Temperatures". ACI Material Journal. 328 (89), pp: 345-347.
43
[6] Y. Xu, Y.L. Wong, C.S. Poon & M. Anson (2001)."Impact of High Temperature on PFA
Concrete".Cement and Concrete Research. 31, pp:1065-1073.
[7] A. Nishida & N. Yamazaki (1995)." Study on the Properties of High Strength Concrete
with Short Polypropylene Fibre for Spalling
Resistance". Proceedings of the International Conference on Concrete under Severe
Conditions (CONSEC'95). Sapporo, Japan. August.
E&FN Spon, London, pp: 1141-1150.
[9] Y.N. Chan, X. Luo W. Sun (2000)."Compressive Strength and Pore Strucutre of High
Performance Concrete after Exposure to High
Temperature up to 800 C".Cement & Concrete Research. 30, pp: 247-251.
[10] X. Luo, W. Sun & S.Y.N Chan (2000)."Effect of Heating and Cooling Regimes on
Residual Strength and Microstructure of Normal Strength and High Performance
Concrete".Cement & Concrete Research. 30, pp: 379-383.
[13] M.R. Bangi& T. Horiguchi (2012)."Effect of Fibre Type and Geometry on Maximum
Pore Pressures in Fibre-Reinforced High Strength Concrete at Elevated
Temperatures".Cement & Concrete Research. 42, pp: 459-466.
[14] I.S. Ibrahim, F.A. Othman, M.I. Ghazali& A. Jameran (2013)." The Mechanical
Properties of Hybrid Fibre Reinforced Composite Concrete". Proceedings of the 13th East
Asia-Pacific Conference on Structural Engineering and Construction.11-13 September.
Sapporo, Japan: University of Hokkaido.
[16] BS EN 12390-6 (2009). Tensile Splitting Strength of Test Specimens. Testing Hardened
Concrete.1-14.