IMMUNIZATION

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Immunization
▪ Immunization is the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an
infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine. Vaccines
stimulate the body’s own immune system to protect the person against
subsequent infection or disease.

Passive Immunization
▪ Treatment that provides immunity through the transfer of antibodies obtained fro
m an immune individual.
▪ Transient immunization produced by the introduction into the system of pre-
formed antibody or specifically lymphoid cells.
The animal immunized is protected only as long as these antibodies or cells
remain in the blood and are active usually from 4 to 6 weeks. The immunity may
be natural, as in the transfer of maternal antibody too off spring, or artificial,
passive immunity following inoculation of antibodies or immune cells.

Active Immunization
▪ Is the induction of immunity after exposure to an antigen. Antibodies are created
by the recipient and may be stored permanently.
▪ Active immunization can occur naturally when a microbe or other antigen is
received by a person who has not yet come into contact with the microbe and
has no pre-made antibodies for defense. The immune system will eventually
create antibodies for the microbe, but this is a slow process and, if the microbe is
deadly, there may not be enough time for the antibodies to be used.

Difference
▪ Active immunity involves your bodies’ direct response to an unknown pathogen.
This response is the production of antibodies specific to the antigen of a
particular pathogen. This type of immunity is not immediate as it takes time to
have create enough of the correct antibodies to fight the
pathogen. Conversely, passive immunity is an immune response which involves
antibodies obtained from outside the body. An example of this is the antibodies a
mother passes to her infant through her breast milk. Immunity to the pathogens
which these antibodies are specific to is therefore immediate, as no time is
needed to create them.
Difference:

Active Immunity: Passive Immunity:

• The antibodies are produced in a • Antibodies are supplied from other

person’s own body. source than the person himself.

• It takes some time to provide • It is rapid because antibodies are

immunity after immunization. ready made and action is fast.

• It provides immunity for long time, • Its immunity is short lived.

sometime for log time.

• There is no harmful effect of active • Sometimes antitoxins prepared

immunization. from animals can cause some
reaction.

Active Vaccines:
 Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) – BCG given at earliest possible age protects the
possibility of TB meningitis and other Tb infections in which infant are prone.

 Diphteria Pertussis-Tetanus Vaccine – An early start with DPT reduces the

chance of severe pertussis.

 Oral Polio Vaccine – The extent of protection against polio is increased the
earlier the OPV is given.

 Hepatitis B Vaccine - An early start of Hepatitis B vaccine reduces the chance of

being infected and becoming a carrier. Prevents liver cirrhosis and liver cancer
which are more likely to develop if infected with Hepatitis B early in life.

 Measles Vaccine – At least 85% of measles can be prevented by immunization

at this age.
Tetanus Toxoid Immunization:

 TT1 (at 20th weeks of AOG) – Protection for the mother for the first delivery.

 TT2 (at least 4 weeks later) - Infants born to the mother will be protected from
neonatal tetanus. ; Gives 3 years protection for the mother.

 TT3 (at least 6 months later) - Gives 5 years protection for the mother.

 TT4 (at least 1 year later) – Gives 10 years protection to the mother.

 TT5 (at least 1 year later) – Gives lifetime protection for the mother. ; All infants
born to that mother will be protected.

Passive Vaccine:
▪ Influenza Vaccine - also known as flu shots or flu jabs, are vaccines that protect
against infection by in influenza viruses.

▪ Typhoid Vaccine - are vaccines that prevent typhoid fever. There are two types
that are widely available: Ty21a (a live vaccine given by mouth) and Vi capsular
polysaccharide vaccine (an injectable subunit vaccine). They are about 30 to
70% effective for the first two years depending on the specific vaccine in
question.

▪ Cholera Vaccines - are vaccines that are effective at preventing cholera. For the
first six months after vaccination they provide about 85 percent protection, which
decreases to 50 percent or 62 percent during the first year. After two years the
level of protection decreases to less than 50 percent. When enough of the
population is immunized, it may protect those who have not been immunized
(known as herd immunity).

▪ Rabies - Vaccination against rabies is used in two distinct situations:

1. To protect those who are at risk of exposure to rabies.

2. To prevent the development of clinical rabies after exposure has occurred,

usually following the bite of an animal suspected of having rabies.