Thakarcha 2017

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XIÀ¨-bpsS
\nÀ½mWw
Manufacturing Destruction
{^m³knkv tPmk^v
Francis Joseph
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kaÀ]Ww
kJmhv hÀ¤okv
( Rm³ Hcn-¡epw amÀIvkn-tÌm, amthm-bntÌm H¶p-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. )
kJmhv än.-hn.-tXm-a kv
( t]m-cm-bva-I Ä Dm-bn-c p¶p F¶n-cp-¶mepw kXy-k-Ô-\ mbn, A]-I-S-
§sf t\cn-«v, XymKw kln¨ \Ã a\p-jy³. Rm³ At±-l-¯nsâ IpSpw-_-
¡m-c -\pw )
3
BapJw
aq¶v `mK-§Ä- 1) km¼-¯nI XIÀ¨-bpsS \nÀ½mWw 2) kmaq-lnI
XIÀ¨-bpsS \nÀ½mWw 3) BtcmKy XIÀ¨bpsS \nÀ½mWw .
a\:imkv{Xw, at\mtcmK NnInÕ, Btcm-Ky- ]cn-c -£Ww, hnZym-`ymkw

F¶n-h -sb-¡p-dn¨v Gsd ]d-bp-hm-\p-v. AXv asämcp ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ .
CXnÂ Iptd-s bms¡ {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶p-v F¦nepw . sshZy-imkv{Xw
Ct¸mÄ Alternative Medicine AsÃ-¦nÂ kam-ć NnIn-Õsb DÄs¡m-
Åp-¶p. Ncn{Xw Alternative History sb DÄs¡m-tÅXpv.
Alternative Physics, Alternative Science, Alternative Reality F¶nhsb
Kuc-h-a mbn ]cn-K-Wn-t¡--Xp-v.
kmaq-lnI XIÀ¨-bpsS ]cn-[n-bnÂ hcp-¶-XmWv òI-c -X-bpsS \nÀ½m-

Ww. AXm-bXv Manufacturing Terrorism ( Manufacturing Chaos
,Insecurity - Ac£nXXz¯nsâ \nÀ½mWw ) . Btcm-Ky¯IÀ¨-bpsS ]cn-
[n-bnÂ Iym³k-dnsâbpw—Manufacturing Cancer FbvUvkn-sâbpw
Manufacturing Aids \nÀ½m-W-hpw. 80 iX-a m\w hsc NnIn-Õn¨v t`Z-
am¡mw F¶v BÀ.-kn.-kn Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw, tUmIvSÀ IrjvW³ \mbÀ
Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sp-¶Xv ip² X«n-¸m-Wv .
\h-temI {Ia-¯nsâ, temIm-[n-]-X y-¯ n-\p-thn \ne-sIm-Åp-¶-h-cpsS

\nK-a \w, `qan-bnÂ D]-tbmKiq\y-cmb a\p-jy-cmWv A[n-I-h pw. {]tXy-
In¨pw Gjy-bnepw B{^n-¡-bnepw. Cý AXnÂ {]apJ Øm\-¯ m-Wv.
C¶pÅ 650 tImSn P\-X-Xnsb ]e hn[-¯nÂ \in-¸n¨v 100 tImSnbnÂ
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tNÀt¡-Xv shfp¯ sXmen-bpÅ htcWy hÀ¤-¯nsâ \ne-\ nÂ¸n\v

Bh-iy-amWv F¶pw. AXm-bXv 550 tImSn P\-§sf sIms¶m-Sp-t¡-
Xpv F¶v.
Imivao-cns\ Cý-bnÂ \n¶v thÀs]-Sp-¯-W-sa¶v hmZn-¡p-¶-Xn\v

]Icw kam-[m\ ]qÀ®-amb amÀ¤w D]-tbm-Kn¨v ]m¡n-Øms\ Cý-
tbmSv tNÀ¯v hbv¡Ww F¶-X m-bn-c n¡pw sa¨-s ¸« amÀ¤w.
\tc-{µ tamZnsb Aw_m\n, ämä XpS-§n-b-hÀ ASp¯ {][m\ a{ń

F¶ \ne¡v DbÀ¯n-¡m-«p-¶Xv asämcp lnäve sd \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn-\ pÅ
]pd-¸m-SmtWm F¶ kwibw Df-hm-¡p-¶p. lnäve sd D]-tbm-Kn¨v PÀ½-
\nsb FÃm AÀ°-¯nepw XIÀ¯ A´m-cmjv{S _m¦ÀamÀ, Cýsb
XIÀ¡p-¶-Xn-\ pÅ ]pd-¸ mSnemsW¶v Icp-tX- n-bn-c n-¡p-¶p.
BÀ`m-Shpw A\m-h iy sNe-hp-Ifpw km¼-¯nI XIÀ¨bv¡v Imc-W-am-

hp-sa-¶p-ÅXv hkvXpX Xs¶-bm-Wv. F¶mÂ AXohw A]-I-S-I-c -amb
H«pw NÀ¨-sNbvX p ImWm¯ Imc-W-§Ä At\z-jn-¡p-I-bm-Wn-hnsS.
{]k-à-s a¶v tXm¶p¶ Ipd¨p hm¡p-IÄ Ipdn¡s«. Scientific

Dictatorship, Scientific Ignorance, Learned Ignorance , De population, De
Industrialisation. Alternative Reality. Alternative Thinking , Science is
Fiction. Superstition or Science. How much of Science is Scientific.
Scientific Disinformation. No to Disease Prevention And Yes to Disease
Substitution. Health Industry Making You Sick. Medical Science is
Injurious to Health .
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Cu ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ Bi-b-¯n-\ mWv {]mapJyw. Hcp {]tXyI

kw`hw \S¶ hÀj-¯nt\m Znh-k-¯nt\m AÃ. Dejure ]ns¶ Defacto
F¶o kwÚ-IÄ {]tXyI {i²-bÀln-¡p-¶p. Dejure F¶mÂ \nb-a-]-c-
ambn. Defacto F¶mÂ hmkvX -h-¯nÂ , {]tbm-K-¯nÂ Fs¶m-s¡-bm-
Wv. \nb-a-] -c-a mbn tZikmÂIrX {]Øm-\-§Ä , {]tbm-K-¯ nÂ AXnsâ
kz`mhw Im¯p kq£n-¡p-¶p-tm. ChnsS Dt±y-in-¡p-¶Xv dnkÀhv
_m¦nsâ {]hÀ¯-\-§-fm-Wv. AXv Hmtcm a\p-jy-s \bpw kmc-ambn ,
KmV-ambn _m[n-¡p¶, kzm[o-\n-¡p¶ {]Øm\amsW-¦ nepw AXnsâ
{]hÀ¯-\-§Ä ]cn-tim-[n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶
- n-Ã, hne-bn-cp-¯ -s¸-Sp-¶n-Ã.
Rm³ Nne tIm¬^-d³kp-I-f-nepw, skan-\m-dp-I-fnepw ]s¦-Sp-¡p-I -bp-m-

bn.
1) AÂjn-tagvkv tcmK-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ 5 Znhkw \op \n¶ A´m-cmjv{S
skan-\ mÀ, 2) HIV - AIDS s\¡p-dn¨v \S¶ 2 Znhkw \op- \n¶ C³tUm
þ bp.sI skan-\mÀ, 3) sdmane Ym¸-dnsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ \S¶ Ncn{X
skan-\ mÀ, 4) tIcfm bqWn-th-gvknän, Ncn{X hn`mKw ta[mhn {]^-kÀ
sI.-sI. Ipkp-asâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ \S¶ Re Writing History, 5) tZiob
tIm¬^-d³kv, kam-ć sshZy-imkv{Xw. kwL-Sn-¸n-¨ Xv sNss¶ P\-
dÂ Bip-] -{Xn-bnse No^v \yqtdm-f-PnÌv tUmIvSÀ Kncojpw, kplr¯v
tUmIvSÀ cmwIp-a mdpw. 6) sshZy-c Xv\w Huj-[-i me kwL-Sn-¸n¨ tZiob
skan-\ mÀ On Degenerative Diseases.
hnZym-`ym-kw
1) 10þmw Ìm³tUÀUv 61 iX-a m\w amÀ¡v. skbvâv tacokv sslkvIqÄ
]«w, Xncp-h-´-]pcw
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2) {]oUn{Kn, hnjbwþKWn-X-im-kv{Xw, ck-X{´w, DuÀÖX{´w. 80 iX-

am\w amÀ¡v. amÀ Chm-\n-tbmkv tImf-Pv, Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw
3) Un{Kn, hnjbw þ KWn-X-im-kv{Xw, DuÀÖX{´w, Ìmän-ÌnIvkv.
H¶mw hÀj KWnX imkv{X-¯n\v 100 iX-am\w, Ìmän-Ì n-Ivkn\v 63 iX-am-
\w. 3 hÀjs¯ icm-icn 59 iX-a m\w am{Xw. amÀ Chm-\n-tbmkv tImf-Pv,
Xncp-h-\-´-] pcw
4) Chartered Accountancy bpsS ]IpXn ( Intermediate ) 1989 Â hnP-bn-¨p.
]e Imc-W-§Ä sImpw apgp-a n-¡p-¶-Xn\v km[n-¨n-Ã.
Zp_mbv tI{µ-ambn {]hÀ¯n-¨n-cp¶ Emirates Psychological Society

bnÂ AwK-a m-bn-c p-¶p. \nb-a-]-c-amb Nne Imc-W-§-fmÂ AXv \ntcm-[n-¡-
s¸-«p. tUmIvSÀ sdbva v lmwZ³ Bbn-cp¶p t\Xr-Xzw. ]ns¶
tUmIvSÀ \mZnb _pl-¶ Zv \bn-¡p¶ Emirates Psychological Association
Â AwK-a m-bn. A®m-asse bqWnth-g vkn-än-bnÂ a\:imkv{X-¯nÂ _ncp-
Zm-\-ć _ncpZw, hnZqc hnZym-`ymk ]²-Xn-bnÂ tNÀ¶v, BZy hÀj
Contact Class Â ]s¦-Sp-¯p. XmXv] cyw \in-¨ p. hnj-b-¯nÂ Ah-Km-l-
an-Ãm¯ A²ym-] -Icpw ( Prof. Chalapathy HgnsI ) D]-tbmKiq\y-amb
kn²m-´-§-fpsS [mcm-fn-¯hpw Imc-Ww.
CXv Fsâ cm-a s¯ ]pkvX-I-amWv. BZys¯ ]pkvX-I w tabv Zn\w 2001

. 4 A²ym-b -§Ä IqsS tNÀ¯n-c p-¶p. 1. F´p-sIm-v tkmjy-enkw- -þ
BÂ _À«v sF³Ìo³ 2. amÀIvkn-kw, at\mhntÇ-j-Ww, s]cp-amä
imkv{Xw. 3. sXmgn-emfn hÀ¤w BtKmf hkvX p-X-IÄ 4. kzbw`c-
Ws¯¡pdn¨v tXmakv Pt^Àk¬ Nn´-IÄ.
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2017 . C¶v \ne-hn-en-c n-¡p¶ , cq£-a m-bn-s ¡m- n-cn-¡p¶ km¼-

¯nI XIÀ¨ bpàn`{Z-amb hni-Zo-I-c -W-a n-Ãm-¯-X m-Wv. ]WvUn-X³amÀ
F¶v Ah-I m-i -s¸-Sp-¶-hcpw \Sn-¡p-¶-h cpw AXns\ hni-I-e\w sN¿p-¶n-
Ã. ZoÀL-a mb teJ-\-§fpw AÀ°-a n-Ãm¯ hni-Zo-I-c -W-§fpw ]Icw
hbv¡p-¶p.
temIm-[n-]-Xy-¯ n\v thn , \h-temIw sI«n-¸ -Sp-¡p-¶-X n-\p-thn
\ne-sIm-Åp-¶-hÀ krjvSn-¡p-¶-XmWv AXv. tdmXvj oÂUvkv AXnsâ Xe-
¸¯v. tZiob hmZn-I fpw CSXpw hepXpw H¶p t]mse AÚX \Sn-¡p-
¶p. _m¦p-IÄ GI-tZiw 15 iX-a m-\ -¯n-\p- taÂ ]eni CuSm-¡p-¶p.
F´mWv AXnsâ ASn-Øm-\ w. ]pXnb Id³kn ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-¡p-¶-Xnsâ
ASn-Øm \w F´mWv. dnkÀhv _m¦nsâ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä cl-kym-ß-I-am-
bn-cn-¡-W-sa¶v Xocp-a m-\ n-¡-s ¸-«-Xnsâ \ym-bo-I-c Ww F´m-Wv. kÀ¡mÀ
sNe-hp-IÄ \ymbo-I-c n-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶Xv Fńsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯n-e m-Wv.
At\Iw tNmZy-§Ä A-h-ti-jn-¡p-¶p. {]ap-Jcpw, {]i-kvXcpw, ]WvUn-
Xcpw H¶pw C¯cw tNmZy-§Ä F´p-s Imv D¶-bn-¡p-¶n-Ã.
{ôta-bvk¬ F¶ kwL-S-\-bpsS bYmÀ° {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä F´m-Wv.

Cý-bnse cl-kym-t\z-jW tk\-IÄ AtX-¡p-dn¨v AÚ-cm-tWm.
temIm-tcm-Ky-kw-L-S\ FÃm-hÀ¡pw BtcmKyw F¶ ap{Zm-hmIyw

{]mhÀ¯n-I-am-¡p-¶Xv Btcm-Ky-a n-Ãm-¯-h sc \in-¸n¨psImm-bn-cn-¡mw.
sFIy cmjv{S-k ` Zmcn-{Zy-tc-Jbv¡v Xmsg-bpÅhsc \in-¸n-¨mÂ tijn-
¡p¶ P\-§-fpsS PohnX \ne-h mcw D-b-cpIXs¶ sN¿pw .
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cmjv{Sob
At[mtemIw
Cý Fs¶mcp cmPyw \nehnÃ. Cý F¶v ]dbs¸Sp¶ `q{]tZiw
kzX{áÃ. Cý³ `cWLS\ F¶Xv sI«pIYbmWv. hntZi iànIÄ
krjvSn¨XmWv kzmX{ýkac {]Øm\hpw AXnsâ kmcYnItfbpw .
KmÔn, s\lvdp, Awt_ZvI À, hnthIm\µ³ XpS§n FÃmt]cpw {ôtabv
kWpIÄ. e³ kvIqÄ Hm^v CItWmanIvkv, ^m_nb³ skmsskän,
¹m³Uv t]câvlqUv F¶nh hgn . s\lvdphnsâ ]nXmhv tam¯nemÂ
{ôtabvkWmbncp¶p. s\lvdphnsâ {]apJ [\Imcy D]tZiIcnÂ
Hcmfmb anÂä³ {ôUvam³ AXnse {]apJ\pw. {_n«ojv CuÌv Cý
I¼\nsb \nb{ń¨ncp¶Xpw, dnkÀhv _m¦v Hm^v Cýsb krjvSn¨Xpw
tdm«dn ¢_v, eb³kv ¢_v, ssh.Fw.kn.F , sdUv t{Imkv, kmÂthj³
BÀan, kbWnkw, tdma³ It¯men¡ aXw, t{]m«Ìâv aXw XpS§n
FÃm kwLS\Itfbpw \nb{ń¡p¶Xv {ôtabvkWdnbmWv.
CÉmw aXs¯ apÉow _ZÀlqUneqsSbpw . lnµp Xo{hhmZnIÄ
{ôtabvkWdnsb FXnÀ¡pt¶bnÃ. {ôtabvkWdnsb \nb{ń¡p¶Xv
tdmXvjoÂUvkv.
km¼¯nI imkv{Xw F¶mÂ k¼Zv hyhØsb

XIÀ¡p¶Xn\pÅ imkv{Xw . BtcmKy imkv{Xw F¶mÂ BtcmKys¯
XIÀ¡p¶Xn\pÅ imkv{Xw . a\imkv{Xw, amt\mtcmK NnInÕ F¶Xv
a\Êns\ Iogvs¸ Sp¯p¶Xn\pw kaqls¯ \nb{ń¡p¶Xn\papÅ ,
`cWIqSs¯ FXnÀ ¡p¶hsc Iogvs¸Sp¯p¶Xn\pÅ imkv{Xw.
F³tUmkÄ^m³ Hcp “s_bÀ” DXv¸¶w. BZy Ime¯v AhÀ

BAUER t_mÀ Bbncp¶p. ]n¶oSv AhÀ tdmXvjoÂUvkv F¶ t]cv kzoI
cn¨p.
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C¶v \nehnepÅ FÃm aX§tfbpw cmjv{Sob kwLS\Itfbpw

krjvSn¨Xv / \nb{ń¡p¶Xv AhÀ Xs¶bmWv. AXn\v F{Xsb¦nepw
I]S ( FRONT) kwLS\IÄ D]tbmKn¡s¸Sp¶p.
\mknkhpw ^mknkhpw AhcpsS krjvSnIfmWv. {InkvXpaXw
PqXaX¯nsâ krjvSnbmWv. PqXaXw F¶Xv temImYn]Xy¯n\pthn
bpÅ I]SXbmWv. PqZmbnkw F¶Xv Hcp cmjv{Snb {]Øm\amWv. AXv
I]Sambn aXw F¶pw PmXn F¶pw {]Ncn¸n¡s¸Sp¶p. \mknkhpw
^mknkhpw kbWnk¯nsâ ktlmZc kwLS\IÄ.
amÀIvkv, GwKÂkv, se\n³, Ìmen³, amthm, lnäveÀ, aptkmfn\n FÃmw
{ôtabvk¬, kbWnÌpIÄ, tdmXvjoÂUvknsâ ]nWnbmfpIÄ.
tdmXvjoÂUvkv ( ROTHSCHILDS ) F¶Xn\v Ruths Childs F¶mWÀ°w

clkymt\zjW tk\IÄ, \nbahyhØ FÃm¯nt\bpw AhÀ Xs¶
bmWv \nb{ń¡p¶Xv.
{]apJsc¶p IcpXs¸Sp¶ hn.BÀ.IrjvW¿À, sI.Sn.tXmakv, {iotZhn,
eoem tat\m³, _m_p t]mÄ, tXmakv sFkIv, Fw.F t__n,
]Svh À²³, {]Imiv Imcm«v, koXmdmw sb¨qcn, kpIpamÀ Agnt¡mSv,
]n.tKmhnµ¸nÅ, sI.F³ ]Wn¡À, tdmane Ym¸À, hµ\ inh, AcpÔXn
tdmbv, F _n _ÀZ³, kn.sI N{µ¸³, a³taml³ kn§v, iin XcqÀ
XpS§nbhÀ tdmXvjoÂUvknt\bpw {ôtabvkWdntbbpw hnaÀin¡p¶
{]iv\tabnÃ. kpKXIpamcnbpw. tkmWnb KmÔn Hcn¡epw
hnaÀin¡pIbnÃ. ]ptcmKa\ hmZnbmb cmlqÂ KmÔnbpw.
bpIvvXnbpIvXw Nnń¡Wsa¶v imTyw ]nSn¡p¶ bpànhmZnIÄ
{ôtabvk¬ UmÀhns\ Xebnteän \S ¡p¶p. tdmXvjoÂUvkv
Fs¶mcp hm¡v AhÀ¡v AdnbpItbbnÃ. CIv_mepw cmP³ Kqcp¡fpw
I]SX Bbp[am¡p¶p. IqsS t\mw tNmwkvIn , ÌnKvenävkv , ta[m-] -
IvSÀ , lkmsc , tIPcnhmÄ , Inc¬ t_Zn
am²ya§Ä Ahsc¡pdn¨v AÚX \Sn¡p¶p. AhcpsS krjvSnIfmb
XpsImv . ]{X{]hÀ¯\w F¶mÂ sXämb hnhcw
{]Ncn¸n¡p¶Xn\pÅ Xv. hnZym`ymkw F¶mÂ kaqls¯ akvXnjvI
{]£mf\w sN¿p¶Xn\p thnbpÅXv.
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SKULL & BONES F¶ clky kwLS\ {][m\ambpw

hnZym`ymkt¯bpw BtcmKyimkv{Xt¯bpw \nb{ń¡p¶p. AXv
{ôtabvkWdnbpsS D] kwLS\. B’NAI B’RITH F¶Xv PqX·mÀ¡p
thn am{XapÅ {ôtabvk Wdn. AXnse {]apJ\mbncp¶ knKvav
t{^mbvUv ssewKnI AcmPIXzw krjvSn¨v IpSpw_s¯bpw
kaqlt¯bpw \in¸n¡p¶Xn\v ap³ssI FSp¯ncp¶p.
amÀIvknk¯nsâbpw Hcp {]m[m\ e£yw IpSpw_ _Ô §sf
\in¸n¡pI F¶XmWv. PqZmbnk¯nsâ tdma³ It¯men¡ aXw
ssewKnIXsb ASnäÀ¯p¶Xn\v Blzm\w sN¿t¼mÄ Xs¶
ssewKnI AcmPIXz¯nemWv. aäp ss{IkvXh hn`mK§sfÃmw
{ôtabvk¬ krjv SnIfmWv.
hlm_n apÉo§fmb kuZv IpSpw_s¯ kuZnbnÂ A[nImc¯nen
cp¯nbXpw Ct¸mgpw \nb{ń¡p¶Xpw AhÀ Xs¶. Cdm³ {]knUv
AlaZn \ÖmZpw AhcpsS ]nWnbmÄ Xs¶. k±mw lqssk³, Hkma
_n³emZ³, tPmÀPv _pjv, H_ma FÃmw AhÀ Xs¶.
C¶v temI¯nse FÃm {]apJ t\Xm¡fpw AhcpsS ]nWnbmfpIfmWv.
AYhm Ahsc am{Xsa D¶X Øm\§fnte¡v Ahtcm[n¡pIbpÅq.
P\m[n]Xyw F¶Xv Hcp X«n¸p hnZybmWv. AhÀ \nb{ń¡p¶ cmjv{Sn
b¸mÀ«nIÄ XncsªSp¡p¶ hyànIfnÂ \n¶pw XncsªSp¡p¶Xn\p
am{Xta P\§Ä¡v Ahkcw e`n¡p¶pÅq.
hnVnIfmb, Aekcmb, kzmÀ°cmb P\w I_fn¸n¡s¸«p sImt
bncn¡p¶p.
dnkÀhv _m¦v Hm^v Cý F¶Xv Hcp \nKqV Øm]\amWv. AXv kzX{´
amsW¦nÂ, CýbnÂ P\mYn]Xyw CÃ F¶pÅXn\v aäv sXfnhpIfpsS
BhiyanÃ.
BZmb \nIpXnbpÄs¸sSbpÅ \nIpXnIsf DUTY D¯chmZnXzw

F¶phnfn¨v AXv P\§fpsS ISabm¡n¯oÀ¡p¶p. AXv kÀ¡mcnsâ
BUw_c¯n\pw, kz´w P\Xsb AaÀ¨ sN¿p¶Xn\pw Icp¯v \evIp
¶p. {^m£WÂ _m¦n§v hyhkvYbpw, hyàam¡s¸Sm¯ ASn Øm\
¯nepÅ Id³kn ]pds¸Sphn¡epw, kÀ¡mÀ t_mpIfpw, I¼yq«À
F³{Snsb Id³knbmbn«v IW¡m¡p¶Xpw, Id³kn sUdnthänhvkpw,
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\mWb¯nsâ hneIpdbp¶Xn\v þ CURRENCY DEVALUTION – ImcWam

hp¶p. AXns\ I]Sambn hne¡bäw þ INFLATION - F¶p hnfn¡p¶p.
\nb{ńXamb kÀ¡mÀ aXnbmhpw.
C³t^mknkv F¶Xv tImwthÀkv C³t^mknkv F¶ Ct{kben I¼\n
bpsS ktlmZc Øm]\w. AXnsâ BØm\ aµncw \qtbmÀ¡nÂ. Cý
bnse {]apJ I¼\nIsfÃmw tdmXvjoÂUvkn\v Iogvs¸«ncn¡p¶p.
tdmUvkv kvtImfÀjn¸v , duv tSbv_nÄ, Iu¬knÂ Hm¬ t^mdn³
dntej³kv, ss{SemädÂ I½nj³, Iu¬knÂ Hm^v \mjWÂ
t]mfnkn, C³Ìnäyq«v t^mÀ t]mfnkn ÌUokv , tamv s]sedn³
skmsskän A§ns\ At\ Iw amÀ¤§fneqsS temI¯nse \b§sf,
AhÀ¡\pIqeamb Xocpam\ §sf Øm]ns¨Sp¡p¶p.
Ab³ dm³Uv, t\mw tNmwkvInsbt¸mepÅ I]S kbWnÌpIÄ sXämb
kXyw ]dªp P\§sf hgnXncn¨phnSp¶p.
“\½ps¡Xncmb FÃm hn¹h§tfbpw \½Ä Xs¶ \bn¡pw”-þ

XntbmUÀ slÀkÂ ( B[p\nI C{kmtbÂ kbWnbk¯nsâ ]nXmhv,
tdmXvjoÂUvknsâ ]nWnbmÄ )
\mWb¯nsâ {Ibhn{Ibw \nb{ń¨v hne hÀ²\hpw

hne¨pcp¡hpw krjvSn¡msa¶pÅ hkvXpX ad¨psh¡s¸Sp¶p.
GOLD / SILVER RESERVE F¶pÅXpw B]Xv¡camWv . AXpw AhcpsS
\nb{´W¯nemW v . GOLD / SILVER D]tbmKyiq\yamb hkvXp¡Ä .
thXv \b§fpsS ASnØm\§fpsS hyàXbmWv, kpXmcyXbmWv.
temI P\kwJybpsS 90 iXam\s¯ \in¸n¡pI F¶pÅXmWv

{]Jym]nX \bw. AXn\v {][m\ambpw Hut±ymKnIambn sFIycmjv{S k`.
temI¯nse \nba hyhØsb BAR - British Accreditation Registry
Association hgn AhÀ \nb{ń¡p¶p.
12
U.N , Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ FtÌ-änÂ U.N D]-{K-l-§-fmb IMF,

World Bank F¶nh Cý, ssN\ XpS-§nb cmjv{S-§Ä¡v
Conditionalities s\ ASn-Øm-\-a m¡n hmbv] \evIp-¶p. hbÊp Sn¶Hà
¡pw, Ah-i -X-bpÅhÀ¡p-apÅ klm-bw, Irjn XpS§n Ahiy tkh-\-
§Ä¡P klmbw \ndp-¯-em-¡p-I, Ipdhp hcp-¯Pi F¶n-h-bmWv
{][m\ Conditionalities.
Cý ]ns¶ DZmc hyh-Ø-bnÂ B{^n-¡, Ata-c n¡ XpS-§nb
cmjv{S-§Ä¡v hmbv] \evIp-I. Cý kzoI-cn¨ sam¯w hmbv] F{X-bm-
Wv. Aäp cmjv{S-§Ä¡v \evInb sam¯w hmbv] F{X-bm-Wv, cl-ky-am-
tWm.
CXnÂ AS-§n-bn-cn-¡p¶ \nKq-UX F´m-Wv. F´p-sImv Cýbv¡p
]I cw IMF, World Bank F¶nh A¯cw hmbv]-IÄ t\cn«v Ata-cn-
¡¡pw B{^n-¡¡pw aäv cmjv{ S-§Ä¡pw \evIp-¶n-Ã.
13
temIs¯
\nb{ń¡p¶Xmcv.
Bbnc¡W¡n\v hÀj§fmbn temIs¯ \nb{ń¡p¶
iànIsf ¡pdn¨v.
BtKmfmSnØm\¯nepÅ clkykwLS\ “CÃyan\män”

(t_m[hXvI cWw t\SnbhÀ F¶v AhÀ kzbw hntijn¸n¡p¶p) F{]
Imcw, BZna ImeL«w apXÂ temI A[nImc¯nsâ ISnªm³ ]nSns¨
Sp¡p¶p F¶v \n§Ä¡v shfns¸Sp¯mw.
anUnÂ CuÌv, \nbÀ CuÌv Â \n¶pw Bcw`n¨v BZyw bqtdm¸nepw
({_n«ojv km{amPyt¯mSpw, aäv bqtdm¸y³ km{amPy§tfmSpw
\µnbpv.) ]ns¶ Atacn¡, B{^n¡, Hmkvt{Senb, \yqkne³Uv, Gjy
aäp {]tZi §Ä F¶nhnS§fntebv¡pw AhcpsS A[nImcw
hym]n¸n¨Xns\¡pdn¨v .
{_n«ojv km{amPyhpw bqtdm¸y³ km{amPy§fpw Cu {]tZi§fnÂ

\n¶pw ]n³amdnbt¸mÄ CÃyan\män, AhcpsS clkykwLS\bpsS
_Ô §fpw (Net Works) CÃyqan\mänbpsS ]mc¼cyhpw AhnsS
\ne\nÀ¯n. AhÀ AhcpsS ]²XnIfpw \nb{´Whpw ]n¶oSn¶phsc
\ne\nÀ¯p ¶p.
cpXc¯nepÅ Imcm{Klhpw. tkzÑm[n]Xyhpw \nehnepv. ]cky
ambXpw (DZmlcWw ^mknkw) clkyambXpw (kzmXý¯nsâ
aqSp]SaWnªXv).
14
a\pjyÀ kzX{ćmsW¶v kzbw IcpXpt¼mÄ AhÀ kzmX{ýanÃm

bvas¡Xnsc {]t£m`w \S¯p¶nÃ.
temI Kh¬saâv, temI _m¦v, temI ssk\yw, temI I¼yq«dnt\mSv
_Ôs¸Sp¯nb I¼yq«À Nn¸nsâ \nb{´W¯nepÅ P\XXn, F¶o
IcpXn¡q«n, hyàambn X¿mdm¡nb ]²Xn¡pthn CÃyqan\män
{]bXv\n¡p¶p. ChsbÃmw F{Xbpw thK¯nÂ {]mhÀ¯nIambn
s¡mncn¡p¶p F¶v kmam\yt_m[apÅh\v
a\ÊnemImhp¶tXbpÅp.
Cu temI iàn¡p IognÂ òamImcamb kwØm\§Ä þbqtdm

¸y³ bqWnb³ ( EEC kzX{´ hym]mc {]tZi¯p\n¶pw cq]wsImXv )
Atacn¡³ bqWnb³ ( NAFTA kzX{ć hym]mc {]tZi¯p\n¶pw )
]kn^n¡v bqWnb³ ( A.P.E.C kzX{´ hym]mc {]tZi¯p\n¶pw ) .
U.N. kam[m\ kwc£W ssk\yhpambnt¨À¶v NATO temI
ssk\yamhp¶ Xn\pthn X¿msdSp¡p¶p. CÃyan\mänbpsS temI
Kh¬saâpambn klIcn¡p¶Xn\v X¿mdnÃm¯ cmPy§sf
\nebv¡p\nÀ¯p¶Xn\v temI t]meokv, AXv bpssWäUv
t\j³kneqsS cq]w{]m]n¡p¶Xn\v X¿msdSp¡p¶p.
temI\nb{´W¯nsâ LS\ ]ncanUn\I¯v ]ncanUv F¶ coXn
bnemWv. djy³ ]mhIsft¸mse, Hcp ]mh¡pÅnÂ asämcp ]mh. C¶v
\nehnencn¡p¶ GXv kwLS\sb \nco£n¨mepw \n§Ä¡v AXv a\Ên
emhpw. Xmtg¡nSbnepÅ BÄ¡mÀ¡v AhÀ ]WnsbSp¡p¶ kwLS\
bYmÀ°¯nÂ Fń\pthn \nesImÅp¶p F¶v AdnbnÃ. Znhkhpw
AhÀ AhcpsS ]WnIgnªv hoSWbp¶p. AhcpsS {]hÀ¯n aäpÅh
cptSXpambnt¨À¶v {]IShpw \nµyhpamb e£yw \ndthäp¶Xv F§ns\
F¶v AhÀ Adnbp¶nÃ. Gähpw apIfnepÅ , hfsc Ipd¨pt]À am{Xw
AXv Adnbp¶p. C{]Imcw B Ipd¨vt]À¡v, Bbnc¡W¡n\v BÄ¡m
sc AhÀ AdnbpIt]mepw sN¿m¯ e£y§fnÂ `mK`m¡m¡ph³ km
[n¡p¶p. CXv temImSnØm\¯nÂ tImSn¡W¡n\v BÄ¡msc C{]
Imcw Zpcp]tbmKs¸Sp¯p¶Xn\v ImcWamhp¶p. \½psS PohnX¯nsâ
FÃm XpdIfnepw, _m¦nwKv, hyhkmbw, am²yaw, cmjv{Snbw XpS§n
FÃm taJeIfnepw, temI¯nemIam\w iàntI{µoIcWw
\S¡p¶Xnsâ, XpSÀ¨bmbpÅ {ia¯nsâ, ImcWw CXpXs¶bmWv.
AXv Htc e£y t¯msS, Htc BÄ¡mÀ cq]IÂ¸\ sN¿p¶p.
15
CÃyan\män a\pjyIqes¯ a\ÊneqsSbpw hnImc§fneqsSbpw

If¦s¸Sp¯p¶p. BÄ¡mcpsS F®w hfsc A[nIhpw,
CÃyqan\mänbpsS F®w Xosc \nÊmchpambXn\mÂ imcocnI
\nb{´Ww Akm[ysa¶v ]d bmw. AXn\mÂ P\XXnbpsS Nn´sbbpw
hnImc§sfbpw kzm[o\n¨v, CÃyan\män B{Kln¡p¶ {]Imcw
PohnXs¯ ho£n¡p¶Xn\pw, Pohn ¡p¶Xn\pw P\§sf
]mIs¸Sp¯p¶p. DZmlcWambn, A[nIw iàamb kzm[o\n¡Â
X{´¯n\v “” {]iv\w þ {]XnIcWw þ ]cnlmcw”” F¶v hnfn¡p¶p.
a\pjyÀ¡v CjvSamhm¯ Fs´¦nepw AhXcn¸n¡Ww F¶ps
¦nÂ, DZmlcWambn, t]meokn\v IqSpXÂ A[nImcw, \nehnepÅ kzmX
{ý¯n\v ]cnanXn GÀs¸Sp¯pI, AsÃ¦nÂ Hcp bp²wXs¶ Bcw`n
¡pI. {]Xy£ambn, abanÃmsX AXnte¡v IS¶mÂ P\XXn AXns\
Xnsc {]XnIcn¡pw. AXpsImv BZyambn Hcp {]iv\w
krjvSn¡s¸Sp¶p, IpäIrXy§fpsS Gähpw, A[nIw A{Iaw,
òIccpsS t_mw_v, Kh¬ saânsâ ]X\w . CÃyan\mänbÃ,
aämsc¦nepw ]gntIÄt¡nhcp¶p F¶v Dd¸phcp¯pw. Atacn¡bnÂ
AXns\ hnfn¡p¶Xpt]mse BZyw Hcp ]mävkn krjvSn¡s¸Sp¶p. Hcp
Xntam¯n aIvth AsÃ¦nÂ eo lmÀÆn HmkvhÄUv. ]ns¶
am²ya§fneqsS , krjvSn¡s¸« kw`hs¯ ¡pdn¨v P\w F´v
Nnń¡Ww F¶v {]Ncn¸n¡p¶p. ]ns¶ Bsc Ipäs¸Sp¯Ww F¶pw.
CXv cmw L«¯nte¡v IS¡p¶Xn\v \nÀ_ Ôn¡p¶p, {]XnIcWw
P\§fpsS {]XnIcWw. “CXv XpScm³, km[yaÃ, AhÀ F´mWv
sN¿m³ t]mIp¶Xv”
CXv AhÀ¡v ]cnlmcw \nÀt±in¡p¶Xn\v Ahkcw \ÂIp¶p.
AhÀ Xs¶ krjvSn¨ {]iv\¯n\v ]cnlmcw þ temI¯nemIam\w iàn
tI{µoIcW¯n\v klmbIcamhp¶ ]pXnb \nba\nÀ½mWw, AsÃ¦nÂ
kzmX{ýw ]cnanXs¸Sp¯pI. FÃmbvt¸mgpw C¯cw X{´§Ä a\pjy
a\Ên\ptaepw hnImc§Ä¡ptaepw {]tbmKn¡s¸Sp¶p.
AtUmÄ^v lnäveÀ tIm¬k¬t{Sj³ Iym¼v \nd¡p¶Xn\v
ap³]mbn tXm¡v ssIhiw kq£n¡p¶Xns\Xncmb \nbaw sImph¶
Xpt]mse, CÃypan\män, AhÀs¡Xnsc Bbp[w {]tbmKn¡phm³
km²yX bpÅhsc {Iaambn \ncmbp[cm¡p¶XnÂ {i²sNep¯p¶p.
CXv \ap¡v temIamIam\w {]mtbmKnIam¡s¸«psImncn¡p¶Xv
ImWp¶Xn\v km[n¡pw. \½Ä Ct¸mÄ k¦oÀ®amb ZnibnemWv,
16
a\pjyNcn{X¯nse Xs¶ hnjakÔnbnemWv. \ap¡v kzmX{ýw

sXcsªSp¡mw AsÃ¦nÂ BtKmf ^mknÌv iàn¡v,
\mknPÀ½\nbpsS BtKmf {]Xn_nw_¯n\v, ASnbdhv ]dbmw.
17
_m¦nw-Kv. hni-I-e-\w.
Ncn{Xw. bp²w.
ASn-a-¯w. XIÀ¨.
kzX-{´-\ m-s W¶v kzbw sXän-²m-cW ]peÀ¯p-¶-h-t\-¡mÄ ASn-a ¯w
Npa-¡p-¶-h³ Bcp-an-Ã.
\nb-a-¯n\pw hyh-Øn-X n¡pw AXo-X-c mbn kzbw \ne\ndp-¯p-¶ -X nÂ `c-

W-IÀ¯m-¡Ä F¶pw {i²n-¨n-c p-¶p.
km[m-c -W-¡m-c \v Ipä-I rXyw F¶p-ÅXv Hcn-¡epw D¶-XÀ¡v A§n-s \-
bm-bn-c p-¶n-Ã.
“AXv \ne-\ nÂ¡p¶p F¶v hniz-kn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw AXo-X-a mb òI-c -amb

KqVm-tem-N-\sb t\cn-tSn hcp-¶-Xp-Im-cWw a\p-jy³ _e-lo-\-\m-bn-cn-
¡p-¶p.”- sP. FUvKÀ lqhÀ, ap³ F^v. _n. sF. Ub-d-IvSÀ.
“_m¦p-I-fmWv ]Ww \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-sX¶v km[m-cW P\-§Ä Adn-bp-¶Xv

Ah-cnÂ `bm-i-¦-I Ä Df-h m-¡pw. cmPy-¯n\pw hyh-km-b-§Ä¡pw P\-
§Ä¡pw ISw sImSp-¡p-¶ -Xnsâ \nb-{´Ww Ah-cn-em-hp-t¼mÄ, AhÀ
kÀ¡m-cnsâ \b-§Ä \nb-{ń-¡p-Ibpw P\§fpsS `mhn Ah-cpsS
ssI¡pÅnÂ ASbv¡pIbpw sN¿pw.”- sdPn-\mÀUv aIv sI¶,
anUve³Uvknse _m¦v Hm^v Cw¥-nsâ ap³ A²y-£³.
“\½psS \mSnsâ IS-_m-²yX , _m¦p-IÄ hmbv] \ÂIp-¶-Xn\v ImWn-
¡p¶ kua-\-ky-¯n-s â ASn-Øm-\ -¯n-em-Wv. AhÀ ]Ww ISw \ÂIp-
¶n-Ã-. adn¨v ]Ww \ÂImw F¶ Ak-Xy-am-Wv. ImcWw Ah-cpsS
]¡Â ]W-anÃ F¶-Xp-Xs¶.”- sFÀhn³ ^njÀ. {KÙ-Im-c³. [\-X-Xz-
im-kv{X-Ú³.
18
“Adnhv AÚ-X-bpsS taÂ B[n-]Xyw t\Spw. kzbw-`-cWw B{K-ln-¡p-

¶-hÀ Adnhv t\SpIXs¶ thWw. P\-Io-b-amb `c-W-I q-S-¯n\v kXy-
amb hnh-c-§Ä e`y-a Ã F¦nÂ Aýw timN-\o-b-a m-bn-c n-¡pw.”- Pbnwkv
amUn-k¬. ap³ Ata-cn-¡³ {]kn-U -v.
F´psImmWv \ap¡v \Ã cmjv{So-b-¡msc e`n-¡m-¯-Xv. \Ã a\p-jyÀ

F´p-s Im-mWv h[n-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶-X v. bp²-s ¡m-X n-b-·m-c mb cmjv{ So-b-
¡msc am²ya§Ä F´p-s Im-mWv CjvS-s ¸-Sp-¶ -Xv. Nne hn`mKw
BÄ¡mÀ am{Xw òI-c³am-c mbn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv F´p-s Im-m-Wv.
Ipªp-§sf X«n-s¡m-p-t]m-I-en-s âbpw, Ipªp-§sf cXn-ssh-Ir-X-
§Ä¡v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶Xnsâbpw I®n-IÄ cmjv{So-b-¡m-cn-te¡v \ofp-
¶Xv F´p-s Im-m-Wv. kXyw At\z-jn¨v Cd-§p-¶-hÀ XShnem¡s¸-Sp-
Ibpw h[n-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶Xv F´p-sIm-m-Wv. F´p-s Im-mWv
\½sf Bi-b-¡p-g -¸-¯n-em-¡p¶ hn[w hncp² Bi-b-§Ä Htc iàn-
tbmsS {]N-c n-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp¶Xv. kXys¯ ASn-¨-aÀ¯p-¶-Xn\pw Ak-
Xys¯ Øm]n-s¨-Sp-¡p-¶ -Xn\pw thn-bm-tWm. P\-§sf X½nÂ XÃn¨v
AXnÂ \n¶v apX-s e-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-tWm. AkzØ-X-IÄ krjvSn¨v ASn-
a¯w Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn\v thn-tbm. B`n-N m-c -{In-b-IÄ {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-
t\m.
“Xnc-Èo-ebv¡p ]n¶nÂ \S-¡p¶ Ifn-IÄ -AdnhnÃm-¯-hÀ Icp-Xp-¶-XnÂ

\n¶pw XnI¨pw hyXy-kvX-amb kwL-a mWv bYmÀ°-¯nÂ temIw \nb-
{ń-¡p-¶ -Xv.”- _³P-a nÂ Un{k-tb-en. 1844se Cw¥ojv cmjv{Sob t\Xm-hv.
“B³{Uq PmIvk¬sâ ImewsXm«v kÀ¡m-cnsâ DS-a -Øm-h-Imiw, _rl-
¯mb tI{µ-§-fnse [\-Im-c y- Øm-] -\-§Ä¡m-Wv.”- {^m¦ven³ Un dqkv
shÂäv.
“sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv \nb-a-t¯msS, Ac£n-XXzw imkv{Xo-b-ambn \nÀ½n-¡-
s¸«v XpS-§n. Ct¸m-gp-m-bn-c n-¡p-¶Xv BZy-ambn, KWn-X-imkv{X ka-
hmIyw sXfn-bn-¡p-¶Xpt]mse IrXy-a m-bn imkv{Xo-b-ambn krjv Sn-¡-s ¸-
«-Xm-Wv.”- 1929 Â NmÄkv en³Uv_ÀKv, cmjv{Sob t\Xm-hv.
“hfsc IWn-i-a mbn Icp-Xn-¡q«n A´m-cmjv{ S [\-Imcy Øm]-\-§Ä

krjvSn¨ XIÀ¨-bmWv Ct¸m-gp- m-bn-c n-¡p-¶-Xv. AhÀ¡v A[n-Imcw
]nSn-¨-S-¡p-¶-X n\v thn”- eqbn aIv ^m-U³ 1935. cmjv{ So-b-t\-Xm-hv.
19
“\½psS Gähpw henb A\p-{K-l-ambn Rm³ km¼-¯nI hyh-Øn-Xnsb

hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p.- \-½psS kzmX{ýw kwc-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pthn \mw \½p
sS `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Isf, \½psStaÂ ISw sI«n-tb-ev]n-¡p-¶-Xn\v A\p-h -Zn-
¡-cpXv”- tXmakv Pt^Àk¬. 1743 þ 1826
cmjv{Ss¯ ]p\À \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw, P\-§-fpsS {i² Xncn-¡p-¶ -X n\pw

Gähpw ê-{]Zw bp²w Xs¶-bm-W.v Icp-Xn-¡q«n kwL-Sn-X -ambn \nÀÆln-
¡p¶ Ipä-I r-Xy-§-fnÂ Gähpw hep-Xv.
cl-ky- kz`mhw ]peÀ¯p¶ B`n-Nm-c-{Inb-I-fnÂ apgp-Ip¶ AXn -k-¼-¶ -

amb GXm\pw IpSpw-_-§Ä ]pXnb temI-{Iaw AYhm GI-temI `c-W-
IqSw krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn ]cn-{i-a n-¡p-¶p. km¼-¯n-I XfÀ¨bpw
hfÀ¨bpw krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xv, bp²hpw òI-cm-{I-a-W-§-fpw, Xm§m-\m-I m¯
\nIpXn{Iaw krjvSn-¨ va -\p-jysc ASn-a -I-fm-¡p-¶Xv, FÃmw AhÀ Xs¶-
bm-Wv.
{][m-\-s¸« hyàn-IÄ h[n-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p, A{]-X y-£-cm-Ip-¶p, A]-I -S-a -c-W-

§Ä¡v hnt[-b-c m-h p-¶p, Bß-lXy sN¿n-¸n-¡p-¶p.
km£n-Isf DtZym-K-Ø-·mÀ It¿äw sN¿p-¶-s X-´p-sIm-v, A[nIw Ipä-

hm-fn-Isf Ib-dqcn hnSp-¶-s X-´p-sIm-v, \nc-]-cm-[n-I-fpsS taÂ CÃm-Ipäw
Npa-¯p-¶Xv F´p-s Im-v, IÅ-km-£n¡v t{]cn-¸ n-¡p-¶sXń-\v.
{_n«ojv cmP-I p-Spw_w Ah-cpsS PÀa³ kb-Wn-kväv cIvX_-Ôw -a db-v ¡p-
¶-Xn\v lukv Hm^v _mä³_À¤ns\ ]p\À\m-a-I-cWw sNbvXv lukv
Hm^v hn³UvkÀ F¶m-¡n-bXv Fń-\mWv þ H¶mw temI alm-bp-²-Im-e-
¯v. 1993 se thÄUv s{SbvUv skâÀ B{I-a-W-Im-e¯v Nne DtZym-K-Ø-
·mÀ¡v DtZym-K-¡-bäw \ÂIn-bXv Fń-\ m-Wv. ]ns¶ hmt¡m B{I-a-W -
¯nÂ , HI-e-tlma \K-c -¯nse t_mw_v B{I-a-W-¯nÂ, 2001 se
thÄUv s{SbvUv skâÀ B{I-a-W-¯nÂ .
Fń\mWv A[nIw kÀ¡mÀ tcJ-Ifpw P\-§-fnÂ \n¶pw Hfn-¨p-h-bv¡p-
¶-Xv. ]c-kv]cw _Ô-s¸-Sp-¯m³ Ign-bm¯ IrXy-§Ä sNbvX p F¶v
kÀ¡mÀ DtZym-K-Ø-³ amÀ Gäp ]d-bp-¶Xv F´p-sIm-m-Wv.
CXn-sâ-sbÃmw ]n¶n-epÅ hyàn-IÄ Fhn-s S-bmWv Hfn-¨ n-c n-¡p-¶-X v.

20
A[nIw cmjv{So-b-¡mcpw DtZym-K-Ø-·mcpw NXnbpw IÅhpw Ah-cpsS

{]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v ASn-Ø m-\ -am-¡p-¶Xv F´p-sIm-m-Wv.
`c-Wm-[n-I m-c n-I Ä Hcp Imcyw sN¿mw F¶v kXyw sN¿p-I-bpw XnI-¨ pw
FXn-cmb Imcy-§Ä {]hÀ¯n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.
“Hcp cmPy-¯nsâ [\-{I-a-¯nsâ \nb-{´Ww F\n¡p Xcq, Bcv \nb-a -ap-
m-¡p¶p F¶Xv F\n¡v {]iv\-a -Ã. AXnsâ Icp-¯n-s \-¡p-dn¨v Adn-bm-
hp-¶Xv A]qÀÆw NneÀ¡p am{X-a m-Wv. AhÀ AXnsâ em`-¯ nÂ ]¦m-fn-
I-fmhpw AsÃ-¦nÂ AXnsâ HuZm-c ys¯ B{i-bn-t¡ KXn-bn-em-bn-cn-
¡pw.”- BwjÂ t_mhÀ tabÀ tdm¯vj oÂUv (1744 þ 1812)
“_m¦nwKv hyh-km-b-¯nsâ Im]-Sy-§-fpsS k¦oÀ®-X-IÄ a\-Ên-em-¡p-

¶Xn-\v ti-jn-bn-Ãm¯ A[nIw P\-§fpw, ]cn-`-h-an-ÃmsX AXnsâ `hn-
jy¯v Gäp-hm-§pw. _m¦nwKv hyh-Øn-XnbmWv Ah-cpsS Zpcn-X-§Ä¡v
Imc-W-sa¶v AhÀ kwi-bn-¡p-I-bp-a n-Ã.”- tPm¬ jÀa³ (tdm¯vjoÂUn
sâ ]nWn-bmÄ).
“a\p-jysâ [\-{I-a-¯nsâ \nb-{´Ww F\n¡p \ÂIn-bmÂ, \n§Ä

B{K-ln-¡p¶ coXn-bnÂ Nn-´ - n-¡p-Ibpw, {]hÀ¯n-¡p-Ibpw, Fgp-X p-I bpw
sN¿p ¶ P\-k-a q-ls¯ \n§Ä¡v ]Icw\ÂImw. Hcp ]t£ A]qÀÆw
Nne [oc-·m-scm-g n-sI.” - _³P-a n³. F. dqKv.
“`qan-bpsS DS-a kvYÀ [\-Im-c y-Øm-]-\-§fmWv. `qan-v Ah-cnÂ \n¶pw- F-

Sp¯pamäpI. ]Icw AhÀ¡v ]Ww \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw, hmbv] \nÀ½n-
¡p-¶-X n-\ p-a pÅ A[n-Imcw \ÂIp-I . Hcp \nanjwsImv AhÀ `qan
XncnsI hm§pw.” - kÀ tPmknb Ìmw]v. _m¦v Hm^v Cw¥-nsâ ap³
{]kn-U-v.
“[\-X-Xz-im-kv{X-¯nsâ aäv taJ-e-Isf At]-£n¨v ]W-¯n-s\-¡p-dn-¨pÅ

]T\w, kXys¯ cq]-a mäw hcp-¯p-¶-Xn\pw, kXys¯ ad¨p]nSn-¡p-¶-
Xn\pw, kXys¯ ]pd-¯p-h-c p-¶-X nÂ \n¶pw XS-bp-¶-X n\pw k¦oÀ®-X -
IÄ DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p.” - þ tPm¬ sI¶¯v KmÂs{_bv¯v
“Gähpw cm£-ko-b-am-b -A-Sn-¨-aÀ¯Â Icp¯v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶n-Ã. `c-W-

IqSw B{K-ln-¡p¶ Xc-¯n-ep-Å -X-Ãm¯ s]cp-am-ä-¯n-\pÅ ]gp-XpIÄ
21
AS-¨p-I-f-bp-¶p, Nnń-¡p-¶-Xn\pt]mepw km²y-a -Ãm¯ Xc-¯nÂ.” -

Ae³ »qw.
“P\-§Ä kzX-{´-a mbn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xn\v X¿m-dm-Im-¯n-S-t¯mfw ASn-¨ -

aÀ¯-¸ -Spw. AXn\v F{X-sb-¦nepw hn[-¯n-epÅ aX-§fpw ssZh-§fpw
D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Spw. Dd-§n-¡n-S-¡p¶ P\-§sf N§-e-¡n-Sp-¶-Xn\v
thn.” - thmÄ«-bÀ.
“ss]im-Nn-I X {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xn\v ap³]v BZyw a\p-jy³ AXv \·-bm-

sW¶v Icp-tX--Xpv. kn²m´w AXn\v \ymbo-I-c-Whpw, k¶-²-X bpw,
X-tâ-Shpw \ÂIp-¶p. kz´w ImgvN-¸m-Snepw aäp-Å-h-cpsS ImgvN-¸m-Snepw
Ahsâ {]hÀ¯n \·-tb-dn-b-Xm-sW¶ {]XoXn-bp-f-hm-¡p-¶p. Ah\v
im]hpw Bt£-]-§fpw e`n-¡p-¶-X n\v]Icw BZ-c hpw ]pI-g v¯epw e`n-
¡p-¶p.” þ Ae-Ivkm-À sjmÂj-\o-Õn³ .
“a\p-jyÀ h-Ãt¸mgpw kXys¯ t\cnÂ ImWp-¶p. A[nIw t]cpw H¶pw

kw`-hn-¨n-«n-Ãm¯ a«nÂ HmSn ad-bp-¶p.”- hn³Ì¬ NÀ¨Â.
“bp²-¯nsâ Bßm-hns\ ]Ww ISw sImSp-¡p-¶-hÀ hne-s¡-Sp-¯n-cn-
¡p-¶p.” þ tXmakv Pt^Àk¬.
“bp²w F¶pw A[n-Ihpw [\-¯n-\ p-thn-bm-Wv.” þ _ÀWmUv _dq-¨v.
H¶pw cpw temI-a-lm-bp-²-§-fnÂ \n¶pw A[nIw em`w t\Snb hyàn.
“P\-§Ä bp²w B{Kln¡p-¶ n-Ã. cmjv{S-¯nsâ \mb-I-·mÀ Xocp-am\w

FSp-¡p-¶p. P\m-[n-]-X yw, I½yq-Wn-kw, ^mknkw GXp {Ia-am-bmepw
P\-§sf bp²-¯n-te¡v hen-¨n-g-¡m³ Ffp-¸ -am-Wv. \n§Ä B{I-an-¡-
s¸-Sp¶p F¶v Ah-tcmSv ]d-bp-I, kam-[ m\ hmZn-I sf cmPy-kvt\-l-an-Ãm-
¯-h -sc¶v ap{ZIp¯p-I.” þ slÀa³ tKmdnw-Kv \yqdw_ÀKv hnNm-c -W-th-f-
bnÂ ]d-ª-Xv.
1992 se sXc-s ª-Sp¸v {]Nm-c -W-¯nÂ ]s¦-Sp-¯p-sImv, Øm\mÀ°n-bm-

bn-cp¶ _nÂ ¢nâ¬ ]d-ª-Xv, A´ÀtZiob _Ô-§-fpÅ Hcp kwLw
Cu temI-¯nÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶pv F¶pw Ah-c p-a mbn kl-I-c n-¡p-¶-
XnÂ At±-l-¯n\v sshj-ay-anÃ F¶p-a m-Wv. ¢nâ¬ sâ s{]m^-kÀ
22
tPmÀÖväu¬ kÀh-I-em-im-e-bnÂ, ImcÄ JznKvenbpw CXv Xs¶ ]d-

ªn-cp-¶p.
Cw¥ojv CuÌv Cý I¼-\n-bpsS DS-a-ØÀ _m¦v Hm^v Cw¥v F¶
kzImcy _m¦v Bbn-c p-¶p.
“hmjnw-KvS-W nse bYmÀ° `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Isf ImWp-¶-X n\v km[n-¡p-I-bn-
Ã. AhÀ Xnc-Èo-ebv¡p ]n¶nÂ \n¶v Ah-cpsS A[n-I mcw {]tbm-Kn-¡p-
¶p.”þ PÌnkv sênIvkv {^m¦v^À«À ( A-ta-cn-¡³ kp{]ow -tIm-SXn
PUvPn )
“Ata-c n-¡³ P\X ]Ww ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ A[n-Imcw kzImcy

_m¦p-IÄ¡v \ÂIp-I -bm-s W-¦nÂ BZyw \mW-b-s ¸-cp-¸-¯n-eqsS ]ns¶
\mW-b-¨p-cp-¡-¯n-eqsS P\-§Ä¡p Npäpw hf-cp¶ _m¦p-Ifpw hyh-km-
b-Øm-]-\ -§fpw, Ah-cpsS FÃm kz¯p-¡fpw ssIt¿äw sN¿pw. X§-
fpsS \m«nÂ hoSn-Ãm-¯-h-c mbn Ah-c psS Ipªp-§Ä¡p Ign-
tbnhcpw.” þ tXmakv Pt^Àk¬
cmjv{S-¯ nsâ kzX{´ kz¯ns\ \in-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw cmjv{ S-¯ nsâ ]p\À

\nÀ½m-W-¯n\v hmbv]bv¡pthn _m¦p-Isf B{i-bn-¸n-¡p-¶ -X n\pw
bp²-amWv Gähpw \Ã amÀ¤w. H¶pw cpw temI-a -lm-bp²§Ä¡p
tijw PÀ½-\ nsbbpw P¸ms\bpw tdm¯vjoÂUvkpw tdms¡-s^-Ãdpw,
]pXnb kmt¦-XnIhnZy-I -fp-]-tbm-Kn¨v ]p\À\nÀ½n-¨p.
Ipdª Nne-h nÂ DXv]m-Z\w \S-¯p¶ ssN\-bnse kuI-c y-§Ä tdms¡-
s^-Ã-dp-am-bpÅ DS-¼-Sn-bn-eqsS e`y-a m-I p-¶-X p-h sc hmÄamÀ«v (tem-I -
¯nse Gähpw henb kq¸À amÀ¡äv sNbn³) A[nIw sa¨-am-bn-cp-¶n-
Ã. FXn-cm-fn-Isf ssN\okv I½yqWnÌp-I -fp-am-bpÅ [mc-W-bpsS _e-
¯nÂ AaÀ¨-s N-bvXp. hmbv]- e`n¡p-¶-X n\v ]Icw _m¦p-I-fpsS knÂ_-
Ôn-Isf t\Xr-Xz-\n-c-bnÂ DÄs¸-Sp-¯n.
A^vKm-\n-Øm-\nse Idp¸v I¨-h-S-¯n\v \ne-\nÂ¡m³ ab-¡p-a -cp¶v

A\p-Iq-en-I-f-Ãm¯ A[nIw BÄ¡msc ]pd-¯m-t¡n h¶p.
Ata-cn-¡³ B`y-ć Iem]Ime¯v tdm¯v-joÂUnsâ Hcp imJ sX¡p-

`m-K-¯ n\pw asämcp imJ hS-¡p-`m-K-¯n\pw km¼-¯n-I- k-lmbw \ÂIn.
ASna k{¼-Zm-bs¯ DbÀ¯n-¸n-Sn-¨mWv Iem-]-¯ n\v XncnsImfp-¯n-b-Xv.
23
10,000 cq] IhÀ¨ sN¿p-¶-h\v 7 hÀjw ITn\XS-hpw, Pohn-X-I mew apgp-

h³ A²zm-\n-¨-hsâ k¼mZyw apgp-h\pw X«n-s b-Sp-¡p¶ _m¦ÀamÀ¡v
in£-bn-Ãm-X n-c n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-Xnsâ HuNnXyw F´m-Wv.
sl³{Sn t^mÀUv ]d-ªXv Adp-] tXm Fgp-]tXm _m¦Àamsc Pbn-en-

te¡v Ab-¨mÂ temI-¯p- m-hp¶ kÀÆ-bp-²hpw Hgn-hm-¡m-\mhpw
F¶m-Wv.
`c-W-Iq-S-§-fnÂ AhÀ¡v kzm[o-\-apÅ BÄ¡msc tdm¯vjoÂUvkv

\nb-an-¡p-¶p. P\-§-fpsS A[zm-\-ti-jn-bpsS Dd-¸ n-t·Â A[nIw ]Ww
hmbv] \ÂIp-¶-Xn\v thn . hmbv]-bpsS tXmXpw ]en-i -\n-c¡pw Ah-
cpsS kuI-cymÀ°w amdn-s¡m-n-c n-¡pw. C¶v djy-bnse [\w, 13 JkmÀ,-
PqX, [\m-[n-]Xy IpSpw-_-§-fpsS \nb-{´-W-¯ n-em-Wv.
1776 se hn¹-h -¯nsâ bmYmÀ°y-s¯-¡p-dn¨v, kXy-a mb hnh-c-§Ä ]mT-

]p-kvX-I-§Ä H¶pwXs¶ \ÂIp-¶n-Ã. tdm¯vjoÂUnsâ ]¦mfn
tdms¡ s^ÃÀ {][m-\-¸« A©v ]mT-] p-kvXI \nÀ½mW I¼-\ n-I-fnÂ
\nb-{´-W-¯n\v DX-Ip¶ hn[-¯n-epÅ `mKw ssI¡-em-¡n. ]mTy-] -²Xn
ASn-¡Sn amdp-¶ -Xn\v {][m-\-a mbpw Imc-W-§Ä cm-Wv.
1. FÃm hÀjhpw Htc ]pkvXIw ]Tn-¸n-¨mÂ ]pkvXI hyh-km-b-¯n\v
I\¯ \jvSw t\cn-Spw.
2. hnj-b-§Ä amän-s ¡m- n-cp-¶mÂ, Bg-¯nÂ a\-Ên-em-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-XnÂ
\n¶pw XS-bmw.
sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhnsâ t]cv Xnc-ª-Sp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶Xp Xs¶ ap³Iq«n X¿m-

dm-¡-s¸« h©\ ]²-X n-bpsS e£-W-am-Wv. AXv kzIm-c y-ta-J -e-bn-ep-
ÅXpw, DS-a -Øm-h-Imiw IqSp-X epw bqtdm-]y³ hwi-P-cpsS ssIbn-epw.
sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv BIvän\v kam-\-amb \nb-am-h-en-bpsS ASn-Øm-\ -
¯nÂ Xs¶-bmWv _m¦v Hm^v Im\-Ubpw cq]o-Ir-a m-bn-cn-¡p-¶-X v. 1930
se ]mÀesaânÂ D¶-b-n¨n«v IqSn, _m¦v Hm^v Cw¥-nsâ DS-a-ØÀ
Bsc¶v C\nbpw Adn-bn-Ã.
\½psS cmjv{S¯n\v IS-¸{Xw ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-¡m-s a-¦nÂ Id³knbpw ]pd-s ¸-

Sp-hn-¡mw, IS-¸ {Xw aqey-a pÄs¡m-Åp-¶p-sh-¦nÂ Id³knbpw aqey-
apÄs¡m Åpw. Ct¸m-gs¯ \ne-bnÂ H¶v a\p-jys\ klm-bn-¡pw,
atäXv ]en-i-¡m-c-t\-bpw. kÀ¡mÀ Id³kn ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-¨mÂ AXv tZmj-
am-sW-¦nÂ IS-¸{Xw ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-¨mÂ AXpw tZmj-a m-bn-c n-¡pw.
24
kzÀ®-¯nsâ km¦-ev]nI aqeyw \nÀ®-bn-¡p¶ iàn-IÄ¡p Iogvs¸-«p-

sImv, ISw hm§n-bn-«p-sImv thWw \mSnsâ k¼¯v hÀ²n-¸ n-¡p-hm³
F¶Xv Zb-\ o-b-a m-Wv.
CÃyp-an-\män . temIw \nb-{ń-¡p¶ F®-s ¸« IpSpw-_-§Ä, {][m-\-

ambpw sNIp-¯ms\ Bcm-[n-¡p-¶-h-cm-Wv. AhÀ¡v {]tXyIw B`n-Nm-c-
{In-bbpw Dv. b{´-a-\p-jyÀ¡v a\p-jyÀ sN¿p¶ tPmen-I Ä sN¿m³
km[n¡pw F¶m-b-t¸mÄ P\-kwJy ASn-b-ń-c-a mbn Ipd-t¡--X pv
F¶ Xocp-a m-\-a m-bn. Zmcn-{Zyw, bp²-§Ä, FbvUvkv, kmÀkv, ]ns¶-
BbpÀssZÀLyw , Nnń-¡p-¶Xn\pÅ Ignhv, {]P-\ -\-tijn F¶nh- Ipd-
bv¡p-¶-X n-\pÅ cmk-h-kvXp-¡Ä, ^vfqssd-Uv, t¢mdn³, Akv]ÀsSbvw,
ZoÀL-Im-em-Sn-Øm-\ -¯nÂ Btcm-Ky-¯n\v tZmjw hcp-¯m-hp¶ hmIvkn-
t\-j-\pIÄ Hs¡-bmWv {]tbm-K-ap-d-IÄ. ico-c-¯nÂ LSn-¸ n¡mhp¶
Xncn-¨-dn-bÂ ImÀUv t]mep Å I¼yq-«À Nn¸v , a\p-jysâ kzIm-cyX
]qÀ®-a mbpw XIÀ¡p-¶p. -P\§Ä ico-c-¯nÂ ]nSn-¸n-¡m-h p¶ Xc-¯n-
epÅ Nn¸n\p thn {]t£m `w kwL-Sn-¸n-¡pw. AXmWv Dt±-yin-¡-s¸-« -
Xpw.
PÌnkv atlm-\n, sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv t\m«p-I-fpsS D]-tbmKw \ntj-[n-¨p.

hmkvX-h-¯n-epÅ ]W-a-Ã, hmbv]m]{X-amWv F¶-XmWv Imc-Ww.
A¸oÂ tIkp-I-fnÂ ôkmbpw aäv sNe-hp-IÄ¡pw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xn\v
km²y-a Ã F¶m-bn-cp¶p At±-l-¯ nsâ ]£w. 6 amk-§Ä¡p tijw
At±lw h[n-¡-s ¸-«p.
Government Of the Rich . By the Rich . For the Rich

P\w Icp-Xp-¶Xv AhÀ sImSp-¡p¶ \nIpXn aäp-Å-hsc klm-bn-¡p-¶-
Xn\v D]-Im-c-s ¸-Sp¶p F¶m-Wv. AXp sam¯hpw ]mgm-¡n-I -f-ªn-c p¶p
F¦nepw {]iv\-a n-Ã. F¶mÂ AXv ssk\ys¯ ]cn-io-en-¸n-¡p-¶ -X n\pw
hfÀ¯p-¶-Xn\pw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. kz´w P\-§-fnÂ \n¶p-m-tb-¡m-
hp¶ FXnÀ¸ns\ ASn-¨-a À¯p-¶-Xn\pw aäp cmjv{S-§sf B{I-a n-¡p-¶-
Xn\pw thn. hnZym-`ym-k-¯n\pthn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ ]Ww Ipªp-
§sf AÚX ]Tn-¸ n-¡p-¶p. Btcm-Ky- kw-hn-[m\w sNe-th-dnb acp-¶p-
IÄ¡mbn ]Ww sNe-h-g n-¡p-¶p. kam-´-c- Nn-I nÕm k{¼-Zm-b-§sf
XfÀ¯p-¶p. P\-§Ä¡v D]-Im-c -{]-Z-a m-tb-¡m-hp¶ kmt¦-X nIhnZy-Isf
cl-ky-ambn kq£n-¡p-¶p. BZm-b-\n-I pXn hmkvX-h-¯nÂ Ahsc Xf-¨n-
Sp-¶-Xn-\p-th-n-bpÅ hne-§p-I Ä¡pw, Pbn-ep-I Ä¡pw, Pbn-eÀamÀ¡pw
thn hn\n-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
25
KpW-]mTw Fs´-¶mÂ P\-Io-b-amb hmÀ¯m-hn-X-cW kwhn-[m\w A[n-I-

ambn F´p {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-¶pthm, AXn-s\-Xn-cmbImcyw sN¿pI F¶p-Å-
Xm-Wv.
“]T-\-¯nÂ HutZym-K nI ]T-\w, ssIIS-¯p-¶-Xn\v Rm³ A\p-h-Zn-¡m-dn-
Ã.” þ amÀIv Szbv³
km³{^m³knkvtIm sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv _m¦nse ]»nIv dnte-j³knse

tdm¬ kp]n³kvInbpambn 1992 Â Um³ _³lmw \S-¯nb sSen-t^m¬
kw`m-j-W-¯nse {]kà `mK-§Ä.
þ 1000 tUmfÀ t\m«v {]nâv sN¿p-¶-Xnsâ sNehv 21 tUmfÀ (s^-UdÂ
dnkÀ-h nsâ {][m\ sNe-hv).
þ {]nâv sNbvXv ]pd-¯n-d-¡n-bXv BsI 10 e£w tImSn cq].
AXnÂ Iptd-tbsd D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶nÃ. hntZ-i¯pw hoSp-I-fnepw kq
£n-¡p-¶p.- a-b-¡p-a -cp¶p I¨-h-S-¯ n\pw aäv hn[zw-kI {]hÀ¯-\-¯n\pw
D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xp Imc-Ww. F¶mÂ sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhn\v ]ncn-ªp-
In-«m-\p-ÅXv 160 e£w tImSn cq].
1913 Â Øm]n-X-a m-b-t¸mÄ km[m-c W _m¦p-I-fpsS DS-a -ØÀ Xs¶-bmWv

sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhnâbpw DS-a -ØÀ. tdms¡s^tÃÀkv, sP.-]n. tamÀK³,
tdm¯vjoÂUvkv, emkmÀUv t{^sc-kv,- tjm-s bÂ tIm^v, Iq³ temsb-
_v, hmÀ_ÀKvkv, eoa³ {_tZ-gvkv, tKmÄUva ³ kmIvkv FÃmw PÀa³
PqX kb-WnÌv Npäp-]m-Sp-Å-hÀ. {_n«ojv cmP-Ip-Spw-_-s ¯-t¸m-se.
“Rm³ F{Xbpw hnj-®-\m-Wv. Rm³ Fsâ cmjv{Ss¯ XoÀ¯pw \in-¸n-

¨p. _rl¯mb hymh-km-bnI cmjv{Sw AXnsâ hmbv] hyh-Øn-Xn-bmÂ
\nb-{ń-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p. AXv tI{µo-Ir-X -am-Wv. cmjv{S-¯nsâ hfÀ¨bpw
FÃm hym]m-c -§fpw hfsc-¡p-d¨p a\p-jy-c psS ssII-fn-em-Wv. Gähpw
tami-a mbn `cn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ sam¯-a mbpw \nb-{ń¡s¸«n-cn-¡p¶, Iogvs ¸-
«ncn¡p¶ kÀ¡m-c mWv \½p-tS-Xv. kzX{´ A`n-{]m-b-an-Ãm¯, CÑm-i-àn-
bn-Ãm¯ kÀ¡mÀ. AXv `qcn-] £w sXc-sª-Sp-¡p¶ kÀ¡mÀ AÃ.
adn¨v hfsc sNdnb, ià-cmb a\p-jyÀ sXc-s ª-Sp-¡p-¶-X m-Wv. Ata-cn-
¡-bnse D¶-X -cmb Nne a\p-jyÀ Fń-s \tbm `b-¡p-¶p. Fhn-sS-tbm,
kwL-Sn-X-amb Hcp iàn, Pm{K-X-bpÅ, ]c-kv]cw _Ô-s ¸-«n-c n-¡p¶,
kw]qÀ®-amb, kÀÆhym]n-bmb Hcp iànsb. AhÀ AXns\ `Àkn-¡p-
t¼mÄ i_vZw hfsc ]Xp-§p-¶p.”- hqt{Up hnÂk¬ 1919
At±lw CXn\v kam-\ -amb aq¶v ktµ-i-§Ä 1921 Â \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶p.
26
“60 hÀjs¯ Ncn-{X-s a-Sp-¯mÂ sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv Hcn-¡Â t]mepw

kzX{´ HmUnän\v hnt[-b-am-bn-«n-Ã. P\-dÂ A¡u-nwKv Hmô-knsâ
HmUn-än\v hg-§m¯ {][m-\-s¸« Øm]-\-§-fnÂ Ht¶ H¶v.” 1975 Â
hvssdäv ]mäva³.(cmjv{Sob t\Xm-h v .{^m¦ven³ Un dqkvshÂäv
]nWnbmÄ)
“sNIp-¯ms\ Bcm-[n-¡p-¶-Xn\v {]XnÚ sN¿m¯ BcpwXs¶ ]pXnb
temI-{I-a-¯nÂ Dm-hn-Ã.” þ tUhnUv kv]m³-¥À ( bp.-F³ )
“1913 Â sÛnsâ BkvXn 572 tImSn cq]-bm-bn-cp-¶Xv 1949 Â 180,000
tImSn cq]-bm-bn. KpW-t`m-àm-¡Ä sÛv sâ ]¦m-fn-I-fmb Nne-
bmÄ¡m-c pw.”- bqtÌbvkv ayqfn³kv
kÀ¡mÀ ( Government ) F¶ ]Z-¯ nsâ AÀ°w sXän²cn-¡m³ ]mSp-

Å-X-Ã. `cn-¡-s¸Sp¶p F¶-Xn-\À°w \nco-£n-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p, ]cn-tim-[n-¡-
s¸-Sp-¶p, A\p-h-[m\w sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶p, \bn-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p, \nb-a -¯mÂ \nb-
{ń-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p, F®-s¸-Sp-¶p, hne-bn-cp-¯-s¸-Sp-¶p- , B-Ú m-] n-¡-s ¸-
Sp¶p, tcJ-s ¸-Sp-¯-s¸-Sp-¶p, \ncm-bp-[o-I-c n-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p, IhÀ¨ sN¿-s¸-Sp-
¶p, th«-bm-S-s ¸-Sp-¶p ,- \n-tcm-[n-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p, \nc-kn¡s¸-Sp-¶p, A\p-h -Zn-
¡-s¸-Sp-¶p, tNmZywsN¿-s¸-Sp-¶p, NqjWwsN¿-s¸-Sp-¶p, Fs¶m-s¡-
bmWv . Pierre Joseph Proudhon.
“tiJ-c n-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶-X nsâ 100 iX-a m-\ hpw cmjv{Sw hmbv] DÄs¡m-Å p-¶-
Xnsâ ]eni sImSp¯p XoÀ¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn thn-h-cp-¶p. Kh¬saânÂ
\n¶pw {]Xo-£n-¡p¶ bmsXmcphn[ klm-bhpw \nIp-Xn-Zm-b-I À¡v
XncnsI sImSp-¡p-h m³ BZm-b-\n-IpXn aXn-bm-hp-¶n-Ã.” þ 1984 Â {]kn-
Uv sdmWmÄUv doK\vv kaÀ¸n¨ s{Kbvkv I½n-j³ dnt¸mÀ«v.
‘hne-¡bä¯ns\ XS-ªv \ndp-¯p-¶-X nsâ `mK-a mbn Kh¬saâv kzoI-cn-

¨p-h-cp¶ \S-] -Sn-IÄ, \mW-b-{I-a-¯nsâ CXn\p ap³]v NÀ¨-sN-¿-s¸-«n-«n-
Ãm¯ Hcp kz`m-hw hni-Z-ambn At\z-jn-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶-X n\v Imc-W-am-bn.
sXämb hnZym-`ym-k-¯n-eq-s Sbpw ]cn-io-en-¸n-¡-s¸« \ni-_vZ-X-bn-eq-sSbpw
AXv Ct¸mÄ a\-Ên-em-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. \mW-b-{Iaw hmbv]sb ASn-Øm-\ -
s¸-Sp-¯n-bp-Å-Xm-Wv, \½psS \mSnsâ `mhn¡v AXv amc-I-a m-b -`-hn-jy-¯p-
IÄ k½m-\ n-¡pw. Ncn-{X-¯nse Gähpw henb bp²-¯n-te¡v AXv \bn-
¡pw. Hmtcm tUmfdpw AXv hyh-Øn-Xn-bnÂ \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶n-S-t¯mfw
Imew AXn-\p-taÂ ]eni Ah-Im-i-s ¸-Sp-¶p. C¯cw ]eni FÃm km[-
\-§-fp-tSbpw tkh-\ -§-fp-tS-bpw hne-hÀ²-\-hn\v hgn-sbm-cp-¡p-¶p ;.
27
AXv \mW-b-s¸-cp-¸-¯nte¡v cmjv{Ss¯ XÅnhnSp-¶p.” tPm¬.-

_n.dmcn¡v
[\-X-Xz-im-kv{X-Ú -·mÀ F¶v Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-hÀ P\-§-fpsS {i²-Xn-c n-¡p-

¶-Xn\pthn A{]-k-à-§-f mb hnj-b-§-fnte¡v {i² Xncn-¨p-hn-Sp-¶p.
sXmgn-em-fn-I sf aSn-b-·m-s c¶pw, ]nip-¡-s c-¶pw, D]-tbm-K-iq-\y-sc¶pw
Ipä-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. P\-§Ä Bi-b-Ip-g-¸ -¯n-em-hp-¶p. sXmgn-em-fn-I -
tfbpw hyh-km-bn-I-s fbpw Ah-c psS A²zm-\ -¯nsâ êw A\p-`-hn-¸n-
¡m-Xn-c n-¡m³, AhÀ Xs¶-bmWv Ipä-¡m-s c¶v hcp¯n¯oÀ¡p-¶p.
h©-\-bpsS bYmÀ° apJw ]pd-¯p-s Imphcm³ {ian-¡p-¶-hÀ
kÀ¡mÀ Øm]-\-§-fmÂ Ah-tl-fn-¡-¸-Sp-¶p.
“kXysas´-¶p-h-¨ mÂ Cu cmjv{Sw Hcp ¹qt«m P\m-[n-]Xyw AXm-bXv ,

kÀ¡mÀ Hcp Iq«w AXn [\n-I-·m-c psS ssII-fn-em-Wv. AhÀ Ah-cpsS
]W-¯n-eqsS kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. Ata-c n-¡-bpsS Hmtcm tImWnepw Ah-
cpsS A[n-Im-c-¯nsâ km¶n-²y-ap-v.” þ hnÃyw aIv BUq (hp{Uq
hnÂk¬ sâ sXc-sª-Sp¸v {]N-c -W-¯nsâ tZiob D] A²y-£³.
“kaq-ls¯ XInSw adn-¡p-¶ -Xn\v kp\n-Ýn-X-a m-b, kq£vaamb ( subtle )

amÀ¤w Id-³knsb \in¸n-¡-pI ( debauch ) F¶-X mWv.. \mi-¯nsâ
`mK¯v km¼-¯ n-I -amb FÃm iàn-I-tfbpw AWn\nc-¯p¶ A¯cw
kwhn-[m-\w, tImSn-¡-W-¡n\v a\p-jy-c nÂ HcmÄ t]mepw a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶-
Xn\v hnj-a-a m-Wv.” þ tPm¬ sabv\mÀUv sIbv³kv
“\nc-´-c-a mb \mW-b-s¸-cp-¸-¯n-eqsS, cl-ky-a mbn, {i²n-¡-s ¸-SmsX, B

cmPy-¯nse ]uc-· m-c psS kz¯p-¡-fpsS `qcn-`m-Khpw ssIb-S-¡p-¶-Xn\v
kÀ¡m-cp-IÄ¡v km[n-¡pw.” tPm¬ sabv\mÀUv sIbv³kv þ {]kn-²-
\mb [\-XXz imkv{X-Ú³
DXv] m-Z\w ]W-¯nsâ {Ib-hn-{Ibw Bh-iy-s ¸-Sp-¶p. hyh-Øn-Xn-bnÂ

\ne-hn-en-c n-¡p¶ ]W-¯nsâ 90 iX-am-\hpw Id³kn-b-Ã. _m¦nse
I¼yq-«-dnÂ ]qPy-¯n-s\-¡mfpw henb GXp kwJy-bp-sSbpw he-Xp-`m-
K¯v F{X-sb-¦nepw ]qPy-a n-«mÂ A{Xbpw ]Ww \ne-hn-Â hcp-¶p.
_m¦nÂ e`n-¡p¶ \nt£-]-¯nsâ F{X-s b-¦nepw Cc«n hmbv] \ÂIp-¶-
Xn\v {^m£-WÂ dnkÀhv knÌw {]m]vX-am-¡p-¶p.
28
“\n§-fpsS \m«nÂ IS-emkv Id³kn AXnsâ bYmÀ° kz`mhw {]I-S-am-

¡p-¶p. hym]m-cs¯ \in-¸n-¡p-¶p. kXy-kÔsc ASn-¨-a À¯p-¶p.
FÃm-¯cw X«n-¸n\pw Agn-a-X n¡pw hgn-s bm-cp-¡p-¶p.” þ {]kn-Uv
tPmÀÖv hmjnw-KvS¬ þ 1787
“IS-emkv Id³kn AXnsâ bYmÀ° aqey-¯n-te¡v F¯n-t¨-c pw. AXv
]qPy-am-Wv.” þ thmÄ«-bÀ
“Ømbn-b mb ISw sImv \½sf XIÀ¡p-h m³ \½psS `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-
Isf A\p-h -Zn-¡p-h m³ km²y-a -Ã. A¯cw ISw h¶ptNÀ¶mÂ \½psS
`£-Ww, ]m\o-bw, Ahiy km[-\ -§Ä, FÃm-¯ n\pw A[nIw hne hÀ²n-
¡p-¶-X n\v ImcWamhpw. \½psS P\-§Ä 24 aWn-¡q-dnÂ 16 aWn-¡qdpw
tPmen sNt¿nhcp-¶p. 15 aWn-¡qdpw kÀ¡mÀ ISw ho«p-¶-Xn\pthn.
16 þmas¯ aWn-¡qÀ \½psS `£Ww t\Sp-¶-Xn\v aXn-bm-hp-¶n-Ã. \ap¡v
Nnń-¡p-¶-Xn\v ka-b-an-Ã. tami-a mbn s]cp-am-dp-¶-h-tcmSv IW¡p tNmZn-
¡p-h m³ Ign-h n-Ã. \nXy-hr¯n Ign-bp-¶-Xn\pthn \½Ä \½-sf-¯s¶
hmS-Ibv¡v sImSp-¡p-¶p, \½psS kl-{]-hÀ¯-I-c psS Igp-¯nÂ hne§v
AWn-bn-¡p-¶-Xn\pthn. BZÀi-§-fnÂ\n¶v hyXn-N-en-¡p-¶Xv,
A¯cw hyXn-N-e-\ §Ä BhÀ¯n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-am-hp-¶p. AXv
kaq-l-¯ nse `qcn-`m-K-¯n-t\bpw ssZ\y-X-bn-te¡v \bn-¡pw. BÀ{ZX
\jvS-s¸«v Ipä-I rXyw sN¿p-¶-Xn\pw IjvS-s ¸-Sp-¶-X n\pw Imc-W-am-hpw.
CXn-s\Ãmw {][m\ ImcWw “s]mXp ISw” BWv. \nIpXn AXns\
]n³X-pS-c p-¶p. ]ns¶ ASn-¨ -aÀ¯epw Zpcn-X-§-fpw.” þ tXmakv
Pt^Àk¬
“\nb-a-¯n-eqsS, km[m-c W a\p-jy\v, Ahsâ InS-¸ mSw \jvS-am-hp-t¼mÄ,

kÀ¡m-cnsâ Icp-¯n\v Ah³ hg-§p-I -bpw, IqSp-XÂ A\p-k-c-W-bpÅh
\m-bn-¯o-cp-Ibpw sN¿pw. kÀ¡m-cns\ \nb-{ń-¡p-¶Xv AXn-k-¼-¶-cmb
]W-an-S-]m-Sp-Im-cpw. km{amPyw sI«n-¸-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\pthn \½Ä \nb-an-¨n-
cn-¡p¶ cmjv{So-b-¡m-cnÂ {]ap-JÀ¡v CXv Adn-hp-Å-Xm-Wv. thm«Àamsc
A{]-[m\ Imcy-§-fnÂ X½nÂ XÃn¨v, hn`-Pn¨v \ndp-¯p-¶Xp-hgn- Ahsc
Ai-à-cm-¡p-¶-Xn\v \ap¡v km[n-¡pw.” þ Ata-cn-¡³ _mt¦Àkv
Atkm-kn-tb-j³ ssUPÌv 1924
am[y-a-§Ä ]pI-gv¯p-¶-hsc CjvS-s ¸-Sp-¶-X n\pw am[y-a-§Ä òI-c -hm-Zn-I -

sf¶v hnfn-¡p-¶-hsc shdp-¡p-¶-X n\pw P\-§Ä ]cn-io-en-¸ n-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶ p.
H-Ivetlma \K-c-¯nÂ t_mw_vh¨ Xntam¯n aIv thbpsS Imcyw t\m¡n-
bmÂ, AbmÄ¡v {]mtZ-i nI òI-c -hm-Z-{]-Øm-\ -§-fp-ambn Dm-bn-cp¶
29
_Ôw am[y-a -§Ä DbÀ¯n-¡m-«n. Cdm¡v Iq«-¡p-c p-X n-bnÂ ]s¦-Sp¯

ssk\n-I-\m-sW¶v hyà-a m-¡p-¶p-an-Ã.
“[\-Im-cy-Øm-]-\-§Ä , temI-a msI ]nSn-¨-S-¡p-¶ -Xn-\ pÅ ]pd-¸ m-Sn-em-

sW-¶p-Å-Xn\v sXfn-hp-IÄ e`y-a m-Wv. AXp-sIm-m-bn-cn¡mw AhÀ
se\n³, lnäv-eÀ F¶o GIm-[n-]-X n-I Ä¡v klmbw sNbvX -Xv. A[n-Imcw
F§s\ ]nSn-¨-S-¡-W -sa¶v, \qdv IW-¡n\v hÀj-§-fm-bpÅ A\p-`hw
Ahsc ]Tn-¸n-¨p.”- hnÂ{^nUv ss{]kv ( USURY F¶ IrXn-bpsS cN-bn-
Xm-hv )
“Ata-c n-¡-b nse asäÃm kwØm-\-§-sfbpw `qan-bnse GI-tZiw FÃm
{]tZ-i-§sfbpw `cn-¡p-¶Xv hmjnw-Kv S¬ F¶ \K-c-a m-Wv.” þ dn¨ÀUv
sabv_dn
1989 se I-W-¡p-IÄ kqNn-¸ n-¡p-¶Xv, Hcp icm-icn a\p-jy³, Ahsâ
hcp-a m-\-¯nsâ 80 iX-a m-\ hpw t\cn-«p-Å tXm, hy§y-am-bn-«p-Å tXm Bb
]eni sImSp-¡p-¶-Xn\v amänht¡nhcp¶p F¶m-Wv. F¶mÂ `qcn-
`mKw t]cpw AXv Adnbp-¶n-Ã.
tZi-¯nsâ ISw ( National Debt ) F¶mÂ F´m-Wv. Ft¸mgpw \½Ä
AXv tIÄ¡m-dp-Å-X m-Wv. F¶mÂ hnZym-e-b-§-fnÂ AXv ]Tn-¸n-¡m-dp-
tm. AXnsâ Imc-W-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v hni-I -e\w sN¿m-dp-tm. 1931 \pw
1974\pw CSbv¡v t]mÀ¨p-KÃn\v A§-s\-s bm¶v Dm-bn-c p-¶n-Ã. Htc Hcp
ImcWw AhnsS ]en-i-c-lnX hyh-ØnXn \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p. FÃm-bv t¸mgpw
Kh¬sa ânsâ IS¯nsâ 90 iX-a m-\hpw ]eni Imc-W-am-Wv. H¶mw
temI-a -lm-bp-²-I m-e¯v {_n«ojv Kh¬saâv bp²-¡-¸-ep-IÄ (AXv 1916
se Pävem³Uv bp²-¯nÂ \jvS-a m-bn.) hm§p-¶-Xn\v
tdm¯vjoÂUvknsâ ]¡Â \n¶pw hm§nb hmbv] 80 hÀj-¯n\v
tijw ]ns¶bpw ]eni t\Sp-¶p. F´p-sIm-mWv kÀ¡mÀ klmbw
sh«n-¡p-d-¡p-¶Xv, \nIpXn hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv, sNdpXpw CS-¯-chpw hyh-
km-b-§Ä Bcw-`n-¡p-¶ -Xn\v Imin-ÃmsX hcp-¶-Xv. D¯cw “]eni”
F¶m-Wv. cmjv{Sob t\XrXzw, ]{X{]hÀ¯-I³, kXym-t\z-j-I ³ Bcpw
Xs¶ CXv Xpd-¶p-] -d-bp-¶-Xn\v X¿m-d-Ã. AXv Ah-cpsS \ne-\nÂ]v CÃm-
sX-bm-¡pw. kXyw a\-Ên-em-¡p-t¼mÄ, [\-hy-h-Øn-Xn- ( economy )
bpsShfÀ¨bpw XfÀ¨bpw \mW-b-s¸-cp-¸hpw, Npcp-¡-hpw, kzm`m-hn-I-
ambn Dm-Ip-¶-X-Ã. adn¨v IrXy-a mbn , Ir{Xn-a-a mbn \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-
XmWv F¶v a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶-Xn\v km[n-¡pw. AXnsâ ]n¶nÂ òa-·m-cmb
km¼¯nI CS-] m-Sp-Imcpw. Adn-bm-hp-¶-hÀ ]pd-¯p-]-d-bm³ aSn-¡p-¶Xv
F´p-s Im-m-s W¶ph¨mÂ `bw am{X-a m-s W-¶mWv D¯-cw.
30
hym]mc hyh-km-b-t¯-¡mÄ AXn-th-K-¯n-emWv ‘]enihyhØ’ hf-cp-

¶-Xv.
sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhpw kam-\-amb aäv _m¦p-I fpw `c-W-Iq-S-¯nsâ \nb-{´-
W-¯n-e-Ã. 1990 s^{_p-hcn 10-þmw XobXn {^m³knse Gäw {]apJ Zn\-]-
{X-amb “se ^nKmtcm” bnse hmÀ¯ “PÀa³ sk³{SÂ _m¦nsâ DZyaw
XnI¨pw bmYm-Øn-Xn-I-a m-Wv. F¶mÂ AXnsâ LS\ XnI¨pw hyXy-
kvXw, AXnsâ \nb-{´W kwhn-[m\w AXn-i -àw, -AXv ]mÀe-saân\pw,
Kh¬ saân\pw Iogvs¸-«n-c n-¡p-¶n-Ã.”
sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv kzbw {]kn-²n-I-cn-¨-X nÂ \n¶v, “ `c-W-IqSw 1913 Â

sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv Øm]n-¨ p. F¶mÂ `c-W-I qSw AXns\ \nb-ń-¡p-¶n-
Ã. Ata-c n-¡³ {]kn-Upw AXn-s\ \nb-{ń-¡p-¶n-Ã.”
_m¦v Hm^v Cäen ]ni-\n-c¡v 0.5 itam-X-a m\w DbÀ¯n-b-t¸mÄ Cäm-en-

b³ {]kn-Uv sSen-hn-j-\ nÂ {]Xy-£-s¸«v ]d-ªXv “_m¦v Hm^v Cäen
]en-i-\ n-c ¡v 0.5 iX-am\w DbÀ¯n-bXv Fsâbpw Kh¬saân-sâbpw
B{K-l-§Ä¡v hncp-²-a m-bm-Wv. _m¦v AXnsâ D¶-a \w am{Xw e£y-am-
¡p-¶p. Cäen-bp-sS-bÃ.”
Ncn{Xs¯ Kl-\-a mb ]T-\ -¯n\v hnt[-b-a m-¡n-b-Xn\v tijw dn¨ÀUv

tlmkvIn³kv cNn¨ {KÙ-a mWv – bp²-L-« w, kam-[m\ L«w ( War
Cycles, Peace Cycles ) (1985)
tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯-s¸« Ncn-{X-¯nse FÃm {]apJ bp²-§fpw, km¼-¯nI
AØn-c-X bpw, km¼-¯nI XIÀ¨-bpw, ]«n-Wnbpw hncÂNqp-¶Xv ]eni
ASn-Øm-\-a m-bpÅ _m¦n§v F¶ hyh-Øn-Xn-bn-te-¡m-Wv. C¯cw kw`-
h-§Ä ap³Iq«n {]h-Nn-¡p-hm³ km[yam-hp¶ Xc-¯nÂ Nn«-s ¸-Sp-¯ n-bn-cn-
¡p-¶p. -{]IrXnt£m`w t]mep-Åh Imc-W-am-hp-¶p-s -¦nepw Gdnb
]¦pw ]eni ASn-Ø m-\-am-bp-Å - _m-¦n§vXs¶-bmWv Imc-Ww. ]pcm-X\
_m_n-tem-Wn-b³ kwkvImcw C¯cw hyh-ØnXn tcJ-s ¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.
AXns\ “”_mÂ”” ]ptcm-ln-X-·mÀ ]cn-jvI -cn-¨p. IrXy-amb kwhn-[m\w
krjvSn-¨p. AtX ]mX ]n³Xp-Scp-¶-XmWv C¶v \ne-h n-en-cn-¡p¶ hyh-
Øn-Xn-bpw. Id³kn-bpsS Afhv Ft¸mgpw IrXyX ]peÀ¯p-t¼mÄ I-
d³kn-bpsS F{X-sb-¦ nepw Cc«nhcp¶ hmbv]bpw ]enibv¡ptaÂ ]eni
F¶ hyh-Øn-Xnbpw IrXyX ]peÀ¯p-¶n-Ã. ]en-i- hy-h -ØnXn cmjv{S-
¯n\v taÂ Gev]n-¡p¶ BLmXw tlmkvIn³kv IrXy-a mbn tcJ-s¸-Sp-
31
¯p-¶p. ]T-\-¯n\ptijw tlmkvI n³kv \S-¯nb {]h-N-\-§Ä ]eXpw

êw Ip.
BZys¯ {]Xym-LmXw Aan-X-amb \nIp-X n-bm-Wv. Aan-X-a mb \nIpXn
GÀs¸-Sp-¯p-¶nsÃ¦nÂ hyh-ØnXn hf-sc-s¸-s «¶v XIÀ¶p-t]m-Ipw. ]en-
i- hy-h Ø CÃ F¶p-s-¦nÂ Aan-X-a mb \nIp-Xn-bpsS Bhiyw hcp-¶-
tX-bn-Ã. A¯cw \nIpXn , \mW-b-s ¸-cp-¸-s ¯bpw Npcp-¡-s ¯bpw
]qgv¯n-h-bv]n-s \bpw, Id³kn [mcm-f-a mbn ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-¡p-¶-Xn-t\bpw
AXn-Po-hn-¡p-¶-X n\v km[yam¡pw. cm-a s¯ {]Xym-LmXw henb bp²-
§-fm-Wv. “bp²-L-«w, kam-[m\ L«w” F¶ hyh-Øn-Xn-bpsS BZy-L-« -
am-Wv. km¼-¯nI hyh-Øn-Xnsb Dt¯-Pn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn kzoI-cn-
t¡n hcp¶ KXn-sI« amÀ¤-a m-W-X v. km¼-¯nI hyh-Øn-Xn¡v lrkz-
Ime Dt¯-P\w \evIp-¶-Xn\v AXv {]m]vX-am-Wv . A[nIw sNe-th-dnb
bp²w, \qdp iX-am\w DXv] m-Z\w Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶Xv , ]pXp-Xmbn ]pd-s¸-Sp-
hn-¡p¶ Id³knbpw, AXp aqe-a p-f-hm-Ip¶, AXnsâ ]e Cc«n hcp¶
“hmbv] ”bpw , Bhiy-s ¸-Sp-¶p. Cu L«w Ign-bp-t¼mÄ ]ns¶ kam-[m\
L«-a m-Wv.
aq¶m-a s¯ {]Xym-LmXw P\-\ -\n-c-¡n-ep-m-h p¶ CSn-h m-Wv. Aan-X-amb
Pohn-X-s¨-e-hp-IÄ {]Xyp-Xv]m-Z\w Ipd-¡p-¶-Xn\v t{]cn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
\mem-a s¯ {]Xym-LmXw IpSn-tb-ä-a m-Wv. AXv XnI¨pw Ah-iy-am-bn-¯o-
cp-¶p. ]pXnb IpSn-tb-ä-¡mÀ ]pXnb D]-t`m-àm-¡-fm-Wv. ]en-i-hy-h -
Øn-Xn-bp-sS.
A©m-a s¯ {]Xym-LmXw XnIª ASn-a-¯-a m-Wv. hmbv] sImSp¯p
ho«m-\m-hmsX hcp-t¼mÄ AXv kwPm-X-am-hp-¶p.
Bdm-as¯ {]Xym-LmXw ASn-a-Xz-¯nÂ \n¶pÅ hntam-N\w ( abolition )
BWv. _m¦nwKv hyh-Øn-Xn-bpsS \ne-\n-ev] n\v AXv Bh-iyam-Wv.
tlmkvIn³kv ASn-h-c-bn«p ]d-bp-¶Xv “ am\p-jnI ]cn-K-W-\ -I-
fpsSt]cnÂ ASn-a -Xz-¯nÂ \n¶pw hntam-N\w \evInb Hä kw`hw
t]mepw Ncn-{X-¯nÂ CÃ Xs¶” . hyh-ØnXn Npcp§n XpS-§p-t¼mÄ
ASn-a-I sf hntam-Nn-¸n-¡p-I bpw AXv IqSp-XÂ hmbv] Bh-i y-s ¸-Sp-I bpw
sN¿pw. IS-_m-[y-X-bn-Ãm¯ a\p-jy³ ]pXnb hmbv]-IÄ¡v hnt[-b-\m-
hpw. AhÀ A[nIw IS-_m-²y-X -bpÅ kztZ-in-I-tf-¡mÄ KpW-{]-Z-am-Wv.
1985 Â {]kn-²o-I -cn¨ {KÙ-¯nÂ tlmkvIn³kv ]d-ªXv
þ B ka-b¯v Ata-cn-¡-bpsS ASp¯ kplr-¯ m-bn-cp¶ sX¡³
B{^n¡ Ata-c n-¡-bpsS i{Xp-hm-bn-¯ocpw F¶m-Wv. AXv kw`-hn-¨p.
Hcp hÀj-¯n\p tijw.
þ ]e hn[ km¼-¯nI Imc-W-§-fmÂ F® DXv]m-Zn-¸ n-¡p¶ Ad_v
cmjv{S-§Ä B{I-an-¡-s¸Spw F¶m-Wv. AXv kw`-hn-¨p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶p.
32
þ sNdnb _m¦n§v Øm]-\-§Ä H¯p tNÀ¡-s ¸Spw F¶m-Wv. AXv

kw`-hn-¨p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶p.
þ kzX{´ IpSn-tbäw, {]mtbm-KnI [\-X-Xz-im-kv{X-¯nsâ Bh-iy-I -X-
bmWv F¶m-Wv. AXv kw`-h n-¨ p-s Im-n-c n-¡p-¶p.
þ kÀ¡mÀ IS-¸-{X-¯nsâ XIÀ¨.
þ tÌm¡v amÀ¡-änse h¼n¨ XIÀ¨.
þ hn]p-e-amb ]«n-Wn.
þ `c-W-IqS hntcm-[n-I sf ASn-¨ -aÀ¯Â.
þ hym]-I -amb B`y-ć sNdp-¯p-\nÂ]v.
þ hntZi iàn-I Ä Ata-c n-¡sb B{I-an-¡p-sa-¶-X v.
ap³ kn.-sF.F Hmô-kÀamcpw, ap³ ssk\nI ta[m-hn-Ifpw , hfsc

\sÃmcp hn`mKw ]d-bp-¶Xv kn.-s F.-Fbpw s]â-K¬ Dw BWv temI-
¯nse Gähpw henb `nI-c-kw-L-S-\ -IÄ F¶m-Wv. AhÀ
hmÄkv{Soänse P·n-I Ä¡p thn ]Wn-s b-Sp-¡p¶p F¶pw. {]kn-Uv
sFk-t\m-hÀ AXns\ hnfn-¨ Xv ‘ssk\n-I þ cmjv{Sob þ hyh-kmb
kwLmXw’ F¶m-Wv. kn.-s F.F bpsS a\p-jy-¡p-c p-Xn-¡p-thn {]tXyI
]cn-io-e\w \ÂIp¶ hn`m-K-s ¯-¡p-dn¨pw . temI-t\-Xm-¡sf h[n-
¡p¶Xns\-¡p-dn-¨pw, AhÀ¡v ]Ww sImSp¯v hi-¯m-¡p-¶-X n-s \-¡p-dn-
¨pw.
tPmÀÖv s]ÀIn³kv kzbw At±-l-¯ns\ km¼-¯nI Kq ( Economic

Hitman ) F¶v hnfn-¡p-¶p. -A-ta-cn-¡-bnÂ bYmÀ°-ambn F´p \S-
¡p¶p F¶v At±lw hni-Z-am-¡p-¶p. A´m-cmjv{S hyh-kmb `na-·mÀ
F{]-Imcw `c-W-Iq-Ss¯ \nb-{ń-¡p-¶p, A[n-I m-c -¯n-te-dp¶ cmjv{ Sob
{]Øm-\w- amdn hcpt¼mgpw F´p-sIm- mWv {]tbm-K-¯nÂ amäw kw`-hn-
¡m-¯Xv F¶pw.
1961 Â {]kn-Uv sFk-t\m-hÀ sSen-h n-j-\ nÂ Xpd¶p ]d-ªp. “AXn\v
Hä e£yw am{Xw. ssk\nI þ hyh-kmb þ `c-W-I qS {]Øm-\-¯nsâ
]n¶n-epÅ A[nIw D¶-X-c mb P·n-I-fpsS \nb-{´-W-¯n-epÅ GI-temI
^mknÌv `c-W-Iq-Sw . cmjv{So-b-¡mÀ¡v \nc-kn-¡m-\m-hm¯ hyh-Ø-IÄ
apt¶m«p hbv¡pw. F¶n«pw \nc-kn-¡p-¶-hsc kn.-s F.F hIhcp-¯pw.”
_À\mÀUv eosb-äm-sbÀ :-þ A©v hÀjw _ÂPnbw sk³{SÂ _m¦nÂ .

Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv t]bvsaâv knÌw {]kn-Uv . _ÀIven-bnse Imen-
33
t^mÀWnb bqWn-th-gvkn-än-bnÂ {]^-kÀ. At±-l-¯nsâ Ggm-a s¯

]pkv X-I w “]W-¯nsâ `mhn : BÀ¯n¡pw, ZuÀe-`y-X bv¡pw A¸p-dw.”
At±lw ]d-bp-¶p -]p-Xnb Id³kn k{¼-Zmbw \ne-hnÂ htc-n-bn-c n-¡p-
¶p. [\-X-X z-i m-kv{X-s ¯-¡p-dn-¨ pÅ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-§Ä , a\p-jy\pw
Øm]-\-§fpw , amÀ¡-än\pw hn`-h-§Ä¡pw thn t]mc-Sn-¡p-¶p F¶v
]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ hmkvX-h-¯nÂ Ahsb D]-tbm-Kn¨v ]W-¯n\p
thn-bmWv t]mc-Sn-¡p-¶ -Xv. _m¦v \n§Ä¡v hmbv] \ÂIp-t¼mÄ
AXnsâ ]eni \ÂIp-¶-Xn-\pÅ Id³kn ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-¡p-¶n-Ã. AXv
\n§Ä \n§Ä¡p Npäp-a p-Å-h-c p-ambn aÕ-c n¨v t\tS--Xm-Wv. aÕ-c -
¯nÂ ]cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-¶ -hÀ¡v hoSpw aäpw \jvS-am-hpw.
_m¦v \n§-fpsS hmbv] Xncn-¨-S-¡p-¶-Xn-\ pÅ Ignhv ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-t¼mÄ
hmkvX-h-a mbpw aäp-Å-h-cp-ambn aÕ-c n-¡p-¶-X n-\ pÅ Ign-hmWv ]ntim-[n-
¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. I¼yq-«-dn-s âbpw hnhckmt¦-XnI hnZy-bp-tSbpw hc-thmsS
sXmgnÂ taJ-e-bnÂ hÀ²-\-hp-m-h msX km¼-¯nI D¶-a\w ssIh-cn-
¡p-¶-X n\v km[y-am-hpw. Pdan dn^vI n³ ]d-bp-¶Xv Gähpw \Ã ka-
b¯p t]mepw sXmgnÂ km²y-X-I Ä Ipd-hm-bn-cn-¡pw. ASp¯ 30 hÀj-
¯n-\Iw Cu `qan-bn-epÅ FÃmhÀ¡pw thn-bpÅ DXv]-¶-§Ä \nÀ½n-
¡p-¶-X n\v 3 iX-am-\-t¯mfw Bfp-IÄ am{Xw aXn-bm-h pw. 3 F¶p-ÅXv 20
iXam\w F¶p h¨mepw _m¡n-h-cp¶ 80 iX-a m\w a\p-jyÀ F´p sXmgn-
emWv sN¿p-I. kaqla\-Èmkv{Xw {]m[m\yw AÀln-¡p-¶p. ]Ww {][m-
\-ambpw kaqla\-Èm-kv{Xs¯ B{i-bn-¨p-Å-X m-Wv.
”A-ta-c n¡ FÃm-bvt¸mgpw bp²-¯ n-em-Wv. \nc-ć kam-[m-\-¯n\p thn

, \nc-ć bp²w.” þ tKmÀ hnZÂ
“CÃyq-a n-\ m-än-bpsS kn²m´w , tP-t¡m-_n-\ n-k-¯ nsâ XXz-§Ä . i{Xp-

ssk-\y-§-tf-¡mfpw IqSp-XÂ Icp-t¯msS AXv \ap¡v FXn-cmbn
{]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. \½psS kzmX-{ý-¯n\v AXv hfsc A]-I-S-a m-Wv.
Hmtcm kwØm-\hpw hfsc apt¶Xs¶ AXns\ th«-bm-Sn-bn-cp-¶nÃ
Ft¶mÀ¯v hymIp-e-s ¸-tS-n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. AXv Ata-cn-¡-bpsS Gähpw
henb i{Xp-hm-Wv, kaq-l-¯ ns\ _m[n-¨n-cn-¡p¶ IoS-§-fm-Wv.” - þ Ata-
cn-¡-bpsS BZy {]kn-Uv þ tPmÀÖv hmjnw-KvS¬ (1785)
“tabvk¬ {]Øm\w \ntcm-[n¡-s¸-tS- -Xm-Wv, A[nIw tZmjw krjvSn-

¡p-h m³ {]m]vX-s a-¶p-Å-Xn-\mÂ, Fs´-¦nepw \· krjvSn-¡p-hm³ A{]m-
]vX-s a-¶p-Å-Xn-\mÂ.”- tPm¬ amÀjÂ, Ata-cn-¡³ kp{]ow-tIm-S-X n, No^v
34
PÌn-kv. (amÀjÂ {]kn-²-\mb tabvk¬ Bbn-c p-¶p, hnÀPo-\n-b-bnÂ

cv imJ-IÄ Øm]n-¡p-¶ -Xn\v klm-bn-¨n-c p-¶p)
-“Hä-s¸« ASn-¨-a À¯-ep-IÄ s]s«-¶pÅ hnIm-c-t£m-`-§-fpsS {]Xn-^-e-\-

sa¶p Icp-Xmw. F¶mÂ \nc-´-c -amb ASn-¨-aÀ¯-ep-I Ä, Hcp {]tXyI
Ime-L-«-¯nÂ Bcw-`n¨v, `c-W-IqSw amdnhcp-t¼mgpw amä-an-ÃmsX XpS-cp-
t¼mÄ, AXv, Icp-X n-¡q-« n-bp-Å, IrXy-X-bmÀ¶, \½sf ASn-a-¯-¯n-te¡v
XÅnhnSp¶ {]{In-b-bm-s W¶v sXfn-h m-Ip-¶p.” þ tXmakv Pt^Àk¬
“temI Kh¬saâv \ne-hnÂhcpw. AXv ]c-kv]c [mc-W-bn-eq-s S-bmtWm,
AtXm ]nSn-¨ -S-¡-en-eq-s S-bmtWm F¶Xpam{X-amWv Ah-ti-jn-¡p¶
tNmZyw.” þ Pbnwkv hmÀ_ÀKv
“]mÀe-saânÂ BÂ{UnNv _nÂ Ah-tl-fn-¡-¸-«p. hq{Uq hnÂk¬s\
Øm\mÀ°n-bmbn \nÝ-bn-¡p¶ thf-bnÂ. sUsam-{Im-änIv ]mÀ«n-bpsS
\nb-{´Ww ssIbm-fn-bn-cp-¶-hÀ ]d-ªXv AhÀ `c-W-¯nÂ Xncn-¨ p-h-c n-I-
bm-s W-¦nÂ sk³{SÂ _m¦v Dm-hnÃ F¶m-Wv. 13 amk-§Ä¡p tijw
hm¡va mdn. hmÄkv{So-änsâ ]n-Wn-bm-fm-bn-cp¶ hnÂk¬ tIWÂ lukv
dnt¸mÀ«ns\ ]n³]än sk³{SÂ _m¦v sImph¶p. \s½ ASn-apSn \nb-
{ń-¡p-¶ -Xn\pthn . sXm«nÂ apXÂ Ipgn-amSw hscbpw hne§v AWn-
bn-¡p-¶ -Xn\pthn.” eqbn aIv^m-S³.
“_mly-a mb Aćw Hgn-hm-¡n-bmÂ cn-sâbpw DÅ-S¡w, k¯, kam-\ -
am-sW¶pw, ]c-kv] cw _Ô-s¸«pInS-¡p¶p F¶pw ImWmw.” þ t]mÄ
hmÀ_ÀKv ( BÄ{Un¨v _nÃn-s\bpw ¥mÊvþ Hh³ _nÃn-s\bpw Ipdn¨v )
“Cu \nbaw temI-¯ nse Gähpw henb ‘hnizmkw’ Øm]n-X-am-¡p-¶p.
{]kn-Uv hnÂk¬ H¸phbv¡p-t¼mÄ, [\-i-àn-bpsS AZriy kÀ¡mÀ
\nb-a-h n-t[-b-a m-¡-s ¸-Spw. Xe-ap-d-I -fnte¡p\ofp¶ \nb-am-\p-kr-X-amb
Ipä-IrXyw , Cu _m¦n§v\nbaw \nÀÆ-ln-¡p-¶p. CXn\p sXm«papt¶
BZm-b-\n-IpXn\nbaw sImp-h-¶p. AXv FÃm kwØm-\-§fpw AwKo-I -
cn-¨n-Ã F¶v Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶p. _m¦p-IÄ¡v Ah-cpsS ]eni sImSp-¡p-¶-
Xn\v kÀ¡mcn\v BZm-b-\n-IpXn Bh-iy-a m-Wv.” þ NmÄkv en³Uvs _ÀKv (
\n-b-a-k-`mw-Kw ).
{]kn-Uv tdmWÄUv doKsâ A²y-£-X-bnÂ ‘s{Kbvkv I½o-j³’
dnt¸mÀ«v ]d-bp-¶Xv, , BZm-b-\ n-I pXnbpsS Hcp Awiwt]mepw kÀ¡mÀ
tkh-\-§Ä¡mbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. kÀ¡mÀIS-¯nsâ ]eni HSp-
¡p-¶-X n\pw s]³j³ \ÂIp-¶-X n\pw am{Xw sNe-h-gn-¡-s ¸-Sp¶p F¶m-
Wv.
35
sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv Øm]n-X-a mb 1913 Â \ymtbmÀ¡v ssäwkv \S-¯n-bn-

cp¶ jn^v^v {Kq¸v , Bân Un^-ta-j³ eoKv kwL-S\ cq]o-I-cn-¨p.
_v\mbn _vdn¯nsâ t]mj-I-kw-L-S\ F¶a«nÂ. KqVm-tem-N\m ]²-Xn-
IÄ¡v kzImcy ssk\yw F¶-X mWv {]hÀ¯-\-s si-en. C¶v cmjv{S-
¯nse ]e `mK-§-fn-embn 2000 Â A[nIw GP³kn-IÄ CXn\p IognÂ
{]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. an¡-hmdpw FÃm ]ucm-h -Imi kwL-S-\ -Ifpw CXnsâ
\nb-{´-W-¯n-em-Wv. sXämb hmÀ¯-I Ä {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v AXv hnt[-
bXzw ]peÀ ¯p¶ ]{X-§sf \nÀ_-Ôn-¡p-¶p. sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhnsâ
DS-a-Øsc hnaÀin-¡p-¶- Bscbpw Bân skssaäv F¶p ap{Z Ip¯p-¶-
Xn\p thn Øm]n-X-a m-b-XmWv _v\mbn _vdn¯v.
kwkvI m-c -¯nsâ \io-I-c -Whpw, kaq-l-¯nsâ ]p\À\nÀ½m-Whpw -,
AXnsâ ASn-Ø m\w hnI-k-\-¯nsâ XS-Ê-s ¸-Sp¯epw , Akm-²y-amb
ka-Xzhpw, e£y-a m¡n, kv]mÀ«-¡-kn-sâbpw hotjm-]n-sâbpw Imew
apXÂ ImÄ amÀIvkn-sâbpw t{SmSvkvIn-bp-s Sbpw Imew hscbpw
]ns¶bpw temI-hym-] -I-amb KqVm-tem-N\ \ne-\ nÂ¡p-¶p. 19 þmw \qäm-
nÂ FÃm hnL-S\hmZ-¯n\pw AXv t\XrXzw \ÂIn. Ct¸mÄ bqtdm-
]y³, Ata-c n-¡³ At[m-tem-I¯p\n¶pwh¶ Cu Akm-[m-cW hyàn-Xz-
§Ä djy-bnÂ X¼Sn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. Ct¸mÄ \n§Ä bp²w sNbvXmÂ
A[nIw càw Nntńhcn-Ã. Ipd¨p Ign-sª-¶mÂ AXn-Po-h-\-¯n\v
Ah-kcw hfsc Ipdªp F¶pwhcmw. F¶n-cp-¶mepw s]mcp-Xp-¶-XmWv
\Ã-X v, ASn-a -I-fmbn Ign-bp-¶-Xn-t\-¡mfpw t`Zw \in¨pt]mIp-¶-X m-Wv. þ
hn³Ì¬ NÀ¨nÂ.
“Cu A´m-cmjv{S _m¦Àamcpw, tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ kmäm³UmÀUv HmbnÂ

òa-·mcpw, A[nIw Zn\-] -{X-§-s fbpwaäpw \nb-{ń-¡p-¶p. s]mXptaJ-e,
kÀ¡mÀ DtZym-K-Ø-·msc Iogvs¸-Sp-¯p-¶-X n\pw, AsÃ-¦nÂ Xp-c¯n HmSn-
¡p-¶-X n\pw, Ah-cpsS Icp¯v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. AZriy Kh--s aânsâ
Akm-·mÀ¤nI amÀ¤-§Ä¡v H¯mi sN¿p-¶nÃ F¦nÂ`” þ XntbmsUmÀ
dqkvshÂäv. 1919
“Ata-c n-¡³ P\X Ah-cpsS {]kn-U-ns\ Hcn-¡epw sXc-sª-Sp-¯n-«n-

Ã. AhÀ Hcn-¡epw sXc-s ª-Sp-¡p-Ibpan-Ã.” þ {]kn-Uv dqkvshÂäv.
\K-c -§-fntem {Kma-§-fntem bp²-an-Ã. P\-kwJy inYn-eo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v

Imc-W-sam-¶p-a n-Ã. 1930 se Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ Ipdhv H¶n-\p-an-Ã. ]W-¯nsâ
e`y-X-s bm-gn-¨v. sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhn-s â DS-a-ØÀ AXv XS-ª-X mWv Imc-
Ww. AXm-bn-cp¶p ]Ww e`n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ GI Dd-hn-S-hpw. hcm-\n-cn-
¡p¶ tami-s¸« [\-hy-h-Øsb ]gn]dªv, hym]m-c-¯n\pw hyh-km-b-
36
¯n\pw hmbv] \ntj-[n-¨XmWv Imc-Ww. \ne-hn-ep-m-bn-cp¶ hmbv]

Xncn-¨-S-t¡--Xp-v, \ne-hn-ep-m-bn-cp¶ Id³kn , hyh-Øn-Xn-bnÂ
\n¶pw A{]-Xy-£-a m-bn-s ¡m-n-cn-¡p-¶p. hm§p-hm³ km[-\-§Ä e`y-am-
bn-cp-¶p. sN¿p-hm³ sXmgn-ep-m-bn-cp-¶p. Chbv¡v ]Icw \ÂIp-¶-Xn\v
]Ww e`y-a m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. A§ns\ Ata-cn¡ XIÀ¨ ( Depression -) t\-cn-
tSn h¶p. BÀ¯n ]nSn¨ _m¦ÀamÀ Bbn-c -¡-W-¡n\v hoSp-Ifpw,
tXm«-§-fpw, hyh-kmb Øm]-\ -§fpw XpÑ-a mb hne-bv¡v ssI¡em¡n .
P\-§-tfmSv ]d-ªXv kabw ITn-\-a m-Wv. ]Ww Ipd-h mWv Fs¶ms¡.
P\-§-fpsS hcp-am-\hpw k¼m-Zyhpw IhÀ¨ sNbvXp. Ah-cpsS hkvXp-
¡-fpw. F¶mÂ cmw temIa-lm-bp-²-¯n\v thp¶ tImSn-¡-W -¡n\v
tUmfÀ e`y-am-bn-cp-¶p. 1934 Â Blmcw DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶-X n\v ]Wan-Ãm-Xn-
cp¶ cmPy-¯nÂ , s]s«¶v , t_mw_v Dm-¡p-¶-Xn\v PÀ½-\n-bn-te¡pw
P¸m-\n-te¡pw Ab-bv¡p-¶-Xn\v ]W-a p-m-bn. 1930 Â ]W-an-Ãm-Xn-cp¶
_m¦Àam-cpsS ]¡Â ssk\nI _mc-¡p-IÄ \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-X n\pw, bqWn-
t^m-an\pw aäpw Af-h n-Ãm¯hn[w s]s«¶v [\w h¶p. AtXmsS
sXmgnÂ hÀ²n-¨ p, ]mS-§Ä¡v Ah-bpsS DXv]-¶-§Ä hnev¡p-¶-Xn\v
Ign-ªp. ^mIvSdn cv jn^väv Bbn, J\n-IÄ Xpd-¶p, henb XIÀ¨ (
Great Depression ) A{]-Xy-Ivjam-bn. henb XIÀ¨¡ v Imc-W-ambn Nne
cmjv{So-b-¡msc ]gn-Nm-cn. AXv amdn-b-t¸mÄ AXnsâ ta· aäpNne
cmjv{So-b-¡mÀ X«n-sb-Sp-¯p. hmkvXhw Fs´-¶mÂ _m¦ÀamÀ
krjvSn¨ ]W ZuÀe`yw AXn\p Imc-W-a m-hp-I bpw _m¦ÀamÀXs¶
krjvSn¨ ]W-¯nsâ e`yX AXnÂ \n¶v hnSp-X e t\Sn-¯-c p-I bpw
sNbvXp.
“{_n«³ A´m-c mjv{S km¼-¯ nI iàn-I-fpsS ASn-a -bm-Wv.” þ {_n«ojv

{][m-\-a{ń þ tUbvhnUv tembvUv tPmÀÖv.
bp²w F¶mÂ kwL-Sn-X-amb òI-c -hm-Z-a m-Wv. AXv Bcw-`n-¡p-¶Xv

hnPbw ap¶nÂ IpsImÃ. \nc-´-c-bp²w, bp²-¯ nÂ\n¶v em`-
apm¡p¶-h-c psS hyh-kmbw sa¨-s ¸-Sp-¯pw. sSen-h n-j³ \ndsb
tbm²m-¡fpw kpµ-cn-I-fp-amb kv{XoI-fp-a m-Wv. \½sf tbm²m-¡fpw hy`n-
Nm-cn-Wn-I-fp-am-¡n-¯oÀ¡p-¶-Xn\p thn.
òI-c -hmZw F¶mÂ, Xnc-Èo-e¡p ]n¶nse `c-W-hÀ¤w ( D¶-X-cmb Ipä-

hm-fn-IÄ, AhÀ kÀ¡m-cns\ \nb-{ń-¡p-¶p ) s]mXp-P-\-¯nsâ A`n-
{]mb cq]o-I-c-W-¯n\p thn, P\-§-fpsS sNe-h nÂ \S-¯p¶ X{´w.
AXv Xnc-Èo-ebv¡v ]n¶nÂ \nÂ¡p-¶-h-c psS XmXv]cyw kwc-£n-¡p-¶p.
PqX-·mcpw AÃm-¯-h cpw ]W-¯n-eq-s Sbpw hnhm-l-¯n-eq-sS-bpw, sNIp-
¯m³ tkh-bn-eq-s Sbpw _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. A´m-c mjv{ S hyh-km-b-
37
§Ä¡v, [\-k-lm-bw, Cf-hp-IÄ, \nIp-Xn-bnÂ \n¶pw Hgn-hp-I Ä, kuP-\y-

ambn ASn-Øm\ kuI-c y-§Ä F¶nh Kh¬saâv \ÂIp-¶-Xn-\mÂ Ah-
sbms¡ A[nIw em`w tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯pw. -{]mtZiob kwcw-`-§Ä¡v
C¯cw kuI-cy-§Ä A{Xbpw e`y-a -Ãm-¯-Xn-\mÂ A´m-c mjv{S Øm]-\-
§-tfmSv InS-]n-Sn-¡p-¶-Xn\v km[y-a -Ã.
“C.I.A {]apJ am²y-a -§-fnse {]ap-J sc hne-s ¡-Sp-¯n-c n-¡p-¶p. am²y-a -
§Ä F´mWv {]N-cn-¸n-t¡-Xv F¶v C.I.A \nÀt±-in-¡p-¶p.” Ft¸m-gpw. -
hnÃyw tImÄ_n. ap³ C.I.A Ub-d-IvSÀ 1976þ1996 . hnÃyw tImÄ_n ac-W-
s¸-«p. sIme-s¸-«-Xm-sW¶v kwi-bn-¡-s ¸-Sp¶p. Xpd-¶-Sn¨v Imcy-§Ä ]d-
ª-Xp-sIm-v.
“\½psS _m¦n§v Øm]-\ -§Ä AXohw {IqcX {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. Ah-
bpsS Bgw P\-§Ä¡p a\-Ên-em-bn-cp-s¶-¦ nÂ ]pecpwapt¶ hn¹hw
s]m«n-¸ p-d-s¸-Sp-am-bn-cp-¶p.” þ B³{Uq PmIvk¬.
sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv _m¦v BtcmSpw D¯cw ]d-tb--X n-Ã. {]kn-U-n-

t\mSp t]mepw. 1981 Â CXp ]dªp Ipd¨p \mfp-I Ä¡p tijw At±-l-
¯n\v shSn-tb-äp. AÑ³ tPmÀÖv _pjnsâ IpSpw-_-kp-lr-¯m-bn-c p¶p
\nd-s bm-gn-¨-Xv. t`Z-ambn ]pd¯p h¶ -do-K³ sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv
A²y£³ t]mÄ thmÄ¡-dns\ ]pIgv¯n kwkm-cn-¨p.
“]W-¯ns\ ( Money Mechanism ) ¡pdn¨v A[nIw sXän-²m-c -W-I Ä \ne-
\nÂ¡p-¶p. ]Ww ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-¡p-¶Xv Bcm-Wv, F§n-s \-bm-Wv, AXnsâ
DXv] m-Z-\-hp-ambn _Ô-s ¸« \n_-Ô-\-IÄ Fs´m-s¡-bm-Wv. [\ hyh-
Øn-Xn-bnÂ DÄs¡mÅn¡p-¶Xv F{]-Im-c -am-Wv, ]W-¯nsâ e`yX A[n-I-
cn-¸n¨v [\-h y-h-ØnXn hfÀ¯p-¶-Xv, ]W-¯nsâ e`yX Ipd-¨v [\-hy-h -
ØnXn XfÀ¯p-¶Xv FÃmw F{]-Im-c-a m-Wv.” þ tkmjyÂ s{IUnäv
sk{It-«-dn-tbäv ( {_n-«ojv {]Øm-\w ).
]W-¯nsâ 98 iX-a m\w hmbv]bpsS cq]-¯n-em-Wv. AXn\ptaÂ kzIm-cy-

_m-¦ p-IÄ¡v ]eni sImSp-t¡nhcp-¶p.
C¶v \mWbw ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-¡p-¶-Xn\v {]tXyIw ASn-Ø m\w CÃ. ap³]v

]pd-s ¸-Sp-hn-¡s¸Sp¶ ]W-¯nsâ Hcp \nÝnX iX-am\w kzÀ®w , Icp-
XÂ F¶\ne¡v amänh¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. Ct¸mÄ Hcp cmjv{S-¯nse P\-§-
fpsS ]Wn-s b-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ Ign-hns\ ASn-Øm-\ -s¸-Sp-¯nbmWv
\mWbw ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-¡p-¶Xv F¶v ]d-b-s¸-Sp-¶p-s -¦nepw {]tXyIw
IrXy-a mb ASn-Ø m\w CÃXs¶. Bh-iym-\ p-k-c Ww IS-em-kp-\ m-Wbw
CjvSwt]mse ]pd-s ¸-Sp-h n-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p. kÀ¡m-cn\v hmbv] \ÂIp-¶-Xnsâ
38
ASn-Øm-\w, AXn\v AXnsâ P\-§-fpsStaÂ \nIpXn GÀs¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-

\pÅ Ign-hns\ B{i-bn-¨pw. AXm-bXv _m¦n§v k{¼-Zm-b-¯nsâ \S-¯n-
¸p-Im-c mWv \n§-fpsS DS-a-ØÀ. \n§Ä kzX-{´-cm-bn, `qan-bnse hkvXp-
h-I-IÄ Bkz-Zn-¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn P\n¨p hogp¶p F¶ k¦ev]w XnI¨pw
sXäm-Wv. P\n-¡p-t¼mtg Hmtcm a\p-jy\pw IS-¡m-c-\m-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
F§n-s \-bmWv k¼¯v IhÀs¶-Sp-¡-¸-Sp-¶-Xv. \nIp-Xn-bn-eqsS, \mW-b-
s¸-c p-¸-¯n-eqsS, IhÀ¨-bn-eqsS , X«n-¸n-eq-sS.
shdpw IS-em-knÂ Nne cq]-§Ä sIm¯nh¡p-¶-X n\p {]Xn-^-e-sa-

t¶mWw \½psS {]hÀ¯-\-£-a-X-bpsS \sÃmcp `mKw IhÀs¶-Sp-¡p-¶-
Xn\v _m¦p-IÄ¡v Ign-bp-¶p. Hcp hyàn-bnÂ\n¶pw asämcp hyàn-bn-
te¡v ssIamäw sN¿-s ¸-Sp-¶-Xn\v]Icw _m¦p-IÄ ]eni ssI¸-äp-¶p.
]Ww ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw AXn\ptijhpw Hcp {]hÀ¯nbpwIqSmsX,
\nc-ćw hcp-am\w _m¦p-IÄ¡v e`y-a m-hp-¶p. A{]-Imcw cmjv{S-
¯n\ptaÂ sam¯-a mbpw A[n-Imcw Øm]n-¡p-¶-X n\v _m¦p-IÄ¡v Ign-
bp-¶p. cmjv{S-¯n-\-I ¯pw ]pd¯pw ssk\n-I-i -àn-bpsS Icp¯v \mW-
b-¯nsâ hne -\ n-e-hmcw \nÝ-bn-¡p-¶p. temI-¯ m-I-a m\w Bbn-c-¯n-e-
[nIw ssk\n-I-¯m-h-f-§Ä Ata-cn¡ \ne-\ nÀ¯p-¶Xv shdp-tX-bÃ
Xs¶.
e-\nse “\Kcw” ( The City ). AXv ]¯v {]tXyIw {]tZ-i -ambn hn`-Pn-
¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. B[p-\nI Imes¯ {]mtZ-i nI `c-W-IqSw IrXy-a mbpw
“\K-c-”¯nsâ amXrI ]n³Xp-S-c p-¶-X m-Wv.The City of London Corporation.
AXv sabvtkm-WnIv ( Masonic ) , kzIm-cy, kzX{´ cmjv{S-a m-Wv.
hnkvXoÀ®w Hcp NXp-c{issaÂ. e³ sâ lrZ-b-`m-K-¯v, etm-\ nbw
( Londonium ) aXn-ep-IÄ¡-I-¯v.
tabÀamÀ, aäp t\Xm-¡-·mÀ, cmPym-ć hyh-km-b- Øm-] -\-§Ä, A´m-

cmjv{S _m¦p-IÄ, \nba hyh-ØnXn, IMF, tem-I -_m-¦v, h¯n-¡m³
_m¦v, bqtdm-] y³ sk³{SÂ _m¦v , Ata-cn-¡³ sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv (-AXv
kzIm-c y-a mbn, cl-ky-ambn {_n«ojv \nb-{´-W-¯ n-epÅ F«v _m¦p-I-fpsS
DS-a-Ø-X-bn-em-Wv) .kznävkÀe-nse _m¦v Hm^v CâÀ\m-j-WÂ skänÂ
saâvkv (AXpw {_n«ojv \nb-{´-W-¯n-ep-Å -X m-Wv. temI-¯nse FÃm
dnkÀhv _m¦nsâbpw \nb-{´Ww AXv ssIbm-fp-¶p), I½yq-Wn-Ìv bqtdm-
]y³ bqWn-b³, I½yq-WnÌv A´m-cmjv{S kwL-S\ F¶n-hsb \Kcw
{]Xy-£-a mtbm ]tcm-£-amtbm \nb{ń-¡p-¶p. \K-c -¯nÂ Ønc-Xm-a -k
¡mÀ 5000 t]À. temI km¼-¯nI Xe-Øm-\w. temI-¯nse Gähpw
k¼-¶-amb NXp-c{issaÂ F¶v hntijWw.City of London Corporation.
39
A´m-c mjv{S _m¦p-IÄ, hy-h-kmb Øm]\-§Ä FÃmw temI-¯ n\ptaÂ

IrXy-a mb IS¶p Ibäw \S-¯n-s¡m-n-cn-v¡p-¶p.
Mortgage F¶ hm¡nsâ AÀ°w Death Bond F¶m-Wv. AXm-bXv ac-W-
]-{Xw.
Ipcnipbp²§fpsS tijn-¸mbn GÀs¸-Sp-¯nb A[n-I- \n-Ip-Xnbpw hne-
¡-b-ähpw ImcWw km[m-c-W-¡mÀ¡v tamÀ«v tK-bvPn\p taepÅ AS-hp-I-
fn-t·Â hogvNhcp-t¯--X mbnh-¶p. AXv km[m-c-W-¡m-cpsS hkvXp-h -I-
IÄ IpsI«p-¶-X n-te¡v \bn-¨p. AXns\ XpSÀ¶pÅ PqX hntcm[w
km[m-c W PqX-·m-c psS sIme-]m-X-I-¯n-te¡v F¯n¨p F¦nepw PqX-·mÀ
F¶v `mhn-¨n-cp¶ _m¦v DS-a -ØÀ A[nIw kz¯p-ambn \ne-\ n-¶p.
{_n«ojv PqX-· mÀ Cu kw`-h-¯nsâ HmÀ½-s ¡-t¶mWw \yqtbmÀ¡v \K-c -
¯n\v {]kvXpX \maw \evI n. km[m-c-W-¡mÀ¡v PqX-·m-tcm-SpÅ
hntcm[w 100 hÀj-t¯mfw \op\n¶p. FUvhÀUv aq¶m-a³ PqX-·msc
Xsâ cmjv{S-¯nÂ \ntcm-[n-¡p-¶Xphsc-¡pw.
1800 IfpsS Ah-km-\-¯nÂ \K-chpw cmP- `-c -W-Iq-Shpw Synarchist
Bbn. kn\mÀ¡nÌv aXw {Ko¡v XXz-Nn-´-I ³ t¹täm-bp-s S -B-i-b-§Ä
DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p. {]tXy-In¨pw ‘kzX-{´- cmjv{Sw ( The Republic ) F¶
IrXnsb. t¹täm temI-cmjv{ Sw F¶ Bibw hn`m-h \w sNbvXp. `cWw
\S-¯p-¶Xv N{I-hÀ¯n-b-Ã. adn¨v “XXz-Nn-´-I-\mb cmP-Ip-am-c³” . ImÄ
amÀIvkpw lnäve dpw t¹täm-bpsS Bcm-[-I-cm-bn-cp-¶p. Hu]-Nm-c nI-ambn
kn\mÀ¡nkw \nehnÂh¶Xv 1880 Â e-\nÂ; Rose Street Club F¨v.-Fw.
lnÂUvsa³ Øm]n-X-am-¡n-b-t¸mÄ. ]n¶oSv t]cpamän tkmjyÂ sÛ-
td-j³ F¶m-¡n. BZy-Im-e- A-w-K-§Ä kzbw {InkvXy³ tkmjy-en-Ìp-
IÄ F¶v hnti-jn-¸n-¨p. ]n¶oSvh¶ AwK-§Ä bqtdm-]y³ PqX-·mÀ,
ImÄ amÀIvknsâ aIÄ Feo\À amÀIvkv, Ah-cpsS `À¯mhv {]^-kÀ
Bhven-§v, ]n¶nÂ \n¶pw \nb-{ń-¨n-cp-¶Xv amÀIvknsâ kplr¯v
GwKÂkv. ln³Uva³ GwKÂknsâ D¯-c-hp-IÄ \nc-kn¡pw
F¶pÅXpsImv. Feo-\À amÀIvkpw `À¯mhpw tkmjy-enÌv eoKv cq]o-
I-cn-¨p.
tkmjy-en-ÌnIv sÛ-td-j\pw, tkmjy-e nÌv eoKpw ka-\z-bn-¸n¨v t^_n-

b³ skmsskän cq]o-I-cn-¨p. BZy kt½-f\w e³ tÌm¡v FIvkvtN-
©nse AwKw ]okv F¶-bm-fnsâ `h-\-¯nÂ. tPmÀÖv _À\mUv
jmbpw knUv\ nsh_pw k¶n-ln-X-cm-bn-cp-¶-h-c psS Iq«-¯nÂ {][m-\n-IÄ.
aäp-Å-hÀ Feo-\À amÀIvkv, Xntbm-skm-^nÌpw B`n-Nm-c-{In-b-I -fnÂ
XXv]-c-bp-amb B\o _kâv, Fgp-¯p-Im-c³ F¨v. Pn.-s hÂkv . tdma³
KdnÃm t\Xmhv Izn³â³kv t^_n-bkv sâ t]cnÂ\n¶pw
ISwsImXmWv kwLS-\-bpsS \maw. t^_nb³ skmssk-än-bpsS XXz-
im-kv{Xw 1887 Â {]Jym-]n-¨p. AXnÂ DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv “t^_n-
40
b³ skmsskän, amÀIvkn-k-¯nsâ ASn-Øm\XXzw DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p.

kzImcy kz¯nsâ D·q-e-\ w.”
t_mÄsjhnk¯ns\ \ymbo-I-cn-¨p-sImv 1143 t]Pv hcp¶ ]pkvXIw
knUv\n shºpw _nbm-{ Sokv shºpw {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨p. AXnsâ Xe-s¡«v
“tkmhnbäv I½yq-Wnkw : Hcp ]pXnb kwkvImcw” F¶m-bn-cp-¶p. tkm
hn-bäv tIWÂ s_mKm-se-t]mhv X¿m-dm-¡n-b-XmWv. C¶v {_n«ojv sXmgn-
emfn ]mÀ«n-bpsS _u²nI tI{µ-amWv t^_n-b³ skmssk-än.
1997 Â {][m-\-a -{ń-bm-Ip¶Xn\pap³]v tSmWn »bÀ t^_n-b³
skmssk-än-bpsS A²y-£-\m-bn-cp-¶p. 1997 \p tijw 200 Â A[nIw
]mÀe-s aâv AwK-§Ä t^_n-b³ skm-ssk-än-bnÂ\n¶p-a m-Wv. tKmÀU¬
{_u¬, tdm_n³ Ip¡v, PmIvkv{Sm tUhnUv »¦äv, ]oäÀ slbv³,
]{Sojy lyqhn-äv, tPm¬ doUv, dq¯v sIÃn, Ae³ anÂ_¬, s¢bdn
tjmÀ«v . AhÀ `c-W-Iq-S-h p-a mbn _Ô-s ¸« FÃm ]mÀ«n-bnepw, I½n-än-I -
fnepw, I½o-j-\p-I-fnepw, kwL-S-\-I-fnepw DÄs¸-«n-c n-¡p-¶p.
bqtdm-]y³ bqWn-bs\ bYmÀ°-¯nÂ \nb-{ń-¡p-¶Xv t^_n-b³

skmssk-än-bm-Wv. PÀa-\n-bnÂ P\n¨ dntke ÌphÀ«v, AhÀ 1997 apX³
_nÀan³Jmw FUvKv_mÌ¬ se MP hntZi Imcym-e-b-¯ nsâ Iogn-epÅ
Select Committee bnepw , bqtdm-] y³ I¬sh³j-\nepw, bqtdm-¸nsâ
`mhn-sb-¡p-dn-¨ pÅ I¬sh³j-\nepw `mc-hm-ln-Xz-apÅ AwK-a m-b n-c p-¶p.
AXv bqtdm-]y³ `c-W-L-S\ cNn-¨p. Ah-c psS ]pkvXIw bqtdm-] y³ `c-W-
L-S-\-bpsS cq]o-I-c Ww Making of European Constitution Â ]d-bp-¶p.
“BZy Ime-§-fnÂ , bqtdm-] y³ ]mÀe-saânÂ\n¶pw 15 an\näv \S-¡m-
hp¶ Zqc-¯pÅ PÌkv en]vkn-bkv sI«n-S-¯nse Hcp sNdnb apdn-bnÂ
AwK-§Ä H¯pIqSn-bn-cp-¶p. Xnc-sª-Sp-¡-s¸« 13 AwK-§Ä¡p
am{Xw {]th-i-\w. ]ns¶ sk{I-«dn P\-dÂ kÀ tPm¬ sIÀ, At±-l-
¯nsâ sU]yq-«n, At±-l-¯nsâ {]N-c W DtZym-K-kvY³ . tPm¬ taPÀ
At±-l-¯nsâ Poh-N-cn-{X-¯ nÂ tPm¬ sIÀ s\ “am¡nb shÃn ” F¶v
hnti-jn-¸ n-¡p-¶p. `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS Ic-Sp-cq]w AXv {]kn-²o-I-c n-¡p-¶-
Xn\v Xte BgvN Ah-km\ Znhkw R§Ä¡vX¶p. ho«n-te¡v
sImpt]mIp-¶-Xnt\m AXv hni-Z-ambn NÀ¨bv¡v hnt[-b-a m-¡p-¶-Xn-t\m,
sa¨-s¸-Sp-¯p¶-X n-\ pÅ \nÀt±iw \ÂIp-¶-X nt\m km²y-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.
AXnsâ cN-bn-Xmhv Bsc¶v \nÝ-b-a n-Ã. hmedn KnkvImUv Un CsÌ-
bvwKv Dw tPm¬ sIÀ Dw Bbn-c n¡mw F¶v Duln-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.”
\yqkn-e-n-sebpw Hmkvt{S-en-b-bn-sebpw te_À ]mÀ«n , e-\nse

t^_n-b³ skmssk-än-bp-a mbn tNÀ¶v {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p.
41
1984 Â Bkvt{S-en-b³ {][m-\-a{ń ( te-_À ]mÀ«n ) t_m_v lmhvIv

Rhodes Scholar ]dªp , Rm³ t^_n-b-\n-k-t¯mSv A[nIw IS-s¸-«n-cn-
¡p-¶p. {Iam-\ p-K-X-a mbn {]hÀ¯n-t¡-p-¶-Xnsâ {]m[m\yw F\n¡v
t_m²y-s¸-«-Xm-Wv. asämcp {][m\ XXz-ap-v. knUv\ n sh_v AXns\
PERMEATION F¶phnfn-¡p-¶p. C¶v AXns\ “k½Xw” F¶pw.
t{SmSvkvIn At±-l-¯ nsâ Bß-I -Y-bnÂ {_n«ojv ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-ImÀ, 1907

apXÂ \ÂInhcp¶ hmbv]-sb-¡p-dn¨v ]d-bp-¶p. {_n«ojv t^_n-b³
skmsskän AwK-§-fmb _m¦nwKv IpSpw-_-§Ä I½yq-Wn-Ìp-IÄ¡v djy
ssItb-dp-¶ -Xn\v [\-k-lmbw \evIn. 1917 Â k_vkn-Un-bpsS cq]-¯nepw
[\-k-lm-b-a mbpw t_mÄsj-hnIv hn¹-h-¯n\v tPmÀÖv _p¡m-\ \pw
BÂ{Ûv anÂ\dpw ]n´pW \ÂIn. knknÂ tdmUvknsâ sX¡³
B{^n-¡-bnÂ\n¶pÅ kzÀ®hpw h{Phpw hym]mcw AXn\v D]-tbm-Kv¡-
s¸-«p.
djy-bnse I½yq-WnÌv {]Øm\w hmkvXh-¯nÂ U.N ]ns¶ E.U ( bqtdm-
]y³ bqWn-b³ ) F¶n-h-bnÂ¡qSn t^_n-b³ tkmjy-enÌv amXr-I-bn-
eqsS temIw Iog-S-¡p-¶-Xn\p thnbpÅ ]co-£-W-§-fnÂ BZy-t¯-
Xm-bn-cp-¶p.
HmIvkv^ÀUv bqWn-thgvknänbnÂ, tPm¬ dkvIn\pw, knknÂ tdmUvkpw

]pXnb temI-{Iaw sImphcp-¶-Xn\pthn , temI-¯nsâ \nb-{´Ww
{_n«\p ssIhcp-¶-Xn\pthn {]hÀ¯-\-¯n\v XpS¡wIpdn-¨p. 1877 Â
tdmUvkv Xsâ k½-XnZm\ Ah-Imi ]{X-¯nÂ Xsâ kz¯p-¡Ä \Ym³
tdm¯vjoÂUvkn\v ssIam-dp-¶-Xn\v hyh-Ø-bp- m-¡n. HmIvkv^ÀUnÂ
tdmUvkv kvtImfÀjn¸v GÀs¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\pw temI-a m-I -am-\-a pÅ {]apJ
hyh-km-bn-I Ä¡pw _m¦ÀamÀ¡pw Hcp cl-ky- kw-L-S-\-bp-m-¡p-¶-
Xn\pwthn. Ah-scÃmw \K-c-¯nsâ D¶-a -\-¯n\pw temI- tkm-jy-enÌv
`c-W-IqSw sImp-h-c p-¶-X n\pwthn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xn-te-¡m-bn .
tdm¯vjoÂUvkv B Npa-Xe BÂ{Ûv anÂ\sd GÂ]n-¨p. BZy-L-« -
¯nÂ AXv Milners Kindergarten F¶pw ]n¶oSv AXv Round Table
F¶pw Adn-b-s ¸-«p.
Round Table ]n¶oSv 1894 Â t^_n-b³ tkmjy-enÌv t\Xmhv knUv\n

sh_v Øm]n¨ London School of Economics Dambn tNÀ¶p {]hÀ¯n-¨ p.
C¶v _nÂ ¢nâ³s\t¸mep-Å- Rhodes Scholars Dw t^_n-b³ duv-
Sbv_nÄ AwK-§fpw , London School of Economics (tem-I-¯nse {]Ya
t^_n-b³ tkmjy-enÌv ]cn-io-e-\-tI-{µw ) se _ncp-Z-[m-cn-Ifpw, temI-
42
_m-¦ n-§n-s\bpw, FÃm cmjv{S§-fnsebpw hyh-km-b-s¯-bpw, cmjv{ So-b-

s¯bpw \bn-¡p-¶p.
kzmX-{ýhpw ]²-Xnbpw F¶ tcJ , cl-ky-ambn PEP Poverty-

Environment Partnership F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶ , cmjv{Sob km¼-¯ nI ]²-Xn-
bnse sXc-sª-Sp-¡-s¸« AwK-§-fpsS CS-bnÂ 1932 Â {]N-cn-¨p. PEP
bpsS A²y-£³, City of London se bq-tdm-]y³ PqX³ C{km-tbÂ
tamkkv ko^v^v . Ata-cn-¡³ sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhnsâ Øm]-I-cnÂ {][m-
\n. ]²-Xn-bpsS cN-bn-X m-h v Marks and Spencer’s F¶ hym]mc irwJ-e-
bpsS A[y-£\pw km¼-¯nI ZmXm-hpw. {_n«ojv kb-WnÌv skmssk-
än-bpsS D] A²y-£³.
]²-Xn-bpsS tcJ-bpsS cXv\-¨ p-c p¡w F´m-sW¶ph¨mÂ 1927 þ 1928
Ime-L-«-¯nÂ djy-bnse tamkvtIm-hnÂ DZvLm-S\w sNbvX ‘]©-h-Õc
]²-Xn’sb ASn-Ø m-\ -am¡n temIs¯ sam¯-ambpw tkmhn-bäp amXr-I-
bnÂ hmÀs¯-Sp-¡pI F¶-Xm-Wv. ASn-Øm-\-]-c -ambn ]²Xn Dt±-yin-¨-Xv,
DXv] m-Z-\ -{]-{In-b-I sf FÃmwXs¶ kmh-Im-iw, kq£va-a mbn temI-am-I -
am\w kÀ¡mÀ DS-a-Ø-X-bnÂ sImphcn-I, ]ns¶ tImÀ]-tdäv B¡n,
]ns¶ kzIm-cy-h-XvI-c n¨v City of London Corporation \v IognÂ sImp
hcnI F¶Xp Xs¶-bm-Wv. kzIm-cy-kz¯v \nÝ-b-a mbpw A[nIw \nb-{ń-
¡-s¸-Spw. Npcp-¡-¯nÂ City of London Corporation cq]m-ćw {]m]n¨v
GI-temI tImÀ]-td-j³ Bbn-¯o-c pw. A§ns\ temIs¯ kzIm-cy-h -
XvI-c n¨v GXm\pw Nne hyàn-IÄ¡p kz´-a m-¡mw.
1932 Â cq]-I -Â]\ sNbvX PEP sb ASn-Øm-\-am-¡n, Ct¸mÄ FÃm

cmjv{S§-fn-s ebpw `c-W-I qSw P\-§Ä¡pthn “kwc-£n-¡p¶”
hkvXp-h-I-I Ä , {ZpX-K-Xn-bnÂ, City of London sâ \nb-{´-W-¯n-epÅ
_m¦p-Ifpw hyhkm-b-Øm-]-\-§fpw hgn, kzIm-c y-h-XvI-cn-¡-s ¸«phcp-¶p.
AXn\v AhÀ B[m-c-a m-¡p-¶Xv {][m-\ -ambpw cv ]pkvX-I-§-fm-Wv.

Unfinished Business By Sir Roger Douglas, ]n-s¶ Public Enterprise in
Crisis By John Redwood. cp t]cpw Xo{h t^_n-b³ tkmjy-enÌv
Fgp-¯p-I mÀ. AXn\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ ad , s]mXp-Imcy þ kzImcy DS-
¼Sn ( Public-Private-Partnership). X§Ä¡v Iptd-tbsd \nb-{´Ww Dv
F¶ anYym-t_m[w CXv P\-§-fnÂ krjvSn-¡p-¶p. hmkvX-h-¯nÂ City
of London sâ ]qÀ®-\n-b-{´-W-¯n-emWv Ch-s b-Ãmw. temI-am-I-a m\w
43
kzIm -cy-hXvI-c -W-¯n\v Dt¯-P\w]I-c p¶, XzcnXhXvI-cn-¡p¶, F³.-

Fw. tdm¯vjoÂUvkv B³Uv k¬kv, e³ sâ BtKm-f- kz-Im-cy-h -
XvI-c-W- hn`m-K-¯nsâ Xe-h-\m-bn-cp¶p tPm¬ sdUvhq-Uv. City of
London _m¦pI fpw temI-_m¦pw , tZiob kzImcyhXvI-cW ]²-Xn-
bpsS D]-tZ-jv Sm-hmbn hmgn-¡p-¶-h-\ mWv tdmPÀ U¥-kv.
temI-a m-I -am\w FÃm cmjv{ S-§fpw Ct¸mÄ {]mtZ-inIhXvI -cn-¡-¸-Sp-¶ p.

{_n«³- C-t¸mÄ {]mtbm-Kn-I-a m-bn -D-·q-e\wsN¿-s¸«pIgn-ªp .
shbvÂkv, kvtIm«ve³Uv, hS-¡³ AbÀe³Uv IqSmsX bqtdm-]y³
bqWn-b-\ nse H³]Xv {]tXyIw {]tZ-i-§fpw Bbn hn`-Pn-¡-s ¸«pIgn-
ªp. {_n«-\ nse cmÚnbpw t^_n-b³ skmssk-änbpw , C{]-Imcw
tZiob `c-W-I q-S-¯nsâ A[n-Im-c -§sf {Iam-\ p-K-X-ambn \in¸n¡p¶-Xn\v
DEVOLUTION F¶v hnfn-¡p-¶p.
{]mtZ-inI `c-W-Iq-S-§Ä¡v DÄs¡m-Åm-hp-¶-Xnepw A[nIw ISw

sI«n-tb-ev]n¨v kzIm-cy-h-X vI-c-Ws¯ Xzcn-X-s ¸-Sp-¯pI F¶Xv City of
London _m¦p-I-fpsS X{´-am-Wv.
1992 Â dntbm Un Pt\-tdm-hnÂ ({_-koÂ) \S¶ I½yq-WnÌv U.N. kt½-f-

\-¯nÂ { United Nations Conference on Enviornment and Development
UNCED } A¶phsc a\p-jy\v aäp-Å-h-bnÂ taÂt¡mbva {]Jym-]n-¨n-
cp¶ FÃm hyh-Ø-I -sfbpw A«nadn¨p sImv bp. F³. Hcp Xo{h ]cn-
ØnXn XXz-imkv{Xw Ah-X-c n-¸ n-¨ p. AXv ac-§Ä¡pw ]£n-I Ä¡pw
a\p-jy-t\-¡mÄ {]m[m\yw \evIp-¶-Xm-bn-c p-¶p. 1974 Â {]Jym-]n¨
“kzImcy kz¯v kam-[m-\-¯n\pw, ]cn-ØnXn kwXp-e-\-¯n\pw òjWn”
F¶ XXz-im-kv{X-¯n\v XpSÀ¨-sb-t¶mWw sImph¶ Xo{h U.N. tcJ-
bmb Global Biodiversity Assessment t\mSvtNÀ¶v {]mhÀ¯n-I -am-t¡- -
Xm-bn-cp-¶p Un P\-tdm-hnse {]Jym-]-\w. `qan-bp-sSbpw \K-c -§-fp-sSbpw
hnI-k-\-¯n\v Sustainable Development cq]-tc-J-bn-eq-¶nam{Xw A\p-
hmZw\ÂIp¶ Xc-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p. AXnsâ Dt±yiw hyà-a mbpw kzIm-cy-
kz¯v F¶ Bi-bs¯ D·q-e\wsN¿pI F¶Xpam{X-h pw. kz¯p-S-a -I-
fp-sSbpw, Irjn-¡m-cp-sSbpw Ah-I m-i-§-fnÂ KWy-amb Ipdhphcp-¯p-¶-
Xn\v AXv CS-bm-¡pw. AhÀ F´v, Ft¸mÄ, F§ns\sN¿Ww F¶v
FÃmw IÀ¡-i-a mb \nbawhgn \nb-{ń-¡-s ¸-Spw. tkmhn-bäp djy-bnÂ
\ne-hn-en-c p¶ “kulrZ AbÂhm-kn-”I-fpsS \nco-£-W-¯nÂ a\p-jy³
44
]c-kv]cw Häp-Im-c m-bn-¯o-cpw. UNCED XXz-imkv{Xw sam¯-ambpw USSR

`c-W-L-S\ A²ymbw 2. BÀ«n-¡nÄ 18 Â \n¶pw IS-sa-Sp-¯-X mWv.
1987 Â tImf-dm-tUm-hnÂ skÂhÀ F¶Øe¯v 4þmaXv World

Wilderness Congress( WWC ) kwL-Sn-¡-s ¸-«p. AXv World
Conservation Bank Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-a m-bn. WWC kwL-Sn-¸ n-¨ Xv
kznävkÀe-nse ss{]ho _m¦nsâ A²y£³ FUvav Un
tdm¯vjoÂUvkv. WWC bpsS A²y-£³ tdm¯vjoÂUvknsâ A\p-N-
c\pw , It\-Un-b³ tImSo-iz-c -\p-am-bn-cp¶ audokv kvt{Sm§v. temI-
¯nse {]ap-J-cmb 1500 e[nIw tImSo-iz-c -·m-c mb _m¦ÀamÀ ]s¦-Sp-¯p.
World Conservation Bank sâ BZys¯ {]kn-U-mbn ssa¡Â
skzäva m³ F¶ [\n-I-\ mb ]W-an-S-] m-Sp-I m-c s\, FUvav Un
tdm¯vjoÂUvkv sXc-sª-Sp-¯p. sNbvkv am³l-«³ _m¦nsâ Xe-h³
tU-hnUv tdms¡s^Ãdpw ]s¦-Sp-¯n-cp-¶p. temIs¯ sam¯-a mbpw
IhÀs¶-Sp-¡p-¶ -Xn\v cq]o-I-c n-¡-s ¸-«-Xm-bn-c p¶p WC Bank ; The City of
London Corporation sâ \nÀt±iw A\p-k-cn-¨p-s ImpXs¶. a\p-jy³
C¶phsc t\cn-tSnh¶n-«p-Å -XnÂsh¨v Gähpw òam-I m-c -amb _m¦n§v
KqVm-tem-N\.
IMF, temI-_m¦v, UN, {]n³kv Hm^v shbvÂkv A´m-c mjv{S hyh-kmb

t\Xm-¡-· m-cpsS kwLmXw F¶n-h -bpsS \nÀt±-i-§Ä¡v IognÂ
Sustainable Development XXz-i mkv{Xw ]d-bp-¶Xv , `qan-b nÂ P\-kwJy
A[n-I-am-sW¶pw AXn\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-h m³ Ignbp¶ hkvXp-¡-fpsS
Afhv hfsc ]cn-a n-X-am-sW¶pw AXp-sImv P\-kw-Jy-bnÂ ASn-b-ń-c -
amb Ipd-hp-m-t¡-Xv AXym-h-iyam-sW¶pw AXn\v {]m]vX-a mb GI
{]Øm\w U. N BWv F¶-Xp-a m-Wv. AtXm-s Sm¸w tNÀ¯v hmbn-t¡- -
XmWv Smart Growth F¶ XXz-im-kv{Xw. CsXÃmw se\n\pw kvämen\pw
ssIs¡m-n-c p¶ “{Iam-\p-KX km¼-¯nI hnI-k\k-{¼Zmbw” Xs¶-bm-
Wv. A´m-cmjv{S _m¦ÀamÀ BWv Cu XXz-im-kv{X-§Ä¡v ]nd-InÂ F¶v
Bcpw kwi-bn-¡n-Ã. km[m-c W ]uc³ C¯cw Imcy-§-fnÂ AÚ-cm-
b-Xp-sImv {]mtZ-inI Iq«m-bva -IÄ Ah-c psSXs¶ \nK-a -\-§Ä
F¶a«nÂ Ahsb Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. {]mtZ-inI Iq«m-bva-I-fpsS AwK-
§Ä¡v AhÀ AÀln-¡p-¶-Xnepw A[nIw ]mcn-tXm-jnIw e`y-a m-¡-s¸-Sp-
¶p. CXv Hfn¨p hbv¡-s ¸« ssI¡qenXs¶-bm-Wv. `mhn-bnÂ \nIp-X nbpw
aävNp¦-§fpw Aan-X-a mbn hÀ²n-¸ n¡p-t¼mÄ Ah-cpsS kl-I-cWw e`y-
am-¡p-¶-X n\p thn . C¯cw ]mcn-tXm-jn-I-§fpw \nIp-Xn-Ifpw X½nÂ
hfsc ASp¯ _Ôw \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶p.
45
hnZy-`ymkhmbv], `h-\-hm-bv], hyh-kmbhmbv], hkvXp¡-fpsS taepÅ

hmbv] A§ns\ ]e cq]-¯nÂ t^_n-b³ _mt¦Àkv kaq-l-¯ n\ptaÂ
B[n-]Xyw Øm]n-¡p-¶p.
a²y-h-b-kv¡-c ptSbpw, tPmen-b nÂ\n¶pw hnc-an-¨-h-c ptSbpw hkvX p-h -I-
IÄ Ip-sI-«p-¶-Xn-\mbn sImphcp¶ ]²-Xn-bmWv Home Equity
Release Loans AYhm Reverse Mortgage.
\½sf t\cn-«n-cn-¡p¶ {]iv\ w k¼qÀ®-amb ASn-a¯w hfsc AcnsI

F¯n-bn-c n-¡p¶p F¶-X m-Wv. P\-§Ä DWÀ¶p {]hÀ¯n-t¡ kabw
AXn-{I-an-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.
\mW-b-s¸-c p-¸-¯n\p taepw \nIpXn GÀs¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. CXp-h -scbpw P\n-

¨n-«n-Ãm¯ a\p-jy-c psS {Inbm-ß-IXIqSn ]Wbwh¨v _m¦p-IÄ ]Ww ]pd-
s¸-Sp-hn-¡p-¶p. temI-a m-I -am-\-a pÅ ip²-K-Xn-¡m-c mb a\p-jy³ CXnsâ
`mcw t]tdnhcp-¶p. icm-icn a\p-jysâ {]hr-¯n-bpsS 80 iX-a m-\hpw
t\cnt«m ( Direct ) AÃm-s Xtbm ( Indirect ) DÅ ]en-ibpw \nIp-Xnbpw HSp-
¡p-¶-X n\pthn sNe-h-g n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. A{Xbpw A[nIw [\w ssIh-
cp¶ [\-Imcy DS-a -IÄ¡v _p²n-Po-h n-I -sf, am[y-a-§sf, cmjv{So-b-¡m-sc,
At[m-tem-I-s¯, \nIpXn Hgn-hm-¡-s¸« Øm]-\-§-sf, \pgªpIb-ä-
¡msc, òI-c-hm-Zn-I -sf, Ak-·mÀ¤w t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡p-¶ -h-s c, P\-§sf
hn`-Pn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw Iog-S-¡p-¶ -X n\pw klm-b-a m-b-Xns\ FÃmw hnebv¡v
FSp-¡p-¶-Xn\v km[n-¡p-¶p.
Ah-cpsS A[n-I mcw \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶-Xn\pw hn]p-en-I-c n-¡p-¶-X n\pw AhÀ
]e X-{´-§Ä {]tbm-K-¯nÂ hcp-¯p-¶p.
þ P\-§-fpsS {i² A{]-k-à-a mb Imcy-§-fnÂ tI{µo-I-cn-¨ v, Ahsc
kZm Xnc-¡p-I-fnÂs]Sp-¯pI
þ tZiob km¼-¯nI hyh-Øsb sk³{SÂ _m¦p-I-fpsS \nb-{´-W -
¯n\pIognÂ sImphcn-I . DZm :þ RBI
þ {]mtZ-inI k¼-Zvhy-h-k-Yn-X n-bpsS tI{µo-I-c-Ww. DZm : bqtdm-]y³
tamWn-ä-dn bqWnb³, NAFTA
þ temI k¼-Zvhy-h -Øn-Xn-bpsS tI{µo-I-c -Ww. DZm :þ IMF, temI _m¦v ,
Bank of International Settlements ; GATT ( W.T.O ).
þ temI `c-W-Iq-S-§-fpsS tI{µo-I -cWw DZm :þ U.N, E.U
þ kzÀ®-¯nsâ hym]mc Ip¯I. BsI e`y-a m-b-Xnsâ aq¶nÂcp
`mKw IMF \nb-{ń-¡p-¶p.
46
þ temI ssk\yw NATO

þ X½nÂ s]mcp-Xp-¶-Xn\v P\-§sf t{]cn-¸n-¡p-¶-X n\v hnh[ kwL-S-\ -
IÄ, aX-§Ä.
þ \nc-ć bp²-§fpw, B`y-ć el-f-Ifpw krjvSn¨v a\p-jys\
XfÀ¯n, GXp \nb-ahpw AwKo-I-cn-¸n-¡p¶ am\-knI Ah-Ø-bnÂ
F¯n-¡p-I.
þ P\-kwJy \qdp- tIm-Sn-bmbn Ipd-¡p-¶-X n\v P\n-XI ? Bbp-[-§Ä D]-
tbm-Kn-¨pÅ bp²w.
Ignª 1000 tesd hÀj-§-fmbn XpSÀ¶phcp¶ ]eni ASn-Øm-\-a m-¡n-

bpÅ hyh-ØnXn¡v ImcWw k¼¯v GXm\pw hyàn-I-fn-te¡v tNÀ-
¡s¸-«p. aäp-Å-hÀs¡Ãmw ssZ\y-X-bpw. A¯cw hyh-ØnXn ]cn-c-£n-
¡p-¶-X n\v \nc-ćw bp²-§Ä krjvSn-¡s-¸«p. ]en-i -h y-h-Øn-Xn-bnÂ
Hcp iX-a m\w BÄ¡mÀ¡v {]tbm-P\w e`n-¡p-t¼mÄ 99- iXam\w \c-In-
¡p-¶p. ]en-i -c -ln-X-hy-h-Øn-X n-bnÂ 99 iX-a m\w kar-²n-bnepw kp`n-£ -
X-bnepw Ign-bp-t¼mÄ Hcp iX-am\w km[m-c -W-s¸« PohnXw \bn-¡p-¶-
Xn\v \nÀ_-Ôn-X-c m-hpw. GXmWv kaq-l-¯n\v A`n-I m-a y-s a¶v hyà-a m-Wv.
1933 Â Ata-cn¡ ]m¸-cXzw {]Jym-]n-¨p. dqkvshÂänsâ FIvkn-Iyq-«ohv

HmÀUÀ 6073, 6102, 6111, 6260, House Joint Resolution 192 of June 5 . AXv
Perry Vs. U.SC (1935) 294 U.S 330, 381, 79, LED.912 ]ns¶ USC 5112, 5119, 12
USC 95 a bnÂ XoÀ¨-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. Ata-cn¡ GXm\pw Ipä-hm-f n-I-fpsS
ssI¿nÂ sN¶vtNÀ¶p. kzIm-c y-h-XvI-c n-¡-s ¸« hym]mc `c-W-Iq-S-
¯nsâ ssII-fnÂ Ata-c n¡ F¯n-t¨À¶p. 1938 se ERIE. R.R Vs.
Thompkins tIknÂ kp{]ow tImSXn AXv icnh¨p. Ata-c n¡ Ct¸mÄ
\nb-a-h ym-]m-cn-bpsS ( Liquidator ) Iogn-epÅ A´m-cmjv{S kzImcy
hym]mc {]tZ-i-a m-Wv. Ata-cn-¡¡mÀ ASn-a-I-fm-Wv. BPo-h-\m-´- I-S-
¡mÀ. Congressional Record, June 12, 1967 ; Dvett Vs Turner (1968) ;
State Vs. Phillip (1975) .
DtZym-K-ØÀ kzbw P\-tk-h-I À F¶v hniz-kn-¡p-¶p. \nb-as¯ kwc-

£n-¡p-¶-hÀ Fs¶m-s ¡-bpÅ sI«p-I-Y-I -fnÂ. FÃm s]mXp-Imcy DtZym-
K-Ø-·mcpw hntZ-i-ta-em-f-·m-c psS ]nWn-bm-fp-IÄ am{X-am-Wv.
47
k·mÀ¤n-I, kzm`m-hnI \nb-a-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨ pÅ AÚX D]m-b-a-Ã. \nb-a -

]-c-a mbn £X-ta-ev] n-¡p¶ Poh³ \n§Ä krjvSn¨-X-Ã.
“sÛ-dÂ dnkÀh,v PÀa-\ n-bn-te¡v Ab¨ ]W-¯n\v IW-¡n-Ã. AXv
]pd¯p]d-b m³ AhÀ¡v `b-am-Wv.” þ eqbn. än. aIv^m-U³ ( ln-äve -
dnsâ Bc-m[I³ ).
“1929 s\ At]-£n¨v 1933 Â Id³kn-bpsS e`yX aq¶nÂ H¶mbn Ipd-¨Xp
hgn sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv Xs¶-bmWv Great Depression \v If-s am-cp-¡n-b-
Xv.” þ anÂä¬ {ôUva³.
“\qäm-p-IÄ \op \n¶Xpw Xmakwhn\m t\cn-tS--Xp-amb {]iv\w P\-
§fpw _m¦p-I fpw X½n-ep-Å-Xm-Wv.” þ temÀUv BIvä¬.
“temIw In-«p-Å -XnÂh¨v Gähpw AgnaXnbnÂ ap§nb ( Corrupt )
{]Øm-\-a mWv sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv. Fsâ i_vZw F¯p¶ ]cn-[n-¡p-ÅnÂ
Ccn-¡p¶ FÃmt]À¡pw Adn-hp-Å-XmWv , Cu cmjv{ Sw A´m-cmjv{S
_m¦p-I-fmÂ \nb-{´-¡-s ¸-Sp¶p F¶-X v.” þ eqbo aIv^m-U³.
]Ww kwkm-c n-¡p-¶nS¯v \nbaw im´-am-hp-¶p.
“D]-tbm-K-{]-Z-a mb IS-em-kns\ AXnÂ ajn]pc-«n XnI¨pw D]-tbm-K-i q-\y-
am-¡p-¶-X n\v `c-W-Iq-S-¯n\va m{Xta km[y-amhq”þepUvhnKv thm¬ ssak-
kv.
“PÀa-\ n-bn-sebpw Cä-en-bn-sebpw ^mknÌv `c-W-Iq-S-§-tfmSv ASp¯v
{]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ Ata-c n-¡³ hyh-km-bn-I-fpsS Hcp kwLw, AhÀ Ata-cn-
¡-bn-epw ^mknÌv `c-W-IqSw Øm]n-¡p-¶-X n\v ITn-\-{iaw \S-¯p-¶p.
\mkn `c-W-Iq-S-t¯mSv , Ata-c n-¡³ `cWw ssIbm-fp¶ Nne IpSpw-_ -
§Ä F{X-a m{Xw ASp-¸-ap-s ¶v hyà-ambn Adn-bp-¶-X n\v Fsâ _Àen-
\nse DtZymKw klm-b-I-a m-bn.” þ hnÃyw. C. tUmUv. PÀa-\ n-bnse Ata-cn-
¡³ Aw_m-k-UÀ. 1938 Â dqkvshÂän\v Ab¨ I¯nÂ\n¶v .
lnäve-dp-s Sbpw aptÊm-fn-\ n-bp-s Sbpw `c-W-Iq-S-§sf klm-bn-¨n-c p-¶-hÀ
AXn\p kam-\-amb `c-W-IqSw Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ Øm]n-¡p-¶-X n\p thn
{ian-¨n-cp-¶p. ]n¶nÂ {]hÀ¯n-¨n-cp-¶-h-c nÂ {][m\n Uyp t]mv IpSpw-
_hpw ]ns¶ bp.-F-kv.ÌoÂ, P\-dÂ tamt«mÀkv, P\-dÂ ^pUvkv,
Ìm³UmÀUv HmbnÂ, t_ÀUvkv sF, tImÄtK-bväv, slbv³kv ^pUvkv,
sNbvkv \mj-WÂ _m¦v, KpUv CbÀ SbÀ B³Uv d_À I¼-\n. Ata-cn-
¡³ {]kn-U-nsâ ap¯-Ñ³ {]nkvtIm«v _pjv, lnäve-dn-s\bpw aptÊm-
fn-\n-sbbpw `c-W-¯nÂ sImp h¶-h-cnÂ {][m-\n.
48
bp²w F¶Xv òI-c-{]-hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS XpSÀ¨-bmb {]tbm-K-a m-Wv.

AXvsImv {]tbm-P\w e`n¡pw F¶v Dd-¸p-Å-h À, km¼-¯n-I -ambpw,
A[n-I-m-c-¯nsâ cq]-¯nepw bp²-¯n\v If-s am-cp-¡p-¶p. km¼-¯nI
A[n-Im-chpw aäpw hn]p-e-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-X n\v tZio-b-Øm-] -\-§-fpsS \in-I -
cWw hgnbpw B tZis¯ {]_p-²-c mb P\-§-fpsS D·q-e\w hgnbpw
bp²w klm-b-I-c-a m-hpw.
“DWÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶hcpw, PmK-c q-] n-I -fmbhcpw- Úm-\n-I-fp-a mb P\-k-aq-l-
¯n\p am{X-ta -ò-a m-Im-c -amb þ hyh-km-b, ssk\nI þ hyh-Øn-Xnsb
XSªp \ndp-¯p-¶-X n\pw adnIS-¡p-¶-X n\pw Ign-bp-I-bp-Åq.” ssUzäv
sFk-t\m-hÀ þ Ata-c n-¡³ {]kn-Uv 1961.
“\½Ä temI-a m-I-a m\w ]tcm-£-am-b, Hfn-hnÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ KqVm-tem-

N-\sb t\cn-tS--Xp-v. IS-¶ m-{I-a-W-¯n\p ]Icw \pg-ªp-I-bäw, sXc-
sª-Sp-¸n\p]Icw A«n-a -dn, kzX-{´-a mb sXc-s
- ª-Sp-¸n\p]Icw XS-ªp-h-
bv¡Â, ]IÂ ssk\yw F¶-Xn\p]Icw cm{Xn KdnÃm B{I-a Ww F¶-
XmWv Ah-cpsS coXn. AXv A[nIw a\p-jy-cp-s Sbpw hkvXp-h-I -I-fp-
sSbpw kwtbm-PnX ]cn-{iaw Bh-iy-s ¸-Sp-¶p. ssk\n-I, \b-X-{´, cl-
kym-t\z-jW, km¼-¯n-I, imkv{Xo-b, cmjv{Sob taJ-e-I-fnÂ {]hÀ¯n-
¡p-¶-X n\v thn. Ah-cpsS X¿m-sd-Sp-¸p-IÄ {]kn-²-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶n-Ã, adn¨v
cl-ky-ambn kq£n-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p. FXnÀ¡p-¶-hÀ \ni-_vZ-cm-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.
]pI-gv¯-s¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. sNe-hp-IÄ tNmZywsN¿-s ¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. tI«p-tIÄhn-IÄ
{]kn-²o-I -cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. Hcp cl-kyhpw shfn-hm-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. AXv
ioX-bp²w \S-¯p-¶p. Hcp P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw B{K-ln-¡p-¶-X n\pw, Bin-
¡p-¶-X n\pw A¸p-d¯v bp²-Ime Nn«-tbm-sS.” þ {]kn-Uv tPm¬ F^v
sI¶-Un.
“_pjv `c-W-I q-S-¯n\v ]n³Xp-W-tb-Ip¶ CFR, Trilateral Commission ,

Ch tdms¡s^Ã-d-n\p thn {_kk³kvI n Øm]n-¨-X m-Wv. ]ns¶
_nÂUÀ_ÀKv {Kq¸v FÃmw ASp¯ A©v hÀj-¯n-\p-ÅnÂ {]mhÀ¯n-I-
am-t¡ temI ka-{Km-[n-]-X y-¯n\pthn {]b-Xv\ n-¡p-¶p. AhÀ òI-c -
hm-Zn-IÄ¡v FXn-c m-bÃ bp²w sN¿p-¶-Xv , adn¨v ]uc-·m-tcm-Sm-Wv.
tPmlm-\-kv. -_n.- I-]vÄ (- ap³ NATO sk{I-« dn P\-dÂ am³s{Ûv ho\-
dpsS D]-tZ-jvSm-h pw, PÀa³ {]Xn-tcm[ a{´m-e-b -¯nse DtZym-K-Ø-\pw. )
“Ata-c n-¡³ {]kn-U-nânsâ Hmôkv Ata-c n-¡-¡m-cpsS kzmX{ýw
\in-¸n-¡p-¶ -Xn\pthn D]-tbm-Kn¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p. Rm³ Øm\w Hgn-
bp¶Xn\p ap³]v Cu Imcyw P\-§sf Adn-bn-t¡--X p-v.” þ tPm¬.
F^v. sI¶-Un.
49
“ssk\n-I À aµ-_p-²n-Ifpw aT-b-·m-c p-a m-Wv. hntZ-i-\ bw cq]o-I-c n-¡p-¶-

Xn\v AhÀ D]-tbm-Ky-a m-hpw.” þ sl³{Sn InÊn³PÀ.
“\nb-a-hn-cp-²-a m-bXv DS-\ Sn sN¿mw. `c-W-L-S\m ewL\w Ipd¨v kmh-Im-
ihpw . ]pXnb temI-{Iaw Ata-cn-¡-bpsS ]¦m-fn-¯-an-ÃmsX km²y-a -Ã.
XoÀ¨-bmbpw Hcp \h-tem-I-{Iaw h¶ptNcpw. Ata-c n¡ AXnsâ ImgvN-
¸m-Sp-IÄ Xncp-¯p-¶-Xn\v \nÀ_-Ôn-X-am-hpw.” þ sl³{Sn InÊn³PÀ.
“_n³em-Z³ Fhn-s S-bp-s ¶v F\n-¡-dn-bn-Ã. F\n¡v Hcp Dul-hp-an-Ã.
F\n¡Xv {]iv\-hp-a-Ã. AXv {]m[m\yw AÀln-¡p-¶n-Ã.” þ tPmÀÖv
_pjv. (2002)
“Ipd-¨p-t]sc FÃm-¡m-ehpw a³am-c m-¡mw. A§n-s\-bp-Å-h-s c-bmWv

\ap¡v Bh-iyw.”þ tPmÀÖv _pjv.
“\½Ä hyà-a mbpw a\-Ên-em-t¡-p¶ Imcyw 1000 F³tdm-Wp-IÄ XIÀ

¶Xpaqe-a Ã \½psS k¼-Zvhy-hØ XIÀ¶Xv F¶m-Wv. apX-em-fn¯
taem-f-·m-cpsS {]Xn-tem-a-]-c -amb km¼-¯nI \b-§-fmWv Imc-Ww.
cmjv{So-b-¯n-s ebpw am[y-a-§-fn-sebpw hy`n-N m-c -I-·mÀ, \n§Ä¡v AXv
a\-Ên-em-¡n-¯ -cn-Ã.” þ ssaIv tam¬Sm-s á.
]pcm-X\ tdmanÂ, sNdp-InS IÀj-IÀ tdmam-km-{am-Py-¯ nsâ \s«-Ãm-bn-cp-

¶p. \mW-b-s ¸-cp-¸hpw A[n-I -\ n-I p-X nbpw ImcWw Ah-cpsS Irjn-bn-S -
§Ä [\n-I-cpsS ssIh-iw F¯n-t¨-cp-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-am-bn. _rl-¯mb
Irjn, ap³Im-e-§-fnÂ \ne-h n-ep-m-bn-cp¶ ASn-a -k-{¼-Zm-bs¯ A[n-I -cn-
¡p-¶-X n\v t{]cn-¸n-¨p. A{]-Imcw \mep hn[-¯nÂ ASn-a-I -fm-Ip-¶-Xn\v
Imc-W-am-bn. 1. \n§Ä IS-¡m-c -\m-h p-I -bm-s W-¦nÂ ISw ho«-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn\p
thn \n§sf ASn-a-I-fm-¡mw. 2. \nbaw A\p-k-cn-¨n-s Ã-¦nÂ, ASn-a-bm-
¡p-I-bm-s W-¦nÂ Pbn-ense sNehpw t]meo-kp-Im-c psS sNehpw em`n-
¡mw. 3. `c-W-Iq-Ss¯ FXnÀ¯mÂ . 4. tdma³ A[n-\n-thi B{^-n¡-
bnÂ. B{^-n¡³ hwi-Pcpw ASn-a -Isf D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-c p-¶p. AhÀ
A[nIw hcp¶ ASn-a -Isf tdmam-¡mÀ¡v hnäp. 20 iX-am\w P\-§Ä
ASn-a-I -fm-bn-cp-¶p. ASn-a-I Ä aäp-Å-h-cpsS tPmen \jvS-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn\v Imc-
W-am-bn. {ItaW kzX-{´ -P-\-X-I-fm-bn-c p-¶-hcpw ASn-a-I-fm-bn. \nIpXn
CuSm-¡m-hp¶ P\-kw-Jy-bnÂ Ipd-hp-m-bn. AXn\v ]Icw \nIp-Xn-bpsS
Afhv hÀ²n-¸ n-¨p. AXv hopw hopw ASn-a-Isf krjvSn-¨p. tdma³
N{I-hÀ¯n-a mÀ temIwI-XnÂh¨v Gähpw _rl-¯mb ssk\nI
50
cmjv{Sob km{am-Pyw sI«n-¸-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\v ]Ww D]-tbm-Kn-¨p. ssk\nI

hnP-b-§Ä Ah-c psS k¼¯v hÀ²n-¸n-¨p. hym]mc hyh-km-b-§-f-Ã.
B[p-\ nI tdmam km{am-Py-¯nsâ t]cv Ata-cn¡ F¶m-Wv. \nIpXn k{¼-

Zmbw \mW-b-¯ nsâ aqÃy-tim-j-W-¯n\v ]Icw hbv¡m-hp-¶-Xmbn. ]pcm-
X-\-Im-e¯v \mWb-¯nsâ aqÃy-tim-j-W-¯n-\ p]Icambn `c-Wm-[ n-] -·mÀ
hneIpdª teml-§-Ä \mWbw \nÀ½m-W-¯n\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp¶
shÅn-tbm-Spw kzÀ®-¯n-t\mSpw tNÀ¯n-cp-¶p. hneIpdª teml-§Ä
¡v ]I-c-a mbn \nIp-Xn.
IS-emkp ]W-¯nsâ DÛhw AXv ssIImcyw sN¿m³ Ffp-¸ -am-Wv F¶p-
Å-XnÂ \n¶m-Wv. kzÀ®w Icp-X-embn h¨-Xnsâ tcJ ]c-kv]cw ssIam-
dp¶ k{¼-Zmbw CS-] m-Sp-IÄ Ffp-¸-a m-¡n. A¯cw tcJ {]XyIw hyàn-
I-fpsSt]cnÂ ]pd-s ¸-Sp-hn-¡p-¶ -Xn\p]Icw tcJ ssIhiw hbv¡p-¶-bm-
fn\v AXv D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-hp¶ Xc-¯n-em-¡n. kzÀ®w Icp-X-embn kq£n-
¡p-¶-h-c nÂ hfscIpd¨pt]À am{Xta Hcpkabw AXv XncnsI hm§p-¶-
Xn\v h¶n-cp-¶pÅq F¶Xv kq£n-¸p-ImÀ¡v Icp-XÂ kzcv®w
CÃmsXXs¶ hymP-tcJ \nÀ½n¨v AXv ]en-i¡v sImSp-¡p-¶-Xn\v ss[cyw
\evIn. {ItaW ]cn-N-bhpw Adnhpw Gdn-b-t¸mÄ bYmÀ° kzÀ®-
¯nsâ ]eaS§v hymP-tcJ ]pd-s¸-Sp-h n¨vXpS-§n. AXnÂ\n¶pÅ ]eni
hcp-a m\w , IqSp-X Â kzÀ®w hm§p-¶-Xn\v D]-tbm-K n-¨ p.
CXv {^m£-WÂ _m¦n§v k{¼-Zm-b-¯n\v XpS¡wIpdn-¨ p. \nt£-]-§Ä
ssIh-i-a p-Å-X nsâ ]eaS§v hmbv] \ÂIp¶ coXn. {ItaW AXv AwKo-
I-cn-¡-s¸« coXn-bm-bn. AXv h©\Xs¶-bm-Wv . _lp-a m-\ y-a mb `cW-
IqSw \nÀÆ-ln-t¡-p¶ ]W-¯nsâ \nÀ½mWw, A\ym-b-a mbpw, A\o-Xn-
I-c-a mbpw AXv kzImcy _m¦p-Isf A[n-Im-c-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. FÃm \nt£-
]-Icpw Htckabw \nt£]w ]n³h-en-¡p-¶-Xn\v Xocp-am-\n-¨mÂ 3 iX-
am\w \nt£-]-IÀ¡pw ]Ww aS¡n \ÂIp-¶-X n\papt¶ _m¦p-I Ä s]mfn-
bpw. A{]-Imcw ]eaS§v ISw \evIp-¶-Xn\v km[n-¡p-¶Xp sImmWv
_m¦p-IÄ¡v sImÅ-em`w Dm-h p-¶-Xv. 10 iX-a m\w ]eni CuSm-¡n-
bmepw, \nt£-]-§Ä ssIh-i-a p-Å-Xnsâ GI-tZiw ]¯n-c«n hmbv]
\ÂIp-t¼mÄ 100 iX-am\w, icm-icn hcp-am\w e`n-¡p-¶p. \K-c -¯nse
Gähpw henb sI«n-S-§Ä _m¦p-I-fp-tS-Xm-hp-¶-Xn\v Imc-Whpw asäm-¶ -
Ã.
sam¯w \ÂIs¸-Sp¶ hmbv]-bpsS 75 iX-a m-\-hpw-\ ÂIp-¶Xv Hcp ia-

Xm\w _m¦p-I -fm-Wv. BZyw hmbv]mhyh-Ø-IÄ DZm-c-a m-¡n A[nIw
BÄ¡msc sIWn-bnÂ hogv¯n-b-Xn\ptijw ]W-¯nsâ e`yX Ipd-¡p-
Ibpw hmbv]mhyh-Ø-IÄ ITn-\-am-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶Xphgn km[m-c-W-
¡m-s cÃmw XI-cp-Ibpw Ah-c psS hkvXp-h-I-I-Ä Ip-sI-«p-¶Xn\v km[n-
¡p-I bpw sN¿p-¶p. \½Ä AXns\ k¼-Zvhy-h-kvY-bpsS Ib-ähpw Cd-
51
¡hpw ( Up and Down ) hym]m-c-N{Iw ( Business Cycle ) ,tÌm¡v amÀ¡-

änÂ AXns\ Xncp¯ep-IÄ Corrections Fs¶ms¡ hnfn¨v imkv{Xo-b-am-
¡p-¶p.
A´m-c mjv{S _m¦n-§nsâ Xmbvthcv ]pcm-X\ t]bvK³ t£{X k{¼-Zm-b-

¯n-em-Wv. AXv cq]-a m-ähpw t]cv amähpw \S¯n F¶pam{Xw. At¸m-
tfmsb Bcm-[n-¨n-cp-¶-hÀ Knights Templar ( Knights of the Temple ) F¶v
Adn-b-s ¸«pXpS-§n.- bq-tdm-¸ns\ ]e-X mbn hn`-Pn¨v, Hmtcm `mK-¯ n\pw
Hmtcm A[n-]-\pw. tabvk¬kv Bbn-cp¶ Knights Templar \v A[nIw
A[n-Im-c-§Ä e`ym-bn. cmPm-¡-·m-cp-sSbpw {]am-Wn-am-cp-sSbpw _m¦ÀamÀ
. AhÀ t]m¸n-sâbpw _m¦Àam-cm-bn-cp-¶p. t]m¸n\vthn Icw ]ncn-¡p-
¶Xv Ah-cm-bn.
Hcp \qäm-n-tesd {^m³kv cmP-Ip-Spw-_-¯nsâ _m¦Àamcpw AhÀ
Xs¶-bm-bn-c p-¶p. AhÀ¡v \nIp-Xn-bnÂ\n¶pw aäv Xcw Np¦-§-fnÂ
\n¶pw Cfhv e`n-¨ n-c p-¶p. N{I-hÀ¯n tPm¬ ac-W-a-S-bp-t¼mÄ aI³
sl³dn¡v 9 hb-Êm-bn-c p¶p {]mbw. `cWw \S-¯n-bn-c p-¶Xv HcpkwLw
Bbn-c p-¶p. AXnse {]amWn t£{X-¯nsâ A[n-] -\pw. Ipcnip bp²-
¡mÀ¡pw Knights Templar sâ tkh\w e`y-am-bn-cp-¶p.
]pcm-X\ Ipcnip bp²-§Ä¡v XpS¡w Ipdn-¨Xv Jkm-dpIÄ (ta-bvk¬k
v) Bbn-c p-¶p. I]S PqX-·m-cp-sSbpw ^co-kn-bcp-sSbpw thZ-{K-Ù-amb
_m_n-tem-Wn-b³ XmÂap-Zv, tdman-s \bpw ^co-kn-bI-sfbpw P·-i-{Xp-¡Ä
F¶v hntijn-¸n-¡p-¶p. AXv apJ-hn-e-s ¡-Sp-¡p-¶-h À a\-Ên-em-¡m¯
Imcyw Fs´-¶mÂ cn-sâbpw `cWw km¯m³ þ eq-kn-^À þ CÃyq-an-\m-
än-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p. Ahsc Icp-Xn-¡q«n X½n-e-Sp-¸n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. X½nÂ
hntcm[w hfÀ¯p-¶- kn-²m-´-§Ä, bqtdm-¸ n\ptaÂ _m¦v Hm^v tdmansâ
IÀi-\ -\n-b-{´-Ww, ]pcm-X\ Ipcnip bp²-§Ä, kzIm-cy- sk³{SÂ
_m¦p-IÄ DZm:þ dnkÀhv _m¦v Hm^v Cý . C¶s¯ {Iqc-amb
bp²§Ä FÃm-än\pw NcSv hen-¡p-¶Xv AhÀ Xs¶.
1204 Â tIm¬Ìmân-t\m-¸nÄ sâ XIÀ¨, kok-dnsâ Imew apXÂ

\ne-\n-¶n-cp¶, km{am-Py-¯ nsâ km¼-¯n-Im-[n-]-Xys¯ XIÀ¯p.
bqtdm-¸nepw Cý-bnepw A¶v \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶, kzÀ®-¯n-sâbpw shÅn-
bp-sSbpw hn\n-a-b-\ n-c¡v bqtdm-¸n\v A[nIw t\«w Dm-¡p¶ hn[-¯n-em-
bn-cp-¶p. sh\okpw Ah-cpsS Ipcn-ip-bp-²-¯ nse Iq«p-I-£n-Ifpw
tIm¬Ìmân-t\m-¸n-fns\ Ih-À¶v bqtdm-¸n-te¡v IS-¯nb teml¯nsâ
Afhv AXn\v ap³]vhsc AhÀ hym]mcw sNbvX v k¼m-Zn-¨-X n-t\-¡mÄ
hfsc A[n-I-a m-bn-c p-¶p. Cu IhÀ¨ bqtdm-]y³ Pohn-X-¯n\pw A[n-I-
amb DWÀtÆ-In. AXn-i-b-I-chpw hnhc-Wm-XoXhpamb DWÀhv. ]qgv¯n
52
h¨n-cp¶ \mW-b-§fpw kzÀ®-¡-«n-Ifpw tIm¬Ìmân-t\m-¸n-fn-te¡v

B{I-a Ww £Wn¨p hcp-¯n. skbvâv tkm^n-b-bnse AÄ¯m-c -bnÂ
am{Xw 40 _mcÂ kzÀ®w kq£n-¨n-c p-¶p. bqtdm-¸nÂ sh\o-kp-ImÀ AXv
hym]mcw hn]p-e-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-X n\v D]-tbm-K n-¨ p. hn]p-e-amb Bcm-[-\m-e-b-
§Ä \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-X n\v ]Ån-bpw. Knights Templar Ah-cpsS ]W-an-S-]mSv
hn]p-e-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶ -X n-\ pw.
Cw¥v Ipcn-i p-bp-²-§-fnÂ ]s¦-Sp-¯Xv \nIpXn hÀ²-\¡v Imc-W-am-bn.

bp² -sN-e-hp-IÄ¡m-bn . 3þmw Ipcn-ip-bp-²-¯nsâ sNe-hp-IÄ¡mbn
sl³{Sn-bpsS ]n³Kman dn¨ÀUv (knw-l -lr-Z-b³) s]mXpkz-¯p-¡Ä
kzIm-c y- hy-àn-I Ä¡v ssIam-dn. 1980 Â amÀK-cäv Xm¨À ssIs¡m-Xpw
]n¶oSv temI-a msI ]n-³Xp-SÀ¶Xpw CtXXXzw Xs¶-bm-Wv. bp²-§-fpsS
hnhn[ Bh-i y-§Ä¡mbn Knights Templar sâ klmbw Bhiy-
ambnh¶p . Ignª Bbncw hÀj-§-fpsS Ncn{Xw ]cn-tim-[n-¨mÂ hne-
¡-b-ä-¯n-\ pw, \mW-b-s¸-c p-¸ -¯n\pw ImcWw bp²-§-fm-sW¶vImWmw.
a²y-Im-es¯ Cw¥v {][m-\-a mbpw ImÀjnI kaq-l-a m-bn-c p-¶p. PqX-

·mÀ ]Ww ]en-i¡v sImSp-¡p¶ {]hÀ¯n-bnÂ GÀs¸-«p. cmPm-¡-·mÀ
{]P-I-fnÂ\n¶pw ]tcm£\n-IpXn ]ncn-¡p-¶-Xn\v PqX-·msc Npa-X-e-s¸-Sp-
¯n. ]tcm-£- \n-I p-X n-bpsS t]cv ]eni F¶m-bn-c p-¶p. cmPmhv PqX-·m-
cpsS hcp-a m-\-¯n\ptaÂ \nIpXn GÀs¸-Sp¯n. \nIpXn HSp-¡p-¶-XnÂ
hogvNhcp-¯p-t¼m-s gÃmw Ah-scbpw `mcy-sbbpw Ipªp-§-s fbpw XS-hn-
em-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX n-c p-¶p. Ipcnipbp²-§Ä A[nIw [\w k¼m-Zn-¡p-¶-
Xn\v PqX-·msc {]m]vX-c m-¡n. Cw¥ojv cmPm-¡-·mÀ apÉo-ap-IÄ¡v FXn-
cmb bp²-¯n\p thnbpw ssZh -k-`-I Ä IqSp-X Â Bcm-[-\m-e-b-§Ä
\nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn\pthnbpw ]Ww ISw hm§n-bn-cp-¶p. FUzÀUv cmPmhv
\nbaw aqew \ntcm-[n-¡p-¶Xphsc ]eni k{¼-Zmbw XpSÀ¶p.
Cä-en-bnse ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-ImÀ Cu kml-Ncyw apX-se-Sp-¯p. \nÝnX Ime-
b-f-h n-\ p-ÅnÂ ]Ww Xncn-¨ -S-¨nÃ F¦nÂ ]eni , F¶ k{¼-Zmbw. ]en-
isb ]Ww ssIImcyw sN¿p-¶-Xn-\pÅ sNehv F¶v IW-¡nÂs¸-Sp-¯n.
AhÀ PqX-·m-s c-¡mfpw A[nI ]eni CuSm-¡n.
1455 Â ssN\ IS-em-kp]Ww \nÀ¯-em-¡n. 500 hÀjs¯ BhÀ¯n-
¨pÅ \mW-b-s¸-cp-¸hpw A\p-`-h-§-fp-amWv Imc-Ww. 1100 Â Cw¥-nÂ
sl³{Sn H¶m-a³ Tally Sticks XSn-bnÂ \nÀ½n-¡p¶ ]Ww GÀ¸m-Sm-¡n.
726 hÀjw AXv \ne-\ n-¶p. B Ime-b-f-h nÂ \mWb-s ¸-cp¸w Dm-b-tX-
bn-Ã. C¶v AXn-s \-¡p-dn¨v BÀ¡pw Adn-hn-ÃmsX t]mIp-¶-X n\pw
ImcWw asäm-¶-Ã.
kzÀ®w ssIImcyw sN¿p-¶Xv hnj-a-a m-b-X n-\ mÂ AXv kq£n-¡p-¶-Xn\v
{]m]vX-cm-b-hsc GÂ¸n-¨p. AXnÂ Ipd¨v aäp-Å-h-cpsS t]cn-te¡v amäp-
53
¶-Xn-\p X¿m-dm-¡nbncp¶ Ipdn¸v Personal Cheque \v P·w \ÂIn.

kzÀ®w kq£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\v- A-[n-Im-c-s ¸-«-h À kzÀ®w CÃmsXXs¶ Ds-
¶pÅ hymtP\ ]{Xw X¿m-dm¡n AXv ]en-i¡v \ÂIp-¶-Xn\v Bcw-`n-¨p.
AXv _m¦n-§n\v P·w\ÂIn.
hnÃyw ]mtäÀk¬ apt¶m«p h¨ HutZym-Kn-I-s a¶v tXm¶-ep-f-hm-¡p¶

t]cpÅ kzImcy _m¦n\v , _m¦v Hm^v Cw¥-n\v (1694) A\p-a Xn \ÂIn.
_m¦v Hm^v Cw¥v XnI¨pw kzImcy DS-a -Ø-X-bn-epÅ _m¦v BWv. cm-
Pmhv NÀ¨v Hm^v Cw¥-nsâ Øm]-I ³.
bp²-¯nÂ ]cm-Pn-X-c mbnh¶ ]S-bm-fn-IÄ¡v \ÂIm³ ]W-an-ÃmsXh¶-

t¸mÄ _©-an³ {^m¦ven³ 1690 Â kÀ¡mÀ k½-Xn-] {Xw ]pd-s ¸-Sp-hn-¨p.
13 {_n«ojv hS-¡³ Ata-cn-¡³ tImf-\ n-I -fnepw , Ata-cn-¡³ hn¹hw
Dm-Ip-¶-X p-h sc (1775 þ 1782) _m¦p-IÄ H¶pwXs¶ CÃm-bn-c p-¶p.
hn¹hw XpS-§p¶Ime¯v s]³knÂth\nb temI-¯nse Gähpw [\n-I-
amb {]tZ-i -am-bn-cp-¶p. CsX-Xp-SÀ¶v {_n«³ , {_n«ojv tImf-\ n-IÄ
kz´w \mWbw ]pd-s ¸Sphn¡p-¶Xv XS-ªp. CXmWv hn¹-h -¯n-\pÅ
{][m\ Imc-W-§-fnÂ H¶v. hn¹-h-s ¯-¯p-SÀ¶v \mW-b-s ¸-cp¸wh¶p
tNÀ¶p. Ata-c n-¡-¡m-c psS bp²- Nn-ehv 1250 tImSn cq]. 1836 Â AXv
AS¨pXoÀ¯p. ]en-i-bpÄs¸-sS. {_n«sâ sNehv 2000 tImSn cq].
]n¶oSv Ae-Ivkm-À lmanÂS¬ ( {ôtabvk³ ) _m¦v Hm^v Cw¥-
nsâ amXr-I-bnÂ Ata-cn-¡³ _m¦v cq]-I-ev]\ sNbvXp.
Ncn-{X-Im-c-· mcpw AÃm-¯-hcpw ]W-¯n-s \bpw _m¦n-§n-s\bpw t\cmw

h®w a\-Ên-em-¡n-bn-Ã.
1500 IfnÂ sl³{Sn F«m-a ³ ]en-i -hy-h-Ø-bnÂ Cfhphcp-¯n. Iptd

A[nIw\mÄ kzÀ®hpw shÅnbpw \mW-b-§Ä [mcm-f-a mbn e`y-a m-bn.
cmÚn tacn `c-W-ta-ä-t¸mÄ hopw \nb-a-§Ä IÀ¡-i-a m-¡n. ]W-a n-S-
]m-Sp-ImÀ \mW-b-§Ä ]qgv¯n-h ¨v k¼Zv hy-h -Øsb XInSwadn-¨p.
cmÚn Fen-k-_¯v þ H¶v, 1558 Â `c-W-I qSw \mW-b-§Ä ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-
¡p-¶-X n\v \nbaw sImph¶p. Hen-h À t{ImwshÂ ]W-a n-S-]m-Sp-Im-cpsS
klm-b-t¯msS NmÄkv H¶m-a s\ (Ìp-hÀ«v) Øm\ `rjvS-\m-¡p-I bpw
h[n-¡p-Ibpw ? sNbvXp. ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-ImÀ¡v hopw {]hÀ¯-\m-\ p-a Xn
e`n-¨ p. ASp¯ 50 hÀj-¯nÂ A[nIw sNe-th-dnb bp²-§-fn-te¡v
Ahsc XÅn hn«p. 1642 se Cw¥ojv hn¹-h-¯n\v aX-] -c-a mb Imc-W-
§Äs¡m¸w Xs¶ {]m[m-\y-t¯msS ]eni hyh-Ø-bn-t·-epÅ \nb-{´-
Whpw Imc-W-a m-hp-¶p.
54
{_n«ojv {]`p-¡fpw ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-Imcpw X½n-epÅ _Ôw C¶pw XpS-c p-¶p.

`c-Wm-[n-I mcn ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-Imsc kwc-£n-¡p-¶ -Xn\v \nÀ_-Ôn-X-c m-hp-¶p.
\Kcw ( The City ) Â {]amWn tdm¯vjoÂUvkv.
1846 þ 1848 Ime-«-¯ nÂ Imen-t^mÀWn-b-bnÂ kzÀ®w Is-¯n. saIvkn-

¡³ þ Ata-c n-¡³ bp²s¯¯pSÀ¶v Imen-t^mÀWnb Ata-cn-¡-tbmSv
tNÀ¡-s¸-«p. AXn\pw hfscapt¶ h¯n-¡m³, Ata-c n¡ apgp-h\pw
t{]jnXthe¡v F¶a«nÂ hehncn¨pIgn-ªn-cp-¶p.- kz-tZ-i n-I sf {Iqc-
ambn ]oVn-¸n¨v kzÀ®\nt£-] -§-fpsS Øm\-§Ä AhÀ a\-Ên-em-¡n.
kphn-tijw {]kw-Kn-¡pI F¶-X m-bn-c p-¶nÃ Dt±y-iyw. kzÀ® \nt£-] -
§Ä Is¯n h¯n-¡m-\n-tebv¡v IbänAb-bv¡pI F¶-Xm-bn-c p¶p
Dt±-iw. k\ym-kn-IÄ kztZ-in-Isf ASn-a-I-fm¡n Dt±iyw km[n-¨p.
t]¸Â tZi-§Ä Npäp\n¶pw B{I-an-¡-s ¸-«n-c p-¶XpsImv ]S-bm-fn-Isf
AWn tNÀ¯v P\-dÂ Kmcn-_mÄUn-bp-a mbpw bp²w sNt¿-n-bn-cp-¶p.
{InÌ-^ À sImfw-_kv, {^m³knkvtIm ]nÊm-tcm, slÀ\m³tUm tImÀs«-
C-hÀ e£-¡-W-¡n\v kztZ-in-Isf sIms¶m-Sp-¡n. kzÀ®-¯n\pthn.
kÀ¡mÀ \b-§Ä CÃyq-a n-\män Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶p. Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ,

AXnsâ ASn-Øm-\ - Bi-b-§fpw aqey-§fpw X-Xz-§fpw cq]o-I-c n-¨Xv,
bqtdm-]y³ [mÀjvT yhpw hÀKo-b-X bpw DÄs¡mpsImm-Wv. BZy-Ime
IpSn-tb-ä-¡mÀ¡v kuP-\y-`qan e`y-am-¡p-¶-X n\v kztZ-in-Isf tXm¡p-
Nqn t\Sn-b-XmWv kwkvIm-c w. e£-¡-W-¡n\v BÄ¡msc h[n-¨p.
B{^n-¡³ ASn-a-I sf D]-tbm-K n¨v kuP\y sXmgn-em-fn-Isf krjvSn-¨p.
NneÀ hnfn-¡p¶ Ata-cn-¡³ \qäm-nÂ aq¶mw Iq«-s¡me\S-¡p-¶p.
{]Xy-£-a mb 300 B{I-a W§fpw ]tcm-£-a mb 10,000 e[nIw IS-¶p-I-b-
ähpw hgn aq¶mw temI-cmjv{S-§-fnÂ \n¶v Ata-cn¡ AXnsâ D¶-X- Po-
hnX \ne-hmcw t\Sp-¶p. tXm¡n³ ap\-bnÂ. hopw e£-¡-W-¡n\v
BÄ¡mÀ h[n-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p. tImSn-¡-W-¡n\v BÄ¡mÀ¡v ZmcnZyw Dd¸p
hcp-¯p-¶p.
“temI-¯nse k¼-¯nsâ 60 iX-am\w \½psS A[o-\-X -bn-em-Wv. temI-
P-\-kw-Jy-bpsS 6.3 iX-am\w am{X-a mWv \½psS P\-kw-Jy. Cu hnShv
\ne \ndp-¯pI F¶-XmWv \½psS Gähpw {]bm-k-I-c-amb IÀ¯-hyw.
a\p-jy-kvt\lw temI-\· Fs¶m-s¡-¸-dªv \½Ä kzbw h©n-¡-cp-Xv.
a\p-jym-h -Im-i w, P\m-[n-] -Xy-h-XvI-c Ww Fs¶m-s¡-bpÅ Ak-Xy-amb
PÂ]-\-§Ä \½Ä \ndp-t¯--Xp-v. t\À¡p-t\-s c-bpÅ _e-]-c o-£-W -
¯n\v hnt[-b-a m-hp¶ Imew hnZq-c -a-Ã. BZÀim-ß-I-a mb ap{Zm-h m-Iy-§Ä
F{X bpw Ipd-ªn-c n-¡p-¶pthm A{Xbpw \Ã-Xv.” tPmÀÖv sI¶³,
Ata-cn-¡³ \b-X{´ DtZym-K-Ø-³ .
55
Cdm-¡nÂ Ata-c n¡ GÀs¸-Sp-¯nb D]-tcm[w 5 e£-¯n-e-[nIw Ipªp-

§-fpsS Poh³ A]-l-c n-¨p. AXv lntcm-jn-a -bn-te-Xn-t\-¡mÄ A[n-I-am-
Wv. CtX-¡p-dn¨v Ata-c n-¡³ sk{I-«dn Bbn-cp¶ saU-sse³
BÂss{_äv ]d-ªXv “AXv e£yw t\Sp-¶-Xn\v Bh-iy-amWv”F¶-m-Wv.
{]kn-Uv äm^vän\p tijw hq{Uq hnÂk¬ A[n-Im-c-ta-äp. At±lw

sPkyq-«p-I-fpsS ]nWn-bm-fm-bn-c p-¶p. 1913 Â sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv \nb-a -
¯n\v At±lw km[pX \ÂIn. {_n«ojv cmP-Ip-Spw_wt]mse PÀa³
kb-WnÌv IpSpw-_-¯nse AwK-am-bn-cp-¶, PÀa³ IpSn-tb-ä -¡m-c ³ t]mÄ
hmÀ_ÀKv Bbn-cp¶p {]kvX pX \nb-a -¯nsâ D]-Úm-Xm-hv. `c-W-Iq-S-
¯nÂ\n¶pw kzX-{´-a mb kzImcy sk³{SÂ _m¦v \ne-hnÂhcp-¶-Xn\v
AXv Imc-W-am-bn. kÀ¡m-cp-ambn Hcp _Ô-h p-a n-Ã. hmÄkv{So-än-sâbpw
\yqtbmÀ¡nse _m¦Àam-c p-s Sbpw D]-I-c Wwam{Xw. 1917 Â hnÂk¬
Ata-cn-¡sb H¶mw temI alm-bp-²-¯n-te¡v \bn-¨p. t]mÄ hmÀ_ÀKv
sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv _m¦nsâ ]nXmhv F¶-dn-b-s ¸-Sp-¶p. At±-l-¯nsâ
ktlm-Z-c ³ amIvkv hmÀ_ÀKv H¶mw temI-a-lm-bp-²-¯nse PÀa³ cl-
kym-t\z-jW hn`mKw Xe-h -\pw.
_m¦v Hm^v Cw¥v Øm]n-¨Xp apXÂ 119 hÀj-¯n-\n-S¡v 56 hÀjw

Cw¥v bp²-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p. an¨-apÅ kabw bp²-¯n\pthn X¿m-sd-
Sp-¡-epw. ]W-an-S-] m-Sp-Im-À Cu Ime-b-f-hnÂ [\n-I-cm-bn.
tdm¯vjoÂUvkv _m¦v Hm^v Cw¥-nsâ DS-a-Øm-h-I miw t\Sn-sb-Sp-¯p.
1947 hsc. 1947 Â kÀ¡mÀ , _m¦ns\ Gsä-Sp-¯p. ]Icw
tdm¯vjoÂUvkn\p 12 iX-am\w ]eni e`n-¡p¶ \nIpXn _m[-I-a -Ãm-¯,
{]Jym-]n-¡-s ¸-Sm¯ XpI-¡pÅ IS-] {Xw \ÂIn. AXv Imem-h[n \nÝ-bn-
¡-s¸-«n-«n-Ãm-¯-Xn-\mÂ Ønc-a mb kz`mhw ]peÀ¯p-¶p. aäp
\nt£]IÀ¡ptaÂ A[n-I mcw \ÂIp¶Xn\mÂ ( Preferential Creditors )
_m¦nsâ \S-¯n-¸nÂ AhÀ¡v Ah-kcw e`n-¡p-¶p.
Zim-_vZ-§Ä \op\n¶ bp²-§Ä Cw¥-nsâ km¼-¯nI ØnXn ]cn-

Xm-]-I-c-a m-¡n. AXv kÀ¡mÀ AwKo-IrX kzIm-cy-_m-¦n\v A\p-a Xn e`y-
am-¡n. cmjv{So-b-¡mÀ¡v Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw ISwhm§m³ Hcn-Sw. AXn\v
CuSmbn \nIpXn CuSm-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ Ign-hpw.
_m¦v Hm^v Cw¥-ns\ amXr-I-bm-¡p-¶-X mWv FÃm cmjv{S-§fn-sebpw

sk³{SÂ _m¦p-I Ä. dnkÀhv _m¦v Hm^v Cý-bpw. Ch-sbÃmw
56
kzImcy taJ-e-bn-em-Wv. Hcp cmjv{S-¯nsâ k¼-Zvh y-h -Øsb \nb-{ń-

¡p-¶-X n\pw XInSw adn-¡p-¶ -Xn\pw {]m]vX-a mWv Ch.
_m¦p-IÄ CuSm-¡p¶ ]en-i-bnÂ hen-sbm-c-fhpw ad¨p h¡-s¸« \nIp-Xn-

bm-Wv. kÀ¡mÀ IS-]-{X-¯nsâ CuSnÂ _m¦nÂ\n¶pw ]Ww ISw
hm§p-¶p. ISw Xncn¨v \ÂIn-bmÂ k¼-Zvhy-h-Ø-bnÂ\n¶pw ]Ww
]n³h-en-t¡--Xmbnhcpw. AXn-\mÂ ISw Ønc-ambn \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶p.
Ønc-a mbn ]eni sImSp-¯p-s Im-t-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. IqSp-X Â ISwhm§p-¶-
Xn\v A\p-k-c n¨v IqSp-X Â ]en-i. ]eni hÀ²n-¡p-¶-Xn\v A\p-k-c n¨v
IqSp-XÂ \nIp-Xn.
km¼-¯nI amµy-¯nÂ A[nIwt]cpw Zpcn-X-a -\p-`-hn-¡p-t¼mÄ \yq\-

]£w [\n-I -cm-hp-¶p.
“Hcp cmjv{Sw AXn\pXs¶ ]eni \ÂIn ]Wwt\Sp¶p F¶ Bibw
XnI¨pw Acv°-iq-\y-am-Wv. AXn\pXs¶ ]eni\ÂIn k¼¯v hÀ²n-
¸n¡mw, aäp-Å-h À¡v ISwho«p-¶-Xn-\pÅ amÀ¤w hn]p-e-am¡mw
Fs¶ms¡ Nnń-¡p-¶Xv {`m´vXs¶-bm-Wv. C{Xbpw Akw_Ôw _p²n-
bpÅ a\p-jy\v Xm§m-\m-h nÃXs¶.” þ hnÃyw tIm_-äv.
HutZym-Kn-I-a mbn It¯m-en-¡À ]en-i-hy-h-Ø-bv¡v FXn-cm-b-Xn-\ mÂ

Pkyq«vkv, s{]m«-Ìâvkv Bbn-cn-¡p-¶-X n\v Imc-W-am-bn.
Ata-cn-¡³ hn¹-h-¯n\v ap³]v , _m¦v , bp²-§Ä¡v [\-k-lmbw

\ÂIn. Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ Adn-b-s¸« {^©v bp²hpw Cý³ bp²-hpw.
1689 þ 1697 se hnÃyw cmPm-hnsâ eoKv Hm^v BKvkv_ÀKnse bp²w, 1702 þ
1713 se kvs ]bn-\nse cmÚn B\nsâ bp²w, 1739 þ 1742 se sP³In³kv
bp²w, 1744 þ 1748 se Hmkvt{S-en-b-bnse cmPmhv tPmÀPnsâ bp²w, 1754 þ
1763 se {^©v þ 1793 þ 1801 se Cý³ bp²-§Ä; 1803 þ 1815 se hn¹h
{^m³kn-s \-Xn-cmb bp²w, s\t¸m-fn-bsâ bp²-§Ä, Cý-bnse bp²-
§Ä, ssN\-bnse Hm]nbw bp²-§Ä, Ata-cn-¡bpam-bpÅ bp²-§Ä,
kzmX-{ý-¯n\pthn-bpÅ bp²w-. Cu bp²-§-fn-se-eÃmw tdm¯vjo
ÂUvkvap{Z hyà-a m-bn-c p-¶p. bp²-¯nâ Ccphi-¯n\pw [\-k-lmbw
\ÂIp-I. \nÝ-b-amb ]cn-WnXêw, XIÀ¶ kÀ¡mcpw ]ns¶ XpO-amb
hnebv¡v e`n-¡p¶ tZi-§-fpw.
Continental Ata-cn-¡-bn-sebpw Im\-U-bn-sebpw P\-kwJy 180 e£-t¯m-

f-a m-bn-c p-¶Xv Iq«-s¡m-ebv¡v tijw 3 e£-t¯m-f-am-bn. saIvkn-t¡m-bn-
57
teXv 300 e£-am-bn-cp-¶Xv 30 e£-t¯m-f-a m-bn. {InÌ-^À sImfw-_-knsâ

t\Xz-¯nÂ bqtdm-¸p-ImÀ Ata-cn-¡³ kztZ-in-Isf Iq«-s¡mesN¿p-¶-
Xn\v XpS¡wIpdn-¨p. ]n¶oSvh¶ IS-¶p-I-b-ä-¡mÀ , Im«p-Pm-Xn-¡mÀ X§-
tf-¡mÄ A[-a -sc¶v hne-bn-cp-¯n-bXv Iq«-s¡m-e-bpsS B¡w hÀ²n--¸ n¨p.
Iq«-s ¡m-e-bv¡v bp²w, acWPmY-IÄ, Blmcw e`y-a-Ã m-X m-¡p-I, hnjw
\ÂIpI F¶v ]e amÀ¤-§Ä Ah-ew-_n-¨n-cp-¶p. `qan-bpsS Ncn-{X-¯nÂ
Gähpw \op-\ n-¶Xpw, `bm-\ -I-hpw, em`-I-c -hp-a m-bn-cp¶p AXv. Hcp
kztZ-insb h[n-¡p-¶-Xn\v 100 ? ]uv ]mcn-tXm-jnIw GÀs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cp-
¶p. 18-þmw \qäm-nÂ Ata-cn-¡³ kztZ-i n-I sf tPmÀÖv hmjnw-Kv S¬
`nI-c -cmb CcIÄ F¶v hntijn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS D·q-e-\m-i-¯n\v
Blzm\w \ÂIp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 800 Â A[nIw kztZ-i n-I sf h[n-¡p-
¶Xv 1814 Â B³{Uq PmIvk¬ t\m¡n-\n-¶p. 1851 Imen-t^mÀWnb
KhÀWÀ Ah-ti-jn-¡p¶ kztZ-in-I-fpsS Ipcp-X n¡v H¯mi\ÂIn. 1867
Â P\-dÂ hnÃyw sSIyq-sa-jv sjÀa³ ]dªp “knbq-Êp-Isf ]pcp-j·m-
scbpw kv{XoI-s fbpw Ipªp-§-s fbpw D·q-e-\miw sN¿p-¶-X n\pthn
\½Ä DWÀ¶p {]hÀ¯n-t¡- -Xp-v.”
IqSp-XÂ Iq«-¡p-cp-Xnbpw \S-¡p-¶Xv kÀ¡mÀ , kztZ-in-I-fp-ambn
kam-[m\ DS-¼Sn NÀ¨ sN¿p-¶-Xn-t\m-s Sm-¸-a m-bn-c p-¶p. sX¡v hnâp-hnse
P\-§sf kam-[m\ NÀ¨bv¡v £Wn¨v shSnsh¨psIm¶p. kztZi
tKm{X-¯nse Ip{]-kn² \mbm-«p-I m-c ³ s_³ ssdäv kam-[m\ NÀ¨bv¡v
F¯n-t¨À¶-hsc kss{S¨vss\³ F¶ sImSnb hnjw Blm-c-¯nÂ
\ÂIn sImÃm³ {ian-¨Xv ]cmP-bs¸«t¸mÄ, h¶ptNÀ¶n-cp-¶-hsc
shSnsh¨p sIm¶p.
“knw-lm-k-\ -¯n\p ]n¶nÂ cmPm-hn-t\-¡mÄ henb Hcp iàn-bp-v.” þ

kÀ hnÃyw ]näv 1770
“Xnc-Èo-ebv¡v ]n¶n-ep-Å-hsc Adn-bm-¯-hÀ Icp-Xp-¶-Xn\v hncp-²-a m-bn,
temIw \nb-{ń-¡p-¶Xv aämtcmBWv.”þ_³P-a n³ Un{k-tb-en.
“D¶X tI{µ-§-fnse km¼-¯nI Ip¯-I-I-fmWv kÀ¡m-cns\ \nb-{ń-
¡p-¶Xv F¶-XmWv hmkvX-hw.” {^m¦ven³. Un. dqkvs hÂäv
1946 Â _m¦v Hm^v Cw¥v tZi-kmÂIr-X -am-bn. F¶n-cp-¶mepw _m¦nsâ

{]hÀ¯-\-§sf \nb-{ń-¡p-¶Xv hym]mc _m¦p-I-fp-sSbpw hym]m-c -{]-ap-
J-cp-sSbpw , bmYm-Øn-XnI [\-XXz-i m-kv{X-ÚcpsSbpw Iq«m-bva-bm-Wv. .
_m¦nsâ \b-§Ä cq]o-I-cn-¡p-¶-hÀ _m¦Àamcpw , C³jp-d³kv , [\-X-
Xz-im-kv{X-Úcpw {]apJ hyh-km-bn-I-fp-a m-Wv. ]eni-\n-c¡pw ]W-
¯nsâ tXmXpw \nb-{ń-¡p-¶Xv KhÀWÀ \bn-¡p¶ Monetary Policy
58
Committee bpw. \mW-b-s¸-c p¸w F{X-s¯m-f-a m-bn-c n-¡-W-s a¶ `c-W-Iq-S-

¯nsâ \bw ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p-s -¦nepw, \b-cq-]o-I-c Ww XpS-§nb
]²-Xn-I-fnÂ \n¶pw {Sj-dnsb Hu]-Nm-c n-I -ambn Hgn-hm-¡pI F¶Xv _m¦v
Hm^v Cw¥-n\v, sk³{SÂ _m¦p-I-fpsS bqtdm-] y³kwLm-X-¯nÂ tNcp-
¶-Xn\v {][m\ hyh-Ø-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
PÀa-\n-bnse _mth-dn-b-bnÂ B[p-\nI CÃyq-an-\nkw Øm]n-X -am-bn. tabv
H¶v 1776 Â. tabvZn-\-¯nÂ. Øm]-I³ PqX XXz-Nn-´-I³ sa³UÂ
tÊm³ sâ injy³ hotjm-]v. {][m\ AwK-§Ä C½m-\p-hÂ Imâv,
thmÄ«-bÀ, tamkkv sa³UÂtÊm³, ]ns¶ _m¦Àam-c mb ÌnwKv,
{ôem³UÀ, tdm¯vjoÂUv. hotjm]v ap³ Pkyq«pw ]ns¶ 1770 Â
km¯\nkw kzoI-cn-¨ p.
CÃyq-an-\m-än¡v temIm-[n-]Xyw t\Sp-¶-X n\v thn. ASn-Øm\ XXz-§Ä

þ P\-§sf hncp² Iq«m-bva-I-fm¡n hnL-Sn-¸n¨p\nÀ¯p-I. X½nÂ s]mcp-
Xp-¶-Xn\v If-samcp¡n Ahsc _e-lo-\-c m-¡p-I.
þ {]-[m\ ]Z-h n-bn-en-c n-¡p-¶-h sc ]Whpwaäpw \ÂIn ]m«n-em-¡p-I .
þ sXc-sª-Sp-¡-s¸« hnZymÀ°n-I Ä¡v {]tXyIw kvtImfÀjn-¸-pIÄ
\ÂIn GI-temI Kh¬saâv \ne-hnÂhcp-¶-Xn\p thn akvXnjvI
{]£m-f\w sN¿p-I.
þ Ahsc {][m\ ]Z-hn-I-fnÂ {]Xn-jvTn-¡p-I .
þ am²y-a-§sf \nb-{ń-¨v, P\-§-fn-te¡v F¯n-t¨-c p¶ hmÀ¯-Isf \nb-
{ń-¡p-I.
“\Ym-³ tdm¯vjoÂUvkv e-\ nse FÃmhn[ km¼-¯nI CS-]m-Sp-I -

fnepw A[nI kzm[o\w sNep-¯p-¶p. \K-c-¯nse sam¯w \mWb hn\n-
a-b-\ n-c ¡pw At±-l-¯nsâ \nb-{´-W-¯n-em-Wv. _m¦À F¶pÅ\ne-bnÂ
At±-l-¯nsâ Icp¯v A]mcwXs¶.” þ {]jy³ {Sjdn Ub-d-IvSÀ.(1817)
“tdm¯vjoÂUvkv bqtdm-¸ nse Gähpw [\n-I-cmb a\p-jyÀ” þ Bkv{Sn-
b³ cmP-Ip-am-c³ sasä-a n-¡nsâ sk{I-«d
- n. (1818)
_m¦v Hm^v Cw¥v {]hÀ¯\wXpS§n 50 hÀj-§Ä¡ptijw 1743 Â

PÀa-\n-bnÂ {]m¦v^À«nÂ PqX-s¯-cp-hnÂ BwsjÂ tam-kkv t_mhÀ
\mW-b-hym-]mcw Bcw-`n-¨p. Nph¶ ]cn-N-bnÂ tdma³ ]cp-ńsâ cq]-
apÅ ap{Z-bm-b -cp¶p Øm]-\ -¯nsâ NnÓw. Nph¶ ]cn-Nbv¡v PÀa-\n-
bnÂ tdm¯vjoÂUv F¶m-Wv. tamk-knsâ aI³ tabÀ hym-]mcw Gsä-
Sp-¯ -t¸mÄ At±lw t]cn-s \m¸w tdm¯vj oÂUv F¶p tNÀ¯p. `c-W-Iq-
59
S-§Ä¡pw cmPm-¡-·mÀ¡pw ]Ww hmbv] \evI p-¶Xv aäp hmbv] -I-tf-

¡mÄ sa¨w- . \nIpXn hkq-em-¡p-¶-X n-\ pÅ A[n-Imcw hmbv] sb kpc-
£n-X-a m-¡n. hmbv]-bpsS Afhpw hep-Xm-bn-cn-¡pw. tamkkv D]-tbm-Kn¨
NnÓw C{km-tb-en ]Xm-I-bnse tabvk-W-dn-bpsS NnÓ-am-bn-cp-¶p. Ing-
¡³ bqtdm-¸nse PqX-·mcpw Nph¶ ]XmI Ah-cpsS NnÓ-ambn AwKo-I -
cn-¨p. AXv cà-¯nsâ \ndw F¶-Xn-\mÂ.
{^m£-WÂ dnkÀhv k{¼-Zmbw Ah-ew-_n¨v Ahn-iz-k-\o-b-a mb coXn-

bnÂ AXn-thKwhfÀ¶p. 1800 IfpsS a²y-¯nÂ bqtdm-]y³ _m¦n§v
taJ-e-bnÂ B[n-]Xywt\Sn. temI-¯nse Gähpw [\n-I-c m-bn. {]`p- Ip-Sp-
_-§Ä Ah-tcmSv A[nIw ISs-¸-«n-cp-¶p. A©v cmjv{S-§-fnÂ AhÀ
{]hÀ¯n-¨n-cp-¶-Xn-\mÂ cmjv{S-§Ä¡v AXo-X-a m-bn-c n-¡p-¶-X n\pw, B[n-
]Xyw t\Sp-¶ -Xn\pwIgn-ªp. Ah-cpsS kzÀ®w Fhn-sS-bmWv kq£n-¨n-cn-
¡p-¶Xv F¶pw, F{Xam{Xw dnkÀhv (I-c p-X Â [\w) Ds¶pw _ehpw
_e-lo-\-X-Ifpw AhÀ¡va m{Xw Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-¶p. \nb-a-§sf adnIS-¡p-
¶-Xn\v A´m-cm-jv{S-a mb hym]vXn klm-b-a m-b n. C¶s¯ A´m-cmjv{S
_m¦p-Ifpw AtX kuIcyw A\p-`-hn-¡p-¶p. Ah-c psS _e-lo-\-X-IÄ
ad-¨p-h-bv¡p-¶-Xn\pw Ah-cpsS Icp¯v A[n-I-a m¡n {]ZÀin-¸ n¡p-¶-
Xn\pw Ahsc {]m]vX-am-¡p-¶p.
hnhn[ hyh-kmb-§Ä¡v òa-amb hmbv] \ÂIn, tdm¯vjoÂUvkv Ah-

cpsS B[n-]Xyw Øm]n-¡p-¶p. ]ns¶ hne hÀ²n-¸n¨v hmbv] Xncn-¨-S-
¡p-¶-X n-\ pÅ Ignhv hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-¶p. tdm¯vjoÂUvknsâ km¼-¯n-
Ihpw ]ns¶ cmjv{So-b-hp-amb A[n-Imcw hn]p-e-s ¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. sX¡³-
B-{^n-¡-bnse kzÀ®, h{P J\-\ -¯n\v ( DEE BEERS) knknÂ tdmUvkn-
\v, ]ns¶ Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ sdbnÂ tdmUv hnI-kn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v,
¢ohve³Unse The National City Bank Øm]n-¡p-¶-X n\v þ \nb-a-k-`-bnÂ
AXv tdm¯v joÂUvknsâ Ata-cn-¡-bnse aq¶v _m¦p-IfnÂ H¶mWv
F¶v Øm]n-¡-s¸-«p, F® ip²o-I-c -W-¯nÂ tdms¡-s ^-Ã-dn\v B[n-
]Xyw t\Sp-¶-Xn\v Standard Oil Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn-\v Hs¡ ]Ww\ÂIn.
PÀa-\n-bnÂ tdm¯vj oÂUnsâ {Ko³joÂUv hk-X n-bnÂ P\n¨ tP¡_v

jn^v^v ( SCHIFF ) . At±lw tdm¯vjoÂUnsâ, Ata-cn-¡-bnse ]nWn-bm-
fp-I-fnÂ {][m-\n-bm-bn-cp-¶p. jn^v^v tdms¡-s^-Ã-dn\pthn Ip{]-kn-²-
amb “Cf-hn-\pÅ DS-¼-Sn -þ Rebate Deal” t\-Sn . AXv FXnÀtNcn-bn-ep-Å-
h-cpsS F® s{Sbn³amÀ¤w IS-¯p-¶-Xn\v, sdbnÂth-bnÂ\n¶pw
{]tXyIw Cfhv tdms¡s^ÃÀ Bh-i y-s ¸-Sp-¶ -X m-bn-c p-¶p. Ata-cn-¡³
60
sdbnÂ tdmUnsâ 95 iX-a m-\hpw J.P. Morgam , Kuhn Loeb and Company
(jn^v^v , t_mÀUnse AwKw) F¶n-h-bn-eqsS tdm¯vjoÂUnsâ \nb-
{´-W-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p. 1850 Â Pbnwkv tdm¯vj oÂUv {^m³knse FÃm
_m¦Àamcpw Hcp-an¨v t\Sm-hp-¶-Xnepw A[nIw kz¯n\v DS-a -bm-b n-c p-¶p.
Pbnw-knsâ Hcp hÀjs¯ hcp-a m\wt]mepw A¡m-e¯v Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ
BÀ¡pw k¼m-Zy-ambn Dm-bn-c p-¶n-Ã.
]mcokn\v Ing¡v s^dnÂdkv F¶ ku[wIn«v hnÃyw H¶m-a ³ ]d-

ªXv “cmPm-¡-·mÀ¡v CXn\v Ign-bn-Ã, CXv XoÀ¨-bmbpw tdm¯vjoÂUn
tâXmbn-c n¡pw F¶m-Wv.” tdm¯vjoÂUnsâ kz¯p-¡Ä k¦oÀ®-amb
\nIpXn _m[-I -a-Ãm¯ Øm]-\-§Ähgn ad-bv¡-s ¸-«n-c n-¡p-¶p.
-tdm¯vjoÂUvkv temIs¯ A[n-I-ambn Iogvs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-c n-¡p-¶p,- Iq-Sp-
XÂ X{´-] -c-a m-bn, \op\nÂ¡p¶ coXn-bnÂ .- FÃm kokÀ-a m-À¡pw
km[n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw A¸p-d-am-bn. þs{^-U-dnIv tamÀ«³.
cmw temI-a-lm-bp-²-Im-e¯v s]mXpsh Icp-X-s ¸-«n-c p-¶Xv sP.-]n.-
tamÀK³ BWv temI¯nse Gähpw [\n-I³ F¶m-Wv. tamÀK³ acn-¨-
t¸mÄ sP.]n tamÀK³ I¼-\n-bpsS 19 iX-am\w am{Xta At±-l-¯nsâ
t]cnÂ Dm-bn-c p-¶pÅq F¶v shfn-hm-¡-¸ -«p. tdm¯vjoÂUv km{am-Py-
¯nsâ Hcp ]nWn-bmÄ am{X-a m-bn-c p¶p tamÀK³ F¶pw. 19-þmw \qäm-
nse bqtdm-¸ nse GI iàn-tI{µw tdm¯vjoÂUv Xs¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
_m¦v Hm^v Cw¥v Øm]n¨ CÃyq-a n\män, AhÀ PqX-·m-s c¶v `mhn-¨n-cp-
s¶-¦nepw hmkvX-h-¯nÂ sNIp¯m³tkh \S-¯p-¶-h-cm-bn-cp-¶p. Ah-
cpsS hym]vXn bqtdm-¸ n\v shfn-bn-te¡v hym]n--¸n¡p-¶-Xn\v AhÀ {_n«o-jv
]XmI D]-tbm-Kn-¨p. bYmÀ° cmPmhv tdm¯vjoÂUvkv Xs¶. Ct¸mÄ
AhÀ Ata-cn-¡sb D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. {_n«o-jp-Imsc AhÀ A`nam-\ w,
tZio-b-X, hÀ¤w, Ipew, Fs¶m-s ¡-¸-dªv Cf¡nhn«p. hmkvX-h-¯nÂ
AhÀ tdm¯vjoÂUv km{amPyw sI«n-¸-Sp-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. CÃyq-an-\m-
änbpw BZy-Ime km{amPy-X zXm-X v]-cy-§fpw X½n-ep- m-bn-cp¶ Iq«p-s I-
«n\v Gähpwhenb sXfn-hmbn knkÂ tdmUvkpw tdm¯vjoÂUvkpw X½n-
epÅ ASp¸w \nesImÅp-¶p.
hym]mcn-IÄ F¶ hymtP\ Cý-bnÂh¶ {_n«ojv CuÌv Cým I¼-\n

,- B-cw-`n¨ tImf-\n-h-XvI-c-Whpw, _m¦v Hm^v Cw¥v \ne-hnÂh¶-tXmsS
DuÀÖnX-am-bn. _m¦vv Hm^v Cw¥pw Cw¥ojv CuÌv Cým I¼\nbpw
hnÃyw ]mtäÀk¬sâ \nb-{´-W-¯ n-em-bn-cp-¶p, Hcp ]cn[nhsc DS-a-Ø-X-
bn-em-bn-cp-¶p. CuÌv Cým I¼\n hym]m-c n-I-fpsS thj-¯nÂh¶
IhÀ¨-¡m-c m-bn-c p-¶p.
61
Cý-bnÂ hnI-kn¨ph¶n-c p¶ {]t£m-`-§Ä, A[n-I-\mÄ Cý-bnÂ XpS-

cm-\m-hnÃ F¶v , Ahsc t_m²y-s¸-Sp-¯n. Cw¥- nÂ \nÀ½n¨ hkvXp-
¡Ä AhÀ Cý-bnÂ hnä-gn-¨p. FÃm-t]cpw [\n-I-cm-bn. Cý-bnse
km[mcW P\-§-sfm-g n-s I. AhÀ \mÄ¡p-\mÄ Zcn-{Z-c m-b n. kzÀ®hpw
h{Phpw sImÅ-b-Sn-¡-s¸-«p. AXn\p]Icw am[p-c y-apÅ hm¡p-I-fp-ambn
anj-W-dn-a mÀ ss_-_nÄ hnX-cWw \S¯n. {_n«o-jp-Imsc imco-c n-I-ambn
FXn-À-¯-hÀ¡v òI-c-h m-Zn-I Ä F¶ t]cp\ÂIn. cmjv{So-b-ambn
FXnÀ¯hsc hntZzjw {]N-c n-¸n-¡p-¶ -hÀ- F-¶pw.
{_o-«o-jp-Im-cpsS hnP-b-¯ n\v klm-b-a m-bXv sdbnÂthbpw sSen-{Km^pw

]ns¶ cmPm-¡-·m-cpw.
kmln-Xy-s¯bpw `mj-s bbpw Zpcp-]-tbmKw sNbvX v, ]ns¶ krjvSn¨v
CÃyq-an-\män XmXv]-c y-§Ä kwc-£n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv F§n-s\-s b-
¶pÅXn\pÅ Gähpw \Ã DZm-l-cWw Cý-bm-Wv. aq¬tÌm¬ F¶
cN-\-bnÂ tImfn³kv ]c-¼-c-bnse hnÂIn tImfn³kv (C-Ãyq-a n-\ män)
lnµp-¡Ä¡v FXn-cmbn apK-fÀamÀ \S-¯nb AXn-{I-a -§-fpsS IY-IÄ
Ir{Xn-a -ambn krjvSn-¨ p. A¼-e-§Ä XIÀ¡p-¶-X p-Ä s¸-s S. lnµp-¡Ä
A{Xbpw \mÄ AXohw kwL-Sn-X-cm-bn-c p-¶n-Ã. apÉo§-fp-a mbn cay-X-bnÂ
Ign-ªn-c p¶ AhÀ s]s«¶v apÉo-§sf i{Xp-¡-fmbn Ip-Xp-S-§n. 1788
Â Pkyq«v cl-ky- kw-L-S-\ -bnse Cw¥o-jp-Im-c ³ tPmk^v
äo^³sXbveÀ Xp-S§nh¨-XmWv _m_dn akvPnZv {]iv\w. cmasâ P·-
Øew Ahn-sS-bm-sW¶v {]Jym-]n-¨Xv tPmk^v äo^³sXbve-dmWv.
IÂ¡-«-bnse t^mÀ«v hnÃyw tImf-Pnse tPm¬ KnÂss{IÌv – CuÌv
Cým I¼\n / CÃyq-an-\ män , F¶ Cw¥o-jp-Im-c³ P·w \ÂInb lnµn
`mj cmjv{S`mj-b m¡n. KnÂss{I-Ìns\ lnµn `mj-bpsS ]nXmhv
F¶phnfn-¡p-¶-XnÂ sXän-Ã.
Ata-cn-¡sb ]n¶oSv tImf-\n-h-XvI-cn¨ tIm¬hm-eokv (C-Ãyq-a n-\ m-än)

]ns¶ UÂlukn {]`p (C-Ãyq-an-\m-än) ChÀ Cýsb IhÀ¨sN¿p-¶-
Xn\v hln¨]¦v A[n-I-a m-Wv. GsX-¦nepw tZi-¯ n\v HutZym-KnI A\-´-
cm-h-Imin CÃmsXh¶mÂ AXv {_o«ojv km{am-Py-t¯mSv tNÀ¡-s ¸-SWw
F¶pw.
“apl-½ -Zob ]mc-¼-cy-apÅ FÃm kzIm-c y- sI-«n-S-§fpw XIÀ¡-s ¸-S-Ww.
Iem-]-c-amb ta·tbm aX-]-c -amb _lp-a -Xn-I tfm ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s ¸-tS--Xn-
Ã.”- {_n«ojv {][m-\-a {ń ]mtaÀÌ¬, Cý³ ssht{km-bn, Im\n§v
{]`p-hn\v Fgp-Xnb I¯nÂ\n¶v. ( 9 th Oct1857, letter no.9 ).
62
]ehn[ apÉow ImgvN-¸m-Sp-IÄ krjvSn-¡-s¸-«p. I]S {]hm-N-I-·mÀ Ah-

X-cn-¡-s ¸-«p.
hÀ¤ob hwiob hmZnbpw tabvkWpw CÃyq-a n-\m-än-bp-a mb dpUymÀUv

In¹n§v “shfp-¯-hsâ s]mÃm¸v “( Whiteman’s Burden ) t]mepÅ
hÀ¤obhntZzjw hfÀ¯p¶ IrXn-IÄ, Cý-bnÂ Xma-kn¨psImv ]S¨p
hn«p. IqSmsX a\p-jy\pw kwkvIm-c-¯n\pw D]-cn-bmbn AXv arK-§sf
{]Xn-jvTn-¨p. sdbnÂ tdmUv, t_mws_-, a{Zm-kv, IÂ¡« F¶n-hn-S-§-fnse
Xpd-a p-J -§Ä F¶n-hsb DZm-l-c n¨v In¹n§v tImf-\n-h-XvI-c Ww \ymbo-I -cn-
¨p. ssI¡q-enbpw Agn-a-X nbpw Hcp ioe-a m-bn. AXv FÃm {_n«ojv tImf-
\n-I-fnepw {]I-S-a m-Wv. Cý, ]m¡n-Øm³,- _w-¥m-tZ-iv,- Cu-Pn]väv, ss\Po-
cnb.
[\-¯n\pw A[n-Im-c-¯n\pwthn {_n«³ \S-¯ nb Hm]n-bw -bp-²§fpsS
tI{µ-_nµp Cý-bm-b n-c p-¶p. ssN\okv km{am-Py-¯nsâ XIÀ¨¡pw Ing
¡p sX¡³ ( Oriental ) tZi-§-fpsS \mi-¯n\pw Imc-W-amb Hm]nbw (I-
dp-¸v ) _wKmfnepw ]mäv\-bnepw A^vKm-\n-Ø m-\ nepw hnf-bn-¨Xv {_n«-\m-
Wv.
kztZ-in-I-fmb {]hÀ¯-Isc Bh-iy-sa¶pI CÃyq-an-\män 1730 Â

IÂ¡-«-bnÂ hnÃyw tIm«-bnÂ ( Fort William ) BZys¯ tabvk¬ imJ
XpS-§n. lnµn P·-s a-Sp¯ AtXØe¯v. {_n«ojv CuÌv Cým
I¼\nbpsS AtX NnÓw tabvk¬ imJ-bn-epw.( ap-{ Z-bnÂ knwl-¯nsâ
NnÓw ) {ItaW Cý-bnse FÃm {][m\ kwØm-\-§-fnepw.
1830 Â {_n«³ temI-¯ nse Gähpw {]ap-J-cmb ASn-a-hym-]m-cn-I fpw , ab-

¡p-a -cp¶p IÅ-¡-S-¯p-Im-cpamb Ipä-hmfn kwL-am-bn-¯oÀ¶p.
C¶s¯ GXp Ipä-h mfn kwLhpw 19-þmw \qäm- nse {_n«-t\mSv InS-]n-Sn-
¡p-¶n-Ã. hnIvtSm-dnbm cmÚn Hm]nbwcmÚn Bbn-¯ oÀ¶p. a\p-jy-Xz-
¯n\p t\sc\S-¯nb C¯cw Ipä-Ir-Xy-§-fmWv {_n«ojv km{am-Py-
¯nsâ ASn-¯-d. _m¦v Hm^v Cw¥-nsâ DS-a-ØÀ. 1840 epw 1856 epw
t\cn« Hm]nbw bp²-§Ä ssN\sb A[n-I-ambn XIÀ¯p. cmjv{Sw Idp-
¸n\v ASn-a-bm-b-h scsImv \nd-ªp. AtXkabw {_n«-\nÂ Hm]nbw D]-
tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv \nbahncp-²-a m-bn-c p-¶p. AXnsâ Zqjy-h-i-§ÄImcWw
ssN\ Hm]nbw hym]mcw IÀi-\-a mbnXS-ªXv 1840 Â bp²-¯ n\v Imc-W-
am-bn. {_n«sâ B[p\nI Bbp-[-§Ä¡p ap¶nÂ ]nSn¨p\nÂ¡p-¶-Xn\v
ssN\¡v Ign-ªn-Ã. 1842 Â \m³In-§nse kam-[m\ DS-¼-Sn-bnÂ
H¸phbv¡p-¶-Xn\v ssN\ \nÀ_-Ôn-X-am-bn. AXnse Gähpw {][m\
hyhØ {_n«o-jp-I mÀ ssN\okv \nb-a -§Ä¡v hnt[-b-c m-h nÃ F¶-X m-Wv.
A©v Xpd-a p-J-§Ä Xpd¶pIn«n. Hm]nbw hym]mcw ]eaS§v hÀ²n-¨p.
63
cp hÀj-§Ä¡p tijw {^m³kp-ambpw Ata-cn-¡-bp-ambpw kam\ DS-

¼-Sn-IÄ H¸phbv¡p-¶-X n\v ssN\ \nÀ_-Ôn-X-am-bn. B[p-\ nI bp²kt¦-
X-§Ä ssIh-i-a m-¡p-¶-Xn\v ssN\ t{]cn-X-a m-bn.
F¶mÂ A{Xbpw\mÄ {_n-«s\ FXnÀ¯n-cp¶ en³ sÕ kphnsâ \nÀt±-
i-§Ä ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-«n-Ã. cm-as¯ bp²-t¯msS en³ sâ \nÀt±-i-
§Ä am\n-¡-s ¸-tS--Xmbnh¶p. kam-[m\ DS-¼-Sn-bnÂ H¸ph¨p F¦nepw
ssN\-bnÂ\n¶pw FXnÀ¸p-I Ä Dm-bn-s¡m-n-cp-¶p. Ico-_n-b-bn-te-
¡pw- A-ta-cn-¡-bn-te¡pw Iq«wIq«-ambn ssN\m-¡msc sImp-t]mbn
ASn-a-the sN¿n-¨n-cp-¶Xpw FXnÀ¸v cq£-am-hp-¶-Xn\v Ic-W-a m-bn. 1856 Â
cq£-amb bp²w 1860 Â ssN\-bpsS k¼qÀ®-amb Iog-S-§-en\v Imc-W-am-
bn. hopw DS-¼-Sn. {][m\ cv hyh-Ø-I -tfm-s S. 1. Hm]nbw hym]mcw
\nba hnt[-b-a m-¡pI . 2. ssN\-bpsS FÃm `mK-§-fnepw {InkvXp-aXw
{]N-cn¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ, XS-Ê-a n-Ãm-¯, A[n-Im-c w.
1765 se Stamp Act Ata-c n-¡-bnse {_n«ojv tImf-\ n-I sf XIÀ¯p.
\nIpXn HSp-¡p-¶-X n\v kzÀ®wam{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-¡Ww F¶pw, hym]mc
IcmdpIÄ Ìmw]v H«n¨ ]{X-§-fnÂ Bbn-cn-¡Ww F¶pw. {_n«ojv \mW-
b-§Ä e`y-a-Ãm-¯-Xn-\mÄ P\-§Ä ]en-i¡v ISw hmt§nh¶p.
1775 se Ata-c n-¡³ hn¹-h-¯n\ptijw 1791 Â First Bank of America \ne-
hnÂh¶p. AXnsâ Imem-h [n 1811 Â XoÀ¶p. XpSÀ¶v {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-
Xn\v A\phmZw e`n-¡m-ª-Xn-\ mÂ 1812 Â _m¦v Hm^v Cw¥v bp²w
{]Jym-]n-¨p.
]ns¶ 1816 Â Second Bank of America \ne-hnÂh¶p. AXv XpS-c p-¶-Xn\v
1836 Â A\p-hmZw e`n-¡p-I-bp- m-bn-Ã
- . 1861 Â B`y-ć Iem]whsc
_m¦v Hm^v Cw¥-nsâiÃyw Dm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.
^Ìv _m¦v Hm^v Ata-c n¡ (1790) Øm]-IÀ Ae-I vkm-À lmanÂä¬,
tdm_À«v tamdnkv , Bbp-[-hym-] mcn tXmakv hnÃnw-Kv. Ata-cn-¡³
Kh¬saâv 20 e£w tUmfÀ \nt£-] n-¨ p. AXv {^m£-WÂ _m¦nwKv
F¶ hnZy-bn-eqsS Øm]I AwK-§Ä ]c-kv]cw ISw\ÂIn _m¦nsâ
Hml-cn-IÄ kz´-am¡n þ 80 e£w tUmf-dn-\v.
Ata-cn-¡³ km¼-¯nI \nb-a-§Ä cq]o-I-cn-¡p-¶-XnÂ

tdm¯vjoÂUvkn\v A[nIw kzm[n\w Dm-bn-cp-¶p. Ata-cn-¡³ _m¦p-
I-fpsS ]n¶nse iàn tdm¯vjoÂUvkv Bbncp¶p F¶v \nb-a-tc-J-IÄ
shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.
IS-emkp]Ww AXnÂXs¶ {]iv\ -am-hp-¶n-Ã.

64
Ae-Ivkm-À lm-a nÂS¬ A´m-cmjv{ S _m¦Àam-cpsS ]nWn-bm-fm-bn-cp-

¶p. “Dt±-in-¡-s¸« A[n-Imcw” F¶]gpXv lmanÂS³ D]-tbm-Kn-¨p. AXv
\ymbm-[n-]-· mÀ¡v F´pw \S-¸n-em-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ kzmX-{ýw \ÂIp-¶Xv .
Hmlcn hn]-Wnsb \nb-{ń-¡p-¶Xphgn tdm¯vjoÂUvkv bqtdm-¸ nse
sk³{SÂ _m¦p-Isf \nb-{ń-¡p-¶p. Gähpw\Ã DZm-l-cWw _m¦v
Hm^v Cw¥v . Cw¥ojv Hmlcnhn]-Wn-bnÂ X-I À¨ krjvSn-¡pIhgn
A[nIw km¼-¯nI t\«-hpw.
samkmZv cl-ky-kw-L-S-\-bpsS XpS¡w tdm¯vjoÂUvknÂ\n¶m-Wv.

1829 Â CÃyq-a n-\m-än-bpsS \yqtbmÀ¡v kt½-f-\-¯nÂ ]s¦-Sp¯psImv
hvssdäv F¶ Cw¥o-jp-Im-c³ CÃyq-an-\män ]d-ªp. “\nco-izchmZn-I-fp-
sSbpw djy³ \nln-en-Ìp-I-fp-s Sbpw ]ns¶ aäp hn[zw-kI kwL-§-fp-
sSbpw A´m-c mjv{ S kwLmXw krjvSn-t¡- -Xp-v. Ahsc I½yq-Wn-Ìp-
IÄ F¶v hnfn-¡mw. bp²-§Ä krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn\pthn Ahsc D]-tbm-
Kn-¡mw.”
{^m¦ven³ Unemt\m dqkvshÂäv sâ ap³Kman ¢nâ³ dqkvshÂäv

s\bpw aäp-Å-h-tcbpw [\-ti-J-c -W-¯n\v Npa-X-e-s¸-Sp-¯n. Cw¥-nÂ
tkmtlm-bnÂ, Zkv Iym]n-ä-epw, I½yq-WnÌv am\n-s ^-tÌmbpw Fgp-Xp-¶-
Xn\v ImÄ amÀIvkn\pw FwKÂkn\pw [\-k-lmbw \ÂIn. ( Pawns in the
Game ).
cmw\nc [\n-I-cmb hmÀ_ÀKv, kmIvkv, jn^vkv FÃmw tdm¯vjoÂUv

kn\p IognÂ AWn\nc-¡p-¶p. temI-¯ nse Gähpw [\n-I-cmb
_m¦Àamcpw hyh-km-bn-Ifpw tdm¯vjoÂUvkv BsW-¦nepw hfscIpd¨p
Øm]-\-§Ä am{Xw Ah-c psSt]cnÂ Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. 19-þmw \qäm-nsâ
Ah-km\w temI-¯nse kz¯nsâ ]Ip-X nbpw tdm¯vjoÂUvkntâXm
sW¶v hne-bn-cp-¯-s¸-Sp-¶p. C¶v Ah-cpsS \nb-{´-W-¯ n-epÅ Øm]-\-
§-fpsS {]hÀ¯\w k¦oÀW-a mb X{´-§-fn-eqsS ad¨phbv¡-s¸-«n-c n-¡p-
¶p.
1819 Â \nb-a-k-`-bpsS cl-ky-I-½n-än-bpsS ap¼msI :þ

tNmZyw þ F´mWv \n§fpsS sXmgnÂ
\Ym³
tdm¯v joÂUv þ IqSp-Xepw A´m-c mjv{ S _m¦n§v
65
tNmZyw þ C¶p apXÂ Hcp hÀj-¯n-eIw FÃm ]Whpw XncnsI

\ÂIWw F¶v \nÀt±-in-¨mÂ Fs´m-s ¡-bmhpw A\-ćê-§Ä
\Ym³ þ cmjv{S-¯n\v A[nIw tZmjw kw`-hn-¡pw. Fs´ms¡
Ipg-¸-§-fm-s W¶v IrXy-a mbn ]d-bm³ km[n-¡n-Ã.
tNmZyw þ Fs´m-s¡-bmWv Ipg-¸-§-s f¶v hni-Zn-I -cn-¡Ww
\Ym³ þ ]Ww A[nIw ZpÀe-`-a m-hpw . A[nIw P\-§fpw \in
¡pw.
tdm_À«v Hmh³ {^m£-WÂ _m¦n-§n\v A\p-Iq-e-a m-bn-c p-¶p.
1845 se sFdnjv Dcp-f-¡n-g§v ZuÀe`yw þ A[nI\mÄ \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶

sXämb km¼-¯n-I-\ -b-§-fpsSIqsS ê-a m-Wv. P\-kwJy aq¶nÂH¶v
Ipd-ªp. Ipªp-§-fpsS \ne-hnfn kln-¡p-¶-Xn\pw A¸p-d-a m-b n-c p-¶p.
sFdnjv P\-X¡v Ah-cpsS \m«nÂ `qan kz´-a mbn h¡p-¶ -Xn\v Ah-Im-i -
an-Ãm-Xmbn. {_n«o-jp-I mÀ `q{]-`p-¡-fm-bn. \mSpI-S-¯-s ¸-Sp-¶Xv Hmkvt{S-en-
b-bn-tem«pw aäpw. ImcWw AXv {_n«ojv tImf-\n-I-fm-bn-c p-¶p. A[nIw
[m\yhpw amwkhpw {_n«-\ n-te¡v IbänAb-¨ p. ssk\y-¯nsâ klm-b-
t¯m-sS. AbÀe-nÂ sImSpw]«nWn Dm-bn-cp¶ ka-b-¯p-X-s¶.
{_n«ojv “klmb kwL§Ä” F¶Xv sa¨-s¸« Npäp-] m-Sn-te¡v amdp-¶-
Xn\v hn§p-¶-hsc NqjWwsN¿p¶ ASnahyh-Øn-X n-bm-b n-c p-¶p.
AbÀe-nse P\-kw-Jy-bn-ep-mb CSnhv {_n«sâ km¼-¯nI \ne-hmcw
sa¨-s¸-Sp-¯ n. IqSp-XÂ km[-\-§Ä Ib-äp-aXnsN¿p-¶-Xn\v km[n-¨p.
“A]-c n-jvIrX-cpsS inc-tOZw \S¯n, Agn-a-Xn-¡m-cmb \ymbm-[n-]-·msc
Xpdp-¦n-e-S¨p F¶-XpsImv _m¦ns\ \nb-{ń¡mw F¶v {]kn-Uv
(B³{Uq PmIvk¬) Icp-Xp-s¶-¦ nÂ XnI¨pwsXäm-Wv. hym]-I-amb
XIÀ¨- kr-jvSn-¡p-¶ -Xn\v R§Ä¡v km[n-¡pw.” þ \nt¡m-fmkv _nÍn (
Second Bank of America bpsS Xe-h³ )
1841 Â {]kn-U -mbn Øm\-taäv Hcpamk-¯n-\Iw hnÃyw sl³{Sn lmcn-

k¬ hnjw DÅnÂ sN¶-Xns\XpSÀ¶v ac-W-s¸-«p. B³{Uq PmIvk¬
]pXp¡n\ÂIm¯ _m¦v NmÀ«À, lmcn-kWpw ]pXp¡n\ÂIp-¶-Xn\v hnk-
½-Xn-¨-XmWv ImcWw F¶v Icp-X-s ¸-Sp-¶p. At±-l-¯nsâ IpSpw-_-¯nse
Hs«-Ãm-t]cpw h[n-¡-s ¸-«p. At±l-¯nsâ F«v a¡-fnÂ Hcp aI\v am{Xw
ac-W-¯nÂ\n-¶pw hnSp-X Â In«n.
66
1836 Â _m¦n-\ pÅ A\p-aXn ]pXp¡n\ÂImsX At±lw ]d-ªp. “_m¦v

Fs¶ \in-¸n-¡p-¶ -X n\v {ian-¡p-I-bmWv AXn\papt¶ Rm³ AXns\
\in-¸n-¡pw. _m¦n§v hyh-ØnXn F´pam{Xw A\o-X n-b mWv a\p-jy-tcmSv
{]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶Xv F¶v Ata-cn-¡³ P\X a\-Ên-em-¡n-sb-¦ nÂ t\cw ]pe-
cp-¶-Xn\papt¶ ChnsS hn¹hw Dm-hpw.” þ B³{Uq PmIvk¬.
“Ata-c n-¡-b nÂ B`y-ć Iem-]-¯n\pImcWw ASn-a¯w am{X-am-bn-cp-¶n-

Ã. XpÃy-i-àn-bpÅ sÛ-td-j-\p-I-fm-bn Ata-cn¡ hn`-Pn-¡-s¸-S-W-sa¶v
B`y-ć Iem-]-¯n\pw hfscapt¶ Xocp-am-\n-¡-s¸-«-Xm-Wv. bqtdm-¸ nse
A[nIw k¼-¶-cmb Nne-c psS t\Xr-X z-¯nÂ. Ata-cn¡ Hä tZi-ambn
XpSÀ¶mÂ X§-fpsS XmXv]cy-§Ä¡v òj-Wn-bm-hp-s a-¶v- A-hÀ IW-¡p-
Iq-«n. km¼-¯nI kzmX{ýw t\Sp-¶Xphgn.” þ PÀa³ Nm³k-eÀ
_nkva mÀIv.
“kÀ¡mÀ AXnsâ Nne-hm-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ {]m]vX nbpw D]-t`m-àm-¡-fpsS

hm§p-¶-Xn-\pÅ {]m]vXnbpw A\p-k-c n-¨ v \mWbw \nÀ½n-¡p-I bpw
]pd¯n-d-¡p-Ibpw hnX-c Ww sN¿p-I bpw ISw\ÂIp-I bpw thWw. AXv
kÀ¡mcn-\pÅ A[n-I mcw am{X-a -Ã, Ah-kcw IqSn-bm-Wv. Cu XXzw ]men-
¡p-I-bm-s W-¦nÂ \nIpXn Zmb-I\v A[nIw [\w (]-en-i) t\«-am-¡p-¶-Xn\v
Ign-bpw. ]Ww a\p-jysâ bP-a m-\³ F¶-X n\p]Icw `rXy-\m-bn-¯o-c pw.”
þ F{_lmw en¦¬.
1863 Â bp²w Pbn-¡p-¶ -Xn\v en¦\v Ipd¨p ]WwIqSn Bh-i y-a m-bn-c p-¶p.
F¶mÂ AXn\v ]mÀe-sa-ânsâ A\p-a Xn e`n-¨n-Ã. ]W-a n-S-]m-Sp-Im-cpsS
\nÀ_-Ô-¯ n\p hg§n National Bank Act \ne-hnÂh¶p. hopw ap³]p-
m-bn-c p¶ hyh-Ø-bn-te¡v aS-§n.
“bp²-¯n\p tijw A[nIw hÀj-§Ä Kh¬saâv A[nIw kar-²n-bn-em-

bn-cp-¶p. AXn\v F¶mÂ ISwho«p-¶-X n\v km[n-¨n-Ã. ISw ho«p-I-bm-sW-
¦nÂ tZiob \mW-b-¯ nsâ Dd-¸n\v kq£n-¨ n-c n-¡p¶ IS-¸-{X-§Ä {]tbm-
K-¯nÂ CÃmsXhcpw. ISw sImSp¯pXoÀ¡pI F¶Xv ]W-¯nsâ
e`yX CÃm-s X-bm-¡pw.” þ tPm¬ sI¶¯v KmÂ{_-bv¯v.
Ata-cn-¡³ k¼-Zvhy-hØ 1864 apXÂ kÀ¡mÀISs¯ B{i-bn-¨ p-Å-Xm-

Wv . _m¦n§v hyh-ØnXn Xncp-¯msX , ISw HSp-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ {iaw
hrYm-h n-em-Wv.
67
“\mj-WÂ _m¦v Hm^v Ata-cn-¡-bpsS Øm]-\-¯n\pth {]hÀ¯\w

Fsâ Pohn-X-¯nse Gähpwhenb sXäm-bn-cp-¶p. AXv Øm]n-s¨-Sp-¯p.
Ip¯I , cmjv{S-¯nsâ FÃm hyh-lm-c -§-s fbpw _m[n-¡p-¶p.” þ
kmÂa³.- ]n.- sNbvkv ( en-¦sâ Iognse {Sjdn sk{I-«-dn ).
“Fs¶ XfÀ¯p-Ibpw cmjv{S-¯nsâ `mhn-tbmÀ¯v `b-s ¸-Sp-Ibpw sNt¿-

p¶ Zpc´w h¶ptNcp-sa¶v Rm³ Icp-Xp-¶p. hyh-km-b-§Ä XIÀ¡-
s¸Spw, Agn-a -Xn-bpsS Ime-L«w ]n³Xp-S-c pw. P\-§-fpsS A`n-em-j-
§Ä¡p taÂ [\w taÂss¡t\Spw. k¼¯v GXm\pw Nne-cpsS ssII-
fnÂ sN¶p tNcp-I bpw cmjv{Sw \in-¸ n-¡-s ¸-Sp-I bpw sN¿p-¶Xphsc.” þ
F{_lmw en¦¬.
1866 G{]nÂ 12 \v Ata-cn-¡³ ]mÀe-s aâv Contraction Act \ne-hnÂ
sImph¶p. en¦³ ]pd-s ¸-Sp-hn-¨n-c p¶ Green Backs ]n³h-en-¡p-¶-Xn\p
thn. A-Xnsât\«w _m¦p-I Ä¡v am{Xsa-¶-Xn-\mÂ AXn\p]n¶nÂ
{]hÀ¯n-¨-hÀ Bsc¶v kwi-b-an-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. GI -teml \mWbw BWv
Gähpw \Ã-sX¶v sXämb [mcW P\-§fnÂ cq]-s ¸-Sp-¯n. ]W-a n-S-]m-Sp-
ImÀ AhÀ¡p-m-bn-c p¶ kzm[o\w D]-tbm-Kn¨v km¼-¯nI AØn-c X
krjvSn¨v P\-§sf Zpcn-X-¯n-em-¡n.
]e-h«w sXfn-bn-¡-s¸« amÀ¤w þ hmbv] Xncn-¨-S-¡p-¶-Xn\v \nÀt±-in-¡pI

AtX kabw ]pXp-Xmbn hmbv]-IÄ \evI m-Xn-c n-¡pI þ XIÀ¨ krjvSn-
¡p-¶-X n\v D]-tbm-Kn¡-s¸-«p. GI- tem-l-\ m-W-b-¯nsâ A`m-h-amWv
XIÀ¨¡p ImcWw F¶v _m¦ÀamÀ Ah-cpsS A[o-\-X-bn-epÅ am²y-a-§-
fn-eqsS {]N-cn-¸n-¨p. Contraction Act D]-tbm-K n¨v ]W-¯nsâ e`yX Ipd-
¨p.
1866 Â Hcp a\p-jy\v 50.46 tUmfÀ e`y-am-bn-cp-¶-t¸mÄ 1867 Â 44 Dw, 1876

Â 14.60 Dw 1886 Â 6.67 Dw am{X-a mbn ]W-¯nsâ e`y-X. P\-kwJy
hÀ²n¨p sImp-an-cp-¶p.
A[nIw [\-X -Xz-im-kv{X-Ú-·mcpw {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv XIÀ¨bpw

XfÀ¨bpw ( Recessions and Depressions ) kzm`m-hn-I-a mbn kw`-hn-¡p-¶Xv
F¶m-Wv. F¶mÂ hmkvXhw hfcw Ipd¨p a\p-jy-cmÂ \nb-{ń-¡-s ¸-
Sp¶ ]W-¯nsâ e`yX ( Money Supply ) bmWv ImcWw F¶-Xm-Wv.
68
Gold Standard BWv bYmÀ°-¯nÂ 1913 Â tdm¯vjoÂUvknâbpw

sdms¡-s^-Ã-dp-s Sbpw t\Xr-X z-¯nÂ sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv Øm]n-X-am-Ip-¶-
Xn\v Imc-W-am-b-Xv. AXv hmbv]-sbbpw ]en-i-s bbpw B{i-bn-¨p-Å-Xm-Wv.
Ccp Ime-L«w F¶ Zpc-´-¯n\v Imc-W-a m-bXv ]W-¯nsâ e`y-X-bnÂ

h¶ Ipdhpw , Ipd-ªph¶ hne-bp-am-Wv. kwkvIm-c -¯n\v XpS¡w
\evIp¶Xn\v ]W-a n-ÃmsX km²y-hp-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Ipdªphcp¶ ]W-
¯nsâ Afhv AXns\ ]nt¶m-«-Sn-¡pw. ]cn-lmcw InÃ F¦nÂ AXv
XI-c pw. tdma³ km{am-Py-¯nsâ Ime¯v 180 tImSn tUmfÀ Dm-bn-cp-
¶Xv 15 þmw \qäm-nsâ Ah-km-\ -am-b-t¸mÄ 20 tImSn-bmbn Npcp-§n.
tdma³ km{am-Py-¯nÂ\n¶pw Ccp Ime-L-«-¯n-te-¡pÅ ( Dark Ages )
amäw t]mse Zpc´w Ncn-{X-¯nÂ Hcn-S-¯p-a n-Ã.
tdmUvkv ( RHODES ) kvtImfÀjn¸v (]¦mfn s\Âk¬ ate ) knknÂ

tdm-Uvknsâ Ggm-a s¯ hnÂ]{Xwhgn cq]o-I-c n-¡-s ¸-«-Xm-s W¶v FÃm-
hÀ¡pw Adn-bmw. F¶mÂ A[n-I-a mÀ¡pw Adn-bm¯ hkvX pX tdmUvkv
At±-l-¯nsâ A©v hnÂ]-{X-§-fnÂ, At±-l-¯nsâ kz¯p apgp-h\pw
Hcp cl-ky-kw-L-S\ cq]o-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\pthn \o¡nh¨n-cn-¶p F¶-Xm-
Wv. AXnsâ Dt±iyw {_n«ojv km{am-Py-¯nsâ kwc-£-W-h pw hnI-k-\-
hpw. Cu clky kwL-S\ C¶pw \ne-hn-ep-v. cl-ky -kw-L-S-\-bnÂ
t\Xm-h mbn tdmUvkv. ÌoUv ss{_äv, anÂ\À F¶n-hÀ FIvkn-Iyq-«ohv
I½n-än-bnÂ BÀXÀ _mÂ^À, kÀ lmcn- tPm¬Ì¬, tdm¯vjoÂUvkv
{]`p, BÂ_À«v t{K F¶n-hÀ {][m\ AwK-§Ä. ]ns¶ AXn\p IognÂ
“klm-bn-I-fpsS kwLmXw” F¶t]cnÂ hn]p-e-amb kwL-S\ þ ImcÄ
JznKven [ Tragedy and Hope ].
Xmtg-¡n-S-bn-epÅ, Adn-hn-Ãm-¯-h-cpw- \n-jvI-f-¦-cm-b-h-c p-a mb AwK-§Ä

Ah-cpsS {]hÀ¯n-bpsS {]Xym-LmXw a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶n-Ã. Ahsc sXän-²-
cn-¸n¨v kwL-S-\-IÄ AXn\v Bh-i y-a pÅ Imcy-§Ä \S-¯n-sb-Sp-¡p-¶ p.
knknÂ tdmUvkv acn-¨-t¸mÄ BÂ{Ûv anÂ\À t\Xr-Øm-\-t¯-¡p-

bÀ¶p. At±lw ku¯v B{^n-¡-bpsS KhÀWÀ P\-depw sslI½o-j-
Wdpw Bbn-cp-¶p. {]ap-J-\ mb {_n«ojv _m¦dpw cmjv{ So-b-¡m-c-\pw .
D¶X IpSpw-_-§-fnse bphm-¡sf “klm-bn-I-fpsS kwLm-X-”¯n-te¡v
tNÀ¯p. AXv s]mXp-h nÂ “anÂ\-dpsS _me-hn-Zym-ebw” F¶v Adn-b-s ¸-
«p. _p²n-iàn, kaq-l-¯ nse Øm\w, Iq«m-b-a-tbm-SpÅ kaÀ¸Ww Ch-
bmWv sXcªSp-¡-s¸-tS- -Xn\pÅ am\-Z-WvU-§Ä. Ahsc kÀ¡mÀ
69
Xe-¯nÂ D¶X Øm\-§-fnÂ {]Xn-jvTn-¨p. cl-ky- kw-L-S-\-bpsS

tKm]y-a mb e£y-§Ä \nd-th-äp-¶-Xn\pthn. ]ns¶ CXn\p IognÂ
Iptd-¡qSn henb kwL-S\ {_n«-\nepw Ata-cn-¡-bnepw \ne-hnÂh¶p.
AhÀ h«-tai kwL-§Ä F¶ kwL-S-\bv¡v cq]w\ÂIn. AXv A[nIw
{]tZ-i¯pw “h«-ta-i- kw-L-§Ä” ( Round Table Groups ) cq]o-I-cn-¨p.
AXv AÀ° cl-ky- kw-L-S-\-bm-bn-cp-¶p. AXnsâ ap¶nÂ Royal
Institute of International Affairs. RIIA sb \nb-{ń-¡p-¶Xv Round Table
Groups. \yqtbmÀ¡nÂ AXv Council on Foreign Relations F¶pw. AXv
J.P. Morgan I¼-\ n-bpsS ad-bmbn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p.
sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhnsâ cq]o-I-cWw 1910 Â tPmÀPn-b-bnÂ sPssIÂ

Zzo]nÂ \S¶ AXohw cl-ky-amb k-t½-f\w {]Jym-] n-¨ p. sPssIÂ
Zzo]nsâ DS-a-Ø³ J.P. Morgan. AwK-§ÄX½nÂ aÕcw Hgn-hm-¡p-¶-
Xn\p thn _m¦n§v Iq«mbva cq]o-I-c n-¨p. ]mÀe-saân-t\bpw P\-§-
tfbpw C¯cw kwc`-¯nsâ Bh-iy-IX t_m²y-s ¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\v Xocp-am-
\-am-bn. temI k¼-¯nsâ \menÂ H¶v ssIhiw h¨n-c p¶ Ggv {]ap-JÀ
am{Xw ]s¦-Sp-¯p. FÃmw t\cn«pXs¶ tdm¯vjoÂUvkv ]nWnbmfp-IÄ.
1. s\Âk¬.- hn.- BÂUvdn¨v þ sk\-änse dn¸-»n-¡³ hn]v. \mj-WÂ
tamWn-ädn I½o-jsâ A²y-£³. J.P. Morgan sâ hym]mc ]¦m-fn.
tPm¬.- Un.- tdm-s ¡-s^-Ã-dnsâ `mcym-]n-Xm-hv.
2. F{_lmw ]nbmäv B³{Uq þ Ata-c n-¡³ {Sj-dn-bnse Akn-Ìâv
sk{I-«-dn.
3. {^m¦v. F, hm³UÀen]v þ \yqtbmÀ¡nse \mj-WÂ knän _m¦v
{]kn-U-v. A¶p-Å-XnÂ Gähpw {]ap-J-amb _m¦v. tdms¡-s^-Ã-dp-
Sbpw A´m-cm-jv{S -\n-t£] _m¦mb “Iq³ tem-sb_v B³Uv I¼-\n-
”bpsSbpw {]Xn-\ n-[ n.
4. NmÄkv.- Un.- t\mÀ«³ þ \yqtbmÀ¡nse J.P. Morgan sâ DS-a-Ø -X-bn-
epÅ ^Ìv \mj-WÂ _m¦nsâ {]kn-U-v.
5. sl³{Sn tUhn-Uvk¬ þ sP.-]n. tamÀK³ I¼-\n-bpsS {]ap-J ]¦mfn
6. _³P-a n³ kt{Sm§v þ J.P. Morgan sâ _mt¦Àkv {SÌv I¼-\n-bpsS
Xe-h³.
7. t]mÄ.- Fw.- hmÀ_ÀKv þ Ip³ temtb_v Bâv I¼-\ n-bpsS ]¦m-fn.
Cw¥-n-s ebpw {^m³kn-s ebpw tdm¯vjoÂUvkv _m¦nwKv km{am-Py-
¯nsâ {]Xn-\n-[n. (k-tlm-Z-c ³ amIvkv hmÀ_ÀKv, PÀa-\n-bn-tebpw
s\XÀe- n-sebpw hmÀ_ÀKv _m¦n§v Iq«mbva bpsS Xe-h³). jn^v^v
sâ ktlm-Zco `À¯m-hv.
70
dn¸-»n-¡³ ]mÀ«n kÀÆ- ]n-´p-Wbpw {]Jym-]n¨v XmXv]-c y-t¯msS \n¶-

t¸mÄ sUsam-{Im-äp-IÄ sÛ-dÂ dn-kÀhn\v FXn-c mbn {]N-c Ww \S-¯n.
sUtam-{Im-äp-I Ä sXc-s ª-Sp-¸nÂ hnPbw t\Sn. BÀ{Un¨v ¹m³ \S-¸m-
t¡--Xn-s\-t¶mWw, XpSÀ¨-bmb Nne kw`-h-hn-Im-k-§Ä krjvSn-¡-s ¸-
«-Xp-s Imv 1913 Â sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv \ne-hnÂh¶p. Icp-Xn-Iq«n krjvSn¨
ASn-b-ń-cm-hØ AXn\v klm-b-I-cam-bn. sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhns\
FXnÀ¯n-cp-¶-hÀ {InkvXp-akv Ah-[n-bnÂ kuI-cymÀ°w AI-s e-bm-bn-
cp-¶Xv klm-b-am-bn . \mW-b-s¸-cp-¸s¯ XIÀ-¡m³ Ft¶m-W w Øm]n-X -
amb sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv A[nIw \mW-b-s¸-cp-¸-¯n\v Imc-W-am-bn.
A[nIw t{]mÕm-l\w sUsam-{Imäv hp{Uq- hnÂk¬ \ÂIn. _m¦Àam-
cpsS DS-a-Ø-X-bntem kzm[o-\ -¯ntem Dm-bn-cp¶ am²y-a-§Ä al-
¯mb kw`hw F¶ \ne-bnÂ AXns\ {]IoÀ¯n-¨p. sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv
\nbaw . ]eni AS¨p XoÀ¡p-¶-Xn\v kzÀ®w D]-tbm-Kn-¡Ww F¶v
\njvIÀjn-¨ p. aqe-[-\ -s¯-¡p-dn¨v Hcn-¡epw H¶pw ]d-bp-¶p-a n-Ã.
12 Ata-c n-¡³ sk³{SÂ _m¦p-I-fpsS DS-a-Øm-h-I miw ssIs¡m-Åp-

¶Xv
1. e-\nse tdm¯vjoÂUv _m¦v
2. lmw_À-Knse hmÀ_ÀKv _m¦v
3. s_Àen-\ nse tdm¯vjoÂUv _m¦v
4. \yqtbmÀ¡nse eoa³ {_tZgvk v
5. ]mcn-knse ekmÀUv {_tZgvkv
6. \yqtbmÀ¡nse Ip³ temtb_v _m¦v
7. Cä-en-bnse C{k-tbÂ tamkkv ko^v _m¦v
8. \yqtbmÀ¡nse tKmÄUva³ kmIvkv
9. BwÌÀUm-anse hmÀ_ÀKv _m¦v
10. \yqtbmÀ¡nse sNbvkv am³l-«³ _m¦v
FÃmw PÀa³ kb-WnÌv tdm¯vjoÂUvkv ss]XyIw DÄs¡mv ]c-
kv]cw _Ô-s ¸-«n-c n-¡p-¶p. Cu _m¦p-IÄ e-\nse _m¦n§v Øm]-\-
§-fp-ambn _Ô-s ¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. Ah-bmWv bYmÀ°-¯nÂ sÛ-dÂ
dnkÀhns\ \nb-{ń-¡p-¶-X v.
Xmsg ]d-bp¶ hyàn-I-fpsS DS-a -Ø-X-bn-epÅ _m¦p-I-fmWv sÛ-dÂ

dnkÀhnÂ Hmlcn ssIbm-fp-¶-Xv. aäp 11 sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhp-Isf \nb-{ń-
¡p¶ \yqtbmÀ¡v sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhn\ptaÂ A[nIw A[n-Im-c -apÅ
_m¦p-IÄ Xmsg-¸-d-bp-¶-h-bm-Wv. Ch `mKn-I-a mbn hntZi DS-a-Ø -X-bn-ep-
Å-h-bm-Wv.
1. ^Ìv \mj-WÂ _m¦v Hm^v \yqtbmÀ¡v
71
þ Pbnwkv ÌnÂa³
2. \mj-WÂ knän _m¦v, \yqtbmÀ¡v
þ tacn .U»yq. lmÀa³
3. \mj-WÂ _m¦v Hm^v sImtaÀkv, \yqtbmÀ¡v
þ F.-Un. PyqemÀUv
4. lmt\m-h À \mj-WÂ _m¦v, \yqtbmÀ¡v þ tP¡_v jn^v^v
5. sNbvkv \mj-WÂ _m¦v, \yqtbmÀ¡v
þ tXma-kv. F^v. db³, t]mÄ hmÀ_ÀKv, hnÃyw tdms¡s^ÃÀ,
sehn.-] n. tamÀ«³, Fw. än. ss]³, tPmÀÖv.F^v.s_bvIÀ, s]Àkn
ss]³, {ioa-X n. Pn.-F-^v. skbvâv tPmÀÖv, sP. U»yq. ÌÀen-§.v ImX-
dn³ skbvâv tPmÀÖv, F¨v.-]n.-tU-hn-Uvk¬, sP.-]n.-tamÀK³ (tdm¯v
joÂUvknsâ ]n-Wn-bmÄ), FUn¯v {_qhÀ.än.-t_-bvIÀ. FÃmw
tdm¯vjoÂUvkv ]nWnbmfp-IÄ.
dnk-Àhv _m¦v Hm^v C³Uy , Kh¬saânsâ `mK-a-Ã. AXv IS-en-\-¸ p-d-

apÅ hntZi iàn-IÄ \nb-{ń-¡p¶ kzImcy tImÀ¸-td-j-\m-Wv. ]W-
¯nsâ e`yX ( Money Supply ) sb Zpcp-t±-i-]-c -ambn \nb-{ ń¨v
BhÀ¯n¨v kw`-hn-¸n-¡p¶ \mW-b-s¸-cp-¸hpw XIÀ¨bpw hgn P\-§-fp-
sSbpw \mSn-sâbpw k¼¯v GXm\pw Nne kzImcy hyàn-I-fpsS ssIbn-
te¡v tNÀ¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p.
_m¦p-I-fnÂ\n¶pw ]Ww ISw hm§p-¶Xvhgn Kh¬saâv _m¦p-I-

fpsS B{in-X-cm-hp-¶p. \nIpXnZmb-I
- cpsS k¼¯v {ItaW _m¦Àam-cn-
te¡v \o¡wsN¿-s ¸-Sp-¶p. C¶v tiJ-cn-¡-s ¸-Sp¶ \nIp-Xn-bpsS knwl-`m-
Khpw ]eniHSp-¡p-¶-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p. \nIpXn Dt±ym-K-ØÀ
temI- _m-¦p-IÄ¡p-thn ]Wn-s b-Sp-¡p-¶p. tPm¬ sabv\mÀUv
sIbv³knsâ kn²m´w sXäm-s W¶v sXfn-bn-¡p-¶-Xn\v ssk²m-ń-I -
ambn \ap¡v Ign-bp-sa-¦nepw sIbv³kmWv Kh¬saâv IS-¯nsâ hfÀ¨-
¡pÅ, ASn-Ø m\w shfn-hm-¡n-b-Xv. CXv A_²-¯nÂ kw`-h n-¨ p-t]mb
sXäm-tWm?. AtXm CÃyq-an-\män _m¦ÀamÀ Icp-Xn-¡q«n krjvSn-¡p-
¶tXm?
dnk-Àhv _m¦v Hm^v C³Uybp-s S - t_mÀUv Hm^v Ub-d-IvtS-g vknsâ \nb-

a\w kzX-{´-a m-b-X-Ã . A´mcmjv{S _m¦p-IÄ¡v XmXv]-cy-a pÅ hyàn-
IÄ AhnsS F¯n-s¸-Sp-¶p. ImcWw hyàw. AhnsS F¯n-s¸-Sp¶
hyàn-I-fpsS ImgvN-¸mSpw Npäp-] m-Sp-Ifpw ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-t¼mÄ AXv
hyà-a m-h pw.
72
dnk-Àhv _m¦v Hm^v C³Uybp-sS sNe-hp-IÄ Ignªv an¨w hcp¶Xv

Kh¬saân-te¡v AS-t¡- -Xp-v. F¶mÂ sNe-hp-I-fpsS kz`mhw
Fs´¶v shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶ n-Ã. \nt£-]-a m-bn- In-«p¶ XpI-bpsS ]¯n-c -«n-
tbmfw {^m£-WÂ dnkÀhv F¶ am{ńI hnZy-bneqsS hmbv]-bmbn
\ÂIp-¶-Xn\v km[n-¡pw. \ymb-a mb ]eni \nt£-]-I\v \ÂIWw
F¶pÅ hmZw Xam-i-bm-Wv. dnk-Àhv _m¦v Hm^v C³Uy k¼qÀ®-amb
HmUn-än\v hnt[-b-a-Ã.
Ata-cn-¡³ sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhnsâ Ncn{Xw F¶mÂ ]W-¯n-s \bpw A[n-

Im-c -¯n-s \bpw BtKm-f kw`-h-§sf \nb-{ń-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ AXnsâ Ign-
hn-s\bpw Ipdn-¨ pÅ ]T-\-a m-Wv. Ata-cn-¡³ {]kn-Uâpw sÛ-dÂ
dnkÀhnsâ A²y-£\pw Bcm-bn-cn-¡Ww F¶v , Npcp¡w Nne D¶-XÀ
Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶p.
km[m-c -W-bmbn aäpcmjv{S-§Ä¡p hmbv] \ÂIp-¶Xv International
Monetary Fund Dw Bank of International Settlements Dw BWv. AsÃ-¦nÂ
AXp-t]mse sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhnÂ\n¶pw ]Ww e`n-¡p¶ aäp {]Øm-\-§-
fm-Wv.
F´p-s Im-mWv sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv k¼qÀ®-a mb HmUn-äns\ FXnÀ¡p-¶-
Xv. 1940 \p tijw tUmf-dnsâ aqeyw 94 iX-am\w Ipd-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p.
]mÀe-s aâv AwKw ss{häv ]mäva\pw aäpw k¼qÀ®-amb HmUn-
än\pthn hmZn-¡p-t¼mÄ 1913 \p tijw C¶phtc¡pw AXv kw`-hn-¨n-«n-
Ã. sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv ]qÀ®-ambpw _m¦v Hm^v Cw¥-ns\ A\p-I-c n-¡p-
¶p.
H¶mw temI alm-bp-²-¯nÂ PÀa-\ n-bnse tdm¯vjoÂUvkv PÀa-\n¡pw,
{_n«ojv tdm¯vjoÂUvkv {_n«\pw, {^©v tdm¯vj oÂUvkv {^m³kn-\ pw
hmbv] \ÂIn. {_n«-s âbpw {^m³kn-sâbpw km[\kma-{Kn-IÄ \ÂIp-¶-
Xn-\pÅ Ata-c n-¡³ GPâv Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ sP.-] n. tamÀK\pw. {]kn-Uâv
hnÂk¬ bp² hyh-kmb t_mÀUnsâ Xe-h-\m-bn _À\mUv _dq-¨ns\
\nb-an-¨p.
apX-em-fn-¯s¯ FXnÀ¡p¶p F¶p ]d-b-s ¸-Sp¶ Iayq-Wn-k-¯n\v Fń-

\mWv apX-em-fn¯w , A[n-I-amb km¼-¯nI klmbw \ÂIn-b-Xv.
tP¡_v jn^v cp-tImSn tUmfÀ t_mÄsj-hnIv dh-eyq-j-\p-thn
\ÂIn-bn-c p-¶p. 1920 Â se\n³ , Ip³ temsb_v Bâv I¼-\n-¡pw, sP.-
]n. tamÀK\pwthn aq¶p {]mh-iy-a mbn A[nIw kzÀ®w sImSp¯phn«p.
hmbv] Xncn-¨-S-¡p-¶-X nsâ `mK-a mbn . tkmjy-enkw F¶Xv k¼¯v ]¦p-
h-¡p¶ kn²m-´-aÃ adn¨v A[n-I m-c hpw k¼¯pw kzcq-] n-s ¨Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-
\pÅ amÀ¤-a mWv F¶p a\-Ên-em-¡n-bmÂ [\n-I-cnÂ [\n-I-cm-b-hÀ
73
tkmjy-en-ks¯ t{]mÕm-ln-¸ n-¡p-¶ -Xnsâ clkyw shfn-s ¸-Spw. I½yq-

Wnkw AYhm tkmjy-enkw Xmtg-bv¡n-S-bn-ep-Å-hÀ¡v thn-bpÅ
{]Øm-\-a -Ã, adn¨v [\n-I À¡v thn-bp-Å-Xm-Wv. þ Kmcn Ae³
A´m-c m-jv{ S- _m-¦p-I-fpsS CS-s]-SÂ djy³ Ncn-{Xs¯ A[nIw _m[n-¨p.

sNbvkv _m¦n-eqsS ]W-sa-Sp¯v Cw¥v DbÀ¶ ]en-ibv¡v djy³
Kh¬saân\v \evI n. XpÃy iàn-Isf Hcp-t]mse klm-bn¨v ]c-kv]cw
s]mcp-Xp¶ Xc-¯nÂ hfÀ¯pI F¶Xv A´m-c mjv{S _m¦nsâ XpS¡w
apX-epÅ X{´-a m-Wv. Ah-cpsS \ne-\nÂ¸n\v AXv Bh-iy-a mWv F¶-Xp-
sImv am{X-a -Ã. i{XpX , A[nI ssk\nI sNe-hp-IÄ¡pw Imc-W-am-Ip-
¶p. AXp-sImv A[nIw hmbv] Bh-iy-ambn hcpw.
tkmjy-enÌv kzÀ¤¯nÂ tdms¡s^Ã-dpsS \mj-WÂ knän _m¦v ( C-

t¸mÄ knän {Kq¸v ) þ skâv ]otägvkvs_À¤nÂ þ tZi-kmÂIr-X-am-bn-cp-¶n-
Ã. [mcmfw ]Sn-ªm-d³ _m¦p-IÄ tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b-\ nÂ kzX-{´-ambn
{]hÀ¯n-¨n-cp-¶p.
djysb \nb-{´-W-¯nÂ sImp-h-c p-¶-X n\pthn 15 AwKcmPy-§-fmbn

apdn-¨p. Ct¸m-Ä bqtdm-] y³ bqWn-b³ , ]mI-s ¸-Sp-¯ n-h-cp¶ Ata-cn-¡³
bqWn-b³ , Gjy-bnÂ ssN\-bpsS taÂss¡, CXmWv ]²-Xn. tPmÀÖv
HmÀhÂ 1984 F¶ IrXn-bnÂ ]d-ªn-c n-¡p-¶ -Xp-t]mse \nc-´-c - bp-²-
¯n\p thn krjvSn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. tPmÀÖv HmÀh-Ãnsâ Bibw Pbnwkv
_¬lmw cNn¨ “”Z amt\-Po-cn-bÂ dh-eyq-j³”” Â \n¶pw ISw sIm-
Xm-Wv.
PÀ½-\n-bnÂ PqX- ]p-tcm-ln-Xsâ acp-a-I-\ mbn ]nd¶ ImÄ amIvkv ,

km¯m³ aX-¯nÂs¸-« (Satanist) -{_qtWm t_mh-dnsâ injy-\ m-bn-c p-¶p.
I½yq-WnÌv am\n-s^-tÌm-bpsS cN-\bv¡v Cw¥ojv tkmjy-enÌpw knknÂ
tdmUvknsâ D]-tZ-in-bp-am-bn-cp¶ tPm¬ dkvI nsâ Bi-b-§fpw ISw
sImn-cp-¶p.
sa³sj-h n-¡p-IÄ¡v {][m-\-ambpw km¼-¯nI klmbw \evI n-bn-cp-¶Xv
tPbv¡_v jn^v^v. sa³sjhn-¡p-IfpsS t\Xmhv þ sehv tUhn-tUm-hn¨v
t{_m¬Ìo³ AYhm ethmhv AYhm bmt\mhvkvIn AYhm \ntIm-fmbv
t{SmSvkvIn . [\nI-\mb PqX-`q-hp-S-a-bpsS aI³. sa³sj-h n-¡p-IÄ Xo{h-
hm-Zn-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p. 1901 \pw 1906 \pw CSbv¡v AhÀ Bdv a{ń-a msc h[n-¨p.
1905 Â hn¹hw sImp-h -cp-¶-Xn\v {ian¨v ]cm-P-b-s¸-«p.
hvfmUn-anÀ DÃym-t\m-h v-þ ( -A-t±-l-¯nsâ apXp-ap-¯-Ñ³ PqX hym]m-cn-bm-
bn-cp-¶p , t]cv {kqÂ ) þse-\ n³ F¶ t]cp kzoI-c n¨v t_mÄsj-hn-¡p-I -
74
fpsS t\Xm-hm-bn. se\n³ AXohw {Iqc-\ m-bn-c p-¶p. Ìmen-t\-¡mfpw (sam-

f-t«m-hv, Izm{UânÂ 1999) .
H¶mw temI alm-bp²w XpS-§n-h-¨ Xv skÀ_n-b-bnse clkykwL-S\

The Order of the Black Hand, BÀ¨v UyqIv s^ÀUn\³Uns\ 1914 Â
h[n¨tXmsS-bm-Wv. AXv cphÀjwapt¶ kznävkÀe³UnÂ CÃp-an-\män
kt½-f-\-¯nÂ Xocp-a m-\n-¡-s¸-«-Xm-Wv.
\Ã-h ®w Bbp[hXvI-cn-¡-s¸« PÀa³Im-tcmSv \ncm-bp[-c mbn bp²w
sNt¿-n-h¶ djy-¡m-c psS]¡Â Bdv ssk\n-I\v Hcp tXm¡v am{X-am-
Wp-m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. tdm¯vjoÂUnsâ -hnt¡Àkv amIvknw F¶ I¼\n
bp² kma-{Kn-IÄ \ÂIn-bn-Ã. hn¹-h-¯n-\p-thn If-s am-cp-¡pIbmbn-cp-
¶p.
se\n³ a\-Êm-£n-bn-ÃmsX djym-¡m-c psS kz¯p-¡Ä IhÀ¶p ( tZ-i-
kmÂIr-X -am-¡n ) e£-¡-W-¡n\v P\-§sf h[n-¨ p. k¼Zv hyh-Øsb
XIÀ¯p. hn]p-e-amb `£y-£ m-a-¯n\v Imc-W-am-bn.
PqX-·m-cpsS CS-bnÂ C¯cw apt¶-ä-§Ä ]pXn-b-X-Ã. hotjm-¸nsâ
ImewapXÂ, ImÄ amÀIvknsâ Imewhsc ]ns¶ t{SmSvkvIn-bpsS Imew
hsc, kwkvIm-cs¯ \in-¸ n-¡p¶ KqVm-tem-N\ hfÀ¶p-sIm-n-cp-¡p-¶p.
{^©v hn¹-h-¯nÂ AXv KWy-a mb ]¦vh ln-¨ p. 19þmw \qäm-nse FÃm-
hn-[zw-k-I - {]-hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS ]n¶nepw AXm-bn-c p¶p iàn þ hn³Ì³
NÀ¨nÂ .
I½yq-Wn-k-¯nÂ PqX-·m-c psS ]¦n-s\-¡p-dn¨v {]^-kÀ JznKven ]d-ªXv
CFR- Council on Foreign Relations Hcp sP.-] n.-tamÀK³ ad-bm-s W-¶ m-Wv.
sP.-]n.tamÀK³ CFR Øm]ImwKw am{X-aÃ AXns\ \nb-{ń-¡p-¶ Round
Table AwKw IqSn-bm-Wv. H¶mw temI-a-lm-bp-²-¯n\v Cw¥-n\pw
{^m³kn\pw km¼-¯nI klmbw \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶Xv sP.-] n.-tamÀK³ BWv.
PÀa\n A´Àhm-ln-\n-bpsS klm-b-t¯msS {_n«\pw {^m³kn\pwthn-
bpÅ Blm-c -km-[ -\-§-fpsS hn]-W\w A«n-a-dn-¨-t¸mÄ Ah-c psS c£-
¡mbn bp²-¯nÂ ]¦p-s Im-tÅ-p-¶-X n\v Ata-c n¡ \nÀ_-Ôn-X-am-bn. 196
Ata-cn-¡-¡m-c p-a mbn bm{X-bn-em-bn-cp¶ eqkn-äm-\nb F¶ I¸Â, Ata-cn-
¡³ P\Xsb bp²-¯nÂ ]s¦-Sp-¡p-¶-X n\v A\p-Iq-e-a mbn Nnń-¡p-
¶Xn\v thn, Ata-c n-¡-X s¶ cl-ky-ambn ap¡p-IbpwsNbvXp. Cw¥-
nse Ata-cn-¡³ Aw_m-k-UÀ, hmÄ«À t]bvPv, tdms¡-s^-Ã-dnsâ P\-
dÂ FUyp-t¡-j³ t_mÀUnsâ AwKhpwIqSn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ
Collectivism {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v klm-b-I -c-a mb coXn-bnÂ hnZym-`ymk\b-
cq-]o-I-c-W-¯n\v At±lw Imc-W-a m-bn.
75
H¶mw temI-a -lm-bp²w CÃq-an-\m-än¡v A\p-I q-e-ambn cv kml-N-

cy-§Ä krjvSn-¨p.
1. djysb ]qÀ®-a mbpw XIÀ¯Xv HIvtSm-_À hn¹hw A\m-bm-k-I-c-am-
¡n.
2. PÀa-\nsb A[nIw IS-¯n-em¡n. PqXhncp-²-Nn-´- h-fÀ¯p-¶-X n\pw
\mkn -]mÀ«n-bpsS hfÀ¨sb klm-bn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw Imc-W-am-bn.
bp²w.BZmb \nIpXn.
\mW-b-s¸-cp¸w.
`c-W-Iq-S-¯nsâ
sNe--hp-IÄ.
BZmb\nIpXn kaq-ls¯ \in-¸n-¡p¶ timI]qÀ®-a mb ]²Xn.
AÚ-Xsb apX-se-Sp¯v {ItaW hfÀ¶p. IqsS h©\ ad¨ph¡Â,
AXym-{Klw . ap³Iq«nImWm¯ `hn-jy¯p-IÄ¡v Imc-W-ambn. kmaq-
lnI _Ô-§sf B{I-a n-¡p¶ \in-¸n-¡p¶ ]²Xn. BZm-b-\n-IpXnhyh-
76
ØnXn XIÀ¶p-s Im-n-c n-¡p¶p. cmjv{So-b-¡mÀ¡pw Dt±ym-K-Ø-·mÀ¡pw

hyà-a mb ]cn-lm-c -§-fn-Ã.
Ncn{Xw sXfn-bn-¡p-¶Xv a\p-jysc Iog-S-¡p-¶-Xn\v 5 amÀ¤-§-sf-
¦nepw {]m]vX-a mWv F¶mWv . bp²w, -a Xw , cmjv{Sob kn²m´w, \nbaw,
km¼-¯n-I-a mbn Iogvs ¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xv.
`c-W-IqSw P\-§sf `b-¡-p t¼mÄ AhnsS kzmX-{- ý-a p-v. adn-¨ m-hp-
t¼mÄ òI-c -hm-g v¨bpw” tXmakv Pt^Àk¬.
“`bm-\ -I-amb adp-] Sn {]Xo-£n¡p-t¼mÄ \½Ä tNmZywsN¿p-¶ -XnÂ

\n¶pw ]n·m-dp¶p. tZis¯ \mi-Im-c n-bmb Ak-Xy-§-fnÂ\n¶pw c£n-
¡p-¶-X n\v òXn-P-\-I -amb kXy-§sf¡pdn-¨ pÅ `bw \½psS a\-
ÊnÂ\n¶pw Hgn-h m-t¡--X p-v.” tUm. tPmFÂ.-F-kv.-lnÀjmw.
“BZmb \nIpXnsb tI{µ-`-c-W-IqSw AXnsâ A[n-Imcw ASn-t¨Â¸n-

¡p-¶-X n\pthn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. Aan-X -ambn BZm-b-\p-IpXn CuSm-¡p-
¶-Xp-hgn kwØm\ `c-W-Iq-S-§Ä¡pÅ hcp-am-\-¯nÂ h³]n¨ Ipdhv
h¶p tNcp-¶p. kwØm\ `c-W-Iq-Shpw hcp-am-\-¯n\pthn tI{µ-`-c-W-
Iq-S-¯nsâ Zbmhmbv¸n\v \nÀ_-Ô-nX-cm-hp¶p. tI{µ-`-c-W-I q-Ss¯
FXnÀ¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ a\:-km-¶n²yhpw AXp-a qew kwkv-Ym\ `c-W-Iq-S-
¯n\v \jvS-am-hp¶p . tI{µ-`-c-W-IqSw hnt[-bXzw BÚm-]n-¡p¶p.
cmjv{Sob t\Xm-¡fpw A[n-I m-c n-I fpw tI{µ-`-c -W-Iq-Ss¯ {]oXn-s¸-Sp-¯p-
¶-XnÂ XXv]-c-cm-hp-¶p. BZm-b-\n-IpXn F¶t]cnÂ tiJ-c n-¡p¶ A[n-I-
amb hcp-am\w AanX ssk\nIhXv¡-c-W-¯n\pw kz´w P\-§-fpsS Ah-
Im-i -§Ä ASn-¨-aÀ¯p-¶-X n\pw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
Xm§p-hne , sXmgn-en-Ãmbva thX\w, acp-¶n\v A\p-h-Zn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ Cfhv
F¶n-h -bn-eqsS P\-§sf akvXnjvI{]£m-f\wsNbvXv tI{µ-`-c-W-IqSw
Ah-cpsS A[n-Imcw Dd¸phcp-¯p¶p . Fń\pw GXn\pw AXns\ B{i-
bn-¡p¶ at\m-`mhw tI{µ-`-c-W-Iq-S-¯n\v kuI-cy-{]-Z-a mW.v {ItaW \mkn
PÀ½-\n-bn-te-X p-t]msetbm, I½yq-WnÌv djy-bn-te-Xp-t]m-s etbm sam¯-
amb ASn-¨-a À¯-en\v AXv hgn-s bm-cp-¡pw.
]pcm-X\ tdmanepw C¯cw hyhØ \ne-hn-ep-m-bn-c p¶p. C¶s¯
`c-W-IqSw BZmb \nIpXn GÀs¸-Sp-¯n-¶-X nsâ \ymbo-I-c Ww F´m-Wv.
{]Xn-^-e-a mbn AXv P\-§Ä¡p\ÂIp-¶Xv F´m-Wv.
-
`-c -W-Iq-S-¯n\v A[n-I mcw \ÂIp-¶Xv F´mW.v A¯cw A[n-Imcw e`n-
¡p-¶-X n\v Ah-ew-_n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ amÀ¤-§Ä Fs´m-s¡-bm-Wv. Hmtcm-X-h-
Wbpw \nIp-Xn-bpsS Afhv hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-t¼mÄ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-s ¸-Sp¶ Imc-
77
W-§Ä Fs´m-s ¡-bm-Wv. C¯cw Imcy-§-fnÂ P\-§Ä kq£va hnNn-

´\w \S-¯n-bn-«p-tm. FXnÀ¸v {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶ptm. FÃmw {][m-\y-ta-
dnbhbm-Wv. kuP-\y -ku-I-c y-§Ä `c-W-Iq-S-¯nÂ\n¶pw {]Xo-£n-¡p¶
P\-§Ä Ah-cpsS AhIm-i-§Ä ASn-b-dhpht¡- -Xm-bn«vhcpw.
AXn\vth- I-c p¯v `c-W-I-q-S-¯n\v e`n-¡p-¶Xv BZm-b-\n-Ip-Xn-
bnÂ\n¶Å hcp-am-\-¯nÂ \n¶p-a m-Wv. CXv ]Xn-hm-bn«v BhÀ¯n-¡-s¸-Sp-
t¼mÄ AXnsâ tZmj-h -i-§Ä ImW-s¸-SmsXt]mhp-Ibpw AXns\ \Ã-
sX¶v hne-bn-c p-¯-s ¸-Sp-Ibpw sN¿pw.
hnt[-b-Xz-ta-dnb P\-§sf `c-W-Iq-S-¯ n\pw XmXv-]-c y-a m-Wv. {ItaW ASn-a -

Isft¸mse kÀÆhpw ASn-b-d-hph-¡p¶ hÀ¤-a mbn P\-§Ä amä-s¸-Sp-
¶p. P\-§Ä Fń\pw GXn\pw `c-W-Iq-Ss¯ c£m-I À¯m-h nsâ cq]-
¯nÂ ImWp-¶p. kuI-c y-§Ä e`y-a m-tI-p-¶-Xn\v, kXy-k-Ô-c m-bn-c n-t¡-
p-¶-Xn-\ p-] -Icw \nb-a-¯n\v hnt[-b-cm-bn-cp-¶mÂaXn-bmhpw F¶v Xncn-¨-
dn-b-ep- m-hp¶ P\-§Ä hyànXzw \jvS-s¸-«-h -cmbn amd-s¸-Sp-¶p.
ChnsS \½Ä BZmb \pIp-Xnsb¡pdn¨vam{X-a mWv NÀ¨sN¿p-¶-Xv. AXv
Pohn-X-¯nÂ a\p-jy-cpsStaÂ GÂ¸n-¡p¶ BLmXw F{Xbpw hyXy-
kvX-am-Wv. hnev]\ \nIpXn , FIvsskkv Xocph F¶nh `c-W-I q-S-¯nsâ
{]hÀ¯-\-¯n\pthnam{Xw Npa-¯ -s¸-Sp-¶-X m-Wv.
Hmtcm-h Àjhpw `c-W-Iq-S-¯nsâ Bhiyw IqSp-¶-X n\v A\p-kr-X-ambn
IqSp-XÂ \nIpXn CuSm-¡p-¶p.
tkmjy-enkw – AXv GXv amÀ¤-¯n-eqsS ssIh-c n-¡-s ¸-tS--X m-sW-¦ nepw
FÃm-¯cw amÀ¤-§fpw DZvtLm-jn-¡p-¶Xv kzmImcykz-¯nsâ \njvIm-k-
\-am-Wv. FÃm- kz-¯p-¡fpw `c-W-Iq-S-¯nÂ \n£n-]vX-a m-bn-c n-¡Ww
F¶pw. AXn-\ p-th kp\n-Ýn-X-a mb amÀ¤-amWv L«w L«-a mbn hÀ²n-
¸n¨psImp hcp¶ BZ-bm-\ n-I p-X n.
Hmtcm ASn-b-ń-c -mh-Øbpw Hmtcm- ò-I -cm-{I-a-Whpw A[nIw IÀi-\-amb
\nba\nÀ½m®-¯n\v `c-W-Iq-Ss¯ {]m]vX cm¡p¶p. Hcp Bibw
kn²m´w F¶-a -«nÂ Ah-X-cn-¡-s¸«pIgnªmÂ ]ns¶ AXn\v sXfn-
hnsâ Bh-iy-an-Ã. Hcp kaq-l-¯nÂ AwK-a m-bn-c n-¡p-¶-Xn\v `mKy-a p-m-b-
Xnsâ {]Xn-^-e-s a-t¶mWw FÃmw `c-W-I q-S-¯ n\v ASn-b-dhv hbv¡p-hm³
\nÀ_-Ôn-¡-s¸-Sp¶p. kzIm-c y-kz¯v sI«p-IY F¶v Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-
¶p. hyàn-IÄ¡v A[n-I m-c-an-Ã F¶v Øm]n-¡-s¸-Sp-t¼mÄ `c-W-I-qS-
¯n\v A[n-Imcw F{]-Imcw e`y-a mhpw F¶v hoi-Zo-I-cn-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶n-Ã.
kwL-SnX iànam-{X-amWv ASn-Øm\w F¶pIcp-Xp-¶-Xn\v sXän-Ã.
Ft¸mgpw Ańa Xocp-am-\-¯n-\pÅ Ah-Imiw `c-W-I-q-S-¯n\pam{X-am-
sW¶v Icp-Xp-¶Xv XnI¨pw A_-²w- X-s¶-bm-Wv. lnäveÀ , Ìmen³ ,
amthm F¶o DZm-l-c -W-§Ä \½psS ap¶n-ep-v. BZmb \nIpXn shdpw
\nIp-Xn-am-{X-aÃ . AXv a\pjykaq-ls¯¯s¶ \in-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v Icp-
78
¯pÅ Bbp-[-am-Wv . A[nIw P\-§fpw ]S-bm-fn-I-fpsS cq]-¯nepw ]Wn-

bm-f-cpsS cq]-¯nepw ASn-a -I-fm-bn-cp¶ kaq-l-s ¯ AXnÂ\ns¶-Ãmw
tamNn-¸ n¨v ]pXnb ASn-a- k-{¼-Zm-b-¯n-te¡v ssI]nSn¨v\ S-¯p-¶-Xn\v AXv
Imc-W-amhp¶p.
Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ F{_lmw en¦¬ 1862 Â BZy-a mbn BZmb \nIpXn

GÀs¸-Sp-¯n. \ymbo-I-cWw bp²-sN-e-hp-I Ä F¶m-bn-c p-¶p.
kaql¯nsâ \ne-\n-Â]v A]-I-S-¯n-em-h p-t¼mÄ XmXv¡m-en-I-a mbn Ah-
Im-i -§Ä th F¶p hbv¡m³ P\-§Ä k¶-²-cm-hpw . -a m-Xr-cm-Py-
¯nsâ ]cn-c-£-¡mbn P\-§Ä kÀÆhpw XyPn-¡p-¶-X n\v k¶-²-c mtb
aXn-bmhq. AXv \ymb-amWv . D¶-bn-¡-s¸-tS tNmZyw bq²w F§n-s \-
bmWv \ymbo-I -cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv F¶m-Wv.
bq²-mh-i y-§Ä¡p-thnbpwaäpw `c-W-I qSw IS-]{Xw ( Bonds ) ]pd-s ¸-
Sp-hn-¡p-¶p. AXv AS¨p XoÀt¡ _m[yX Hcp]t£ ASp¯ Xe-a p-d-bn-
em-bn-cn¡pw h¶ptNcp-I . ASp¯ Xe-a p-d-bpsS Ime¯v B km-l-N-cy-§-
fn-ep-m-h p¶ ASn-b-´-c - {]m-[m-\y-apÅ bq²w AsÃ-¦nÂ asä-ń-¦ nepw
kw`-h-§Ä \nÝ-b-ambpw Dmhpw. At¸mÄ hopw ]pXnb IS-¸{Xw
cwK¯ph-cp-¶p. CXv {Ib-hn-{IbwsN¿p¶ ]W-¯nsâ Af-hns\ hÀ²n-
¸n¡pw , AXv \mW-b-s ¸-cp-¸-¯n\v ( Inflation ) Imc-W-a mhpw. IS]{Xw
hm§p-¶-h-tcbpw AXv _m[n-¡p-¶p. IS-¸-{X¯nsâ Imem-h[n]qÀ¯n-bm-
hp¶ ka-b¯v aqey-tim-jWw kw`-hn-¨n-c n-¡pw.
`c-W-I q-S-¯nsâ {][m\ -h -cp-am\w \nIp-Xn-bmWv. ISw \ÂIp-¶-h \v
\ÂIm³ AXnsâ ]¡-epÅ {][m\ hkvXphpw. \nIpXn CuSm-¡p-¶-Xn-
\pÅ Ignh\p-k-cn¨v `c-W-Iq-S-¯n\v hmbv-] - t\-Smw . -bq-²m-h-iy-§Ä¡v
XnI-bnÃ F¶p-Iv en¦³ cp hÀj-¯n-\p-tijw L«w- L-«-ambn hÀ²n-
¸n-¡p¶ cq]-¯n-epÅ BZmb \nIpXn GÀs¸-Sp-¯n. A§ns\ Ignhn\v
A\pkrXambn \nIpXn F¶ \nb-a w -sImph¶p.
`c-W-I-qSw kz´-ambn H¶pwXs¶ DXv] m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶ n-Ã. AXv Hcp hyàn¡v
, {]Øm-\-¯ n\v sN¿p¶ klmbw asäm-cmsf t{Zmln-¡p-¶ -Xm-bn-cn-¡pw.
\nIp-Xn-bn-f-hp-Ifpw \pIp-Xn-bnÂ\n¶v Hgn-h m-¡-ep-s a-Ãmw. `c-W-IqSw
AXn\v e`y-a m-bn-c n-¡p¶ A[n-Imcw ZpÀhn-\n-tbmKwsN¿p-I-bm-Wv. {]tXyI
kuI-c y-§Ä GÀs¸-Sp-¯p-I -bpw- A-XnÂ\n¶p-f-hm-I p¶ hcp-am-\-¯n\v
\nIpXn GÀs¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw sNbvX mÂ `c-W-IqSw IhÀ¨-bnÂ ]¦vtN-cp-I-
bm-Wv.
CuSm-¡n-bn-cp-¶n-sÃ-¦nÂ, k¼m-Zn-¡p-am-bn-cp¶, aäp hcp-am-\-ta-J-e-I -fnÂ
\ntj-] n-¡p-a m-bn-c p¶, {]hÀ¯\w hn]q-en-I -cn-t¡--X n\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-am-
bn-cp¶, [\-amWv \nIpXn F¶ \ne-bnÂ , `c-W-I qSw hkq-em-¡p-¶ Xv ,
AXv hnI-k-\{]-I-nbsb ]nt¶m«v \bn-¡p-¶p. BZm-b-\n-Ip-Xnsb AXp-
sImv \nt£-] -¯n-\p-ta-epÅ \nIpXn F¶pw hnti-jn-¸ n¡mw AXv
\mSnsâ \nt£]hyh-Øn-Xnsb¯s¶ Xmdp-a m-d-¡p-¶p. Ipdª
\nt£]w , Ipdª DXv]m-Z-\-¯n\v Imc-W-am-hp-¶p. Ipd-ª -D-X v]m-Z\w
79
hne hÀ²-\-hn\pw. thX-\s¯ B{i-bn¨p Pohn-¡p¶hcpsStaÂ ]e-hn[

k½À±-§Ä krjvSn-¡p-¶p. C{]-Imcw kzcq-]n-¡p¶ [\w kzámb hyh-
kmbkwc-`-¯n\v {]m]vX-a m¡pw. AXv sXcp-hnÂ IhÀ¨sN¿p-¶-hsâ
am\-knI Ah-Ø¡v kam-\-a m-Wv.
bp²w DXv] m-Z-\-{]-{In-bsb Xzcn-X-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. `c-W-IqSw A\n-b-{ ń-X-

ambn \mWbw ]pd¯phnSp-¶Xp ImcWw Id³kn-bpsS {Ib-hn-{ Ibw
A[n-I-am-hp-¶p. bp²-Im-e-¯nÂ D]-t`mKw IqSp-t¼mÄ Aan-X-a mbn \ne-
\nÂ¡p¶ Id³kn \mW-b-s¸-cp-¸-¯n\v Imc-W-a m-h p-¶p . bp²-¯n-\p-
tijw DXv]m-Z-\hpw , {]Xo-£n-¨n-cp-¶-Xp-t]mse hfÀ¨bpw \ne-\nÂ¡p-
¶nÃ F¶pImWp-t¼mÄ D]-t`m-KhpwIpdbp-¶ -Xn-\ mÂ \mW-b-Np-c p¡w--
,XIÀ¨(Depression) Dm-h pw. a\p-jyÀ kzbw Ipä-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\v k¶-
²-c-Ã. {]iv\-§-fpsS ASn-Ø m\ Imc-W-§Ä At\z-jn-¡p-¶ -X n\pw .
BZmb \nIpXn DÅ-h -\nÂ \n¶pw]nSn-s ¨-Sp¯v CÃm-¯ -h\v\ÂIp¶ ]²-
Xn-sb¶vI v sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ AXns\ FXnÀ¯n-cp-¶n-Ã.
BZm-b-\n-IpXn Gähpw {]tbm-P\w sN¿p-¶Xv cmjv{ So-b-¡m-À ¡m-Wv. Ah-

cpsS {]Xnêhpw kpJ-ku-I-cy-§fpw hÀ²n-¡p-¶-Xn\v AXv Imc-W-
amhpw . Ah-cpsS {]m[m\yw hÀ²n-¡p-¶-X n-\ pw.
BZmb \nIp-Xnsb P\-{]nbam¡p-¶-Xn\v “[\n-I sc ]ngn-bpI” F¶v

{]tLm-jn-¡p¶p. ]e-t¸mgpw hnev]-\ - \n-Ip-Xnbpw FIvsskkv Xocp-hbpw
CfhpsN¿p-¶Xv BZ-b-\n-IpXn hÀ²n-¸n-¨p-s Im-m-bn-cn¡pw. AXn-\p-
tijw hnÂ]-\- \n-Ip-Xnbpw aäpw ]gb\ne-bn-te¡v sImp-h-c p-¶-X nt\m
AsÃ-¦ nÂ hÀ²n-¸ n-¡p-¶ -Xnt\m `c-W-IqSw aSn-¡m-dn-Ã. `c-W-Iq-S-¯n\v
AXnsâ hen-¸ hpw Icp¯pw hÀ²n-¸ n-t¡-Xp-v.
1862 se BZm-b-\ n-I pXn \nbaw 1872 Â ]n³h-en-t¡- -Xmbnh¶p. ]n¶oSv
dqkvshÂäv 1908 Â BZmb \nIpXn¡pth \nÀt±iw sImp-h-¶p. 1913
Â AXv {]m_-ey-¯nÂh¶p. t]cnÂ AXv \nb-a hpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn
AXv hn¹-hhpw Bbn-c p-¶p.
C¶s¯ tI{µ- `-c -W-Iq-S-¯ nsâ A{Xbpw Icp¯pw A[n-Im-chpw C¶p-
hsc Hcp N{I-hÀ¯nbpw ssIh-cn-¨n-cp-¶n-Ã. C{Xbpw A[nIw a\p-jy-cpsS
hnt[-b-Xz-hpw. C¶v a\p-jyÀ thm«v tcJ-s ¸-Sp-¯n-bmWv Ahs\ `cn-¡m³
sXc-sª-Sp¸v \S-¯p-¶Xv, F¶mÂ AXv kzX-{´-amb Xocp-am-\-a-Ã. `c-W-
IqSw Ahs\ ]e-X-c-¯nÂ kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶p. Zqcn-Xm-izkw , bp²- k-¶ m-l-
§Ä hne-bn-f-hp-IÄ aäp]e amÀ¤-§-fn-eqsS. kÀ¡mÀ {]N-c m-Wm-bp-
[hpw henb kw`m-h\sN¿p¶p . a\p-jysâ a\-Êns\ kzm[o-\ n-¡p-¶-
XnÂ.
80
“Hmtcm hÀjhpw Bbn-c-¡-W-¡n\v tImSn cq] kÀ¡mÀ, {]N-c-W-¯n\p

thn, a\p-jyaÊns\ kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶-Xn\pthn sNe-h-gn-¡p-¶pþt\mw
tNmwkvIn”
C¶v tI{µ `c-W-Iq-Ss¯ FXnÀ¡p-¶Xv P\-§Ä¡v F{Xbpw A]-I-S-am-
Wv. ssk\yw A{Xbpw ià-amWv. P\-§-fnÂ\n¶pw _e-a mbn ]ncn-s¨-Sp-
¡p¶ BZmb \nIpXnsImv kwL-Sn-¸n¨ ssk\yw . C¶v hnt[-bXzw
Ae-¦m-c-a m-h p¶p. FXnÀ¡p-¶-hs\ h©-I ³ F¶v t\m¡n-¡m-Wp¶p.
BZm-b-\n-IpXn hIp-¸n\pIognÂ P\-§sf \nb-ń-¡p-¶-Xn\v {]tXyI
ssk\yw . A[n-I -ambn.
ap³]v Nnń-¨ n-c p-¶-Xn-t\-¡mfpw F{X hyXy-kvX-a m-bmWv Ct¸mÄ a\p-
jy³ Nnń-¡p-¶Xv F¶Xv kÀ¡mÀ {]N-c-W-¯nsâ {]mtbm-KnI £a-
Xsb ImWn-¡p-¶p. A²ym-]-IÀ Ah-c psS sXmgnÂkpc-£-¡p-th-nbpw
aäp kuI-cy-§Ä¡p-th-nbpw hg-§p-¶XpImcWw , hnZym-`ym-k-¯n-
eqsS {]NmcWw km[y-a m-h p-¶p. hnZym`ymk Øm]-\-§Ä¡v {Kmâv A\p-
h-Zn-¡p-¶-Xp-hgn `c-W-IqSw A[n-I mcw Øm]n-¡p-¶p. AXn-\pÅ hcp-am-
\hpw BZmb \nIp-Xn-bnÂ\n¶pXs¶.
hnZym-`ymk Øm]-\-§Ä tZiob hXvI-cn-¡Ww F¶v hmZn-¡p-¶-h À , B
Xocp-am-\-¯n-te¡v F¯n-t¨À¶Xv F{]-I m-c-am-Wv. kz´w t\«-§Ä
ap¶nÂ¡v , DtZym-K -Øcpwaäpw {]N-cn-¸n-¡p¶ Bi-b-§Ähgn-bmbn«m
tWm. tZiobhXv¡-c n-¡-s¸« hnZym-`ymk k{¼-Zmbw , tI{µ `c-W-Iq-
Ss¯ ]n³Xm-§p-¶-X m-bn-c n-¡pIXs¶sN¿pw. kzmXýw BZmb
\pIpXnbn-eqsS ASn-b-dhvhbv¡-s¸-Sp-I-bm-tWm.
GXp amÀ¤-¯n-eqsSbpÅ hcpam-\hpw BZm-b-\n-Ip-Xn¡v hnt[-b-a m-Wv.
i¼-fhpw. [\n-I sc ]ngn-bpI F¶ph¨-mÂ AXnsâ êw Zcn-{ ZÀ¡v
KpWw e`n¡pw F¶pIcpXn. F{]-ImcamWv KpWw e`n-¡pI F¶v hyà-
aÃ. hÀ¤-k-ac kn²m´w s]mXp- i-{Xp-h mb `c-W-Iq-Ss¯ kwc-£n-¡p-
¶p. a\p-jy³ DXv] m-Z-\-¯n-eqsS Pohn-¡p-¶p. `c-W-IqSw ssItb-ä-¯n-eq-
sS-bpw. BZmb \pIpXn BZyw Øm]-\-§-fpsS hcp-am\w e£y-an«p.
]ns¶ [\n-I-c psS, [\-Øn-Xn-bpÅ hn[-h-am-scbpw A[nI thX\w ssI¸-
äp¶ Dt±ym-K-Ø-s cbpw Ct¸mÄ ho«pthe-¡m-scbpw ]ns¶
shbväÀamÀ¡v In«p¶ Sn]vs\bpw. [\n-I-cpsS F®w Ipdhpw AÃm-¯-h -
cpsS F®w A[n-I-hp-am-b-Xn-\ mÂ AÃm-¯-h -cnÂ\n¶pw CuSm-¡p¶ BZm-
b-\n-IpXn [\n-I-cnÂ\n¶pw CuSm-¡p-¶ -Xn-t\-¡mÄ hfsc A[n-I-amWv.
[\n-Isc ]ngn-bpI F¶ ap{Zm-hmIyw Ct¸mÄ Zcn-{Zsc ]ngn-bpI F¶mWv
{]tbm-K-¯nÂ.
t{]mhn-Uâv ^v apXÂ. AXn\p sImSp-t¡-p¶ ]en-ibpw BZm-b-\p-

Ip-Xn-bnÂ\n¶pXs¶bmWv sImSp-¡p-¶Xv. `c-W-Iq-S-¯n\v \nIp-Xn-b-Ã msX
81
F´mWv hcp-a m\ amÀ¤w. kmam\y AÀ°-¯nÂ A{]-I mcw sNe-h-g n-¡p-

¶Xv \nbahncp-²-a m-Wv. F¶m-Â km[m-cW¡mÀ¡pw `c-W-I q-S-¯ n\pw
hyXy-kvX-amb \nb-a-a m-Wv.
s]³j³ F¶ Bi-b-¯nsâ \ymbo-I-c Ww kz´w Ipªp-§sf B{i-
bn-¡msX , Ønc hcp-am\w Dd¸p\ÂIp¶p F¶mW.v `c-W-I q-S-¯nsâ
GI hcp-am\ Dd-h nSw \nIpXn am{X-sa-¶n-c ns¡ ]pXp-X-e-ap-d-bnÂ\n¶pw
tiJ-cn-¡p¶ \pIpXnXs¶-bmWv amXm-]n-X m-¡Ä¡v s]³j³
F¶t]cnÂ \ÂIp-¶-Xv.
PÀ½-\n-bnÂ sXmgnenÃmbva thX\w a\p-jy-cpsS am\-knI A[-]-X-\-
¯n\p Imc-W-ambn. `c-W-Iq-Ss¯ IqSp-X-embn B{i-bn-¨n-cp¶ P\s¯
hcp-Xn-bn-em¡n , lnäveÀ A[n-I mcw ZpÀhn-\ n-tbmKwsNbvX p. `c-W-Iq-S-
¯n\v ]Ww A[n-Iambn Bhiywh¶XpImcWw , ap³Iq-dmbn , GI-
tZiw hcp-am\w IW-¡m¡n \nIpXn HSp-¡p-¶-X n\v Xocp-a m-\ -am-bn.
FÃm- \n-I p-Xn-I fpw DXv]m-Z-\-¯n\v ASn-Øm-\am-bp-Å-X m-Wv. DXv]m-Z-\ s¯
tZmj-a mbn _m[n-¡p¶sX´pw \ncp-Õm-l-s¸-Sp-t¯--Xp-v. \nbaw
Ft¸mgpw Nne ]g-pXp-IÄ Ah-ti-jn-¸n-¡p¶p. Nne ]gp-Xp-IÄ ià-amb
k½À±-¯n-eqsS a\-]qÀÆw hnf¡nt¨À¡p¶-Xpw. CXn-s\ms¡¸pdta
hyàn -ssh-cm-Kyhpw cmjv{So-b -ssh-cm-Kyhpw XoÀ¡p-¶-Xn\pw BZm-b-\p-
IpXnhIp-¸ns\ D]-tbm-K-s ¸-Sp¯mw. \nb-a-s ¯ ]e -c o-Xn-bnÂ hymJym-
\n¡mw F¶n-cns¡ , IrXy-amb \nIpXn HSp-¡n-b-X n-\p-ti-jhpw \nb-a -
¯n\v ]qÀ®-a mbn hnt[-b-ambn {]hÀ¯n¨p F¶phcn-Inepw, Xo{h-amb
sshcmKyaps-¦ nÂ \nIp-Xn-h-Ip-¸ns\ hyàn-Xz-l-Xy¡pw PbnÂhmkw
t\Sns¡mSp-¡p¶ Ah-Ø-hsc sImptNÀ¡p-¶-Xn\pw D]-tbm-Kn-¡mw.
A[n-Im-c-¯n-en-cn-¡p¶ cmjv{So-b-¸mÀ«n-bpsS hntcm-[-¯n\v ]m{X-am-hp-¶-
hÀ \nÝ-b-ambpw BZmb \nIpXn hIp-¸ns\ t\cn-tS--Xm-bn-«p-hcpw.
hyàn kzmX-{ý-s¯ -km-c-a mbn kzm[o-\ n-¡p-¶-Xn\v, A]-I-S-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-
Xn\v km[n¡pw. `c-W-I qSw AXn-s\-Xnsc Db-cp¶ FXnÀ¸p-Isf ASn-¨ -
aÀ¯p-¶-Xn\v \nIpXnhIp-¸ ns\ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ BZy-a mbn BZmb \nIpXn GÀs¸-Sp-¯n-b-t¸mÄ Bcm-[-\m-
e-b-§fpw hnZym-`ymk Øm]-\-§fpw Hgn-hm-¡-s ¸-«n-c p-¶n-Ã. \nba
]cnjvI-c Ww ]cn-K-W-\ -bnÂ Bbn-cp-¶-t¸mÄXs¶ “em`-¯n\p
thnbÃmsX” \S-¯p¶ Øm]-\-§Ä BZmb \nIp-Xn-bpsS ]cn-[n-bnÂ
hcp-¶-X-s Ã-¶pw., A¯cw Øm]-\ -§Ä¡pÅ kw`m-h\ , \nIp-Xn- Np-a-¯-
s¸-Sm-hp¶ hcp-a m-\-¯nÂ\n¶v Cf-hp- sN-¿p-¶-Xm-sW¶pw {]N-cn-¸n-¡-
s¸«p. A§ns\ “A`n-{]m-bIrjn” \S-¯p¶ hÀ¤-¯nsâ {]oXn k¼m-Zn-
¡p-¶-X n\v km[y-a m-bn. Ak-·mÀKn-I-a mb \nb-a -¯n\v ]n³Xp-Wt\-Sp-¶-
Xn\v klm-b-I-c-am-bn. 1913 Â [\-XXz-imkv{X ]pkvX-I -§Ä C¯cw
82
\nIpXnsb¡p-dn¨v {]Xn-]m-Zn-¨n-cp-¶n-Ã. hyh-kmb Øm]-\-§-fpsStaÂ

\nIpXn GÀ¸mSpsN¿-W-sa¶ A`n-{]mbw \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶p. C¶v FÃm [\-
X-Xz-imkv{X ]pkvX-I-§fpw kz¯v hnX-c-W-¯n\v D¯-a-amb amÀ¤w F¶-
\n-e-bnÂ {Ia-ambn hÀ²n-¸ n-¨p-s Imphcp¶Xc-¯n-epÅ BZm-b-\p-Ip-
Xnsb {]IoÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. Bcm-[-\-em-b-§Ä¡pw hnZym-`ymk Øm]-\-
§Ä¡pw \ÂInb \nIp-Xn-bnÂ \n¶pÅ ]cn-c-£bpw a\p-jysâ Nn´-bn-
ep-mb amähpw X½nÂ Fs´-¦nepw _Ô-a p-tm . -_Ô-a p-s ¶v Duln-
¡p-¶Xv \ymb-hpam-Wv. C¶v Hgp¡v Xncn-bp-I-bmWv . hnZym-`ym-k Øm]\-
§Ä h¼³ `c-W-Iq-S-¯nsâ ( Big Government ) HuZmcyw Bh-i y-s ¸-
Sp¶p. A²ym-]-I À X§-fpsS B[ym-]\ kzmX{ýw \jvS-am-hp¶p F¶v
]cm-Xn-s¸-Sp-¶p. [\-k-lmbw am{X-a mtWm `c-W-Iq-Ss¯ B{ibn-¡p¶-
Xn\v hnZym-`ymk Øm]-\-§sf \nÀ_-Ôn-X-a m-¡p-¶-Xv. BZmb \nIp-Xn-
bnÂ\n¶pÅ hcp-a m\w `c-W-Iq-Ss¯ Gähpw henb sXmgnÂZmXm-hmbn
, [\-I m-c y-Øm-] -\-ambn , hkvXp-¡-fpw tkh-\ -§fpw hm§p-¶ -h-\mbn
Hs¡ amän-bn-c n-¡p-¶p. tImSn-¡-W-¡n\v P\-§Ä Pohn-X-amÀ¤w `c-W-Iq-S-
¯nsâ HuZm-c y-¯nÂ Is-¯p-¶p.
kzX-{´- kw-Øm-\ -§sf \in-¸n¨v tZio-bX krjvSn-¨Xv lnäve-dnsâ
hfÀ¨¡v klm-b-I -c-a m-bn . -C-äen , Hä-s ¸« kwØm-\-§-fpsS kwLm-X -
am-bn-cp-s¶-¦ nÂ, aptÊm-fn\n DmIp-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. tI{µo-I rX `c-W-IqSw
kmÀ {NhÀ¯n-a mÀ krjvSn-¨ n-c p-¶Xv se\n³sâ -t¢iw Ipd¨p. `cWw
ssIbm-fp-¶-h³ Ncn-{X-¯nÂ Hcn-S¯pw tkh\w ap¶nÂIn-Ã. A[n-
Imcw ssI¿-S-¡pI F¶-X m-bn-c p¶p e£yw. Ft¸mgpw. ]cn-a n-X-a mb A[n-
Im-c -apÅ tI{µ-`-c-W-Iq-S-a mWv A`n-Im-ayw. `qcn-]£ P\m-[n-]-Xy-{ Iaw
kzmX{ýw Dd-¸m-¡p-¶ n-Ã. `c-W-Iq-S-¯nsâ {]N-c -W- X-{´-§-fnÂs¸«v P\-
§Ä ASn-a¯w sXc-s ª-Sp-¡p-¶ -Xn\pw Imc-W-am-hpw.
bp²w,- bp-²-a p-m-tb-¡p-s a-¶pÅ òXn, aäv Fs´-¦nepw Xc-¯n-epÅ
ASn-b-´-c m-hØ FÃmw IqSp-XÂ IÀi-\-a mb \nb-a \nÀ½m-W-¯n\p `c-W-
Iq-S-¯n\v A\p-a Xn \ÂIp¶p. F¶mÂ im´-a mb kml-Ncyw ]n¶oSv
h¶p-tN-c p-t¼mÄ \nb-a-¯nÂ Ab-h p-h-c p-¯p-¶n-Ã. BZmb \nIp-Xn-bnÂ
Ipdhpw hcp-¯p-¶n-Ã. ASp¯ \ymbo-I -cWw H¯p-In-«p-t¼mÄ \nbaw
]ns¶bpw IÀ¡iam¡p-I bpw BZm-b-\ n-I pXn ]ns¶bpw hÀ²n-¸ n-¡p-
Ibpw sN¿pw.
cmjv{So-b-¡mÀ¡v cp e£y-§Ä am{XsaDÅq. BZy-t¯Xv sXc-sª-Sp-

¡-s¸-SpI F¶Xpw cm-a-t¯Xv hopw sXc-s ª-Sp-¡-s ¸-SpI F¶-Xpw.
kwØm-\ s¯ cmjv{So-b-¡msc hnes¡Sp-¡p-¶-X p-h gn kwØm-\- `-c-W-Iq-
S-¯ n\ptaÂ tI{µ-`-c -W-IqSw F´p-am{Xw k½À±w sNe-¯p-¶p-s¶v
Adn-bp-¶ -Xn\v amÀ¤-an-Ã. A[nIw a\p-jycpw Zqc-hym-] -I-amb {]Xym-Lm-X -
§-sf-¡p-dn¨v Nnń-¡p-¶n-Ã . -BÀ¡mWv kzmX{ý¯nsâ Bhiyw. a\p-
83
jyÀ s]mXpsh kpc-£¡v {]mapJyw\ÂIp¶p . ]cn-N-bn¨p Ign-bp-t¼mÄ

kzmX-{ý-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ HmÀ½-I ÄXs¶ amªp-t]m-hpw . ià-amb
t\XrXzw Dcp-¯n-cnªp hcp-¶Xp-hsc.
U¨v \mj-WÂ _m¦v ]d-bp-¶Xv bqtdm-]y³ sk{SÂ _m-¦ nsâ
FIvkn-Iyq-«nhv t_mÀUpw 13 bqtdm cmPy§-fnse sk³{SÂ _m¦v
KhÀWÀkpw tNÀ¶n-«mWv {][m\-s¸« km¼-¯nI \b-§Ä Xocp-a m-\ n-¡p-
¶Xv F¶mWv. cv iX-a m\¯nÂ A[n-I -am-hm¯ \mW-b-s ¸-cp¸w
A\phZ\o-b-amWv F¶pw. \mW-b-Np-cp-¡-¯nsâ {]Xym-Lm-X -§sf t\cn-
Sp-¶-Xn-t\-¡mfpw £a-X-tbmsS \mW-b-s ¸-cp-¸-¯nsâ {]Xym-Lm-X-§sf
t\cn-Sm-\mhpw F¶-Xp-sImv. t\cn«v \nb-{ń-¡m-\m-hn-sÃ-¦ nepw hne- \n-e-
hm-c s¯ \nb-{ń¡p¶-Xn\v cv amÀ¤-§Ä Ah-ew-_n-¡p-¶p.
1. ]eni \nc¡p hÀ²n-¸n-¡pI.
2.]eni \nc¡v Ipd-bv¡pI
BZys¯ amÀ¤w hne-\n-e-hm-cs¯ Ipd-¡p-Itbm hÀ²n-¡p-¶-X nÂ\n¶pw
XS-bpItbm sN¿pw . hmbv] sNe-th-dn-b-Xm-hp-t¼mÄ , ISw hm§p¶
tXmXv Ipdbpw . P\-§-fpsS ]¡Â sNe-hm-¡p-¶ -Xn\v A[nIw ]Ww
Dm-hnÃ. km¼-¯nIamµyw kw`-hn¡pw. hne-\n-e-hmcw Xmgpw. At\Iw
amk-§Ä Hcp ]t£ thnht¶-¡mw.
cm-as¯ amÀ¤w t\tcho]-co-X -^-e-§Ä krjvSn-¡pw. \mW-b-s¸cp¸-
¯n\v ImcWw F´mWv. `c-W-Iq-S-w Id³kn-bp-a mbn _Ô-s¸« \b-§Ä
Xocp-am-\n-¡p¶-XpIm-c Ww `c-W-IqSw \mW-b-s ¸-cp-¸-¯n\v hgn-sbm-c p-¡p-
¶p. \mW-b-s¸-c p-¸-¯n\p]Icw \mW-b-¯n-s â aqÃy-tim-jWw F¶p ]d-
bp-¶-XmWv DNnXw. thX-\-¯n-tâbpw hne-bp-tSbpw DbÀ¶ ]cn[n Xocp-am-
\n-¡p-¶-X p-h gn `c-W-I qSw kzoI-cn-¡p¶ \b-§-s fm¶pw ê-{]-Z-a-Ã. AXv
ZuÀe`yw krjvSn¡pw. ]Ww A[n-I-a mbn e`y-a m-I p-¶-X mWv {][m-\ -Im-c -
Ww.
Y2K {]Xn`mk-¯n-\p-tijw k¼Zv hyh-Øsb Xzcn-X -s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-\p-

thn 2003 Â ]eni\nc¡v Ipd-¨ p. sI«nS \nÀ½mWw DuÀPn-X-s¸«p,
Dul-¡-¨ -hSw A[n-I-a mbn Ime-Xm-a -k-anÃmsX adn¨phnÂ¡p-¶Xphgn
hmÀjn-I-em`w 20 iX-am\whsc-bm-bn. ]eni\nc¡v hÀ²n-¸n¨t¸mÄ t\tc
-hn-]-co-X- {]-{In-b-IÄ kw`-hn-¨ p.
km¼-¯nI \b-§-fpsS {]Xym-LmXw hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶-Xn\v [\-X-Xz-im-kv{X-
Ú³amÀ Retail Price Index AsÃ-¦nÂ Cosumer Price Index CPI D]-tbm-
Kn-¡p¶p. sXc-s ª-Sp¯ D]-t`m-K-h -kvXp-¡-fp-tSbpw tkh-\ -§-fp-sSbpw
Weighted Average Price BWv CPI bpsS hne-bn-c p-¯-en\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-
84
¶-Xv. DuÀPw `£-W-h-kvXp-¡Ä Chsb Hgn-hm¡n CPI IW-¡m-¡p-t¼mÄ

AXv Core CPI F¶v Adn-b-s¸-Sp¶p. e`y-X-bn-ep-m-hp¶ Gä¡pd-¨n-ep-I-
f-\p-k-c n¨v hne-bn-ep-m-hp¶ XmXv¡m-en-Ihpw F¶mÂ Gdnb Af-hn-ep-
Å-Xp-a mb hyXn-bm-\-§sf Hgn-h m-¡p-I-bmWv e£yw. A©v hnhn-[-§-fmb
am\-Z-WvU-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p. AXns\ s]mXp-hnÂ “CPI ex” F¶v
hnfn-¡p-¶p. e`y-X-bnÂ amä-a p-m-hm³ {][m-\-ambpw sImSp-¦mäv , hcÄ¨
, D]-tcm-[-§Ä , OPEC sâ \b-§Ä, òI-c-h mZw Hs¡ Imc-W-am-hmw.
Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ Ignª ]¯p-hÀj-¯n-\ nsS “CPI ex” Hcp iX-am-\ -

¯n\pw 3 iX-am-\-¯n\pw CS-bn-em-bn-c p¶p. “CPI ex” henb hyXn-bm-\ -
§Ä tcJ-s ¸-Sp-¯m-Xn-cp-¶-t¸mÄ “CPI” hfsc A[nIw hyXn-bm\w tcJ-
s¸-Sp-¯n. -\m-W-b-s¸-cp¸w FÃm-t]-tcbpw _m[n-¡p-¶p,- {]-tXy-I n¨pw
apXnÀ¶-h sc. tkh-\-ta-J-e-bnÂ hne-¡-bäw A[n-I-amWv. {]mb-a m-b-hÀ
{]tXy-In¨pw tkh-\-ta-J -e-bpsS D]-t`m-àm-¡-fmWv. {]tXy-I n¨pw Btcm-
Ky-ta-J-e-bp-a mbn _Ô-s¸-«-h-bpsS. hne-¡-b-ähpw thX-\-hÀ²-\hpw
\mW-b-s]-c p-¸-¯nsâ {]Xym-Lm-X-§-fm-Wv. icn-bmb \nÀÆ-N\w D]-tbm-Kn-
¨mÂ ASnØm\Imc-W-§Ä hyà-amhpw. \mW-b-s¸-cp¸w F¶Xv \mW-
b-¯nsâ hne-bnÂ kw`-hn-¡p¶ XIÀ¨-bm-Wv. AXv hnehÀ²-\-hmbn
A\p-`-h-s ¸Spw. hnehÀ²-hn\p ImcWw H¶p-InÂ \mW-b¯nsâ aqÃy-¯n-
epÅ bYmÀ° XIÀ¨tbm AsÃ-¦nÂ aqÃyw XIcpw F¶ hne-bn-cp-
¯tem BWv. \nIv-k³ hne- \n-e-hm-c-¯n\v ]cn-[n- \n-Ý-bn¨p. ImÀ«À
tdj-\nwKv GÀs¸-Sp¯n. t^mÀUv \mW-b-s¸-cp-¸s¯ Nm«-hm-dn\v ASn-
¡pI (WIN )Whip Inflation Now F¶v DZvtLm-jn¨p CsXm¶pw ê-h-¯m-
bn-Ã. ImcWw \mW-b-s ¸-cp-¸-¯nsâ bYmÀ°-I m-c -W-§Ä Ah-scm¶pw
]nK-Wn-¨n-cp-¶n-Ã.
]\nsb {]Xn-tcm-[n¡p¶-Xn\v Dujva-a m-]n\n XWp-¯-s h-f-¯nÂ
ap¡p-¶-X p-t]m-setbm (WIN) sâ hàm-¡Ä Dujva-a m-] n-\ n-bnse ck-
¯nsâ Afhv Xmtgm«vt]mIpI F¶v hnfn¨vIqhp-¶Xpt]mse-tbm -B Wv.
\mW-b-s¸-c p-¸ -¯n\pImcWw `c-W-I q-S-¯nsâ sXämb \b-§-fmWv.
aäp hkvXp-¡-fptSsX¶-t]mse Id³kn-bptSbpw hne, BhiyIXbpw
e`y-Xbpw (Demand and Supply) A\p-k-c n-¨m-Wv. cpw Xpey-a m-bn-c p-¶ mÂ
Equibrium Price . GXns\-¦nepw AsÃ-¦ nÂ cn\pw Iptd-tbsd Ønc-
amb amäw kw`-hn-¡p-bm-sW-¦nÂ ]pXnb Equibrium Price \ne-hnÂhcpw.
]en-i \nc¡v AXnsâ sNehpw. cmjv{Sob kml-N-cy-§fpw ]¦p-h-
ln¡pw. Id³kn-bpsS Bh-i y-I X Fs´-¦nepw ImcW-¯mÂ Ipd-ªmÂ
hne-\n-e-h mcw Ipd-bpw. `c-W-Iq-S-¯nsâ Aan-X- sN-e-hp-IÄ \nIpXn hÀ²n-
¸n-¡p-¶-X n\pw Aan-X-a mbn ISw hm§p-¶ -Xn\pw Imc-W-amhpw . CXv cpw
k¼-Zvhy-h-Øsb kmc-a mbn tZmj-a mbn _m[n¡pw. Ata-c n-¡³ `c-W-L-
85
S\ `c-W-Iq-S-¯n\v Id³kn-bpsS \nÀ½m-W-¯n\pw AXnsâ hne \nÝ-bn-

¡p-¶-X n\pw hntZ-i-I -d³kn-bpsS hne \nÝ-bn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw A[n-Imcw
\ÂIp¶p. `c-W-IqSw AXv \nÀÆ-ln¡p¶Xv sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv hgnbpw
\mW-b-s¸-c p¸w \nb-{ń-¡p-¶-Xn\v Ah-iy-ambn sNt¿-Xv `c-W-Iq-S-
¯nsâ sNe-hp-IÄ KWy-am-bn -Ip-d-¡p-Ibpw kpi-à-amb km¼-¯nI
\b-§Ä GÀs¸Sp-¯p-IbpwsN¿pI F¶-Xm-Wv. `c-W-IqSw a\-] qÀÆw CPI
Ipd¨p ImWn-¡p¶p. k¼-Zvh y-h Ø hmkvX-h-¯n-ep-Å-X n-t\-¡mfpw ià-
am-sW¶v Øm]n-¡p-¶ -Xn\pthn . `c-W-Iq-S-¯nsâ sNe-h p-IÄ shfn-s ¸-
Sp-¯p-¶n-Ã. CPI , 2 i-Xam\w apXÂ 3 iX-am\w hsc kqNn-¸n-¡p-t¼mÄ
P\-§-fpsS sNe-hp-IÄ F{]-Im-c -amWv C{Xbpw A[nIw hÀ²n-¡p-¶-Xv.
Hcp IpSpw_w t\cn-Sp¶ hne-hÀ²-\-hnsâ {]Xn-^-e\w Hcn-¡epw CPI
\ÂIp-¶n-Ã. kn.-]n.-s F- bpsS IW-¡p-Iq«enÂ `c-W-IqSw Xncn-
adn\S¯p¶p. kn.-]n.sF Ipdª Afhv {]Xn-^-en-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\vImcWw
kÀ¡mÀ , Adn-hn-Ãm¯ P\-Xsb I_fn-¸ n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-thn , sXämb
hnhcw \ÂIp-¶-X p-s Im-mWv. ]pXnb kmt¦-XnIhnZy-bnÂ \nt£]w
\S¯p-¶nÃ F¦nÂ DXv]m-Z-\ hpw DXv] m-Z-\-£-a-X bpw I-d-bp-¶-XpImcWw
`mhn-bnÂ \mW-b-s ¸-cp¸w A[n-I-a mhpw . DXv]m-Z-\ hpw DXv]m-Z-\ -£-a -
Xbpw A[n-I-a m-bmÂ \mW-b-s¸-cp¸w Ipd-bpw.
ap«-bpsS hne 30 iX-am\w hÀ²n-¡p¶p ]men-tâXv 16 iX-a m\w .
Hut±ymKnI hne-hÀ²-\hv kn.-] n.sF 3 iX-am\w am{Xw. [\-X-Xz-im-kv{X-
Ú-·mÀ km[m-c WP\-§sf _m[n-¡p¶ hkvX p-¡-fpsS hne- , I-W-¡n-
se-Sp-¡p-¶ nÃ F¶m-tWm.- bYmÀ° -tem-Ihpw , HutZym-KyI temIhpw
X½nÂ _Ô-a nÃ F¶mtWm. DuÀPhpw `£-W-h-kvXp-¡fpw Hgn-h m¡n
\mW-b-s¸-c p¸w 3 iX-am\w F¶v hmZn-¡p-¶-hÀ core CPI AYhm CPI ex
s\¡p-dn¨mWv ]d-bp-¶Xv . hne-bpsS icm-icnAÃ IW-¡m-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv.
adn¨v Weighted Average BWv. ASn-Øm\w , icm-i cn (Average) IpSpw-_ -
¯nsâ _UvP-änÂ Hcp {]tXy-I- h-kvXp-hnsâ , Bt]-£n-I -amb
{]m[m\yhpw . \ymbo-I-cWw hne- Ip-Sp-t¼mÄ P\-§Ä AXnsâ
D]tbmKw Ipdbv¡pw . kmt¦-XnIhnZybnÂhcp¶ AsÃ-¦nÂ asä-ń-
¦nepw coXn-bnÂ KpW-\n-e-hm-c -¯nÂhcp¶ D¶-Xn hne-bnÂh¶ Ipd-hmbn
IW-¡m¡pw. DZm.-I-¼yq-«-dnsâ kv]oSpw sa½-dnbpw. [\-X-Xz-im-kv{X-Ú-
·m-c psS km[m-cW X{´-hnZy . \mW-b-s ¸-cp¸w Ønc-a m-Wv.
Ønc-a mb \mW-b-s ¸-cp-¸-¯n\v hyXy-kvX-amb Imc-W-ap-v. hne-¡-b-ä-ap-

m-¡p¶ \mW-b-s ¸-cp¸w , FÃm CS-]m-Sp-I -sfbpw _m[n-¡p¶ , hne-bn-
epÅ hmkvX-h-a mb Gäs¯ kqNn-¸n-¡p¶p. kn.-]n.sF Iptd-¡qSn kpJ-
{]-Z-a mb A¡§Ä \nc-¯p-¶p. A[nIw hne-hÀ²-\ hphcp¶ hkvXp-¡Ä
amän , ]Icw , hne-¡p-d-hpÅ hkvXp-¡Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p . Dutch
Central Bureau for Statistics 1998 seXns\ At]-£n¨v 2003 Â I¼yq-«-dnsâ
86
hne 64 iX-am\w Ipd-hp-h¶p F¶v tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p. kn.-]n.sF AXn\v

A\p-kr-X -ambn Ipd-bpw. sNe-hns\ ASn-Ø m-\ -am-¡n-bpÅ Cost Push
kn²m´w ]d-bp-¶Xv hne-¡-b-ä-¯ n\v ImcWw , A[n-I -cn-¡p¶ sNe-
hmWv F¶mW.v DZm. A[nIw thX\w. Bh-iy-I-Xsb ASn-Øm\am¡p¶
Demand Pull kn²m-´w ]d-bp-¶Xv hne-¡-b-ä-¯n-\ p-Im-cWw Bh-iy-I -X-
bpsS A[n-I -cWw F¶m-Wv. DZm. Ib-äp-aXn .
hne-¡-b-ä-s ¯-¡p-dn-¨ pÅ BImw-jbpw bYmÀ°-a mb hne-¡-b-ä-¯n\p
Imc-W-am-hp¶p. ]e DXv] -¶-§-fpsSbpw hne-\n-Ý-bn-¡p-¶Xv 6 amks¯
Imem-h -[n-¡m-bn-« mWv . {]Xo-£n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ hne-¡-b-äw-IqSn ]cn-K-Wn¨v
hne \nÝ-bn-¡p-¶-Xm-\mÂ DSs\ hne¡-b-ä-ap- m-h p¶p. _m¦p-I-fpsS
Imcyhpw kam-\amWv. {]Xo-£n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ \mW-b-s ¸-c p-¸ -¯n\pwIqSn ]cn-
K-W\ \ÂIn ]en-i-\n-c-¡p- \n-Ý-bn-¡p-¶ -Xn-\mÂ DSs\ AXv hne-¡-
bä¯n\v Imc-W-am-hp-¶p . -I-d³kn-bpsS e`y-X -bnÂ hyXym-k-an-ÃmXncp-
¶mÂ apI-fnÂ ]dª kn²m-´-§Ä am{X-amWv Imc-W-s a-¦nÂ Nne
hkvXp-¡-fpsS hne IqSp-Ibpw aäp Nne-Xnsâ hne Ipd-bp-Ibpw sN¿pw.
{]tbm-K-¯nÂ ImWp-¶Xv Nne- h-kvXp-¡-fpsS hne Aan-X-a mbn IqSp-¶-
XmW.v GsX-¦ nepw hkvXp-¡-fpsS hne -Ip-d-bp-¶Xv km[m-c -W-a-Ã (-C-e-
Ivt{Sm-WnIv km[-\-§-fpsS hne A]-hm-Z-am-Wv). CXn\v ImcWw e`y-amb
Id³kn-bpsS A[n-I-c -W-a m-Wv. AXv {]Xn-^-en-¡p-¶Xv tiJcn-¡s¸tS
hmbv] F¶\ne-bnepw. AXv {Ib-hn-{I-b-§-fnÂ hne hÀ²\-hn\pImc-W-
am-hp-¶p. IqSp-XÂ [\w e`y-a m-h p-t¼mÄ Hmtcm CS-] m-Snepw hne hÀ²-\hv
Dm-bn-s¡m-n-c n-¡pw. e`y-a m-bn-c n-¡p¶ hk-Xp-¡-fpsS Afhv hÀ²n-¡m-
Xn-cp-¶mÂ {]tXy-I n¨pw. Bh-iy-I-X- Iq-Sp-X-e m-bn-c n-¡p-t¼mÄ IqSp-Xmbn
e`y-a m-hp¶ Id³kn hne-hÀ²-\hpm¡pw. e`y-a m-hp¶ Id³kn-bpsS
Af-hn-ep-m-hp¶ hÀ²-\-hmWv, Ønc-amb , ka-kvX-ta-J-e-sbbpw _m[n-
¡p¶ , hne-hÀ²-\-hn\v Imc-Ww.
hÀj-§-tfmfw Xe-ap-d-I-tfmfw CXv \op\nÂ¡pw. \mW-b-s¸-cp-¸-¯n\v
Gähpw Imc-W-am-hp-¶Xv \mW-b-¯nsâ s]cp-¸w- X-s ¶-bmW.v DXv]m-Z\w
AXn\v A\p-k-c n¨v hÀ²n-¨p-sIm-n-cp-¶mÂ hne-hÀ²-\ hv A[n-I-am-hn-Ã.
sk³{SÂ _m¦p-I-fpsS {]Jym-] n-X -\ -b-amWv \mW-b-s ¸-c p¸w. “Inflation is
a Componet of Our Banking System” . \mW-b-s ¸-cp-¸w Iq«p-I - tbm Ipd-¡p-
Itbm sN¿p-¶-Xn\v , hmbv] \ÂIp-¶Xv Iq«p-I-tbm, Ipd-¡p-I tbm
sNbvXmÂ aXn-bm-h pw. hyh-Ø¡v \mW-b-s¸-c p¸w DÄs¡m-fm-\m-h msX
hcp-t¼mÄ hyh-Øn-Xn- X-I-c p-¶p.( Bubbles Burst). \mW-b-s ¸-cp¸w
krjvSn-¡m³ Ign-h pÅ sk³{SÂ _m¦p-IÄ¡v \½sf IqSp-XÂ k¼m-Zn-
¡p-¶-X n\v , IqSp-X Â D]-t`mKw \S-¯p-¶-Xn\v , Ft¸mgpw A[n-I-ambn
A[zm-\ n-¡p-¶-Xn\v FÃmw , t{]cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v km[n¡pw. \mW-b-s ¸-cp¸w
P\-§sf A[n-I-ambn A[zm-\n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw , hne-Ip-d-ªp-s Im-n-c n-¡p¶
Id³kn-bpsS Hcp sNdnb`mKwIqSn- t\-Sp-¶-X phgn , hne-I p-d-ªp-sIm-n-cn-
¡p¶ k¼m-Zy-¯ nsâ \ne-h mcw Ipd-s¨-¦nepw DbÀ¯p-¶-Xn\pw t{]cn-
87
¸n¡pw. \mW-b-s ¸-cp¸w [\w sNe-h-g n-¡p-¶-X n\pw , AsÃ-¦nÂ _m¦nÂ

\nt£-]n¨v AXn-\p-taÂ ]en-i-t\-Sp-¶-X n\pw \nÀ_-Ôn¡pw. _m¦p-IÄ¡v
AXp ImcWw IqSp-XÂ [\w -hn-\n-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xn\v e`y-a m-h p-¶p. ]eni
IqSp-X-em-hp-t¼mÄ P\w A[n-I-ambn k¼m-Zn-¡pw. ]eni\nc¡v Ipd-bp-I -
bm-s W-¦nÂ IqSp-X-embn sNe-h -gn-¡m\pw ISwhm§n hyhkmb\-§fnÂ
\nt£-]n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw Imc-W-a m-h pw. \ap¡v Ft¸m-sg¦nepw XmXv]-c y-a p-m-
hp¶ {]hÀ¯n , Ft¸mgpw , sk³{SÂ _m¦p-IÄ , \½-tf-s¡mv F´p-
sN-¿n-¡Ww F¶p Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶-Xn\v A\p-k-cn-¨m-Wv.
hmbv]-IÄ¡v {]I-S-a-Ãm¯ Hcp hiw- \n-e-hn-ep.v hmbv] FSp-¡p-¶-bmÄ

AXv sNe-hm-¡p-t¼mÄ , AXv In«p-¶-bmÄ AXv _m¦nÂ \nt£-]n-¡p-¶p.
AXv ]Ww krjvSn-¡p-¶-X n\v XpÃy-a m-Wv. B _m-¦ ns\ hmbv] \ÂIp-¶-
Xn\v AXv {]m]vX-am-¡p-¶p.
FÃm-hÀ¡pw hmbv]-In-«n-Ã. _m¦p-IÄ CuSnsâ ASn-Ø m-\ -¯n-emWv
hmbv] \ÂIp-¶-Xv. CuSv \ÂIm³ Ign-hp-Å-h\v hmbv] FSp¯v hyh-
kmbw \S-¯p-¶-Xn\v km[n¡pw. IqSp-X Â k¼m-Zn-¡p-¶ -Xn\pw. hfsc
henb {]Øm-\-§Ä¡v ]en-i-bnÂ Cfhv e`n-¡pw. CuSv \ÂIWw
F¶pÅ hyhØ [\n-I\pw Zcn-{Z\pw X½n-epÅ Aćw hÀ²n-¸ n-¡pw.
Legal Tender F¶-Xp-s Imv , CS-]mSv \S-¯p-¶ -h À IÀi-\-ambpw AwKo-I -

cn-t¡--Xm-s W¶v AÀ°-a n-Ã. GsX-¦nepw coXn-bnÂ IS-s¸-«-h³ AXp
\ÂIn-bmÂ , ISw sImSp-¯-h \v \nc-kn-¡m³ A\p-h-Zn-¡p-¶ nÃ F¶-XmWv
Dt±-yin-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
iq\y-X-bnÂ\n¶pw ]Ww krjvSn-¡p-¶Xpw AXn\v ]eni CuSm-¡p-¶ Xpw
AXohw em`-I-c -amW.v AXp-X-s¶-bmWv \mW-b-s ¸-cp-¸-¯n\v ImcWw.
_m¦p-IÄ¡v CXv KpW-{]-Z-am-Wv. Hcp- X-e-ap-d-bpsS k¼m-Zys¯ Xs¶ -Xp-
S¨pamäp-¶-XpIm-cWw AhÀ¡v ASp¯ Xe-apdsb klm-bn-¡p¶Xn\v
Ignbp-¶n-Ã . ASp-¯ - X-e-a p-dbpw hopw _m¦p-I-fnÂ\n¶v hmbv] FSp-
¡p-¶-X n\v \nÀ_-Ôn-X-cm-hp¶p . A²zm-\-¯nsâ Gdn-b-]¦pw ]en-i- sIm-
Sp-¯p-X oÀ¡p-¶-X n-\ p-thn hn\n-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
“CXv `bm-\-I-a mWv .\½Ä ]qÀ®-a mbpw _m¦psf B{i-bn¨p Pohn-¡p¶p.

\½psS ssIh-i-apÅ ]Ww Bsc-¦ nepw ISwhm§n-s b-¦nte \ne-\nÂ¸p-
Åq. _m¦pÄ A[n-I-a mbn Ir{Xn-a-amb ]Ww krjvSn-¨mÂ \½Ä- A-`n-hr-
²n -{]m-]n¡pw AsÃ-¦ nÂ XIcpw. \ap¡v Ømbn-bmb [\-kw-h n-[ m-\ -an-Ã.
H«pw Xs¶ . \½psS AXohw ]cn-Xm-]-I-c -amb Ah-Ø-s b-¡p-dn¨v ]qÀ®-
amb Nn{Xw a\-Ên-em-¡p-t¼mÄ AXv XnI¨pw ZpJ-]qÀ®-a m-Wv. _p²n-bp-Å-
hÀ XoÀ¨-bmbpw At\z-jn-t¡-Xpw {]Xn-I -cn-t¡- -Xp-a mb hnj-b-a m-Wv.
]cs¡ t_m[y-a p-m-bnÃ F¦nÂ t]mcm-b-a -IÄ ]cn-l-cn-¨nÃ G¦nÂ
88
\½psS cmjv{Sw XI-cp-I-X-s¶-s N-¿pw”. ( tdm_À«v. F¨v . slw^nÂ.

s{IUnäv amt\-PÀ, sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv _m¦v, Aävemâ , tPmÀPnb. )
“F´mWv tUmfÀ . AXv \½Ä AhnsS Fdn-ªpI-f-bp¶ Ir{Xn-a-amb

hkvXp. \n§Ä sN¿p-¶Xv \n§Ä P\-§sf h©n-¡p-I-bm-Wv F¶-XmW”v
sU¶okv IÀt\mhvkvIn . No^v FI-tWm-anIv AUvsshkÀ sÛ-dÂ
dnkÀhv _m¦v , skbvâv eqbn.
“A[zm-\n-¡p¶ P\-h n-`m-K-§sf h©n-¡p-¶-X n\v Ip ]nSn¨ amÀ¤-§-

fnÂ Gähpw ê-h-¯mWv IS-emkp Id³kn” Um\n-bÂ sh_vv-ÌÀ.
ImcÄ JzKven, tPmÀPväu¬ bqWn-thÀÌn {]^-kÀ 1966 se At±l-

¯nsâ “{SmPUn Bâv tlm]v F¶ ]pkvX-I -¯nÂ ( Tragedy and Hope: A
History of the World in Our Time ) ]d-bp-¶p.
“[\- ap-X -em-fn¯w \S-¸n-em-¡p-¶Xv Zqc-hym-]-I-a mb {]Xym-Lm-X-§Ä Df-
hm-¡p¶ ]²-Xn-I-fmWv temI-sam-«m-s I-bpÅ cmjv{So-b- km-¼-¯nI \nba--
§Ä ssIb-S-¡p-¶-X n-\ p-thn kÀ¡m-c nÂ\n¶pw cmjv{S-§-fnÂ\n¶pw
N{I-hÀ¯n-a m-c nÂ\n¶pw ]Ww \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ A[n-Imcw t\Sn-s b-
Sp¯p F¶-XmWv Ah-c psS clkyw. cl-ky- [m-c -W-I-fpsS ASn-Øm-\ -
¯nÂ. temI-¯ nse sk³{SÂ _m¦pIsfÃmw P·nXz hyh-Øn-Xn-bnse-¶ -
s]mse \nb-{ń-¡-s ¸-Sp¶-hbmWv. Bank of International Settlements AXv
kznävkÀe³UnÂ. AXmWv hyh-Øn-X n-bpsS Xe-Øm\w . temI-¯nse
sk³{SÂ _m¦p-sfÃmw kzIm-cy-ta-J-e-bnÂ .
Hmtcm- sk³{SÂ _m¦pw AXmXv cmPy-¯nsâ `c-W-I q-Ss¯ \nb-{ń-¡p-
¶p. cmPy-¯n\v sImSp-¡p¶ hmbv] -bpsSt]cnÂ , hntZ-i- \m-Wy-¯nsâ
hn\nab \nc-¡nsât]cnÂ , cmPys¯ km¼-¯nI {Ib-hn-{I-bs¯ \nb-
{ń-¡p-¶ -Xn-\pÅ Ign-hnsât]cnÂ , hg-§p¶ cmjv{So-b-¡mÀ¡v
\ÂIp¶ km¼-¯nI t\«-§-fpsSt]cnÂ Hs¡”.
k¼ZvhyhØ Hcp hÀjw 4 iX-a m\wIv hfÀ¶mÂ 100 hÀjw Ign-bp--
t¼mÄ AXv 50 Cc-«n-bmhpw. IShpw 50 Cc-«n-bm-bmÂ Iptd-s bms¡
\ymboI-c n¡mw. Ata-cn¡³ IW-¡p-IÄ 1910 Â ISw 4 ,000 tImSn cq].
1920 Â ISw 96,000 tImSn cq] . sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv \ne-hnÂh¶v shdpw 10
hÀjwsImv 24 Cc«n. 1960Â ISw 1,136,000 tImSn- cq]. 1997 Â ISw 220
e£w tImSn- cq]. 2004 Â ISw 600 e£w- tIm-Sn- cq-] .
tiJ-cn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ \nIp-Xn-bpsS `qcn-`m-Khpw ]enisImSp-¡p-¶-Xn\v sNe-
hm-¡p¶p. bp²hpw Nqj-W-hp-a n-ÃmsX \ne-\nÂ¸nÃ F¶phcp-¶p. ]eni
89
, hkvXp-¡-fp-sSbpw tkh-\-¯n-sâbpw \nÀ½mW sNehnt\m-sSm¸w

tNÀt¡--Xpv. AXv hne-bnÂ {]Xn-^-en-¡p¶p. F¶mÂ k¼-Zv hy-h -
Ø-bnÂ AXn-\p-th-p¶ Id³kn \ne-hn-en-Ã. Hcp hÀjs¯ sam¯w
ISw ( `c-W-I q-Shpw kzmIm-cy-ta-J-ebpw tNÀ¶pÅ ) 1500 tImSn cq]
Bbn-c p-¶-t¸mÄ cmPy¯v BI-a m\w Dm-bn-cp¶ Id³kn 200 tImSn cq]-
bp-tSXv am{X-am-bn-cp-¶p. Id³kn-bpsS sRcp-¡-¯n\v CXv Imc-W-a m-hp¶p.
IqSp-XÂ Id³kn ]pd-¸-Sp-hn-¡p-¶-Xn\v AXv hgn-sbm-cp-¡p-¶p. temI-¯n-
em-I-am\w km¼-¯nI hyh-ØnXn _m¦v Hm^v Cw¥-ns\ ]n³Xp-S-c p-¶p.
AXv kzIm-c y-ta-J-e-bn-epÅ ]eni ASnØm\am¡nb {]Øm-\-a mWv.
AXv ]Ww \nÀ½n-¡p-¶Xv {][m-\-a mbpw hmbv] k{¼-Zm-bs¯ ASn-Øm-\ -
am-¡nbpw. AXv \ne-\nÂ]pÅ kwhn-[m-\-a-Ã. IS_m-[y-X -bpsS Afhv \nc-
ćw hf-cp-¶nÃ F¦nÂ , hmbv] Imem-h[n Ign-bp-¶h apdbv¡v AS¨p
XoÀ¡p-¶-Xn\v km[y-a Ã. ]pXnb hmbv] ]pXnb Id³kn DXv] m-Zn-¸n¡p-¶n-
Ã. adn¨v AXv ]pXnb hmbv] krjvSn-¡p-¶p. km¼-¯n-I- hy-h -ØnXnbpsS
hfÀ¨sb¡mÄ A[n-I-a mWv hmbv] hy-h-ØnXnbpsS hfÀ¨
km¼-¯nI hyh-k-YnXn ( economy ) Hcp hÀjw 3 iX-am\w hf-cp-I-bm-

sW-¦nÂ Id³kn-bpsS Afhpw 3 iX-a m\w hf-tc--Xpv . \W-b-¨p-
cp¡w (Deflation) CÃm-X n-c n-¡p-¶ -X n-\ p-thn. F¶mÂ hmbv] hyh-Øn-Xn-
bn-eqsS ]W-¯nsâ Afhv 6 iX-am\w hsc hf-cp-¶-Xn\v A\p-h-Zn-¡-s ¸-
Sp¶p . sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv 1913 Â \ne-hnÂh¶-Xn-\p-tijw 1500 iX-am-\ -
amWv \mW-b-s ¸-cp¸w. \½Ä hni-I-e\wsN¿p-¶Xv ZoÀL-I me \mW-b-
s¸-c p-¸-¯n-s \-¡p-dn¨mWv. km[m-c -W-bmbn BÄ¡mÀ , lrkz-I m-e -\m-W -
b-s¸-cp-¸-¯nsâ Imc-W-§Ä am{X-amWv hni-I-e\wsN¿p-¶-Xv.
“”\mW-b-s¸-c p-¸-¯n\v ImcWw F´mWv “” F¶ ]T-\-¯nÂ {]n³Ì¬
bqWn-thÀkn-än-bnse [\-X-X z-i m-kv{X- hn-`m-K-¯nse AknÌâv {]^-kÀ
tem-d³kv _mÄ ]d-bp¶p “[\-X-Xz-imkv{XÚ·mÀ ]e- Im-c y-§-fnepw
hntbm-Pn-¸pÅhcmWv. F¶mÂ GI-I-WvtT-\ -tbm-Pn-¡p-¶Xv bYmÀ°-¯n-
epÅ [\-hy-h -ØnXnbpsS hfÀ¨-tbm-¡mÄ A[n-I -ambn ]Ww hyh-Øn-
Xn-bnÂ e`y-am-Ip-¶-XmWv (I-d³kn-bmbpw ISambpw) \mW-b-s ¸-cp-¸-¯n-
\pÅ ImcWw F¶Imcy-¯n-emWv” CXv \ap¡v Dd-¸p-X-c p-¶Xv ZoÀL-Im-e-
\m-W-b-s¸-c p-¸-¯n\v Htc Hcp ImcWw , hyh-Øn-Xn-bpsS bYmÀ° hfÀ¨-
tb-¡mÄ A[n-I-a mbn ]Ww e`y-a m-Ip-¶Xvam{X-a mWv F¶mWv .
I½n \nI-¯p-¶-Xn-\p-thn ISw hm§p-¶Xv ( Defict Spending ) kz¯v
]nSn-s ¨-Sp-¡p-¶ -Xn-\pÅ KqV-]-²-Xn-bm-Wv.
\mW-b-s¸-c p-¸-¯nsâ {]Xym-Lm-X-§Ä {]I-S-a m-h p-¶Xv A[nIw sshIn-bn-
«m-bn-cn¡pw. At¸m-tg¡pw AXns\ XS-bm-\ m-hm-¯-hn[w AXv hfÀ¶n-cn-
90
¡pw . 1694 Â _m¦v Hm^v Cw¥v cq]o-Ir-X-a m-b-t¸mÄ ]W-¯nsâ

Ips¯m-g p-¡m-bn-cp-¶p. 1913 Â Ata-c n-¡³ sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv Øm]n-X-am-
bn-cp-¶-t¸mgpw CXpXs¶bmbn-c p-¶p ØnXn . hne-\n-e-hmcw Cc-«n-b mbn.
F´p ]²-Xn¡pw [mcmfw hmbv] e`y-a mbn. 4 hÀj-§Ä¡p-tijw
kÀ¡mÀ ISw 875 e£w cq]-bnÂ\n¶pw 11, 200 e£w cq]-bmbn hÀ²n-¨p.
hmbv] Xncn-¨-S-¡p-¶-X n-\ p-thn \nIpXn ]e-X-hW hÀ²n-¸ n-¨ p. Economy
]e-{]m-hiyw hf-c p-I bpw XI-cp-Ibpw sN¿-X p. ITn-\m-²zm\w ]Ww
krjvSn-¡p-¶n-Ã. ]W-¯nsâ {Ib-hn-{Ibwam{Xw krjvSn-¡p-¶p.
sk³{SÂ _m¦p-I-fpsS hyh-k-YnXn¡p hncp-²-a mbn , Ir-X-yam-b Afhn
epÅ , ]en-i- c-ln-X-a mb [\w , \mW-b-s¸-c p-¸-¯n\v Imc-W-am-hp-¶n-Ã.
“”sX½mSn cmjv{S-§Ä”” F¶ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ ( Rouge State: A Guide to

the World’s Only Super Power ) hneyw »w ]d-bp¶p “Kl-\ -amb At\z-
jWw Bh-iy-s ¸-Sp¶ kw`-h-hn-I - m-k-§sf hmÀ¯m-hn-X-cW {]Øm-\ -
§Ä KqVm-tem-N\m kn²m´w F¶p]dªv ( Conspiracy Theory ) Ah-
tl-fn-¡p-¶p. DZm-l-c-W-a mbn h¼³amcmb hmÀ¯mhnX-c-W- {]-Øm-\-§-
fnse Ub-d-IvSÀamcpw , DuÀPw, _m¦nKv, kpc-£- , hy-h-kmbw F¶n-h-bp-
am-bpÅ {]tXy-I -_-Ô-§Ä, aoUn-b-bpsS Gähpw ê-h -¯mb D]-I -c-W-
amb “\ni-_vZ-X”sImv ssIImcywsN¿p-¶p. Bsc-¦ nepw At\z-jn-¨ mÂ
KqVm-tem-N\m kn²m´w F¶p]dªv Hgn-hm-¡pw.
_m¦nwKv hyh-km-bn-IÄ cl-ky- k-t½-f-\-§-fnÂ ]en-i-\ n-c ¡v \nÝ-bn-¡p-

¶Xphgn, DXv]m-Zn-¸ n-t¡ Id³kn-bpsS Af-hns\ \nÝ-bn-¡p-¶ -X p-hgn
Stock Market s\ \nb-{ń-¡p-¶p. cmjv{So-b-¡mÀ¡v [mcmfw kw`m-h\
\ÂIp-¶-h-c m-I-bmÂ `c-W-IqSw I®-S-¡p-¶p .
“Hcp cmjv{S-¯nse [\w sam¯-ambpw BcmWv \nb-{ń-¡p-¶Xv, Ah-

\mWv B cm-jv{S-¯nse kÀÆ hym]m-c-¯n-sâbpw hyh-km-b-¯n-sâbpw
A[n-]³. AXv F{X- A-\m-bm-k-a mbn \nb-{ń-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. Hcp amÀ¤-¯n-
eqsS AsÃ-¦nÂ asämcpamÀ¤-¯n-eq-sS. AXpw hfsc D¶-X-c mb Hcp
sNdp -kwLw F¶v a\-Ên-em-¡p-t¼mÄ \mW-b-s ¸-cp-¸hpw XIÀ¨bpw
F§ns\ kw`-hn-¡p¶p F¶v \n§-tfmSv {]tXy-In¨v ]d-tb Bh-iy-ap-
m-hp¶n-Ã”. 1881 se {]kn-Uâv Pbnwkv KmÀôÂU.v CXv ]dªv BgvN-
IÄ¡Iw At±lw h[n-¡-s¸-«p.
1975 \v tijw 87 cmjv{ S-§-fnÂ Id³kn A[n-I -amb De-¨ nÂ t\cn«p . Ncn-
{X-¯nÂ ap³s]m-c n-¡epw kw`-h n-¨ n-«n-Ãm¯Xc-¯nÂ. \mWb hn\n-a b
\nc¡v XnI¨pw s]mÅbmb GÀ¸m-SmWv. bmtXmcp ASn-Øm-\-hp-a n-Ãm-¯-
Xv. F´p-kw-`-hn-¨mepw sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhns\ H¶pw _m[n-¡n-Ã. F¶mÂ
91
AXn\v , hmbv] \ÂIm-Xn-c n¡p-¶-Xp-hgn , aäp _m¦p-I-s fbpw Øm]-\-§-

sfbpw `c-W-I q-S-§-sfbpw \in-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v km[n-¡pw. 1944 Â Øm]n-X -
amb temI -_m¦v F¶ {]Øm\whgn , sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhnsâ kzImcy DS-
a-Ø-cpsS ssIIÄ temI-a m-I -am\w F¯n-t¨-cp-¶p.
“tUmf-dnâ kml-k-§Ä”F¶ ]T-\ -¯nsâ cN-bn-Xmhv hmjnw-Kv S-W nse

Ata-cn-¡³ kÀÆ-I-em-ime-bnse [\-XXzimkv{X -{]-^-kÀ tlmhmÀUv.
Fw. hmIvsSÂ ]d-bp-¶p. “1970 IfpsS Ah-km-\-t¯msS A[nIw tUmfÀ
{]Nm-c-¯n-ep-m-bn-cp-¶p. 1973 apXÂ 1980 hsc-bpÅ Ime-L-«-¯nÂ
economy bpsS hfÀ¨-bpsS 20 Cc«n hfÀ¨-bmWv tUmfÀ tcJ-s ¸-Sp-¯n-
b-Xv”..
PÀ½-\n-bnse PqX-·m-cpsS Iq«-s¡m-e-s b-¡p-dn-¨pÅ IY-Ifpw hmkvX-h-a -

Ã. A§n-s\-s b¶v hcp-¯n-¯ oÀ¯-X m-Wv . lnäve-dpw, hmÀ_ÀK,v
sa³UÂtkm¬, tdm¯vjoÂUv FÃmt]cpw AXohw kulr-Z-¯n-e m-Wv.
cp e£-t¯mfwhcp¶ (Keo-kn-b³ AjvsI-\mkn ]ns¶ JkmÀ) PqX-
·mÀ am{X-a mWv {]iv\w. AhÀ H¶mw temIalm-bp-²-¯n\p tijw
AhnsS F¯n-t¨À¶-Xm-Wv. [\n-I-cmb PqX-·mcmb amIvkv hmÀ_ÀKv,
{^m³kv sa³UÂtkm³ F¶n-hÀ¡p {]iv\-sam-¶p-an-Ã.
\nb-a-h n-c p-²-ambn {^m¦ven³ Un dqkvshÂäv kzÀ®w IhÀs¶-Sp-¯p.
]ns¶ Ata-cn-¡³ P\-Xbv¡v kz´-amb aäpaqey-§fpw. IhÀs¶-Sp¯
kzÀ®w Kh¬saânsâ ]¡-en-Ã. AXv A´m-cmjv{S _m¦Àam-cpsS ]¡-
em-Wv. dqkvshÂäv Øm]n-s ¨-Sp-¡m³{ian-¨ ]pXnb Kh¬saânsâ
tI{µ-Øm-\-¯mWv AhÀ. dqskzÂänsâ {]hÀ¯-nIÄ `c-W-L-S-\sb
A\p-k-cn-¡p-¶n-Ã. AXv aq¶mw CâÀ\m-j-W-ens\ ]n³Xp-S-cp-¶p.
t{SmSvkvIn, jn^v^ vsâ {]nb-¦ -c-\m-bn-cp-¶p. \yqtbmÀ¡nÂ At±lw
“t\mhn anÀ” sâ ]{Xm-[n-] -cm-bn-cp-¶p. AhnsS s]mXpkt½-f-\ -§Ä \S-
¯n. XncnsI djy-bn-te¡v t]mbXv jn^v^vsâ km¼-¯nI klm-b-¯n-
epw kwc-£-W-bn-ep-a m-Wv. djy-bnÂ F¯n-t¨À¶DSs\, kzoU-\nÂ,
amIvkv hmÀ_ÀKnsâ DS-a-Ø-X-bn-epÅ kzoUnjv _m¦nÂ ]Ww F¯n-bn-
«p-s¶v Adn-bn¸pIn«n. djy³ hn¹-h-¯n\v CXv klm-b-I -c-am-bn.
t{SmSvkvIn djy-bnÂ F¯n-t¨À¶Xv A´m-c mjv{S _m¦p-IÄ¡v klm-b-am-
bn. PÀ½-\n-bn-tebpw Cw¥-n-tebpw Øm]-\-§Ähgn djysb sIWnbn-
em-¡n. Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ\n¶pw t\Snb [\w PÀ½\nhgn djy-bn-se-¯n-¨p.
sNbvkv _m¦pw, Kmcân {SÌv I¼-\n-bp-a m-bn-c p¶p {][m-\n-IÄ.
\ot]Àkvt{Smbv AW-s¡«v \nb-a -hn-cp-²-a mbn h¶ptNÀ¶ ]WwsImv
]Wn-X-Xm-Wv. Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ\n¶pw e`n¨ ]Ww bp²-¯n\pthnbpw
bpt²m-]-Ic-W-§Ä e`y-a m-¡p-¶-Xn\p thnbpw D]tbmKn¡-s ¸-«p .
djy³ a®nÂ t{SmbnSvkv F¶ {]tZ-i ¯v òam-Im-c-amb hnj-hm-X I
92
imebnse ]¦m-fn-bmWv PÀ½-\n. Gjy-bpsS DÄ{]tZ-i-§-fnÂ

{_l¯mb bp²-km-a-{Kn-IÄ tiJ-cn-¡-s¸-«n-c n-¡p-¶p. Ata-cn-¡-bnse
bp²- {]-`p¡-· mÀ ssk\ys¯ Ab-bv¡p-t¼mÄ Ah-c psS D]-tbm-K-¯n\p
thn.
\mWbw \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-X n\pw AXnsâ aqÃyw \nÀ®-bn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-apÅ
A[n-Im-cw, `K-W-L-S-\, Kh¬saân\pam{Xw A\p-h-Zn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.
A¯cw A[n-Imcw ssIam-dp-¶-Xn-\pÅ A[n-Imcw \ÂIn-bn-«p-an-Ã.
temI-¯ m-I-am\w J\\w sN¿p¶ kzÀ®-¯nsâ \menÂ aq¶v `mKhpw
{_n«ojv km{am-Py-¯ n-em-Wv. AXpsImv kzÀ®-¯nsâ hne \nÝ-bn-¡p-
¶-Xn-\pÅ A[n-Imcw AhÀ¡p thW-sa¶v Bh-iy-s ¸-Sp-¶p. _m¦n§v
taJ-e-bn-epÅ ]cn-N-bhpw D]-tbm-K-s ¸-Sp-¯ m-sa¶v AhÀ hmZn-¡p-¶p.
Iu¬knÂ Hm^v sÛ-td-j³ Hm^v NÀ¨kv Hm^v ss{IÌv, ImÀWo
(Carnegie) ût-jsâ Ip-]n-Sn-¯-a m-Wv. ImÀWo ût-j³ Ata-cn-
¡-bnÂ {_n«ojv {]N-c-W-the \S-¯p-¶p. AXv hn[zw-kI {]hÀ¯-\ -
§Ä \S-¯p¶ FÃmhn[ kwL-S-\ -I-fp-a mbpw _Ô-s¸«v, Ata-c n-¡sb
]nt¶m-«-Sn-¡p-¶-X n\vthn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p.
“kzmX-{ý-a n-Ãm-bva-bn-te¡pw ASna-¯ -¯n-te¡pw \½psS Ipªp-§sf
Dt]-£n¨p t]mIp-¶-Xn\v \ap¡v km²y-a-Ã”. þ hosU-a ³ þ ]mÀe-saâv
AwKw.
B`y-ć bp²-¯n\ptijw {_n«sâ ssk\y-amWv Ata-c n-¡. At\Iw
\nb-{´-W-§-fn-eqsS Ata-cn¡ {_n«ojv tImf-\n-bmbn \nesImÅp-¶p.
`c-W-L-S-\-bnÂ hcp-¯nb 14-þmw t`Z-KXn ASn-a ¯wkzoI-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v
\nÀ_-Ôn-X-a m-¡p-¶p.
eqbn.än.aIv^mU³. sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhn-s \-Xn-s c -Cw-]o-¨vs aâv sImp-
hcp¶Xn\pap³]v At±-l-¯n\v hnjw \ÂI-s¸-«p. AXn\pap³]v At±lw
cp{]mhiyw h[-{i-as¯ t\cn-«p. BZyw \nd-s bm-gn-¨Xv `mKy-h-imÂ
At±-l-¯nsâ Imdns\am{Xw ]cn-t¡Â¸n-¨p. ]ns¶ cmjv{Sob kZy-¡n-S-
bnÂ `£-W-¯nÂ IeÀ¯nb hnjw At±-l-¯ns\ \in-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\pap³
]v, At±-l-¯nsâ tUmIvSÀ ASn-b-ńc NnInÕ \ÂIn-bXpImcWw c£-
s¸-«p. ac-W-Im-c Ww lrZ-bm-LmXw F¶m-bn-c p¶p HutZym-KnI hni-Zo-I-c -
Ww. hnjw \ÂIn-b-XmWv F¶-X n\v Bh-i y-¯n-e-[nIw sXfn-h p-m-bn-cp-
s¶-¦nepw At\z-jWw \S-¶-tX-bn-Ã.
“temI-¯nse {]ap-J-a mb kw`-h-§-s fÃmw A[nIw ià-cm-b, D¶-X-cm-b,
]e tZi-¡m-cmb ]e hwio-b-X-bpÄs¡m-Åp¶ [\n-I-c mb NneÀ hfsc
Icp-Xn-¡q«n krjvSn-¡p-¶-h -bm-s W¶v sI¶-Un-bpsS “h[w” kv] jvS-a m-¡p-
¶p. aäp-Å-h À AhÀ¡pthn ]WnsbSp¡p-¶p. AhÀ Imem-Im-e-§-
fmbn Hu¶-Xy-¯nÂ DÅ-h-cm-Wv. þ FÂ. ^vs f¨À {]u«n” [ JFK : The CIA,
Vietnam, and the plot to Assassinate John. F. Kennedy ]
93
“At\Iw Xe-a p-d-I-fmbn \ne-\ nÂ¡p¶ HcpkwLw, A´m-cmjv{S

Iq«mbva, hmkvX-h-am-Wv. AhÀ¡v Bcp-ambpw tNÀ¶v {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-
Xn\v hnj-a-a n-Ã. I½yq-Wn-Ìp-I-fp-a mbpw. duv sS-bv_nÄ {Kq¸v. Rm³
AXn-s\-¡p-dn¨v 20 hÀjw ]T\w \S-¯n-b-Xp-sImv F\n¡v AXnsâ
{]hÀ¯-\-§-s f-¡p-dn-¨v hyà-a mbn Adn-bmw . AXnsâ cl-ky-tc-J-IÄ
]Tn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw F\n¡v Ah-k-c-a p-m-bn. temI-a m-I-a m\w hym]vX-amb
km¼-¯nI \nb-{´Ww AhÀ B{K-ln-¡p-¶p. AXv kzIm-cy- hy-àn-I -
fpsS H¯m-i -bnÂ cmjv{So-b -hy-h-ØnXn \nb-{ń-¡p-¶ -Xn\pthn.
AXn\pthn cl-ky- k-t½-f-\ -§-fn-eqsS, hyh-Ø-I-fn-eqsS temI-¯m-I -
am-\-a pÅ sk³{SÂ _m¦p-I -fpsS Iq«mb {]hÀ¯\w B{K-ln-¡p-¶p.
AXnsâ Xe-¸¯v kznävkÀe-nse t_bvkenÂ, _m¦v t^mÀ CâÀ\mj-
WÂ skänÂsaâvkv. kzIm-c y-Øm-] -\-§-fmb sk³{SÂ _m¦p-I-fpsS
DS-a-Ø-X-bn-epÅ kzImcy Øm]-\ -am-W-Xv. km¼¯nI apX-em-fn-¯-
¯nsâ hfÀ¨, temI-km-¼-¯nI \nb-{´-W-¯nsâ tI{µo-I-c-W-¯n\v
km[y-a m-¡n. AXv km¼-¯nI iàn-I-fpsS t\cn-«pÅ t\«-§Ä¡pw , aäv
FÃm hn`m-K-§-fp-sSbpw t\cn-«-Ãm-sX-bpÅ A]-I-S-§Ä¡pw Imc-W-am-hp-
¶p.”- ImcÄ JznKven þ tPmÀÖvSu¬ bqWn-th-g vkn-än-bnse Ncn{X
A²ym-]-I³. [ Tragedy And Hope : A History of the World in Our Time -
1966 ]
“PÀ½-\n-bnÂ R§sf XS-ªXv PÀ½³ hyh-km-bn-I -f-Ã. PÀ½-\n-bnse
Ata-cn-¡³ hyh-km-bn-I -fm-Wv. R§sf XSª iàn-IÄ Ata-cn-¡bnÂ
\n¶pw {]hÀ¯n-¨p. ]t£ {]Xy-£-ambn«Ã. Kh¬saâv GsX-¦ nepw
Hcp coXn-bnÂ t\cn«v CS-s ]-«n-Ã . F¶mÂ Kh¬saâns\ \nb-{ń-¡p¶
iàn-I -fm-Wv. hn]p-e-a mb [\-i-àn-bpsSap¶nÂ Ai-à-cm-hp¶
Kh¬saâv ]pXnb Imcy-a-Ã. tZiob Kh¬saâv t\m¡n\nÂt¡
A[nIw ià-c m-b-hÀ BtKm-f- kw-`-h-§Ä {]mhÀ¯n-I -am-¡p-¶p.”-
Pbnwkv ÌphÀ«v amÀ«n³ þ cmw temI-a -lm-bp-²-¯n\vtijw \oXn-\ ym-b-
h-Ip-¸nsâ bqtdm-¸nse At\z-j-W -kw-L-¯nse AwKw [ All Honourable
Men ]
“Hu]-Nm-c n-I -ambn `cn-¡p-¶ -hÀ AhÀ¡pÅ BÚ-IÄ P\-§-fnÂ\n¶pw
kzoI-c n-¡p-¶n-Ã. adn¨v Hcp sNdnb kwLw a\p-jy-cnÂ\n¶pw kzoI-c n-¡p-
¶p. A¯cw kwLw hmkvX-h -ambpw \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶p-s -¦nepw AXv
\ntj-[ n-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p. AXv Ata-c n-¡³ kmaq-ly- hy-h-Øn-Xn-bpsS Hcp
cl-kyw. cm-as¯ clkyw Fs´-¶mÂ AXv NÀ¨ sN¿-s¸-Sm³
]mSnÃ F¶-Xm-Wv.” þ BÀXÀ Fkv. anÃÀ. tPmÀÖv hmjnw-Kv S¬ bqWn-
th-g vkn-än-bnse \nba A²ym-]-I³.
94
s]mXpsh {]N-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv kb-Wn-Ìp-IÄ B{K-ln-¡p¶ Xc-

¯nepÅ Ncn-{X-a m-Wv. At\Iw \pW-I-fpsS Iq«-¯nÂ H¶p am{X-amWv
PÀ½-\n-bnÂ \S¶ hwiob Iq«-s¡m-e.
cmw temIa-lm-bp²w XpS-§p-¶-X n\pap³]v 1933 se Zn\-] -{X-§-fnÂh¶
Nne D²-c -Wn-I Ä Ah hyà-a m-¡pw.
“PÀ½-\n-s ¡-Xnsc PqXÀ bp²w {]Jym-] n-¡p-¶p. PÀ½³ km[-\ -§Ä Xnc-
kv¡-cn-¡p-I . _rl-¯mb {]I-S-\ -§Ä. temI-a m-I -am-\-apÅ C{km-tb-en-
IÄ PÀ½-\n-s ¡-Xnsc km¼-¯n-I-a mbpw bp²w {]Jym-] n-¡p-¶p. 140
e£w PqX-·mÀ Hcp a\p-jy-s \¶t]mse H¶ptNcp-¶p, PÀ½-\ n-s¡-Xnsc
bp²w {]Jym-]n-¡p-¶-X n\pthn. PqX- hym-]mcn Ahsâ
Øm]\whn«phcpw, Hml-cn-¡-¨-h -S-¡m-c³ AXpw, hym]mcn Ahsâ
hym]m-chpw, Zcn-{Z³ Ahsâ inYn-e-a mb IqSm-c-h pw. lnäve-dn-s \-Xnsc
hnip-²-bp²w {]Jym-] n-¡p-¶-Xn\pthn.” þ sUbven FIvkv{]-Êv. amÀ¨v
24, 1933
“CXphscbpw AWn tNÀ¶n«n-Ãm¯ Hmtcm PqX\pw Ct¸mÄ ChnsS AXv

sNt¿--Xp-v. PÀ½³ \nÀ½nX km[-\-§Ä Xnc-kv¡-cn-¨mÂam{Xw aXn-
bm-h n-Ã . -A-h -cpsS \ne-\nÂ¸v Ib-äp-aXn hym]m-c s¯ B{i-bn-¨n-c n-¡p-
¶p. AXv XIÀt¡--X p-v. lnäveÀ `c-Ws¯ \in-¸n-t¡Xpv.” þ
kmap-h Â D³SÀtabÀ þ PpX-t\-Xmhv þ {]kn-Uv hnÂk¬sâbpw dqkv
shÂän-s âbpw ASp¯ kplr¯v.
kmap-h Â D³SÀtab-tdm-sSm¸w, PÀ½-\n-s ¡-Xn-cmb bp²-¯ n\v t{]mÕm-
l\w \ÂIp-I-bm-bn-cp¶p _À\mUv _dq-¨ v.
PÀ½-\n-bp-sSbpw P¸m-sâbpw temI hym]m-c -¯nÂ\n¶pÅ \njvvIm-k\w ,
{_n«\v hntZi hym]m-c-¯nÂ Af-hnepw em`-¯nepw AXn-bmb t\«-a p-m-
¡pw. þ Baruch The Public Years By Bernard M. Baruch - hnÂk¬,
dqkvshÂäv, {Sqa³ F¶n-h -cpsS D]-tZ-i -I³.
“hnip-²- bp²w F¶v {]Jym-]n-¡-s¸-«n-«pÅ PÀ½-\n¡v FXn-cmb bp²w
AXnsâ Aý-¯nÂ F¯n-t¨-tc--Xp-v. PÀ½-\n-bpsS \mi-¯n-te¡v”
-þ tUmIvSÀ {^m³kv.-s P- joUvÂ
“amk-§-f mbn PÀ½-\n-s¡-Xncmb {]t£m`w \S¶phcp-¶p. FÃm PqX- hn-
`m-K-§fpw, FÃm kt½-f-\ -§-fnepw, FÃm kwL-S-\-I fpw, FÃm PqX-·m-
cpw. am\-kn-I-a mbpw imco-cn-I-a mbpw D¶-X-a mb cmjv{S-a m-hp-¶-Xn-\pÅ
Ah-cpsS B{Klw XIÀ¡-Ww. PqX-· mÀ Bh-i y-s ¸-Sp-¶Xv PÀ½-\n-bpsS
kaq-e-a mb \mi-a m-Wv. FÃm AÀ°-¯nepw PÀ½\n PqX-·mÀ¡v A]-I-S-
95
am-Wv.” hvemUn-a nÀ tPt_m-«n³kvIn (CÀKp³ kmhn eyqan F¶ PqX òI-

c-kw-L-S-\-bpsS Øm]-I ³)
“lnäve-dn\v bp²-¯n-t\mSv XmXv]-c y-a n-Ã. ]t£ \½Ä A[nIw Xma-kn-
bmsX AXv lnäve-dn\p taÂ -A-Sn-t¨Â¸n-¡pw.” þ FanÂ epUvhnKv
tImlv³ þ [ The New Holy Alliance ]
“\½Ä PqX-·mÀ PÀ½-\n-¡p-taÂ bp²w sImp-h -cp-¶-Xn\v t]mhp-I-
bmWv” þ tUhnUv F. {_u¬ -þ kwbpà PqX-k-t½-f-\ -¯nsâ A²y-
£³ þ [ I Testify Against The Jews By Robert Edward Edmondson] And
[ The Jewish War of Survival By Arnold Lesse ].
“PÀ½³ImÀs¡-Xnsc KmV-a mb hntcm[w sImp-h-tc--Xp-v. PÀ½³
ssk\n-IÀs¡-Xnsc, FÃmt]À¡pw FXnsc . hnPbwhsc \½Ä shdp-¡-
Ww.” - Lord Beaverbrook [ Niemals By Henrich Gootsch ]
“{]k-à-a m-bXv HtcHcp iàn am{Xw. cmjv{Sob A[n-I m-c -¯nsâ iàn.
temI-¯ nse Gähpw Icp-¯-c mb a\-jy-cmWv \½Ä PqX-·mÀ. \ap¡v
AXp-Å-X p-s Imv AXv F§ns\ {]tbm-Kn-¡Ww F¶pw \ap¡v Adn-
bmw.” hvfmUn-aÀ Pt_m-«n³kvI n.
“Cu hÀjw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶ -X n\pap³]v Cw¥v, djy, {^m³kv, Ata-
cn¡ F¶n-hb - psS kJyw PÀ½-\ n-tbbpw Cä-en-tbbpw km¼-¯n-I-ambn
\new ]cn-im-¡pw.” þ t]mÄ t{Ubv^kv 1938
“Ct¸mÄ Dt±-in-¡-¸-« n-c n-¡p¶ bp²w, PqX-·m-c psS temIm-[n-] -Xy-¯n\p
thn-bp-Å-X m-Wv.” þ tPmÀÖv hm³ tlm¬ tamkvse þ {_ntK-Un-bÀ
P\-dÂ. 1939
“PqX-·mÀ {_n«-t\m-s Sm¸w AWntNcpw. {_n«sâ ]²-Xn-b-\p-k-cn-¨pÅ
{]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v ]qÀ® ]n´pW. sNdpXpw hep-Xp-a mb FÃm Imcy-
§Ä¡pw N{I-hÀ¯n-bpsS `c-W -\nÀt±-i -§Ä¡p IognÂ R§Ä AWn
tNcp-¶p. PqX-·m-cmb a\p-jycpw, kmt¦-XnI anI-h p-I-fpw, aäp hn`-h -
§fpw” þ sNbvw hokva³ þ temI PqX tIm¬{Kkv {]kn-U-v, PqX
kwL-S-\-bpsS Xe-h³, ]ns¶ C{k-tbÂ {]kn-U-v. [ London Times
Sept 5 1939. AND London Jewish Chronicle Sept 5 1939 ]
“PÀ½\n \jvS-am-b-t¸mÄ \ap¡v {]ap-J-a mb Hcp A[n-I mc tI{µw \jvS-
am-bn. AXn-\ mÂ AXv Xncn¨p]nSn-t¡-p-¶-Xn\v Xocp-am-\n-¡-s¸-«p”. þ
eqbn amÀjmÂtIm [ The World Conquerers : The Real War Criminals ]
96
1925 Â 5 e£-t¯mfw hcp¶ PÀa³ PqX-· mÀ kb-Wn-k-¯n\v FXn-cm-bn-

cp-¶p,. PÀa³ kb-Wn-Ìp-ImÀ 9000 t]À am{X-a m-bn-c p-¶p. “ Central Union
of Germans of Jewish Faith Â an¡-hmdpw FÃm PqX-·mcpw AwK-§-fm-bn-
cp-¶p. PÀ½³ Pohn-X -co-Xn-tbmSv s]mcp-¯-s ¸«v t]mIp-¶-hÀ. Bân
skssa-än-k-¯n-s \-Xnsc t]mcm-SpI F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p {]Jym]nX- Dt±-i w.
\mkn-I -fpsS Bân skssa-änIv \b-§sf kzoI-c n-¡p-¶-h-c m-bn-c p¶p kb-
WnÌpIÄ. \mkn-I-s f-t¸mse Ahcpw hwio-b-X-bn-eq-¶nb tZiob kz`m-
h¯nepw, hn[n-bnepw hniz-kn-¨ p. \mkn-I-s f-t¸mse Ahcpw PqX-·mÀ¡v
PÀ½-\n-bnÂ XpS-cm-\m-hnÃ F¶p Icp-X n. 1933 Â PÀ½³ bqWn-thÀkn-än-
I-fnÂ\n¶pw 2000 PqX ]WvUn-X -scbpw imkv{X-Ú-s cbpw \o¡w
sNbvXXp t]mepÅ \S-] -Sn-Isf AhÀ tNmZywsN¿p-¶ n-Ã. AXn\v {]Xn-^ -
e-ambn \mkn-I Ä kb-Wn-Ìp-Isf kzX-{´-ambn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xn\v A\p-
h-Zn-¨p. kb-Wn-ksamgnsI asäÃm PqX-kw-L-S-\-Ifpw ^mknÌv hncp-
²-kw-L-S-\-Ifpw \ntcm-[n-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw t\Xm-¡-·mÀ Xpdp-¦ n-e-S-¡-s¸-Sp-
Ibpw sNbvXp.
t]mcm-«-§-fpsS FÃm `mK¯pw PqX-·m-cp-m-h pw. amÀIvkn-kw, I½yq-Wn-

kw, ^mkn-kw, \mkn-kw, kb-Wn-kw, Iym]n-ä-en-kw. lmcÄUv
hmsebvkv tdmk³XmÄ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶Xpt]mse AhÀ Apostate PqX-
·m-c m-Wv. sNIp-¯m³ tkh-IÀ. Ah-cpsS A[n-Imc aÕ-c-¯nÂ AhÀ
\Ã PqX-·msc _ensImSp-¡p-¶-Xn\v aSn-¡p-I-bn-Ã. tdm¯vjoÂUpw
tdms¡-s^-Ãdpw aäp _m¦v {]`p-¡-·mcpw t]mcm-«-§-fpsS FÃm ]¦m-fn-
IÄ¡pw hmbv] \ÂIpw. kz¯p-¡Ä ]nSn-s ¨-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\pthn.
]ecpw XS-h n-em-¡-s ¸-Sp¶p. ]oVn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. kb-WnÌv \nb-a-§sf
tNmZyw sN¿m³ ]mSp-Å-XÃ F¶m-Wv. kXym-t\z-jWw A\p-h-Zn-¡-s¸-Sp-
¶n-Ã. bp.-F³ AXn\v H¯misN¿p-¶p. CsXm¶pw Ncn-{X-¯nsâ `mK-
ambn ]Tn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. hnP-bn-¨-h À Fgp-Xp¶ Ncn{Xw am{Xw ]Tn-¨mÂ
aXn F¶-Xm-Wv.
1871 Â Ata-cn-¡³ tabvk-W-dn-bpsS Gähpw D¶-X-\mb t\Xmhv
BÂ_À«v ss]¡v Fgp-Xnb I¯v , aq¶v temI alm-bp-²-§sf kqNn-¸n-
¡p-¶p. H¶v ASp-¯-Xn\v hgnacp-¶n-Spw. CÃyq-an-\m-än-bpsS temIm-[n-]Xy-
¯n\vthn.
“djy-bnse kmÀ N{I-h À¯nsb XIÀ¯v (?) AXv \nco-iz-c-h m-Zn-I-fpsS
I½yq-Wn-k-¯nsâ tIm«-bm-¡p-¶-Xn\v CÃyq-an-\m-änsb klm-bn-¡p-¶-
Xn\p thn H¶mwtemI-a -lm-bp²w kw`-hn-¡-Ww. CÃyq-an-\m-än-bpsS
]nWn-bm-fp-I Ä {_n«-sâbpw PÀ½-\n-bp-s Sbpw CS-bnÂ krjvSn-¡p¶ hnL-
S\w CXn\p thn D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s ¸-S-Ww. bp²-¯n-s \m-Sp-hnÂ I½yq-Wn-
ks¯ D]-tbm-Kn¨v aX-§-sfbpw aäv Kh¬saâp-I-sfbpw \in-¸n-t¡- -
Xp-v. cmw temI-a -lm-bp-²-¯n\v bqtdm-] y³ tZio-b-h m-Zn-I fpw kb-Wn-
97
Ìp-I -fp-am-bpÅ hntcm[w Imc-W-a m-¡-Ww. bqtdm-]y³ tZio-b-hm-Zn-Isf

\in-¸n-¡p-¶ -Xn\pw, ]me-kvXo-\nÂ, kb-Wn-Ìp-I -fpsS t\Xr-X z-¯nÂ
kzX{´ C{km-tbÂ \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn\pwthn. cmw temI-a-lm-bp-²-Im-
e¯v I½yq-Wn-ks¯ Icp-¯p-ä-X m¡n {InkvX p-a -Xs¯ \nb-{ń-t¡--Xp-
v. AXnsâ hfÀ¨ \nb-{ń¨v Ańa\miwhscbpw \ne-\n-dp-¯-Ww.
aq¶mw temIbp²w cmjv{ Sob kb-Wn-Ìp-Ifpw, CÉm-a nI cmjv{S-§fpw
X½nÂ. Ah ]c-kv]cw \in¸n-¡p-¶-Xp-h -sc. CXnsât]cnÂ hnL-Sn-
¡p¶ aäp cmjv{S-§sf imco-c n-I-ambpw am\-kn-I-ambpw, km¼-¯n-I-
ambpw k¼qÀ®-a mbn XfÀ¯n GItemI {Ia-¯n\vIognÂ sImp-h-cpw.”
cmw temI-a -lm-bp-²-¯nsâ Dt±iyw I½yq-WnÌv djy-bpsS hn]p-eo-I-c -

Whpw C{k-tb-ensâ Øm]-\-h pw. cmw temI-a-lm-bp-²-¯n\p tijw
I½yq-Wn-ks¯ hfÀ¯n-s b-Sp-¯p. 1945 se {Sqa³, NÀ¨nÂ, Ìmen³
NÀ¨-bnÂ FXnÀ¸p-I-s fm-¶p-a n-ÃmsX bqtdm-¸ nsâ hen-s bmcp`mKw djy¡p
\ÂIn. ssN\-bn-te¡v I½yq-Wnkw ià-a mb IS-¶p-I-bäw \S-¯n.
ss]¡v ]d-ªn-cp-¶-Xp-t]mse kw`-h -§Ä {]mhÀ¯n-I-am-bn. bp²-
¯nsâ cphi-§-fnepw CÃyq-an-\m-än-bp- m-bn-c p-¶p. ]nWn-bm-fp-I-fpsS
D¯-c-h m-ZnXzw Ahsc Npa-X-e-s ¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p¶ cmjv{S-§sf \in-¸n-¡-
epw. em`w ]n¶n-ep-Å-hÀ¡pw.
cmjv{S-¯ nsâ ISw , hfsc sNdnb A´m-cmjv{S kwL-¯ nsâ \nb-{´-W -

¯n-em-hp¶p F¶-Xn-\mÂ AhÀ¡v FÃm {][m\ hyh-km-b-¯n-tâbpw
taÂ kÀÆm-[n-]Xyw t\Sp-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-am-hp-¶p. CÃyq-a n-\ män _mt¦-
gvknsâtaÂ\n¶pw {i² hyXn-N-en-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\ pÅ X{´-§Ä AhÀ
{]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. Hmtcm Xe-a p-dbpw Ah-c psS cmjv{S-¯ nÂ\n¶v am\-kn-I -
ambn hnL-Sn-¡p-¶-Xn\pthn ]cn-io-en-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. Ahsc {]Xn-I -c-W-
ti-jn-bn-Ã m-¯-h-c mbn cq]-s ¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. GsX-¦nepw cmjv{Sw FXnÀ¡p-¶-
Xn-s\-X nsc , temI t]meokv Bh-iy-am-Wv. Cdm¡v A[n-\ n-thiwaqew
F®-bpsS hne 15 tUmf-dnÂ \n¶pw 75 tUmf-dm-bn. Hcp Znhkw 2,400
tImSn cq] Bh-iy-ap-m-bn-cp-¶Xv 12,000 tImSn-bmbn hÀ²n-¨p.
A´m-c mjv{S kb-Wn-Ìp-IÄ H¶mw temIalm-bp²w krjvSn-¨Xv djy-

sbbpw PÀ½-\n-sbbpw Iogvs¸-Sp-¯p-¶ -Xn\pw, Hmt«m-a ³ km{am-Pys¯
XIÀ¡p-¶-Xn\pw, ]me-kvX o³ e`y-a m-h p¶ Xc-¯nÂ {_n«s\ cq]-s¸-Sp-
¯p-¶-Xn\pw thn-bm-bn-c p-¶p. Cw¥pw kJy-I-£n-Ifpw Hcp`mK¯pw
_nkva mÀ¡nsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ PÀ½-\nbpwaäpw FXnÀ`m-K¯pw , H¶mw
temI alm-bp-²-¯n\v XpS¡w Ipdn-¨p. 1914 Â . s{Kbväv {_n«³,
{^m³kv, djy, Cäen . FXnÀ`m-K¯v PÀ½-\n, Hmkv{Sn-b, lwK-dn, SÀ¡n.
{_n«sâ ]¡Â Bbp-[-§fpw `£-Whpw CÃ. {^©v tk\¡v 6 e£w
98
`S-·msc tkms½-bnÂ \jvS-a m-bn. djy³ ssk\yw ]n³Xn-cn-ªp. Cäm-

en-b³ ssk\yw ]qÀ®-ambpw XfÀ¶p. AXn\p sXm«p ]n¶mse I½yq-
Wnkw {]tbm-K-¯ nÂ h¶p.
bp²m-\ -ć IcmÀ (th-gvs kbvÂkv ) PÀ½-\nsb XIÀ¯p. Ah-cpsS

cmPy-¯nsâ Hcp`mKw t]mf-n\v sImSp-¡p-¶ -Xn\v \nÀ_-Ôn-X-ambn
(Um³knKv tImdn-tUmÀ). tdm¯vjoÂUnsâ ]nWn-bmÄ, 1913 Â sÛ-dÂ
dnkÀhnsâ cq]o-I-c-W-¯n\v Np¡m³ ]nSn¨ FUvhÀUv lukv , kb-
WnÌv Xo{h-hm-Zn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. th-g vskbvÂkv IcmÀ NÀ¨-bnÂ ]s¦-Sp-¯-
XnÂ 80 iX-am-\hpw A´m-cmjv{S kb-Wn-Ìp-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p.
Ata-cn¡ bp²-¯nÂ ]s¦-Sp-¯n-«p-m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã . e-\nse kb-Wn-Ìp-
IÄ, {_n«ojv bp²Iym_n-\ -än-t\mSv, kJy-¯nsâ Bh-iy-anÃ F¶pw,
Ata-cn-¡sb ]s¦-Sp-¸n-¡p-¶Xphgn bp²w Pbn-¡m-\m-hp-sa¶pw ]Icw
]me-kvXo³ cmjv{Sw cq]o-I-c n-¡p-¶-X n\v , {_n«³ klm-bn-¡p-¶-Xn\v Icm-
dp- m-¡n.
th-g vskbvÂkv v Icm-dnÂ H¸ph¨ 117 kb-Wn-Ìp-I fnÂ Hcm-fpw, \mev Ata-
cn-¡³ {]kn-U-p-a m-c psS kplr¯pw tImSo-iz-c\pw {]apJ kb-Wn-Ìp-am-
bn-cp¶ _©-a n³ {ôUva³ 1961 Â hmjn-§vS-WnÂ C¡mcyw icnh¨p.
PÀ½-\nsb D]-tbm-Kn¨v djysb XIÀ¡m-sa¶pw, kb-Wn-Ìp-I-fpsS \nb-
{´-W-¯n-em-bn-cp¶ I½yq-Wn-Ìp-Isf AhnsS {]Xn-jvTn-¡m-s a-¶p-am-bn-
cp¶p IW¡p Iq«Â.
e-\nse kb-Wn-Ìp-I-fpsS \nÀt±-i -{]-Imcw Ata-c n-¡³ kb-Wn-Ìp-IÄ,
{]kn-Uv hnÂksW bp²-¯n\phn«p. Dd-¸n\pthn _mÂs^mÀ
{]Jym-]-\ w. cN-bn-Xmhv entbm Bsacn F¶ PqX³. A`nkwt_m[\
tdm¯vjoÂUv {]`p-hn-t\m-Sv.
bp²w Ah-km-\n-¸n¨v ssIkÀ t]mf-n-te¡v . ImÄ eo_-Ivt\-jv, tdmk
eIvkw _ÀKv F¶n-h-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ I½yqWn-Ìp-IÄ PÀ½\n ]nSn-
s¨-Sp-¯p. 3 Znh-k-t¯bv¡v am{Xw. 9 tImSn PÀ½³ImÀ . 5 e£w PqX-
·mÀ am{Xw Dm-bn-c p-¶n«pw \nb-{´Ww PqX-· m-c psS ssIIfnÂXs¶.
PÀ½³ \mW-b-¯nsâ hne A[nIw CSn-ªn-c p-¶XpImcWw PqX-·mÀ
A[nIw Øm]-\-§Ä hm§n-¡q-«n-bn-cp-¶p. PÀ½-\n-bnse PqX-· mÀ temI-
¯nse PqX-·m-cnÂ Gähpw \Ã Ah-Ø-bn-em-bn-c p-¶p. 1905 se djy³
hn¹hw ]cm-P-b-s ¸-«-?Xns\XpSÀ¶v PqX-·mÀ¡v PÀ½\n A`bw \ÂIn-bn-
cp-¶p. F¶n«pw ]me-kvXo³ e`n-¡p-¶-X n\pthn kb-Wn-Ìp-IÄ PÀ-½-
\nsb Häp-sIm-Sp-¯p. bqtdm-]y³ PqX-·mÀ k½-X n-¨n-cp¶ Imcy-amWv
AXv XoÀ¯pw cmjv{So-bhpw km¼-¯n-Ihpw am{X-a m-Wv. hÀ¤o-bX H«pw
Xs¶-bÃ F¶ hkvXp-X.
PÀ½³ Pbn-ep-I-fnÂ PqX-·mÀ \Ãh®w ]cn-N-cn-¡-s ¸-«n-c p¶p F¶v,
kÀ¡mÀ cl-ky-tc-J -IÄ ]cn-tim-[n-¡m³ Ah-kcwe`n-¨n-cp¶,
99
tPmÀÖvSu¬ kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-b nse {]^-k-dm-bn-cp¶ S³knÂ ]d-bp-¶p.

XIÀ¶ PÀ½-\n¡v ]p\À\nÀ½m-W-¯n\pthn A´m-c mjv{ S PqX kb-
WnÌv _m¦Àam-cmb hmÀ_ÀKvkv, tP¡_v jn^v^v, sP.-] n. tamÀK³,
sNbvkv am³l-«³, Iq³ temtb_v F¶n-hÀ A[nI ]en-i-bn-t·Â
hmbv] \ÂIn. [ Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler - Antony C. Sutton ]
kbWn-Ìp-I Ä¡v FXn-c mb hnImcw PÀ½-\n-bnÂ {]_-e-am-Ip¶p F¶-
dnª kb-Wn-Ìp-IÄ lnäve-dns\ AhÀ¡papI-fnÂ {]Xn-jvT n-¨p. C¶pw
kb-WnÌvt\XrXzw PÀ½³ \mknIÄ , PqX-· m-c psStaÂ \S-¯nb \nIr-
jvS-a mb A{I-a -§sf A[nIw s]cp-¸n¨vImWn-¡p-¶p. IqSp-XÂ apX-se-Sp-
¸n\vthn. temI PqX km¼-¯nI sÛ-td-j³ {]kn-Uv kmap-hÂ
D³«Àtab-dnsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ , PÀ½³ \mkn-IÄ Pq-X-·msc ]oVn-¸n--
¨Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨v A[nIw I]-S-am-b, s]cp-¸n¨ \pW-IÄ, {]N-cn-¸n-¡-s ¸-«p.
PqX-·mÀ PÀ½³ImÀ¡v hcp¯nh¨ IjvS-X-IÄ aqSnhbv¡-s¸-«p.
PÀ½³ PqX-·msc ]me-kvXo-\n-te¡v Xpc-¯p-¶-Xn\pthn 1933 Â

PÀ½³ kÀ¡mcpw PÀ½-\n-bnse kb-Wn-Ìp-Ifpw cl-ky-I -cm-dnÂ GÀs¸-
«p. \mkn þ kb-WnÌv IcmÀ cl-ky-a mbn kq£n-¡-s¸-«p. A[nIw P\-
§fpw CXn-s \-¡p-dn¨v AÚ-cm-Wv. [ Zionism in the Age of Dictators By
Lenni Brennar ]. Cu [mc-W, A[nIw PqX-·m-c pw, PqX-kw-L-S-\-Ifpw
PÀ½-\nsb _ln-jvI-c n-¡p-¶-X n\v Blzm\w sNbvXn-cp¶ka-b-¯mWv
\ne-hnÂh¶Xv F¶Xv {]tXyIw {i² AÀln-¡p-¶p. lnäveÀ A[n-Im-c -
¯nÂh¶Xv PqX-· mÀ ]me-kvXo-\n-te¡v IpSn-tb-dp-¶-Xn\v klm-b-a m-bn.
PÀ½-\nsb _ln-jvI-cn-¨Xv kb-Wn-k-¯n\v FXn-cmb PqX-·m-scbpw kb-
Wn-Ìp-I-fpsS ]²-Xn-bn-te¡v sImp-h-c p-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-a m-bn. PÀ½-\n-
bnse PqX-·m-cpsS PohnXw Ign-bp-¶{Xbpw ZpÊ-l-am-¡pI F¶Xv kb-
Wn-Ìp-I-fpsS ]²-X n-bm-b n-c p-¶p. CXv Transfer Agreement \v Imc-W-am-bn.
PÀ½³ PqX-·m-c nÂ A[n-Ihpw kb-Wn-Ìp-I-fpsS t\XrXzw AwKo-I -cn-¨n-cp-
¶n-Ã. kb-Wn-Ìp-I sf klm-bn-¡p-¶Xv lnä-e-dnsâ {][m\ ZuXy-§-fnÂ
H¶pw. [ The Transfer Agreement By Edwin Black ] PpX-·mÀ PÀ½-\n-
bnÂ\n¶pw ]pd¯p t]mtI-p¶Xn\pw ]me-kvX o-\ n-te¡p am{Xw t]mtI-
p-¶-Xn\pw CXv Imc-W-a-bn. ]me-kvX o-\ nsâ \ne-\nÂ¸n\v , \mkn k¼-
Zvhy-h-Ø-bpsS \ne-\ nÂ¸pw hfÀ¨bpw A\n-hm-cy-sa-¶vI kb-Wn-Ìp-
IÄ PÀ½-\n-bpsS ]p\À\nÀ½m-W-¯n\v klm-bn-¨p. F¶mÂ PÀ½-
\n¡v]pd-¯pÅ kb-Wn-Ìp-IÄ PÀ½³ km[-\ -§Ä _ln-jvI-cn-¨p.
cmw temIalm-bp-²-I m-e ka-b-¯v, \nÀ_-Ôn-X-ambn ]Wn-s b-Sp-¸ n-¡p-
¶-Xn\v PqX-·m-scbpw aäpw PÀ½\n D]-tbm-Kn¨n-c p-¶p. tdm¯vjoÂUv
IpSpw_w Bcw-`n¨ Red Cross ]d-bp-¶Xv \mev e£-t¯mfw
BÄ¡mÀam{Xw C¯cw Iym¼p-I-fnÂ ac-W-a-Sªp F¶m-Wv. cmw
temI-a -lm-bp-²-¯n\pw Imc-W-¡mÀ kb-Wn-Ìp-I -fmWv F¶m-Wv. ]d-bp-
100
¶-Xv CsX-¡p-dn¨v B[n-Im-c nI Kth-jWw \S-¯ nb, Ata-cn-¡³ PqX

I½n-än-bpsS þ AXv kb-WnÌv hncp² kwL-S-\-bm-bn-cp¶p þ Øm]-I sâ
aI³, _©an³ {ôUva³. At±lw League for Peace with Justice in
Palestine F¶ kwL-S-\ -bpsS Øm]-I-\ pw. tUmIvSÀ dmt^Â
tPm¬k¬ cNn¨ “PÀ½-\ n-bpsStaÂ PqX-c psS bp²-{]-Jym-]\w : 1933 se
km¼-¯nI _ln-jvI -cWw” F¶ teJ\w IqSp-XÂ hnh-c-§Ä \ÂIp-
¶p. [ The Barnes Review ]
PqX hncp² hnImcw bqtdm-¸nsâ Ncn-{X-¯nÂ F¶p-ap-m-bn-c p-¶-X m-Wv.

lnäveÀ 1933 Â A[n-Im-c -ta-sä-Sp-¯-t¸mÄ s]mSp-¶s\ Dm-b-X-Ã.
lnäveÀ PÀ-½-\n-bpsS A\n-tj[y t\Xm-hm-bn-c p-¶n-Ã. ssk\y-¯n\ptaÂ
k¼qÀ® A[n-Imcw Dm-bn-cp-¶-Xp-a n-Ã. Iq«p kÀ¡m-c nÂ {][m-\ n-I -fnÂ
Hcm-fm-bn-c p¶p lnäveÀ.
lnäve-dnsâ t\Xr-X z-¯n-epÅ kÀ¡mÀ PqX hntcm[w hfÀ¯p¶p F¶v
PÀ½-\n¡p ]pd¯p \n¶p- mb Btcm-]-Ws¯ , PÀ½-\n-bnse Jewish
Central Association þ AhÀ ‘shsd-bn³’ F¶-dn-b-s¸-«n-cp¶p þ FXnÀ¯p.
CXn\p hncp-²-ambn, lnäveÀ AhÀ¡m-h -iy-a mb Imc-W-§Ä krjvSn¨p
\ÂIn-bn-c p-¶Xp\nan¯w Ata-c n-¡-bn-sebpw {_n«-\n-tebpw PqX t\Xm-¡-
·mÀ PÀ½\ns¡-X n-c mb bp²w Bh-iy-s a¶v Xocp-am-\n-¨p. lnäv-eÀ
hmkvX-h-¯nÂ kb-Wn-k-¯nsâ ]nWn-bm-fpw, tdm¯vjoÂUv AwK-hp-am-
bn-cp-¶p.
1933 amÀ¨nÂ Ata-cn-¡³ PqX-kw-L-S\ _rl-¯mb {]t£m`w amUn-

k¬ kvIzbÀ KmÀU³knÂ kwL-Sn-¸n-¨p. temI-am-I-am-\-a p-m-bn-cp¶
Hcp-tIm-Sn \mÂ]-Xp-e£w PqX-·mÀ PÀ½-\n-bpsStaÂ km¼-¯nI Ipcnip-
bp²w {]Jym-]n-¨p. AtX-k-a bw PÀa-\ n-bnse PqX-kw-L-S\ CsXÃmw
sI«p-I-Y-I-sf¶a«nÂ {]kvX m-h \ ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-¨p.[ The Secret Contacts:
Zionism and Nazi Germany By Klans Polkehn ]
kb-Wn-Ìp-I -fpsS arZp-k-a o-]\w , \mkn tkmjy-enkw PqX-·msc ]me-

kvXo-\n-te¡v IpSn-tb-dp-¶-X n\v klm-b-am-bn-cp-¶-Xn-\mem-Wv. sNdn-sbmcp
Ime-L-«-¯nÂ PqX-·msc ITn-\ -amb ]oV-\-§Ä¡v hnt[-b-a m-¡n-bn-c p¶p
F¶Xv hmkvX-h-am-Wv. AXv \ndp-¯-em-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-c p-¶p. AwK-
hn-tOZw sN¿-s¸« PqX- ar-X-i-c o-c -§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw, Nqgvs¶-Sp-¡-s ¸« I®p-
I-sf-¡p-dn¨pw aäpw \ndw ]nSn-¸ n¨ sI«p-I-Y-IÄ hn]p-e-ambn {]N-cn-¸n-¡-
s¸-«p.
101
1933Â lnäveÀ {]Jym-]n¨ _ln-jvI-c -W-¯n-\pÅ \nÀt±-i w,

PÀ½³ km[-\-§Ä _ln-jvI-c n-¡p-¶ -Xn-\pÅ PqX-·m-cpsS Xocp-a m-\ s¯
]n³]-än-bm-bn-cp-¶p. kmhpÂ {ôUvem³Udpw kuI-cy-]qÀÆw AXns\
lnäve-dnsâ ap³ssI F¶a«nÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. 1933 Â PÀa³ km¼-
¯nI ØnXn ]c-a-Z-b-\o-b-a m-bn-c p-¶p. D¨-Øm-bn-bn-epÅ \mW-b-s ¸-cp¸w
60 e£w t]cpsS sXmgnÂ \jvS-s ¸-Sp-¯ n. 30 e£w t]À sXmgn-en-Ãmbva
thX-\s¯ B{i-bn-t¡Xmbnh¶p. PÀ½³ km[-\-§Ä _ln-jv I -cn-
¡pI F¶p-Å-X nsâ Dt±iw PÀa-\nsb km¼-¯n-I -ambn XIÀ¡pI
F¶-Xm-bn-cq-¶q. H¶mw temI-a -lm-bp-²-¯ n-\p-tijw ho«m-\ p-m-bncp¶
ISw ho«m-\m-hsX ssk\n-I-i àn £bn-¸n¨v \in-¸n-¡p-I . bp²w XpS-§p-
¶-Xn\pap³]v temI PqX-kw-L-S\ Hu]-Nm-cn-I-a mbn PÀa-\n-bpsStaÂ
bp²w {]Jym-]n-¨Xv A[nIw {i²-bnÂs¸-Sp-¶ n-Ã. 6 hÀjw \op-\n¶
_ln-jvI-c-W-¯n\v tij-a m-Wn-X v.
1871 Â _nkva mÀ¡v PÀ½-\nsb GtIm-] n-¸n-¨-p. H¶mw temI-a-lm-bp-²-

¯nÂ t]mfv ssItb-dnb , PÀ½-\n-bpsS `mK¯v \nh-kn-¨n-c p¶ PÀ½³
kztZ-in-Isf t]mf-nse kb-Wn-Ìp-IÄ Iq«-s ¡me sNbvXXv cmw
temI-a -lm-bp²¯n\v XpS-¡-an-«p. [ Edwin Erich Dwinger ] CXv s]mXp-
hnÂ Adn-b-s ¸-Sp-¶ n-Ã. C¯cw hmÀ¯-IÄ ]qgv¯nhbv¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p.
\ntj-[ n-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p. 58,000 PÀ½³ImÀ h[n-¡-s¸-«p. Hcp Znhkw am{Xw
5,500 t]sc t]mf-nse t_mÄsj-h nIv kb-Wn-Ìp-IÄ h[n-¨p. 1939 Â.
“kv^SnI cm{Xn”( Crystal Night ) F¶v t]mXpsh Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv
PÀ½\n ImcW-a n-ÃmsX s]s«¶v PqXsc B{I-a n-¨ -Xn-\m-Wv. kb-Wn-Ìp-
IÄ \mknI-sf¶ hymtP\ Icp-Xn-¡q«n krjvSn-¨-XmWXv F¶p-Å-Xn\v
sXfnhv e`y-am-Wv.
_rl-¯ mb _m¦n§v Øm]-\ -§-fpsS DS-a-I -fpw, A[nIw Ata-cn-¡³

{]kn-U-p-a m-c pw, bqtdm-] y³ {]`p-Ip-Spw-_-§-fpamb-pw, tdm¯vjoÂUv,
bqtdm-]y³ _m¦p-I -fp-ambn _Ô-ap-Å-h-c m-Wv.
PÀ½-\nsb B{I-an-¡p-¶-Xn\v ImcWw krjvSn-¡p-¶-X n\v thn \nÀ½n-¨ -

Xm-Wv lnävedns\ . AÂ sJzbvZbpw òI-c -Xbpw CXpamXncn krjvSn-¡-
s¸-Sp-¶ -Xm-Wv. CÃyq-a n-\m-änsb A\p-k-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v hnap-J
- X ImWn-¡p-¶-
hsc B{I-a n-¡p-¶-Xn\v , ImcWw krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn.
“t]mf-n\v PÀ½-\n-bpsS taÂbp²w thWw. PÀ½-\ n¡v AsXm-g n-hm-¡m-
\m-hn-Ã. AXv A§ns\ B{K-ln-¡p-s ¶-¦nÂ¡qSn.” dnUvkv kvan¥n (
t]mfv ssk\n-I-¯-e-h ³ )
102
bp²m-\ -ćw 93 e£w PÀ½³ImÀ h[n-¡-s ¸-«p. bp²m-\-ćw h[w \ndp-

¯-em-¡p-¶-Xn\p]Icw hÀ²n-¸n-¨p. Bdv hÀjs¯ bp²-¯nÂ ac-W-a -
Sª ssk\n-I-sc-¡mfpw A[nIw P\-§Ä AXv Ignª , A©v hÀj-
¯nse kam-[m\ Ime¯v h[n-¡-s ¸-«p.
H¶mw temIalm-bp-²-¯n\p tijw , 10 e£w PÀ½³ImÀ h[n-¡-s ¸-«p.

cmw temIalm-bp-²-¯n\p tijw \S¶ Iq«-s¡m-e-bpsS kq{X-[m-c -I³
Ata-cn-¡³ kb-WnÌv sl³{Sn tamÀK³tXm . hyh-kmb-§Ä \in-¸n¨v,
Ib-äp-a Xn \in-¸n¨v ]Icw `£y-h-kvX p-¡-fpsS Cd-¡p-aXn \in-¸n¨v
Zmcn{Zyw krjvSn¨v ]«n-Wn-¡n«v sImÃp-I. 1944 Â {^m¦n-en³ dqkvs hÂäv ,
tPm¬ sabv\ mÀUv sIbv³kn-t\mSv ]²Xn XpS-tc--X p-s ¶v cl-ky-
ambn Adn-bn-¨ p. HutZym-Kn-I-a mbn \ndp-¯-em-¡nbtijw. Ata-cn-¡³
kpc£m sk{I-« dn tImÀUÂ lÄ, AXv 2 tImSn PÀa³Im-c psS ac-W-
¯n\v Imc-W-a mhpw F¶v hne-bn-c p-¯n. PÀ½³ Ib-äp-aXn Ir{Xn-a -ambn
hI-bn-c p-¯pI hgn PÀ½\n¡v e`y-am-tI-n-bn-c p¶ hntZi\mWy-¯nÂ
KWyamb Ipdhv krjvSn-¨p. 1945 Â aq¶v hb-Ên\v Xmsg-bpÅ Ipªp-
§fnÂ ASp¯ hÀjw Poh-t\msSbncn-¡m³ km[y-X-bp-ÅXv ]Ip-Xn-
tbmfw am{Xw F¶v hne-bn-cp-¯-s¸-«p. inip ac-W-\n-c ¡v _Àen-\nÂ GI-
tZiw 100 iXam\-am-bn-cp-¶p. 1991 se Cdm¡v D]-tcm-[hpw kam-\- km-l-N-
cy-§Ä krjvSn-¨p.
1946 Â {_n«ojv A[o-\-X-bn-embn-c p¶ lmw_ÀKnÂ Bbn-c-¡-W -¡n\v
S¬ `£yhkvX p-¡Ä A[nIwh¶v \in-¨ -t¸mÄ Hcp e£¯n-e-[nIw
PÀ½³ImÀ ac-W-t¯mSv ASp-¡p-I-bm-bn-c p-¶p. FÃmhn[ klm-b-§fpw
XS-b-s¸-«p. Ncn-{X-¯nÂ Hcn-¡-ep-a pm-bn-«n-Ã m¯hn[w PÀ½³ImÀ
]oVn¸n-¡-s ¸-«p. PÀ½-\n-bpsSIognÂ U¨p-ImÀ A\p-`-hn-¨-X n-t\-¡mÄ
A[nIw ]oV-\-§Ä kJy-tk-\-bpsSIognÂ PÀ½³ImÀ A\p-`-hn-¨p.
Iq« _emÂkwKw km[m-c-W-am-bn-cp-¶p.
apJw cIvjn¡p-¶-Xn\v amÀjÂ ]²Xn Ah-X-c n-¸ n-¡-s ¸-«p. Ata-cn¡
A[nIw HuZmcyw PÀ½-\ n-tbmSv ImWn-¡p¶pF¶v hcp-¯n-¯oÀ¡p-¶-
Xn\p thn. ]«nWnac-W-§Ä AXnsâ ]mc-ay-¯nÂ F¯n-b-
Xn\ptijamWv amÀjÂ ]²Xn Ah-X-c n-¸ n-¡-s ¸-«-Xv. sam¯-a mbpw X«n¸p
Xs¶-bm-bn-c p¶p AXv. amÀjÂ ]²Xn tkh\w F¶ ad]nSn¨v XIÀ¶-
Snª PÀ½-\nsb hopw NqjWw sN¿p-¶-Xn\pthn-bm-bn-c p-¶p.
Ìmen³, NÀ¨nÂ, {Sqa³ F¶n-hÀ AwKo-I-c n¨ , ]pd-¯m-¡Â \S-]-Snsb

]n³]än , t]mf-p-Imcpw sN¡p-Imcpw PÀ½³Imsc Iq«-s ¡me sN¿p-I -
bm-bn-c p-¶p. {Iqc-amb AwK-hn-tO-Zhpw, _emÂ¡m-c hpw Iq«-t¯msS
shSn-h¨p sImÃp-¶Xpw `mK-am-bn-cp-¶p.
103
ap³ \mkn tIm¬k¬t{S-j³Iym¼p-I-fn-te¡v e£-¡-W -¡n\v

PÀ½³Imsc sImp-t]m-bn. BcpwXs¶ XncnsI h¶n-Ã. [ An Eye for
an Eye By John Sack ] . \mkn-I-fpsS bp²-Ime Ipä-Ir-Xy-§Ä At\z-jn-
¡p¶ I½o-j-\p-IÄ PÀ½³Im-cpsS AØn-IqSw Is-Sp-¯ mÂ AXn-s \-
¡p-dn¨v At\z-jn-¡m-dn-Ã. _mtJz ]d-bp¶p 1.6 tImSn PÀ½³Imsc Ing-
¡nÂ\n¶pw ]pd-¯m-¡n-b-XnÂ , 21 e£wt]À HutZym-KnI IW¡p
{]Imcw ac-W-a -S-ªp. 25 e£wt]sc¡pdn¨v IW-¡n-Ã. Ahcpw ac-W-a-S-
ªp. sam¯w 40 e£-¯n-e-[nIw Ing-¡³ bqtdm-¸nse PÀ½³ImÀ ac-
W-a-S-ª-Xn-s \-¡p-dn¨v apJy-[mc am[y-a -§Ä au\w ]men-¡p-¶p. cmw
temIalm-bp²w Ign-ª-Xn\ptijw e£¡W¡n\p PÀ½³ImÀ h[n-¡-
s¸-«p. CXv ]qgv¯n hbv¡-s¸-«p.
Ct¸mÄ apÉow Iq«-s¡m-e-Isf kb-WnÌv ]ptcm-ln-X -·mÀ \ymbo-I-c n-¡p-

¶p. aX-¯nsâ t]cnÂ.
P\-§sf hniz-kn-¸ n-¨ n-cn-¡p-¶-X nÂ\n¶v hncp-²-am-bn, lnäveÀ, kb-Wn-Ìv,

JkmÀ, AjvsI-\mkn, tdm¯vjoÂUv IpSpw-_-¯ nÂ\n¶m-Wv. lnäve-
dnsâ ss{Uhdpw PqX-\ m-Wv. FÃm\ne-bnepws]« PqX-· mÀ lnävetdm-
sSm¸w Dm-bn-c p-¶p. BÂ{Ûv tdmk³_ÀKv, slÀa³ tKmdn§v,
do³lmÀUv tlbv{Un-I v, AtUmÄ^v sFIva m³, tUmIvSÀ Hmt«m
KpkvXmhv hmIvSÀ ]ns¶ lnäve -dnsâ s¢bÀ thmbâv FdnIv Pm³
l\q-k³.
bp²-¯nÂ ]s¦-Sp¯ Nne PqX-·mÀ þ taPÀ tPmÀÖv _pjv, taPÀ

eqbn _pjv, taPÀ tkmf-a³ _pjv. [ Jews in the Wars of United States ].
tdms¡-s^-tÃÀkv, tdm¯vjoÂUvkv, ¢nâ¬, tKmÀ_-t¨-hv, se\n³,

tPmk^v Ìmen³ (F-tbm-kn^v tUhnUv hnÊm-dn-tbm-t\m-hn¨v Pq
KmjvhnÂ þ tIm¨v _m ) , sK³{Kn¨v btKm-U, ImÄ amÀIvkv, amÀIv do¨v,
{InÌy³ dtImhvkvIn ( sNbvav dtIm-hÀ ) , {^m¦ven³ dqkvshÂäv FÃm
t]cpw JkmÀ AjvI-\mkn PqX-·m-cm-Wv. FÃm t]cpw B`n-Nm-c-{ Inb
( Occult ) bnÂ hniz-kn-¨ n-c p-¶-h-cpw.
P\§Ä Imcy-Im-cW Nn´m-ti-jn-bn-Ãm-¯-h-cm-Wv F¶Xv , am²y-a-§Ä¡v

Ah-cpsS {]Nm-c -W-the Ffp-¸ -am-¡p-¶p. tlmtfmImÌvXs¶ A[nIw
s]men-¸n-¨-X m-Wv.
104
lnäve-dnsâ Gähpw Hu¶-Xy-¯n-ep- m-bn-cp¶ ka-b¯pt]mepw lnä-eÀ

PqX-\m-sW¶v kz´w ]mÀ«n-bn-ep-Å-hcpw FXn-c m-fn-Ifpw Ifn-bm-¡n-bn-cp-
¶p. 1933 Â e-\nse Hcp Zn\-¸{Xw , Hcp PqX ih-Ip-So-c-¯nÂ
AtUmÄ^v lnäveÀ F¶v Bte-J\w sNbvXn-c n-¡p-¶-Xmbn hmÀ¯
\ÂIn. AtUmÄ^v lnäveÀ Hcp PqX -\m-aamWv. \½psS AtUmÄ^v
lnäveÀ AÀ²- Pq-X-\m-bn-cp¶p. AXv Ip-]n-Sn-¡-s ¸-Sptam F¶ `bw
F¶pw lnäve-dn\v Dm-bn-cp-¶p. At±-l-¯nsâ IpSpw_ Ncn{Xw At\z-
jn-¡-s ¸-Sp¶p F¶-dnª lnäveÀ `b-s ¸-«p. At±-l-¯nsâ Ncn-{Xw, `qX-
Imew \in-¸n-¡p-¶ -Xn\v, krjvSn-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶-Xn\vthn At±lw A[nIw
]cn-{i-a n-¨ p. sKÌt¸m hopw hopw At\z-jn-¨p. Hmkv{Sn-b-bnÂ At±-
l-¯nsâ ]nXm-a -l-·m-c psS hnhcw At\z-jn¨v A[nIwt]sc
tNmZywsNbvXp. òj-Wnbpw D]-tbm-K n-¨ n-cp-¶p. Hmkv{Snb ]nSn-s ¨-Sp-¯-
t¸mÄ, At±-l-¯nsâ IpSpw_w ØnXnsNbvXn-cp¶ {Kmaw tUmfÀjow
]ns¶ Npäp-apÅ FÃm {Kma-§fpw XoÀ¯pw \in-¸n-¨p. At±-l-¯nsâ
ssk\yw Xt±-i-h m-kn-Isf Zqtc¡v ]mbn-¨p. HcÀ°-¯nÂ AXns\ A{]-
Xy-£-a m-¡n. ]cn-io-e-\-s a-t¶mWw At±-l-¯nsâ ssk\yw tUmfÀjoapw
]cn-k-c -{Km-§fpw t_mw_n«v \in-¸ n-¨ p. At±-l-¯ nsâ AÑ-s âbpw ap¯-
Èn-bp-sSbpw ih-Iq-So-c-§Ät]mepw XoÀ¯pw \in-¸n-¡-s¸-«p. At±-l-
¯nsâ AÑ³ Atembn jn¡Â{Kq_À ho«p-th-e-¡mcn adnb A¶
jn¡Â{Kq_-dn\v Ahn-ln-X-ambn P\n-¨-Xm-Wv. tdm¯vjoÂUnsâ IpSpw-_ -
¯nÂ the¡v \nÂ¡p-t¼m-gmWv AhÀ KÀ`nWn-bm-b-X v. ( Langer and
Payne ). Hmkv{S-nb³ clky t]meokv CXv Ønco-I-c n-¨n-cp¶p F¶v
]dªptIÄ¡p-¶p. AXn\v D¯-c-hn-«Xv Hmkv{Sn-b³ Nm³k-eÀ
tUmÄ^-Êv. ]n¶oSv PÀ½³ ssk\yw tUmÄ^-Êns\ h[n-¨ p. IqSmsX
tUmÄ^Êv ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-¨n-cp¶ D¯-chpw A\p-_-Ô-tc-J-I fpw ]qÀ®-
ambpw \in-¸n-¡-s¸-«p. lnäve-dnsâ acp-a-I ³ hnÃyw ]m{SnIv lnävvedpw
A`n-`m-j-I³ lm³kv {^m¦pw ]d-bp¶Xv At±-l-¯nsâ ap¯-Ñ³
{^m¦³_ÀKÀ F¶ [\nI PqX-\m-bn-cp¶p F¶m-Wv.
[ The Mind of Adolf Hitler, Hitler’s Diaries By Rhawn Joseph ]
“PÀ½-\n-bnÂ Kth-jWw\S-¯ th Rm³ Hcp PqX-\m-s W¶v F\n¡v
t_m[y-am-bn. lnäveÀ Hcp PqX-\m-sW¶pw. \mkn acWIymw]nsâ Xe-
h³ do³lmÀUv tlbv{UnIv PqX-\m-sW¶pw” tUmIvSÀ db³ amÀIv dn¤v.
[ Hitler’s Jewish Soldiers : The Untold Story of Nazi Racial Laws and Men
of Jewish Descent in the German Military ] cmw temI-a-lm-bp-²-Im-
e¯v Hcpe£¯nA³]-Xn-\m-bncw PqX-·mÀ , PÀ½³ ssk\y-¯nepw
sKÌ-t¸m-bnepw ]Wn-s b-Sp-¯n-cp-¶p. AUva n-dÂ-a m-c pw P\-dÂam-c pw
DÄs¸-sS.
“lnäve-dn\v Xm³ Hcp PqX-\m-sW¶v Adn-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p. AXn-\ m-emWv
At±lw P·-{Km-a hpw tcJ-Ifpw \in-¸n-¨ -Xv. ih-Ip-So-c-§fpw” þ
105
Explaining Hitler : The Search for the Origins of His Evil - tdm¬
tdmk³_mw (Pq-X³) lnÌdn Nm\-enÂ History Under Cover ; Hitler and
Stalin : Roots of Evil F¶ t{]m{Km-anÂ.
BÂ{Ûv tdmk³_ÀKv AÀ²-Pq-X-\m-bn-cp-¶p. 1919 Â lnäve-tdm-s Sm¸w
tNÀ¶p. djy-bnÂ\n¶pw PÀ½-\n-bn-te¡v IpSn-tb-dnb BÂ{Ûv
Protocols of Elders of Zion IqsSsImp-h -¶n-cp-¶p. AXv PqX-·m-cpsS
temIm-[n-]-X y-¯ n\vthp¶ Bi-b-§Ä DÄs¡m-n-cp-¶p. BÂ{Ûv
\mkn ]mÀ«n-bpsS t\Xm-hm-bn. PqX-·msc Iq«-s¡me sN¿p-¶-Xn\v
\nÀt±iw \ÂIn. bp²m-\ -ćw \yqsdw-_ÀKv hnNmc-W-bnÂ ac-W-in£
e`n-¨ p. slÀa³ tKmdnw-Kn\pw ac-W-in£ e`n¨p. \mkn ]mÀ«n-bnÂ cm-
a³. F¶mÂ Xq¡n-te-äp-¶-Xn\p ap³]v hnjw Ign¨v Bß-lXy sNbvXp.
slÀa\pw AÀ²Pq-X³. `À¯mhv PÀ½³Im-c-\m-s W-¦ nepw A½-,
tdm¯vjoÂUnsâ sh¸m-«n-bm-bn-c p-¶p. do³lmÀUv tlbv{UnIv Dw
AÀ² PqX³. PqX IpSp-tbäw ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cp¶ hn`m-K-¯nsâ
Xe-h³. ]n¶oSv AXv PqXIq«-s¡me ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cp-¶p. X¶n-ep-
m-bn-c p¶ PqX -c -à-s ¯-s¨mÃn hnj-an-¨n-cp¶ do³lmÀUv bqtdm-]y³
PqXsc Iq«-s¡me sN¿p-¶-XnÂ apgp-In.” [ Rhawn Joseph ].
6 tImSn a\p-jy-c psS ac-W-¯n\v AhÀ D¯-c-h m-Zn-I -fm-bn-cp-¶p. Ah-cpsS
cmjv{Ss¯ AhÀ Dcp-¡p-a p-jvSn-sImn \nb-{ń-¨ p. hnL-S-\-§sf ASn-¨ -
aÀ¯n. kz´w P\-X-s ¡-Xnsc kÀ¡mÀhI òI-c -hmZw Agn¨phn«p.
1933 s^{_p-h-c n-bnÂ dojv ämKv Aán-¡n-c-bm-¡n. kb-Wn-Ìp-I-fpsS ]²-Xn-
bn³taÂ. (9-þ11 AXn\v kam-\ -am-Wv). PÀ½³ I½yq-Wn-Ìp-IÄ AXn\v
]gn tI«p. lnäve-dn\v A[nIw A[n-Imcw ssIh¶p. P\-§-fpsS
kzmX{ýw ]qÀ®-a mbpw \ntj-[n-¡-s ¸-«p. FdnIvv AXv {]h-Nn-¨ n-«p-m-bn-
cp-¶p. \mkn DtZym-K-Ø-·m-cp-s Sbpw {]ap-J-· m-c p-s Sbpwap³]m-s I. PqX-
\m-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw FdnIv \mkn-I-fp-ambn hfsc ASp-¸-¯n-em-b n-c p-¶p.
[mcm-f-a mbn [\w \mkn-I Ä¡v \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶p. ]Icw tcJ-Ifpw kq£n-¨n-
cp-¶p. _Àen³ ssk\n-I-¯-e-h ³ {Iqc-\ mb thmÄ^v slbv³ {So¨v ,
thmÄ^v slÂtUmÀ^v F¶nhcpambn ASp¯_Ôw ]peÀ¯n-bn-c p-¶p.
dojv SmKv kw`-h-s¯-¡p-dn¨v ap³Iq«n hnhcw e`n-¨n-c p-¶n-c n-¡-Ww. Hcp
]t£ kq{X-[m-c ³ Xs¶-bm-bn-cp-¶n-cn-¡-Ww. A[nIw hnh-c-§Ä Adn-
ªn-cp-¶-Xn-\m-em-hWw FdnIv h[n-¡-s ¸-«p. lnäve-dp-a m-bp-m-bn-cp¶
ASp¸w tKm_vÄ kn\pw tKmdn-§n\pw Cjv S-a m-bn-c p-¶n-Ã F¶Xpw Hcp
ImcW-am-hmw. IqSmsX [mcmfw ]Ww hmbv]\ÂIn-bn-c p-¶-X pw. ssk\n-
IÀ kzhÀ¤ kwt`m-K-¯nÂ GÀs¸-«n-cp-¶-Xnsâ Zriy-§Ä kq£n-¨n-cp-
¶Xpw {][m\ Imc-W-§-fnÂ H¶m-Wv. FdnIv PqX-\m-sW¶v I½yq-WnÌv
am²y-a -§Ä {]kn-²o-I-c n-¨n-cp-¶p. dojvSmKv Xo]n-Sn-¯ -s¯-¯p-S-À ¶v \mkn-
IÄ¡v ]qÀ® A[n-Imcw e`y-am-Ip-¶-Xp-hsc Fdn-¡nsâ ]mc-¼cyw At\z-
jn-¡-s ¸-«n-c p-¶n-Ã. FdnIv kplr-¯n\v Fgp-Xn. “PqX-·m-cp-tSXv sXc-sª-
106
Sp¸v X{´w am{X-sa¶v Rm³ Icp-X n.AX-Ã.”1933 amÀ¨nÂ FdnIv

AdÌpsN¿-s¸-«p. _Àensâ AXnÀ¯n- bnÂ At±-l-¯nsâ ih-i-cocw
]n¶oSv Is-¯n. [ Erik Jan Hanussen : Hitler’s Clairvoyant By Mel
Gordon ].
hm^vs^³ _mc³ shÀ³lÀ {_mhp¬, PÀ½-\n-bnse t\mÀYm-sk³
se ICBM `qKÀ` ^mIvS-dn-bnÂ tPmen-sb-Sp-¯n-cp-¶p. 25,000 ASn-a -Isf
AhnsS Iq«-s¡me \S-¯n. History Channel. “Modern Marvels” .
I½yq-WnÌv djy-bnse ASn-a-I -fpsS Iq«-¯n-te¡v ac-W-Im-c-W-am-hp¶

saUn-¡Â ]co-£-W-§Ä¡v 50,000 Ata-c n-¡³ {_n«ojv bp²-X-X-S-hp-
Imsc hn«psImSp¯psImv s]â-K¬, ( OSS ) CIA F¶nh \mkn bp²
Ipä-hm-fn-Isf hmS-Ibv¡vFSp-¯p. [ ABC News 20/20 ]
Fen-bäv dqkvshÂäv 1946 Â Ìmens\ kµÀin-¨ p. At±-l-¯nsâ
]nXmhv {]kn-Uv dqkvshÂäv bmÄ« kt½-f-\-¯n\p cpamk-¯n-\Iw
A{]-Xo-£n-X-a mbn ac-W-a-S-ªp. bmÄ« kt½-f-\-¯nÂ Gjy-bp-tSbpw
bqtdm-¸n-s âbpw ]Ip-Xnbpw , 50,000 bp²-¯-S-hp-Im-scbpw I½yq-WnÌv
djy¡v ssIam-dp-¶-X n\v [mc-W-bm-bn-cp-¶p. A¶v Ìmen³ ]d-ªp.
“\n§-fpsS AÑsâ arX-i -cocw ImWp-¶-Xn\v Rm³ Fsâ Aw_m-k-U-
dns\ Ab-¨n-cp-¶p. \n§-fpsS A½ AXn\v A\p-h-Zn-¨n-Ã. Fń\p thn-
bm-bn-c p¶p F¶tNmZy-¯n\v Ìmen³ ]d-ªXv Fs¶ ]e-bm-hÀ¯n
hnjw X¶v sImÃp-¶-Xn\v AhÀ {ian-¨n-cp-¶p. \n§-fpsS AÑ-t\bpw
AhÀ hnjw sImSp¯v sIm¶-Xm-W ”v.F¶m-Wv.
Bcv F¶pÅ tNmZy-¯n\v Ìmen³ ]d-ªXv “NÀ¨nÂ kwLw” F¶m-Wv.
a\p-jy-Xz-c-ln-a-X-amb ]co-£-W-§Ä¡pthn C.I.A hne-bvs¡-Sp¯ Nne
\mkn DtZym-K-ØÀ þ tUmIvSÀ knUv\n tKm«ven_v, C.I.A bpsS cmk, imco-
cnI imkv{X bp²]²-Xn-bpsS ap³ ta[m-hn. tUmIvSÀ td äoIveÀ.
tKm«veo-_nsâ A\p-bm-bn. a\p-jy\ptaÂ ]co-£-W-§Ä \S-¯p¶
Edgewood saUn¡Â ]co-£-W-im-e-bpsS Ub-d-IvSÀ tUmIvSÀ BÂ_À«v
¢n§vam³. C.I.A bpsSbpw ssk\y-¯n-s âbpw kwbp-à- ]-co-£-W-§-fnÂ
]¦p sImp. XS-hp-I msc ]co-£-W-§Ä¡mbn D]-tbm-Kn-¨p . -I m-em-
hØ \nb-{´Wime-bp-sSbpw A[n-I m-c n. At±-lw, FXnÀ¡p-¶-hsc
Xsâ ]¡-te¡v Ab-¡p-¶-Xn\v Bh-iy-s¸-«p. tdUn-tb-j³ ]co-£-W -
§Ä¡v hnt[-b-a m-¡p-¶-Xn-te-¡m-bn. Ata-cn-¡³ ssk\y-¯nsâ
cmkssk\nIhn`mKw, 8 \mkn tUmIvSÀam-s c hne-bvs ¡-Sp-¯p. tUmIvSÀ
tdms_vse Chm³kv, tUmIvSÀ t_mdnkv ctPhvkvIn. XpS§n.
107
tdUn-tb-j³ ]co-£W hnZ-Kv²À : sKÀlmÀUv jq_À«v, slÀa³

sUbv³kÀ, thmÄ^v thm¬ eqYÀ, Unb-äÀ kvt{Sm§v, BÀXÀ sUav\n-
ävkv, tUmIvSÀ tdm_À«v tÌm¬, tIWÂ t_mdnkv ]mjv F¶n-hÀ C.I.A
bpsS sIme-]m-X I kwL-¯nse \mkn-I-fm-bn-c p-¶p. C½m-Xn-cn, \mkn
tUmIvSÀamsc Ata-c n-¡-bpsS Bh-iy-§Ä¡mbn D]-tbm-K n-¡p-¶-Xn\p
thn sImph¶-Xns\ Operation Paper Clip F¶p]d-bp-¶p.
¢mhpkv _mÀ_nsbt¸mepÅ aäp \mknIsf C.I.A ab-¡p-a -cp¶p hym]m-c -
¯n-\p-thn D]-tbm-Kn-¨ p. ]ns¶ tPmÀÖv _qjn\pw C.I.A ¡pw thn
s_mfohn-b-bnse sIms¡bv³ th«-¡pw.
“D¶-X-cmb Nne Ata-cn-¡³ hyh-km-bn-IÄ \½psS P\-I ob `c-Ws¯
A«n-a-dn-¨v, ^mknÌv `c-W-IqSw sImp-h-cp-¶-Xn-\pÅ ITn-\-a mb ]cn-{i-a -
¯n-em-Wv. AhÀ PÀ½-\ n-bn-s ebpw Cä-en-bn-sebpw ^mknÌv `c-W-Iq-S-§-
fp-ambn tNÀ¶v {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. PÀ½-\n-bnse Fsâ DtZymKw Ata-cn-
¡³ `c-W-hÀ¤-¯nse Nne IpSpw-_-§fpw \mkn-Ifpw X½nÂ F{X-
t¯mfw ASp-¸ -ap-s-¶p-Å-Xv ASp¯p\n¶pw a\Ên-em-¡p-¶-Xn\v klm-b-
I-c-a m-bn. PÀ½-\ n-bnepw Cä-en-bnepw ^mknkw Øm]n-X-am-Ip-¶-Xn\v Nne
Ata-cn-¡³ hyh-km-bn-IÄ A[nIw klmbw \ÂIn-bn-c p-¶p. AhnsS
^mknkw A[n-I m-c -¯nÂhcp-¶-Xn\v AhÀ klm-bn-¨ p. Ct¸mÄ Ata-cn-
¡-bnÂ ^mknkw sImp-h-cp-¶-Xn\v AhÀ {ian-¡p-¶p. ^mjnÌv òI-c -
Xsb \nÊm-c-a mbn ImWp-¶-X n\v {]Nm-c -th-e-¡mÀ ]cn-{i-an-¡p-¶p. e£-
W-§sf \½Ä kKuchw ]cn-K-Wn-t¡- -Xp-v ”- {]kn-Uv
dqkvshÂän\v 1939 Â PÀ½-\n-bnse Ata-cn-¡³ Aw_m-k-UÀ hnÃyw.-C.-
tUmUv Ab¨ ktµ-i w.
1928 Â hmWnPyw XI-cp-¶-Xn\v sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv k{¼-Zmbw Imc-W-a m-bn.
Øm]n-X-a mbn 15 hÀj-§Äam{Xw Ign-ª-t¸mÄ. Ir{Xn-a-a mbpw a\-] qÀÆ-
ambpw krjvSn¨ t]mcm-bvaIÄ \nan¯w .
\mkn-I Ä¡v [\-k-lmbw \ÂIn-b-X n\pw Ah-cp-ambn hym]mcw \S-¯n-b-

Xn\pw tPmÀÖv _pjnsâ ap¯-Ñ³ {]o-kvtIm«v _qjv in£ t\Sn .
CÃyq-an-\män lnävesd klm-bn-¨-X n\v –Financial Origins of National
Socialism 1933 Â {]kn-²o-I-c n-¡-s ¸« ]pkvXIw ]n¶oSv 1983 Â Hitler’s
Secret Backers F¶t]cnÂ ]pd-¯n-d-§n.
]pkvX-I-¯nsâ cN-bn-Xmhv hmÀ_ÀKv , 1929 se Hcp kt½-f-\-s¯-¡p-dn¨v
hnh-cn-¡p-¶p-v. ]s¦-Sp-¯-hÀ ImÀ«À, sP.-]n. tamÀK³ Kmcân {SÌnsâ
{]kn-U-v, sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv _m¦p-I-fpsS {]kn-U-v, sNdp-¸-¡m-c \mb
tdms¡s^ÃÀ , tdmbÂ U¨nse ¥o³ Ch-s cÃmw tdm¯vjoÂUnsâ \nb-
{´-W-¯n-ep-Å-hÀ. 1929 \pw 1933\pw CS¡v lnäve-dp-ambn\S¶ A©v IqSn-
¡m-g vN-I-s f¡p-dn¨v hmÀ_ÀKv hnh-c n-¡p-¶p. klmbw \ÂIp¶Xnsâ
108
Imc-W-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v lnäve-dn-t\mSv ]d-ªn-cp-¶n-Ã, At±lw tNmZn-¨p-an-Ã.

knUv\n hmÀ_ÀKv AÃ , sÛ-dÂ dnkÀÆnsâ Øm]-I³ t]mÄ
hmÀ_ÀKnsâ aI³ Pbnwkv hmÀ_ÀKv BWv cN-bn-Xmhv F¶v kwi-bn-
¡p-¶p. NneÀ CXns\ asämcp X«n¸vtcJ-bmbn IW-¡m-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ
C{Xbpw A[nIw IrXy-a mb hnh-c-§Ä, kw`-h -§Ä DÄs¡m-Åp-¶Xv X«n-
¸m-Ip-¶-X n\v km[yX-bn-Ã.
[\m-[n-]Xyw djysb XIÀ¡p-¶-Xn\v {ian-¨p. kn. Pn. dtIm-hvkvInsb
1938 Â tNmZyw sNb-X-Xnsâ tcJ-I Ä hni-Zo-I-c Ww\ÂIp-¶p.
dtImhvkvIn sNbvw sdbvtIm-h À F¶pw Adn-b-s¸-«n-cp-¶p . -t{Sm-SvkvIn-
bpsS (b-YmÀ° \maw t{_m¬Ìo³) ASp¯ kplr¯pw ]mco-knse
tkmhn-bäv Aw_m-k-U-dpw. tdm¯vjoÂUnsâ ]nWn-bm-fm-bn-cp¶
t{SmSvkvIn, se\n\p tijw A[n-Im-c-¯nÂ htc-n-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ
Ìmen³ A[n-Im-c-ta-äp. lnäve-dnsâ Adnhpw k½-X -hp-an-ÃmsX \mkn-I -
sf kb-Wn-Ìp-I Ä klm-bn-¨n-cp¶p F¶v dtImhvkvIn Dd-¸n-¡p-¶p.
“R§-fpsS Dt±yiw bp²w \S-¯n-sb-Sp-¡pI F¶-Xpw. lnäv-eÀ F¶Xv
bp²w Xs¶-bm-bn-c p¶pXm\pw.” hmÄ kv{Soäv , \mkn-IÄ¡v tImSn-¡-W -
¡n\v tUmfÀ \ÂIn. jmIväv hgn PÀ½³ ]W-an-S-] m-Sp-I m-c nÂ\n¶pw
AXn\p ]pd-tabpw tImSn-IÄ e`n-¨ n-c p¶p PÀ½³ ssk\y-¯n-tâbpw cl-
kym-t\z-jW hn`m-K -¯n-sâbpw \S-¯n-¸n\v thn. ]ns¶ sXc-sª-Sp¸v
^v thsd-bpw.
CÃyq-an-\män \op\nÂ¡p¶ bp²w B{K-ln-¨n-cp-¶p. bqtdm-¸nsâ
XIÀ¨bpw USSR sâ hn]p-eo-I -c-W-hpw. lnäve-dnsâ Bcy³ \mkn bP-
am-\-·mÀ¡v I½yq-WnÌv i{Xp-¡-fp-ambn k¼qÀ® bp²w Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-
¶p. ImÄ amÀIvknsâ kn²m-´§Ä¡v FX-ncmbn , ImÄ dnä-dpsS kn²m-
´-§-fnÂ Du¶nb (1849) ]²-Xn-I-fn-t·Â. Bcy³ bp²-{]-`p-¡-·mÀ Ah-
cpsS ]nWn-bm-fp-Isf lnäveÀ `c-W-Iq-S-¯nÂ Øm]n-¨ p. Ah-c p-s Sbpw
AXp aqew CÃyq-an-\m-än-bp-s Sbpw ]²-Xn-IÄ \S-¯n-sb-Sp-¡p-¶-
Xn\pthn.
1920 Ifnse b§v ]²-Xn, ]ns¶ Umhvkv ]²Xn {]Imcw hmÄkv{So-

änse tdm¯vjoÂUv, tdms¡s^ÃÀ A¨p-X-nÂ\n¶p-amWv {][m-\-
ambpw lnäve-dn\v [\-k-lmbw e`n-¨ n-c p-¶Xv . AXnÂ DÄs¸«n-c p¶ hyh-
km-b-i m-e-IÄ þ Ìm³UmÀUv HmbnÂ þ sF.-Pn. ^mÀ_³ (C-t¸mÄ
FIvtkm¬) þ AXns\IqSmsX PÀ½-\n¡v bp²-¯n\v {]m]vXn-bp-m-hp-am-
bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Uyq t]mv þ Bbp-[-§Ä eÂIn. P\-dÂ tamt«mÀkv,
t^mÀUv tamt«mÀ I¼\n, P\-dÂ Ce-I v{Sn-Iv, sF.-än.-än, ]ns¶ bqWn-b³
_m¦n§v tImÀ]-td-j³ þ tPmÀÖv _pjnsâ AÑ³ {]nkvtIm«v AXnÂ
Hcp Ub-d-IvS-dm-bn-c p-¶p.
109
cmw temI-a-lm-bp²w 1939 Â Bcw-`n-¨p. 6 hÀj¡mew \op-

\n-¶p. 4 tImSn-tbmfw P\-§Ä ac-W-a -S-ªp. A´m-cmjv{ S _m¦Àamcpw
Ah-cpsS ]nWn-bm-fp-I-fp-a mb cmjv{So-b-¡mcpw Bbp[ hym]m-cn-Ifpw
tImSn-¡-W-¡n\v cq] k¼m-Zn-¨p. bp²w \in-¸ n¨ cmjv{S-§Ä¡v
]p\À\nÀ½m-W-¯n\v \ÂInb hmbv]-bnÂ\n¶pw e`n¨ em`w AXnsâ
F{X-sb-¦ nepw Cc-«n-bm-Wv. hnNm-c W IqSmsX 50,000 PÀ½³ DtZym-K-
Øsc h[n-¡p-¶-Xn\v dqkvshÂäv \nÀ_-Ôn-¨p. lntcm-jn-a -bnepw \mK-
km-¡n-bnepw Bäw-t_mw_v ?? hÀjn-¨p. ioX-bp²w XpS-§p-¶-
Xn\pthn. P\-§sf `b-s ¸-Sp-¯p-¶ -Xn\pthnbpÅ A`ym-kw. B
cà-¯nÂ P\n-¨ -XmWv United Nations. 1945 Pq¬ 26 \v. XpSÀ¶v 1948
tabv am-k-¯nÂ C{km-tb-epw.
Zim-_ v Z-§-fmbn tkmhn-b-äp-IÄ \S-¯ nb AXn-{I-a -§-sf-¡p-dn¨v A[nIw

{]Xn-]m-Zn-¡-s¸-Sm-¯Xv F´m-Wv. djy³ {]^-kÀ sFtKmÀ s_Ìp-tjhv
emU, 1988 se s\Zey bnÂ ]d-bp-¶Xv Ìmen³ `c-W-I qSw 5 tImSn tkmhn-
bäv P\-Xsb h[n¨p F¶m-Wv. ssk_o-cn-b-bnse \qdp-I-W-¡n\v hcp¶
tIm¬k¬t{S-j³ Iym¼p-I-fnÂ. kb-Wn-Ìp-IÄ¡v F´v t\«-amWv
Dm-¡p-¶ -Xv. {_n«ojv Kh¬saâv `qKÀ`-i m-kv{XÚ³ I®n§vLmw
s{IbvK v 1918 \v ap³]v 200 e£w tImSn cq]-bpsS [mXp-e-h -W-§Ä, F®
F¶nh ]me-kvXo-\ nÂ Is-¯n. 1939Â At±lw Zpcq-l-km-l-N-c y-¯nÂ
ac-W-a-S-ªp. At±-l-¯nsâ Ip-]n-Sn-¯-§-s f-¡p-dn-¨pÅ dnt¸mÀ«v apgp-
an¨ DS-s\. AXv A[n-I m-c-¯n\pw k¼¯n\pw thn-bpÅ bp²w Xs¶-
bm-Wv. PqX-·mÀ DÄs¸-sS-bpÅ P\-§sf _ensImSp¯psImmWv
tdm¯vjoÂ Un- s\t¸m-epÅ I]S PqX-·mÀ A[n-Im-c-¯n\pthnn-bpÅ
AXym{Klw km[n-s¨-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv. lnäve-dnsâ A[n-Im-c-¯ n-te-¡pÅ
hfÀ¨sb¡pdn¨v an¡-hmdpwt]À¡v Adn-bmw. F¶mÂ AhÀ¡v
Hcp]t£ Adn-bm³ CS-bn-Ãm-¯Xv lnäv-e-dnsâ hfÀ¨bv¡v ImcWw
sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhp-a mbn _Ô-s¸« kzImcy-[-\-¯nsâ ]n³_-e-a mWv F¶-
Xm-Wv.
“PÀ½\n A´m-c mjv{S [\-Imcy Øm]-\-§-fpsS sIWn-bnÂs¸-«p. AhÀ
PÀ½-\nsb sam¯-a mbpw hm§n. PÀ½-\n-bpsS a®pw DXv]m-Z-\hpw FÃmw
AhÀ¡v Iogn-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. lnäveÀ D]-tbm-Kn¨ Hmtcm tUmf-dn-sâbpw
]n¶nÂ A´m-cmjv{S PÀ½³ _m¦Àam-c m-bn-c p-¶p. AhÀ lnäve-dns\
sImp-h-¶Xv P\-§sf `b-s¸-Sp¯n ASn-a-s ¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\pw. PÀ½-\n-
bnÂ sNe-h-g n-¡-s¸« A[nIw [\-s ¯-¡p-dn¨v \n§-sfÃmw tI«n-cn¡pw.
FÃmw sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv t_mÀUv \ÂIn-b-Xm-Wv. AhÀ B XpI shfn-
s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\v `b-s¸-Sp-¶p. A{Xbpw òa-amWv AXv.” þ eqbn aIv^m-
U³.
110
Ata-cn-¡³, bqtdm-]y³ apJy-[mcm am²y-a-§Ä kb-Wn-k-s¯-

¡p-dn¨v A[nIw NÀ¨sN¿p-¶n-Ã. ImcWw Ah-bpsS DS-a -ØX kb-Wn-
Ìp-I Ä¡m-Wv. AhÀ Ah-cpsS A[oiXzw temI-am-I-am\w hn]p-eo-I-cn-¨p-
sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶p. AhÀ kb-Wn-k-s¯-¡p-dn¨v, 9þ11 B{I-a -W-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v,
_m¦n§v k{¼-Zm-b-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v, ]ns¶ kb-WnÌv t\XrXzw AwKo-I -cn-
¡p¶ lo\-amb B{Ia-W-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v Hs¡ au\w ]men-¡p-¶p.
C¶v _m¦v {]`zn-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ ]nim-Nnsâ t]cv Ata-cn-¡³ \ntbm

I¬kÀth-änkw F¶m-Wv. Cdm-\p-am-bpÅ bp²w , aq¶mw temIalm-
bp²w XpS-¡-a n-Sp-¶ -Xn\v \Ã-Xm-sW-¦nepw AXn\v km²y-X -bn-Ã. anUnÂ
CuÌnepw ]mÝmXy cmPy-§-fnepw C{km-tb-enepw DÅ ]mh cmjv{So-b-
¡msc D]-tbm-Kn¨v aäp coXn-I Ä Ah-ew-_n-¡ - p-¶-X n-\ mWv IqSp-X ³
km²y-X. AhÀ P\-kwJy \nb-{´-W-¯nsâ t]cnÂ tImSn-¡-W -¡n\v
P\-§sf h[n-¡p-¶-Xn\pÅ X¿m-s d-Sp-¸ n-em-Wv.
cmw temI-a -lm-bp²w ImcWw Ata-c n-¡³ ISw 598 % hÀ²n-¨p.

P¸m³ 1348% {^m³kv 583% Im\-U 417% . km[m-cW P\-§Ä¡v CXv
XnI¨pw hnjm-Z-P-\-I-a m-Wv. F¶mÂ _m¦ÀamÀ¡v CXv XnI¨pw
kt´mjw P\n-¸ n-¡p-¶p. t\cn-«pÅ bp²w Ah-km-\ n-¨-Xn\ptijw ioX-
bp²w XpS-§n-b-t¸mÄ Bbp[w hm§p-¶-Xn\pthn A[nIw hmbv-] -IÄ
Bh-iy-ambnh¶p. Ct¸mÄ AhÀ temIm-[n-]-X y-¯n\p thn {ian-¡p-
¶p.
L«w H¶nÂ bqtdm-]y³ tamWn-ädn bqWn-b-\pw, t\mÀ¯v Ata-cn-¡³
{ô t{SbvUv Gcn-b-bpw.
L«w cnÂ temI k¼-Zvhy-hØsb temI sk³{SÂ _m¦n\p IognÂ
sImp hcn-I.
HmÀ¯n-cn-t¡ Imcyw 20 tImSn P\-§sf h[n-¨Xv lnäve-dm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.
GXm\pw Nne I½yq-WnÌv t\Xm-¡Ä bqtdm-¸ nepw Gjy-bnepw cl-ky -
\nÀt±-i-§Ä¡-\ p-k-c n¨v \S-¸n-em-¡n-bXv F¶Xm-Wv. I½yqWnk-¯n\v
Gähpw A\p-tbm-Py-a mb \maw kq¸À Iym¸n-ä-enkw F¶m-Wv. cmjv{S-
¯nsâ DS-a -ØÀ FÃm-än\pw DS-a -I-fm-bn-¯o-c p-¶p. P\-§Ä DÄs¸-sS.
tkmhn-b-änse I½yq-WnÌv `c-W-Im-e¯v DS-\ofw , sNbvkv am³l-«³

_m¦nsâ imJ “\¼À H¶v, sdUv kvIzbÀ” F¶ hnem-k-¯nÂ amä-an-
ÃmsX {]hÀ¯n-¨n-c p-¶p. t]cp-IÄ Nne-t¸mÄ amän-bn-c p¶p F¦n-epw.
apX-em-fn-¯-¯nsâ km¼-¯ nI klmbw CÃmsX tkmjy-en-k-¯n\v Hcp
]cn-[n-bnÂ Ihnª \ne-\nÂ]v CÃXs¶.
111
{]tXyI tcJ-I Ä \ÂIn , Ipd¨p \mkn-Isf bqtdm-¸n\p]pd¯p t]mIp-

¶-Xn\v h¯n-¡m³ klm-bn-¨ p. PqX-·mÀ _en-bm-Sp-I Ä. ]d-bp-¶Xv dnIv
amÀ«n³. 1933 apXÂ 1945 hsc Pkyq«v P\-dÂ entUm-tNmhvkvI n At±-l-
¯nsâ \mkn t]meo-kns\ Ìmensâ t]meo-kp-ambn tNÀ¯v , bqtdm-¸nÂ
\n¶pw, ]Sn-ªm-d³ djybnÂ\n¶pw PqX-·msc Xpc-¯p-¶-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-
¨p. ]ns¶ I½yq-WnÌv hncp-² -t]m-f-p-I m-s c-bpw, s{]m«-Ìâv, HmÀ¯-
tUmIvkv Bscm-s ¡-bmtWm XS-Êw kr-jvSn-¡p-¶Xv FÃmt]sc-bpw.
\mkn t]meo-knse tI{µ Ipämt\z-jW hn`m-K-a mb \mkn SD sb cl-ky-
am-bn- sl³{Sn¨v lnave -dpsS Pkyq«v dkn-Uâv, tUmIvSÀ dn¨ÀUv tImÀlÀ
\nb-{ń-¨ n-cp-¶p. Idp¯ t]m¸nsâ CjvS-¡m-c -\m-bn-cp¶ Pkyq«v
sl³{Sn¨v lnaveÀ, At±-l-¯nsâ taem-fsâ D¯-c-hp-IÄ, lnäve-dnsâ
sk{I-«-dn, F¶mÂ lnäve-td-¡mfpw A[n-Imcw ssIbm-fn-bn-c p¶ P\-dÂ
amÀ«n³ t_mÀam-\n-eqsS \S-¸ m-¡n-bn-cp-¶p. bp²m-h -km\w lnäveÀ Bß-
lXy sNbvXp F¶v {_n«ojv cl-ky-tk-\-bpsS klm-b-t¯msS hcp-¯n-
¯oÀ¯p. AhmkvXhambn . tdma³ It¯m-en¡ Bi-b-§Ä DÄs¡m-
Åp¶ ]Sn-ªm-d³ PÀ½-\ n-bpsS ]p\À\nÀ½m-Ww, Society of Jesus sâ
]²-Xn-{]-Imcw t_mÀamsâ taÂt\m-«-¯nÂ {]mhÀ¯n-I-a m-¡n. Idp¯
t]m¸nsâ cm-a s¯ 30 hÀjs¯ bp²w (1914-þ1945)klm-b-a m-bn. ]Sn-
ªm dv \yqtbmÀ¡n-te¡v, \mkn cl-kym-t\z-jW hn`m-Ks¯ sam¯-am-
bp-w, I½yq-WnÌv hncp²À F¶t]cnÂ BÀ¨v _oj¸v {^m³knkv IÀZn-
\Â kvs]Âa³ sImph¶p. Ing-¡n-te¡v {KnKdn IÀZn-\ Â BKm-Kn-bm-
\n-b³, kzmX-{ý-k-ac tk\m-\n-IÄ F¶t]cn-epw. do³lmÀUv
sKlvesâ ap³ ]-S-bm-fn-IÄ ioX-bp²w F¶ X«n¸p \S-¡p-t¼mÄ CIA
bnepw KGB bnepw {]hÀ¯n-¨p. CXpcpw apIÄ¯-«nÂ i{Xp-¡-fm-bn-cp-
¶n-Ã. cn\pw km¼-¯nI klmbw \ÂIn-bn-c p-¶Xv h¯n-¡m-\ nsâ
A´m-c mjv{S _m¦p-I fpw hyh-kmb-§fpw. AXn-sâ-s bms¡ Xe-¸¯v
Knights of Malta Dw tabvk¬kpw. {]Øm-\-¯nsâ cp \nb-{ ńX
iàn-tI-{µ-§-fmbn Ah {]hÀ¯n-¨ n-c p-¶p. Idp¯ t]m¸nsâ tdmanse
]²-Xn-IÄ¡v klm-b-a m-Ip¶Xc-¯nÂ Ah cpw {]hÀ¯n-¨n-c p-¶p.
h¯n-¡m³ ^m-knÌv aptÊm-fn-\ nsb ]n³Xp-W - -¨n-c p-¶p.
lnäve-dnsâ `c-W-Im-e¯v FÃm kb-WnÌv am²y-a -§-sfbpw
{]hÀ¯n-¡m³ A\p-h-Zn-¨n-cp-¶-Xn-t\m-s Sm¸w FÃm kb-WnÌv hncp² PqX
am²y-a -§-sfbpw \ndp-¯-em-¡n. kXy-¯nÂ ska-änIv hncp-²À F¶Xv
kb-Wn-Ìp-I -fm-Wv. anUnÂ CuÌv B{I-a n-¡pI F¶Xv kb-WnÌv ]²-Xn-
bm-Wv. AXn\v Np¡m³ ]nSn-¡p-¶Xv Ata-cn-¡, Cw¥-v, bqtdm]v F¶n-hn-
S-§-fnse kb-WnÌv tem_n-bpw. bqtdm-¸nÂ \n¶pw PqX-·mÀ Ata-cn-¡-bn-
te¡v IpSn-tb-dp-¶-Xv, kb-Wn-Ìp-I-fpsS \nÀt±-i m-\p-k-c-Ww, {^m¦ven³
dqkvshÂäv XS-ªp. ]me-kvXo-\n-te-¡-ÃmsX aäp {]tZ-i-§-fn-te¡v IpSn-
tb-dp-¶ -Xn\v km[y-a m-hm¯ Xc-¯nÂ kml-N-c y-§Ä krjvSn-¡-s ¸-«p.
112
lnäveÀ PqX-·mÀs¡-X nsc {]hÀ¯n-¨ n-c p-¶-t¸mÄ kb-Wn-Ìp-IÄ

DuÀÖ-kz-e-ambn lnäve -tdm-s Sm¸w \mkn-I-tfm-s Sm¸w tNÀ¶v {]hÀ¯n-¨n-
cp-¶p.
amÀjÂ ¹m³ Ah-X-cn-¡-s¸-«Xv kzmX-{ýw, kam-[m-\w, A`n-hr²n
F¶o coXn-bn-em-Wv. bqtdm-]y³ dn¡-h dn t{]m{Kmw (ERP) Bbn-c p¶p
Ah-Xm-c-IÀ. 1949 apXÂ 1952 hsc-bpÅ Ime-L-«-¯nÂ 6,400 tImSn cq]
]Sn-ªm-d³ PÀ½-\n¡v\ÂIn F¶m-bn-c p-¶p. 1953 se London Debt
Agreement {]Imcw 1962 \Iw 13,000 tImSn cq] XncnsI AS¡Ww F¶-Xm-
bn-cp¶p \n_-Ô-\. amÀjÂ ¹m³ A\p-k-c n¨vam{Xw. 1945 apXÂ 1948
hsc PÀ½-\ n¡v `£Ww \ÂInb C\-¯n-epÅ XpIbpw tNÀ¯v \ÂI-
W-sa-¶m-bn-c p¶p [Gario Funds] 1953 se LDA A\p-im-kn-¨n-c p-¶-X v. 1945
apXÂ 1948 hsc `£Ww \ÂInb C\-¯nÂ hI-bn-cp-¯n-bXv 14,000 tImSn
cq]. A¶s¯ hne-b-\p-k-cn¨v t\m¡n-bmÂ Bsfm-¶ n\v 1,200 Intem
tKmX-¼v. Hcp Znhkw Hcp Intem h¨v 3.5 hÀj-t¯-¡v. 300 {Kmw tKmX-
¼n\v XpÃy-a mb `£Ww PÀ½-\n-bnÂXs¶, CXn\p]pdta e`y-a m-b n-c p-¶p.
F¶mÂ hmkvX-h-¯nÂ e`n-¨n-cp-¶Xv GI-tZiw 300 {Kmw am{Xw. AXm-
bXv Gario Funds Hcn-¡epw e`n-¨n-cp-¶n-Ã. PÀ½³ Kh¬saâv , AXv e`n-
¨n-cp¶p F¶a«n-Â hmÀ¯ krjvSn-¨n-cp-¶p. “Ncn-{X-¯nÂ BZy-a mbn,
Ata-cn-¡³ `£y Ie-hd PÀ½-\n-¡m-bn, i{Xp cmPy-¯n-\mbn” F¶a«nÂ.
Nm³k-eÀ \µn {]Im-i n-¸ n-¨ p-s Imv ]d-ªp. “R§Ä Hcn-¡epw
AXv ad-¡n-Ã. ]Ýna PÀ½-\ n¡v 14,000 tImSn cq] e`n-¨ p. 1953 Â Ata-
cn¡ AXnsâ aq¶nÂcp `mKw Fgp-X n-¯-Å n. AXv ERP Øm]n-X-a m-¡p-
¶-Xn\pthn hn\n-tbm-Kn-¨ p.
1945 apXÂ 1952 hsc Ime-L-«-¯ nÂ Cw¥-n-sâbpw Ata-c n-¡-bp-sSbpw
B{I-a -W-^-e-a mbn \jvSw h¶Xpw sImÅ-b-Sn-¡-s ¸-«Xpw 130,000 tImSn
cq]. amÀjÂ ¹m³ aqew e`n-¨Xv 6,400 tImSn cq].
amÀjÂ ¹m³ {Iqc-amb X«n-¸m-bn-cp¶p F¶v hyàw. 1949 se [\-Im-cy-
a{ń Cuh³ epUvhnKv FÀlmÀUv ]d-bp¶p , `£y-k-lmbw e`n¨n-c p¶p
F¶p-Å-Xn\v bmsXmcpsXfnhpw e`y-a -Ã.
1945 Â PÀ½³ `£y hnX-cW {]Øm-\s¯ ]Sn-ªm-d³ iàn-IÄ \in-
¸n-¨Xv ]«n-Wn-bpsS {][m\ Imc-W-a m-bn-c p-¶p. At\Iw PÀ½³Im-cpsS
ac-W-¯n\v CS-bm-¡n. 1919 Â {_n«³ krjvSn¨ Zmcn-{ Zy-¯nÂ ]\nbpw
tNÀ¶v Gähpw Npcp-§n-bXv 8 e£w PÀ½³Im-cpsS Poh³ A]-l-cn-¨p.
1945 Â Gähpw Ipd-ªXv 8 e£w acWw kw`-hn-¨p. C¶v Icp-Xn-¡q«n
\S-¯n-sb-Sp¯ Iq«-s¡m-esb¡pdn¨v Bcpw kwkm-cn-¡p-¶ n-Ã.
hmbv]-bmbn e`n-¨-Xnsâ 200 Cc«n PÀ½-\n-bnÂ\n¶pw IhÀ¨ sN¿-s¸-«n-
cp-¶p. PÀ½-\n-bnepw Ata-c n-¡-b nÂ ]n¶oSv e`y-amb tcJ-I-fpsS ASn-
113
Øm-\-¯nepw Xo{h-amb Kth-j-W-§Ä¡ptijw It\-Un-b³ Ncn-{X-Im-

c³- Pbnwkv _mtIz ]d-bp-¶p, 1945 þ 1947 Ime-L-«-¯ nÂ krjvSn-s ¨-Sp¯
]«nWn aqew 60 e£w t]À ac-W-a -S-ªp. [ Crime amd Mercies By James
Bacque ]
1945 Â Ata-c n-¡³ Ipcn-i p-bp-²-¡mÀ bqtdm-¸ nsâ t\À]Ip-Xn, Ing-
¡³ bqtdm-¸ns\, t_mÄsj-hnÌv Ìmens\ GÂ¸n-¨p. sImÅ-b-Sn-¡p-¶-
Xn\pw D·q-e\wsN¿p-¶-Xn\pwthn. AXp-sImv Ahsc amÀ-jÂ
¹m\nÂ\n¶pw XS-bp-¶-X n\pw km[n-¨p.[ The Harmssen Report]
1960 Â en³U³ tPm¬k¬, {^©v tdm¯vjoÂUnsâ ]¡Â\n¶pw

tImSn¡-W-¡n\v cq] ISwhm§n. hnbäv\mw bp²-¯n-te-¡mbn \nIpXn
hÀ²n-¸ n-¡p-¶Xv Hgnhm-¡p-¶-Xn\pthn F¶t]cn-Â - . hnbäv\ mw
tdms¡s^ÃÀ I¼-\n-IÄ¡v AXnsâ F®-bn-t·Â A[n-I mcw \ÂIp-
¶Xp hsc bp²w XpSÀ¶p.
\nIvk¬ ]Sn-ªm-d³ Ata-c n-¡-bpsS [mXp-e-h-W-§Ä _m-¦ÀamÀ¡v
]Wbwh¨v hmbv] t\Sn. Cu kml-N-c y-¯n-emWv \nIvk¬ ]cn-ØnXn
kwc-£W kwL-S\ cq]o-I-c n-¨-Xv. _m¦ÀamÀ¡v ]Wbw h¨n-cp¶ `qan
P\-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv XS-bpI F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p e£yw. Bureau of
Land Management ]ns¶ aäpNne kwL-S-\-I fpw AXn-te-¡mbn D]-tbm-
Kn-¡-s¸-«p.
1963 \hw-_-dnÂ tPm¬.-F-^v. sI¶Un “h[n-¡-s¸-«p”. At±lw ]pd-¯n-d-
¡n-bn-c p¶ t\m«p-IÄ DS\Sn ]n³h-en-¡-s¸-«p. {]kn-Uv tPm¬k¬
AXn\v t\XrXzw \ÂIn. sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv k{¼-Zm-b-¯ n-te¡v Xncn-s I-
t¸m-bn. IRS \nIpXn k{¼-Zmbw XpSÀ¶p. _m¦ÀamÀ A[nIw em`wt\Sn.
]n¶oSv 50 I½nän F¶pw PI - 40 I½nän F¶pw Adn-b-s¸-«, CIA bpsS MJ
- 12/ tPbvk¬ skmssk-än-bpsS ab-¡p-a-c p¶v CS-]m-Sp-I-s f-¡p-dn¨v shfn-
s¸-Sp¯pw F¶pw JFK ]dªn-c p-¶p. JFK bpsS ac-W-¯n\p sXm«p]ns¶,
ap³ {]kn-Uv {Sqa³ ]dªp CIA, \nb-{´-W-¯ n-eÃ F¶v.
Operation Northwoods F¶Xv Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ At¶hsc \S-¶n-«p-Å-XnÂ

Gähpw h©-\m-]-c-amb ]²-Xn-bm-Wv. AXv \S-¸n-em-¡n-bXv Ata-cn-¡³
Kh¬saâv. AXv AÀ°-am-¡n-bXv cl-ky-ambn , Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ òI-c -
hmZw F¶a«nÂ B{I-a -W-§Ä krjvSn¨v , Iyq_sb B{I-a n-¡p-¶-Xn-
\pÅ A´-co£w krjvSn-¡pI þ Pbnwkv _mw t^mÀUv. [ Friendly Fire.
U.S. Military Drafted Plans to Terrorise U.S. Cities to Provoke War with
Cuba ]
114
sI¶Un h[-¯nse 117 km£n-I-fnÂ NneÀ h[n-¡-s¸-«p. H¶n-e-[nIw

tXm¡p-I-fnÂ\n¶v A©v _pÅ-äp-IÄ. H¶n-e-[nIw sIme-bm-fn-I Ä¡v
km£n-I-fm-b-h-c nÂ {][m-\n-IÄ ac-W-a-S-bp-Itbm ImWm-Xm-h p-I tbm
sNbvXp.
1963 þ eo lmÀhn HmkvhÄUv h[n-¡-s ¸-«p.
Pm¡v km³K-¯n : H¡-e-tlma \K-c-¯nse tlm«Â amt\-PÀ h[n-¡-
s¸-«p. sI¶Un h[-¯n\v ASp¯ Znhkw, dq_n, HmkvhÄUns\ sImÃp-
sa-¶pw. {i² Xncn-¡p-¶-X n-\mbn kn\m{S IpSpw-_-¯ nse Hcp AwKw X«n-
s¡mv t]mI-s¸-Sp-sa¶pw At±lw ]d-ªn-cp-¶p.
CIA bpsS hmS-I-s ¡m-e bmfn tKmÀU³ enÍn än-¸ äv F¶ DtZym-K-
Øs\ h[n-¨p. enÍn, tImÄ_n-bpsSIognÂ ]Wn-s b-Sp-¯ n-cp-¶p.
1964 þ s_än aqWn aIvtUm-WÄUv , Imdq-kÂ ¢ºnse Im_sd \À¯-In
HmkvhÄUns\ ]cn-N-b-s ¸-«n-c p-¶p. Umc³ shbv³ KmÀ\À \v Pmayw \n¶n-
cp-¶p. KmÀ\À än¸-äns\ A]m-b-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw km£n-bmb hmd³
sdbvt\mÄUvkns\ h[n-¡p-I bpw sNbvX n-c p-¶p. s_än Ah-cpsS apdn-
bnÂ Xq§nacn¨ \ne-bnÂ ImW-s ¸-«p. Ah-c psS apdn-bnÂ IqsS Xma-kn-
¨n-cp-¶-bm-fp-ambn hg-¡n-«-Xn\v AdÌv sN¿-s¸-«-Xn\ptijw. KmÀ\À
]n¶oSv ac-W-a-Sª \ne-bnÂ ImW-s¸-«p. lm³ InÃw, Abm-fpsS `mcy
Iym_sd \À¯-In-bm-bn-cp-¶p. dq_n-bpsS ¢ºnÂ. HmkvhÄUnsâ hk-
Xn-bnÂ Ign-ªn-cp¶ tPm¬ ImÀ«-dpsS kplr-¯v. InÃw t]meo-kns\
sh«n¨v amk-§-tfmfw \S-¶p. ]n¶oSv Igp-¯nÂ apdn-thäv acn¨\ne-bnÂ
ImW-s ¸-«p. Kmcn AÀlnÂ, CIA ]nWn-b mÄ, AbmÄ¡v sI¶Un h[-
¯nsâ hkvX p-X -IÄ Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-¶p. Xe-bpsS CSXphi¯v shSp-
tbäpacn¨\ne-bnÂ ImW-s ¸-«p. At±lw heXpssI¿-\ m-bn-c p-¶p.
F¶n«pw Bß-l-Xy-bm-s W¶v hcp-¯n-¯ oÀ¯p. _nÂ l³«À, At±lw
dq_n-bpsS apdn-bnÂ Xma-kn-¨ n-c p¶ tPmÀÖv sk\-ä-dp-a mbpw, dq_n-bpsS
A`n-`m-j-I³ tämw tlmhmÀUp-ambpw , HmkvhÄUv h[n-¡-s¸«v GXm\pw
aWn-¡q-dq-IÄ¡Iw In-c p-¶p. Pnw sImbvs¯-bp-am-bn. _nÂ l³«sd
Imen-t^mÀWn-b-bnÂ, temwKv _o¨nÂ t]meo-Êvtä-j-\nse DtZym-K-Ø³
BI-kvan-I-a mbn shSn-h¨p sIm¶p. Pnw sImbvs ¯, ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-I³
IpfnIgnªv h¶-t¸mÄ Igp-¯n\v {]l-c -taäv ac-W-a -S-ªp. JFK bpsS
ap³ Im-a p-I nbpw At±-l-¯ n\v ab-¡p-a-c p¶v \ÂIn-bn-c p-¶-h-fp-amb tacn
tabÀ hmjn§v S-WnÂ \S-¡p-¶-Xn-\nsS shSn-tbäv acn-¨ p. Ah-cpsS CIA
kplr¯v Pbnwkv BwKÄS¬ Ah-c psS Ubdn \in-¸n¨pIf-ªp.
dq_n-bpsS A\p-bmbn {^m¦v jmthkv , dmtam³ UyqtIm-kv, At±-l-

¯nsâ AwK-c-£-I³ anKp-hÂ {Iqkv F¶n-h-cp-ambn Hm«-¸-´-b-¯nÂ
]s¦-Sp-¡p-t¼mÄ tdm_À«v sI¶Un h[n-¡-s¸-«p. anKp-hÂ {Iqkv
115
HmkvhÄUn-t\m-s Sm¸w AdÌv sN¿-s¸-«n-cp¶pF¶pw JFK bpsS h[-

¯nÂ ]¦p-sIm-n-cp¶p F¶pw Icp-X-s ¸-Sp-¶p. {Iqkv ]ns¶ jmth-
kns\ h[n-¨p. ZpÀlw `mcysb h[n-¨p. At±-ls¯ t]meokv tk\-
bnÂ\n¶v ]pd-¯m-¡n. hmd³ I½o-j³ Ah-cpsS I]-S-amb Is-¯-ep-
IÄ ]pd-¯n-d-¡n. HmkvhÄUv X\n-sb-bmWv JFK sb h[n-¨ Xv F¶m-bn-
cp¶p Is-¯Â.
1965. HmkvhÄUnsâ ac-W-tijw sk\-ä-dn-s \bpw aäpw IpaS-§nb
At±-l-¯nsâ A`n-`m-j-I³ tämw tlmhmÀUv cp Znhkw hnNn-{X-amb
e£-W-§Ä Im«nbtijw lrZ-b-LmXwaqew ac-W-a -S-ªp. arX-i-cocw
]cn-tim-[-\-IÄ¡v hnt[-b-am-bn-Ã. tdmkv sNcman F¶ Iym_sd
Um³kÀ, JFK h[n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn\v cpZnhkw ap³]v, At±lw h[n-¡-s ¸-
Sp-sa-¶pw, HmkvhÄUv ]e {]mhiyw dq_nsb kµÀin-¨n-cp¶p F¶pw Hcp
a\-È m-kv{X-Ú-t\mSv ]d-ªn-cp-¶p. hml\ A]-I-S-¯nÂ h[n-¡-s ¸-«p.
tUmsdm¯n IoÂKm-s e³, am²y-a -{]-hÀ¯-I, dq_n-bp-a m-bpÅ A`n-ap-J-
¯n\p tijw Ah-cpsS hk-Xn-bnÂ aZyhpw ab-¡p-a-cp¶pw A[n-I-ambn
Ign-¨-X p-s Imv ac-W-s¸« coXn-bnÂ Is-¯n. JFK h[-¯n\ptijw
HmkvhÄUns\ At±-l-¯nsâ hk-Xn-bnÂ F¯n¨ SmIvkn ImÀ ss{UhÀ
hnÃyw shbve n hml\ A]-I -S-¯ nÂ ac-W-s¸-«p. Imc³ s_s¶äv
ImÀen³, Iym_sd Um³kÀ, s_À\mÀUv hokvsa³ dq_nsb kµÀin-
¨Xv In-c p-¶p. HmkvhÄUns\ dq_n h[n-¡p-¶-Xn\pap³]v Ah-km-\ -
ambn dq_n-bp-a mbn kwkm-c n-¨n-cp-¶p. Xe-bnÂ shSn-tbäv acn-¨p.
1966 ap³ \mhn-I-tk\m se^väâv hnÃyw ]nävkÀ. JFK bpsS arX-i-cocw
]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶Xv cl-ky-ambn Iyma-d-bnÂ ]IÀ¯n. Hcp än.-hn-bnÂ
tPmen XpS-§p-¶-Xn\p X¿m-sd-Sp-¸n-em-bn-cp-¶p. Xe-bnÂ shSn-tbäv acn-¨p.
1967 PmIv dq_n hnNm-cW Im¯p-I-g nsb Iym³kÀ _m[n¨v ac-W-a-S-ªp.
tUhnUv s^dn, t¢ jmbpsS hnNm-c -W-bnÂ {]apJ km£n, At±-l-
¯nsâ AS-¨n« hk-Xn-bnÂ a-c-W-s ¸«\ne-bnÂ Is-¯n. Bß-l-Xy-
sb¶v hne-bn-cp-¯-s¸-«p. F¶mÂ kml-N-c y-s¯-fn-hp-IÄ FXn-cm-bn-cp-
¶p. AtX ZnhkwXs¶ Fem-Untbm sUÂhm-te, s^dn-bpsS kplr¯v,
At±lw s^dnsb Iyq_-bnÂ t_mw_v hÀjn-¡p-¶-Xn\v GÀs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cp-
¶p, lrZ-b-¯nÂ shbn-bpIbdn acn¨\ne-bnÂ ImW-s ¸-«p. s^dn-bpsS
asämcp kplr¯v tUmIvSÀ tacn sjÀa³ shSn-tbäpacn-¨p. icocw ]Ip-
Xn-tbmfw Icnª \ne-bn-epw. t¢ jmbpsS hnNm-cW XpS--§nb ka-b¯v,
Ae³ Uyqf-kn-s \bpw ap³ CIA DtZym-K-Ø³ tKmÀU³ t\mh-en-s\bpw
hnfn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶pF¦nepw cp-t]cpw lmP-c m-bn-Ã. sI¶Un IpSpw-_ -
¯nsâ ]¡-ep-m-bn-cp¶ FÃm tcJ-I fpw Kh¬saânÂ tNÀ¡Ww
F¶v Bh-i y-s ¸-«p. JFK bpsS Xe-t¨mdv A{]-Xy-£-a m-bn.
1968 tdm_À«v sI¶Un h[n-¡-s¸-«p. s^dn-bp-sSbpw tUmIvSÀ sjÀa-
sâbpw arX-i-cocw ]cn-tim-[n¨ tUmIvSÀ \nt¡m-fmkv Noä lrZ-b m-Lm-X -
116
¯nÂ ac-W-a-S-ªp. JFK h[-¯nsâ km£n dn¨ÀUv IÀ, B{I-a n-¡-s ¸-«p.
t¢ jm hnNm-c -W¡pap³]v.
1969 s^dn-bp-s Sbpw Hmkvh ÄUn\pw H¸w ]mÀ«n-bnÂ ]s¦-Sp¯ ss¢Uv
tPm¬k¬ amc-I-a mbn B{I-an-¡-s¸-«p. ]ns¶ shSn-tbäv ac-W-a-S-ªp.
At±lw t¢jm hnNm-c-W-bnÂ km£n ]d-bp-hm-\ n-c n-¡p-I -bm-bn-c p-¶p. t¢
jm hnNm-cW XpS-§n-sb-¦nepw t{]mkn-Iyq-«À Pnw Kmcn-k¬ sâ km£n-
IÄ ac-W-s ¸-«XpsImpw CIA, FBI F¶o {]Øm-\ -§-fpsS CS-s]-SÂ
ImcWw tami-s¸«coXn-bnÂ Nn{Xo-I-c n-¡-s¸-«XpsImpw, Ipä-¡m-c-\ Ã
F¶v hn[n-¡-s ¸-«p. tacn tPm tIms]Ivs\, FUvhmÀUv aqÀ sI¶-Un-tbm-
sSm¸w A]-I-S-¯nÂ ac-W-a-S-ªp.
1972 hmd³ I½o-js\ FXnÀ¯, slbvÂ t_mKvkv Aem-kvI bn-te-¡pÅ
hnam-\-¯nÂ A{]-X y-£-\m-bn.
1974. tPmk-^v. F. anÂäoÀ, Ipfn-ap-dn-bnÂ Ìu s]m«n-s¯-dn¨v ac-W-a-S-
ªp. ico-c -¯n-teä s]mÅ-ep-IÄ ac-W-Im-c -W-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. t¢jm
At±-l-¯nsâ hk-Xn-bnÂ ac-W-s¸«\ne-bnÂ ImW-]-s ]-«p.
AXn\papt¶, Bw_p-e³knÂ a\pjy ico-c-¯nsâ A{Xbpw hen-¸-apÅ
Hcp s]mXn AhnsS sImphc-s¸-«p. ac-W-I-cWw Ip-]n-Sn-¡p-¶-
Xn\papt¶ Fw_mw sN¿-s¸-«p. hmd³ I½o-jsâ PdmÀUv t^mÀUv
{]kn-U-m-bn.
1975 tdmPÀ s{IbvKv, ap³ t]meokv DtZym-K-Ø³, At±lw HmkvhÄUns\
Xncn-¨-dn-ªn-cp-¶p. shSn-tbäv ac-W-a-S-ªp.
1977 tPmÀPv sU tam-d³jnÂäv, House Assassination Committee At±-
ls¯ hnNm-c WsN¿p-¶-X n-\ mbnhnfn-¸n-¡p¶p F¶-dnªv Bß-l-Xy -s N-
bvXp. HmkvhÄUv At±-l-¯nsâ D]-tZ-i-{]-I m-c -amWv {]hÀ¯n-¨ n-cp-¶Xv
F¶v At±lw U¨v am²y-a-{]-hÀ¯-I³ hnÃyw HmÄ«vat\mSv ]d-ªn-cp-¶-
Xm-bn, HmÄ«vam³ km£yw]d-ªp. tamd³jnÂäv, Hmkvh ÄUn\pw F¨v.
FÂ. ln\pw a²y-ØX hln-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. JFK bpsS h[-¯nÂ
]¦p]än-bn-c p¶ CIA, FBI DtZym-K-Ø-cpsS t]cp-h n-h -c-§Ä, tamd³jnÂäv
At±-l-¯nsâ ac-W-¡p-dn-¸ nÂ tcJ-s ¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cp¶p F¶v ]d-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.
ImÀtemkv {]tbm kIm-d-kv, ap³ Iyq_³ {]kn-U-v, lhm\ Imkn-t\m-
bnse Pm¡v dq_n-bpsS ap³ ]¦m-fn, Imkvt{Sm A\p-bm-bn-I Ä¡v Bbp[w
\ÂIn-bn-c p-¶-bmÄ, Imkvt{Sm h©n¨p F¶tXm¶-enÂ, Bay of Pigs Hm¸-
td-js\ ]n³Xm-§n-bn-c p-¶p. tamd³jnÂäv Bß-lXysNbvXv Hcp
BgvNbv¡ptijw Bß-l-Xy-sN-bvX p. eq sÌbv] nÄkv, At±lw s]³
tPm¬kv, tdmPÀ s{IbvKv, tabv {_ÊÂ, aäv JFK h[w At\z-jn¨ DtZym-
K-Ø-·msc FÃmw A`n-a pJw FSp-¯n-cp-¶p. Bß-lXysNbvXp F¶\ne-
bnÂ Is-¯n.
117
Hmtcm bp²hpw P\-§sf am\-kn-I-a mbn XfÀ¯p-¶-X n\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s ¸-

Sp-¶p. PÀ½-\ nsb ]p\À\nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn\v hmÄkv{Soäv A[nIw \nt£]w
\S-¯n. sNbvkv _m¦v , djy³ hn¹-h s¯ ]n³Xp-W-¨ p. hmÀ_ÀKv
am³l-«³ _m¦p-ambn tNÀ¶v sNbvkv, ]ns¶ sNbvkv am³l-«³ F¶v
Adn-b-s ¸-«p. ]n¶oSv AXv sIan-¡Â _m¦p-ambn tNÀ¶v hmÄ kv{Soänse
Gähpw henb _m¦m-bn-¯ oÀ¶p. 1944 Â IMF sâbpw temI _m¦n-
sâbpw cq]o-I-c-W-¯n\v Ata-c n¡ ]qÀ® ]n´pW {]Jym-]n-¨p. 1945 Â
cm-as¯ eoKv Hm]v t\j\vkv \ne-hnÂ h¶p. United Nations F¶
t]cnÂ. ap³]v eoKv Hm^v t\j³knsâ cq]o-I-c -W-ka-b¯v Dm-bn-cp¶
FXnÀ¸-IÄ, bp²w aqew CÃm-Xm-bn. 1864 se National Banking Act Dw
1913 se sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv \nb-ahpw sImp-h -cp-¶-Xn\v {]tbm-Kn¨ X{´-
§Ä Ct¸mÄ BtKmf ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ {]tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-«p.
sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv t\m«p-IÄ¡v kam\-ambn IMF, SDR ( Special Drawing

Right ) ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-¡p-¶p. Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ AXv HutZym-KnI Id³kn
F¶ \ne-bnÂ AwKo-I -cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. Ct¸mÄ ( IMF 14,28,000 e[nIw
tImSn cq]-bpsS SDR ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn¨v Ign-ªp. FÃm AwK-cm-jv{S-§fpw
SDR AwKo-I-c n-¡p-¶-Xn\v k½À±wsNep-¯-s¸-Sp-¶p. SDR `mKn-I-ambn
kzÀ®s¯ ]n³]-än-bp-Å-X m-Wv. World Gold Standard \ne-
hnÂh¶psImn-cn-¡p-¶p. [\ am^n-bbv¡v temIs¯ sa¨-s ¸«coXn-
bnÂ \nb-{ń-¡p-¶-Xn\v hgn-s bm-cp-¡pw. IMF \ne-hn-ep-Å-Xn-t\-
¡mÄA[nIw ]eni CuSm-¡p-¶p. Zmcn{Zy \nÀ½mÀÖ-\hpw, hnI-k-
\hpw CXpaqew km²y-a ÃXs¶. AXv hnI-kzc cmjv{S-§-fpsS k¼¯v
A´m-c mjv{S_m¦Àam-cn-te¡v thK-¯nÂ amän-s b-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\v klm-b-I-c -
am-Wv. IMF s\bpw temI-_m¦ns\bpw \nb-{ń-¡p-¶Xv AhÀXs¶-bm-
Wv.
IMF aq¶mwtemI cmjv{S-§Ä¡v XmXvIm-e nI Bizmkw \ÂIp-t¼mÄ Zqc
hym]-I-amb {]Xym-Lm-X-§Ä¡pIqSn Ah-c psS \n_-Ô-\-IÄ Imc-W-am-
hp-¶p. sam¯whmbv] hfÀ¶psImt-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
]e-t¸mgpw Xncn-¨-Shv ]pXnb hmbv]-tb-¡mfpw A[n-I -am-Wv. 1992 Â
B{^n-¡-bpsS hmbv] 11 e£w tImSn cq]-bm-bn-cp-¶p, 1980 teXnsâ 2.5
Cc«n . hmbv] Xncn-¨-S-¡p-¶ -Xn\v ssIs¡m \S-] -Sn-IÄ, inip-a-c-W-\ n-c -
¡v, sXmgn-en-Ãmbva , hnZym-`ym-k-¯nsâ \ne-hm-c -¯-IÀ¨ FÃmw A[n-I-
ambn hÀ²n-¡p-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-am-bn. {]Xn-hn[n ASn-b-ń-c-a mbn ssIs¡m-
nÃ F¦nÂ temI-¯n\p apgp-h³ kam\KXnXs¶ ssIhcpw.
118
aq¶mw temI-a-lm-bp²w Ft¶ XpS-§n-¡-gn-ªp. \ni-_vZ-a mbn. F¶mÂ

AXohw A]-ISIc-a m-bn-¯-s ¶. {_koÂ, emän³ Ata-cn-¡, FÃm
aq¶mw temI cmjv{ S-§-sfbpw AXv ]n¨n-ö-´p-¶p. ssk\n-IÀ¡p]Icw
Ipªp-§Ä h[n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. aq¶mwtemI cmj-{S-§-fpsS hmbv]-bn-t·Â.
{][m\ Bbp[w “]eni” Xs¶. t_mw_n-t\-¡-mÄ amc-Iw. tebv kÀ
civan-tb-¡mÄ amc-Iw.
Bsc-¦ nepw ITn-\-am-bn«v A²zm-\n-¨p-m-¡nb [\-amWv hmbv]-bmbn
\ÂIn-b-s X-¦nÂ Xncn-¨-S-¡p-¶-X n-\pÅ Zpcn-X -§Ä \ymbo-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-a m-bn-
cp-¶p. F¶mÂ {^m£-WÂ _m¦n§vh gn e`n¨ hmbv]-bm-W-Xv. AXv
iq\y-X-bnÂ \n¶pw krjvSn-¡-s ¸-«-h -bm-Wv. Ct¸mÄ AXv Xncn-¨-S-¡p-¶-
Xn\pthn P\-§Ä Zpcn-X-§-f-\p-`-hn-¡p-¶p. ac-Ws¯ hcn-¡p-¶p.
1913Â \ne-hnÂh¶ sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhnsâ KhÀtWkpw bqtdm-]y³ sk³
{SÂ _m¦nsâ Xe-h-·mcpwIqSn krjvSn-s¨-Sp-¯ -XmWv 1929 se XIÀ¨.
tabvk¬kv \nb-{ń-¡p¶ HSBC asämcp X«n-¸m-Wv.
1968 Â House Banking Sub Committee ]dªp , tdms¡s^ÃÀ,
sNbvkv am³l-«³ _m¦n-eqsS CBS Â 5.9 % Hmlcn ssIhiwh¨n-c n-¡p-
¶p. IqSmsX ABC bpambn ]c-kv]cw Ub-d-IvSÀam-s c-bpw. 1974 CBS Â
sNbvkv am³l-«³ _m¦v 14.1 % Hml-cn¡v DS-a -bm-bn. NBC bnÂ 4.5 %.
AtX dnt¸mÀ«v ]d-bp-¶p, sNbvkv am³l-«³ _m¦v 28 am²y-a-§-fnÂ
Hmlcn ssIhiwt\Sn-bn-cn-¡p¶p F¶v. 1974 \v tijw ABC bnse
Hmlcn 6.7 % Bbn. C¶v AXv F{Xtbm A[nIw Bbn-cn-¡pw. {]tXyI
A[n-Imcw ssIbm-fp-¶-Xn\v 5% am{Xw Hmlcn aXn-bm-hpw. Fed se 300
[\nI Hmlcn DS-a -I-fnÂ H¶nsâam{Xw hnh-c-W-a mWv CXv. aäv Fed
Hmlcn DS-a-I Ä¡pw kam-\ -amb ]¦m-fn¯w Dv. tdms¡s^ÃÀ
Iu¬knÂ Hm¬ t^mdn³ dnte-j³knsâ (CFR ) \nb-{´Ww ssIbm-fp-
¶p. GI-temI Kh¬saâv F¶ Bibw \S-¸nÂ hcp-¯pI F¶-XmWv
{][m\ Dt±yiw. GI-tZiw FÃm hmÀ¯mam²y-a-§fpw CFR sâ \nb-{´-
W-¯n-em-Wv. am²y-a-§Ä Fed sâ Bi-b-§Ä¡v hncp-²-a m-bmÂ,
AhÀ¡v A\p-h-Zn-¨ n-«pÅ hmbv] ]n³h-en-¨mÂam{Xw aXn. ]ns¶ {]apJ
hyh-km-b-im-e-I-fn-e-[nIhp-w Fed DS-a-Ø-cpsS ssI¿n-em-Wv. Ah-
bnÂ\n¶p-Å, òa-a m-b, ]c-ky-¯nÂ \n¶pÅ hcp-am-\-hpw, am²y-a-§sf
\nb-{ń-¡p-¶ -Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. temI-¯nse Gähpw _rl-
¯mb Ggv F®-¡-¼\nIfnÂ \mse-®hpw tdms¡s^ÃÀ IpSpw-_ -
¯nsâ DS-a -Ø-X-bn-tem, \nb-{´-W-¯ntem BWv. CXnse Gähpw
_rl-¯ mb Standard Oil ( EXXON ) am{Xw 321 hyh-kmb ime-Isf \nb-
{ń-¡p-¶p. [ Congressional Investigation Headed by Texas Representative
Wright Patman ]
119
temI-¯ nse Gähpw _rl-¯mb hyh-km-b-i m-e-I Ä Humble Oil, ]ns¶

sh\n-tkz-e-bnse Hmdn-tbmÄ s]t{Sm-fnbw F¶n-h-bpÄs¸-sS. 1975 Â
ARCO ( Atlantic Rich Field ) bnse Hml-cn-bnÂ Hcm-f psS ssIhiw DÅ-
XnÂ Gähpw IqSp-XÂ Hmlcn tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ t\Sn. Texaco bpsS \nb-
{´-W-h pw. sSIvkm-t¡mbv¡v FXn-sc-bpÅ tIkpw hn[nbpw P\-§sf
I_-fn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn-bm-bn-cp¶p . bqtdm-]y³ GI-temIhàm-¡-
fpsS \nb-{´-W-¯ n-ep-m-bn-cp¶ tdmbÂ U¨v sjÃp-ambn hn]p-e-amb
]¦m-fn¯ hyh-Øn-Xn-bn-epÅ hyh-kmbw tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ \S-¯n-b n-c p-¶p.
U¨v cmÚn Pqen-bm-\-bm-bn-cp¶p sjÃnsâ GI DS-a -Ø. Ah-cpsS
aIÄ _nbm-{Sokpw PÀ½-\n-bnse ¢mhpkpw X½n-epÅ hnhm-l-s ¯-¯p-
SÀ¶v AhÀ DS-a-Øm-h-I miw ssIhn-«p.
]mÀe-s aâv AwKw hvs sdäv ]mäva³ . sÛvsâ Agn-a -Xn-Ifpw a\p-jy-X z-c -
ln-X-amb {]hr-¯n-Ifpw ]pd-¯p-sImphcp-¶-Xn\pthn ]cn-{i-an-¨p.
At±lw \S-¯nb At\z-j-W§-fpsS ê-§Ä Fs´-¦ nepw ImcWw
]dªv Xg-b-s ¸-«p. am²y-a-§Ä Ahsb Hgn-hm-¡n.
1970 Ifnepw 1980 Ifnepw ]mÀe-saâv AwKw emcn aIvtUm-WÄUv (tdms¡-
s^-Ã-dnsâ ZÃmÄ) _pjvsâ GI-temI{Iaw XIÀ¡p-¶-Xn\v A[nIw
]cn-{i-a n-¨ p. 1976 Â At±lw “tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ ^bÂ” F¶ ]pkvX-I-¯n\v
BapJw Fgp-Xp-I-bp-m-bn. tdms¡-s^-Ã-dnsâ km¼-¯ nI hym]vXn-
sbbpw cl-kym-ß-I-amb e£y-§-sfbpw shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-X m-bn-c p¶p
AXv. AXnÂ ]d-bp¶p tdms¡-s^-Ã-dn\v 200 e[nIw {SÌp-Ifpw ût-
j-\p-Ifpw Ds-¶pw, tdms¡s^ÃÀ IpSpw-_-¯nsâ \nb-{´-W-¯n-ep-Å
ût-j-\p-IÄ 1000 Â A[nIw hcp-sa-¶pw. sImdn-b³
FbÀsse³knsâ hnam-\-¯nÂ bm{X sN¿th aIvtUm-WÄUv A{]-Xy-
£-\ m-bn. AXv Ahn-Nm-cn-X-a mbn tkmhn-bäv AXnÀ¯n-bnÂ {]th-i n-¡p-
Ibpw Ahn-Nm-cn-X-a mbn shSn-h¨v hogv¯-s ¸-Sp-I bpw sNbvXp.
1971 HmKÌv 15 ZpjvIoÀ¯n-bpsS Zn\-a m-Wv. Standard Oil sâ \nb-{´-W-¯n-

epmbn-c p¶ {]kn-Uv \nIvk¬ tUmf-dns\ h[n¨ Znh-kw. At±lw
Gold Standard \ndp-¯-e m-¡n. t]bvK³ tdmanÂ HmKÌv 15 F¶Xv ho\-
kns\ ]qPn-¡p¶hÀ¡v hntijZn\-a m-Wv. kzÀ¤-¯nse cmÚn. CuPn-
]vjy³ sFkn-kv. lmYÀ F¶ tKmam-Xm-hv. ho\-knsâ NnÓw A©v Ic-
§-fpÅ \£-{Xw. \mevhÀj-¯nÂ Hcn-¡Â. AXv Hfnw-] nIvkv A\p-
hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. Hfnw-]nIvkv ]Xm-I-bnÂ 5 hr¯-§-fpw. tdmanse
s]bvK³kv hniz-kn-¨ n-cp-¶Xv ho\kv DS-temsS kzÀ¤-¯n-tem«v hnfn-bv¡-
s¸-«p. AhnsS kzÀ¤-¯nse cmÚn-bmbn hmgv¯-s ¸-«p Fs¶m-s¡-bm-Wv.
t]bv]Â tdmw ho\-kn\p ]Icw tbip-hnsâ amXmhv tacnsb {]Xn-jvTn-¨p.
t]bvK³ Ah[nZnhkw XpSÀ¶pw BN-c n-¡-s¸-«p. Ct¸mÄ hmgv¯-s¸«
I\y-I-bmb adn-b-¯nsâ kzÀKm-tcm-]Ww F¶v BN-c n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.
120
ho\kv AsÃ-¦ nÂ A½ ssZhw , sFknkv AsÃ-¦nÂ lmYÀ F¶v CuPn-

]vänÂ Icp-X-s ¸-«p. Gjy-bnÂ Ft^-kn-b³knse Ubm\ F¶pw.
HmKÌv 15, 1534 ³ Ctá-jykv etbmf , Pkyq«v aXw F¶ òIc {]Øm\w
Øm]n-¨p. HmKÌv 15 \v 1947 Â Cý¡v kzmX{ýw e`n-¨ p.
1984 Â tdmWÄUv doK³ \ntbmKn¨ t{Kbvkv I½o-jsâ Is-¯Â
BZm-b-\n-IpXn sam¯-a mbpw ]eni sImSp¯pXoÀ¡p-¶-X n-te¡va m{Xw
XnI-bp¶p F¶m-Wv. s]mXp-P-\ -§Ä¡v D]-Im-c-{]-Z-amb Imcy-§Ä¡v
kÀ¡mÀ ]pXnb hmbv]sb B{i-bn-t¡Xmbnhcp-¶p.
“CjvS-a m-bmepw CsÃ-¦nepw \n§Ä ASn-a -bm-Wv. BZmb\nIpXn , ASna
\nIp-Xn-bm-sW¶v hfsc Ipd¨pt]À am{Xw a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶p. kzX{´ P\-
X¡v DÄs¡m-Åm-hp-¶-X -Ã.” þ Ae³ tIsb-kv.
\nIp-Xn-IÄ k¼-Zvh y-h-Øsb \nb-{ń-¡p-¶-X n\pw Iogvs¸-Sp-¯p-¶ -X n\pw
thn-bp-Å-X m-Wv. AXv a\p-jyÀ¡v ]W-¯nÂ hnizmkw P\n-¸n-¡p-¶p.
{]nb-s¸-«-Xm-¡p-¶p. k´p-enX _UvP-äv, an¨ _UvPäv F¶nh X«n¸p
]²-Xn-I-fm-Wv. AXv tIÄhn¡v kpJw\ÂIp-¶p. a\p-jysc ckn-¸ n-¡p-
¶p. AXn-\-¸pdw H¶p-an-Ã.
“\½psS BZmb\nIpXn hyhØ a\p-jy-Ip-e-¯n\v A]-a m-\-I-c-a m-Wv.” þ
Pn½n ImÀ«À 1976
“\½psS BZm-b -\n-IpXn hyhØ Akw-`-hy-a m-Wv. A\o-X n-I -c-am-Wv.
- m-Wv.” þ tdmWÄUv doK³ 1983.
DXv] m-Z\ hncp-²a
“F«v Zim-_v Z-¡m-es¯ ]cn-jvI -c-W-§Ä cIvj{]m]n-¡m-\m-h m¯
Ipcp¡v krjvSn-¨ n-c n-¡p-¶p. A[nIw P\-§Ä¡pw \nbaw a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶-
Xn\v km²y-a-Ã. Kh¬saâv DtZym-K-Ø -·mÀ¡pw \nbaw A{]m-] y-a m-Wv.
Ah-cmWv \nbaw \S-¸nÂhcp-t¯-p-¶-Xn\v Npa-X-e-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶-X v.” þ
BZmb \nIpXn I½o-j-WÀ jÀen s]täÀk¬ þ 1993.
“\mW-b-s ¸-cp-¸hpw \nIp-Xnbpw \o¡n-bmÂ icm-i cn tPmen-¡m-c sâ
i¼fw 17 iX-a m\wIv Ipd-ªn-c n-¡p-¶p. 1973 s\ At]-£n¨v” þ
amÀ«n³ t{KmÊ [ The Tax Racket ]
A´m-c mjv{S ]W-a n-S-] m-Sp-I Ä, \mWb hn\n-ab\nc-¡nÂ hyXn-bm\w hcp-

¯p-¶Xphgn Ir{Xn-a-a mbn kuI-cy-s¸Sp¯p¶Xn\v km[n-¡pw. \mW-b-s ¸-
cp-¸-¯nsâ bYmÀ° \nÀÆ-N\w F¶Xv , e`y-a m-h p¶ km[-\-§Ät¡m,
tkh-\-§Ät¡m ]Icw , e`yam-hp¶ ]W-¯nsâ Afhv F¶-X m-Wv.
AXv doK³ `c-W-I m-e¯v A[n-I-ambnhcp¶ DXv] m-Z\sëhv aqe-a p-m-
121
hp¶ hnehÀ²-\hv F¶v Xncp-¯n-¡p-dn-¡-s¸-«p. ]n¶oSvh¶ hni-I-e-\-

§Ä FÃmwXs¶ sXän-²m-cW ]c-¯p-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p.
H¶mw temI alm-bp-²-Im-e¯v t]mÄ hmÀ_ÀKnsâ ktlm-Z-c ³ amIvkv
hmÀ_ÀKv , tdm¯vjoÂUv _m¦nsâ Xe-h-\pw, PÀ½³ cl-kym-t\z-jW
hn`m-K-¯nsâ Xe-h \pw IqSn-bm-bn-cp-¶p . se\n³ , djy-bn-te¡v s{Sbn³
amÀ¤w t]mbXv amIvkvs â Bi-b-a-\ p-k-c n-¨n-«m-bn-cp-¶p. t_mÄsj-h n-¡p-
IÄ¡pÅ hmbv] , kzoU-\nse sk³{SÂ _m¦p hgn-bm-bn-cp¶p \ÂIn-b-
Xv. AXnsâ Xe-h³ asämcp ktlm-Z-c ³ Pqen-bkv hmÀ_ÀKv.
“\½Ä BtKm-f-X-e-¯n-epÅ cq]amä-¯nsâ h¡n-em-Wv. IrXy-am-b,
_rl-¯ mb Hcp B]¯v am{X-amWv \ap¡v Bh-iy-w. GI-temI
Kh¬saâv Øm]n-X-am-¡p-¶-X n\pthn” þ tUhnUv tdms¡s^ÃÀ..
(Iu¬knÂ Hm^v Ata-c n-¡m-knsâ Øm]-I ³, A²y-£³, Ata-cn-
¡mkv skmssk-än-bpsS A²y-£³, t^mdw Hm^v Z Ata-cn-¡m-knsâ
Øm]-I³, Iu¬knÂ Hm¬ t^mdn³ dnte-j³knsâ A²y-£³.
ss{Sem-ämÂ I½o-jsâ Øm]-I³, A²y-£³. _nÂUÀ_ÀKvknsâ
A²yIvj³.)
A´m-c mjv{S_m¦Àam-cpsS ]²-Xn, Id³kn-bpsS D]-tbmKw sam¯-a mbpw

\ndp-¯-em-¡pI , ]Icw Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv ImÀUpIÄ D]-tbm-K-¯ nÂ hcp-
¯pI, F¶-X m-Wv. AXn-\p-tijw `qan-bnse Hmtcma\p-jy\pw þ ]pcp-
j\pw kv{Xobpw, Ipªpw FÃmw Ah-cpsS k¼qÀ®-amb \nb-{´-W-¯n-
em-hpw. Ah-cpsS ]²-Xn-Isf FXnÀ¡p¶hcpsS ImÀUv D]-tbm-Ky-a-Ãm-
Xm¡p-¶Xphgn, \nb-{´-W-¯n\pv km[y-a m-hpw. temIwsam¯-a mbpw
_m¦Àam-cpsS k¼qÀ® \nb-{´-W-¯n\pIognÂ.
t]mÄ thmÄt^mhnävknsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯n-epÅ \ntbm-I¬kÀth-änhvkv

A[n-Ihpw kb-WnÌv PqX-·m-cm-Wv . AhÀ hntZi\bw Xocp-a m-\ n-¡p-¶-
XnÂ- A-[nIw kzm[o\wsNep-¯p-¶p. cmjv{Sob- ]-WvUn-X·mÀ F¶-h-Im-
i-s ¸-Sp-¶-hÀ Ata-cn-¡-bpsS XmXv]-c y-§Ä kwc-£n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn\v
anUnÂ CuÌnÂ C{km-tb-ensâ km¶n²yw A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv F¶v hcp-¯n-
¯oÀ¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ anUnÂ CuÌnÂ Fs¶-¦ nepw Ata-cn¡ \S-¯nb-
bp-²-§-fnÂ C{km-tbÂ Fs´-¦nepw ssk\nIklmbw \ÂIn-bn-«ptm
F¶ tNmZyw {]k-à-am-Wv.
\mW-b-s¸-cp-¸-¯nsâ tXmXn-s\m-¸w F®-bpsS hne DbÀ¶n-«nÃ F¶-XmWv

hmkvX-hw. aäp-Å-hÀ¡v F® hmt§-Xv F{X-t¯mfw Bh-iy-a m-tWm,
A{X-t¯mfwXs¶ Bh-iy-amWv, Ad_v cmjv{S-§Ä¡v F® hnÂt¡--
Xv. Ad_v cmj-{S-§-fnÂ\n¶p am{X-a-Ã, saIvkn-t¡m, sh\nt-kz-e, Im\-U,
122
F¶n-hn-S-§-fnÂ\n¶pw F® e`yamWv. kuZn Atd_y \ÂIp¶ A{Xbpw

Xs¶ F® djybpw Im\-Ubpw Ata-c n-¡¡v \ÂIp-¶p-v. ]pXnb
t{kmX-Êp-IÄ Ip]nSn¨psImt-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. temI-¯nsâ ]e
`mK¯pw. F® t{kmX-Êp-IÄ hänhcpt]mIp¶ Xc-¯n-ep-Å-h-bÃ, Dd-
hIÄ hopw ]p\-c p-Xv]m-Z-\-ti-jn-bp-Å -h-bm-Wv.
[oc-sa¶v hymP-ambn {]IoÀ¯n-¡-s ¸-«, ssa¡nÄ aqdnsâ kn\n-a,
“^mc³loäv 9/11” Ad_v hwi-Psc tami-ambn Nn{Xo-I-c n-¡p-¶p. Ata-cn-
¡-bpsS hyh-km-b-§-fnÂ ]eXpw kuZn \nt£]w DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p.
At±-l-¯nsâ kn\n-a-bnÂ C{km-tbÂ Ft¶m, kb-Wnkw Ft¶m Hcn-
¡Â t]mepw kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶n-Ã. \ntbmI¬kÀth-änkw F¶pw. tlmfn-
hp-Un-s e- k-b-WnÌv PqX-\ mb Adn C½m-\p-hÂ BWv aqdnsâ klm-bn.
At±-l-¯nsâ ktlm-Z-c ³ dlvw C½m-\p-hÂ ImÀ«À a{ń-k-`-bnÂ ]Wn-
sb-Sp-¯n-cp-¶p. ]ns¶ CÃn-t\m-bnse C{km-tbÂ Xo{h-hm-Zn-b mb sk\-ä-
dpw. aqÀ ]d-bp¶p Cdm¡v bp²-¯nÂ kuZn-I Ä¡v t\«w H¶pwXs¶
Dm-bnÃ F¶v. F¶mÂ Ata-c n-¡³ I¼\n lmen-_À«\v [mcm-f-ambn
t\«w Dm-hp-Ibpw sNbvX p F¶v.
8 e£w tImSn-bnÂ A[nIw sNe-hm¡n Cdm-¡n-t\mSv F®¡p
thnam{Xw bp²wsN¿p-¶Xv Ata-cn-¡bv¡v km¼-¯n-I-a mbn em`-a Ã
Xs¶ . A¨-Sn-¡p-¶-Xnsâ sNehpam{Xw apS¡n F{X tUmfÀ thW-sa-
¦nepw \nÀ½n-¡m-sa-¶n-cn-s¡, BÄ \jvShpw aäp cmjv{S-§-fpsS hntcm-[-
hpw ]ns¶ ]eXc-¯n-epÅ aäv\jvS-§-fpw. F®¡p thn-bpÅ bp²w
F¶Xv XnI¨pw Akw-_-Ô-a mb hymJym-\ -am-Wv.
C{km-tbÂ hfsc sNdnb, hn`h ZuÀe-`y-a pÅ, F® Xoscbn-Ãm¯,

km¼-¯n-I-a m-bpw, ssk\n-I-a m-bpw, cmjv{ So-b-a mbpw Ata-c n-¡-s b- ]qÀ®-
ambpw B{i-bn¨p\nÂ¡p-¶, kwc-£-W-bnÂ\nÂ¡p¶ cmjv{ Sam-Wv.
C¶v C{km-tb-ensâ {]Xn-Om-b, bp²-s¡m-Xn-b-·m-cm-b, A¸mÀ¯oUv \ne-
\nÂ¡p-¶, km{am-PyXz cmjv{ Sw F¶m-Wv. AXv km²y-am-hp-¶Xv ]qÀ®-
ambpw Ata-cn-¡-bpsS HuZm-cy-¯n-epw. C{km-tb-ens\ kwc-£n-¡p-¶Xv
temI-a m-I -am\w Ata-c n-¡³hncp-²X krjvSn-¡p-¶p. kb-Wn-Ìp-I-f-Ãm¯
]me-kvXo³ P\-Xsb, km[m-cW ]uc-·msc , kv{XoIfpw Ipªp-§fpw
DÄs¸-sS, 1948 apXÂ \nc-´-c-ambn C{km-tbÂ ssk\yw Iq«-s ¡me sN¿p-
¶-Xns\ kb-Wn-Ìv, C{km-tbÂ A\p-Iqe am²y-a-§Ä CNN, FOX NEWS
t]m-ep-Åh {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶ -tX-bnÃ. 9þ11 Â C{km-s b-ensâ]¦v DÄs¸-sS.
F´mWv kb-Wnkw F¶Xv P\-§Ä¡v Adn-bp-I -tb-bn-Ã. AXv hwio-b-X -
bpÄs¡m-Åp¶, cmjv{Sob kn²m´-a m-Wv. C{km-tbÂ kb-Wnk¼-¯n-
sâ -Øm]-I ³ Xntbm-UÀ slÀkÂ F¶ Hmkv{Sn-b³ PqX³. 1890 IfnÂ
\ne-hnÂh¶p. hwiob D·q-e-\-¯nÂ hniz-kn-¡p-¶p.
123
anUnÂ CuÌnÂ Ata-cn¡\S-¯p¶ bp²-§Ä F®¡pthn am{X-ap-Å-

X-Ã. F¦nÂ F® DXv]m-Zn-¸ n-¡m¯ cmjv{ S-amb kndn-bsb B{I-an-¡p-I -
bn-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. Cdm-¡p-a m-bpÅ bp²hpw F®¡pthn am{X-a -Ã. C{k-
tbÂ kJy-I-£n-bm-sW¶v , kb-WnÌv am²y-a-§Ä ]d-bp-¶-tX-bn-Ã.
Cw¥-nÂ cv N{I-hÀ¯n-a m-c m-Wp-Å-Xv, H¶v Fen-k-_¯v cmÚnbpw

]ns¶ _m¦v Hm^v Cw¥-nsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯n-epÅ 12 _m¦p-I-fpsS I½n-
änbpw þ AXv 677 G¡-dnÂ “The City”bnÂ ØnXnsN¿p-¶p. AXv
temIs¯ \nb-{ń-¡p-¶p. AXv Cw-¥-nsâ `mK-a-Ã. hmjn-§vS¬ Ata-
cn-¡-bpsS `mK-a-Ãm-¯Xpt]mse. The City \Kcw, temI-¯nse Gähpw
[\n-I-a mb NXp-c {i ssaÂ F¶-dn-b-s ¸-Sp-¶p.
19-þmw \qäm-nÂ temI-hm-Wn-Py-¯nsâ 90 iX-a m-\ hpw cmP-mhnsâ \nb-
{´-W-¯nÂ, {_n«o-jv I¸-ep-IÄ \nÀh-ln-¨ n-c p-¶p. _m¡n 10 % temI-
¯nse kap{Zw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xn\v, {_n«ojv cmPm-h\v I¸w \ÂtI-n-bn-
cp-¶p.
1850 Â s^{U-dnIv tamÀ«³ ]d-ªXv tdm¯vjoÂUnsâ BkvXn
40,000 tImSn cq] F¶m-Wv. C¶v _m¦À {]`p-¡-fpsS BkvXn 12,000
e£w tImSn cq]-bnepw hfscA[nIw BWv. temI-¯nsâ IS-¯nsâ
sam¯w \nb-{´-Whpw \Kcw ssIbm-fp-¶p. \Kcw Xs¶-bmWv temI-
¯nse sam¯w \nb-a-hy-h-Ø-s bbpw \nb-{ń-¡p-¶ -Xv. AXv _mÀ
Atkm-kn-tb-j³ {^mss©-kn-IÄ hgn-bm-Wv. A´m-c mjv{S _mÀ Atkm-
kn-tb-j³ apJm-ń-cw. “kzmX{ý {]Jym-]\w” A´m-cmjv-{ S- X-e-¯nÂ
AwKo-I-c n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ -Xn\v tPmÀÖv aq¶m-a³ cmPm-hnsâ A\p-a -Xn-tbmsS
United States Incorporated \ne-hnÂh¶p. Ata-cn-¡-¡mÀ Icp-Xp-¶Xv
AhÀ Ah-cpsS cmjv{S-¯nsâ DS-a-Ø-cmWv F¶m-Wv. F¶mÂ AhÀ
AXv ]m«-¯n\v FSp-¯n-cn-¡pIam{X-am-Wv. P\-§sf kam-[m-\ n-¸ n-¡p-¶-
Xn\pthn am{Xw hnfw-_cw sNbvX-X mWv “kzmX{ý {]Jym-]\w”-
Declaration of Independence. `c-W-L-S\ F¶Xv Cw¥ojv \nb-a -¯nsâ
asämcpt]cv am{X-am-Wv.
]ucXzw F¶Xv The City bpam-bpÅ asämcp ]¦m-fn¯w (Equity) am{X-am-
Wv. kp{]ow tImSXn PUvPnbmbn-cp¶ sênIvkv {^m¦v^À«À ]d-bp-¶Xv
]¦m-fn¯w F¶Xv hfsc {Iqc-a mb AÀ°-X ew DÄs¡m-Åp¶p F¶m-Wv.
]cn-lm-c-¯nsâ BZy-]-Sn-s b-¶pÅ\nebv¡v sNt¿Xv Citizenship (The
City) Dt]-£n-¡pI F¶-XmWv .
djy³ Kth-jI sImÀbm-Kn\ ]d-bp-¶p. 12 e£w tImSn-bn-e-[nIw km-¼-
¯nI CS-]m-Sp-IÄ, `qan-bpsStaÂ \ngÂhogv¯p-¶p. GsX-¦ nepw Hml-cn-
124
hn-]-Wn-bpsStaÂ Ft¸mÄthW-sa-¦nepw \n]-Xn-¡p-¶Xphgn AXn\v

XIÀ¨tbm Akzm-Øy-§tfm krjv Sn-¡p-¶-Xn\vI gn-bpw.
2002 Â sk]väw-_À 24 \v tdm¯vjoÂUnsâ Icp¯vshfn-h m-¡p¶ Hcp
kw`hw Dm-bn. Cw¥-nse _¡nw-J mw-sj-b-dnse hmsU-Uvk¬ am\À
F¶ Ah-c psS IpSpw-_-h o-«nÂ, BÀ\ÄUv jvhmÀsk\-KÀ, Pbnwkv
thmÄs^³k¬ þ temI _m¦v {]kn-U-v, dn¡n Hm¸³loaÀ þ Uo_n-
bÀ (tem-I-¯nse Gähpw henb h{P-hym-] m-c n), hmd³_ps^ þ At±-lw
temI-¯ nse cm-as¯ [\n-I³ F¶-dn-b-s ¸-Sp-¶p AXv hmkvX-h-a-Ã
At±lw k¼-¯nsâ Imcy-¯nÂ hfsc Xmsg-bm-Wv, -F-¶n-hÀ slen-
t¡m-]vä-dnÂ h¶n-d-§n. tP¡_v tdm¯vjoÂUnsâ AXn-Yn-I-fm-bn .
BÀ\ÄUv Bkabw Imen-t^mÀWnb KhÀWÀ Øm\mÀ°n-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
_m¦n§v {]`p-¡-fpsS kz¯phnhcw IrXy-a mbn e`y-a -Ã. AXv k¦oÀ®-
§-fmb, \nIpXncln-X -amb, \nIpXnCf-hp-I-fpÅ Øm]-\-§-fpsS
\ncsImv aqSnhbv¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p.
Fen-k-_¯v cmÚn-bpsS kz¯v _m¦v Hm^v Cw-¥- nsâ “t\man\n
“A¡u-p-I-fnÂ aqSnhbv¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. AXv ]cn-tim-[-\ bv¡v hnt[-
b-a-Ã. ]qÀ-®-a mbpw cl-ky-kz-`mhw DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p. Ah-cpsS Hcp
kz¯p hnh-c -§fpw At\z-j-W-¯ n\v hnt[-b-a-Ã. {]tXy-I n¨pw _m¦v
Hm^v Cw¥-v t\man\n A¡u-p-IÄ. AXnÂ \nt£]w \S-¯n-bn-c n-¡p-
¶Xv cmÚn-bm-tWm, {]kn-Uv _pjv BtWm, k±mw lpsskt\m aäp-
Å-htcm BtWm F¶v Adn-bm³ km²y-a-Ã.
t^mÀ_vkv amK-ko³ _nÂtK-bvävkns\t¸mepÅ sNdnb [\n-I-cpsS hnh-
c-W-§Äam{Xw \ÂIp-¶p. XXym\m sImÀbm-Kn\ ]d-bp¶p hyh-Øn-Xn-
sb-¡p-dn¨v Adn-b-s ¸-Sp-¶Xv hf-sc-¡p-d¨pam{Xw. \ngÂ k¼-Zvhy-h -Ø,
\ngÂ cmjv{So-bw, \ngÂ Ncn{Xw F¶nh hmkvX-h-a m-Wv. Cu temI-¯nÂ
{]Xy-£-a-Ãm¯ iàn-IÄ {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. Gähpw Icp-¯-cmb cmjv{S-
§Ät¡m {]tZi§Ät¡m AXns\ XS-bp-¶-X n\v km[y-a-Ã. _yl-¯mb
A´m-c mjv{S kÀ¡m-c p-I -fpw, cmjv{S-§fpw Dv.
bqtdm-]y³ bqWn-b-\ nse Bjve n-tam ]d-bp-¶p. “1990 IfnÂ “temI
kpc£m ^v” Global Security Fund- \ne-h nÂh¶p. tP¡_v
tdm¯vjoÂUn-sâ \nb-{´-W-¯nÂ. AXnsâ BØm\w {_ÊÂknÂ.
AXv km[m-cW ^v AÃ. AXv hym]mcw sN¿p-¶n-Ã. AXv Hml-c n-hn-]-
Wn-bnÂ AwKXzw t\Sn-bn-«n-Ã. AXn\v XnI¨pw hyXy-kvXamb Dt±y-i-ap-
v. AXv temIs¯ \nb-{´-¡p-¶-Xn\pthn-bp-Å -Xm-Wv. cl-kym-t\z-
jW hn`m-K-§-fpsS klm-b-t¯m-s S. bqtdm-]y³ bqWn-bsâ cl-kym-t\z-
jW hn`m-K-§-Ä , ap³]v , Hm^vtjmÀ A¡u-p-I -fnÂ Ak-·mÀ¤nI
^p-I Ä ssIImcywsNbvXn-cp-¶p.”
125
CXnsâ {]Xy-LmXw , Bjventam Gähpw ASn-b-ń-c-a mbn \in-¸n-¡-s ¸-

tS hyàn-I-fnÂ Hcm-fm-bn . GSF 260 e£w tImSn cq]bptS-Xm-Wv. {][m-
a-\mbpw ssI¡qen \ÂIp-¶-Xn\pw, FXn-c m-fn-Isf D·q-e\wsN¿p-¶-
Xn\pw, temI-a m-I -am\w òI-c -{]-hÀ¯\w \S-¯p-¶-Xn\pw thn-bp-Å-Xm-
Wv. _m¦n§v am^n-b-bpsS taÂ\n¶pw {i²-Xn-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw.
Cw-¥- nse _m¦n§v hyh-ØnXn \nb-a -hn-cp-²hpw AXp-sImp Xs¶

X«n-¸ p-a m-s W¶v hn[n \nÀW-bn-¨ - P-Ìnkv amÀ«n³ hn. atlm\n , kwi-bm-
kv]-Z-a mb kml-N-cy-¯nÂ hnjw DÅnÂsN¶v ac-W-a-S-ªp. [ First
National Bank Vs. Jerome Daly ].
Edwards Vs Kearnzey bpw Craig Vs Missouri bpw {]tXyIw {i²-tbmsS
]Tn-t¡--Xp-v.
hmÄkv{So-änÂ ]Ww \nt£-] n-¨ mÂ , GsXmcp a\p-jy\pw ico-c-a -\ -
§msX [\n-I-\mImw F¶Xv XnI¨pw sXän-²m-c-W-bm-Wv. \nIpXn CuSm-
¡p-¶-X n-\ pÅ km{am-Py-¯ nsâ iàn , AXnsâ k¼-Zvh y-h-Ø-tbbpw,
ssk\nI iàn-tbbpw B{i-bn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.
“hymh-km-bn-I, ssk\n-I, cmjv{Sob Iq«p-sI-«ns\ kq£n-¡pI” þ {]kn-
Uv sFk-t\m-hÀ 1961
20 þmw \qäm- nÂ \mW-b-s ¸-cp-¸-¯n-eqsS temIs¯ sam¯w IhÀs¶-Sp-
¡p-¶-X n\v Ata-cn¡ {]m]vXnt\Sn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. aäv cmjv{S-§-fnÂ\n¶pw
hm§p¶ km[-\-§Ä¡pw tkh-\-§Ä¡pw tUmf-dnÂ hne \nÝ-bn-¡p-I.
AXv sImSp¯pXoÀ¡p-¶-XnÂ a\-]qÀÆw Ime-Xm-a kw hcp-¯p-I.
1945 se s{_ä³hqUvkn-s\- Xp-SÀ¶v Ata-c n-¡³ km{amPyw \ne-

hnÂh¶p. AXp-hsc temIcmjv{S§-fnÂ Icp-¯³ Ata-c n-¡-bm-bn-cp-¶n-
cn¡mw F¶mÂ km{amPyw F¶ ]Zhn ssIh¶Xv AXn\ptij-am-Wv.
hntZ-in-IÄ tUmfÀ ssIhiw kq£n-¡p-¶-Xpw, Ata-cn¡ hntZ-i- cm-jv{S-

§Ä¡v hym]m-c -hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v sImSp-¡m-\pÅ XpI Ign-bp-¶{X
Xmakw hcp-¯p-¶Xpw \nIp-Xn¡v XpÃy-am-hp-¶p. Inflation Tax . \mW-b-
s¸-c p¸w, cmjv{Sw AXnse P\-§-fpsS taÂ Npa-¯p¶ \nIp-X n-b m-Wv.
Ct¸mÄ Ata-cn¡ AXv temI-a m-I-a m\w DÅ P\-§-fpsS taÂ Npa-¯p-
¶p. AXn\p tijw C¶p hsc temIs¯ sam¯w \nIpXn Npa-
¯p¶Xn\v , temIs¯ apgp-h³ AXnsâ IognÂ \ndp-¯p-¶ -Xn\v Ata-
cn¡ -{]m]vX-a m-bn-c n-¡p-¶p. temI cmjv{S-§-s f-s¡mv A[nIw tUmfÀ
Ata-cn-¡¡v ]pd¯p kq£n-¡p-¶-X n\v \nÀ_-Ôn--¡p-¶-Xn\p thn-bpw.
AXn-\pÅ km¼-¯nI ImcWw F®-bpw. F® DXv]m-Zn-¸ n-¡p¶ cmjv{S-
126
§-fnÂ \n¶pw F® hm§p-¶-Xn\p thn hntZi cmjv{S-§Ä tUmfÀ

ssIhiw kq£n-t¡- -Xmbn h¶p. F®-bpsS Bh-iy-IX Zn\w-{]Xn
hÀ²n¨p sImn-cn-¡p-¶p. AXn-\-\p-k-cn¨v tUmf-dnsâ Bh-iy-I-X-bpw.
“iq\y-X-bnÂ\n¶pw _m¦p-IÄ krjvSn-¡p¶ ]W-¯n\ptaÂ ]eni

t\Sp¶Xn\v _m¦p-IÄ¡v Ign-bp-¶p.” þ hnÃyw ]mtäÀk¬ . _m¦v Hm^v
Cw¥v Øm]-I³.
C¶v \ne-hn-epÅ _m¦n-§nsâ {Iqc-amb ]²-XnbnÂ\n¶pw ]pd¯p hcp-

¶-Xn\v, thK-¯nÂ, kp\n-Ýn-X-am-bn, kpK-a -am-bn, km[n-¡pw. kÀ¡mÀ
t_mp-I Ä¡p]Icw hmbv]-c-lnX kÀ¡mÀ t\m«p-IÄ \ÂIp-I. ]ns¶
]W-¯nsâ e`yX \nb{ńv¡pI. AXv \mW-b-s¸-c p-¸hpw \mW-b-¨p-cp-
¡hpw \nb-{´-¡pw . tZiob ]m¸-c-¯w, km¼-¯ nI XIÀ¨, \mW-b-s ¸-
cp-¸w- H-¶p-a n-ÃmsX kÀÆXpw \nb-{´W hnt[-b-a m-¡mw. \nIpXnbpsS
Afhv KWyambn Ipd-¡mw. k¼m-Zy-¯nsâ aqeyw \ne-\n-dp-¯mw.
F¶mÂ CXv {]tbm-Kn-I-am-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ km²yX hnc-f-a m-Wv.
Cw-¥ojv Nm\-enÂ, {^m³knsâ Xoc-¯v, Kp G¬tk F¶ sNdp Zzo]nÂ

C¯cw ]co-£Ww\S¯n hnP-b-sa¶vIp. Hmkv{Sn-b-bnse 200 ]«-W-
§Ä kam\ \ne-]mSv ssIs¡m-Åp-¶-X n\v Xocp-a m-\ n-¨p. F¶mÂ Hmkv{Sn-
b³ \mj-WÂ _m¦v , \nbawsImv B ]cn-{i-as¯ Iog-S-¡n. Hmkv{Sn-
b³ kp{]ow tImSXn _m¦n\v A\p-I q-e-ambn hn[n-bn-d-¡n. Gold Standard
Hcp {]Xn-hn-[n-b-Ã. IqSp-XÂ cmjv{So-b-¡mÀ¡pw CsXm¶pw a\-Ên-em-¡p-
¶-Xn-\pÅ {]m]vXn-b-Ã.
knÜv t{^mbn-Unsâ acp-a-I³, FUvhmÀUv s_Àt\bvkv cq]wsImSp¯

Bi-b-amWv “k½-Xn-bpsS \nÀ½mWw” F¶-Xv. s_Àt\-bvkv “s]mXp-P-\ -
k-¼À¡w” sâ ]nXm-h mbn ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. At±lw ]d-bp¶p
“s]mXp-P-\-§fpsS Nn«-s¸-Sp-¯-s ¸« ioe-§-fp-sSbpw A`n-{]m-b-§-fp-
sSbpw \nb-{´Ww ssIbm-fp-¶-h sc AZriy Kh¬saâv F¶p]d-bmw.
AXmWv \½psS cmjv{Ss¯ `cn-¡p-¶-X v. \½sf hfsc sNdnb Hcp
kwLw ASn-a-s¸-Sp¯n h¨n-c n-¡p-¶p. kwkvImcw hfsc k¦oÀ®-am-bn-
¯oÀ¶n-c n-¡p-¶p. A`n-{]m-bs¯ IÀi-\-ambn \nb-{ń-¡p-¶-Xn-\v, kmt¦-
XnIamÀ¤-§Ä Is-¯p-I bpw hnI-kn-¸ n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿-s ¸-Sp-¶p. CXv
127
AXohw sNe-th-dn-b-Xn\mÂ, Ipd¨v BÄ¡m-c psS \nb-{´-W-¯n-e m-Wv.

\½psS F{Xbpw kzm[o-\XbpÅ kmaq-lnI \mb-I-·m-cpsS hm¡p-Ifpw
{]hÀ¯n-Ifpw , ]n¶nÂ \n¶p NcSphen-¡p¶ Hcp sNdnb kwL-¯n-
\mÂ, F{Xt¯mfw \nb-{´-n¡-s ¸-«n-c n-¡p¶p F¶v s]mXpsh a\-Ên-em-¡-
s¸-Sp-¶ n-Ã.”
{][m-\ -ambpw CS-X p-] £w F¶a«nÂ Ipd¨pt]À Ah-X-c n-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.

D¶-X-· m-c psS B[n-]Xyw tNmZywsN¿-s ¸-Sp¶ \nebn-te¡v hnL-S-\-§Ä,
FXnÀ¸p-IÄ sN¶ptNcmsX hgnXncn¨p hntS--X v, CS-Xp-]£w F¶a«nÂ
A`n-\-bn-¡p-¶-h-cpsS D¯-c-h m-Zn-X z-am-Wv. 9þ11, \h-tem-I -{I-aw, e-\nse
“\Kcw” F¶ km¼-¯nI tI{µw, cmk-]-co-£-W-§Ä, sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv
F¶n-h -sb-¡p-dn¨v Kl-\-amb ]T-\-§Ä t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶n-Ã.
The Royal Institute of International Affairs in London AXv \h-tem-I -{I-a -
¯nsâ tI{µ-_n-µp-hm-Wv. AXnsâ Ata-cn-¡³ imJ-bmWv Iu¬knÂ
Hm¬ t^mdn³ dnte-j-\vkv. {][m-\-ambpw tdms¡-s^-Ã-dpsS km¼-¯n-I-
k-lm-b-¯nÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-X v. 1921 Â Øm]n-X-am-bn. RIIA bpsS
c£n-Xmhv Cw-¥-nse cmÚn-bpw. American Enterprise Institute Dw CATO
Institute Dw Ata-cn-¡³ P\-X sb \h-tem-I-{I-a -¯n\pthn X¿m-dm-¡p-¶-
XnÂ {][m-\ n-I-fm-Wv.
A{]-kà Imcy-§Ä DuXn-s ¸-c p-¸ n¨v henb {]iv\-§-fmbn Ah-X -cn-¸n-¡-
s¸-Sp-¶ -Xn-\n-S-bnÂ, \h-tem-I-{I-a-¯nsâ hàm-¡Ä Ah-c psSImcyw \S-
¯n-s b-Sp-¡p-¶p.
_nÂUÀ_ÀKv kt½-f-\-¯nsâ lmPÀ\ne ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-t¼mÄ
t_m[y-am-hp-¶Xv Ata-c n-¡³ cmjv{ Sob¯nse Gähpw {]_-e-amb cv
cmjv{Sob ]mÀ«n-Ifpw Htc kwL-¯n\mÂ \nb-{´-¡-s¸-Sp¶p F¶m-Wv.
_nÂ ¢nâ\pw tPmÀÖv _pjpw Hs¡. _nÂ ¢nâ¬ \-S-¯n-s b-Sp¯
t\mÀ¯v Ata-cn-¡³ {ô s{SbvUv Gcnb þ NAFTA , am²y-a-§sf ]c-
kv]cw hnf-¡n-t¨À¡Â ( Consolidation ) , P\-änIv ?hyXn-bm\w hcp-
¯nb Blmc-km-[\w D]-tbm-K n-¡p-¶-Xn\v sam¬-kmtâm hgn-bpÅ ]cn-
{i-aw, Ata-cn-¡³ cmPy-kvt\l \nb-aw, FÃmw AXpXs¶-bmWv sXfn-bn-
¡p-¶-X v.
Kl-\ -amb ]T-\-§ssf Bg-¯n-epÅ At\z-j-W-§sf, apJy-[m-
c-bn-ep-Å-hÀ, KqVm-tem-N\m kn²m´w Conspiracy Theory F¶phnfn¨v
A{]-k-à-a m-¡p-¶-Xn\v {ian-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ hmkvX-h-¯nÂ, apJy-[m-c-
¡mÀ, A{]-kà Imcy-§Ä¡v AanX{]m[m\yw \ÂIn, P\-§-fpsS {i²
Xncn¨phnSp-¶-X mWv KqVm-tem-N-\.
128
F³tdm¬ Hcp tImÀ]-td-j³ Bbn-cp-¶p. Ata-cn-¡bpw Hcp tImÀ]-td-

j³ Xs¶-bm-Wv. AXn\v Hcp Kh¬saâv Dv F¶ ]pI-a d krjv Sn-¨n-cn-
¡p¶p F¶pam{Xw. A[n-I mcLS\ Hierarchy hnt[-bXzw krjv Sn-¡p-¶p.
“sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv HmUnäv sN¿-s ¸-tS Bhiy-anÃ. AXnsâ
{]hÀ¯\w \ndp-¯-em-¡p-I-bmWv sNt¿--Xv.”þ FUvhÀUv {Kn^v^n³.
sPssIÂ Zzo]v bYmÀ°-¯nÂ DÅ Zzo]v Xs¶-bm-Wv. 1910 Â

AhnsSh¨v \S¶ AXohw cl-ky-amb kt½-f-\-¯nÂ sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv
_m¦v cq]o-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v Xocp-am-\-a m-bn. “AXohw clkyw” F¶Xv
{]tXyIw {i² £Wn-¡p-¶p. AXv A¶v kzImcy Zzo]v Bbn-c p-¶p.
Ct¸mÄ AXv tPmÀPnb F¶ kwØm-\-¯nsâXpw. Ggv {]apJ hyàn-
IÄ {]kvXpX kt½-f-\-¯nÂ ]s¦-Sp-¯p.
1. s\Âk¬ BÂUvdn-¨v.
dn¸-»n-¡³ hn¸v. tZiob [\-ImcyI½o-jsâ A²y-£³. _m¦n§v ]p\-
tc-Io-Icn¡p¶-Xn\vthn {]tXyIw cq]o-I-cn-¨-X v. A¡m-e¯v A[nIw
_m¦p-Ifpw XIÀ¶p. \nt£-] -I-cpsS [\w \jvS-a m-bn. A]qÀÆw Nne
_m¦p-I-fpsS ]¡Â Aan-X-a mbn [\w Ip¶pIqSn-bn-cp-¶p. AXv AXohw
Bi-¦bv¡v Imc-W-a m-bn. Money Trust F¶v A¯cw _m¦p-I-fpsS
kwLmXw Adn-b-s ¸-«n-c p-¶p. AXns\ FXnÀ¡p-¶-hÀ¡v P\-§-fpsS
]n³XpW Dd-¸ m-bn-c p-¶p. B hnImcw apX-s e-Sp¯v Pbn¨ph¶ At\Iw
t\Xm-¡-fnÂ {][m-\n-bmWv {]kn-Uv hnÂk¬. F¶mÂ hnÂk¬
Money Trust sâ ]nWn-bm-fm-bn-cp-¶p. AXnsâ DS¨phmÀ¡-en\pthn
s\Âk¬ BÂ{Un¨v \nb-an-X-\m-bn. At±lw sP.-]n. tamÀK³ sâ ]¦m-
fn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. JRtPm¬.-Un.-tdm-s¡-s ^-Ã-dnsâ `mcym-]n-X mhv AXm-bXv
ap³ sshkv{]-kn-Uv s\Âk¬ tdms¡-s^-Ã-dnsâ ap¯-Ñ³. apgp-h³
t]cv s\Âk¬ BÂ{Un¨v tdms¡s^ÃÀ.
2. F{_lmw B³{Uq.
{Sj-dn-bpsS Akn-Ìâv sk{I-«-dn. ]n¶oSv ]mÀesaâv AwK-am-bn.
_m¦n§v taJ-e-bnÂ {]am-Wn-bm-bn.
3. {^m¦v hm³UÀen]v
\yqtbmÀ¡nse \mj-WÂ knän _m¦v {]kn-Uv. A¶v Ata-cn-¡-bnse
Gähpw henb _m¦v. AXv hnÃyw tdms¡-s ^-Ã-dnsâ km¼¯nI XmXv]-
cy-§Ä kwc-£n-¨n-c p-¶p. Iq³ temtb_v Bâv I¼-\n-bp-sS-bpw.
4.- sl³{Sn tUhn-Uvk¬ þ sP.-]n. tamÀK³ I¼-\n-bpsS {]-apJ ]¦mfn
129
5. NmÄkv t\mÀ«³
\yqtbmÀ¡nse ^Ìv \mj-WÂ _m¦v {]kn-U -v, asämcp òam-I m-c -amb
_m¦v
6. _³P-an³ kvt{Sm§v
sP.-]n.-tamÀK³ _mt¦Àkv {SÌv I¼-\n-bpsS Xe-h ³. aq¶p hÀj-
§Ä¡p tijw sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhnsâ BZys¯ Xe-h -\m-bn.
7. t]mÄ hmÀ_ÀKv.
bqtdm-¸nÂ \ne-\ n-¶n-c p¶ _m¦n§vh yhØ hyà-a mbn Adn-bm-am-bn-cp¶
t]mÄ , {]kvXpX kt½-f-\-¯nse Gähpw {]ap-J -\m-bn-c p-¶p. PÀ½-\n-
bnÂ P\-\w. ]n¶oSv Ata-cn-¡³ ]uc-\m-bn. Iq³ temtb_v Bâv I¼-
\n-bpsS ]¦m-fn. Cw¥-n-sebpw {^m³kn-sebpw tdm¯vjoÂUv km{am-Py-
¯nsâ {]Xn-\ n-[n. At±-l-¯nsâ ktlm-Z-c ³ amIvkv hmÀ_ÀKp-ambn
{]hÀ¯n-¨p. amIvkv hmÀ_ÀKv ssI-k-dnsâ km¼¯nI D]-tZ-jv Smhpw
PÀ½n\n-bnse dojv_m-¦nsâ Ub-d-IvSdpw Bbn-c p-¶p. amIvk v hmÀ_ÀKv,
PÀ½-\n-bn-sebpw s\XÀe³Uvvkn-sebpw hmÀ_ÀKv k-a p-¨ -b-¯nsâ Xe-
h³. t]mÄ hmÀ_ÀKv temI-¯nse Gähpw [\n-I-cnÂ Hcm-fm-bn-c p-¶p.
Ggp-t]cpw tNÀ¶v temI-¯nse kz¯nsâ \menÂ H¶nsâ Ah-Im-in-I -
fm-bn-cp-¶p.
kt½-f\w AXohw cl-ky-am-bn-cp¶pF¶pw AXnsâ bYmÀ°
Imc-W-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw AXnÂ ]s¦-Sp¯ hm³UÀen]v Xs¶ ]d-bp-¶p.
R§-fpsS kwLw H¯pIqSn _m¦n§v ]cn-jv¡-c -W-¯n-\pÅ amÀ¤-
\nÀt±iw X¿m-dm-¡p¶p F¶v ]pd-¯-dn-ªmÂ, \nÀt±iw F´pXs¶-bm-
bn-cp-¶mepw ]mÀe-s aânÂ AXv AwKo-I-c n-¡-s¸-Sp-am-bn-cp-¶nÃ F¶v \nÝ-
bw. aWn-{ S-Ìnsâ DS-¨p-h mÀ¡-en\v aWn- {SÌp Xs¶ cq]tcJ X¿m-dm-
¡p¶p F¶ B`m-k-¯cw AwKo-I-c n-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bnÃXs¶. asämcp Imcyw
{]tXyIw {i²£Wn-¡p-¶p. _m¦n§v, \nt£] taJ-e-bnse aÕ-cmÀ°n-
I-fmWv H¯p IqSn-bXv F¶-X m-Wv. òam-Im-c ³amÀ am{Xw.
Ata-cn-¡³ hmWnPyw ASn-Ø m-\ -]-c-a mb amä-§Ä¡v hnt[-b-am-bn-s¡m-

n-c n-¡p¶ Ime-L-«-a m-bn-c p¶p AXv .- kz-Imcy aÕ-c m-[n-jv SnX hmWnPyw
AXnsâ aqÀ²-\y-¯nÂ F¯nbtijw , GIm-[n-]-Xy- tI-{µo-IrX kz`m-h -
¯n-te¡v amdp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. ]c-kv]cw aÕ-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\p]Icw ]c-kv]cw
kl-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-te-¡v. AXn\v sPssIÂ Zzo]nse kt½-f\w HutZym-KnI
cq]w \ÂIn. AhnsS HutZym-Kn-I-a mbn Hcp Cartel \v cq]w\ÂIn. B
hm¡nsâ AÀ°w ]c-kv]cw aÕ-c n¨v \in-¡p-¶-Xn\p]I-cw, ]c-kv]cw
kl-I-cn¨v, aäpÅ aÕ-cmÀ°n-Isf apf-bnte\in-¸n-¨v, kzmÀ°
XmXv]cy§Ä kwc-£n-¡p-¶-X n\pthn-bpÅ Iq«p-sI-«v. Gähpw {][m\
kwKXn {]kvX pX ImÀ«-ensâ ]¦m-fn-bmbn Kh¬saâpwtNÀ¶p, F¶-Xm-
130
Wv. Kh¬saânsâ \nb-{´-Wm-Xo-X-amb , hc-hnÂ¡-h nª sNe-hp-

IÄ¡v ]Ww thW-sa-¶p-Å-XmWv Imc-Ww. t\cn«v \nIpXn Npa-¯p-¶Xv
A]-I-S-am-Wv. \mW-b-s¸-cp¸w F¶ amÀ¤-a m-hp-t¼mÄ A]-I-S-a m-hn-Ã.
A[nIw \mWbw hn]-Wn-bnÂ e`y-am-hp-Ibpw , bYmÀ° km¼-
¯nIhfÀ¨ AXnsâ \nc-¡nepw A[nIwXmsg-bp-am-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ , hne-
¡-bäw Dm-hp-¶p. hmkvX-h-¯nÂ hne-¡-b-ä-a-Ã, \mW-b-¯n\pkw`-hn-
¡p¶ hne-bn-Sn-hmWv hne-¡-bäw F¶a«nÂ A\p-`-h-s ¸-Sp-¶-Xv.
]Ww \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn\v , _m¦n\v sNe-shm-¶p-an-Ã. F¶mÂ BPo-h -
\m´w AXn-t·Â ]enit\Sp-¶-Xn\v km[n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿pw .C¯cw
bmYmÀ°y-§ Ä km¼-¯nIimkv{Xw ]Tn-¸n-¡p¶ ¢mÊp-I-fnÂ NÀ¨
sN¿-s¸-Sm-td-bn-Ã.
C¶v IpSpw-_-§Ä apt¶m«pt]mhp-¶Xv cp-t]cpw tPmen¡v t]mhp-¶Xp
sImm-Wv. ap³]v AXnsâ Bh-iy-a p-m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. IpSpw_w
]peÀ¯m³ a\p-jy³ A²zm-\n-t¡- p-¶-Xnsâ ssZÀLyw Gdn. kz´w
`h\w DÅ-h-c psS F®w Ipd-bp-¶p. hmk-Øew kz´-a m-¡p¶ {]mbw
Gdp-¶p. icm-icn IpSpw-_mw-K §-fpsS F®w Ipd-bp-¶p. Zmcn{Zy
tcJbv¡v Xmsg-bp-Å-h-c psS F®w hÀ²n-¡p-¶p. 65 hb-Êm-hp-t¼m-tg-
¡pw, 90 iX-am-\-¯nÂIqSp-Xepw Ata-cn-¡-¡mcpw ]m¸-cm-hp-¶p .- C-
sXÃmw kw`-h n¨pXpS-§n-bXv cmw temIalm-bp-²-¯n\p tij-a m-Wv.
sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhnsâ hym]vX n A[n-I-a m-b-t¸mÄ.
{^m£-WÂ _m¦n-§nsâ asämcp t]cv “am³t{U¡v sa¡-\nkw” F¶-Xm-
Wv. iq\y-X-bnÂ\n¶pw krjvSn-¡p-¶ -Xn-\pÅ Ign-hp-Å-X p-s Imv e`n-¨ -
Xv. Bibw 1694 Â _m¦v Hm^v Cw¥nsâ Øm]-\-t¯msS \ne-
hnÂh¶p. \qäm-p-I-fm-bpÅ A\p-`-h -¯nÂ\n¶pw `c-W-IÀ¯m-¡Ä
]Tn-¨- {]-[m\ ]mT-§-fnÂ H¶v , P\-§-fnÂ\n¶v \nIpXn CuSm-¡p-¶-Xn\v
]cn-[n-bp-s -¶p-Å -Xm-Wv. 40 iX-am\w BWv GI-tZi ]cn-[n. F¶mÂ
\mW-b-s¸-c p-¸-¯n-eqsS 80 iX-a m\whsc \nIpXn CuSm-¡p-¶-Xn\v km²y-
am-hp-¶p. hne-¡-b-ä-¯ nsâ ImcWw P\-§Ä¡v Adn-b nÃ F¶Xv `c-W-
IÀ¯m-¡Ä¡v kpc-£-bm-hp-¶p. AXp-sImv AhÀ¡v AXohw sNe-th-
dnb bp²-§Ä¡v km²y-a m-hp-¶p. AXn-\ pÅ sNehv \mW-b-s ¸-cp¸w
F¶ \nIp-X n-bn-eqsS P\-§Ä AhÀ¡v \ÂIp-¶p.
bqtdm-¸n-te-Xp-t]m-epÅ sk³{SÂ _m¦v Ata-cn-¡bv¡v kzoIm-cy-am-bn-cp-

¶n-Ã. AXp-s Imv BZy \S-] -Sn-bmbn , kÀ¡mÀ hI Øm]\w F¶v
tXm¶-ep-f-h m-¡p¶ “sÛ-dÂ” F¶v t]cn-«p. ]ns¶ Icp-XÂ F¶
tXm¶-ep-f-h m-¡p-¶ - “dn-kÀhv” F¶v Iq«n-t¨À¯p. ]pd-s ¸-Sp-h n-¡p¶
\mW-b-¯n\v ]n¶nÂ Icp-XÂ[\w Dv F¶ tXm¶-ep-f-hm-¡p-¶-X n-\ v .
AXn-t\m-s Sm¸w imkv{Xo-bXhcp-¯p-¶-Xn\v “knÌw” F¶pw . CsXÃmw
131
hmkvX-h-¯nÂ IÅ-¯cw ad¨phbv¡p-¶-X n-\pÅ hymP \S-]-Sn-I-fm-bn-cp-

¶p. _m¦p-IÄ bYmÀ° AÀ°-¯nÂ _m¦p-I-fp-a m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.
Ggpt]cpw tNÀ¶v X¿m-dm-¡nb _nÂ, “BÂ{Un¨v _nÂ” F¶t]cnÂ
Ah-X-c n-¸ n-¡-s ¸-«p. AXv ]mÀe-saânÂ kzoIm-cy-am-bn-Ã. henb _nÊn-\ -
Êp-I m-c psS _nÂ F¶-Xp-sIm-v. ]ns¶ ]mh-s¸-«-]-c psS ]mÀ«n F¶v
Icp-X-s ¸-Sp¶ sUsam-{Im-änIv ]mÀ«n-bnse [\n-I-cmb “ImÀ«À ¥mÊ”v
]ns¶ sk\-äÀ “tdm_À«v Hmh³” At±lw _m¦dpw IqSn-bm-bn-cp-¶p.þ
F¶n-h -cpsSt]cnÂ, Nne \nÊmc t`Z-K-X n-I-tfmsS hopw Ah-X -cn-¸n-¡-
s¸-«p. C¯-hW “¥mÊv þ Hmh³ _nÂ” F¶t]cnÂ. AXv kzoI-cn-¡-s ¸-
Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. BÂ{Un¨v Dw hm³UÀen]v Dw AXns\ A]-e-]n¨v
{]kvXm-h-\-I-fn-d-¡n. P\-§Ä¡v ]qÀ®-ambpw t_m[y-a m-h p-I bpw
sNbvXp. AhÀ¡v \Ã-X n\pthn {]tXyIw X¿m-dm-¡-s¸« {]Øm-\-amWv
sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv _m¦n§v k{¼-Zmbw F¶-Xv.
sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv _m¦n§v k{¼-Zm-b-s¯-¡p-dn¨v t_m[-h-XvI -cWw \S-

¯p-¶-Xn\v ]T-\ -kw-L-§Ä cq]o-I-c n-¡-s ¸-«p. eLp-te-J-I fpw NÀ¨-Ifpw
{]`m-j-W-§fpw kwL-Sn-¡-s ¸-«p. {]kn²amb kÀÆ-I -em-im-e-I Ä¡v
kw`m-h -\. ]pXnb km¼-¯nIimkv{X hn`m-K-§Ä, kz´w BÄ¡msc
A²ym-]-I-c mbn \nb-an¡Â. AhÀ “]WvUn-tXm-Nn-X -amb” teJ-\-§Ä
]S¨phn«p. FÃmw “aWn {SÌnsâ sNe-h nÂ.” {]k-àn-sb-¡p-dn-¨v FÃm-
hÀ¡pw t_m[y-a mbn, hnÃyw P¶nw-Kvkv {_b³ ( tdm¯vjoÂUvkv ]nWn
bmÄ ) FXnÀ¯p\n¶p. At±-ls¯ {]oXn-s ¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\v F¶a«nÂ ,
sÛ-dÂ dnkÀÆn-s â- ]Ww\nÀ½n-¡p-¶-X n-\ pÅ A[n-Im-c-¯n\v ISn-ªm-
Wn-Sp-¶, \nb-a-§Ä Iq«n-t¨À¯p. ]n¶oSv Itmfmw F¶ Xocp-am-\ -
¯n³taÂ. XmXvIm-enI hn«phogvN F¶a«nÂ-.
sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv \nbaw AXv \ne-h nÂh¶-Xn\ptijw \qdn-e-[nIw
{]mhiyw Xncp-¯-ep-IÄ hcp-¯n. IÀi-\-a mb \n_-Ô-\ -IÄ FÃmw
\o¡w sNbvXp. aWn {SÌnsâ A[n-Imcw hn]p-eo-I-c n-¡p-¶h Iq«n-
t¨À¯p. cmjv{S-¯nsâ ]Ww , CÑm-\ p-k -cWw \nb-{ń-¡p-¶ -Xn\v A\p-a -
Xn-bm-bn. P\-§-fpsStaÂ CÑm-\p-k-cWw \nIpXn Npa-¯p-¶-Xn-\pÅ
{]Øm\w \ne-hnÂh¶p. _m¦p-IÄ¡v BPo-h-\ m´hcp-am\w . apS-¡p-ap-
XÂ CÃm-sX. \nIp-X n-bmWv sImSp-¡p-¶ -sX¶v a\-Ên-em-I m¯ P\-§Â
{]t£m-`-¯n\p apXn-c msX,hne-¡-b-ä-¯nsâ ImcWw a\-Ên-em-h msX \nÈ-
_vZX]men-¡p-¶p.
sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv XoÀ¯pw kzIm-c yhp-a Ã, ]qÀ®-ambpw Kh¬saânsâ

Iogn-ep-a-Ã. AXv k¦chÀ¤-am-Wv. kzImcy _m¦n§v ImÀ«epw
Kh¬saâpw tNÀ¶ H¯pIfn. Kh¬saâv Hcp kzIm-c y {]Øm\w.
132
sÛ-dÂ knÌ¯n\I-¯pÅ _m¦p-I Ä AXnsâ Hmlcn ssIbm-fp-¶p.

AXv Hmtcm¶pw sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhnsâ DS-a-Ø-cm-Wv. F¶mÂ AhÀ
ssIbm-fp¶ Hmlcn kzImcy DS-a-Ø-X¡v XpÃy-a m-h p-¶n-Ã. AhÀ¡v AXv
hnÂ¡p-¶-X n-\ pÅ Ah-Imiw CÃ. F{X-t¯mfw Hmlcn ssIbm-fp¶p
F¶Xv {]k-à-am-hp-¶p-an-Ã. FÃm _m¦p-IÄ¡pw Hcp thm«pam{Xw.
sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhnsâ A²y-£-t\bpw, t_mÀUv AwK-§-s fbpw {]kn-
Uv \nb-a n-¡p¶ AwK-§-fmb _m¦p-IÄ sXc-s ª-Sp-¡p-¶-X-Ã.
{]mtZ-i nI _m¦p-IÄ¡v AhÀ {]Xn-\n-[m\wsN¿p¶ {]tZ-is¯ sÛ-
dÂ dnkÀhnsâ t_mÀUv AwK-§sfam{Xta sXc-s ª-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\v A[n-
Im-c -ap-Åq. AXv knÌ-¯n-\-I s¯ D] hn`m-K-a m-Wv. 12 dnkÀhv _v¦v DÅ-
Xnsâsbms¡bpw A²y-£-t\bpw D] A²y-£-t\bpw sXc-s ª-Sp-¡p-
¶Xv tZiob t_mÀUv BWv.
AwK-§Ä¡v {]kn-U-n-t\bpw sshkv {]kn-U-n-t\bpw {Sjd-dn-t\bpw
sXc-sª-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\v A[n-I m-c -ap-v. F¶mÂ \mj-WÂ t_mÀUnsâ
“hotäm”¡v hnt[-b-a mbnam{Xw. Ańa A[n-Imcw Gähpw apI-fnÂ
tI{µo-I-c n-¡-s ¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. t_mÀUv AwK-§Ä¡v ]eni \nc¡v Xncp-am-
\n-¡p-¶-X n-\ pÅ A[n-Imcw \ÂIn-bn-«p-v. AXpw tZiob t_mÀUnsâ
“hotäm”¡v hnt[-b-ambnam{Xw.
A[n-Imcw ]¦n«p\ÂIp¶p F¶v ]d-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv X«n¸pam{X-a m-Wv. {]mtZ-
inIXe-¯nÂ A[n-Imcw H«pwXs¶-bn-Ã. _m¦p-IÄ thm«p-s NbvXv A[n-
Im-c -¯nÂ sImph¶ t_mÀUv AwK-§Ä¡v Imcy-a mbImcy-§Ä H¶pw
Xs¶ sN¿p-¶-X n\v km[y-a-Ã. Ata-c n-¡³ P\-Xsb h©n¨v sÛ-dÂ
dnkÀhv \ne-h nÂhcp-¯p-¶-X n\p thn-bpÅ X{´-§Ä am{X-a m-bn-c p¶p
C¯cw thm«n§v k{¼-Zm-bw. AXn\pthn am{X-amWv 12 {]mtZ-inI
sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv F¶ {]l-k\w \ne-hnÂh¶-Xv. bqtdm-¸ nÂ FÃm
sk³{SÂ _m¦p-I fpw Kh¬saânsâ t\cn-«pÅ \nb-{´-W-¯n-e m-Wv.
F¶mÂ {]tbm-K-¯nÂ sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhn\p kam-\-am-Wv.
“Ata-c n-¡³ kaq-ls¯ hmÄkv{Soän\pthn ]Wn-s b-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\p
thn hmÀ_ÀKv cq]-IÂ¸\ sNbvX hn¹-h-I-c-a mb ]²Xn hfsc efn-X -
am-Wv. A²ym-]-IÀ C¶pw ¢mkv apdn-I-fnÂ, k¦oÀ®-§-fm-b, AÀ°-an-
Ãm¯ ka-h m-Iy-§Ä sImv »mIv t_mÀUv \nd-¡p-¶p. s]mXpP\-§Ä
\mW-b-s¸-c p-¸-¯nsâ ImcWw a\-Ên-em-hmsX hnj-an-¡p¶p. km¼-¯nI
XIÀ¨sb¡pdn-¨ pw. {]iv\-¯nsâ efn-X-amb D¯cw NÀ¨sN¿-s¸-SmsX
t]mhp-¶p. a\-Ên-em-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p-a n-Ã. ]W-¯nsâ e`yX Ip¯-I-bm¡n
h¨n-cn-¡p¶ \nb-a-]-c-amb {]Øm-\-a mWv sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv. s]mXp\·-
¡m-bn, s]mXpXmXv]cyw kwc-£n-¡p-¶ -Xn-\mbn {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶p F¶
hymtP\ AXv hf-sc-¡p-d-¨ p-t]-c psS em`-¯ n\pthn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p.” þ
BâWn k«³. bp²w, hn¹-hw, kam-[m-\ w, F¶n-h-sb-¡p-dn¨v Kth-jWw
133
\S-¯p¶ lqhÀ C³Ìn-äyq-«nsâ ap³ Kth-j-I³. Imen-t^mÀWnb

bqWn-th-g vk nänbnse ap³ [\-X Xzimkv{X A²ym-]-I³.
{][m-\-ambpw {i²n-t¡-p¶ Imcyw þ s^-U-dÂ dnkÀhv k{¼-Zm-b-

¯nÂ hmbv] hm§p-¶Xphsc ]Ww krjvSn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶n-Ã F¶-X m-Wv.
hmbv] Xncn-¨ -S-¡p-t¼mÄ ]Ww A{]-X y-£-a m-hp-IbpwsN¿pw. dnkÀhv
A\p-]m-Xs¯¡pdn-¨pÅ NÀ¨-I Ä I¬sI«p hnZy-bm-Wv.
kmÀ N{I-h À¯n-bpsS tk\m-\m-b-I³, 1917 Â t_mÄsj-hn-¡p-I Ä¡v

FXntc ]S\bn-¨ ? , sNsd]v kv]ndntUmhn¨v {]`p cNn¨ , {KÙw The
Secret World Government temIm-[n-]-X y-¯n\pthn-bpÅ
tdm¯vjoÂUnsâ ]²-Xn-Isf hnh-c n-¡p-¶p. PqX KqVm-tem-N\ B[p-
\nI Ncn-{X-¯nÂ {]mamWyw {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶p. cl-ky -temIKh¬saâvv
F¶Xv km[m-c-W-bmbn he-Xp-]£ AsÃ-¦ nÂ ska-änIv hncp² ]²Xn
F¶v hne-bn-cp-¯-s ¸-Sp-¶p. kaqlw F{X-t¯mfw akvXnjv¡{]£m-f\w
sN¿-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. ska-änIv hncp-²X F¶ I]S kn²m´w
AXn\pthn F{X am{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s ¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p, heXp]£w F¶-
Xnsâ bYmÀ° AÀXvY w F´mWv F¶pw AXnÂ hnh-cn-¡p-¶p.
_m¦Àam-cpsS D]-I -cWw am{X-a mWv CS-Xp-]£w F¶pw AXv Øm]n-¡p-
¶p.
AXnÂ PÀ½³ Nm³k-eÀ _nkvamÀ¡ns\ D²-cn¨psImv At±lw ]d-b-

¶p, Ata-cn-¡sb hnL-Sn-¸ n¨v ]e kwØm-\-§-fmbn \ne-\n-dp-¯p-¶-Xn\p
thn tdm¯vjoÂUv ]n¶-Wn-bnÂ {]hÀ¯n-¨-Xnsâ ê-a mWv Ata-cn-
¡³ B`y-ćIem-]w. PqX ]W-an-S-] m-Sp-Im-c psS A[o-\-X-bnÂ Ata-cn-
¡sb sImp-h-cp-¶-Xn\pthn. ASna k{¼-Zm-b-s ¯-¡p-dn-¨ pÅ IY-
IÄ AXn\pthn D]-tbm-Kn-¡s¸«p F¶vam{Xw.
1854 Â tPmÀÖv. U»yq. FÂ. _nIvsf cq]o-I -cn¨ Knights of the Golden
Circle F¶ {ôtabvk¬ kwL-S-\ sb CÃyq-an-\män AXn\pthn D]-
tbm-Kn-¨p.
AXnse AwK-§-fnÂNneÀ- - tPm¬ hnÂs¡ _q¯v (]n-¶oSv At±lw
en¦s\ h[n-¨ p. ?) tIm¬^-U-tdäv {]kn-Uv Pt^Àk¬ tUhn-kv,
At±-l-¯sâ D]-tZ-in-bpw, bp²-¯nsâ tIm¬^-U-tdäv sk{I-«-dnbpw
tdm¯vjoÂUnsâ ]nWn-bm-fp-am-bn-cp¶ PqZm. ]n. _³P-a n³.
]²Xn Ata-cn-¡sb {][m-\-a mbpw cmbn hn`-Pn-¡pI F¶-X pw. hS-¡³
`mKw Cw¥-nsâ \nb-{´-W-¯nÂ, eb-WÂ tdm¯vjoÂUpw , sX¡p
134
`mKw {^m³knsâ \nb-{´-W-¯nÂ Pbnwkv tdm¯vj oÂUpw \bn-¡p-¶-

Xn\pthn. Ae-I vkm-À cm-a ³ þ kmÀ N{I-hÀ¯n, \yqtbmÀ¡n-te-
¡pw, km³{^m³knkvtImhnte¡pw \mhnItk\sb Ab-¨p.
CSXp]£ Nn´-I³ tlm-h mÀUv kn³- A-t±-l-¯nsâ A Peoples History
of the United States F¶ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ, bqtdm-] y³ ]W-a n-S-] m-Sp-I m-sc-
¡p-dn¨v ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶-tX-bn-Ã. tlmhmÀUv kn³ ]d-bp-¶Xv D¶-X-cmb
[\n-IÀ X½n-epÅ A[n-ImchSw-h-en-bmWv B`y-ćIem-]-¯n\v ImcWw
F¶m-Wv. hS-¡³ [\n-IÀ km¼-¯nI A[o-i-Xz-¯n\v {ian¨p. ASna
apX-em-fn-a mÀ AXns\ FXnÀ¯p. Ata-cn-¡³ Kh¬saâv AXnsâ AXn-
cp-Ifpw hn]-Wnbpw hn`-h-§fpw kwc-£n-¡p-¶ -X n-\ pthn {ian¨p
F¶pw.
A©v e£-¯nÂ IqSp-X Â ssk\n-I À acn-¨ p. 32,000 tImSn cq] sNe-hm-

bn. CSXp]£-¯ns\ _m¦ÀamÀ¡v CjvS-s¸-Sm³ IqSp-XÂ Imc-W-§Ä
Bh-iy-an-Ã. kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-I -fnÂ CS-Xp-]-£-¡mcpw sân-\n-Ìp-Ifpw
A[n-Im-c-Øm-]-\ -§Ä¡v FXn-cmWv F¶v hmZn-¡-s¸-Sp-t¼mÄ, AhÀ
FXnÀ¡-s ¸-Sm-Xn-c n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw ImcWw AhÀ _m¦Àam-cpsS XmXv]-cy-
§Ä¡v £X-taÂ¸n¡p-¶ nÃ F¶XpXs¶-bm-Wv. CXnÂ {]ap-J-\m-W v
t\mw tNmwkvIn. tdm¯vjoÂUv F¶ hm¡v At±lw Hcn-S¯pw ]cm-a -
Àin-¨n-t«-bn-Ã. HIvetlm-a -bnse t_mw_v kvt^mS-\-h pw, 9þ11 Dw At±lw
hnaÀin-¡p-¶ n-Ã. HuZym-KnI hymJym-\-§Ä AtX]Sn AwKo-I-cn-¡p-I -
bmWv tNmwkvIn.
“Ignª \qäm-p-I -fnse, \ap¡v kzoIm-c y-a -Ãm¯ kw`-h -§-s f-¡p-dn-¨pÅ
HmÀ½-I Ä, a\pjy-c psS a\-ÊnÂ\n¶pw \½Ä \o¡wsN¿pw. Kh¬sa
ânsâ sXäp-I-fm-bn-cp¶p Ah-sbÃmw F¶Xc-¯n-ep-Åham{Xw Ah-ti-
jn-¸n-¡pw.” Protocols of Elders of Zion.
_m¦ÀamcpsS \nb-{´-W-¯n-ep-Å, hmbv]-bn-eqsS \nb-{´-¡-s¸-Sp¶
_rl-¯ mb Kh¬saâv. AXn\pthn AhÀ temIt]meokv F¶
Bibw hn`m-h\wsN¿p-¶p. Cdm¡v A[n-\ n-thiw AXn-te-¡pÅ ]²-Xn-
I-fnÂ H¶pw. Iq«-¯nÂ C{k-tbÂ F¶ tabvtkm-WnIv cmjv{S-¯nsâ
hn]p-eo-I-c-W-h pw.
FÃm PqX-· mcpw CXnÂ ]¦m-fn-I-f-Ã. ska-änIv hncp-²X F¶p]d-b-s¸-Sp-
¶Xv _m¦Àam-cpsS KqVm-tem-N-\-bm-Wv. P\-§-fpsS {i² Xncn-¡p-¶-Xn\p
thn AXv D]-tbm-Kn¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.
1791 Â Ata-cn-¡³ tPmÀÖv hmjn-§vS¬ ]mÀe-s aâv , Ata-cn-¡³
_m¦n\v AwKo-Imcw \ÂIn. 20 hÀj-t¯-¡v. _m¦v Hm^v Cw¥nsâ
amXr-I-bnÂ. _m¦v Hm^v Cw¥v 1694 Â Pkyq-«p-I-fmÂ Øm]n-X-a m-bn.
cmjv{Ss¯ \nb-{´-n¡p-¶ -Xn\pw P\-§sf ASn-a-I-fm-¡p-¶-Xn\pwthn.
135
1811 Â Ata-cn-¡³ _m¦nsâ AwKo-I mcw ]pXp¡n\ÂIm-¯-Xn-\mÂ,

_m¦v Hm^v Cw¥-nsâ \nb-{´-W-¯n-em-bn-cp¶ {_n«ojv Kh¬saâv
Ata-cn-¡-bpsStaÂ bp²w {]Jym-]n-¨p. hmjn-§Sv ¬ \Kcw B{In-¡-s ¸-
«p. sshäv lukv Aán-¡n-c-bm-bn \news]m¯n. 1816 Â Ata-cn-¡³
_m¦n\v AwKo-I mcw ]pXp¡n\ÂI-s¸-«p. 20 hÀj-t¯-¡v. 1829 Â
B³{Uq PmIvk¬ {]kn-U-m-bn. 1836 Â AwKo-Imcw ]pXp¡n \ÂIp-I-
bp-m-bn-Ã. _m¦nsâ (Second Bank of America ) {]kn- - v \n-t¡m-fmkv
_nÍn tdmansâ ]nWn-bm-fm-bn-cp-¶p. _nÍn XIÀ¨bpw Ac£nXm-h -
Øbpw Ir{Xn-a-a mbn kjrvSn-¨p . PmIvk¬ _m¦ns\ òI-c-P´p F¶v
hnti-jn-¸ n-¨ p. ]n¶oSv 1913 hsc sk³{SÂ _m¦v {]hÀ¯n-¨n-cp-¶n-Ã.
t]mÄ.-F-w. hmÀ_ÀKv PÀ½-\n-bnÂ \n¶pwIpSn-tb-dn. AhnsS Iq³
temtb_v F¶ _m¦nsâ ]¦m-fn. bqtdm-¸ nÂ At±lw dojv_m¦v þ
PÀ½³ sk³{SÂ _m¦v, ]ns¶ tdm¯vjoÂUvkv, hmÀ_ÀKv F¶n-hsb
{]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¨ p. 1913Â Ata-cn-¡³ sk³{SÂ _m¦v \ne-hnÂhcp-t¼mÄ,
sam³SmKp t\mÀa³ , _m¦v Hm^v Cw¥-nsâ Xe-h-\m-bn-cp-¶p. sÛ-dÂ
dnkÀhnse _³P-an³ kvt{Sm§v, t\mÀa-\p-ambn ASp¯v{]hÀ¯n-¨p.
\yqtbmÀ¡nse KhÀW-dm-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ s\Âk¬ BÂ{Un¨v
tdms¡s^ÃÀ, tabvtkm-W nIv cq] amXr-I -bnÂ Cc« tKm]pcw ]WnIgn-¸n-
¡p-¶-X n\v ]n³XpW\ÂIn. 1913 Â hp{Uq hnÂk¬ sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv
\ne-hnÂsImph¶p. Xma-kn-bmsX H¶mw temI alm-bp²w Bcw-`n-¨p.
sÛv Ccp-`m-K-¯n\pw km¼-¯ nI klmbw \ÂIn. djy³ hn¹-h-
¯n\pw. _m¦nsâ Id³kn Xncn-a-dn-¡-\p-k-cn¨v km-¼-¯nI apt¶-ähpw
XIÀ¨bpw krjvSn-¡-s¸-«p. PÀ½-\n-bnÂ lnä-v edn\pw P¸m-\nÂ ^mkn-
Ìp-I Ä¡pw klmbw \ÂIn. s{Kbväv Un{]-j³ krjvSn-¡-s¸-«p.
Ccp bpK-¯nse t]m¸nsâ “ASna \nIp-Xn-”bpsS amXr-I-bnÂ BZmb
\nIpXn \ne-hnÂh¶p. sÛv ]qÀ®-ambpw kzIm-cy-am-sW-¶v, \nb-a-]-c -
ambn Øm]n-¡p-¶ -Xn\v km[y-a-s Ã¦n-epw, {]tbm-K-¯nÂ, P\-§-fpsS kpc-
£¡pw D¶-a-\-¯n\pw FXnsc hymh-km-bn-I-þ-ssk-\n-I-þ-cm-jv{ So-b-þ-{]-`pXz
Iq«p-sI-«mWv AXns\ \nb-{ń-¡p-¶ -Xv.
Hcp iX-a m-\-¯nÂXmsg P\-§Ä A³]Xp iX-am-\-¯n-e-[nIw k¼¯v

A[o-\-s¸-Sp-¯n-b n-c n-¡p-¶p. Money System kzImcyIp¯-I-IÄ ssI¿-
S¡nh¨n-c n-¡p-¶-XmWv {][m\Imc-Ww. AXmWv hÀ¤-k-a-c -¯nsâ {][m\
D]-I-c-Ww. _m¦v hmbv]-bpsS 70 iX-am-\-¯n-e-[nIw dnbÂ FtÌäv
taJe ssI¿-S-¡p-¶p. hne hÀ²-\-h n\vImcWw asäm-¶-Ã.
tamtfm-Iv, Hcp ska-änIv ssZh-a m-Wv. AXns\ {]oXn-s ¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\v
Ipªp-§sf _en\ÂIn-bn-c p-¶p. sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv Ata-cn-¡-bpsS
tamtfmIv F¶v hnti-jn-¸ n-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p. ImÀt«m tNmZn-¡p-¶p.
“_m¦ÀamÀ¡pw cm,jv{So-b-¡mÀ¡pw bp²w \S-¯p-¶ -Xn\pthn 3,60,000
136
tImSn cq] Bh-iy-ap-tm, AtXm 3,60,000 tImSn cq] X«n-s b-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\v

thn AhÀ¡v bp²w Bh-iy-a mtWm F¶v”. \ne \nÂ¡p-¶-Xn\v \nc-
ćw, t\m«p ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn¨psImt-bn-c n-¡Ww F¶ kXyw A[n-Im-c -Øm-
\-¯n-c n-¡p-¶-h À Xpd¶pk½-Xn-¡n-Ã. bp²w AXn\v \Ã D]m-[n-b m-Wv.
_m¦Àam-sc-t¸mse Xs¶ P\-§fpw bp²w CjvS-s¸-Sp¶p F¶p Icp-Xmw.
_m¦n-§nsâ hfÀ¨bpw kb-Wn-k-¯nsâ hfÀ¨bpw ]c-kv]cw B{ibn-
¡p-¶p. \nc-ć bp²-¯n\v klm-b-I-c-a mb kwhn-[m\w þ AXv Ct¸mÄ
C{k-tbÂ F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p þ krjvSn-t¡-p-¶-Xnsâ Bh-i y-I-X -sb-¡p-
dn-¨v 1905-þ1908 Ime-L-« -¯nÂ {_n-«ojv {][m\a{ń-bm-bn-cp¶ Imw]vs_Â
_m\Àa³ ]d-ªn-c p-¶p. tdm¯vjoÂUvknsâ {]hÀ¯\w AXohw \n-
KqV-am-Wv. AXv Bbn-c -¡-W-¡n\v hcp¶ kwL-S-\ -IÄ, cl-ky- Iq-«p-s I-
«p-IÄ, ]nWn-bm-fp-IÄ F¶n-h-bn-eqsS {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. Ah-cpsS
k¼¯pw A{]-I mcw ad¨phbv¡-s ¸-«n-c n-¡p-¶p.
C¶s¯ òI-c -X-s¡-Xn-c mb bp²wt]mseXs¶ I]-S-a m-b n-c p-¶p Nph-¸n-s \-
Xn-cm-bpÅ bp²hpw. I½yq-Wn-khpw _m¦Àam-cpsS krjvSn Xs¶-bm-bn-cp-
¶p. AXnsât]cnÂ tImSn-¡-W-¡n\p a\p-jyÀ Ns¯m-Sp-§n.
_m¦Àamsc FXnÀ¡p-¶-h À ]pd-¯m-¡-s¸-Sp-I-tbm, h[n-¡-s ¸-Sp-I tbm
sN¿pw.
tZiob bp²-I me kpc£ F¶a«nÂ \nb-a-§Ä IÀi-\-a m-¡n.
kzmX{ýw L«w L«-am-bn- Ip-d-¨v, _m¦ÀamÀ P\-§sf \nb-{ń-¡p-¶p.
AXn\v thn AhÀ I]Sbp²-§Ä krjvSn-¡p-¶p. {]t£m`w krjvSn-
¡p-¶-h sc ]oVn-¸n-¡p-¶ -X n\v sâm tIm¬k¬t{S-j³ Iym¼p-IÄ \ne-
hnÂh¶pIgn-ªp. 9þ11 se A]-I S-§Ä kw`-hn-¨n-Ãm-bn-cp¶p F¦nÂ
sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhpw D¶-X-c m-b -kzÀ® hym]m-cn-I-fpsS A\u-tZym-KnI
Iq«p-sI«pw (Cartel) tNÀ¶v \S-¯nb Xnc-na-dn-bpsS D¶-X-Xe At\z-jWw
kw_-Ôn¨ tcJ-IÄ \in-¡p-I-bn-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. s{SbvUv skâÀ aµn-c-¯nÂ
{]kvXpX tcJ-IÄ kq£n-¨n-c p¶ sI«nSw IrXy-ambn XIÀ¶p.
IMF ]en-ibpw \nIp-X nbpw hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw, thX\w Ipd-¡p-¶-
Xn\pw, klm-b-§Ä \ndp-¯-em-¡p-¶-X n\pw \nÀ_-Ôn-¡p-¶p. NqjWw
sN¿p-¶-X n\pthn krjvSn-¡-s ¸« temI ]cn-ØnXn kwc-£W _m¦p-
IÄ hgn, hn`-h-§Ä A´m-cmjv{S _m¦ÀamÀ ssI¿-S-¡p-¶p. C¶v F®,
hnebv¡v hm§p-¶-Xp-t]mse ASp¯ Xe-apd shÅhpw hnebv¡v hm§p-
¶-Xn\v Imc-W-am-hpw.
Ata-cn-¡sb HutZym-Kn-I-a mbn {_n«ojv tImf-\n-bnÂ ]¦ptNÀ¡p-¶-Xn\v
eoKv Hm^v t\j³kv cq]-h-XvI-cn-¡-s¸-«p. eoK Hm^v t\j³kv A´m-
cmjv{S _m¦Àam-cpsS ]²XnXs¶-bm-bn-c p-¶p. 1901-þ1909 Ime-L-«-¯nÂ
säUn dqkvshÂänsâ `c-W-Im-e-¯nÂ {_n«³ Ata-cn-¡sb ssIb-S¡n
Ign-ªn-c p-¶p. Ata-cn-¡³ hym]m-c-¯nsâ 25 ia-\m-\hpw tdm¯vjoÂUn
sâ ]nWn-bm-fm-b n-c p¶ sP.-] n. tamÀKsâam{Xw \nb-{´-W-¯n-em-b n-c p-¶p.
137
1919 se tIWÂ lukv dnt¸mÀ«v, eoKv Hm^v t\j³kv F¶Xv temI

Kh¬saâvv Øm]n¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ _m¦Àam-cpsS X{´-am-bn-cp-¶p F¶v
sXfn-bn-¡p-¶p. bpssW-äUv t\j³ksâbpw BtKm-f-h -XvI-c-W-¯n-
sâbpw hmkvX-h-§fpw X{´-§fpw shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. eoKv Hm^v
t\j³kv sâ ap³Kman- CâÀ ]mÀesaâdn bqWnb³.
lukv ]d-bp¶p “R§Ä ]²-Xnsb kam-[m\ DS-¼-Sn-bnÂ s]mXn-ªp.
temI-¯ n\v \nc-ć bp²w AsÃ-¦ nÂ eoKv, cnÂ H¶v sXc-sª-Sp¡mw
F¶ {]Xn-Omb krjvSn-¨p. eoKv F¶Xv hmkvX-h-¯nÂ km{amPyw Xs¶-
bm-Wv. Ata-cn-¡¡v aäp cmjv{S-§-tfm-s Sm¸wam{Xw Øm\-hpw”.
luk,v tdm¯vjoÂUnsâ ]nWn-bmfpw hq{Uq hnÂk¬ sâ a\-
Êm£n kq£n-¸p-Im-c-\p-am-bn-cp-¶p. At±lw ssk\nI tkh\w A\p-jvSn-
¨n-cp-¶n-Ã. tIWÂ F¶p-ÅXv Be-¦m-cnIwam{Xw. dnt¸mÀ«v kaÀ¸n-¨n-cn-
¡p-¶Xv {_n«ojv {][m-\-a-{ń-bm-bn-cp¶ tUhnUv tembvUv tPmÀPv\v.
At±-l-¯nsâ hfÀ¨ temI kb-WnÌv kwL-S-\-bpsS A`n-`m-j-I³ F¶-
XnÂ \n¶pw. 1939 Â ]mÀe-saâv AwKw tP¡_v tXmÀsIÂk¬,
dnt¸mÀ«v k`-bnÂ Ah-X -cn-¸n-¨p. ]mÀe-saâv tcJ-I-fnÂ AXv DÄs¡m-Ån-
¨n«papv. (H-IvtSm-_À 13 1939, t]Pv 598-þ604). AXns\ \o¡w sN¿m-\pÅ
{ia-§Ä ]cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-¯-s ¸-«p.
“”Ata-cn-¡sb Inco-S-¯n\p ( Bank of England ) IognÂ sImphcp-¶-

Xn\v AXohw kzm[o-\-apÅ kwL-§-fpsS kl-I-cWw Bh-iy-am-Wv.
{_n«ojv t\XrXzw AwKo-I -cn-¡p-¶-X n\pthn Ahsc ]cn-io-en-¸n-¡Ww.
kÀÆ-I -em-im-e-Ifnepw am²y-a -§fnepw {_n«ojv hwi-P-scbpw Im\-U-¡m-
scbpw \nd-¡Ww . sdUvt{Im-kv, kvIu«v, YMCA, YWCA, ]Ån-IÄ, aäp
aX, PohImcpWy kwL-S-\ -Ifpw hgn, Cw¥ojv kwkm-cn-¡p¶hcpsS
sFIyw Dd¸phcp-¯Ww .
A´ÀtZiob ¢_p-IÄ, bp²-Ime klmb kwL-§Ä F¶nhhgn
cmjv{S-¯ nse FÃm hn`m-K -§-fnepw F¯n-t¨-cp-¶-Xn\v km[n-¡p-¶p.
FÃm Ata-c n-¡³ am²y-a-§-fp-s Sbpw \nb-{´Ww kpK-a -amb {]hÀ¯\w
km²y-a m-¡p-¶p. \½psS ImgvN-¸ m-Sp-IÄ ASn-t¨Â¸n-¡p-¶-X n\v km[yam-
hp-¶p. Ata-cn¡ ]pdsa kzmX{ýw A`n-\-bn-¡p-¶p-s-¦nepw, AXv
Inco-S-¯nsâ \nb-{´-W-¯ n-em-Wv. Cw¥ojv Ata-cn-¡³ Iq«p-sI«v, temI-
¯nse FXn-cn-Ãm¯ ]W-a n-S-]m-Sp-Im-cm-bn. \½psS ]nWn-bm-fmb sP.-]n.
tamÀK³ I¼\n Ata-cn-¡sb bp²-¯nÂ ]s¦-Sp-¸n-¨p. Ata-cn-¡-bp-ambn
aÕ-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\pthn P¸m\v 800 tImSn cq] hmbv] A\p-h-Zn-¨ p. AXv
Ata-cn-¡sb , IqSp-X-embn {_n«s\ B{i-bn-¡p-¶ -Xn\v \nÀ_-Ôn-X-am-
¡pw. Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ\n¶pw ISw hm§nb ]Ww “IncoSw” (Crown) bp²-
¯n\pthnbpw, Imen-t^mÀWn-b, saIvk n-t¡m, emän³ Ata-c n¡ F¶n-
hn-S-§-fnÂ F®-¸mSw hm§p-¶-X n\pw D]-tbm-Kn-¨p. temI-¯nse `qcn-
138
`mKw Akw-kvIrX hkvX p-¡-fp-s Sbpw taÂ \nb-{´Ww km[y-a m-¡p-¶-

Xn\v bp²w D]-I -cn-¡-s¸-«p. F®-¸m-S-§Ä \nb-{ń-¡p-¶Xphgn hyh-km-
bhpw KXm-K-Xhpw \nb-{ń-¡p-¶ -X n\v km[n-¡p-¶p.
Ata-cn-¡sb “Inco-S”-¯n\v IognÂ sImphcp-¶-X n\p thn-bpÅ X{´-
amWv eoKv Hm^v t\j³knsâ cq]o-I-cWw F¶v icm-icn Ata-c n-¡-¡m-
c³ Nnń-¡m-Xn-c n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-thn hp{Uq hnÂksW eoKnâ BZys¯
{]kn-Uv Bt¡-Xpv . eoKnsâ DS-a -ØÀ Ah-cm-sW-¶pÅ sXän-
²m-c W krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn\v AXpaqew km[y-a mhpw .
cmPy-kvt\l \nb-a -¯nÂ\n¶pw {i²Xncn-¡p-¶-Xn\v hnÂk¬\v
t_mÄsj-hnIvhncp² \nbaw sImphcp-¶-Xn\v km[yam-h pw. Ata-cn¡
hopw kzmX{ýw {]Jym-]n-t¡--Xpv F¶v hmZn-¡p¶ Ata-c n-¡-¡m-
c\v X¡-in£ \ÂIp¶Xn\v, t_mÄsj-hnIv hncp-²-\n-baw km[y-am-
¡pw.””
aämtcm BWv dnt¸mÀ«nsâ D]-Úm-X mhv F¶v NneÀ sXän-²-cn-¡p-¶p.

lukv Xs¶-bmWv AXnsâ cN-bn-Xmhv F¶-XmWv hmkvX-h w.
“”eoKnsâ BZy kt½-f\w hmjn-§vS-WnÂh¨pXs¶ \S-¯-Ww.

eoKnsâ \nb-{´Ww X§-fnÂ Xs¶-bm-sW¶v AXv P\-§sf t_m²y-s ¸-
Sp-¯p-w. eoKnsâ AÛpX KpWhnti-j-§Ä BhÀ¯n¨v {]IoÀ¯n-¡-s ¸-
Spw. am²y-a-§Ä, tImfPv {]kn-U-p-amÀ, {]^-kÀamÀ , Fgp-¯p-Im-À
FÃmw eoKnsâ KpW-hn-ti-j-§Ä hmgv¯p-¶-X n\pthn D]-tbm-Ky-am-hpw.
{]N-cWw Kwò-c -am-¡p-¶-X n\v 8,000 hnZ-Kv²sc \ntbm-K n-¨n-«p-v. tZio-
bhpw A´ÀtZ-io-b-hp-amb kt½-f-\ -§Ä kwL-S-\-IÄ FÃm-saÃmw
temI- k-am-[m-\-¯ nsâ DZbw hnfw-_cwsN¿p-¶-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn¡s¸Spw.
GsXÃmw hn`m-K-§-sf-bmtWm D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ -X n\v km[n-¡p-¶Xv Ah-
sbÃmw D]-tbm-Kn¡-s ¸-Spw. Npcp-¡-¯nÂ Nn´m\nb-{´-W kwhn-[m\w
]qÀ®-a mbpw h{i-a -an-ÃmsX, XpSÀ¨-bmbn, Xo{h-a mbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Spw.
eoKv AwKo-I-c n-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶-X n\pthn. hmWnPyw kam-[m\w Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-
¶p. kXy-k-ÔÀ \nbaw adnIS-¡p-¶n-Ã. P\-§-fpsS {]oXn¡pthn
\ngÂ bp²w \S-¯nbtijw cmjv{So-b-¡mÀ hotdmsS Iog-S-§pw.””
1919 Â eoKv \ne-hnÂhcp-¶-X n\pthn-bpÅ {ia-§Ä ]cm-P-b-

s¸-«p. ]mÀe-saânÂ AXn\pth FXnÀ¸p-m-bn-cp-¶p. temIs¯
Iogvs¸-Sp-¯p-¶ -X n\pth _m¦Àam-cpsS KqV-a mb {iaw ]cm-P-b-s ¸-«p.
AhÀ lnäve-dn\v [\-k-lmbw \ÂIn. cmw temIalm-bp²w krjvSn-
¨p. eoKv Hm^v t\j³kv t]cp amän. bpssW-äUv t\j³kv
F¶t]cnÂ AwKo-I-c n-¡-s ¸-«p. ioX-bp-²hpw Bcw-`n-¨ p. am²y-a-§fpw
139
hnZym-`ym-khpw \nb-{´-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. kaq-l-¯nse FÃm hn`m-K-

§fpw bp.-F³. sâ kn²n-I-s f-¡p-dn-¨pÅ {]Nm-c-W-§-fmÂ AÔ-c m-¡-s ¸-
«n-cn-¡p-¶p. Ata-c n-¡-bpsS t\Xr-X z-¯n-emWv, {_n«sâ t\Xr-Xz-¯n-eÃ
temIm-[n-]-X y-¯ n-\v thn-bpÅ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä F¶v sXän-²-cn-¡-
s¸«phcp-¶p. F¶mÂ FÃmw tI{µo-I-c n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv Inco-S-¯n\p Iogn-
emWv F¶-XmWv hmkvX-h w. F®-bmWv temI \nb-{´-W-¯nsâ Hcp-
{][m\ D]-I-c -Ww. anUnÂ CuÌnse F®-bpsS -taÂ ]qÀ®m-[n-]Xyw
F¶Xv temIm-[n-]-X y-¯n\v km[y-a m-¡pw.
lukv dnt¸mÀ«v kaÀ¸n-¨ n-c n-¡p-¶Xv, asP-ÌnIv tlm«-enÂ (]m-
cn-kv) {_n«ojv, Ata-cn-¡³ {]Xn-\n-[n-IÄ kt½-fn¨v Royal Institute of
International Affairs Dw Council on Foreign Relations Dw cq]IÂ¸\
sNbvXv GXm\pw BgvN-IÄ¡p-Ån-em-Wv. ‘Club of Rome’ ]ns¶ {]apJ
]cn-ØnXn kwc-£W {]Øm-\-§-fpsS t\Xm-¡-·mÀ FÃmw D¶-X-·m-cpsS
Iq«m-fn-I-fm-Wv.
AXnsâ “lcn-X-\-b”-¯nsâ A{]-J ym-]nX e£yw, \n§Ä¡v F{X-
t¯mfw Ipd¨v e`n-¡p-¶ -thm, A{Xbpw A[nIw R§Ä¡v e`n¡pw F¶-
Xm-Wv. {]IrXn hn`-h-§Ä kwc-£n-¡p-I, hymh-km-bnI ]ptcm-K-a \w XS-
Ê-s¸-Sp-¯p-I, P\-kwJy Npcp-¡pI F¶-sXm-s ¡-bmWv Ah-c psS e£yw.
1974 Â Ata-c n-¡³ Kh¬saâv, tdms¡s^Ã-dnsâ A\pNc³ sl³{Sn
InÊn³P-dnsâ “NSSC Memorandum 200”kzoI-c n-¨p. Ahn-S-§-fnse
{]IrXnhn`-h-§Ä hnI-knX cmjv{S-§Â¡v kpe-`-a mbn e`n-¡p-¶-Xn\p
thn aq¶mw temI-¯nse P\-kwJy -Np-cp-¡pI , ]ns¶ bp²-Ime ASn-
Øm-\-¯nÂ hnI-k\w XS-Ê-s¸-Sp-¯pI F¶-s Xm-s ¡-bmWv {][m\ Bh-
iy-§Ä.
òI-c -X-s¡-Xn-c m-bpÅ bp²w X«n-¸ m-Wv. bp²w {]Jym-] n-¡p-¶ -Xn-\pÅ
A[n-Imcw ]mÀe-saân-\m-Wv. AXns\ adnIS-¡p-¶ -Xn\v hgn-sbm-c p-¡p-¶-
Xn\p thn 9þ11 krjvSn-¡-s¸-«p. AXphgn tImSn-¡-W -¡n\p tUmfÀ X«n-
sb-Sp-¡p-¶ -Xn-\pw. IqSmsX at²y-jy-bnepw djy-bnepw ssN\-bpsS Nne
`mK-§-fnepw AXn-{I-a n¨p Ib-dp-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-hpw. bp² a\-Èm-kv{X-
¯nÂ hnZ-Kv²-\ mb dn¨ÀUv t{ImÊva³ ]d-bp¶p. “ {]Nm-c Wthe
\ÃXpt]mse \S-¯p-¶-Xn\v, AXv \S-¯p¶p F¶v kqN\t]mepw \ÂIm-
Xn-cn-¡p-I- F-¶-X mWv Gähpw {]tbmK£a-am-b-X v.” \½Ä F´p Ign-¡-
Ww, GXp ImÀ D]-tbm-Kn-¡Ww Fs¶m-s¡-bpÅ Xocp-a m-\-§Ä \½Ä
Adn-bmsX Xs¶ kzoI-c n-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶Xpt]mse.
CIA bpsS D]-I-c-W-amb, kv{XohmZn F¶v Adn-b-s ¸-Sp-¶, t¥mdnb
kvväos\w, IpSpw-_-§Ä aÀ±-t\m-] m-[n-bm-Wv, Ipªp-§sf hfÀ¯p-¶-
Xn\p]Icw sXmgnÂ sNt¿--Xpv Fs¶ms¡ ]d-bp-t¼mÄ, am²y-a -§Ä
140
AXv sIm«n-tLm-jn-¡p-¶p. \½Ä AXns\ hnt[-b-] qÀÆw A\p-k-c n-¡p-

¶p.
FXn-c-`n-{]m-b-§Ä {]N-c n-¸ n-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶ n-Ã. CIA samÊm-Zns\ Icm-tdÂ]n¨v
òI-cm-{I-a Ww Ah-X-cn-¸ n-¨ n-«v, Xo{h-hmZn apÉow B{I-a-W-amWv F¶p]d-
bp-t¼mÄ \½Ä bp²-¯n\v X¿m-s d-Sp-¡p-¶p.
bp²w F¶Xv Zn\w{]Xn tImSn-¡-W -¡n\v tUmfÀ Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p. AXv
kz´w P\-§-tfbpw temI-s¯bpw \nb-{ń-¡p-¶-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp-
¶p. tZiob kpc£m GP³kn Hcp tImSn Ccp-]Xv e£w t^m¬Im-fp-
IÄ Htckabw \nco-£n-¡p-¶Xn\v {]m]vX-a m-Wv. AXns\ P\-§Ä
FXnÀ¯mÂ, sNdnb tXmXn-epÅ t_mw_v, AsÃ-¦nÂ ssPhm-bp[w Hs¡
FXnÀ¸v \in-¸ n-¡p-¶-Xn\pthn D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Spw. kYn-c -amb bp²w,
Ønc-a mb ASn-¨-aÀ¯Â Hs¡ krjvSn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.
C¶v kmaq-lnI {]hÀ¯-IÀ F¶v Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sp-¶-hcpw cmjv{Sob t\Xm-
¡fpw hmbv] hyh-Ø-bnepw ]eni hyh-Ø-bnepw DÅ _m¦n§ns\¡p-
dn¨v ]cm-a Àin-¡p-¶-tX-bn-Ã. _m¦n§v {]`p-¡-·mÀ Xs¶-bmWv hyh-kmb
òa-·m-c pw. ]c-ky-¯nÂ \n¶pÅ hcp-a m-\ hpw Pohm-]m-bhpw `b-¶v am-²y-
a-§fpw au\w ]men-¡p-¶p.
“Bcpw A]-I-S-s ¯-¡p-dn¨v kwkm-cn-¡p-¶n-Ã. ]mÀe-s aânÂ NÀ¨ sN¿p-
¶n-Ã. am²y-a-§Ä au\w ]men-¡p-¶p. P\-§fpw NÀ¨ sN¿p-¶n-Ã. B]-
¯ns\ XcWw sN¿p-¶-Xn\v \S-]-Sn-I Ä kzoI-c n-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. bp²w ]cm-
P-b-s ¸-Sp-¶p. Hcp shSn t]mepw DXnÀ¡-s ¸-Sp-¶n-Ã.” þ ]mÀe-saâv AwKw
hnÃyw C. sska¬, sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhnvsâ {]iv\-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v ]mÀe-
saânÂ \S-¯nb ]cm-aÀiw 1976
{KKv ]emÌv . At±lw temI _m¦nsâ ap³ [\-X-Xz-imkv{Xhn`mKw Xe-h-
\pw, [\-X-Xz-im-kv{X-¯n\v t\m_Â k½m\ tPXm-hp-a mb tPmk^v
ÌnKvenävknÂ \n¶pw a\-Ên-em-¡nb hkvX p-X -IÄ shfn-s¸-Sp-¯n.
temI _m¦v cmjv{S-§-tfmSv cl-ky-a mb DS-¼-Sn-I-fpÂ H¸phbv¡p-¶-Xn\v
\nÀ_-Ôn-¡p¶p F¶-XmWv {][m\ {i² AÀln-¡p-¶Xv. AXnÂ cmjv{S-
¯nse {]ap-J -amb kz¯p-¡Ä temI-_m-¦n\v ]W-b-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶ -X n\pw
cmjv{S-¯ n\v lm\n-I-c -§-fmb \n_-Ô-\-I Ä AwKo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw hyh-
Ø-IÄ DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p. P\-§Ä Ch-sb-¡p-dn¨v AÚ-c m-Wv. C¯cw
hyh-Ø-I Ä AwKo-I-c n-¡p-¶-Xn\vX¿m-dm-Im¯ cmjv{Sw A´m-cmjv{S
hmbv] ]²-Xn-IfnÂ\n¶v Hgn-hm-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. CXn\pthn cmjv{ So-b-
¡mÀ¡v A[n-I-a mb tImg , tImSn-¡-W-¡n\v cq] , Ah-c psS kznkv _m¦v
A¡u-p-I -fnÂ \nt£-]n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.
_yq\kv AtbÀknse Pe-hn-`-hw, F³tdm¬- F¶ I¼-\ n¡v ]W-b-s ¸-
Sp¯n AÀPâo\sbbpw Nnen-s bbpw _Ôn-¸n-¡p¶ ss]¸v sse³
F³tdm¬ F¶ I¼-\ n¡v ]W-b-s ¸-Sp-¯n. ]ns¶ CsXÃmw asämcp
X«n¸v I¼-\ n¡v Xosd-gp-Xn-b-X n-\ ptijw F³tdm¬ F¶ I¼\n XIÀ¡-
141
s¸-Sp-¶p. F³tdm¬s\t¸mse lmÀsI³ F¶ DuÀÖ-hy-h-kmb

Øm]-\-¯n-tebpw Hml-cn-IÄ, AXv XI-cp-¶-Xn\v sXm«papt¶
hnäpXoÀ¡p-¶-Xn\v tPmÀÖv _qjn\v km[n-¨p. At\z-jW DtZym-K-ØÀ
AÑ³ _pjnsâ tabvk¬ kplr-¯p-I-fm-bn-c p-¶-X n-\mÂ _qjv in£n-¡-
s¸-«-Xp-an-Ã.
IMF Dw temI-_m¦pw Ah-c psS Øncw XXz-im-kv{X-a mbn AwKo-I-c n-¨-
XmWv cmjv{So-b-¡msc tImgsImSp¯v hnebv¡vhm§pI F¶-Xv. AXnsâ
]cn-WnXêw sam¯w P\-X-bp-s Sbpw k¼qÀ®-a mb ASn-a-¯-hpw.
F³tdm¬ F¶Xv IÅ-¸Ww shfp-¸n-¡p-¶-X n\pthnam{Xw krjvSn-¡-
s¸« {]Øm-\-am-bn-cp-¶p. ab-¡p-a-c p¶v t]mep-Å-h-bpsS hn]-W-\-¯nÂ
\n¶pw e`n-¡p¶ ]Ww. AXv Ahn-iz-k-\o-b-a mb Xc-¯nÂ hn]p-e-am-Wv.
kzIm-c y-h -XvI-c Wwt]mep-aÃ \S-¡p-¶-Xv. IhÀ¨-bm-Wv. knän _m¦,v
AÀPâo\ _m¦p-I -fpsS ]Ip-X n-bn-e-[nIw ssI¡-em-¡n. CIz-tUm-dnse
ss]¸v sse³ {_n«ojv s]t{Sm-fn-b-hpw. PehnX-c-W-¯nsâ Ip¯I IMF
\mWv. AhÀ A{I-a-§Ä Bkq-{XWw sN¿p-¶-X n\pw ]¦ptNcp-¶p.
Ct¸mÄ IMF sâ \n_-Ô-\ -IÄaqew cmjv{S-§Ä XI-cp-Ibpw AXns\
XpSÀ¶v A{Iaw Dm-hp-Ibpw sN¿p-t¼mÄ AXns\ IMF A{I-a-§Ä
F¶v hnti-jn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.
Imen-t^mÀWn-b-bnÂ Deregulation hyh-ØIÄ cq]o-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\p
thn {]hÀ¯n-¨n-cp-¶-hÀ AXn\ptijw F³tdmWnÂ ]Wn-s b-Sp-¯n-cp-
¶p. F³tdmWnsâ HmUnäv I½n-än-bn-ep-m-bn-cp¶ shbv¡vlmw, F³.-
Fw. tdm¯vjoÂUnsâ Xe-h -\m-bn-cp-¶p. At±lw A³]-Xn\ptaÂ I¼-
\n-I-fpsS t_mÀUnÂ Dm-b n-c p-¶p. amÀK-cäv Xm¨-dpsS Kh¬saânÂ
AwK-am-bn-cp-¶p. {_n«-\nÂ DuÀÖ hyh-km-b-§Ä- F-³tdmWn\v ssIam-
dp-¶-Xn\v hgn-s bm-cp-¡n-bXpw aäm-cp-a -Ã. am²y-a -§-fpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä
\nb-{ń-¡p-¶ -Xnsâ Npa-X -e-bpÅ t_mÀUnsâ Xe-h\pw shbv¡l v mw
{]`p Xs¶-bm-bn-c p-¶p.
temI _m¦v BZyw Iym]n-äÂ amÀ¡äv DZm-c-h-X vI-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v \n_-Ô\
hbv¡p-¶p. AXm-bXv {]mtZ-inI _m¦p-Isf A´m-c mjv{S _m¦p-IÄ¡v
hnÂ¡p-¶-X n-\ pÅ Ah-k-cw. kzX{´ hn]Wn F¶-Xv {]-tbm-K-¯nÂ
A{Ia hn]-Wn-bm-Wv. {KKv ]em-Ìnsâ ]pkvXIw “The Best Democracy
Money Can Buy”bnÂ At±lw hni-Zo-I -c-W-§Ä hyà-a m-¡p-¶p.
hmÄamÀ«v temI-¯ nse Gähpw henb kq¸À amÀ¡äv irwJ-e-bm-
Wv. AXn\v 700 \nÀ½mW ime-I Ä ssN\-bnepv. Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ
\nÀ½n¡p¶ km[-\ -§Ä H¶pwXs¶-bn-Ã. F¶mÂ Ah-cpsS henb ]Xm-
I-IÄ DZvtLm-jn-¡p-¶Xv Ata-c n-¡³ km[-\-§Ä hm§q F¶m-Wv.
AhnsS hnÂ¸-\ ¡ph¨n-c n-¡p¶ kpµ-c-amb hkvXp-¡Ä \nÀ½n-¡p¶
sXmgn-em-fn-I -fpsS AhØ XnI¨pw Zb-\ o-b-a m-Wv. kzImcy -P-bn-ep-IÄ
_rl-¯ mb hyh-km-b-a m-Wv. Pbn-ep-I -fnÂ Bsf F¯n¨p sImSp-¡p-¶-
142
Xn\v {]tXyI kwhn-[m\w Xs¶-bp-v. hmÄ amÀ«nÂ hnÂ¸-\¡ph¨n-cn-

¡p¶ kpµ-c-amb hkvXp-¡fnÂ `qcn-`m-Khpw ssN\okv Pbn-ep-I-fnse
At´-hm-kn-IÄ \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv. ap³Im-e-§-fnse ASn-a-I-tf-¡mfpw
Zb-\ o-bw.
D¶-XÀ¡v Fs´-¦nepw a\pjy Ah-bhw thW-sa-¶p-s -¦nÂ
hnfn¨p ]d-ªmÂam{Xw aXn. 19 hÀjw Pbn-enÂ Ignª lmcn hq F¶-
bm-fp-ambn s{KKv ]emÌv kwkm-c n-¨n-cp-¶p. sXfn-h n\pthn lmcn
hopw Pbn-en-s e-¯n Hfn Iyma-d-bp-a m-bn. 4 hb-ÊpÅ s]¬Ip-ªp-
§sf N§-e¡p _Ôn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-X nsâ hoUntbm {]ZÀin-¸n-¨n-cp-¶-p .
AhÀ \mkn tIm¬k³t{S-j³ Iymw-] nse a\p-jy-tc-¡mÄ Zb-\ob Ah-
Ø-bn-em-bn-cp-¶p.
IMF temI-_m¦v hyh-Ø-I Ä , ap³]v {]tbm-K-¯n-em-bn-c p¶ Opium-
Idp¸v bp²-§-tf-¡mÄ Zqjy-^-e-§Ä krjvSn-¡p-¶p. cmjv{ Sw km¼-
¯n-I-a mbn ]qÀ®-a mbpw XIÀ¶pIgn-ªmÂ Ahti-jn-¡p-¶-hÀ
ab¡pacp¶v hym]m-c-¯n-te¡vX s¶ Xncn-bp-¶-Xn\v CShcpw.
ab¡pacp¶v hym]m-c-¯n\v Np¡m³]nSn-¡p-¶Xv C.I.A bpw. MENA Affair
Â AXv shfn-hm-¡-s¸-«-Xm-Wv. ap³ temkv G©ekv t]meokv DtZym-K-
Ø³ ssa¡nÄ dq¸À«nsâ \S-]-SnsbXpSÀ¶v C.I.A Ub-d-IvSÀ tPm¬
Uyqjv ]pd-¯m-¡-s ¸-«-p. At\z-j-Wm-ßI ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-I³ Um\n Imk-
emtdm h[n-¡-s ¸-«p.
F³tdm¬ {][m-\-a mbpw _pjv, IMF temI-_m-¦v Iq«p-sI-«nsâ DXv]-¶-am-
Wv. Cý-bnÂ F³tdm¬ F¯n-t¨À¶ DS-¼Sn AXohw kwi-bm-kv]-Z-am-
Wv. Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ hne\ne-hm-c-¯nsâ Cc«n hne hcp¶
coXn-bn-em-bn-cp¶p DS-¼-Sn. \ymbo-I-cWw CÃXs¶. F³tdmWn-s\-t¸m-
epÅ asämcp {]Øm-\-a mWv Southern Company. At\Iw tImSn tUmf-
dnsâ BØn-bp-Å -Xv. AXv A\u-tZym-Kn-I-a mbn asämcp IW¡p
]pkvXIw kq£n-¨n-cp-¶p. bYmÀ° CS-]m-Sp-IÄ apgp-h³ shfn-h m-¡-s ¸-
«n-cp-¶n-Ã . -A-t\Iw tImSn tUmf-dnsâ Agn-a Xn Adnª sshkv {]kn-
Uv AXv shfn-h m-¡p-¶-Xn\v apXnÀ¶p.. At±-l-¯nsâ t]cv sPbvIv
tlmÀ«Â. At±lw I¼\n DS-a -Ø-X-bn-epÅ sPänÂ Ibdn ? ]¯v \nan-
j-§Ä¡Iw sPäv s]m«n-s ¯-dn-¨p.
BtKm-fo-I-c -W-¯nsâ taem-f-·mÀ AhÀ IMF, tem-I-_m-¦v, temIm-tcm-Ky-
kw-L-S-\, temI hym]mc kwL-S\ FÃm-¯n-t\bpw \nb-{ń-¡p-¶p.
BtKm-fn-I-c -W-s¯-¡p-dn¨v t_m[-h-XvI -cn-¡p-¶-X n\v PBS - Public Broad
Casting System- 3 aWn-¡qÀ \op\nÂ¡p¶ tUmIyp-saâdn {]ZÀin-¸n-
¨p. AXv \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-X n\pw {]t£-]Ww sN¿p-¶-Xn-\p-apÅ sNe-h nsâ
Hcp `mKw Kh¬saâv hln-¨p. _m¡n apgp-h\pw \ÂIn-bXv British
Petroleum. F{X-t¯mfw hkvXp\njvS-a mbn \nÀ½n-¨ -XmWv AXv F¶Xn-\ v
143
aäv sXfn-hp-IÄ At\z-jn-t¡--Xn-Ã. IMF, temI-_m¦v FÃmw {]hÀ¯n-

¡p-¶Xv {]iv\ w, {]Xn-I-c-Ww, t]mwhgn F¶ XXz-s¯- B-kv]-Z-a m-¡n-bm-
Wv. AhÀ IS¶ph¶v {]iv\ -§Ä krjvSn¨v, {]Xn-I-c Ww F¶ \ne-bnÂ
FXnÀ¸p-IÄ kwL-Sn-¸n¨v ]ns¶ AhÀXs¶ {]iv\ ]cn-lm-chpw \nÀt±-in-
¡p-¶p. Ignª ]¯v hÀj-¯n-e-[n-I-ambn AhÀ {]tXyI ssk\y-
t¯bpw t]meo-kn-t\bpw hmÀs¯-Sp-¡p-¶p. Idp¯ bqWn-t^mw, Idp¯
Bbp-[w, Idp¯ hml-\w, AXn\p taÂ Xe-tbm-«n-bp-tS-tbm, -aqÀJ³
]m¼n-tâtbm Nn{Xw.
Hkma _n³ emZ³ CIA bpsS DXv]-¶am-Wv. Ata-cn-¡-bnse Gähpw {]ap-

J-amb kpc-£m-{]-Ø m\w F¶pIcp-X-s ¸-Sp¶ ImÀsseÂ {Kq¸nsâ km¼-
¯nI ZmXmhv _n³ emZ³ IpSpw-_-am-Wv. AÑ³ _pjv- A-Xnsâ D]-tZ-
inbpw. At±lw kuZn Atd-_y-bp-sSbpw Gjy-bp-s Sbpw Npa-Xe hln-
¡p-¶p. _n³ emZsâ kzImcykz¯v 50,000 tImSn cq] F¶v hne-bn-c p-¯-
s¸-Sp-¶p. 9þ11 F¶Xv IqSp-XÂ \nb-{´-W-¯n\pthn \S-¯nb H¯p-I-fn-
bpw.
Cdm-Jns\ B{I-an-¨-X n-\p-f-f {][m\ Imc-W-§-fnÂ H¶v “shf-f”-¯nsâ

taÂ \nb-{´Ww GsäSp-¡p-¶Xphgn anUnÂ CuÌnsâtaÂ \nb-{´Ww
kv[yamhpw F¶-Xm-Wv. shÅ-¯ns\ »q tKmÄUv F¶phnfn-¡p-¶p.
Cu temI-¯nÂ XpS-À¶phcp¶ bp²-§fpw {]t£m-`-§fpw cp

hn`mK§Ä X½nÂ am{X-am-Wv. A´m-c mjv{ S km¼-¯ nI {]`p-¡-·mcpw þ
AhÀ sNIp-¯m³ tkh-I-cm-Wv, Ahsc \nb-{ń-¡p-¶Xv CÃyq-a n-\m-änbpw
þ ]ns¶ aäp-Å-h-c pw. B`n-Nm-c-{I-nb-¡mÀ Bb {]`p-¡-·mÀ {]t£m-`-
¯nsâ cp hi-§fpw \nb-{ń-¡p-¶p. temIw Ah-cpsS ssI¸n-Sn-bnÂ
HXp-§p-¶ -Xn\v A[nIw Ime-Xm-a-k-a n-Ã. AhÀ P\-§-fpsS {i² Xncn-¡p-
¶-Xn\v ssewKn-I -Xbpw aäv a\-È mkv{X kao-]-\-§fpw {]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
bp.-F³. s\t¸m-epÅ Bbn-c -¡-W-¡n\v kwL-S-\-I Ä CXn\pthn ]cn-
{i-an-¡p-¶p. P\-§Ä Bg-¯nÂ Nnń-¡p-¶nÃ. hnI-e-a mb hnZym-`ymkw
CXn\p Imcy-amb ]n³XpW \ÂIp-¶p.
CÃyq-an-\män, tabvk-W-dn-¡p-ÅnÂ ad¨phbv¡-s ¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. 1781

Â CÃyq-an-\m-änbpw tabvk¬kpw X½nÂ hnÂlwkv_mUnÂ \S¶
kt½-f-\-¯nÂ [mc-W-bm-b n. tabvk-W-dn-bsS BZys¯ aq¶v L«-§-fnÂ
CÃyq-an-\m-änsb DÄs¡m-Ån-¡p-¶-Xn\vthn. Hm¸³lotaÀkv, shÀ¯o-
aÀ-kv, jqtÌÀkv, kvt]tbÀkv, tÌ¬kv, tdm¯vjoÂUvk v, HmÀen-
b³knse {]`p, GWÌv BK-Ìkv {]`p , slsÊ ImsÊÂ se NmÄkv
144
cmP-Ip-am-c³, tPmlm³ tKm«v{ôUvþ XXz-Nn-Í³, s¢a³kv thm¬

saäÀ\nIv {]`p, djy-bnse ImX-dn³ þ II, K{_n-tbÂ sUan-dm_p {]`p,
tIm¬Ìm-³vk-bnse amÀIznkv (U-tbm-s a-U-kv), _¬kvhn-¡nse s^ÀUn-
\mÀUv {]`p (B-tdm¬), kmIvsk hoa-dnse ImÄ HmKÌv {]`p, tPmlm³
thmÄ^vthm¬ sKbvsY þI-hn, djy-bnse tPmk^v II, sU³amÀ¡nse
{InÌy³ II , kzoU-\nse KpkvX m-s h II, t]mf-nse t]mWn-bm-tämhvkvIn
cmPmhv F¶n-h-cm-bn-cp¶p CÃyq-an-\ m-än-bnse BZy-Ime {][m-\ n-I Ä.
1786 Â {^m¦v^À«nse tabvk¬knsâ ]qÀ®-\ n-b-{´Ww CÃyq-a n-\m-ä n-¡m-
bn. At¸mÄ AwK-kwJy 30 e£w. temI-¯nsâ H«pan¡ `mK¯p
\n¶pw. 1790 IfnÂ Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ CÃyq-a n-\män òXn \ne-\n-¶n-c p-¶p.
1798 Â NmÄkv Su-WnÂ, PtZ-Znb tamÀkv F¶ ]ptcm-ln-X ³ ]d-ªp.
“bqtdm¸nse FÃm kÀ¡mÀ, aX- Øm-]-\-§-fp-s Sbpw ASn¯d ]pXp-¡p-
¶-Xn\v Cu òI-c-{]-Øm-\-¯n\v Ign-ªp. {^©v hn¹hw Cu {]Øm-\ -
¯nsâ krjvSn-bm-sW-¶p-Å-Xn\v kwibw H«pwXs¶-bn-Ã. 1785 Â
tPmk^v DXvj \ v oUÀ þ A`n-`m-j-I³, ]ns¶ aäp cpt]À þ ChÀ ap³
CÃyq-an-\män AwK-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p þ AhÀ _th-dn-b-bnse tImS-Xn-bnÂ
CÃyq-an-\m-än-bpsS e£y-§Ä shfn-s ¸-Sp-¯n.” cmP-`-c-W-¯n-sâbpw aäv
{Ia-_-²-a mb Kh¬saâp-I-fp-s Sbpw \njvIm-k-\w, kzImcykz¯nsâ
\nÀ½mÀÖ-\w, cmPy-kvt\-l-¯nsâ \njvIm-k-\w, IpSpw-_-¯nsâ
\njvIm-k\w þ AXv hnhm-lw, k·mÀ¤w F¶n-hsb XIÀ¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS,
]ns¶ Ipªp-§Ä¡p Å hnZym-`ymkw Kh¬saân-eqsS am{Xw, FÃm aX-
§-fp-sSbpw \nÀamÀÖ \w.
1848 Â ImÄ amÀIvkv hn`m-h\w sNbvX I½yq-Wn-k-¯nsâ Bi-b-§fpw
Ch Xs¶-bm-Wv. CÃyq-a n-\m-änbpw I½yq-Wn-khpw hfsc kam-\-amWv.
Reds F¶ ]Zw Red Shield Nph¶ ]cnN F¶Xv tdm¯vj oÂUnÂ \n¶pw
ISw sIm-Xm-Wv. A©v hmepÅ \£{Xw , cpw NnÓ-a mbn kzoI-cn-
¡p-¶p.
1832 Â sbbvÂ (Yale) kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bnÂ hnÃyw dÊÂ Øm]n¨ CÃyq-
an-\män imJ , Xe-tbm-«nbpw FÃp-Ifpw ( Skull and Bones ) F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-
¶p. tPm¬ sIdn, tPmÀPv _pjv At±-l-¯nsâ ]nXm-h v-Hs¡ AwK-§-fm-
Wv.
“hmjn-§vS-Wnse bYmÀ°, `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Isf ImWp-¶-Xn\v km[y-a -Ã.
AhÀ Ah-c psS A[n-Imcw Xnc-Èo-ebv¡p]n¶n-en-cp¶v {]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.” -
Ata-cn-¡³ kp{]ow tImSXn PÌn-km-bn-cp¶ þ sênIvkv {^m¦v^À«À.
145
“cmjv{So-b-a mbn Gähpw {][m-\-s ¸« hnjbw kaq-l-a -\-imkv{Xw F¶v

Rm³ Icp-Xp-¶p. ]e-h n-[- ^-e-§Ä DSs\Xs¶ {]Jym-]n-¡-s¸-Spw..
IpSpw_w aÀ±-t\m-] -I-c-W-a mWv Gs¶ms¡. C¯cw imkv{X-§-s fms¡
Kl-\o-b-a mbn hne-bn-cp-¯-s¸-Sp-sa-¦nepw AsXms¡ `c-W-hÀ¤-¡mÀ¡p
am{Xw {]m]y-a m-bn-c n-¡pw. km[m-cW P\-§Ä¡v C¯cw \nK-a -\-§Ä-
F{]Imc-a mWv F¯n-t¨À¶Xv F¶v Adn-bp-¶-X n\v kml-N-c y-a p-m-hn-Ã.
A¯cw kt¦-X-§Ä ]qÀ®-X-bnÂ F¯n-t¨À¶-ti-jw, hnZym`ym-k-
¯nsâ A[n-Im-c -ap-ff kÀ¡m-c n\v , AXnsâ P\-§sf , t]meo-kn-tâ-tbm,
ssk\y-¯n-tâtbm klm-b-a n-Ãm-sX, hnZym-`ym-k-¯n-eqsS AXm-bXv {]Nm-
cWthe-bn-eqsS \nb-{ń-¡p¶-Xn\v km[n-¡pw. A[nIw ImeXm-a -k-an-Ãm-
sX. AXn\p XS-Ê-ambn \nev¡p¶ cv iàn-IÄ aXhpw tZio-b-X-bp-am-
Wv. temI- im-kv{Xob kaqlw \ne-h nÂ hcp-¶-X n\v temI Kh¬saâv
Bh-iy-amWv”-þs_À«vd³Uv dÊÂ( -The Impact of Science on Society )
“tZ-io-bX F¶Xv A]-I -S-I-c -amb kaq-ln-Itcm-K-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ Icp-X-s ¸-

Sp-¶p. P\-§sf s]mXpam-²y-a-§-fn-eqsS s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ym-k-¯n-eq-s S -a -
kvXnjvI{]£m-f\wsN¿p-¶p.” BÀXÀ Fkv. anÃÀ.
“2000-þ-a m-nsâ Ah-km-\-t¯msS \½Ä BZys¯ temIKh¬saânsâ
IognÂ Pohn-¡p¶-Xm-bn-cn¡pw. a\p-jysâ \ne-\ n-ev]ns\ Xocp-a m-\ n-¡p-¶-
Xn\v k¼qÀ® A[n-Im-c -ap-ff Kh¬saâv. GI-temI Kh¬saâv Bh-iy-
am-Wv.” þ t]m]v tPm¬ t]mÄ þ II [ The Keys of this Blood By Malachi
Martin ]
“temI{Iaw kwc-£n-¡p-¶-Xn\pthn Ata-c n-¡³ssk\n-IÀ sImÃ-
pIbpw Nmhp-Ibpw sNt¿--Xp-v. càwsImpw, ]WwsImpw,
hm¡p sImpw sNehpsN¿msX \ap¡v ]pXnb temI-{Iaw t\SpI
km²y-a-Ã.” BÀXÀ jveokn§À.Jr
[ Back to The Womb - Foreign Affairs Magazine By Council on Foreign
Relations July / August 1993 ]
“Ønc-a mb Xnc-s ª-Sp-¸ n-eq-s S-b-ÃmsX, ]c-¼-c m-K-X-a m-bn, \mSp-hmgn k{¼-
Zm-b-a-\ p-k-c n¨v ]n³Xp-S-cp¶ cmP-`-c -W-{Iaw Xs¶-bmWv GI-tem-I-{ Iaw
F¶-Xp-sImv bYmÀ°-a mbn Dt±-i n-¡-s ¸-«n-c n-¡p-¶-Xv. AhnsS temI-
¯n\p sam¯-a mbn Hcp\mWbw am{Xw. P\-kwJy- \n-b-{ń-X -am-bn-cn-¡pw.
e£yw \qdp-tIm-Sn. Akp-J-§fpw bp²-§fpw ]«n-Wnbpw krjv Sn¨v
e£ywt\Spw. CS-¯-c-¡mÀ Dm-hn-Ã. `c-W-IÀ¯m-¡fpw the-¡mcpw
am{Xw. temI tImS-X n-bpsS IognÂ \nbaw GIo-Ir-X -am-bn-cn-¡pw.
tZiob AXn-c p-IÄ Dm-hn-Ã. temIt]meokpw temIssk\yhpw \nbaw
\S-¸ n-em-¡pw. temI Kh¬saân\v Iogvs ¸-«n-c n-¡p-¶-hÀ¡v ]mcn-tXm-jn-I-
146
§Ä e`n-¡pw. FXnÀ¡p-¶-h sc ]«n-Wn-¡n«v sImÃpw , AsÃ-¦nÂ

\nbahncp-²À F¶v {]Jym-]n-¡pw. Ahs\ BÀ¡vthW-s a-¦ nepw
sImÃmw. FXv coXn-bn-epÅ Bbp-[-§fpw, tXm¡p-Ifpw kzIm-cy-ambn
kq£n-¡p-¶Xv \ntcm-[n-X-a m-bn-cn-¡pw.” þ tPm¬.-Un. tImÄa³.
s]mXp-P-\ m-`n{]mbw F¶Xv hmkvX-h -¯nÂ {]Nm-c-W-th-e-bn-eqsS Icp-Xn-

¡q«n krjvSn-¡-s ¸« P\-§-fpsS {]Xn-I-c -W-am-Wv. \nc-´-c-a m-b \nÀt±-i-
§-fn-eqsS , BhÀ¯n-¨pÅ a\-Ênsâ ]cp-h-s¸-Sp-¯Â.
\h-tem-I-{I-a-¯n-sâ {]hÀ¯\w – {]iv\w, {]XnI-c-Ww, ]cn-lmcw F¶

coXn {][m-\ -ambpw Ah-ew-_n-¡p-¶p.
\h-tem-I-{I-a-¯nsâ hàm-¡Ä BZyw Hcp {]iv\ w krjvSn-¡p-¶p.
AXn\v [\-k-lm-bw, KqVm-tem-N-\, HutZym-KnIKh¬saân\v FXn-cmbn
{]t£m-`-§Ä krjvSn-¡p-¶ -Xn\v kwL-§sf ]cn-io-en-¸ n-¡p-I XpS-§nb
amÀ¤-§Ä Ah-ew-_n-¡p¶p. CtX X{´-§Ä cmjv{ S-¯n\pw aX-¯n\pw
aäpw FXn-cmbpw {]tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. C{]-Imcw krjvSn-¡-s¸-Sp¶
kwL-§Ä apJy-[mcm am²y-a-§-fnÂ kzmX{ýkac tk\m-\n-IÄ, Ah-
Imi kwc£IÀ, ]cn-ØnXn kwc-£-IÀ F¶n-§s\ {]IoÀ¯n-¡-s¸-Sp-
¶p. BÀs¡-Xn-sc-bmtWm {]t£m`w kwL-Sn-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶Xv A-hÀ òI-c -
·m-c mbpw Incm-X-·m-cmbpw Ah-X-c n-¸ n-¡-s ¸-Spw. kzmX{ý ka-c-tk-\m-\n-
Ifpw aäpw s]mXp-h nÂ Ipä-Ir-Xy-§-fpsS ]mc-¼-c y-a p-Å-h -cm-bn-cn-¡pw.
AtXkabw BÀs¡-Xn-sc-bmtWm {]t£m`w kwL-Sn-¸ n-¡p-¶-Xv- A-hsc
D]-tZ-i n-¡p-¶ -Xn\pw, klm-bn-¡p-¶ -Xn\pw \h-tem-I-¯nsâ hàm-¡Ä
Dm-bn-cn-¡pw. CXn-\n-S-b nÂ Incm-X-a mb A{I-a-§Ä¡v km[m-cWP\-
§Ä -C-c -bm-hpw. ]ns¶ klm-b-¯n\p thn-bpÅ apd-hnfn Db-c pw.
AXmWv {]Xn-I-c -Ww.
]ns¶ ]cn-lm-c-¯n-\pÅ Ah-k-c -am-bn. bp. F³ \v Iogn-epÅ
kam-[m\tk\ cwK-{]-thiw sN¿p-I-bm-bn. (t_m-kv\ n-b) AsÃ-¦nÂ bp.-
F³. \v IognÂ kwbp-à-tk\ (KÄ^v bp²w) AXp-a-s Ã-¦nÂ NATO bpsS
\nb-{´-W-¯nÂ t_mw_Àamcpw Ic-tk-\ bpw (sIm-kmthm) ]ns¶ Iq«
\io-I-c-W-ti-jn-bpÅ Bbp-[-§Ä At\z-jn-¡p-¶-Xn\pthn (C-dm-¡v).
Hcn-¡Â Imep-d-¸n-¨ mÂ “kam-[m-\-¡mÀ” Xncn¨pt]mhp-I-bp- m-hn-Ã.
{][m\ Dt±yiw \htem-I-{I-¯nsâ ssk\y-¯ns\ FÃm cmjv{S-§-fnepw
AsÃ-¦ nÂ {]tXyI `qhn-`m-K-§-fnÂ {]Xn-jv-Tn-¡pI F¶-Xpw. {]tXyI
`qhn-`mKw F¶-X p-s Imv Dt±-i n-¡p-¶Xv \h-tem-I-{I-¯n\v FXnÀ¸vt\cn-
Sm³ km²y-X-bpÅ {]tZ-i-§Ä F¶m-Wv.
A´mcmjv{ S_m¦ÀamÀ, F®òa-·mÀ, acp¶v\ nÀ½mW Ip¯-I -IÄ,
A´m-c mjv{S hyh-kmb Øm]-\-§Ä, Cw¥v cmP-Ip-Spw_w þ AXm-bXv
147
Fen-k-_¯v cmÚn II þ, hn³UvkÀ sIm«mcw (hn³UvkÀ F¶Xv

hmkvX-h-¯nÂ PÀ½³]mc-¼cyw DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p. bqtdm-] y³ kb-WnÌv
D¶X Ipe-Pm-X-c psS PÀ½³ AwKw. kmIvsk tIm_pÀKv þ tKmYm IpSpw-
_w. 1914 Â t]cva män hn³UvkÀ F¶m-¡n)., CsXm-s ¡-bmWv \htem-I -
{I-as¯ \bn-¡p¶ iàn-IÄ.
Xocp-am-\-§Ä XoÀ¸pIÂ¸n-¡p¶ kncm-tI{µ§Ä e³ “\K-c”-¯nepw
(City of London) kznävkÀe-nse t_bvkÂ (Bank of International
Settlements) epw, {_ÊÂknepw ( \mtäm-bpsS slUvIzmÀt«Àkv).
U.N ]ns¶ AXn\pIogn-e pÅ temIm-tcmKykwL-S\t]mepÅ FÃm kwL-
S-\-I fpw BZym-h-km\w ]¦m-fn-I-fm-Wv. \mtäm, samÊmZv þ AXv
tdm¯vjoÂUnsâ taÂt\m«-¯n-epÅ am^n-b, ]nÂ{Knwkv skmssk-än,
Pkyq-«p-IÄ FÃmw. CIA þ tdms¡-s ^ÃdpsS \nb-{´-W-¯n-epÅ am^nb.
AXv A{´mjv{S{]iv\ -§Ä ssIImcywsN¿p-¶p. FBI cmjv{ S-¯n-\-I -¯pÅ
{]iv\-§-fpw. AXv COINTELPRO hnsâ AwK-a m-Wv. ]ns¶ tdm«dn ¢_v
t]mepÅ kwL-S-\ -I-fpw, Poh-Im-cpWykwL-S-\ -Ifpw tabvk¬kv D]-
tbm-K-s ¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. G7/G8 cmjv{S-§Ä DuÀÖ-kz-e-ambnXs¶ ]s¦-Sp-¡p-
¶p-v. AXnsâ iàn C¶v F{Xbpw D¶-X n-bn-em-Wv. AXnsâ AwKo-Im-
c-a p-Å-hÀ¡pam{Xta C¶v Ata-cn¡, Cw¥-v, PÀ½\n F¶o cmjv{S-§-
fnÂ {][m\a{ń-] Zw XpS-§nb D¶-X-Ø m-\ -§-fnÂ F¯n-t¨-c p-¶-Xn\v
km[n-¡p-I-bp-Åq. GXphyàn F¯n-t¨-cp-¶p F¶Xv {]iv\-a m-Ip-¶n-Ã.
\h-tem-I-{I-¯nsâ BÚm-\p-hÀ-¯n-IÄam{Xw Ah-tcm-[n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xp-
sImv êw H¶pXs¶. FXnÀ¡p-¶-h sc \in-¸ n-¡pw.
Ipcnipbp²-§Ä XpS§nh¨Xv {]bdn Hm^v ktbm¬ F¶

clkykwL-S-\-bpsS ssk\nI hn`m-K-a mb ss\ävkv sSw¹mÀ BWv.
AXv 150 hÀj-¯n-e-[nIw \op\n¶p. 1307 Â {^m³knse cmPmhv
^nens¸ , {]bdn Hm^v ktbm-Wnsâ Aòjv S{]Imcw sSw¹m-dnsâ Xe-h³
gmIv sUtamse bpÄs¸sS ]e-tcbpw Xpdp-¦n-e-S¨v ITn-\-a mbn ]oVn-¸n-¨ -
t¸mÄ, NneÀ¡v c£-s ¸-Sm-\m-bn. AhÀ t]mÀ¨p-K-enÂ amÄ«bnÂ
ss\ävkv Hm^v amÄ« F¶t]cnÂ cwK-{]-thiw sNbvXp.
1796 Â tZi-hn-cp²iàn-I-fpsS B{I-a Ww sNdp-¡m-s\¶t]cnÂ
Alien (hntZi) and Sedition ( tZ-i-h n-c p-² )Act \ne-hnÂsImph¶p.
C¶v AXv tZi-`àn \nbaw ( Patriot Act ) F¶v Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.
“P\-§Ä¡v bp²w CjvS-a -Ã. F¶mÂ t\Xm-¡-·m-cmWv \b-§Ä Xocp-am-
\n-¡p-¶-X v. P\-§sf bp²-¯n-te¡v hen-¨ n-g -¡p-¶Xv Ffp-¸-am-Wv.
\n§Ä B{I-an-¡-s¸-Sp¶p F¶p]d-ªm-ÂaXn. kam-[ m\hmZn-I Ä¡v
cmPy-kvt\lw CÃ F¶pw ; AhÀ cmPys¯ A]-I -S-¯ n\vhnt[-b-s¸-Sp-
148
¯p¶p F¶pw” þ slÀa³ tKmdnwKv ( cmw temIalm-bp-²-¯n\p

tijw \yqdw_ÀKv hnNm-c-W-bnÂ )
ap³\nc Bbp[\nÀ½m-Xm-¡ÄXs¶-bmWv ap³\nc am²y-a-§-fp-
sSbpw DS-a-ØÀ. AhÀ FÃm cmjv{SobI£n-I Ä¡pw DZm-c -amb kw`m-
h\ \ÂIp-¶p. a\p-jyÀ F´vNnń-¡Ww F§ns\Nnń-¡Ww F¶v
AhÀ ]S¨phnSp¶ kn\n-a-I-fn-eq-s Sbpw ssehv \yqkv {]t£-] -W-¯n-eq-
sSbpw, hnZym-`ym-k-¯ n\v F¶t]cnÂ \nÀ½n-¡p¶ Informacials eqsSbpw
Xocp-am-\n-¡p¶p . BhÀ¯\w AXns\ FXnÀ¸n-ÃmsX AwKo-I-c n-¡p-¶-
Xn\v a\p-jys\ ]cp-h -s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. BcmWv Xo{h-hmZn F¶pw BcmWv
\ymb-¯nsâ hi-¯p-ÅXv F¶pw AhÀ ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶p. A{Iaw FXv cq]-
¯n-em-bmepw Ønc-ambnImWp-t¼mÄ AXns\ \nÊmchXvI-cn¨vI mWp-¶-
Xn\v a\p-jyÀ ]mI-s¸-Spw. hoUntbm sKbn-a p-IÄ CXn\v Imcyamb kw`m-
h-\ \ÂIp-¶p-v. sIme-] m-X-I-¯nsâ a\-Èm-kv{X-¯nÂ hnZ-Kv²-\mb
Ata-cn-¡³ ssk\y-¯nÂ\n¶pwhnc-an¨ tUhnUv t{KmÊva³ CsX¡p-dn¨v
Bg-¯n-epÅ Kth-j-W-§Ä \S-¯n-bn-c p-¶p.
“cmjv{S-¯nse A[nIwP\-§fpw sNdn-b-X mb hymP{]kvX m-h -\sb Ahn-
iz-kn-¡p-Ibpw hen-b-Xmb hymP{]kvXm-h-\sb hniz-kn-¡p-
IbpwsN¿pw.” þ lnä-veÀ.
k_-¯mbn skhn .skhn Hcp km[m-c W PqX-\m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.
Cabalism sâ sNIp-¯m³ tkh-I -cpsS \mb-I-\m-bn-cp¶p skhn.
tdm¯vjoÂUv DÄs¸sS e£-¡-W-¡n\v A\p-bm-bn-IÄ. AhÀ PqX-·m-
cmbn A`n-\-bn-¨ p. A[nIw {i²n-¡-s ¸-Sm¯ Xc-¯nÂ AZr-iy-amb
A[nImc-cq]w krjvSn-¨p.
1717 Â k_¯mbn skhn-bpsS ac-W-¯n\ptijw, AhÀ Cw¥-nÂ
{ôtabvkW-dn cq]o-I-c n-¨ p. skhn-bp-sS- ]n³Kman tP¡_v {^m¦v,
{ôtabvk-W-dn-bpsS {]mam-Wn-I-c psS kwL-S-\ -bmb CÃyq-an-\m-än-bnÂ
AXo hw kzm[o-\-X -bp-m-bn-cp-¶p. 1776 Â cq]w sIm-X v. Ata-cn-¡³
hn¹hw, {^©v hn¹-hw, djy³ hn¹hw F¶n-h-bp-sS-sbÃmw ]n¶nse
AZriy iàn-bm-bn-cp¶p {ôtabvkW-dn. IqSmsX bp.-F³ cq]hXvI-
cWw , C{km-tbÂ F¶ cmjv{S-¯nsâ cq]o-I-c-Ww, cv temI-a-lm-bp-²-
§-fpsS krjvSn þ tlmtfm-ImÌv DÄs¸-sS.
k_m-¯n-b³ {^m¦n-Ìp-IÄ Cult of the All Seeing Eye ( A-ta-cn-¡³

tUmfÀ t\m«nsâ ]pdInÂ AXnsâ NnÓw ImWmw. ) F¶pw Adn-b-s¸-Sp-
¶p. AXv cmjv{Sob aX ]pI-a-d-I-fm-Wv. AhÀ kÀ-Æ-hym-] n-bm-Wv.
{^m¦ven³ Un. dqkvshÂäv, hn³Ì¬ NÀ¨nÂ, AtUmÄ^v lnäv eÀ,
bqPo-\ntbm ]mskÃn (t]m]v ]bkv ]{´-m-a³), {^m³knkvtIm
149
{^mt¦m, _\otªm aptÊm-fn-\ n, lntcm-ln-tXm, amthm tk Xq§v FÃmw

AXnse AwK-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p.
Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mcpw, hnZym-`ymk hnN-£-W-·mcpw, ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-Icpw
Hs¡ tNÀ¶ Iq«p-s I«v AkXyw {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. kXys¯
ad¨phbv¡p¶p F¶m-Wv. \½psS kwkv¡mcw F¶XvXs¶ Icp-Xn-¡q«n
krjvSn-¡-s¸-«-Xm-Wv. \½psS {i²sNtÃ-p-¶-Xv k_m¯n-b-\p-I-fp-
sSbpw Ah-cpsS A\p-bm-bn-I-fp-sSbpwtaem-Wv. F¶mÂ AhÀ AZr-iy-
cmbn kq£n-¡-s ¸-«n-c n-¡p-¶p. Enlightenment, Humanism , Secularism,
Modernism Hs¡ km¯m-\n-k-¯n-te-¡pÅ sNdnb ]S-hp-I-fm-Wv. dm_n
amÀhn³ BâvÂsa³ ]d-bp-¶Xv AhÀ ]m]-¯ns\ ]pWy-sa¶v Icp-X p-¶p.
AXp-sImv ]m]w sNbvXp sImt-b n-c -¡Ww F¶mWv . \ap-s¡-Ãm-
hÀ¡pw ]pWy-h m-f-·m-cm-bn-cn-¡p-¶-X n\v km[y-a-Ãm-¯-Xn-\mÂ \ap-s¡-Ãm-
hÀ¡pw ]m]n-I-fm-bn-c n¡mw F¶m-Wv.
ssewKnIkzmX{ýw, hyàn-Xzw, kv{XokzmX-{ýw, A´m-cm-jv{So-
I-c-Ww, \m\mXzw Fs¶ms¡]dªv akvXnjvI{]£m-f\w sNbvXv, Ah-
cpsS hgn¡v kmh-Imiw, A§ns\\bn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶hcpsS t_m[-]qÀÆ-amb
k½-X-a n-ÃmsX, \bn-¡pI F¶-XmWv X{´w. kzX-{´-amb ssewKn-I X
]ptcm-K-a-\]chpw B[p-\n-Ihpw F¶mWv \½sf ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶-X v. k_m-
¯n-b-\ nkw ]d-bp-¶ AtX ssewKnI kzmX{ýw Xs¶-bmWv , I½yq-Wn-
khpw ]d-bp-¶-Xv. kzm[o-\-X-bpÅ ]pcp-j-· msc BIÀjn-¡p-¶-
Xn\pthn tP¡_v {^m¦v At±-l-¯nsâ `mcysb D]-tbmKn¡p-am-bn-cp-
¶p.
samÊm-ZnÂ\n¶pw ]nW-§n-¸n-cnª hnIvSÀ Hkvt{SmhvkvIn ]d-bp-

¶Xv samÊmZv hn{i-an-¡p-¶Xv ]qÀ®\á-cmb bph-Xn-I-fpsS CS-bnÂ
BsW-¶m-Wv. k_m-¯n-b-\ p-I Ä Ah-cpsS kwL-¯nÂs¸«-h-cp-ambn
am{Xw hnhml_Ô-¯ n-teÀs¸-Sp-¶p. AhÀ ]e-t¸mgpw [\n-I -cmb
{InkvX ym-\n-I-fp-a mbn hnhml_Ôw Øm]n-¡p-¶p. tdm¯vjoÂUv \mem-
a³ tP¡_v tdm¯vjoÂUnsâ A½bpw `mcybpw PqX-cm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.
tP¡_v jn^v^vsâ sNdp-a-I sâ aI³ B³{Uq jn^v^v, AÂtKm-dnsâ
aIÄ Itc-¶sb hnhmlwsNbvX p. HmIvkn-UâÂ s]t{Sm-fn-b-¯nse
BÀam³Uv lmaÀ sâ kwc-£-W-bn-em-bn-c p-¶p AÂtKm-dnsâ AÑ³,
At±lw sk\-ä-dm-bn-cp-¶p. lma-dnsâ AÑ³ Pqenbkv , Ata-cn-¡³
I½yq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n-bpsS Øm]-I -\pw.
a\p-jyÀ ssewKn-IX Ip¯n\nd¨ kn\n-a -I-fnÂ ab§n\S-¡p-

t¼mÄ AhÀ Ah-c psS km{amPyw sI«n-¸-Sp-¡p-¶p. k_m-¯ n-b-\p-I-fpsS
ssIbnse Ifn-¸m-h-I-fmWv kb-Wn-Ìp-I Ä. AhÀ C{k-tbÂ cmPyw sI«n-
¸-Sp-¡p¶-Xn\pthn e£-¡-W-¡n\pPqX-·m-c psS Ipcp-Xn¡v kml-N-cy-ap-
150
m-¡n. ]cn-[n-bn-Ãm¯ [\hpw A[n-I m-c -hp-a mWv a\pjy-Xz-t¯-¡mÄ

A`n-Imayw F¶vIcp-Xp-¶-h À P\-Po-h nXw \nb-{ń-¡p-¶p.
9þ11 ambn _Ô-s - ¸«v bm{X-¡msc ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶-Xn\pÅ A[n-
Imcw Dm-bn-cp-¶Xv C{km-tben cl-kym-t\z-j-I-c psS DS-a-Ø-X-bn-epÅ
{]Øm-\-¯n-\m-Wv. \ybm-[n-]-·mÀ cpt]À Htc {]mÀ°-\m-e-b-¯nÂ
t]mIp¶ kb-Wn-Ìp-I-fpw. BÂhn³.-sI.-s l-ÃÀÌo³, ssat¡Â.-_n.
apIm-tk. cpt]cpw am³l-«-\nse ]c-¼-cm-KX {]mÀ°-\ m-e-b-amb
sIln-em¯v sPjp-c¬ se AwK-§-fpw. dakv hn`m-K-¯nse bjnh hmZn-
I-fpw. bjnh F¶mÂ tXmd-bpsS XmÂapZv hni-Zo-I-c -Ww. ]¯p IÂ¸-
\-Isf ]qÀ®-ambpw hn]-c oX AÀ°-¯nÂ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶Xv “\n§Ä
sImÃ-c pX”v F¶-Xnsâ bjnh hni-Zo-I -cWw “\n§Ä aäpPqX-
·mscam{Xw sImÃ-c p-X v” F¶m-Wv. aäp-Å-hsc sImÃp-¶-Xn\v hne-¡p-I -I-
sfm-¶p-an-Ã.
9-- þ 11 At\z-j-W-¯nÂ DÄs¸-«n-c p¶ {][m\ DtZym-K-Ø-·mÀ

FÃmw CtX ]mc-¼cyw DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p. AtämÀWn P\-dÂ BÂ_Àt«m
sKm¬km-ekv , ap³ D] AtämÀWn P\-dÂ ssa¡Â sNÀtäm^v FÃmw.
sIln-em¯v sPjp-d³ C{km-tbÂ cmjv{S-¯ nsâ sI«p-d-¸ n\pthn
{]hÀ¯n-¡p-sa¶v {]Jym-]nX\b-apÅ {]mÀ°-\m-e-b-am-Wv. Ata-cn-¡³
PqX-·m-cpsS 10 iX-a m-\ -t¯mfwam{Xw Aw-K-kwJy F¶mepw AXohw
kzm[o-\Xbp-Å - -X m-Wv. Kh¬saânepw \oXn-\ym-b-h y-h -Ø-bn-epw. 1920 Â
djy-bnse PqX-·msc Ata-cn-¡-bpsS sX¡p]Sn-ªm-d³ `mK-t¯¡v
sImp-h-cp-¶-XpÄs¸-sS-bpÅ ]²-Xn-IÄ Bhn-jvI-cn¨ \oNcn{Xw DÅ
{]Øm-\-a mWv sIln-em¯v sPjq-d³. AhÀ aäphÀ¤-¯nÂ \n¶pw
hnhmlw Ign-¡p-¶n-Ã.
tUhnUv lnÂ sNIp-¯m³ tkh-I-c mb D¶-X-cpsS CS-]m-Sp-I-s f-¡p-

dn¨v At\z-jn-¨-X nsâ {]Xn-I-c -W-s a-t¶mWw At±-l-¯n\v Poh³ \jvS-am-
bn. At±-l-¯nsâ Ipdn-¸p-IÄ]d-bp-¶p. “I½yq-Wn-Ìp-I Ä [\n-I-cpsS
kz¯p-¡Ä Zcn-{ ZÀ¡vIqSn Ah-Im-i-s¸-«-sX¶v ]d-bp-t¼mÄXs¶
sae³kv, ImÀWo-kv, tdm¯vjoÂUnkv XpS-§nb [\n-I-cp-ambn \Ã ASp-
¸-¯n-em-Wv.”
I½yq-Wn-Ìp-I mÀ Ip¯IapX-em-fn-¯-¯n\v FXn-c-Ã. AhÀ

kzX{´ hym]m-c-¯n-\ mWv FXn-cv.
151
tUhnUv enhn-§vkvdv-d¬ ]d-bp¶p D¯-c m-[p-\ n-I -X, þ kzX{´

kwkvI mcw F¶Xv hmkvX-h-¯nÂ B`n-Nmc]mc-¼cyw DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p,
AXv ]pcm-X\ _m_n-tem-W n-b³]mc-¼cyw Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sp¶p. At\-I-a -
t\Iw cl-ky-kw-L-§Ä AXnÂ DÄs¸-«n-c n-¡p-¶p. B`n-Nmc{Inbm-hm-Zn-
I-fpsS Dt¯-P-\-¯mÂ cq]-s¸-«-Xm-Wv ( Enlightenment Illuminati ). AXv
B[p-\ nI kwkvIm-cs¯ \nÀÆ-Nn-¡p-¶p. {^m³knkv t_bv¡¬ Hcp
tdmkn{Iq-Ên-b³ Bbn-c p-¶p .- ZnZtdm, dqtÊm, thmÄ«-bÀ, \yq«³, {InÌ-
^À sImfw-_kv FÃmw tabvk-Wp-IÄ AsÃ-¦nÂ hnhn[ cl-ky-kw-L-§-
fnse AwK-§Ä. A[nIw Ata-cn-¡³ {]kn-U-p-amcpw dqkvshÂäv,
NÀ¨nÂ, Ìmen³ FÃmw tabvk¬kv. ImÄ amÀIvkpw Ìmen\pw Xo{h-am-
bn, cl-ky-a mbn sNIp-¯m³ tkh-I-cpw.
“hf-sc-¡mew Rm³Icp-X n-bn-c p-¶Xv dqkvshÂäv Ata-c n-¡-bpsS \·-
¡mbn kz´-ambn Nn´m-]-²Xn hnI-kn-¸n-¨n-c p¶p F¶v. AXv hmkvX-h-am-
bn-cp-¶n-Ã .- A-t±-l-¯ nsâ Nn´-I-sfm-s ¡bpw ( At±-l-¯ nsâ cmjv{Sob
Bbp-[-§Ä ) At±-l-¯ n\pthn ap³Iq«n {i²-tbmsS hnI-kn-¸n-¨n-cp-
¶Xv Iu¬knÂ Hm¬ t^mdn³ dnte-j³kv F¶ GI-temI [\-kwLw
BWv. AXv At±lw At±-l-¯ nsâ Bi-b-§Ä F¶a«nÂ Kwò-c -ambn
ip²-cmb P\-§-fpsSap¶nÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡pw. A§ns\ At±-l-¯n\p
e`n-¨ n-c p¶ A´m-c m-jv{ So-b-c psS cmjv{Sob]n³Xp-Wbv¡pw [\-k-lm-b-
¯n\pw ]Icw \ÂIpw. bp.-F³ F¶mÂ ZoÀL-Im-em-Sn-Øm-\-¯nÂ
[\hpw A[n-Im-chpw ssIb-S-¡p-¶-X n\pthn, Icp-¯-c mb GI-temI
hn¹-h-Im-cn-I Ä krjvSn-s ¨Sp¯ _m¦n§v D]I-c-W-a m-Wv.” þ IÀ«nkv UmÂ
(FDR sâ acp-a -I³)
km¼-¯nI XIÀ¨ F¶Xv Icp-Xn-¡q«n, P\-§sf I_-fn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\v,

XIÀ¡p-¶-Xn\v temI [\-i-àn-IÄ krjvSn¨ kw`-h-a m-Wv. \mW-b-
¯nsâ e`yX s]s«¶v , Icp-Xn-¡q«n Ipd-bv¡pIhgn krjvSn-¨ -Xv.
“ss{Sem-ä-dÂ I½o-j³ (TC) . Dt±-i n-¡-s ¸-«n-c n-¡p-¶Xv Ata-cn-¡-bnse
cmjv{S-obkÀ¡m-cns\ ]nSn-s¨-Sp¯psImv A´m-c mjv{SXe-¯ nÂ hmWn-
Py-t¯bpw _m¦n-§n-t\bpw GtIm-]n-¸n-¡pI F¶-Xm-Wv. TC {]Xn-\n-[m\w
sN¿p-¶Xv ]c-kv]cw kl-I-cn-¡p¶, hnZ-Kv²-a mb ]cn-{i-a w . AXv \nb-
{´-Ww- G-s ä-Sp-¡p-¶ -Xn\pw GtIm-]n-¸n-¡p-¶-X n\pw Dt±-in-¡-s¸-«n-c n-¡p-
¶p. cmjv{So-bw, km¼-¯n-Iw, _u²n-Iw, aX-]cw F¶otaJ-e-I-fnÂ.
tZiob Kh¬saâp-I-tf-¡mÄ D¶-X-a mb , BtKm-fm-Sn-Ø m-\ -¯n-epÅ
km¼-¯nI iàn sI«n-¸-Sp-¡pI F¶-XmWv TC sImv Dt±-in-¡-s¸-«n-cn-
¡p-¶-X v.”þ _mcn tKmÄUvh m«À. Ata-c n-¡³ sk\-äÀ.
“ U.N krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ Btem-N-\-IÄ cmPy-c£m sk{I-«-dn,
tImÀUÂ lÄ 1943 P\p-h-c n-bnÂ Øm]n¨ cl-ky-I-½n-än-bnÂ\n¶mWv
152
XpS-§p-¶-Xv. sS¶n-Ên-bnse cmjv{Sob {]hÀ¯-I³ lÄ HgnsI _m¡n

FÃm t]cpw Iu¬knÂ Hm¬ t^mdn³ dnte-j³kv AwK§-fm-b n-c p-¶p.
AhÀ lÄ Dambn \nc-ćw_Ô-s ¸«v ]²Xn X¿m-dm-¡p-Ibpw sXc-sª-
Sp-¡p-I bpw, cmPy¯n-sâ D]-tZ-iIkan-Xn-bpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä \nb-{ń-
¡p-I bpwsNbvXn-cp-¶p. Npcp-¡-¯nÂ AXv cmPy¯n-sâ bp²m-\-ć]²-
Xn-bpsS GtIm-]\kan-X n-bm-bn-c p¶p”.þ {]^-kÀ temd³kv. F¨v . jq]v ,
{]^-kÀ hneyw anâÀ . Ah-c psS CFR s\¡p-dn-¨pÅ ]T-\-¯nÂ. Monthly
Review Press 1977 [ Imperial Brain Trust : The CFR and United States
Foreign Policy ]
1991 Â {]kn-²o-I-c n¨ The Final Jihad F¶ ]pkvI-¯nÂ , amÀ«n³ Ioän-
§v, Xntam¯n aIvthsb-t¸msemcmÄ HIvetlma \K-c-¯nse sÛ-dÂ
aµncw t_mw_v-h ¨v- XIÀ¡p-¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨v {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶p. IY-bnse
t_mw_À ]n¶nse sseäv s]m«n-bn-c p¶p F¶Imc-W-¯mÂ ]nS-nbn-em-hp-
¶p. bmYm-À ° aIvth \¼À s¹bäv CÃm-bn-cp¶p F¶Imc-W-¯m-epw. 4
hÀjwIgnªv, ]pkvI -¯nse IY bmYmÀ°y-a m-bn. bm{Xmhnam\w XI-cp-
¶Xpw TWA 800 t]mse, ]ns¶ World Trade Center t_mw_n§pw AXp
t]mse IrXy-ambn {]h-Nn-¡-s ¸-«p. amÀ«n³ Ioän-§nsâ ktlm-Z-c ³
{^m¦v IoänwKv H¢-tlmabnse ap³ KhÀWdpw FBI DtZym-K-Ø\pw cl-
kym-t\z-jW hn`m-K-¯nÂ ]ehn[ _Ô-§-fpÅ a\p-jy-\pw. C¯cw
cl-ky-§Ä ]pkvX-I-§-fn-eq-sSbpw kn\n-a-I-fn-eq-sSbpw ]pd-¯p-h n-Sp-¶Xv
P\-§sf am\-kn-I-a mbn ]cp-h -s¸-Sp¯nh¡p-¶-Xn\pthn-b m-Wv.
Häbv¡v tXm¡p-a mbn hcp¶ sIme-bm-fn-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ IY-Ifpw CtX
hn`m-K-¯nÂs¸-Sp-¶p.
The Shape of Things to Come F¶ ]pkvX-I -¯nÂ F¨v.-Pn.-shÂkpw Nne
{]h-N-\-§Ä \S-¯p-¶p. 1939 Â PÀ½-\nbpw t]mf-p-a m-bpÅ {]iv\-§-
fnÂ\n¶pw F{]-Imcw cmw temIalm-bp²w Dmhpw F¶pw, `mhn-
bnÂ _kvd (Cdm-¡v) bnep-m-hp¶ {]iv\-§-fnÂ\n¶pw F{]-I mcw 3þ mw
temI-a -lm-bp²w Dm-Ip-¶-X n-s\-¡p-dn¨pw. shÂknsâ , \h-tem-I -{I-a -
¯nsâ hàm-¡fpw CFR, tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ ût-j-\p-am-bpÅ ASp-¸ hpw
C¯cw Bi-b-§Ä e`y-am-Ip-¶-Xn\v klm-b-I-c-a m-bn-c p-¶n-c n-¡-W w.
70þHmfw hÀj-§Ä¡v ap³]v 60 e£-¯nÂ A[nIw Ata-cn-¡-
¡mÀ _rl-¯ mb a\-Èmkv{X-]-co-£-W-¯n\v hnt[-b-cm-bn. cm{Xn 8
aWn¡v F¨v.-Pn.-s hÂknsâ “temI-§Ä X½n-epÅ bp²w” F¶ cN-\sb
Bkv]-Z-a m¡n HmÀk³ shÃkv X¿m-dm-¡nb tdUntbm {]t£-] -Ww. AXv
Ah-X-c n-¸ n-¡-s ¸-«-Xv bYmÀ°-hmÀ¯ F¶Xc-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p. A\y-{K-l-
¯nÂ \n¶p-apÅ bYmÀ° B{I-aWw F¶.v Bbn-c-¡-W-¡n\v P\-§Ä
AXohw ]cn-{`m-´-c mbn. t{]m{Km-a nsâ Ah-km\`mKs¯ HmÀk³ sh-Ã-
knsâ hoi-Zo-I-c -W-¯n\vthn AhÀ Im¯p-\ n-¶n-Ã. {]kvXpX {]t£-
]Ww a\p-jy-cnÂ sNep-¯nb kzm[o-\-s ¯-¡p-dn¨v a\-Èmkv{X-Ú-\mb
153
lmUven Im³{SnÂ {]_Ôw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p. The Invasion from Mars. A

Study in the Psychology of Panic F¶t]cnÂ AXv {]t£-]-W-§-fpsS
\nÀt±-i-§Ä¡v, {]tXy-In¨pw òXn-bp-f-hm-¡p-¶kml-N-cy-¯nÂ , a\p-
jy³ F´p-am{Xw hnt[-b-\ m-bn-c n¡pw F¶-Xn-s \-¡p-dn-¨v . Im³{SnÂ Xsâ
]T\w \S-¯n-b-Xv {]n³Ì¬ kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bpsS tdUntbm Kth-
jW]²Xnbpam-bn«v kl-I-c n-¨n-«m-bn-cp-¶p . AXn\v [\-k-lmbw e`n-¨ Xv
tdms¡-s^ÃÀ ût-j-\ nÂ \n¶pw. Iu¬knÂ Hm¬ t^mdn³ dnte-
j³knse AwKw sImfw-_nb t{_mUvIm-ÌnwKv knÌ-¯ nse (CBS) Dt±ym-
K-Ø³ {^m¦v kvdv-dmâ³ Dw kl-I-cn-¨n-c p-¶p. CBS Bbn-c p¶p {]kvXpX
]cn-]mSn {]t£-]WwsNbvX-X.v Ìmâ³ ]n¶oSv CBS sâ hmÀ¯m-hn-`m-
¯nsâ Xe-h-\ mbn . ]n¶oSv CBS sâ {]kn-U-âpw ]n¶oSv dm³Uv (RAND)
tImÀ]-d-jsâ t_mÀUv A²y-£\pw. dm³Uv tImÀ]-td-j³ aäp]e ]co-
£-W-§sf¡qSmsX Iq« akvXnjvI {]£m-f\¯nsâ km²y-X -
Isf¡pdn¨v Kth-jWw\S-¯nb kzm[o-\-X-bpÅ {]Øm-\-a m-Wv.
cp hÀj-§Ä¡ptijw tdms¡-s^-Ãdnsâ [\-k -lm-b-¯nÂ
{]n³Ì-WnÂ , Im³{SnÂ Office of the Public Opinion Research (OPOR)
F¶ Øm]\w \ne-h nÂsImp-h -¶p. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
bpsS ap³Km-a n-bmb Office of Strategic Service (OSS) \pthn . {]Nm-c-W
-th-ebv¡v a\p-jy-\nÂ sNep-¯m³ Ign-bp¶ kzm[o-\-Xsb¡pdn¨v (OPOR)
]T\w\S-¯n. ]n¶oSv cmw temI-a -lm-bp-²-I m-e¯v Im³{Snepw tdms¡-
s^-Ã-dpw , CFR AwKhpw CBS dnt¸mÀ«-dp-a mb FUzÀUv BÀ.-a p-tdmsb
{]n³Ì³ enk-\ n§v sk³SÀ Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn\v klm-bn-¨ p. AXnsâ
e£yw \mkn {]Nm-c-W-th-e-bpsS D]tbmK£-a Xsb-¡p-dn¨v ]Tn-¡p-
Ibpw AXnsâ XXz-§Ä OSS \pthn {]tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¯p-I bpwsN¿pI
F¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. AXnÂ\n¶pw ]nd-hnsbSp¯ {]Øm-\-amWv Foreign
Broadcast Intelligence Service (FBIS) . AXv ]n¶oSv United States
Information Agency (USIA) F¶cq]w ssIs¡m-p. AXv National
Security Council sâ {]Nm-c W hn`m-K-ambn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. A{]-Imcw
1940 IfnÂ ASn-Ø m\ Kth-j-W-§Ä ]qÀ¯n-bm¡n tZiob kpc-£m -{]-
Øm-\-¯nsâ {]Nm-cW hn`mKw Øm]n-X-ambn . sSen-hn-jsâ cwK-{]-th-i-
¯nsâ AtX ka-b¯v.
slÀ_À«v {IpÜ³ sâ Kth-j-W-§Ä sXfn-bn-¡p-¶Xv sSen-hn-
j³]cn-] m-Sn-IÄ ImWp-t- ¼mÄ Xe-t¨m-dnsâ {]hÀ¯\w CSXp`mK¯p
\n¶v heXp`mK-t¯¡v amä-s ¸-Sp¶p F¶mWv . hkvX p-\ n-jvT-ambn hne-bn-
cp¯n hkvXp-X-Isf AXnsâ LS-I-§-fmbn thÀXn-cn¨v bpàn]qÀÆw
hnaÀi-\m-ß-I-ambn Nnń-¡p-¶-Xn\v Xe-t¨m-dnâ CS-X p-`mKw klm-bn-¡p-
154
¶p. F¶mÂ he-Xp-`mKw hnh-c-W-§sf AXnsâ ]qÀ®-X-bnÂam{Xw

DÄs¡mv hnaÀi\m-ß-I-a mbn Nnń-¡msX hnIm-c-¯n\v ap³Xq¡w
sImSp¯v bpànsb ]n³X-Åp¶p. CSXp`mK¯p \n¶pw he-Xp-`m-K-
t¯¡v {]hÀ¯\w amä-s ¸-Sp-t¼mÄ F³tUmÀô³kv krjvSn-¡-s¸-Sp-
¶p. F³tUmÀô³ F¶m³ tamÀô³t]mepÅ hkvXp-¡Ä. AXv
icocw kzbw krjvSn-¡p-¶p. CXv sSen-h n-j³ImWp-¶ ioe-¯n\v ASn-a -
bm-h p-¶-X n-\ pÅ {][m\ Imc-W-a m-Wv. hfsc Ipd¨v BÄ¡mÀ¡va m{Xw
CXnÂ \n¶pw ]pd-¯p-h -cp-¶-Xn\v Ign-bp-¶p .- X-e-t¨m-dnsâ _u²n-I -{]-
hÀ¯-\-§sf C{]-Imcw aµo-`-h n-¸n¡p-¶-Xn-t\m-sSm¸w asämcp {]_-e-amb
{]{In-b-IqSn kw`-h n-¡p-¶p. \ntbm-tImÀs«-Ivknse {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä Ipd-
bp-Ibpw enw_nIv knÌ-¯nse {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä Gdp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.
enw_Iv knÌw s]mXpsh Cg-P´pXe-t¨mÀ F¶v hnti-jn-¸n¡-s - ¸Sp-¶p.
AXv bp²w -sN-¿pI AsÃ-¦nÂ ]mem-b\w sN¿pI F¶-Xp-t]m-epÅ ASn-
Øm\ tNmZ\Isf \nb-{ń-¡p-¶p. {]kvXpX `mK-¯ n\v sSen-h n-j\pw
hmkvX-h-hp-ambn thÀXn-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v Ignhn-Ã. AXn\v hmkvXhw F¶p
tXm¶p-I-bm-sW-¦nÂ hnth-N\w CÃmsXXs¶ AXns\ hmkvXhw F¶v
hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p. \½Ä ImWp-¶Xv Hcp kn\na AsÃ-¦nÂ AXp-t]mse
t{]m{Kmw F¶v \ap¡v t_m²y-aps¦nepw A-t_m[a\-Êns\ kw_-Ôn-
¨n-S-t¯mfw AXv hmkvXhw Xs¶ F¶coXn-bnÂ AwKo-I-c n-¡-s¸Spw.
Dt±z-K-P-\-I-a mb kn\n-a-I Ä ImWp-t¼mÄ \½psS lrZ-b-a n-Sn¸v IqSp-¶p. Sn.-
hn-.bnepw aäpw ImWp¶ ]c-ky-§Ä \½psS Nn´sb kzm[o-\ n-¡p-
¶Xn\p-thn a\-]qÀÆw \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-«-Xm-sW¶pw AXp-s ImpXs¶
AXn\v hi-s¸-S-c pXv F¶pw \½Ä t_m[y-ap-Å-h-cm-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄXs¶
AXnÂ ]cm-aÀin-¡-s¸-Sp¶ hkvX p-¡Ä kz´-am-¡msX \ap¡v
]qÀ®Xmt_m[w ssIh-c p-¶n-Ã. AXv AXohwià-amb tNmZ-\sb
At_m-[-a -\-ÊnÂ kq£n-¡p-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-a m-h p-¶p. Cg-P´pXe-t¨mÀ
\½psS imco-c n-I -amb \ne-\nÂ¸n\v Bh-iy-amWv F¶n-cn-¡p-t¼mÄXs¶
]e-hn-[-¯n-epÅ ]mI-s ¸-Sp-¯-ep-IÄ¡pw \½sf hnt[-b-cm-¡p-¶ -X n\pw
Imc-W-am-hp-¶p. ]ckyNn{X-§Ä am{X-a Ã \½sf kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶ Xv .
\½psS a\-Êns\ {]tXyIcoXn-bnÂ ]cp-h-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\v \nÀ½n-¡-s ¸-
Sp¶ hmÀ¯m{]t£-]-§fpw Imcy-a mb ]¦vhln-¡p-¶p. AXn-\p-thn
Nn{X-§fpw i_vZ-§fpw {]tXyIcoXn-bnÂ D]-tbm-K -s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. hmÀ¯
Ah-Xm-c-I-c psS imco-cnI {]tXy-I-X-Ifpw CXn-\ mbn {]tbm-P-\ -s¸-Sp-¯p-
¶p. hniz-kvX-sc¶v Hät\m«-¯nÂ tXm¶-epfhm-¡p¶ hyàn-IÄ CXn-
\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p. hmÀ¯- Im-Wp-¶-hÀ , Ahsc Hcp
{]tXyIcoXn-bnÂ ]cp-h -s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\vthn {]tXyIw \nÀ½n-¡-s¸«
h©-\-bmWv kXy-ambhmÀ¯ F¶coXn-bnÂ Ah-X-c n-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv
F¶ Imcyw a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶n-Ã. NBC bpsS DS-a-ØÀ P\-dÂ Ce-Iv{Sn¡pw ,
CBS sâ DS-a-ØÀ shÌn-§vlukpw. cpw {]ap-J -amb {]Xn-tcm[Icm-dp-
ImÀ . B-WthmÀÖdnbm-I vSÀ \nÀ½m-Xm-¡Ä . NBC bpw CBS Dw
]S¨phnSp¶ hmÀ¯-IÄ F{X-t¯mfw kXy-k-Ô-am-bn-cn-¡p-sa¶v Ah-
cpsS DS-a-ØÀ Bsc¶v ]cn-tim-[n-¨mÂam{Xw aXnbmhpw. CXp-X s¶bmWv
155
aäp hmÀ¯m- Nm-\ -ep-I-fpsSbpw AhØ . AhÀ¡v kzoIm-cy-a-Ãm¯h

{]t£-]WwsN¿-s¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. {]t£]Ww sN¿-s ¸-Sp-¶h `bs¯
NqjWwsN¿p¶ Xc-¯n-epÅhbmW.v sk]väw-_À 9-- þ11 t]mepÅ XÕ-a -
b- {]-t£-]-W-§-fpsS ASn-Øm\ Dt±yiw P\-§sf `b-s¸-Sp-¯pI F¶-
Xp-Xs¶bmWv .- ]ns¶ ImgvN-¡mÀ F´pNnń-¡Ww F¶pÅ kqNI-
§Ä Ah-X m-c -IÀ Ah-cpsS tNjvS-I-fn-eqsS ]tcm-£-a mbn tZymXn-¸ n-¡p-
¶p. ]ns¶ P\-§-fpsS A`n-{]mb{]I-S-\-§-fpsS kÀth -F-¶-a -«nÂ IW-
¡p-I Ä hymP-ambn Ah-X-c n-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. s]mXpkaq-l-w Nnń-¡p-¶-
XnÂ\n¶pw hfsc hyXy-kvX-a mbn Nnń-¡p-¶-XnÂ\n¶pw P\-§sf XS-bp-
¶-Xn\pthn, Ah-c psS Nn´-bn-te¡v , aäp-Å-hcpsS Nn´ ASn-t¨--Â-
¸n¡p-¶-X n\pthn .
CXv hnt\m-Z-¯n-\p-thnsb¶h®w \nÀ½n¡p¶hI-fnepw
{]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. DZm-l-c-W-a mbn a-\mb IYm-] m{Xw s]mXpP\-§Ä
Bbp[w ssIhiwh¡p-¶Xns\ FXnÀ¡p¶ \nb-a-§sf FXnÀ¡p-¶p.
At¸mÄ _p²n-bp-Å -hÀ A¯cw \nb-a-§sf A\p-Iq-en-t¡--X pv
F¶p hcp¶p. Bbp[w ssIh-i-a pÅ P\-Xsb ASn-¨-a À¯p-¶Xv
Kh¬saân\v Ffp-¸-a Ã. C¯cw ImgvN-¸mSp-I Ä sSen-h n-j³ ]cn-]m-Sn-I -
fnÂ {]I-Sn-¸n¨p ImWm-dn-Ã. \h-tem-I-{I-a -¯n\v FXn-cmbn Kth-jWw\S-
¯p-¶-h-s c- tIm-a m-fn-I Ä F¶a«nÂ Ah-X-c n-¸n-¡p-¶p. AsÃ-¦nÂ A]-I-S-
Im-c n-I-fmb Xo{h-h m-Zn-IÄ F¶v . Øm]\hXv¡-c n-¡-s ¸« kÀ¡m-cns\
tNmZywsN¿p-¶-h À _p²n-{àw _m[n-¨-h-cmWv F¶Xc-¯nÂ. `c-W-hÀ¤-
¯n\v Akzo-I m-c y-a mb s]cp-a m-ä-§Ä òI-c -amb Ipä-Ir-Xy-§Ä F¶pw .
AXn\v GIt]mwhgn IqSp-XÂ IÀi-\-a mb \nb-a -§fpw kÀ¡mÀ kwc-£ -
Whpw am{X-amWv F¶pw hcp-¯n-XoÀ¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. AXn-\pthn km[m-
cW Ipä-Ir-X y-§sf òI-c-s a-t¶mWw s]cp-¸n¨pIm«n a\p-jy- a-\-ÊnÂ
òXn \nd-bv¡p-¶p. _lp-P-\-{]nb hnt\m-tZm-] m-[n-I sf a\p-jy -kz-`mhw
cq]o-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-thn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. P\-X bv¡v Bh-iy-ap-ÅXv
\nÀ½m-Xm-¡Ä \ÂIp¶p, A`n-t\-Xm-¡Ä kaq-l-¯nsâ {]Xn-^-e-\-amWv
Fs¶m-s¡-bmWv \ymbo-I-c -Ww.
apJy-[m-cm- kn-\n-a -bnse {][m\ A`n-t\-Xmhv hocy-ta-dnb ab-¡p-a -
cp¶v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-Ibpw Akp-J-§-tfm, \nb-a-\-S-]-Sn-I tfm _m[-I-am-Im-Xn-
cn-¡p-IbpwsN¿p-¶Xv ]p¯³Xe-ap-d-s b ab-¡p-a -cp¶v D]-tbm-K-¯n\v
t{]cn-¸ n¡pw . AXv hyh-Øn-X n-tbmSv kacwsN¿p¶p F¶ hymPt_m[w
krjvSn-¡pw . Kmcn-sh-_v, ]ns¶ ap³ ab-¡p-a -cp¶v Unä-Iväohv ssa¡Â
dq¸À«v aä-t\Iw Kth-j-IÀ Hs¡ \S-¯nb At\z-j-W-§Ä Ata-cn-¡³
CIA ab-¡p-a-c p¶vhym]-c -¯nÂ Gä-hpw D¶-X-Øm-\-¯mWv F¶v Is-
¯n. PbnÂ þ hyh-kmb kwL-¯nepw (Prision Industrial Complex) CIA
ap³ ]ń-bn-emW.v kzImcy Pbn-ep-I-fnÂ Gähpw _rl-¯mb
shbv¡³l«v Â t_mÀUv AwK§fnÂ Gdnb]¦pw ap³ CIA D¶X Dt±ym-
156
K-Ø-cm-Wv. AXns\ CIA bpsSXs¶ Øm]\w F¶pIcp-X -s¸-Sp-¶p. CXp-

Iq-Sn- tNÀ¯p hmbn-¡p-t¼mÄ ab¡pa-c p¶v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ -Xns\
t{]mÕm-ln¸n¡p¶ kn\n-a -IÄ C¯cw kzIm-cy -P-bn-ep-I-fn-te¡v
BsftNÀ¡p-¶-Xn-\ pÅ ]ckyw F¶v hcp-¶p. ab-¡p-a-c p¶v D]-tbm-K-
¯ns\XpSÀ¶v s]cp-I p¶ kmaq-lnI {]iv\-§fpw hÀ²n-X-a mb Ipä-Ir-Xy-
§fpw IqSp-XÂ Pbn-ep-Ifpw IqSp-X Â \nb-a-§fpw Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-
Xn\v , `b-Nn-I
- nX-cmb P\-§sf \nÀ_-Ôn-¡p¶p. sSen-hn-j³ hmÀ¯m-Nm-
\-ep-IÄ CXn-s\-sbms¡ s]cp-¸n¨vImWn¨v kml-N-c y-§Ä A\p-Iq-e-am-
¡p-¶p. Pbn-ep-I Ä¡p-ÅnÂ ASna k¼-Zm-b-¯ n-epÅ sXmgnÂhyh-Ø-
IÄ \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶p. kmaqly _Ô-§sf inYn-e-a m-¡p¶ H«-\ -h-[n- ]-cn-
]m-Sn-IÄ sSen-hn-j-\nepw kn\nabnepw aäpam²y-a-§-fnepw krjv Sn-¡-s ¸-
Sp¶p. {ItaW FÃmw km[m-cW kw`-h-§Ä F¶-a-« nÂ ho£n-¡p-¶-Xn-
te¡v P\-§Ä ]cp-h -s¸-«p-I-gnbpw. akvXnjvI{]£m-f-\-¯n\v
GähpwA[nIw kw`m-h-\-IÄ \ÂIp¶ dm³Uv tImÀ]-td-j³ AsÃ-¦nÂ
e\nse ähn-tÌmIv C³Ìn-äyq«v , H¶pw C¯cw kn\n-a -I-fnepw ]cn-]m-
Sn-I-fnepw ]cm-aÀin-¡-s¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. FÃm-¯n\pw D¯-c-h m-Zn -F¶v
aäp]eXpw, A\y-{K-l-Po-hn-IÄt]mepw- hn-aÀin-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p. a\p-jysc
]kv]-c hn-tZz-jwad¶v GI-temI {Ia-¯nsâ hàm-¡-fm-¡p-¶-Xn\v
Gähpw kp\n-Ýn-X-amb amÀ¤w A\y-{K-l-¯nÂ\n-¶papÅ B{I-a-W-s¯-
¡p-dn-¨pÅ `b-s ¸-Sp-¯-emWv . CXn-\p-thnkrjvSn-¡-s¸-« km¦-ev]nI
IY-bmWv UFO. Unidentified Flying Objects. 1987 Â UN s\ A`n-kw-t_m-
[\ sNbvXv {]kw-Kn-¡p-t¼mÄ {]kn-Uâv tdmWÄUv doK³ CXv {]tXyIw
]cm-aÀin-¨p. 1917 Â ImÀ\o F³tUm-h vsaâv t^mÀ CâÀ\m-j-WÂ ]okv
kwL-Sn-¸n¨ kt½-f-\-¯nÂ kwkm-cn-¡th sImfw-_nb kÀh-I-em-
imebnse XXz-i-mkv{X -{]-^-kÀ tPm¬ Uo-thbpw kam\ A`n-{]mbw
Xs¶ kqNn-¸n-¨p. BZyambn P\-{]nb hnt\m-Z- kn-\n-a -I-fnÂ , C¯cw
A\y-Krl Pohn-I-fpsS B{I-a -W-s¯-¡p-dn¨v {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶Xv F¨v.-Pn.-
shÂknsâ “temI-§Ä X½n-epÅ bp²w” F¶ IrXnsb Bkv]-Z-a m¡n
HmÀk¬ shÃÊv AtXt]-cnÂ krjvSn-\-S-¯ n-b-t¸m-gm-Wv. F¨v Pn.
shÂkv duv tSbv_n-fnsâ Øm]-Imw-Khpw. AXmWv tdmbÂ C³Ìo-
äyq«v Hm^v CâÀ\mj-WÂ A^tbÀknsâbpw (e-³) AXnsâ Ata-cn-
¡³ ]Xn-¸ mb Iu¬knÂ Hm¬ t^mdn³ dnte-j³kn-s âbpw Øm]-
\¯n\v Imc-W-a m-bX.v At±-l-¯n\v Bibw e`n-¨Xv FhnsS\n¶mWv
F¶v hyàw. HmÀk¬ shÃkv kn\na \nÀ½n-¨ Xv s]mXp-P-\-§Ä A\y-
Kr-l -Po-hn-I-fpsS B{I-aWw F¶pÅ Bi-bs¯ F{X-t¯mfw kzoI-
cn¡pw F¶v ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶Xn\mbn-c p-¶p. FÃm-Zn-h-khpw Htc-k-abw
temIwapgp-h\pw tImSn-¡-W-¡n\v P\-§Ä Htc -sS-en-hn-j³]cn-]mSn ,
hmÀ¯ -H -s¡- Im-Wp¶p. Ah-s bm-s¡bpw an¡-h mdpw Ahm-kvX -hn-I-ambn
a\-Êns\ ]cp-h-s ¸-Sp-¯p-¶ -Xn-\p-thn krjvSn-¡-s ¸-«-h-bpw. 20þmw \qäm-
nse , C¶pw \ne-h n-en-cn-¡p¶ _u²nI, Iem-{]-Ø m-\-§fne[nIhpw ,
{]tNm-Z\w DÄs¡m-Åp-¶Xv I½yq-WnÌv CâÀ\mj-W-ensâ Nn´-I -
157
cnÂ\n¶pw , AXn-\ pÅ [\-k-lmbw e`y-a m-hp¶Xv A´m-cm-jv{S-_m-

¦ÀamcnÂ\n¶pw. AXnÂ NneÀ tkmhn-bäv cl-kym-t\z-j-W-tk-\-bnÂ
]Wn-sb-Sp-¯n-cp-¶-hcpw. {^m¦v^À«v kvIqfnsâ {]Ya D¯-c-hm-ZnXzw
kwkv¡m-cs¯ D·q-e\w sN¿pI , ]ns¶ P\-§sf X½nÂ AI-äp¶
]pXnb kwkv¡m-c-§Ä krjvSn¡p-I F¶Xpw. A{]-Imcw ]pXn-b-Xcw
Incm-X-hmgvN \nÀ½n¡pI. B[p-\nI Ie , kmlnXyw, kwKoXw F¶n-h -
bpsS IÀ¯hyw, Ie, kmln-Xyw,- kw-KoXw F¶n-h -bneqsS a\p-jys\
DZm-¯-am-¡p¶ Ign-hp-Isf \in-¸n-¡pI F¶Xpw. CXn-\ pÅ [\-k-lmbw
]e PÀ½³ , Ata-cn¡³ kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-I-fnÂ\n¶pw ]ns¶ tdms¡-s ^-
ÃÀ ût-j³ , Ata-c n-¡³ PqX-I-½ än (hm-kvX-h-¯nÂ kb-WnÌv
I½-än) ]ns¶ At\Iw Ata-c n-¡³ cl-kym-t\z-jW {]Øm-\-§Ä
F¶n-h -bnÂ\n¶pw e`y-am-bn. ( The Frankfurt School and Political
Correctness By Michael Minichino ).
D¯-cm-[p-\n-IX ,kv{XohmZw ,kmwkvIm-cnI ]T-\-§Ä ,A]-\nÀ½mWw ,
Nnlv\imkv{Xw FÃmw C¯cw {]h-W-X -Isf DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p. AXnsâ
BXy-ńIêw F¶Xv kXy-¯nÂ\n¶pw \s½ AI-äpI kmaq-lnI
_Ô-§-fnÂ\n¶pw kmwkv¡m-c nI ]mc-¼-cy-¯nÂ\n¶pw AI-äpI Hs¡-
bm-Wv. hnhm-lhpw IpSpw-_hpw kaq-ls¯ \ne-\nÀ¯p-t¼mÄ D¯-cm-[p-
\n-IÀ AXn-s\-s bms¡ GIm-[n-] -Xy-¯nsâ _nw_-§Ä F¶\ne-bnÂ
ho£n-¡p-¶p.
]pkvX-I-§fpw kn\n-a-Ifpw km¼-¯n-I-em-`w -A-sÃ-¦ nÂ Iem-] -c -
amb Imc-W-§-fmÂ krjvSn-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶Xv F¶v s]mXn-h nÂ Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶p .
F¶mÂ hmkvX-h-¯nÂ AXv kaq-l-¯ nsâ kz`mh-c q-]o-I-c-W-¯n\v
thn D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p . sNIp-¯m³tkh , A{Iaw , ssewKn-I X
F¶nh km[m-c-W-s a-¶-a -«nÂ ho£n-¡p-¶-Xn\v AXv Imc-W-hp-¶p. kwKo-X-
Ú³ shkvs]³sd ]d-bp¶p“Iem-Im-c-·msc sXc-sª-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\v
ImcWw Ah-c psS Ign-hp-I-f-Ã, adn¨v D¶-X-· m-c psS Bh-iy-§Ä km[n-s ¨-
Sp¡p-¶-X n-\pÅ Ign-hp-I-fm-Wv.bphm-¡sf ZpÀamÀ¤n-I-fm-¡p-I.
kaql¯nÂ BÀ¡pwXs¶ kzbw Nnń-¡p-¶ -Xn\v km[n-¡msXhcp-
¯pI (tdm¡v kwKo-X -¯nsâ hàm-¡Ä {]N-c n-¸ n-¡p-¶ -Xn\v LS-I -hn-cp-²-
amWv CXv). Iem-h y-h -kmbw \ne-hm-c-¯-IÀ¨bpw sNIp-¯m³ ktµ-i-
§fpw {]N-c n-¸ n-¡p-¶Xn\vtbmPn¨ BÄcq-]-§sf krjvSn-¡p-¶p. -t{]-a hpw
ssewKn-I-Xbpw Ip¯n-\ n-d¨v ,\½Ä {i²n-t¡-p¶ Imcy-§-fnÂ\n¶pw
\½psS {i²- ]qÀ®-ambpw hyXn-N-en-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. `mcybpw A½bpw
BIp-¶Xv Akzm-X-{ý-a mWv AXp-sImv kzhÀ¤-t`m-K-amWv A`n-I mayw
F¶v {]N-cn¸n¡s¸-Sp¶p.
temIs¯ \nb-{ń-¡p¶Xv Hcp D¶XkwL-a mWv . AXnsâ
{]hÀ¯-Isc klm-bn-¡p-Ibpw kwc-£n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶Xv Kh¬saân
se Gähpw D¶X Dt±ym-K-Ø-a mcpw. Kh¬saâv, hyh-km-bw, hmWnPyw,
km¼-¯nIw, sXmgnÂ F¶n-h n-S-§-fnse A[n-I mc tI{µ-§-fn-epÅhÀ¡p -
158
am-{X-ambn AwKzXzw \nb-{ń-¡s¸«n-cn¡p-¶p. s]mXp-P-\-kzm-[o-\-apÅ

hyàn-Isf AXv Zpcq-]-tbm-Ks¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. am²y-acw-K¯pw A²ym-]-\- cw-
K-¯papÄs¸-sS-bp-Å-h sc. {]kvXpX clkykwLw temI-am-I-a m\w
hym]vX n-bp-Å-Xm-Wv. Adn-b -s¸Sm¯ A[n-Im-ctI-{µ-§-fpsS XmXv]-cy-§Ä
kwc-£n-¡pI F¶XmWv AXnsâ D¯-c-hm-ZnXzw. AXv \nb-a-hn-c p-²-a mbpw
cl-ky-ambpw {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶p-- -— hnIvSÀ amÀsj-än ap³ CIA D¶X
Dt±ymKØ³.
]pcm-X-\ -tkz-Om-[n-]-X n-I Ä \news]m¯n-bXv AhÀ¡v Bh-iy-
¯n\v Blmcw , AÛp-X -§Ä Hs¡ P\-§Ä¡v \ÂIp-¶-Xn\v km[n-
¡msXh¶-Xp-s Im-mWv. a\Êns\ ]cp-h-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-X n-\ pÅ ê-{]-Z-amb
kt¦-X-§fpw AhÀ¡v hi-a n-Ãm-bn-c p¶p. imkv{Xob tkzOm-[n-]-Xn-bpsS
IognÂ hnZym-`ymkw \nÝ-b-ambpw ê-{]-Z-amhpw. A[nIw a\p-jycpw Ah-
cpsS ASn-a-¯s¯ CjvS-s ¸Spw . hn¹-h -s¯-¡p-dn¨v Nnń-¡p-I-tb-bn-Ã.
imkv{Xo-b-X -bn-eq-¶nb tkzOm-[n-]Xyw A«n-a-dn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn\v km[y-X -
tbbnÃ – BÂUkv lIvkve n ( Brave New World 1958 ).
P\-§-fpsS taÂ \nb{´Ww Øm]n-¡p-¶-X n\v Gähpw kpK-a -amb amÀ¤w
òI-c -{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä kwL-Sn-¸ n-¡pI F¶-XmW.v kzc£ A]-I-S-a m-hp-
t¼mÄ P\-§Ä A¯cw \nb-a -§Ä¡p-thn apd-hn-fn-I q«pw - þ tPmk^v
Ìmen³.
9 þ11 CÃm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦ nÂ `c-W-L-S-\sb [n¡-c n-¡p-¶-X n-\m-Ip-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.
9þ11 CÃm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦ nÂ bp²-s¯-¡p-dn¨v kwkm-cn-¡p-¶-X n\v hnjbw
Dm-Ip-a m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.- P-\ m-b-¯-`-cWw F¶ aco-NnI krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn\v `c-
W-hÀ¤w {ian-¡p-¶p. AhÀ FXnÀ¸v krjvSn-¡p-¶p. AhÀXs¶ Ahsc
FXnÀ¡p-¶-Xn\v km¼-¯nI klmbw \ÂIp¶p. AhcpsS `c-W-¯n\v
XS-Ê -am-Im¯ FXnÀ¸p-Isf {]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡p-¶Xv AhÀ kXy-h m-·m-sc¶v
hcp-¯n-XoÀ¡p-¶-Xn\v Bh-iy-amW.v òI-c -X-¡p-ta-epÅ bp²w ]ns¶
GIm-[n-]-Xy-¯n\v Iogn-epÅ cmjv{S-¯nsâ hnImkw Hs¡\S-¡p-¶Xv
hcm³ t]mIp¶ òam-Im-c-a mb BtKmf km¼-¯nI XIÀ¨¡p apt¶mSn
F¶ \ne-bn-emWv. Ata-cn-¡³ cl-kym-t\z-jWtk\ Ah-cpsSXs¶
òIc {]Øm-\-§Ä¡v cq]w\ÂInIgn-ªp. Ah-cpsS òIc {]Øm-\ -
§Ä B{I-a Ww \S-¯p-¶-Xn\v X¿m-sd-Sp-¡p¶p F¶v AhÀXs¶ ap¶-dn-
bn¸p \ÂIp-¶p.þ ssa¡Â sNmkp-tUm-hkvI n þ H«mh bqWn-thÀkn-än-
bnse km¼-¯nI imkv{X-hn-`mKw {]^-kÀ.
kb-Wnkw F¶Xv Zqc-hym-]-I -amb ]²Xnbnte-¡pÅ Hcp ]S-hp-am-{X-

amWv . AXv ià-amb Bbp[w Xq¡n-bn-Sp-¶ -X n\v D]-tbm-K n-¡p¶ Hcp
sImfp-¯p-a m{Xw. eqbn amÀj³ þ Ata-c n-¡³ kb-WnÌv ( 1917 Â Iq³
temtb_v _m¦nsâ D]-tZ-jvSm-h v ).
159
kb-WnÌv D¶-XÀ Iotg-¯-«n-ep-Å-hsc Imcy-km-[y-¯ n\vthn D]-tbm-Kn-

t¡-p¶ D]-I-c-W-§Ä F¶\ne-bnÂam{Xw ImWp¶p. Iogv¯-«n-ep-Å-
hsc \nb-{ń-¡-¶ -Xn\v D]-tbm-K nt¡p¶ kn²m´wam{X-amWv Bân
skssa-änkw . Protocols of Elders of Zion . AXns\ kb-Wn-Ìp-IÄ hymP-
tcJ F¶phnfn-¡p-¶p. bqtdm-]y³ PpX-·msc òj-Wn-s¸-Sp¯n C{km-
tbÂ F¶cmPyw sI«n-¸-Sp-t¡--X p-v. AXv anUnÂ CuÌns\
tImf\nhXv¡-cn¨v temI-¯nsâ Xe-Øm\w \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-X n\vthn.
temI km¼-¯nIiàn-IÄ \mkn-IÄ¡v km¼-¯nIklmbw \ÂIn.
kb-Wn-Ìp-I Ä Ah-cp-ambn H¯p-I -fn-¨p.
kzbw kzX-{´-\m-sW¶v (A-k-X y-a m-bn) hniz-kn-¡p-¶ -h-t\-¡Ä ASn-a ¯w
A\p-`-hn-¡p-¶Xv Bcp-an-Ã. þ sKbvsY.
tabvk¬cN-\-I-fnÂ ImWp¶ ùXnIhmZ -kn-²m-´-§fpw amÀIvkv,
GwKÂkv , se\nÂ F¶n-h-cpsS cN-\-I-fn-epÅ ùXnIhmZ- kn-²m-´-
§fpw X½nÂ Aćw H«pwXs¶-bn-Ã.
dqkvshÂäv A[n-Im-c-ta-ä-bp-Ss\ sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv BgvN-bnÂ Hcp

tImSn tUmfÀ \nc-¡nÂ 10 BgvN-sImv 10 tImSn tUmf-dnsâ kÀ¡mÀ
IS-] {Xw hm§n. ]pXnb Id³kn D]-tbm-Kn¨v . AXv hn]-Wn-bnÂ
]We`yXbpw hmbv]m-e-`y-Xbpw hÀ²n-¸n-¨p. hyh-km-b-im-e-IÄ hopw
sXmgn-em-fn-I sf \nb-a n¨pXpS§n þ bqtÌbvkv ayqfn³kv.
\h-temI{Ia-¯nsâ hàm-¡Ä XpS-§p-¶Xv sa¨-s¸« temIw ,
Bizmkw, kXyw F¶nh hmKvZm\wsNbvXp-s Im-mWv. lnäveÀ \mkn-
]mÀ«n Xp-S-§n-bXv H¶mw temIalm-bp-²-¯nse kJyI£n-I-fpsS B{I-
aWs¯ XpSÀ¶v XIÀ¶ , PÀ½³ km¼-¯nIhyh-ØnXnbnse Zcn-{Z-cmb
P\-§-fpsS D¶-a -\-¯n-\ mbn F¶a«n-emW.v t_mÄj-hn-¡p-IÄ
\yqtbmÀ¡nse kb-Wn-ÌpI-fpsS [\klm-b-t¯msS “”temI sXmgn-em-fn-
Isf kwL-Sn-¡p-hn³ “” F¶pw . I½yq-WnÌv CâÀ\m-j-WÂ F¶-
t]cnÂ AsXms¡ Fhn-sS-sbms¡ F¯n-t¨À¶p F¶v I-XmWv.
Cdm³ hn¹-h-¯nsâ KXnbpw kam-\ -am-Wv. aX- t\-Xm-¡Ä F¶hymtP\
Agn-a-X n-¡mÀ A[n-Imcw ssIt¿-dn. sSlvdm-\nse Ata-cn-¡³ Fw_kn
ssIb-S-¡n-b-h À CIA bpsS ]nWn-bm-fp-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p. \h-tem-I{I-a -¯nsâ
XpS¡w bYmÀ°-¯nÂ _pjvÂ \nt¶m lnäve-dnÂ\nt¶m Bcw-`n-¨ -X-Ã.
AXv tdm¯vjoÂUnÂ\n¶pw Bcw-`n-¨-X m-Wv.
“km¼-¯nIklmbw \ÂIp-¶-Xn-\pÅ \½psS Ignhv D]-tbm-Kn¨v \ap¡v

Ata-cn¡³ Pohn-X -coXn amän-s b-Sp-t¡--X p-v. tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b-\p-
160
ambn {]iv\cln-X-a mb Iq«n-t¨À¡-en\pthn”. 1978 Â t\mÀa³ tUmUv

(Mr. Gaither).
tUmIvSÀ tPmlm-\kv Io]vÄ, {_k-kn³kvInsb ]eXhW sshäv
luknÂh¨v In-cp-¶p. Io]vÄsâ aäv hmjn-§vS³_Ô§Ä- - Ìohv
emdm_o (CFR) , tPm¬ sP at¢mbv (ap³ CIA Ub-d-IvSÀ), anÂä³
{ôUva³ ( [-\-X-X z-i mkv{X hnZ-Kv²³ ), ]ns¶ Pn½n- ImÀ«-dpsS Hmô-
knse _UvPäv Dt±ymK-Ø -·mÀ. Io]vÄ\v a\-Ên-embn {_k-kn³kvIn
temIm-[n-]-X y-¯ n-\p-thn ]cn-{i-an-¡p¶ kwL-¯nse AwK-am-sW¶v.
Io]vÄ ]d-bp-¶Xv {_k-kn³kvIn temIm-[n-]-Xy-¯n\pthn -{i-a n-¡p¶
kwLm-X-¯ nse {][m-\n-bm-Wv F¶m-Wv.
Io]vÄ ]d-bp-¶Xv “Ct¸mÄ \S-¶p-h -cp-¶Xv òI-c-X¡v FXn-cmb
bp²-aÃ adn¨v Hmtcm cmjv{S-¯n-tebpw P\-§Ä¡v FXn-c mb bp²w F¶m-
Wv. C¶s¯ D¶-X À krjvSn-¡p¶ òXn , F§s\ {]Xn-I -cn-¡Ww F¶v
\nÝ-bn-¡p¶Xn\v Ign-bm-¯-h n[w P\-§sf AØn-c-a m-¡p-¶p. ]t£ P\-
§Ä HmÀt¡-Xv GXm\pw hÀj-§ÄsImv Øm]n-¡-s¸-Sm³ t]mIp¶
temIm-[n-]-X y-¯ nsâ apt¶mSn-bmWv CsXÃmw. C\n Hcp Ah-kcw Dm-
hp-I-bn-Ã”.-
C-t¸mÄ {]mhÀ¯n-I-ambns¡mn-cn-¡p-¶-X v. ^n\m³kv Iym]n-ä-en-k-am-

Wv. bYmÀ° -a p-X-em-fn-¯-a -Ã. AXnsâ ASn-Ø m\w hmbv]bpw Ip¯-I-hy-
h-Øn-Xnbpw . AXv km¼-¯nI tI{µo-I-c-Whpw cmjv{Sob ASn-a -¯hpw
krjvSn-¡pw. sk\-äÀ PÊn slwkv ( 1987 Un.15 ).
FÃm aX-§-tfbpw òI-c -hm-Z-¯n\v{]Õm-ln¸n¡p-¶ -Xp-h gn Ahsb
hnizm-ktbmKya-Ã-X m-¡p-¶-Xn\v km[n¡pw F¶-XmWv CÃyq-an-\n-än-bpsS
IW-¡p-I q-«Â. AXn\p]Icw Ah-c psS B`n-Nm-c-{In-b-bnÂ A[n-jv T n-X-
amb sNIp-¯m³tkh temI-a Xw F¶t]cnÂ \ne-hnÂ sImp-hcmw
F¶pw. ap³]v ¥mUn-tb-äÀamÀX½n-epÅ bp²w XpS-§n-bh , P\-X-bpsS
{i²-b-I-äp-¶-Xn-\p-thn {]tbm-Kn-¡-s ¸-«p. C¶v AXn-\pÅ km²y-X-IÄ
A\-h-[n-bm-Wv. hmÀ¯mam²y-a-§Ä, sSen-h-j³, kvt]mÀ«vkv , tlmfn-hp-
Uv -F-Ãmw.
“Bbn-c-¡-W¡n\v tImSn tUmfÀ HmtcmhÀjhpw P\§fpsS a\Êv \nb-

{ń-¡p-¶ -Xn-em-¡mbn sNe-h-g n-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p”. -þ t\m tNmwkvI n.
1976 Â Ata-cn-¡³ sk\äv I½-än-bnÂ 50 Ata-cn-¡³ tPÀW-en-Ìp-Isf

\ntbm-Kn-¡pIhgn s]mXpP\-§-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-cq-]o-I-c -W-¯n\v km[y-
ambn F¶v CIA Adn-bn¨p. CIA bpsS e£y-¯n\v klm-b-I -c-a mb hmÀ¯-
IÄ krjvSn-¡p-¶-X p-h gn. ap³]v The New York Times ]d-ªXv 200 Â
161
A[nIw Zn\-]-{X-§Ä, amK-ko-\p-IÄ 26 {]kn-²o-I -cWime-IÄ F¶nh

CIA bpsS DS-a-Ø-X-bnÂ temI-am-I-a m\w {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶p F¶mWv .
C¶v AXv F{Xbpw A[n-I-am-bn-cn-¡pw.
A[n-Im-c-¯nsâ cq]tcJ ]cn-a n-Unsâcq]-¯nÂ hni-Zo-I-cn-¨mÂ
Gähpw apI-fnÂ\n¶v sXm«p-Xmsg ]ptcm-ln-X-· m-c m-Wv. Ah-cpsS
IÀ¯hyw P\-§sf akvXnjvI{]£m-f\wsNbvX v \nIp-Xnbpwaäpw CuSm-
¡pI F¶Xpw. Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ shfp¯ sXmen-¡msc ASn-a -I-fmbn D]-
tbm-Kn-¨n-c p¶Imcyw A[nIw {]i-kvX-a -Ã. XpS-¡-¯ nÂ tImf-\n-h-X vI-cn-¡-
s¸« shfp¯ ASn-a-I -fpsS càhpw hnbÀ¸pw I®p\ocpw sImv \nÀ½n-
¡-s¸-«-XmW.v 17 Dw 18 Dw \qäm- nÂ Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ F¯n-t¨À¶ shÅ-
¡m-c nÂ aq¶nÂ cp`mKhpw Ah-c psS k½-X-a n-ÃmsX sImp-h-c-s¸-«-h -
cmWv . AhÀ IS-s ¸-«n-c n-¡p¶the-¡mÀ F¶-dn-b-s¸-«n-cp-s¶-¦ nepw
hmkvX-h-¯nÂ ASn-a-IÄXs¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p . -A-hÀ BPo-h-\m´w ]Wn-s b-
Sp-¡p-¶-X n\v \nÀ_-Ôn-X-c m-b n-c p-¶p. Ah-c psS Ipªp-§-tfbpw
ASnathe¡v D]-tbm-Kn-¨ - p. IqSp-X Â shfp¯ ASn-a-Ifpw kvtIm«ve ³Uv
sFÀe³Uv ]ns¶ Cw¥v F¶n-hn-S-§-fnÂ\n¶pÅ Zcn-{Z-cmb P\-§-fm-
bn-cp-¶p. s{]m«-Ìâp-Imcpw It¯m-en-¡-c pw. PmXobbp²-§-fp-sSbpw
Cw¥ojv {]`p-¡·mcpsS AXym-{K-l-¯n-s âbpw _en-bm-Sp-IÄ. {_n«ojv
tImS-Xn-IÄ Ahsc Ipä-h m-fn-I Ä F¶p ap{Z-Ip¯n FÃm-än\pw Iq«p-\n-
¶p. shfp¯ ASn-a -Ifpw Idp¯ ASn-a-I-tfm-sSm¸w teewsN¿-s ¸-«p.
kv{XoI-fpw -I p-ªp-§fpw shtÆsd Pohn-¡p-¶-Xn\v \nÀ_-Ôn-X-c mbn.
Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ F¯n-t¨À¶v cp hÀj-¯n-\Iw ]IpXn ASn-a-I fpw ac-W-
a-S-ªn-cp-¶p. shfp¯ ASn-a-IÄ¡v bmsXm-cp-hn[ Ah-I m-i-§fpw e`y-am-
bn-cp-¶n-Ã. ITn-\-a mb ]oV-\-§Ä¡v hnt[-b-am-¡n-bn-c p-¶p-X m-\pw. sam¯w
ASn-a-I -fmbn F¯n-t¨À¶-h-c nÂ ]Ip-Xnbpw shfp¯ ASn-a-I-fm-bn-c p-¶p.
Idp¯ ASn-a -IÄ F¯n-Xp-S-§p-¶-Xn\pw hfscapt¶ AhÀ h¶p. 16
hÀj-t¯mfw ASn-a the Ignªv `qanbpw kzmX-{ýhpw \ÂIpw F¶
hmKvZm\w e`y-am-bn-cps¶-¦ nepw AXv Hcn-¡epw {]mhÀ¯n-I-a m--¡-n-bn-cp-¶n-
Ã. ASn-a-IÄ ASn-a-I-fm-bn-¯s¶ ac-W-s¸-«p. _ÃmJpw kva n¯pw CtX-¡p-
dn¨v Kl-\ -amb ]T-\-§Ä \S-¯ nb-h-cm-Wv.
C¶v AXv asämcpcoXn-bnÂ XpS-cp-¶p. Hmtcm hÀjhpw 50,000
kv{XoIfpw Ipªp-§fpw Ata-cn-¡-bn-te¡v ASn-a -I-fmbn h¶p-tN-c p-¶p.
IqSp-Xepw ssewKnIhym]mc taJ-e-bnÂ , ]ns¶ ho«p-tPm-en¡pw Bonded
sXmgn-em-fn-I Ä F¶-a-«nepw ( CIA Report - International Trafficking in
Women to the United States : A Contemporary Manifestation of Slavery )
temI-¯ nsâ FÃm`mK¯p\n¶pw FÃm-¯cw kv{XoIfpw Ipªp-§fpw.
\yqtbmÀ¡v ]«Ww, anbman- , temkv Gbv©vekv F¶o \K-c-§-fn-emWv
ChÀ A[n-Ihpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡s¸Sp¶Xv . sSen-hn-j-\nepwaäpw {]IoÀ¯n-
162
¡-s¸-Sp¶ Unkv\ n-em³Uv Ata-cn¡ sI«p-I-Y-a m-{Xw. hmkvX-h-¯nÂ

Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ ,XnI¨pw ss]im-Nn-Ihpw ò`-Õ-hp-a mb asämcptemI-a pv
.A[nIw Icp-¯pä [\-{]-`p-¡-·mÀ CXnÂ DÄs¸-«n-«pv F¶p-Å-X-s ÃsX
CXv \nÀ_m[w XpS-c p-¶-Xn\v asämcp hni-Zo-I-c -W-an-Ã. D¶-X-cmb Nne
cmjv{Sob t\Xm-¡-·mÀ DÄs¸« _me-]o-VI-kw-L-s¯-¡p-dn¨v UnkvI -h-
dn -N m-\Â {]t£-]Ww sN¿vXn-c p¶p F¦nepw AXns\¡pdn¨v ]n¶oSv
NÀ¨-I-sfm-¶p-m-bn-Ã. djy³ am^nb hmkvX-h-¯nÂ kb-Wn-Ìp-I-fmWv.
AXns\¡pdn¨v henb hmÀ¯-I Ä apJy-[m-c m-am-[y-a -§-fnÂ h¶pImWp-¶n-
Ã. Ata-c n-¡³ am²y-a-§-fpsS \nb-{´Ww BcpsS ]¡-em-sW-¶p-Å-Xn\v
AXv hyà-amb kqN\ \ÂIp-¶p. I½yq-WnÌv djysb \nb-{ń-¨n-cp-¶-
XnÂ IqSp-X epw kb-Wn-Ìp-I -fm-Wv. Ing-¡³ bqtdm-¸ nse kv{XoI-sfbpw
Ipªp-§-tfbpw D]-tbm-Kn-¨ pÅ ASnahym]mc¯nsâ Ip¯-I m-h-I miw
djy³ kb-WnÌv am^n-b-¡mWv . Jews and the White Slave Trade By Dr.
William Pierce. PqX·mÀam{X-a mWv C¯cw Imcy-§Ä sN¿p-¶Xv F¶v
AÀ°-an-Ã. C{k-tb-enÂ shfp¯ ASn-a-hym-] cw henb hyh-km-b-a m-Wv.
Ds{I-bv\nÂ\n¶pw Hmtcm hÀjhpw 30 hb-Ên\p Xmsg {]mb-ap-Å 40,000
Hmfw kv{XoIsf IS¯p¶p. C{k-tbÂ CÃq-a n-\ m-än-bpsS tdm¯vjoÂUv
cmjv{S-a m-Wv. AXnsâ ]Xm-I- Pq-Zm-bn-k-¯ nsâbÃ adn¨v House of
Rothschild sâ AS-bm-f-a mWv hln-¡p-¶Xv. BcmWv \n§-fpsS DS-a-Ø³.
Kh¬saâm-Wv. tcJ-I fpw \nb-a -§fpw AXmWv ]d-bp-¶-Xv.
1. IRS Internal Revenue Service Hcp Kh¬saâv Øm]-\-aÃ AXv IMF sâ

GP³kn-bmWv ( Diversified metal products Vs IRs etal Cv-93-405 E -EJE
U.S.D.C.D.I Public Law 94-564 Senate Report -94-1148 Pg 5967
Reorganization plan no 26 Public law 102-391 )
2. IMF F¶Xv Hcp U.N GP³kn-bm-Wv.
3. 1921 apXÂ Ata-c n-¡¡v kz´-ambn {Sjdn CÃ.
4. Ct¸mÄ IMF BWv Ata-cn-¡³ {Sj-dn-bmbn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xv.
5. Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ Ct¸mÄ sXmgn-em-fn-I tfbnÃ. ImcWw Ct¸mÄ Ata-cn¡
\ne-hn-en-Ã. F¶XpXs¶ . DS-¨ p-h mÀ¡-en\v Ah-k-c-a n-Ã. 200 hÀj-¯n-e-
[nIw ]m¸m-cmbn {]hÀ¯n-¨-X n-\ p-tijw Ct¸mÄ AXv \ne-hn-en-Ã. (
Executive order 12803 )
6. FCC,CIA,FBI,NASA A§n-s\-bpÅ kwL-S-\-IÄ H¶pwXs¶ Ata-cn-¡-
bpsS `mK-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Ata-c n-¡³ Kh¬saâv AXn-s eÃmw Hml-cn- t\-Sn-
bn-cp¶p F¦nepw ( U.S V Strang 254 Us 491 Lewis V U.S 680 f.2d 1239 )
163
7. kmaqlnI kpc£ \¼À Social Security Number) IMF eqsS U.N \ÂIp-
¶-Xm-Wv.
8. 1789 apXÂ \oXn-\ymb tImSXn , Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ \ne-hn-en-Ã. \ymbm-[n-
]³amÀ \nb-a-§fpw hIp-¸p-Ifpw \S-¸ n-em-¡p-¶n-Ã. AXv \S-¸n-em-¡p-¶Xv
Executive Administrators BWv.
9. 1789 apXÂ Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ \ymbm-[n-] -·mÀ Xs¶bnÃ Administrators
am{Xw FRC V GE 281 US 464, Keller V PE 261 US 428 138-178
10 BÀ¡pw kzIm-c y-kz¯v CÃXs¶ . `qan-bpsS IpSnInS-¸p-Im-c³ , hmS-I -
¡m-c ³ F¶m-Wv. tcJ-IÄ ]d-bp-¶-X v.
11. hn¹hw F¶t]cnÂ \S-¶-bp²w X«n-¸m-bn-cp-¶p.
12. C¥-nse cmPmhv hn¹-h-¯nsâ Ccp`mK-§Ä¡pw km¼-¯nI
klmbw \ÂIn.
13. `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS `mK-a -Ãm-¯-Xp-sImv P\-§Ä¡v AXns\ kzc-£ -
¡mbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-X n\v km[yaÃ. ( Padel Ford Fay Co V the Mayor
and Alderman of the City of Savannah 14 Georgia 438, 520 )
14. Ata-c n¡ Hcp {_o«ojv tImf-\n-bm-Wv.
15 {_n«³ h¯n-¡msâ DS-a -Ø-X-b n-em-Wv. ( Treaty of 1213 )
16. Ata-c n-¡-bnse GXp\nb-a -t¯bpw \ndp-¯-em-¡p-¶ -Xn\v t]m¸n\v A[n-
Im-c -apv (Elements of Ecclesiastical law Vol.1.53-54)
17. 1040 F¶ t^mdw {_n«\v ImgvN-h-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅXmWv. ( IRS publication
6209 )
18 `qan-bm-I-am\w Iog-S-¡-ensâbpw Ip-]n-Sn-¯-¯n-s âbpw \nb-a-a -\p-k -
cn¨v X\n¡v kz´-am-sW¶v t]m]v Ah-I m-i-s ¸-Sp-¶p.
19.tImSn-¡-W-¡n\v P\-§-fpsS Ipcp-Xn¡pw, ASn-a -¯-¯n\pwthn t]m]v
D¯-c-h n-d¡n Papal Bulls of 1455 and 1493
20. t]m¸nsâ \nba§Ä FÃm-h À¡pw _m[-I-am-Wv. Bened XIV De Syn.
Dioec lib ix C Vii n 4 Prati 1844 ( Syllabus Prop. 28,29,44 )
21. \½Ä ASn-a -I-fmWv \½Ä H¶n\pwDS-a-I -f-Ã. \½psS Ipªp-§Ä
F¶p Icp-Xp-¶-Xp-t]mepw Tillman v Roberts 108 So 62, vankoten V
Vankoten 154 N.E 146 Senate document 43& 73rd congress 1st session
wynehammer V people 13 N.Y REF 378, 481
22. P\-§Ä F¶-X nÂ a\p-jyÀ þ P\X DÄs¸-Sp-¶nÃ Barrom V mayor
council of baltimore 32 U.S 243
23. Ata-cn-¡³ Kh¬saâv {InkvXp-a-X-¯nÂ A[n-jvT n-X-a-Ã.(Treaty of
Tripoli 8 sat 154)
24. P\-Xsb kwc£n¡pI F¶Xv t]meo-knsâ Npa-X-e-b-Ã. AXnsâ Npa-
Xe tImÀ]-td-j-\p-Isf kwc-£n-¡pI F¶Xpw hIp-¸p-IÄ ewLn-¡p-¶-
164
hsc Ad-Ìp-sN-¿pI F¶Xpw Sapp.v Tallahassee 348 So. 2nd 363 Reiff V
City of Philadelphia 477 f supp. 1262 Lynch v. N.C Dept of justice 376 S.E
2 nd 247
25.Ata-cn-¡-bnse FÃm hkvX p-¡fpw hnÂ¸-\¡ph¨n-cn-¡p-¶p, tdmUv,
]mew, ]mT-ime Bip-]-{Xn, shÅw, Pbn-ep-IÄ, hnam-\-¯m-h-f-§Ä
FÃmw. ( Executive order 12803 )
26. a\p-jysc a\p-jy-aq-e-[\w F¶v hne-bn-c p-¯p-¶p.( Executive order
13037 )
27. Ignª 50 hÀ¯n-te-s d-bmbn Ata-cn-¡-bpsS FÃm {]hÀ¯-\ -
§Ä¡pw U.N [\-k-lmbw e`y-am-bn-cp-¶-Xn-\mÂ Ct¸mÄ FÃm a\p-jy-cp-
tSbpw þ ]pcp-j³, kv{Xo,- Ip-ªp-§Ä þ DS-a-ØX U.N \mWv. Ata-cn-
¡³ `q{]-tZ-i-§fpw U.N sâ A[o-\-X-bn-em-Wv.
28. km¼-¯ nI XIÀ¨bpw , cmw temI alm-bp-²hpw X«n-¸p-I-fm-bn-cp-
¶p. B Im-e-b-f-hnÂ- A-ta-c n-¡bpw AXp-t]mse aäv At\Iw Øm]-\-
§fpw temI-a m-I-a m\w hmbv]\ÂIp¶ Xnc-¡n-em-bn-cp-¶p. 1930 IfnÂ
PÀ½\n-bnÂ sdbnÂ tdmUpw ASn-Øm\kuI-c y-§fpw Ata-cn-¡³ [\-
k-lm-b-¯mÂ \nÀ½n-X-am-bn. cmPm-¡-·mÀ {][m\a{ń-a mÀ ^yqdÀamÀ
FÃmw hnt\m-Z-§-fnÂ GÀs¸-«n-cp-¶-t¸mÄ km[m-cW P\-§Ä X§-fpsS
amXr-cm-Pys¯ kwc-£n-¡p¶p F¶ sXän-² m-c -W-bnÂ ac-W-s¸-«p-sIm-n-
cp-¶p. tImSn-¡-W-¡n\v a\p-jyÀ AIm-c -W-ambn h[n-¡-s ¸-«p.
kznävkÀe³Uns\ CsXm¶pw _m[n-¡m-dnÃ F¶Xv {]tXyIw {i²-£-Wn-
¡p-¶p. ImcWw _m¦v Hm^v CâÀ\mj-WÂ skänÂsaâvkv
AhnsSbmWv. P\-§sf `b-Nn-I n-X-cm¡n \ndp-¯p-\-ń\v bp²-§Ä A\n-
hm-c y-am-Wv.
29. s{Kbväv {_n«-\ nÂ\n¶pw tPmÀPv cmPm-hnÂ\n¶pw Ata-cn¡
kzmX{ýw t\Sn-bn-Ã. 1972 Â Ata-c n-¡³ Kh¬aâv U.N.World Heritage
Treaty bnÂ H¸p-h-¨p. {]kvXpX DS-¼Sn {]tXyI {]tZ-i-§sf U.N sâ
\nb{´W¯n-em¡n World Heritage Sites, Biosphere Reserves Fs¶m-s¡-
bpÅt]cnÂ. kmwkvIm-cn-I-a mb Ncn-{X-] -c-a mb kzm`m-hnI {]tXy-I-X-I-
fpsSt]cnÂ tZiob kÀ¡mÀ C¯cw {]tZi-§sf U.N \nÀtZ-i-{]-Imcw
kwc-£n-¡p-ń\v _m[y-Ø-c mWv. 1972 \ptijw tZiob ]mÀ¡p-IÄ
tKm]p-c -§Ä Icp-X Â {]tZi-§Ä F¶n-h -bpsS 68 iXam-\-¯n-e-[nIw
C{]-Imcw hIXn-cn-¡-s¸-«p. A©v tIm-Sn-bn-e-[n-Iw G¡À `qanbpw Statue
of Liberty tam³«n-s k-tÃm-hnse tXmakv Pt^Àk¬sâ hoSv, hmjnw-Kv S³
kvamc-Iw, {_qIven³ ]mew XpS-§n-bh AXnÂs]-Spw.
^mkn-ks¯ tImÀ]-td-änkw F¶phnfn-¡p¶Xmhpw IqSp-X Â A`n-
Imayw. ImcWw AXv `c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâbpw hyh-kmbiàn-bp-tSbpw
kwtbm-P-\-a mWv þ ^mjnÌv tkzOm-[ n-] Xn _\otªm aptÊm-fn\n.
165
]pcm-X\ _m_n-tem¬, tdmw, CuPn]väv 19þmw \qäm- nse bqtd¸v , Ata-

cn¡ FÃmw hyà-a m-¡p-¶Xv GXm\pw a\p-jyÀ H¯ptNÀ¶mÂ s]mXp-P-
\s¯ ASn-a-I-fm-¡p-¶-Xn\v km[n¡pw F¶m-Wv. tdms¡-s^-Ã-dn-tâbpw
Iq«m-fn-I-fp-tSbpw ]²Xn GI-temIKh¬saâv krjvSn-¡pI F¶-X m-Wv.
I½yq-Wn-khpw kq¸À apX-em-fn-¯hpw Hcp-an¨vsImp-h ¶v AsXÃmw
Ah-cpsS \nb-{´-W-¯nÂ hcp-¯p-¶Xphgn. A§ns\ Hcp KqVm-tem-N\
\ne-\nÂ¡p¶p F¶v Rm³ hniz-kn-¡p-¶p. Xe-a p-d-I-fmbn A´m-c mjv {S-X -
e-¯nÂ {]mhÀ¯n-I-a m-¡n-h-c p¶ ]²Xn” - ]mÀsaâv AwKw- emcn aIvtUm-
WÀUv 1976.
“\ni_vZ `qcn-]£w F¶Xv \ne-hn-enÃ. Ah-cpsS BÀ¸p-hn-fn-

Ifpw tcmZ-\-§fpw \nb-{ń-¡p-¶Xv \½-fm-Wv. Nn´-bn-Ãm¯ `qcn-] £w
am{X-amWv \ne-h n-ep-ÅXv . \½psS hnt\m-Z-h y-h-km-b-¯nsâ ab-¡p¶
tkh-\-§Äam{X-amWv Ah-cpsS Bizmkw F¶\ne XpS-cp-¶-Xp-hsc AXv
Nn´-bn-ÃmsXXs¶ XpScpw. hnt\mZhyh-kmbw \½Ä \nb{ń¡p¶n-S -
t¯mfwImew \½Ä bP-a m-· mcpw P\-§Ä ASn-a-I -fp-ambn XpScpw. Zn\w
{]Xn-bpÅ ITn-\-amb A²zm\w hnkvt^mS-I m-ßIamb am\-knI AhØ
krjvSn-¡p-t¼mÄ \½Ä XmXv¡m-enI Bizmkw \ÂIp-¶p. sSen-hn-j³
kn\namhyh-km-b-§Ä Bh-iy-amb XmXv¡m-en-I-a mb Nn´mhyXn-N-e-\-
§Ä¡v hgn-bn-Sp-¶p. Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-s ¸-Sp¶ ]cn]mSn-IÄ bpàn-Nn-´sb
t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡m-¯Xpw £p{ZhnIm-c -§Ä hfÀ¯p-¶-X n-\p-thn
{]tXyIw cq]Iev]\ sN¿-s¸-«-Xp-am-Wv. AXn-\ mÂ \½Ä Bh-iy-s¸-Sp¶
coXn-bnÂ {]Xn-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v AhÀ ]cn-io-en-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. bpI-Xn-k-l-am-
bn-«-Ã” ------ lmcÄUv hmsebvkv tdmk³XmÄ (1976 Â hmÄ«À
shäv\n¡v A\p-h-Zn¨ A`n-ap-J-¯nÂ ]d-ªXv. \yqtbmÀ¡nse sk\äÀ
tPbv¡_v sI.-Pm-h nävkvsâ AUvan-\n-kvt{S-äohv Akn-Ìâv . 29 hbkv .
SÀ¡n-bnÂ CuÌm³_qfnse C{km-tben FbÀsse-\nsâ hnam\w dm©p-
¶-Xnsâ CS-bn-epmb shSn-s h-bv]nÂ sImÃ-s ¸-«p.-
C-Ãyq-a n-\m-än-bpsS Øm]-I³ BUw hntjm].v Pkyq«v. F{_lmw
en¦s\ h[n-¨Xv tPm¬ hnÂ¡n-_q¯v ]ns¶ tPm¬ kpÀdmäv. Pkyq-«p-
IÄ. Ah-cpsS ]n¶nse iàn _À\mUv F^v hnKä.v Pkyq-«v.
1946 Â _m¦v Hm^v Cw¥- ns\ tZio-b-h-X v¡-c n¨p . F¶mÂ Ct¸mgpw
\mWbw ]pd-s ¸-Sp-h n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ A[n-Imcw \n£n]vX XmXv]-c y-§Ä¡p-
X-s¶-bm-Wv.
“Btdm Gtgm a\p-jyÀ¡v ]mÀe-saânsâ A\p-h m-Z-an-ÃmsX Xs¶

cmPys¯ bp²-¯n-te¡v \bn-¡p-¶-Xn\v km[n¡pw” B³{Uq -ImÀWn
1886.
166
temI-¯ nse FÃm-bp-²-§Ä¡pw ImcWw The City of London (\Kcw)

F¶v 1910 apXÂ 1919 hsc _m¦v Hm^v Cw¥-nsâ Ub-d-IvS-dm-bn-cp¶
hn³kâv hnt¡Àkv (Economic Tribulation 1940 cited in Knuth “The
Empire Of The City).
{_n«ojv km{amPyw F¶Xv A´m-cmjv{S _m¦ÀamcpsS km¼-
¯nI XmXv]-cy-§-fpsS hn]peo-I -cWw am{X-amWv . Cý, tlm§v
tIm§v, Pn{_mÄ«À F¶nh Cw¥- nsâbÃ adn¨v Inco-S-¯nsâ , \K-c -
¯nsâ tImf-\ n-I -fm-bn-cp-¶p. Ah-sbm¶pw {_n«ojv \nb-a-§Ä¡v hnt[-b-
ambncp¶n-Ã. Cw¥o-jp-ImÀ Ahsb Iogvs¸-Sp¯n IhÀs¶-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\v
_m[y-X-s ¸-«n-cp¶p F¦nepw. Ata-cn-¡³ AÂa-\ mIv ]d-bp-¶Xv
_m¦ÀamÀ Club of the lsles F¶ A\u-tZym-KnI kwLm-X-¯nse AwK-
§-fmWv F¶mWv. Cw¥-nse cmÚn DÄs¸sS bqtdm-¸nse cmP IpSpw-
_mw-K-§Ä AXnse AwK-§fpw . hyh-kmb òa-·m-cmb Royal Dutch
Shell, Imperial Chemical Industries e-\nse Lloyds, Unilever, Lornho,
Rio Tinto Zinc ]ns¶ temI-¯nse Gähpwhen-b -h -{P-hy-h-kmb òa³
Dee Beers . FÃm-än-t\bpw \nb-{ń-¡p-¶Xv Ah-c m-Wv.
Ncn-{X-Im-c³ , P{^n- Ìo³_ÀKv ]d-bp-¶Xv Cw¥-v, Im\-U, Hmkvt{S-

enb , Ata-cn¡ FÃmw Ct¸mÄ ASna Irjn-t¯m-«-§Ä ]ns¶ Social
Engineering \pÅ ]co-£-W-i m-e-I Äam{X-a mWv F¶mWv. AhÀ \K-c -
¯nsâ \nÀt±-i-§Ä¡\p-k-c n¨v {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. skknÂ tdm¯v ]d-
bp¶p sh\o-knse hym]mcw {][m-\ -ambpw PqX-·m-cpsS \nb-{´-W-¯n-em-
bn-cp-¶p. The History of Jews in Venice. 1922Â eqbn auv_mä³, ^nen¸v
cmP-Ip-am-csâ A½m-h ³, cmÚn-bpsS apdbv¡vktlm-Z-c³, temI-¯nse
Gähpw [\n-I -cn-semcm-fmb PqX-_m-¦À GWÌv ImkvÂsâ sNdpa-Isf
hnhmlwsNbvXp. A[nIw bqtdm-]y³{]`p-¡-·mcpw -\Sn-¡p-¶Xv AhÀ
ss__nfnÂ {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ lo{_p-¡-fpsS ]n³Km-a n-I-sf-¶m-Wv.
_³P-a nsâ tKm{X-¯nsâ ]n³Km-a n-I Ä F¶v kzbwIcp-Xp¶ satdm-ho-\n-
b-\p-I-fp-a mbn lm]vkv_ÀKp-a mÀ hnhm-l-¯n-eqsS _Ôp-¡-fm-Wv.
{_n«ojv C{km-tbÂ {]Øm-\-¯ nse ]e {]`p-¡-·mcpw Icp-Xp-
¶Xv C{km-tbense \in-¨ p-t]mb tKm{X-§-fnse Bwt¥m-km-Ivk¬
t\Xmhv {_n«ojv N{I-hÀ¯n F¶mWv. Apocalypse {_n«ojv km{am-Py-Xz-
¯nsâ ]qÀ®-a mb DS¨phmÀ¡-en\v Imc-W-amhpw F¶pw. _mÀ_dm
Atlm ]d-bp-¶Xv {_o«ojv C{km-tb-en-b-k-¯ nÂ hniz-kn-¡p-¶ , tdmkn-
{Iq-kn-b³kn \pw tabvk¬kn\pw Ah-c psS cà-_-Ôp-¡-fnÂ Hcm-fns\
]p\À\nÀ½n-¡-s¸« Pdp-k-te-a nsâ Bcm-[-\m-e-b-¯nse knwlm-k-\-¯nÂ
167
{]Xn-jvTn-¡p-¶-Xn\v ]²-X n-bpv F¶m-Wv. At\Iw \qäm-p-I-fmbn

]n³XpSÀ¶phcp¶ ]²-Xn-bmWv {InkvXp F¶hymtP\ Hcp I]Sc£-
Is\ {]Xn-jvT n-¡Ww F¶Xpw. temIw Ah\v Iogvs¸-SWw F¶Xpw.
_mcn Nmanjv ]d-bp-¶Xv {_o«ojv tabvk-W-dnsb IqSmsX B[p-\nI
C{km-tbÂ Dm-h p-I -bnÃ F¶m-Wv. 1860 IfnÂ tabvk-W-dn-bnÂ \n¶p-
amWv “{_n«ojv- - C{k-tbÂ” {]Øm\w Bcw-`n-¡p-¶X.v {_n«ojv PqX-ta-
bvk¬ IpSpw-_-§-fnÂ {]ap-J-a m-bXv tdm¯vjoÂUvkpw.
PqX KqVm-tem-N\ F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv hmkvX-h-¯nÂ {_n«ojv
km{amPy-Xz-a mWv. kb-Wnkw F¶-dn-b-s ¸-Sp-¶Xv PqX-·m-sc h©n-¡p-¶-Xn-
\pÅ {]Øm\hpw. C¯cw I]S Bi-b-§Ä¡p-taÂ ]Sp-¯p-bÀ¯s¸«
C{km-tbÂ km{amPyw tNmZyw sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶Xv kb-Wn-Ìp-IÄ¡v kzoIm-cy-
am-hnÃ F¶p-ÅXv kzm`m-hn-I-am-W v. PqX-·mÀ¡v Hcp {]tXy-ItZiw thW-
sa-¶pÅ \mSy-¯n-\ p-taÂ , {_n«ojv PqX -{]-`p-¡-·mÀ F® k¼p-jvS-amb
anUnÂ CuÌns\ tImf\nhXv¡-cn-¨p . \njv]-£-sa¶v \Sn-¨psImvXs¶
{_n«\pw Ata-cn-¡bpw PqX-·mÀ¡v [\-k-lm-bhpw ]cn-io-e-\hpw \ÂIn-
bn-cp¶p F¶v {_n«ojv cl-kym-t\z-j-W- D-t±ym-K-Ø³ tPm¬ tImÄa³
]d-bp-¶p. {_n«ojv F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv {]hÀ¯n-bnÂ tdm¯vjoÂUvkpw
tdms¡-s^-Ãdpw Hs¡bm-Wv. C{k-tbÂ AXnsâ krjvSn-bm-Wv. C{k-
tbepw Ata-cn-¡bpw AXnsâ D]-I-c-W-§Äam{Xw . AXv \ntbm-
I¬kÀth-äohvkv F¶-t]-c nÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. P\m-[y-]Xyw F¶Xv
shdpw hmN-I¡ - kÀ¯v am{X-am-Wv.
1919 Â lnäveÀ PÀ½³ tk\bnse cl-kym-t\z-jW Dt±ym-K-Ø-\m-bn-cp-
¶p. {][m-\ -Np-a-Xe PÀ½³ tebv_À ]mÀ«n F¶ XoscsNdnb {]Øm-\ -
¯nsâ {]hÀ¯-§Ä \nco-£n-¡pI F¶-Xpw. Ata-c n-¡³ sÛ-dÂ
dnkÀhnsâ Øm]-I³ t]mÄ hmÀ_ÀKv sâ ktlm-Z-c³ amIvkv
hmÀ_ÀKv cl-kym-t\z-jW hn`m-K-¯nsâ ta[m-hnbpw. lnäveÀ ]n¶oSv
PÀ½³ tebv_À ]mÀ«n-bpsS t\Xm-hmbn. t]mfpw amIvkpw sF.-Pn.
^mÀ_³ F¶ hyh-kmbòasâ D¶XDt±ym-K-Ø -·mcpw. lnäve-dnsâ
kwc-£IÀ _m¦n§v òa-·mcpw lnäveÀ -Ah-cpsS ]mhbpw.
FWÌv lm³^v skäbv³ KvÂ , _m¦Àamcpambpw lnävedpambpw
ASp¯ _Ôw]peÀ¯n. At±lw \mkn-IÄ¡v tImSn-¡-W-¡n\v tUmfÀ
[\-k-lmbw F¯n-¡p-¶-X n\v CS-\ n-e-bmbn {]hÀ¯n-¨ p.
\mkn-khpw kb-Wn-khpw Htc e£y-t¯msS \nÀ½n-¡-
s¸« {]Øm-\ -§-fm-Wv. AXnsâ hfÀ¯Ñ·mÀ _m¦n§v kwLmXhpw.
PqX-·m-cpsS FÃm-k-¼¯pw IhÀs¶-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\p]Icw lnäveÀ Ahsc
Ah-cpsS k¼-¯p-ambn C{km-tb-en-te¡p IpSn-tb-dp-¶-Xn\v A\p-h-Zn-¨p.
FXnÀ¸ns\ t\cn«psImmWv lnäveÀ AXv \S-¸n-em-¡n-bXv F¶v
t]mÂsI³ ]d-bp-¶p. C¶v temIs¯\nb-{ń-¡p¶ Cu iàn PqX-·m-
168
sctbm aäm-sc-sb-¦ n-eptam Ah-cpsS Imcy-km-[y-¯n-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-

Xn\v aSn-¡p-I-bn-Ã.
cmjv{S-§sf GI-temIKh¬saânsâ hàm-¡-fm-¡p-¶ -Xn\v
BZyw Ahsb _e-lo-\-a m-t¡-Xpv AXn\v kp\n-Ýn-X-amb amÀ¤w
P\-§sf ]e-Im-c-W-§-fpsSt]cnÂ X½nÂIe-ln-¸n¨v A[nIw Bbp-[-
§Ä hm§p-¶-Xn-\p-thn hmbv]m-s I-WnbnÂs]Sp¯n, Imcy-ti-jn-bpÅ
a\pjy sc h[n¨,v Ak-·mÀKw hym]n-¸n¨v, at\m-h ocywsISp-¯p-I- F-¶ -
XmWv . CXn\v hne-s ¡-Sp-¡-s¸« cmjv{So-b-¡mÀ, am²y-a -§Ä cl-kym-
t\zjW hn`m-K-§Ä òI-c-kw-L-S-\-I Ä F¶nh D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.
CXmWv Ignª 300 hÀj-¡m-es¯ bYmÀ° Ncn-{Xw. Gähpw ià-
amb Bbp[w F¶Xv hmbv]bpw . kl\w , a\p-jym-h-Im-iw, Zmcn-{Zy-
\nÀ½mÀP\w , bp²w \ncp-Õm-l-s ¸-Sp-¯pI Fs¶m-s ¡-bpÅ ]pI-ad
CXn-\p-thn krjvSn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. P\m-[y-]-Xyw- F-¶Xv kaq-ls¯ \nb-
{ń-¡p-¶ -Xn-\p-th-n-bpÅ Hcp D]-I-cWw am{Xw. apJy-[mcm am²y-a-§Ä ,
hnZym-`ymkw F¶nh sXän-²m-cW ]c-¯p¶Xn\pÅ amÀ¤-§-fpw.
I½yqWn-kw, tkmjy-en-kw, en_-d-enkw, s^-an-\n-kw,- k-b-

Wn-kw,- \n-tbm-I¬kÀth-ä-nkw, -tabv-k-Wdn F¶n-§s\ ]e kwL-S-\ -
Isf _m¦ÀamÀ Ah-c psS e£yw\nd-th-äp-¶-X n-\ mbn D]-tbmKn¡p¶p.
A[nIw AwK-§Ä¡pw Adn-bn-Ãm-¯-I mcyw Ch-sbÃmw ]ptcm-K-a\ Bi-
b-§Ä {]N-c n-¸ n-¡p¶p F¶v `mhn-¡p-¶-t¼mÄ Xs¶ cl-ky-ambn
temIhn¹-h-¯n\vthn {ian-¡p-¶p. AXm-bXv _m¦ÀamcpsS kÀÆm-[n-]-
Xyw.
{_n«o-jvkm-{amPyw {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p-¶Xv PqX-P\m[n-] Xyhpw
{_n«ojv cmP-`-c-Whpw X½n-epÅ ]¦m-fn-¯-am-Wv. The Jews By. Hilaire
Belloc . s_tÃmIv ]dbp-¶Xv {_n«ojv AsÃ-¦nÂ PqX -t\-X r-Xz-¯n-eÅ
temIm-[n]Xyw F¶Xv AÀ°-¯nÂ H¶pXs¶-bm-Wv. AXn\v AhÀ
tabvk-W-dnsb D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶p F¶pw. tabvk-W-dnsbt¸mepÅ PqX- kw-
L-S-\-I Ä krjvSn-¡-s ¸-«Xv PqX-·m-s cbpw 17þmw \qäm-nse aäp hn`m-K-
§tfbpw _Ôn-¸n-¡p¶ I®n-bm-bn-«mWv. tabvk-Wdn {_n«-\ nÂ AXohw
ià-amW.v XpSÀ¶vh¶ cmj{Sob ]mc-¼cyw tabvk-W-dnsb (Pq-X-sc)
kwc£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ D¯-c-hm-ZnXzw , {_n«s\ Npa-X-e-s¸-Sp¯n.
_m¦ÀamÀ ip²-amb ? PqZm-bn-k-s¯-¡p-dnt¨m hwiob hnip-²n-sb-¡p-
dnt¨m hnj-a n-¡p-¶nÃ. \nc-´-c- k-am-[m-\-¯n-\p-th-n-bpÅ \nc-´-c -bp-²-
¯nÂ AhÀ e£-¡-W-¯ n\v apÉo-§-tfbpw IrkvXym-\n-I-tfbpw
sIms¶m-Sp-¡p-¶p. AtXm-s Sm¸w PqX-·m-scbpw .
“Fs´m-s¡-bm-bn-cp-¶p bp²-Ip-ä-Ir-Xy-§Ä F¶v , hnP-bn-IÄ

am{X-amWv \nÝ-bn-¡p-¶Xv” Kymcn hnÂkv
169
“sIme-]m-X-I-¯nsâbpw `bm-\ -I-X-bp-tSbpw `mK-ambn F¶Xp Rm³

shdp-¡p-¶p. Fsâ ]cn-{i-a -§Ä At\Iw Ipªp-§sf Poh-t\msS Nps«-
cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-a mbn. hnb-äv\m-anse shs´-c n-ª- Ip-ªp-§-fpsS
Nn{X-§Ä Fs¶ XIÀ¯pIfªp”.dmÂ^v aIvsK-lo (-ap³ CIA D¶X
Dt±ym-K-Ø³).
“CIA sIme-]m-XIkwL-§sf krjvSn-¡p-Ibpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-I bpw

sNbvXn-cp-¶p. temI-a m-I -am\w , {]tXy-In¨pw aq¶mwtemIcmjv{S-§-fnÂ.
1940 apXÂ apJy-[mcmam[y-a-§Ä CXv {i²n-¡p-¶n-Ã”. dmÂ^v aIvsKlo.
“Ata-c n-¡³ t\Xm-¡-· mÀ hmkvX-h -¯nÂ F´mWvs N¿p-¶Xv F¶Xpw

AhÀ F´psN¿p¶p F¶pv Ata-cn-¡³ P\X hnNm-cn-¡p-¶Xpw , D¶X
cmjv{Sob sI«p-I-Y -I-fpsS {]N-c-W-th-e-bpsS hnP-b-amWv ” ssa¡Â
]tcân.
“AbmÄ Abm-fpsS Poh³ cmjv{S-¯n\pthn \ÂIn F¶v AhÀ ]d-bp-

t¼mÄ F\n¡v shdp-¸m-Wv. AhÀ Ah-c psS Poh³ \ÂIp-¶-XÃ \½Ä
Ahsc h[n-¡p-¶-X mWv” Rear Admiral General R Larocque
“bp²-¯n\v km¼-¯nI A`n-hr²n \ÂIp-¶-Xn\v km[y-a-Ã. hkvXp-¡Ä

\in-¸n-¡p-¶ -Xp-sImv km¼-¯n-I m-`n-hr²n Dm-hn-Ã”. epUvhnKv thm¬
ssaskkv
“\mev hb-ÊnÂ IS-emkpsXm¸nbpw XSn-sImp-Å-hmfpw \½sf FÃmw

P\-dÂamcm-¡p-¶p. NneÀ AXn\vtijw hfÀ¨t\Sp-¶n-Ã”.-]o-äÀ DkvXn-
t\mhv
“H¶p-I nÂ bp²-w Im-e-l-c W-s¸«XmWv. AX-s Ã-¦nÂ a\p-jy³” BÀ
_yqIvan³ÌÀ ^pÅÀ
“Fsâ ]S-bm-fn-IÄ Nnń¨pXpS-§n-bmÂ ]ns¶ Bcpw tk\bnepm-
hnÃ” {Û-dnIv Z s{Kbväv.
“AhnsS bp²-sam¶pw Dm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Xncn-¨-Sn-I -fn-Ã. {]Xn-tcm-[-ti-jn-bn-
Ãm¯ P\-X sb IrXy-ambn \in-¸n-¡p-I -bm-bn-c p-¶p. Iq«-s¡mesN¿p-I-bm-
bn-cp¶p . Cdm-¡nse a®nÂ” dmwsk ¢mÀ¡.v
“Ata-c n-¡-¡p-thn Rm³ Hcn-¡epw am¸p]d-bp-I-bnÃ. kXyw F´m-sW-

¶Xv F\n¡v {]iv\-aÃ” tPmÀPv _pjv 1988
170
1966 se A`n-a p-J -¯nÂ sImfw-_nb kÀÆ-I -em-ime hmsamgn Ncn{X

]²Xn (sF-k-t\m-h À `c-W-s ¯-¡p-dn-¨ v) bpambn _Ô-s ¸«v kwkm-c n-¡p-
t¼mÄ {]okvtIm«v _pjv ( Skull and Bones) sâ XXz-imkv{Xw F¶ \ne-
bnÂ ]d-ªXv , FÃm-¯n\pw Ah-I m-i-s ¸-SpI H¶pw hoi-Zo-I-cn-¡m-Xn-cn-
¡pI FÃmw \ntj-[ n-¡pI. AXv ]Tn-¸ n-¨ Xv ]mÀesaâv AwKw ¢bÀ
_q¯v eyqkv. ssSw sse^v am²yaòasâ DSa sl³{Sn eyqkvsâ `mcy.
sl³{Snbpw S&B (1920) AwK-a m-bn-cp-¶p. tabvk¬, KKK, Skull and Bones,
s_mtl-a n-b³ ¢_v FÃm-änepw AS-§n-bn-c n-¡p¶ ASn-Øm\LSIw ac-
W-t¯m-SpÅ {]Xn-] -¯n-bm-Wv. Xe-tbm-«nbpw FÃpIfpw F¶ hnNn-{X-amb
kwL-S\ “ih-¡-Ãd” F¶t]cpÅ sI«n-S-¯nÂ H¯ptNcp-¶p. \á-cmbn
ih-s ¸-«n-bnÂInS¶v Ah-c psS Gähpw Ccp KmV-a mb ssewKnI cl-
ky-§Ä ]d-ªp-sIm-mWv AwK-ambn tNÀ¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-\pÅ NS-§p-IÄ
\S-¯p-¶Xv ( The Last Secrets of Skull and Bones. Ron Rosenbaum ) .
{^nävkv kv{]n§van-bÀ ]d-bp-¶Xv CIA bpw FBI bpw tNÀ¶v CÃyq-an-\män
s_mlo-a n-b³ kwL-¯n\vthn hÀj-§-tfmfw Ipªp-§sf
sImph¶n-cp¶p F¶m-Wv. ]cn-hÀ¯\w sN¿-s ¸-tS Ipªp-§sf
`b-N n-I n-X-cm-¡p-¶-X n\p thn AXnÂ Ipd¨pIpªp-§sf
IpcpXnsImSp¯n-cp-¶p F¶pw. C{]-I mcw Ipªp-§sf sImphcp-¶-Xn\v
Npa-X-e-bp-m-bn-cp¶ Nne- BÄ¡m-cpsS t]cvhnh-c-§Ä At±-l-¯nsâ
amkw-tXm-dp-apÅ \yqkv seä-dnÂ {]kn-²o-I -cn-¨n-cp-¶p. km³X- tdm-k-
bnse cl-ky-amb FEMA FbÀt]mÀ«nÂ cm{Xnap-gp-h\pw hnam\w h-cp-
Ibpw t]mhp-I bpw sN¿p-¶p. CXnÂ NneXv Ing-t¡m«vt]mbn 1800 kvI zbÀ
ssa-enÂ cl-ky-ambn {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ China Lake Naval Research centre
ÂsN¶v ]cn-hÀ¯\w ( Program ) sN¿-s ¸-tS Ipªp-§sf sImp-h -
cp-¶p. A[n-ImcnIÄ km³X tdmk-bnÂ C{]-I mcw {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä\S-¡p-
¶-Xmbn AwKo-I-c n-¡p-¶n-Ã. hmkvX-h-¯nÂ AXv {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p-
pXm\pw. km³X tdmk¡p kao-] -amWv s_mlo-a n-b³ t{Kmhv. km³X
tdmk-bpsS sX¡p]Sn-ªmd.v s]mXp-P-\-§Ä¡v {]kvX pX FbÀt]mÀ«v
D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-X n\vkm[y-a -Ã. AXv cmw temI alm-bp-²-Im-e¯v \nÀ½n-
¡-s¸-«Xpw 1952 Â D]-tbmKw \ndp-¯-em-¡n-b-Xp-amWv. bp²-¯n\ptijw
CIA t]mepÅ kzImcy I¼-\ n-I Ä¡v AXv D]-tbm-K-¯n\v \ÂIn-bn-c p-¶p.
AhnsS Nne AXohwcl-ky-a mb {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä \S¶phcp¶p.
AhnsS\n¶pw]pd-s¸-Sp¶ hnam\§Ä 100 aoä-dn-e-[nIw Db-c-¯n-se-¯p-¶-
Xp-hsc sseäp-IÄ {]Im-in-¸n-¡p-¶n-Ã.
D¶-X-· m-c psS kwLm-X-a mb s_mlo-an-b³ t{Kmhn\-Sp¯v C{Xbpwcl-ky-
amb {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä\S-¡p¶p F¶Xv {]tXyIw {i²bÀln-¡p-¶p. D¶-
XÀ temI-¯nse kI-e-`m-K¯p\n¶pw s_mlo-an-b³ t{KmhnÂ F¯n-t¨-
cp-¶p. AXv tam³sS dntbm F¶`mK-¯ m-Wv. D¶-X-·m-c psS DÃm-k-¯n-\p-
171
thn ASn-a-I sf Ønc-ambn AhnsS ]oV-IÄ GÂ¸n-¡p-¶p. Ccpapdn-

I-fnepw ih-cXnapdn-I-fnepw. ImSp-I-fnÂ ASn-a-Isf th«-bm-Sp-Ibpw hnt\m-
Z-¯ n-\p-th-nbpw B`n-N mc{Inb-IÄ¡pthnbpw ,Ip-ªp-§sf
IcpXnsImSp-¡p-I bpwsN¿p-¶Xv km[m-c-W-a m-Wv. Ipªp-§sf
]e`mK¯p\n¶pw China Lake te¡v sImp-h-cp-¶p.
kvtIm«njv Rite sâ aqe-{KÙw F¶vh nti-jn-¸n¡-s¸-Sp¶ BÂ_À«v

ss]¡nsâ 1871 se Morals and Dogma of the Ancient and Accepted
Scottish Rite Masonry bnÂ]d-bp¶p C¶pw ap³]pw GsXms¡ t]cnÂ
Adn-b-s ¸-«mepw C¶pÅcq]-¯nÂ tabvk-Wdn \ne-\ n-¶n-c p-¶p. AXnsâ
Bßm-hnepw lrZ-b-¯nepw. eqkn-^À shfn¨w sImp-h-c p-¶h³, eqkn-
^À {]`m-X-¯nsâ ]p{X³. Ah-\mWv {]Im-iw- sImphcp-¶-Xv. kwi-bw-
H-«ptath. -B -KÌv 15 \v Cä-men-b³ hn¹ht\Xmhv Kyqks¸ aÊo-\n-
¡pÅ I¯nÂ \h-temI{Iaw sImvhcp-¶-Xn\pthn-bpÅ A\n-hm-cy-
amb bp²-s¯-¡p-dn¨v BÂ_À«v ss]Iv {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p¶p . `mhn-bnse òa-
i-àn-I Ä X½n-epÅbp²w CÉmapw PqZm-bn-khpw X½n-epÅ kv]À[-bnÂ
XpS-§p-¶-Xm-sW¶v ss]Iv ]d-bp-¶p.
Ignª Iptd\qäm-p-I -fmbn tPmÀ±m³, cl-ky-kw-L-S-\ -I-fpsS Xmh-f-
amW.v anUnÂCuÌnse B {]-tZ-i s¯ cmjv{So-bs¯ s]mXp-hnÂ a\-Ên-
em-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶-X n-t\-¡mÄ hfscA[nIw Xnc-Èo-e¡p]n¶nÂ\n¶v kzm[o-\n-
¡p-I bpw sN¿p-¶p.
1996 Â C{km-tb-enÂ tabvk-W-dn-bpsS ]pXnbimJ \ne-hnÂh¶p. kÀ
tamkkv tam³s«^ntbm-dn-bpsS \ma-¯nÂ. At±lw \Ym³ tdm¯v joÂ
Unsâ `mcymktlm-Z-c \pw. C{kmtben kp{]ow tabvtkm-WnIv Iu¬kn-
ensâ Øm]-I ³, Ckm¡v {KmÊn-bm-\n-.
1871 Â kb-Wnkw ià-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. ss]¡nsâ I¯nÂ kb-Wnkw
F¶ ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶p. I¯v bYmÀ°-¯n-epÅXvX s¶. I½yq-WnÌv
djybpw ^mknÌv cmjv{S-§fpw \ne-hn-ep-m-b n-c p-¶n-Ã. A[nIw\mÄ AXv
s]mXpZÀi-\-¯n\v e`y-am-bn-cp-¶p. ss]¡nsâ I¯v hmbn-¡p-¶-h À¡v
t_m[y-am-hp-¶Xv Ncn{Xw bmZr-Ýn-I-a -Ã. AXv Icp-Xn-Iq-«n-bpÅ {]hÀ¯-\ -
§-fpsS ]cn-WnXê-a m-Wv. CÉmapw C{k-tbepw \ioI-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-\p-
thn CÃyq-an-\män hfÀ¯n-s ¡mvhcp-¶-Xm-Wv.
{]^-kÀ KÀtjmw kvtImfw Bg-ta-dnb Kth-j-W-§Ä \S-¯n-b n-c p-¶p.
At±lw ]dbp¶p 1750 Â cNn¨ dm_n bmt¡mhv FwUsâ ]pkvX-I-§Ä
sXfn-bn-¡p-¶Xv Bdv hmepÅ tUhn-Unsâ \£{Xw F¶Xv tabvk-Wnsâ
AS-bm-f-a m-s W¶pw AXv PqX-·m-cpsStaÂ sI«n-tbÂ¸n-¨-Xm-sW-¶pw.
172
UN, EEC , {_n«ojv ]mÀe-s aâ,v Ata-cn-¡³ Kh¬sa-âv F¶n-h-bnse

Gähpw D¶-X -amb Øm\-§Ä , tabvk¬kv AsÃ-¦nÂ \h-temI{Ia-
¯nsâ aäp ]nWn-bm-fp-I Ä ssIb-S¡nh¨n-c n-¡p-¶p. Cw¥nepw
shbvÂknepw 7 e£w, temI-a m-I -am\w 60 e£-¯nÂ A[nIw
tabvk¬kv . {_n-«-\nse s]mXp-P-\-¯n\v Ahsc¡pdn¨v A[nIw Adn-b-n-
Ã. 60 iX-am-\-t¯mfw BÀ¨v _nj-¸ p-a mcpw tabvk-Wp-I-fmW.v AhÀ cl-
ky-a mbn sNIp-¯m³tkh \S-¯p-¶p (The Brotherhood and Satanic
Voices)
Sunday A-Yhm Sun God Day Ah[n Znh-k-a m-bn-c n-¡p-¶ -Xnsâ ImcWw
At\z-jn-¡p-¶Xv \Ã-Xm-bn-c n-¡pw.
C¶s¯ kb-Wn-Ìp-I Ä C{km-tbÂ PqX·mc-Ã. AhÀ I]S Jkm-dn-b³
Aj-vsI-\ mkn PqX-·m-cm-Wv. kb-Wn-Ìp-I-fmWv bYmÀ°-¯nÂ skaänIv
hncp-²À. AhÀ ss__nÄ PqX-·m-sc¶v \Sn-¡p-¶p. C¶v A[nIw {]Nmcw
t\Snhcp-¶- aXw {]IrXn]qP-bmW.v AXnsâ hIvX m-¡Ä ]pcm-X-\- tZhn
(t]bvK³) sb ]p\-c p-Po-h n-¸ n-¡p-¶p. AXnsâ AS-bm-f-amb 5 hmepÅ
\£{Xw ho\-knsâ AS-bm-f-amWv . ]pcm-X\ Ipcn-ip-bp-²-§Ä¡pNc-Sp-h -
en-¨Xv tabvtkm-WnIv Jkm-dp-I-fm-bn-c p-¶p.
djy-bnÂ I½yq-WnÌv ssIb-S-¡-en\v t\XrXzw\ÂInb , ^mkn-kw,
\mknkw Hs¡ cq]Iev]-\-s NbvX , AtX [\iàn-IÄXs¶-bmWv
ssN\-bnÂ I½yq-WnÌv ssI¿-S-¡-en\v Np¡m³]nSn-¨X.v AXvsImv
FÃm ssN\-¡mcpw CÃyq-a n-\ n-k-¯nsâ kb-Wn-k-¯nsâ Nph¶\£-{X-
¯n\v A`n-hmZyw AÀ¸n-¡p¶p. 33 Un{Kn tabvk¬ {Km³Uv amÌ-
dmbncp¶ Nn-bmMv ssItj-¡ns\ Ata-cn¡ h©n-¨p. 1948 Â I½yq-
WnÌvdjy hgn ssN\okv I½yq-Wn-Ìp-ItfmSv Ata-cn¡ Iqdv{]Jym-]n-¨p .
1949 P\p-hcn 31 \v Ata-cn-¡³ Sm¦p-IÄ¡pÅnÂ I½yq-Wn-Ìp-IÄ
]o¡nwKv te¡v Xncn-¨p. kb-WnÌvv D]-tZ-i-I-c psS ]n³Xp-W-tbmsS Iq«-
s¡m-e-bmfn sNbÀam³ amthm Agn-ªmSn. sl³{Sn In-Ên³Pdp-sSbpw
Ata-cn-¡³ P\-kwJym hIp-¸n-sâbpw H¯m-i-tbmsS Iwt_m-Unb-bnse
JaÀtdmKv Â t{SmSvkvIn-bnÌv ]co-£-W-§Ä òXn-P-\ -I-amb k¼qÀ®X
ssIh-cn-¨ p. amthm-bpsS òIc`c-Ws¯¡pdn¨v [\n-I-\ mb CÃyq-an-\män
tUhnUv tdms¡s^-ÃÀ ]d-ªXv a\pjyNcn-{X-¯nse Gähpw {][m-\ hpw
hnP-b-I-c-hpamb ZuXy-§-fnÂH¶v F¶m-Wv. ( The New York Times
August 10 1973 )
BÂ_À«v ss]Iv (1859 -þ 1891) aq¶v temI-a-lm-bp-²-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw aq¶v
hn¹-h-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw At±-l-¯nsâ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ ]d-bp-¶p. H¶mw
temI -a-lm-bp²w aq¶v bqtdm-] y³ km{am-Py-§Ä XIÀ¡p-¶-Xn\pthn.
AXnÂ H¶v \nco-izchmZ-¯nÂ A[n-jvTn-X-a mb ka-{Km-[n-]-X y-¯nsâ (I-
½yqWnk¯nsâ) tI{µ-Øm-\-a m-bn-c n-¡Ww F¶pw . cmw temIalm-
bp²w XpS-t§-Xv PqZ-mbn-khpw (k-b-Wn-kw) Xo{h-bq-tdm-] y³ tZio-b-
173
Xbpw (\m-kn-kw) X½n-ep-Å D{Khntcm-[-¯nÂ\n¶pw. CXv bqtdm-¸ns\

km¼-¯n-I-a mbpw cmjv{So-ambpw ZpÀ_-e-s ¸-Sp-¯p-sa¶pw , I½yq-Wn-
ks¯ {InkvX p-a -X-t¯m-sSm¸wià-a m-¡p-sa¶pw DÅ-Xn-\p-th-n. asämcp
Dt±yiw kb-WnÌv cmjv{S-a mb ]me-kvXo³sâ krjvSn-bpw. {ItaW AXv
CÉm-ap-ambn Dckn temIiàn-Isfapgp-h³DÄsIm-Ån-¡p¶ bp²w DS-s e-
Sp-¡p-¶-X n\pthn.
BZys¯ cv hn¹-h-§Ä djy³ hn¹-hhpw ssN\okv
hn¹-h-hpw. CÃyq-an-\m-än-bpsS Dt±yi-§Ä ê-{]m-]vXn-bnÂ F¯p-I-bm-
sW-¦nÂ djy, PÀ½-\ n,- P-¸ m³, Ata-cn¡ FÃmw k¼qÀ®-ambn \in-¸n-¡-
s¸«v , hyh-Ømc-lnX Iog-S-§-en\v ]cp-h-s a-¯pw. ss]im-Nn-I -amb Cu
]²-Xn-IÄ H«p-an-¡Xpw {]mhÀ¯n-I-am-bn-I-g nªp. Ah-km\L«-s ¯-¡p-
dn¨v ss]Iv Fgp-Xp¶p . \nln-en-Ìp-I-sfbpw \nco-izchmZn-I-sfbpw Agn-¨p-
hn«v kaq-ls-¯bmI-am\w _m[n-¡p¶ Ac-£n-Xm-hØ krjvSn-¡pw.
k¼qÀ® \nco-izchmZ-¯nsâ {]Xym-LmX§-fpsS òIcê-§Ä Fs´m-
s¡-sb¶v t_m[y-a m-hpw. òI-c hpw cà-cq-£n-Xhp-amb Ac-£n-Xm-h -Ø.
]ns¶ {InkvXp-a-Xhpw \nco-iz-c-hm-Zhpw ]qÀ®-a mbn \in-¸n-¡-s ¸-Spw.
PÀ½³ Nm³k-eÀ (1991) slÂap«v jva näv ]d-bp-¶p. “”Rm³ CFR , TC ,

Bilderberg F¶n-h-bnse AwK-am-Wv. temIKh¬saâvs Imphcp-¶-Xn\v
thn Rm³ Imcy-a mbn {]b-Xv\ n-¨ p. temI-¯nsâ hnhn[ `mK-§-fnÂ
\n¶pw GI-temIhIvXm-¡Ä FÃm th\Â¡me¯pw t{Kmhn-te¡v h¶p
tNcp-¶p. PÀ½-\n-bnÂ B`n-Nm-c-{InbsN¿p¶ t{Kmhp-I-fpv F¶mÂ
Gähpw {]nb-s¸-«Xv s_mlo-an-b³ t{KmhvXs¶-bmWv. s_mlo-a n-b³
t{KmhnÂ bmYm-Ø n-Xn-Icpw ]cn-jvI-cWhmZn-I fpw Hcpt]mse ]s¦-Sp-¡p-
¶p. HcpIme¯v Ata-c n-¡-bnse Gähpw hniz-kvX-\mb a\p-jy³ F¶v
t]sc-Sp¯ hmÄ«À t{Im¬ssIäv DÄs¸sS””.
s\Âk¬ XmÂ (se-\n-»qw) , tämw sl\n-J³, sjÀa³ kvtImÄ\nIv

Ch-c psS CâÀs\ävv tdUntbm]cn-]mSn t¢m¡v B³Uv Um¤À Â 2004
Pqsse-bnÂ {]kn-Uâv tPmÀPv U»yq _pjv sNIp-¯m³tkh-bnÂ 17
t]cpsS sIme-]m-X-I-¯nÂ ]¦m-fn-bmbncp¶p F¶v (1984 Â) Ah-Im-i -
s¸«p. 2000 se sXc-s ª-Sp-¸ p -{]-Nm-cWthf-bnÂ {]kvXpX kw`-h-s¯-
¡p-dn-¨pÅ tNmZy-¯ n\v _pjv adp]Sn\ÂIn-bn-Ã. h[n-¡-s ¸«hcnÂ Hcm-
fpsS ico-c-¯nÂ _pjvs â ]Ãnsâ ]mSp-I Ä Dm-bn-c p-¶p. AÑ³ _pjv ,
At±-lhpw sNIp-¯m³tkh \S-¯n-h-cp¶p, {]kvXpX kw`-hs¯
ad¨ph¡p-¶-X n\v klm-bn-¨p. _pjn-s \-Xnsc _emÂ¡m-c-¯n\v
tIkvsImSp¯ amÀKn tjmUn³KÀ ac-W-s ¸-«-\ n-e-bnÂ ImW-s ¸-«p. tPm¬
sIdn Cw¥-nse {]mb-]qÀ¯n-bm-I m¯ s]¬Ip«nIfp-a mbn {Iqc-amb
ssewKnIhr¯n ]peÀ¯p ¶ hoUntbm At±-ls¯ òj-Wn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-
Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-«p. sl\n-J³ ]d-bp-¶Xv , tPm¬ sIdn {_n«ojv cl-
kym-t\z-jW hn`m-K-a mb MIþ6 se GPâv F¶m-Wv. sIdnbpw _pjpw
174
Skull and Bones F¶ cl-kym-ß-I-a mb sNIp-¯m³tkhm- kw-L-¯nse

AwK-§fpw, _Ôp-¡-fp-am-Wv. P\m-[n-]Xyw F¶ {]l-k\w CÃyqan-\m-än-
bpsS \nb-{´-W-¯n-epÅ am²y-a-§Ä BtLm-jn-¡p-¶p.
t¢m¡v Bâv Um¤À dnt¸mÀ«vs NbvXn-c p¶ asämcpImcyw Im\U
{][m\a{ń t]mÄ amÀ«nsâ IpSpw-_-¯nsâ DS-a-Ø-X-bn-ep-m-bn-cp¶
I¸-ep-IÄ sIms¡bv³ IÅ-¡-S-¯ n\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶p F¶v. 2004
Pqsse-bnÂ A[n-Im-c n-IÄ 52 tImSn cq]bpsS sIms¡bv³ ]nSns¨Sp-¯p.
sl\n-J³ ]d-bp-¶Xv Ata-cn-¡³ am²y-a -§Ä , Ata-c n-¡³ P\-X-bpsS
i{Xp-¡-fmWv F¶mW.v Pkyq-«p-I Ä CÃyq-a n-\ män-bpsS `mK-a m-Wv. temI-
¯nse Gähpw [\n-I -cmb Nne IpSpw_m-K§fpw. tdm¯vjoÂUvkv
tdms¡-s^ÃÀ, hn³UvkÀ FÃmw PÀ½³hwi-Pcpw, tdmw Dambn tNÀ¶v
{]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-hcpw. amÀIvknsâ \qtdmfwhcp¶ cN-\-I-fnÂ 13 F®w
am{Xw {]kn²-s¸-Sp-¯n-bXv I½yq-Wn-k-¯nsâ bYmÀ°apJw ad¨ph¡p-
¶-Xn-\m-bn-cp¶p F¶v hne-bn-cp-¯-s¸-Sp-¶p. ka-{Km-[n-]Xyw F¶ Bibw
{]N-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-thn hne-s¡Sp-¯-X mWv ImÄ amÀIvkns\. amÀIvkv
sNIp-¯m³tkh-I-\m-bn-cp-¶p. sNIp-¯m³tkh-I-cpsS {]tXy-I -{]-Xn-P-
R-bmWv “H¶pw kXy-a -Ã. FÃmw A\p-h-Zn-¡-s ¸-«n-c n-¡p-¶p” F¶Xv .
I½yq-WnÌv am\n-s^-tÌm-bnÂ amÀIvkv ]d-bp¶p FÃmaX-§fpw k·mÀK-
§fpw \in-¸n-¡-s ¸Spw . FÃmw A\p-h-Zn-¡-s ¸-«n-c n-¡p-¶p.
B[p-\ nI ]mÝm-Xykaq-l-¯nsâ aXw skIyq-emÀ lyqa-\ nkw , CÃyq-an-
\n-k-¯nsâ {]Øm-\-a m-Wv.
U.N se GI Bcm-[-\m-ebw \S-¯p-¶Xv eqkn-^À {SÌpw AhnsS

{]XnjvTn¨n-c n-¡p¶ GI {]Xna t]bvK³ ssZhw knbq-kn-tâ-Xp-a m-Wv.
]pcm-X\ {]`p-¡-·mÀ B`n-Nm-c -{Inb krjvSn-¨ Xpw {]N-cn-¸n-¨Xpw ]ns¶
hn{K-lm-c m-[\ t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¨Xpw P\-§-fpsS {i² Ah-bnÂ Xf-¨n-Sp-¶-
Xn\pw, Bk-a-b¯v X§-fpsS k¼¯v hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-¶-X n\pwthn-bmWv.
\yqtbmÀ¡nepw sNÌ-dnepw Xma-kn-¨ ncp-¶-h À 31st March 50 _n.-kn.-bnÂ

CuÌ-dnÂ? th Hcp-¡-§Ä\S-¯p-a m-b n-c p-¶p ? . 25th Unkw-_dnse
{InkvX p-a -kns\ ? XpSÀ¶v. A¶mWv I\y-I-bmb A½bv¡v Kpl-bnÂh¨v
_mÂ AYhm an{X F¶ Ipªv P\n-¨Xv. At±-l-¯n\v 12 injy-·m-c p-m-
bn-cp-¶p. At±-ls¯ IpªmSv F¶v hnfn-¨ n-c p-¶p. At±-l-s¯ c£-I³
F¶p hnfn-¨n-c p-¶p. At±-l-¯nsâ injy-·msc Úm\-kv\ m-¯n-eqsS ]cn-
hÀ¯\wsNbvXn-cp-¶p. At±-l-¯nsâ HmÀ½-¡mbn _en-h n-cp¶v\S-¯n-bn-
cp¶p. C¶s¯ {InkvXy³ BNm-c-§-fp-a mbn HtcHcp hyXymkw t]cnÂ
am{X-am-Wv. aq¶mw Znhkw DbÀs¯-gp-t¶äp. {Ko¡nÂ At¸mtfm AsÃ-
175
¦nÂ _m¡qkv AYhm Utbm-\ n-k-kv. tdmanÂ slÀIyq-enk.v t]Àjy-bnÂ

an{X.- kn-dn-bnÂ Dw ss{^Kn-b-bnepw AtUm-Wnkv AsÃ¦nÂ Bän-kv.
CuPn-] -änÂ Hssk-dn-kv ]ns¶ tlmd-kv.- _m-_n-tem-Wn-b-bnÂ ]ns¶
ImÀ¯m-Kn-\ n-b-bnÂ s_Â , _mÂ.
tabvk-W-dn-bpsS {][m\ AS-bm-f-ambn kzoI-cn-¡-s¸-«n-c n-¡p-

¶Xv Hcn-¡Â ]pcm-X\ CuPn-] vänÂ Dmbncp¶ H_-enkvI v tKm]p-c-am-
Wv. h¯n-¡m-\ nepw tdmanepw A¯cw 13 H_-en-kvI p-I -fpv. CuPn-]vänÂ
\n¶pw tabvk-Wp-IÄ sImph¶-XmWv \yqtbmÀ¡nepw e-\nepw ]mcn-
knepw BZy-Im-e¯v Øm]n-X-a mb H_-en-kv¡q-I Ä. _m¡qkv AsÃ-¦nÂ
Utbm-\n-kkv , I\y-I-bmb kv{XobnÂ P\n-¨ -h³. Una-äÀ F¶
kv{XobnÂ. Ahsc ssks_se F¶pw Nne-t¸mÄ sksdkv Ceres F¶pw
hnfn-¨n-cp-¶p. CeresÂ \n¶pw cq]wsIm-X mWv Cereal . AXv
tdm¯vjoÂUnsâ _m¦v Hm^v Cw¥nsâ Id³kn-bnÂ tKmX-¼nsâ
Xmbn kzoI-cn-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. temI-am-I-am\w ]nimN-pIog-S¡n. ssZh-
§-fpsS ssZhw a\pjyIpe s¯ kwc-£n-¡p-¶-Xn\v `qan-bnÂ Ah-X-cn-¨p.
Xsâ aI³ temIs¯ ssZ\y-X-I-fnÂ\n¶pw c£n-¡p-¶-Xn\v hcp-sa¶v
Pq¸n-äÀ {]Jym-]n-¨p. c£-Is\ At±lw hmKvZm\wsNbvX p.- c-£-I-\mbn
_m¡qkv h¶ptNÀ¶p. _m¡pkv GI-Pm-X-\ mb ]p{X³ F¶v hnfn-¡-
s¸«p . Rm³ \n§sf \bn¡pw F¶v _m¡qkv ]d-ªp. At±lw k©m-
cn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. hoªv sImp-h-¶p. shÅ-¯ns\ hoªm-¡nam-än. PÌn³
amÀ«nÀ ]d-bp-¶p. tPmsh-bpsS k´-Xn-IÄ¡v Zpcn-X-§Ä km[m-c-W-am-bn-
cp-¶p. AXn-\mÂ AhÀ c£-I³, hntam-N-I ³, IpcpXnsImSp-¡-s ¸-«-h³
Fs¶ms¡ Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. a\p-jy-Ip-es¯ tamNn-¸n-¡p-¶-X n-\pthn
_m¡qkv Dw IpcpXn sImSp-¡-s ¸«p. ]m]-§Ä Gäp-h m-§n-b-h³. _m¡q-
knsâ ac-Whpw ]ns¶ DbnÀs¯-gp-t¶Â]pw hn]p-e-ambn BtLm-jn-¡-
s¸-Sp-¶p.
U.K.bnÂ 800 Â A[nIw tabvk¬ imJ-I Ä {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. 1694 Â

_m¦v Hm^v Cw¥v Øm]n-X-am-b-Xn\ptijw e-\ mWv \h-temI{Ia-¯n
sâ tI{µw.
“tabvk-Wdn Fs¶-t¶-¡p-ambn \ndp-¯-em-¡-s¸tSXm-Wv. AXv
sXämWv. XnI¨pw sXämWv. ]nim-Nnsâ k´-Xn. AXn\v Hcn-¡epw \·
{]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xn\v km[y-a-Ã”. tPm¬ Izn³kn BUwkv (6þmwas¯
Ata-cn-¡³ {]kn-Uâv) .
1934 NEA ( National Education Association ) {][m-\ -ambpw tdms¡-s^-Ã-dn-
sâbpw ImÀWo- û-t-j-\p-I-fp-sSbpw [\klm-b-t¯msS tPm¬
Unsh-bpsS XXz-im-kv{X-§Ä lyqa-\ n-kw, tkmjy-en-kw, t¥m_-enkw F-
¶-nh ssIs¡m-Åp-Ibpw ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶ -Xn\v Xocp-a m\amhp-IbpwsNbvXp.
AXn-\n-S-bnÂ tPm¬ Unsh djy-bn-te¡vIS¶v AhnsS amÀIvknÌv hnZym-
`ymk ]²Xn Bhn-jv¡-c n-¨ p. 1891 Â tdms¡-s^Ãdnsâ [\-k-lm-b-
176
t¯msS jn¡mtKm kÀÆ-I-em-ime \ne-hnÂh¶p. 1894 Â ]ptcm-K-a \

hnZym-`ym-k-¯nsâ ]nXmhv F¶-dn-b-s ¸« tPm¬ Unsh , jn¡mtKm kÀÆ-
I-em-im-e-bnÂ A²ym-]\w Bcw-`n-¨ p. 1901 Â tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ kÀÆ-I-em-
ime (Rock efeller Institute of Medical Research ) \ne-h nÂh¶p. 1902 Â
tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ P\-dÂ FUyq-t¡-j³ t_mÀUv \ne-h nÂh¶p. FBI bpsS
cq]o-I-c-Whpw tdms¡-s^-Ã-dnsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂXs¶. 1913 Â tdms¡-s ^-
ÃÀ ût-j³ \ne-hnÂh¶p.
Ir{Xn-a -ambn krjvSn¨ km¼-¯nI Ac-£n-X-X zs¯ XpSÀ¶v 1908 Â k`
BÂ{Un¨v hvdoem³Uv \nbaw \S-¸m¡n. AXv tZiob \mWb I½o-jsâ
Øm]-\-¯n\v Imc-W-ambn. s\Âk¬ BÂUn¨v s\ AXnsâ A²y-£ -
\mbn \nb-a n-¨p. s\Âk¬ sâ aI³ Aºn, tPm¬ Un tdms¡-s ^-Ã-
dnsâ aIsf hnhmlwsNbvX p. 1913 Â sk\-äÀ s\Âk¬ BÂ{Un¨,v
sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv \nbaw sImp-h-c p-¶-X n-\ pÅ \nÀt±iw kaÀ¸n-¨p. 1920
Â tdms¡-s ^-Ã-dnsâ klm-b-t¯msS League of Nations Øm]n-X-ambn .
Ct¸m-g s¯ U.N sI«nSw ØnXn-sN-¿p¶ Øew, \yqtbmÀ¡nÂ tdms¡-
s^-Ã-dnsâ kw`m-h -\-bm-Wv. 1921 Â CFR sâ cq]o-I-c-W-¯n\v km¼-
¯nIklmbw \ÂIn-b-h-c nÂ {]ap-JÀ sP.-]n. tamÀK³, _À\mUv _dq-¨v,
Hmt«m- Im³ , tPbv¡_v jn^,v t]mÄ hmÀ_ÀKv, tPm¬ Un tdms¡-s ^-
ÃÀ . FÃmw sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhnsâ Øm]-IÀ . duv tSbv_n-fnsâ klm-
b-t¯msS. 1921 Â CFR sâ {]apJ Ub-d-IvSÀamÀ hmÄ«À en]va ³,
AUvembv Ìoh³k¬, sskdkv hm³kv, kv_náyq {_nk-kn³kvIn,
tdm_À«v. H.-B³tUÀk¬,- t]mÄ thmÄ¡À, -Xn-tbm-UÀ Fw.
slkv_ÀKv, sebv³ InÀIve³Uv, tPmÀÖv.F¨v.U»yq._pj,v sl³{Sn
InÊn³PÀ, tUhnUv tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ, tPmÀÖv jÂ«vk,v Ae³
{Ko³kv]m³, {_âv kvtImhvt{Im^väv, Po³. sP. InÀIv]m-{SnI,v
dn¨ÀUv._n.-s N-\n.
\nIpXnclnX ût-j-\p-I-fpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä At\z-jn-¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn
\ntbm-Kn-¡-s ¸« dokv I½nän , Ah-bpsS A´m-c mjv{ S [\-kw-L-mX§-f- p-
am-bpÅ _Ô-§Ä At\z-jn-¡sh, tdms¡s^ÃÀ, t^mÀUv, ImÀ\o,
Kp¤³low ût-j -\p-Isf {]tXyI At\z-j-W-¯n\v hnt[-b-a m-¡n.
]ns¶ National Education Association, tPm¬ Unsh skmsskän,
bpssW-äUv t\j³kv Atkm-kn-tb-j³ , CFR F¶n-h-sbbpw. tUmIvSÀ
BÂ{Ûv In³sk-bpsS ]T-\-§Ä¡v {][m-\-ambpw km¼-¯nIklmbw
e`n-¨ n-c p-¶Xv tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ ût-j-\nÂ\n¶pw. ]T-\-¯nsâ Dt±yiw
ssewKnI kzmX{ýw Øm]n-s¨-Sp-¡pI ( Promiscuity ) F¶Xpw. AXv
I]-S-a mb Aim-kv{Xo-b-amb sI«n-¨-a-bv¡-s¸« Ip-]n-Sn-¯-§-fn-eqsS.
\mj-WÂ dnkÀ¨v Iu¬kn-ensâ taÂt\m«-¯ nÂ. dokv I½nän Is-
¯n-bXv NEA ]ns¶ aäv- At\Iw hnZym-`ymkkwL-S-\-I Ä hnZymÀ°n-
177
Isf FI temI{Ia-¯nsâ hàm-¡-fm-¡p-¶-X n-\ pthn tkmjy-en-k hpw

t¥m_-en-khpw ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶p F¶m-Wv. bpssW-äUv t\j³kv Atkm-kn-
tb-j³ , The Institute of Pacific Relation, CFR XpS§n At\Iw kwL-S-
\-I-fn-eqsS. BtKmfXmXv]-c y-§Ä kwc-£n-¡p-¶-Xn\v kwLm-X-¯ n\v (
CARTEL ) km[n-¡p-¶p.- knknÂ tdmUvknsât]cnÂ Øm]n¨ tdmUvkv
kvtImfÀjn]v, þ At±lw tdm¯vjoÂUvkp-a mbpw bqtdm-]y³ tabvk-W -
dn-bp-ambpw hfsc ASp¸w]peÀ¯n-bn-c p-¶p. þ D]-tbm-Kn¨v temI-¯nse
Gähpw _p²n-a m-· m-c mb a\p-jysc CÃq-an-\n-k-¯n-te¡v sImphcp-¶-
Xn\,v t¥m_-enkw {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-¶ -Xn\v ]cn-{i-a n¨phcp¶p .
dokv I½n-än-bpsS dnkÀ¨v Ub-d-I vSÀ t\mÀa³ tUmUv Hcn-¡Â
At\zjW¯n-\nsS t^mÀUv ût-jsâ BØm-\ a-µn-c -¯n-te¡v
£Wn-¡-s¸-«p. F¨v . tdmh³ sKbvXÀ , t^mÀUv ût-j³ {]kn-Uâv
]d-ªXv R§Ä R§-fpsS {Kmâv \ÂIp-¶-Xn-\pÅIgn-hp-]-tbm-Kn¨v
Ata-cn-¡-bnse PohnXw amän-¯oÀ¯v , tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b-\ p-a mbn kpJ-
{]-Z-a mb kwtbm-P-\ -¯n\v {ian¨phcp-¶p F¶mWv.
1954 Â _nÂUÀ_ÀKnsâ BZy -k-t½-f\w. AXv CÃq-an-\n-än-bpsS
FIvkn-Iyq-«ohv I½nän. CFRsâ ktlm-Z-c - Øm-] \w. {]am-Wn-amÀ tdms¡-
s^-ÃÀ, t^mÀUv . tUhnUv tdms¡-s ^-Ãdpw s\Âk¬ tdms¡s^Ãdpw,
ImÀ\o F³tUm-hvs aânse tXmakv lyqKvkv, hn³Ì³ {]`p. State Depart
ment se ap³ \bkl-I-c Whn`mKw Ub-d-IvSÀ sl³{Sn InÊn³PÀ,
kv_náyq {_k-k³kvI n, sskdkv hm³k,v tdm_À«v aIv\amc þ temI
_m¦nsâ ap³ {]kn-Uâv ,sUmWmÄUv dwkvs ^ÂUv, tPmÀÖv _mÄ þ
ap³ AÀsk{I-«dn, eoa³ {_tZgvkv Ub-d-I vSÀ, tdm_À«v B³tUÀ
k¬ ARCO bpsS {]kn-Uâ,v Bkv]n³ C³Ìn-äyq-«p-ambn _Ô-a p-Å-
bmÄ, {]kn-Uâv PdÄUv t^mÀU,v sl³{Sn {K¬hmÄUv þ TIME amK-ko³
amt\-PnwKv FUnäÀ , sl³{Sn sP lo³kv II - sP.sP lo³kv
I¼\nbpsS t_mÀUv A²y-£³, ^mZÀ Xntbm-UÀ Fw slkv_ÀKv -
þt\ms{SUmw kÀÆ-I-em-ime-bpsS ap³ {]-kn-Uâ,v Aspen Institute of
Humanistic Studies sâ hIp¸vta[mhn . ( Aspen Institute, CFR sâbpw
_nÂUÀ_ÀKn-sâbpw ktlm-Z-c-Øm-]-\ -amWv. [mcmfw [\-k-lmbw
t^mÀUv ût-j³ tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ ût-j³, F¶n-hn-S-§-fnÂ\n¶pw
e`n¡p¶p. temI Kh¬saâv `c-W-IÀ¯m-¡Ä¡pthnbpÅ ]cn-io-e-
\hpw ]cn-N-bhpw e`n-¡p¶ {]Øm\w F¶-dn-b-s ¸-Sp-¶p ).
knknÂ tdmUvknsâ Poh-N-cn-{X-Im-c³ kmd- an-Ãn³ ]d-bp-¶Xv
temIKh¬saâv F¶p]d-bp-¶Xv tdmUvknsâ efn-X-a mb B{K-l-am-bn-cp-
¶p. tdmUvknsâ ASp¯ A\p-bm-bn-I -fpsS t\Xmhv BÂ{Ûv anÂ\À.
anÂ\À kwLw , clky kwL-S-\-bmbn {]hÀ¯n¨p. AXv aäp]e AÀ²
178
cl-ky -kw-L-S-\ -IÄ¡v cq]w\ÂIn. AXnsâ Gähpw {][m\ krjvSn-I -

fnÂ cs®w Royal Institute of International Affairs - London ]ns¶
CFR Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ.
HIve-tlma \K-c-¯nse t_mw_n-§nÂ FBI bpsS ]¦m-fn-¯-s¯-¡p-dn¨v

shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\v] pd-s¸« [oc-\mb t]meokvDt±ym-K -Ø³ 17 XhW
Ipt¯äv ac-W-s ¸«p. Ata-c n-¡-bpsS i{Xp-¡-fp-ambn tNÀ¶v \h-temI
{Iaw sImp-h-cp-¶-Xn\v {]kn-Uâv ¢nâ³ \S-¯nb h©-\m-]-c -amb
KqVm-tem-N-\sb Xpd¶pIm«p-¶-X n\v ]pd-s ¸« 24 AUva n-dÂamcpw aäv
D¶X ssk\n-tIm-t±ym-K-Øcpw Ib-dnb hnam\w s]m«nXIÀ¶v FÃmt]cpw
ac-W-s¸-«p. 1995 Â. CsX-¡p-dn-¨ pÅ XpS-c -t\z-j-Ws¯ XInSwadn¨p F¶v
, Kh¬saâv A`n-`m-j-Isc A`n-apJw \S-¯nb sjÀa³ kvtImÄ\nIv
A`n-{]m-b-s¸«p. 1963 Â tPm¬ F^v sI¶Un h[-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v 10
Hmfw AUvan-dÂamcpw aäv D¶X ssk\nIDt±ym-K-Øcpw h[n-¡-s ¸«p.
\mhn-I-tk\m ta[mhn AUvan-dÂ Pdan _qÀUm þ \mhnI tk\-bnse
Gähpw D¶X Dt±ym-K-Ø³. AemkvI ]«-W-¯nse ssk\nIXe-h³
P\-dÂ tUhnUv aIv ¢uUv. tI{µ A-t\z-jWhn`mKw Ub-d-IvSÀ hnÃyw
tImÄ_n. Pdan _qÀU \h-temI{Ia-¯n-\p-th-n-bpÅ {]hÀ¯-\-§sf
FXnÀ¯n-cp¶p. Ata-cn-¡³ \mhn-I-tk-\ -bpsS I¸-enÂ ab-¡p-a-cp¶vIS-
¯p-¶-Xn-t\bpw.
\ap-s ¡-X n-cmb FÃm hn¹-h-§fpw \½ÄX-s¶- \-bn¡pw þ Xntbm-UÀ
slÀkÂ (B-[p-\nI C{km-tb-Â kb-Wn-k-¯nsâ Øm]-I³).
\½Ä ssZh-¯nsâ sXc-ª-Sp-¡-s¸« P\-X-bmWv . A[nIw PqX-·mcpw

CXv AwKo-I-c n-¡p-¶nÃ, F¶mÂ \½psS ssZhw eqkn-^-dm-Wv. Rm³
IÅw ]d-bp-¶n-Ã. \½Ä ssZh-¯nsâ sXc-sª-Sp-¡-s¸« P\XXs¶-
bmWv . eqkn-^À XoÀ¨-bmbpw Poh-t\m-s S-bp-v”- -lmcÄUv hmebvkv
tdmk³XmÄ ( k-b-WnÌv ).
kb-Wn-Ìp-I Ä PqX-· m-c mbn\Sn¨v ]gn AhÀ¡p-taÂNmcp-¶p. C¶v PqX-
·m-s c¶v Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-X nÂ 90 iX-am\w bqtdm-]y³ JkmÀ , AjvI-\mkn
PqX-·m-cm-Wv.- sX-¡³ djy-bnÂ\n¶pw hS-¡³ XpÀ¡n-bnÂ\n¶pw DÅ-
hÀ. AhÀ skssa-äp-Itfm C{km-tb-en-Itfm AÃ. AhÀ bmss^-äp-I -
fmWv. 8þmw \qäm-nÂ JkmÀ tKm{X-§Ä , _m_n-tem-Wn-b³ XmÂap-
Zns\ Ah-c psS thZ-{K-Ù -a mbn kzoI-c n-¨p. kbWnÌv t\XrXzw Ct¸mÄ
Ahsc ssZh-¯nsâ sXc-s ª-¡-s ¸«P\X F¶-a-«nÂ DbÀ¯n-¡m«n,
bqtdm-]y³ amXr-cmPywshSnªv kztZ-in-I-fmb ]me-kvXo-\nIsf
\o¡wsN¿p-¶-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
179
BUw,- t\ml Ch-scm¶pw PqX-·m-cm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. F{_lmw , Ckm¡v ,

tP¡-_v, tamkk,v kmhpÂ , tUhnUv, tkmf-a ³ Bcpw PqX-·m-cmbncp¶n-
Ã. PpX³ F¶ ]Zw ss__n-fnse BZys¯ ]Xn-s\m¶v ]pkvX-I-¯nepw
{]Xy-£-s ¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. PqX³ F¶ ]Zw ss__n-fnÂ hcp-¶Xv 2 nd Kings 16
: 6 Â . C{km-tbÂ PqX-·mcq-ambn bp²-¯n-teÀs¸«v PqX-·msc Cem-
¯nÂ \n¶pw ]mem-b\wsN¿n-¨p. C¶v PqX-·mÀ F¶v Ah-Im-i-s ¸-
Sp¶hÀ ss__n-fnse BZys¯ A©v ]pkvXIw FSp-¯n«v AXns\
tXmd F¶p hnfn-¡p¶hcm-Wv. PqX³ F¶ ]Zw ImWp-¶-X n\v ss__n-
fnse 500 ]pd-§Ä Ign-tb- -Xp.v BZys¯ A©v ]pkvX-I-§Ä ( tXmd
) X§Ä cNn-¨-X m-s W¶v Ah-I m-i-s ¸-Sp¶, Ah-cpsS ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ Hcn-
¡epw PqX³ F¶ ]Zw ]cm-a Àin-¡-s¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. F{_mw F¶-\maw
F{_lmw F¶pw tPbv¡_v F¶Xv C{km-tbÂ F¶pw Xncp-¯-s ¸-«-Xn\v
sXfn-hn-Ã. PqX³ F¶v Ah-I m-i-s ¸-Sp-¶-h À¡v AhÀ¡v Fs´-¦ nepw hn[-
¯nÂ C{km-tb-ep-a mbn _Ô-ap-s¶v Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn\v km[y-a m-hp-¶n-Ã.
bYmÀ°? King James ss__n-fnÄ (1611) hnhÀ¯\wsNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶Xv
Idumaean Judean F¶Xn-s\ lewes F¶mWv. PqX³ F¶ hm¡v C{km-tb-
en-t\tbm C{km-tb-ep-Im-sctbm kqNn-¸ n-¡p-¶ n-Ã. 1900 \p tij-a mWv JEW
F¶ hm¡v {]tbm-K-¯ nÂhcp-¶Xv AXp-sImv BZy PqX-·mÀ hmkvX -h-
¯nÂ Im\ss\äv þ FsUm-ssaäv þ sslssääv F¶v a\-Ên-em-¡mw.
JkmÀ PqX-·mÀ C{km-tb-ep-I-f-Ã.
tlmfn-h pUv A[n-Ihpw PqX-·m-cpsS A[o-\ -X-bn-em-Wv. ]e PqX-

·mcpw tlmfn-h p-Unsâ XpS-¡-¯nÂ {InkvXy³ t]cp-I Ä kzoI-c n-¨p. Ata-
cn-¡³ cmjv{So-b-¯nepw PqX-·m-c psS B[n-]-X y-a m-Wv. Homeland Security
Ata-cn-¡³ þC{km-tben Cc« ]ucXzw ssI¿m-fp¶ ssa¡Â
sNÀtäm^v. lnäveÀ AÀ² PqX³, NÀ¨nÂ AÀ²-Pq-X³, sFk-t\m-hÀ
PqX³, _pjvIp-Spw_w þ PqX³, ¢nâ³ þ PqX³ ( Rogdenfeller –
Rockefeller ), lne-cn-¢nâ³ þ PÀ½³ PqX³, sP.-]n. tamÀK³ PqX³.
GsX-¦ nepwXc-¯nÂ `cWw\bn-¡p-¶-hÀ P\-§-fpsS `mhn- Xo-cp-am-\n-
¡p¶Xc-¯nÂ Xocp-am-\-§-s f-Sp-¡p-¶-hÀ FÃmw PqX-·mÀ. AsÃ-¦nÂ
AÀ² PqX-· m-c mWv. tdm¯vjoÂUv þ t_mhÀ, tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ þ
tdmKvU³s^ÃÀ, tamÀK³ (taler), {_n«ojv cmPIpSpw_w hn³UvkÀ þ
Battenberg ]ns¶ kmIvs k, tIm_ÀKv, tKmYm , _pjv þ t_mj,v
dwkvs^ÂU,v lnecn tdmYmw - Rodenhurst - FÃmw PÀ½³ PqX-·mÀ þ
AjvI-\mkn. _n³em-Z³ ba\n PqX³. AhÀ FÃmw tabvk¬ þ Pkyq«v
ktlm-Z-c -kw-L-¯ nsâ `mK-am-Wv. tPmÀZm-\ nse lpssk³ cmPmhv
tabvk¬ BWv. kb-Wn-Ìp-IÄ Is-Sp¯ bmkÀ Acm-^¯.v ]n¶oSv
tabvkWpw _nÂUÀ_ÀKv AwK-hp-a mbn. I½yqWnÌv t\Xm-¡-·mÀ A[n-
Ihpw djy³ PqX-·mÀ, Ata-cn-¡-bnse A[n-I mctI{µ-§-fnÂ A[n-I hpw
180
djy³, PÀ½³,- t]m-fv kb-Wn-Ìp-I-fpsS \nb-{´-W-¯n-em-Wv. sIdn,

BÄss{_äv, shÉn- ¢mÀ¡v F¶n-hsct¸mse ]ecpw Ah-cpsS PqX-]m-c -
¼cyw ]n¶oSva m{Xw Xncn¨dn-bp-¶p.
t]m]v _\UnIväv Ratzinger PqX³. t\msslUv \nb-a-§Ä
{]m_-ey-¯nÂ sImphcp-¶-Xn\v- . kb-WnÌv JkmÀ, AjvI-\mkn
tdm¯vjoÂUv IpSpw-_-¯nÂ \n¶mWv lnä-eÀ. lnäve-dnsâ ss{UhÀ
FanÂ audnkv PqX-\m-bn-cp-¶p.- ln-äveÀ `c-W-¯nÂ FÃmX«p-I-fnepw PqX-
·m-c p-m-bncp¶p. D¶XØm\-§-fnÂt]mepw. BÂ{Ûv tdmk³_ÀK,v
slÀa³ tKmdn§,v do³lmÀUv tlbv{Un¨,v AtUmÄ^v sF¡va ³,
tUmIvSÀ Hmt«m KpkvXmhv hmIvSÀ Hs¡. lnäve-dnsâ clairvoyant FdnIv
Pm³ l\q-Ê³ F¶ PqX³. lnäve-dns\¡pdn¨v {]N-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ Ncn-
{Xhpw hmkvX-hhpw H¶-Ã. anJm-tbÂ tKmÀ_-t¨hv orbach - korbach .
tPmk^v hn.-Ìm-en³ (Iosiph David Vassarionovich Djugash Vill Kochba) .
se\n³ Moishe Blank t{SmSvkvIn Lev Bronstein FÃmw JkmÀ AjvI-
kmkn PqX-·mÀ. FÃmw B`n-Nmc{Inb A\p-jvTn-¡p-¶-h cpw. {]t£m-`-§-
fpsS FÃm`mK¯pw PqX-·m-cp- m-bn-c p-¶p. At¸m-tÌäv, AjvI-\ m-kn,
Jkm-dn-b³ PqX-·mÀ.
Ah-scÃmw Ah-cpsS bYmÀ° t]cv ad¨ph¨v asämcp \maw kzoI-c n-¡p-

¶p. AXv AhÀ¡v BcpsSCS-bnÂ IS¶psN¶v {]hÀ¯n-¡-W-s a-¶ptm
AXn\v klm-b-a-hp-¶p. 1917 se USSR Iym_n-\-änÂ Dm-bn-cp¶ 24 t]cpw
kb-Wn-Ìp-I -fm-bn-cp-¶p. FÃm-hcpw t]cp-am-än-b-hÀ. 1935 Â tkmhn-bäv
tI{µ-I -½nänbnÂ 56 kb-Wn-Ìp-I fpw ]ns¶ 3 {In-kvX ym-\n-Ifpw . Cu
aq¶p IrkvXym-\ n-Ifpw hnhmlwsNbvX Xv kb-Wn-Ìp-Isf. PqX-]m-c-¼cyw
ad¨p h¡m-s\-t¶mWw AhÀFÃm-hcpw t]cpamän-bn-cp-¶p. Ata-cn-¡-
bnse ssewKnI kn\n-a-IÄ \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-h-c nÂ A[n-I hpw PqX-·mÀ. \nb-
{´Ww Ah-c psS ssI¿nÂXs¶ . tlmfn-hp-Unse Bcm-[-\m-e-b-¯nÂ
AhÀ kt½-fn-¡p-¶p. s{_bväÀa³, t_m¬, ^njv_o³ {ôs_ÀK,v
ho³Ìo³, {ôem³UÀ ]ns¶ AXp-t]mse At\Iwt]À. bYmÀ° ?
tXmd hnizm-kn-IÄ ]pcm-X-\-ambn BN-cn¨ph¶n-c p¶ Ipªp-§sf
IpcpXn\ÂIp¶ BNmcw A\p-jvT n-¡p-¶p. tamtfm¡v F¶ ssZh-¯n-\v.
\nc-kn-¡-s¸-Sm-\m-hm¯ hkvXp-X-IÄ Ncn-{X-]-c-a mb IrXy-X -sb-¡p-
dn¨v, hnaÀin-¡-s ¸-Sm-\m-hm¯ sXfn-hp-IÄ\ÂIp¶p. temI-a m-I -am-\-apÅ
PqX-·m-sc¶vhnfn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ P\X Ing-¡³ bqtdm-¸nÂ DZbwsNbvX Jkm-
dp-IfmWv. ]pcm-X\ awtKm-fn-b³, Gjy³ {]IrXn]qPsNbvXn-cp¶ a\p-
jyÀ. _n.-kn. H¶mw \qäm-nÂ cà-c q-£n-X-a mb bp²-¯n-eqsS Ing-¡³
bqtdm-¸nÂ h¶ptNÀ¶v X§-fpsS JkmÀkm{amPyw sI«n-¸ -Sp¯p. Ft´m
\nKq-V-amb Imc-W-§-fmÂ , JkmÀ km{am-Pys¯¡pdn¨v , PqX-·mÀ
F¶phnfn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-h-cpsS JkmÀkm{amPyw \ne-\n-¶n-c p¶p
F¶hkvXpX Ncn-{X-]p-kvX-I -§-fnÂ ]cm-a Àin-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶ n-Ã. Ah-cpsS
181
DbÀ¨bpw ]X-\hpw, tZiw F¶\nebv¡v bqtdm-] y³ `q]-S-¯nÂ\n¶pw

JkmÀkm{am-Py-¯nsâ Ømbn-bmb \o¡wsN¿Â, G.-Un. 740 HmsS F{]-
Im-c -amWv _q«m³ cmPmhpw JkmÀtZ-ihpw ]cn-hÀ¯-\-¯n-eqsS PqX-
sc¶vhnfn-¡-s¸-«X,v FÃmw ad-¨p-h-¡-s¸«p. AXvs NbvX Xv JkmÀ]mc-¼cyw
DÄs¡m-Åp¶ PqX-·mÀ F¶v Adn-b-s ¸-Sp-¶-h ÀXs¶bmWv ” _³P-a n³
F¨v.-{ô-Uva³. PqX- N-cn-{X-Im-c³. Kth-j-I³.
]Sn-ªm-d³ kwkvIrXn F¶ ]Zw cq]-IÂ]\sNbvX Xv slKÂ. AXn-\p-
ap³]v bqtdm-¸ nse P\-§Ä ss__nÄ kXy-s a¶vIcp-Xn-bn-cp-¶p. slKÂ
]Icwsh¨ Bi-b-amWv ]Sn-ªm-d³kwkvIr-Xn. a\p-jy³ ]ptcm-K-a n-¡p-
¶p F¶v slKÂ Øm]n-¨ p. ss__nÄ AXn\phn]-co-X-a mbn temIw \mi-
¯n-te¡v \S-¶ -Sp-¡p¶p F¶v{]N-c n-¸n-¨n-cp-¶p. slK-ensâImewhsc
bqtdm¸v aäv kwkvIr-Xn-Isfbpw Ah-bpsS kw`m-h-\-I-fp-s Sbpw
]gatbbpw(antiqu ity)AwKo-I-c n-¨n-cp-¶p. {]tXy-I n¨pw \thm-Ym\w
t]Àjym-¡m-cp-tSbpw CuPn-¸ väpIm-c p-tSbpw AÊn-dn-b-\p-I-fptSbpw Adn-
hns\ hne-a-Xn-¨n-cp-¶p. slKÂ AhsbFÃmwXÅn-¡-f ªv
{Koknsâta[m-hnXzw AwKo-I -cn-t¡--Xpv F¶p]dªp. AXmWv ]Sn-
ªm-d³ kwkvIrXn F¶sI«p-I-Y bv¡v XpS-¡-an-«Xv. imkv{Xob
At\zjWw F¶ Bibw AhnsS \nÀ½n-¡-s¸«p. ap³]n-Ãm-Xn-cp¶,
Ing¡pw ]Sn-ªmdpwX½n-epÅ kv]À[¡v AXv XpS¡w Ipdn-¨p.
{^©v Ata-cn-¡³ hn¹-h-¯n-eqsS Icp-¯mÀPn¨ CÃyq-a n-\m-än-bpsS {]Ya
XmXv]cyw \nÀ_-ÔnX hnZym-`ymkw Øm]n-X-a m-¡pI F¶-X m-bn-c p-¶p.
AhÀ AXn-\mbn kÀÆ-I -em-i memhyh-Øn-Xn-bn-t·Â ]nSn-ap-dp-¡n. slK-en-
b³ bqtdm-tI-{µo-IrX XXz-im-kv{X-§Ä ASn-t¨Â¸n-¡p-¶ -Xn\pthn.
sI«p-IY {]Ncn-¸n-¡
- -s¸-«Xv a\p-jy³ AÔ-h n-izm-k-¯nÂ\n¶pw kzmX-
{ý-¯n-te¡v] ptcm-K-a n-¡p-¶p F¶m-Wv. {Ko¡p-ImÀ BZys¯ kzX-{´-Nn-
´-IÀ. ]Sn-ªm-d³kaqlw {Iam-\ p-K-X-ambn Secularism te¡v ]ptcm-K-an-
¡p-¶p. \thm-Ym-\-¯nepw Enlightenment epw Gähpw A[nIw ]ptcm-
KXnssIh-c n¨p. \qäm-p-I-fmbn , a\p-jy³ ]qÀ®-X-bn-te¡v]cn-W-an-
¡p¶p F¶ sI«p-IY {]N-cn-¸n-¡-s¸«p.
_m_n-tem-Wn-b³ XmÂapZv sâ hàm-¡Ä \½psS i{Xp-¡-fpsStk\-tb-
¡mfpw A[nIw{Inbm-ß-I -ambn \ap-s¡-X ntc{]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. \½psS
kzmX-{ý-¯n\v AXv \qdva S§v A]-I-S-I m-c n-bmW.v AXns\ IoS-§-s f-¶ -
t]mse hfscapt¶-Xs¶ \in-¸ n-¨nÃ F¶Xv ZpJ-I-c-a mW.v Ata-cn-¡-bpsS
kt´m-j-¯nsâ Gähpwhenb i{Xp-¡Ä þ tPmÀÖv hmjn-§vS³ , Ata-
cn-¡³ {]kn-Uâv.
C¶v {]Nm-c -¯n-en-c n-¡p¶ {InkvXp-a Xw, kvtImôÂUv(1843 þ 1921) sP.-
F³ UmÀ_n-bpsS \nÀtZ-i-a -\p-k-cn¨v cNn¨v {]N-cn-¸n-¨-XmW.v
182
HmIvkv^ÀUv bqWn-thÀknän {]kv BWv {]km[-IÀ. AXv {InkvXp-a -X -

¯nsâ kb-WnÌv hI-t`-Z-amWv. Ata-cn-¡-bnse 46 iX-a m\w P\-§Ä
AYhm- 13 -tImSn P\-§Ä Ch-m©-en-¡Â IrkvX ym-\n-I-fm-Wv. AhÀ
kvtImôÂUv ss__n-fns\ B[m-c-a m-¡p¶p. AXv CIA Xmen-
_ms\krjvSn-¨-X p-t]m-se-bmWv. Xmen-_m³ F¶-hm¡v Xmen-_m\ow F¶
lo{_q-hm-¡nÂ\n¶pw ISw sIm-X m-Wv. Xmen-_m³ F¶
t]cv\ÂInbXpw AXns\hfÀ¯n-bXpw [\-k-lmbw \ÂIn-bXpw CIA.
Xmen-_m³teJ-I Ä A¨-Sn-¨Xv CIA bpsS taÂt\m-«-¯nÂ s\{_mkvI
bqWn-thÀÌn {]ÊnÂ. sPdn ^mÄshÂ ]d-bp-¶Xv 25 e£w ]me-kvXo-\n-
Isf C{km-tb-enÂ\n¶pw ]pd-¯m-¡p-¶-X n\v 7 tImSn Chm-©-en-Ìp-I-fpsS
]n³XpW AbmÄ¡p-s -¶m-Wv.
Cdm-¡n\pta-epÅbp²-¯n\v `mKn-I-a mbn ]n³XpWe`n-¡p-¶Xv ss__nÄ
{]h-N-\-¯nÂhniz-kn-¡p¶ Xo{h-hn-izm-kn-I -fnÂ\n¶mWv þ t]mÄ
t_mbÀ.
19-þmw \qäm- nse bmYm-Øn-XnI Ata-cn-¡³ {InkvXym\nIÄ PqX-c mPyw
sI«n-¸-Sp-¡p-¶ -Xn\v Iq«p-\nÂ¡nÃ F¶pI- k-b-Wn-Ìp-I Ä, kb-WnÌv
A\p-Iqeat\m-`mhw krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn\v {InkvXp-a-X-¯nÂ kb-WnÌv Bi-
b-§Ä¡v k½Xne`n-¡p-¶-Xn\v, sskdkv.sF.-kvtIm-ôÂUns\ hne-s¡-
Sp-¯p. At±lw In§v Pbnwkv ss__nfns\ ]p\-cm-Jym\wsNbvXp.
ss__n-fnÂ Imcy-a mbhyXym-kw- H¶pwXs¶\S-¯n-bnÃ , F¶mÂ hni-Z-
amb ASn-¡p-dn-¸p-I-fn-eqsS hymJym-\-¯n\v ]pXnb AÀ°w\ÂIn.
HmIvkv^ÀUv bqWn-thÀÌn- {]kv At±-ls¯ FUn-äÀ F¶pw , D]-tZ-i n-
F¶pw Hs¡ ]cn-N-b-s ¸-Sp¯n. ]pXnb ss__nÄ kvtImôÂUv d^-
d³kv ss__nÄ F¶dn-b-s¸«p. AXns\ ]c-kyhpw {]Nm-c -Whpw hgn
Gähpw A[nIw hnä-gn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ ss__nÄ B¡namän. 90 hÀjw AXv
A§ns\Xs¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p. kvtImôÂUv ss__nÄ asämcpss__nÄ
am{X-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. AXv In§v Pbnwkv ss__nfnÂ hn¹-h -I-c-a mbamä-
§Ä¡v Imc-W-ambn. 1900 Â \ne-hn-enÃm-Xn-cp¶ C{km-tbÂ
F¶cmPys¯ Bcm-[n-¡p-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-a m-¡p¶hn[-¯ nÂ kzm[o-
\XsNep-¯n. kvtImôÂUnsâ Kpcp-\mY³, kvtIm«ve ³Unse tPm¬
s\Âk¬ UmÀ_n . UmÀ_nbnÂ\n¶mWv kvtImôÂUv {InkvXo-bk-b-
WnÌva X-t_m-[\wt\Sn-bXv. UmÀ_n, “”ss¹a¯v ktlm-Z-c-kw-L-
¯nÂ””tNÀ¶v {]hÀ¯n-¨n-cp-¶p. kvtImôÂ Uv ss__n-fnsâ DS-a-ØÀ
HmIvkv^ÀUv bqWn-thÀknän {]Êv. _nÃn {Klmw Â\n¶vX pS§n {]kn-²-
cmb IrkvXym-\n-IÄ kvtImôÂUv ss__n-fns\ Bcm-[n-¡p-¶p.
ss__nÄ ÌUn s^tÃm-jn-]v, s]Àsk]väv an\nkv{So kv XpS§n At\Iw
ss__nÄ]T-\ -kw-L-§Ä AXv D]-tbm-K n-¡p-¶p. temIkb-Wn-k-¯nsâ
GähpwhenbhnPbw Southern Baptist Convention of America ,
tktImôÂUvs s__nÄ D]tbmKn¨pXpS-§n-b-Xm-Wv. AXv 100
183
ÂA[nIwhÀjs¯ sIme-] m-X -I-§fpw \mi-\-jvS-§fpw k½m-\n-¨p .

kvtImôÂU,v ss__nÄ]WvUn-X-\m-bn-cp-¶nÃ. kzbwhfÀ¯p¶Xn\v
Ign-hpÅ HcpXcwamkva-cn-I-X-bpÅ Hcpcmjv{SobarKw. Ipä-Ir-Xy-¯nsâ
]Ým-¯-e-a pÅa\p-jy³. `mcysb Dt]-£n-¨-h³. XIÀ¶ IpSpw_w. Imcy
km[y-¯n\v IÅw]d-bp¶ioew. kb-Wn-Ìp-I-fpsS\nb-{´-W-¯n\v hnt[-
b-\mb a\p-jy³. clkywkq£n-¡p-¶-XnÂ Imcy-£-a -X-bp-Å-h³.
kvtImôÂUn s\ Xpd¶pIm«nbKth-j-I -cnÂ{]ap-J³, kväo^³
sskkÀ. 1921 Â kvtImôÂUv ac-W-¸-«-X n-\ p-tijw , HmIvkv^ÀUv bqWn-
thÀknän A[nIw Xncp-¯-ep-IÄ hcp-¯n-s b-¦nepw C¶pw AXv
kvtImôÂUv ss__nÄ F¶pXs¶Adn-b-s ¸-Sp-¶p.
kvtImôÂUns\ \nb-{ń¨ncp¶Xv A[nIw[\n-I-\ mb , Ata-cn-¡-bnse
Icp-¯-\mb kb-WnÌvA`n-`m-j-I³ kmap-h Â D³«Àta-bÀ. ChÀX½n-Å
_Ôw ]pd¯psImp-h-¶Xv tPmk^v.Fw. Im³ôÂUv . s_¶n
ln³s\-t¸m-epÅ kphn-ti-jth-e-¡mÀ]d-bp-¶Xv bp²w , PqX-· mcpw
Ad_v hwi-§fpwX½n-eÃ adn¨v ssZhhpw ]nim¨pw X½n-em-s W-¶m-Wv.
]me-kvXo-\n-IÄ ]nim-Np-¡-sf¶pw. IrkvXy³kb-Wn-Ìp-I-fpsS bYmÀ°
{]Xn-\n-[n-bmWv s_¶n- ln³ . Km-cn- t_m-h À, dmÂ^v doU,v Pbnwkv
tUm_vk¬ Hs¡ A¡q-«-¯nÂs]Spw. Ch-sc-¡m-s fÃmw ap³]³ dn¨ÀUv
em³Uv. At±lw ]d-bp-¶Xv ]me-kvX o-\ nseP\-§Ä¡v ]me-kvXo³
ssIhiw h¡p-¶-X n\v Ah-Im-i -anÃ F¶m-Wv. AXn-t\-¡mÄap³]-ń-bnÂ
kmap-h Â »pa³s^ ÂUv .At±lw ]dbp-¶Xv CÉmwaXs¯\bn-¡p-¶Xv
sNIp-¯m³ F¶m-Wv. ]n¶oSv At±lw tNmZn¡p¶p sNIp-¯msâ kzm[o-
\-X-bn-epÅ Bsc-s b-¦nepw hniz-kn-¡m-\m-Iptam F¶pv.
kvtImôÂUn\v km¼-¯nIklmbw {][m\ambpwe`n-¨n-cp-¶Xv
aÊm-¨p-sk-äk,v t_mW-Ì-Wnse SECRET -SIX F¶-dn-s ¸-«n-c p¶ kb-
Wnkväv KqVm-tem-N-\-¡m-c nÂ\n¶v þ t\mÀUv tUhn-kv.
Nne apÉo-§Ä N{µ-¡-ebpw \£-{Xhpw Ah-cpsS NnÓambn D]-
tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. 1453 Â tIm¬Ìmân-t\m-¸ nÄ Iog-S-¡n-b-X ns\XpSÀ¶v,
Hmt«m-a ³km{am-Py-¯nÂ Jkm-dp-Ifpw tabvk-Wp-Ifpw \pgªpIbdn,
Ah-cpsS NnÓ-§sf Hmt«m-a -\p-IÄD]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-a mbn. N{µ-
¡-ebpw \£-{Xhpw hfsc]pcm-Xm-\-amb NnÓ-§-fm-Wv.- kp-ta-dn-
b³kwkvIr-Xn-tbm fw? ]g-¡-a p-Åh. AXv kqcytZh\pw N{µ³tZhnbpw
Bbn _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. ]n¶oSv X\nXv Dw Ubm\ tZh-X-I-fp-ambpw.
N{µ-¡-ebpw \£-{Xhpw Jpdm-\p-a mbn bmsXmcp_Ô-hp-anÃ. {]hm-N-I³
apl-½-Zp-a mbpw. ss_kmân bwkm{a-Py-¯nsâ Ime-L-«-¯nÂ
ss_kmânbw (tIm¬kämân-t\m-¸nfpw CukvXm³_p-fpw) Ubm-\¡v
kaÀ¸n-¡-s¸-«p. \mbm-«nsâ tZhX. N{µ-¡e Ubm-\-bpsS NnÓ-a mWv.
hÀjw 330Â tIm¬Ìmân-t\m-¸ nÄ, ss_kmân bw s\ I\ym-a-dn-b-¯n\v
kaÀ¸n-¨p. I\ym-a-dn-b-¯ nsâ \£-{X-NnÓw Ubm-\-bpsS N{µ-¡-e-bp-ambn
184
Iq«n-t¨À¡-s¸«p. XpÀ¡n-I Ä ss_kmânbw Iog-S-¡n-b-t¸mÄ N{µ-¡-e-

bpÅsImSn-IÄ kzoI-cn-¨p. hÀjw 339 Â amkn-tUm-Wnse ^nen¸v (A-e-
Ivkm-À N{I-h À¯n-bpsS ? ]nXmhv ) ss_kmânbw Iog-S-¡p-¶-XnÂ
]cm-P-b-s ¸-«p. ImcWw , AÀ²-N-{µ³ ]qÀ®-tim-`-bp-Å-Xm-bn-cp-¶-Xn-\ mÂ
At±-l-¯nsâssk\n-IÀ Ip-]n-Sn-¡-s¸-«p.- N-{µ-¡-ebpw \£-{Xhpw
tbm[m-¡fpsSssII-fnÂ km[m-c -W-ambpwIn-cp-¶p. tIm¬Ìmân-t\m-
¸nÄ Hmt«m-a -\p-IÄ¡v Iogvs ¸-Sp-¶-X n\v 1250 hÀj-§Ä¡v ap³]v
dn¨ÀUnsâ NnÓ-am-bn-cp¶p N{µ-¡-ebpw AXn-\ pfnÂ \£-{Xhpw.
AXns\XpSÀ¶v Hmt«m-a³apÉo-§Ä AXns\ Ah-cpsS NnÓ-a mbn kzoI-cn-
¨p.
amÀIvknsâ sshcp-²ym-ßI ùXn-I-hm-Zw -] -gb Pagan Bi-b-§sf

]pXnb ]Z-§ÄsImv hnh-c n-¡p-¶-X m-Wv.þ Fen-k-_¯v UnÃnwKv.
“”IpSpw-_s¯ \in-¸n-¡p-I. F¶mÂ kaqlw \in-¸n-¡-s¸-Spw””. þ

se\n³.
entbm¬ sU t]m¬kn³kv ]d-bp-¶Xv tabvk-W-dnbpw ^co-kn-b\n-

khpw ASp¯_Ôw]peÀ¯p¶p F¶m-Wv. dm_n FsÃ s_\mtam tkJv
s\ D²-cn-¨mÂ tabvk¬ssZh-imkv{Xw ( Theology ) I_m-e-bp-a mbn CW-
§n-t¸m-Ip¶p. ASn-Øm\hnizm-k-§-fnÂ PqZm-b n-k-¯nsâ Bßm-hns\
tabn-k-W dn DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p. AXnsâ Bi-b-§Ä PqZm-bn-k-am-Wv. `mj
PqZm-bn-k-¯ntâXm-Wv. AXnsâ kwL-S\ PqZm-bn-k-¯ n-sâ-Xm-Wv.- ta-bvk-
W-dn-bp-sSbpw ^co-kn-b-\nk-¯n-tâbpw e£yw temI-¯ns\ _m_-tem-
Wn-b³ XmÂap-ZnIv \nb-a-¯n\pIognÂ GtIm-] n-¸ n-¡pI F¶-XmW.v BXy-
ń-I -amb e£yw ssewKn-I , ùXnI B{K-l-§Ä¡v Iogvs¸-Sp-¯n ASn-a -I-
fm-¡pI F¶X.v AXm-bXv \½psS hnI-k\w XS-Ê-s ¸-Sp-¯p-I.- k-b-Wn-
khpw tabvk-Wdnbpw \nb-{´-W-¯ n-\pÅ D]-I-c-W-§-fm-Wv. A[nIw
PqX-·m-cpw- ta-bvk-Wp-Ifpw CtX-¡p-dn¨v t_m[-h-·m-cÃ AsÃ-¦nÂ CXnÂ
hniz-kn-¡p-¶n-Ã. B[p-\ nIkwkv¡m-cw a\p-jys\ FÃmän\pw D]-cn-bmbn
{]-Xn-jvTn-¡p-¶p. \ÃXpw kXyhpw F´m-sW¶v a\p-jy³ Xocp-a m-\ n-¡p-
¶p.- am-\-kn-I-a mb ASn-a ¯w , cmjvSob km¼-¯ nI ASn-a-¯-¯nsâ Xp-S-
¡-am-Wv.
km[m-c -W-¡m-cmb PqX-·mÀ sIme-sN-¿-s¸-«-t¸mÄ AXohw [\-hm-
·m-c mb C{km-tbÂPqX-·m-sc¶v \Sn-¡p-¶-hÀ¡v tZmj-sam¶pw kw`-hn-
¡p-¶n-Ã. cmw temI-a -lm-bp-²-I m-e¯pw A\p-`hw asäm-¶ m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.
lnäve-dnsâIme¯v tdm¯vjoÂUn\pw D¶-X-c mb kb-Wn-Ìp-I Ä¡pw
Ipg-¸-sam ¶pw kw`-hn-¨nÃ. adn¨v AhÀ hopw A[nIw[\n-I-c mbn.
JkmÀ km{am-Py-¯n-te¡v A[nIw ss_kmânbwPqX-·mÀ \pgªp-I-bdn
185
. ]n¶oSv AhÀ \m«p-I m-c p-a mbn hnhm-l-_-Ô-§-fnÂ GÀs¸-«p-Xp-S§nþ

Behind Communism By Frark L Britton.
Jkm-dp-IÄ s]mXp-hnÂ XpÀ¡nhwi-P-cm-bn-cp-¶p. kq{X-im-en-I-emb
hym]m-cn-IÄ. B{I-a-W-I m-c n-I -fmba\p-jyÀ. Ah-c psS {][m\hcp-am\w hS-
¡p-\ n-¶pÅ ASn-a-Isf IbänAb-¡p-¶-XnÂ\n¶v The Thirteenth Tribe
By Arthur Koestler .
G.-Un.740 Â JkmÀcmPmhv PqX-a XwkzoIcn-¨p. G.-Un.965 Â djy³

ssk\yw JkmÀssIt¿-dn. ]n¶oSv 1200 IfnÂ PwKn-kvJm³ Jkm-dns\
]qÀ®-a mbpw XIÀ¯p .PqX-·mÀ Ing-¡³bqtdm-¸ n-te¡v ]mem-b\w
sNbvXp.
1829 Â ss{hänsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ \yqtbmÀ¡nÂ CÃyq-an-\ nän kt½-f\w

\S¶p. \nco-iz-c-hm-Zn-I-fp-s Sbpw djy³ \n-ln-en-Ìp-I-fp-s Sbpw aäphn[zw-
kI kwL-S-\ -I-fp-sSbpw kwbp-à m-`n-a p-Jy-¯ nÂ A´m-cm-jv{S{]-Øm\w
I½yq-Wnkw F¶t]cnÂcq]o-I-cn-t¡--X pv F¶v ss{häv ]d-ªp.- AXv
bp²w krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn\vthn D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸Spw . {^m¦n-en³
dqkvshÂänsâ t\À ap³Km-an- ¢nâ³ dqkvshÂäpw Iq«cpw [\-ti-J-
cWw\S-¯n. Cw¥-nse tkmtlm-hnÂh¨v , I½yq-WnÌv am\n-s^tÌm ,
aqe-[\w , Ch Fgp-Xp-¶-Xn\v ImÄ amÀIvkn\pw FwKÂkn\pw AhÀ
km¼-¯nIklmbw \ÂIn - Pawns in the Game . By. Allen Rivera
ImÄ amÀIvkv PÀ½³PqX-] p-tcm-ln-Xsâ ktlm-Z-cn-bpsS aI³. sNIp-
¯m³tkh-I³ {_qtWm t_mhÀ ( tdm-¯vjoÂUv )sâ hnZymÀ°n.
I½yq-WnÌv am\n-s^-tÌm-bnÂ HmIvkv^ÀUv kÀÆ-I -em-i -bnse , {]^-kÀ
tPm¬ dkvInsâ Bi-b-§Ä IS-s a-Sp¯p. tPm¬ d-Ivkn³, skknÂ
tdmUvknsâ amÀ¤-ZÀin-bm-bn-c p-¶p. temIkm{amPywsI«n-¸-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-
thn Xsâ k¼m-Zy-§Ä sNe-h-g nä\p-jyÀ -þ Tragedy and Hope. A´m-
cmjv{S _m¦ÀamÀ djy¡ptaÂ km¼-¯nID]-tcm[w GÀs¸-Sp¯n. 1904
Â djy P¸m-\ p-a mbn bp²wsN¿p-¶ -Xn-\pÅ kml-N -cy-§Ä krjvSn-¡-s ¸-
«p.- tdm-¯vjoÂUv djysb km¼-¯nIambnXIÀ¯pþ ( Pawns in the
Game ). 1901 \pw 1906 \pw CS-¡pÅIme-L-«-¯nÂ AhÀ Bdv a{ń-amsc
h[n-¨p. 1905 Â \S-¯nb hn¹-h-¯n-\pÅ\o¡w ]cm-P-b-s¸-«p. hnP-b-I-c -
amb hn¹-h-¯n\pw Iog-S-¡-en\pw kml-N-cy-sam-c p-§n. 1897 apXÂ tPbv-¡-
_v jn^v sa³sj-hn-¡p-IÄ¡v [\-k-lmbw\ÂIn-bn-cp-¶p. t\Xmhv Lev
Davidovitch Bronstien AsÃ-¦nÂLvov AsÃ-¦nÂYanovsky AsÃ-
¦nÂNicholai Trotsky. bYmÀ° \maw Bronstein. [\n-I-\mb PqX`qhp-S-a -
bpsS aI³.
186
kvdpÄ F¶ [\n-I-\mb PqXhym]m-c n-bpsS sNdp-a-Isâ aI³ hvfmUn-a nÀ

DÃym-t\mh,v se\nÂ F¶t]cnÂ t_mÄsj-hn-¡p-I-fpsS t\Xm-hmbn .
kvämens\ At]-£n¨v se\n³ AXohw {Iqc-\m-bn-cp-¶pþ-s am-sfm-t«mhv
( Quadrant . July 1999 ). 1914 Â BÀ¨v Uyq¡v s^ÀUn-\ m³Uns\ Order
of the Black Hand F¶ skÀ_n-bÀclkykwL-S\ h[n-¨-XnÂ\n¶mWv
H¶mw temIalm-bp-²-¯ nsâXpS¡w. AXv kznävkÀe³UnÂ cp
hÀjw ap³]v Xocp-am-\n-¡-s¸-«-X m-Wv . bp²-¯n\v Bdv djy³ ssk\n-I \v
Hcp ssd^nÄam{Xw e`y-a m-bn-c p-¶p. Cw¥v hmKvZm\wsNbvXn-c p¶ Bbp-[-
§Ä \ÂIn-bn-Ã.tdm¯vjoÂUnsâ \nb-{´-W-¯ nepÅ hnt¡Àkv-
þamIvknw hn¹- h-¯n\pthn Bbp-[-§Ä tiJ-I-cn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶-Xp-
sImv. (Pawns in the Game ).
1917 se hn¹-h-t¯msS USSR \ne-h nÂh¶p. Ceyqan-\m-än-bpsS kÀÆm-[n-]-

Xy-¯n-epÅ temI-K-h¬saân-te¡pÅ \o¡-§-fnÂ {][m-\ -am-bXv.
tdm¯vjo ÂUvkv Xsâ \nt£-]-§-fn³taÂ At\IaS§v em`-ap-m-¡n.
t_mÄsj-hnIvhn¹-h-¯n\pap³]v bqtdm-¸nsâ]Ip-Xn-bn-te-s dsbbpw hÀj-
§-tfmfw t]mäp-¶-Xn\v djy¡v Ign-h p-m-bn-cp-¶p. se\n³ e£-¡-W -
¡n\v djym-¡msc h[n-¨p.( Quadrant . July 1999 )
PqX-·m-cpsS {]Øm\w ]pXn-b-X-Ã. hot£m-]nsâImewapXÂ amÀIvkv,
t{SmSvkvInhsc. ]ns¶bpw. kwkvIr-Xnsb XInSwadn-¡p-¶ -Xn-\pÅ KqVm-
tem-N\ . 1789 se {^©v hn¹-h-¯nÂ AXv KWy-a mbØm\whln-¨ p. 19-
þmw\qäm- nse FÃm -{]-[m-\ -h n-[zw-k-I{]-h À¯-\-§fpw AXnsâ t\Xr-
Xz-¯n-em-bn-c p-¶p. þ hn³Ì¬ NÀ¨nÂ.
I½yq-Wn-k-¯n\v FXn-cm-fn-tbbpw CÃyq-\mänXs¶krjvSn¨p. ImÄ
dnädnsâ Bi-b-§Ä¡p-taÂ ImÄamÀIvkn\v FXn-c mbkn²m´w Ah-X-cn-
¸n-¡-s¸-«p .- B-cy³bp²{]`p-¡-·mÀ Ah-cpsS ]nWn-bm-fp-Isf lnäveÀ`c-
W-Iq-S-¯ nÂ {]Xn-jvTn¨p. USSR cl-ky-a mbn lnäve-dn\v Bbp[w\ÂIn.
km¼-¯nI klm bw hmÄ kv{SoänÂ\n¶v ( Pawns in the Game ).
ssk_o-cn-b-bnse \qdp-I-W-¡n\v tIm¬k³t{S-j³Iym¼p-I -fnÂ
Ìmen³`c-W-IqSw 5 tImSn tkmhn-bäv ]uc-·m-sc -h -[n¨p þ djy-³ {]^-
kÀ CtKmÄ s_Ìp-tj-hv emU.
“NneÀ AXns\ amÀInkw F¶phnfn-¡p-¶p. Rm³ AXns\ PqZm-bnkw

F¶pw” - dm_n Ìo^³ Fkv.-s shk.v
187
“PqX³ , ]me-kvXo³Xs¶ amXr-cmPyw\nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn\v Bh-iy-sa¶v

hmin-] n-Sn-¨Xv ,AXv temIcmjv{So-b-iàntI{µ-sa-¶-Xn-\m-emW.v F®bpw
[mXp eh-W-§fpw AXn-\p-tijwam{Xw”. - lmcn- hm-«¬.
temIk-b-WnÌv{]Øm\w _rl¯mb hyh-km-b-am-Wv. ( The World
Zionist Movement Is Big Business ). 1948 Â C{km-tbÂ P·-s a-Sp-¯Xp
apXÂ cv]Xn-ämp-ImewsImv hcp-a m\w 4000 tImSn cq]. 1967 Â
Ad_v C{km-tben bp²-¯ nsâka-b¯v cphÀjwsImv hcp-am\w
3000 tImSn-c q]. 1970 Â 2000 tImSn cq].
càw Hgp-Ip-t¼mÄ ]Ww HgpIpw þ tKm«v eo_v lmaÀ

tlmtf-ImÌv hyh-kmbwt]mse asäm-¶nÃ F¶v A[nIw C{km-tb-en-IÄ
]d-bp-a m-b n-c p-¶p. tlmtfm-I mÌv F¶Xv Hcp h³hyh-km-b-a mW,v Fg-p¯p-
ImÀ¡pw Kth-j-IÀ¡pw kn\nam \nÀ½m-X m-¡Ä¡pw aWvU -]§Ä \nÀ½n-
¡p-¶-h À¡pw ayqknbw \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-h-À¡pw cmjv{ So-b-¡mÀ¡pw A[nIw
em`-a p-Å-Xv.- Nne ]ptcm-ln-X-·mcpw aX-t\-Xm-¡fpw AXnÂ ]¦m-fn-I-fmWv.
“{_n«ojv apJy ]ptcm-ln-X³ C½m-\p-hÂ tPt¡mt_mhnävkv (Jacobovits
By H. Shapiro).
tPm¬ tImÄa³ ]d-bp-¶Xv Committee of 300, 18þmw \qäm-nsâ BZy-Im-

e-§-fnÂ cq]wsImp F¦nepw 1897 Â AXv C¶s¯cq]-¯n-e mbn.
ssN\-bnse Hm]nbw hym]m-c-¯n\v \nba A\p-a Xn e`y-a m-bXpapXÂ.
Xntbm-UÀ slÀskÂ , kznävkÀe³UnÂ ,s_bvk-enÂ BZys¯
PqXtIm¬{K-ÊnÂ AXn\vcq]w\ÂIn. AhnsSbmWv Bank for
International Settelments sâ BØm\w. Dt±yiw tdm¯vjoÂUnsâ
cmjv{Sob B[n-]Xyw t\m¡n\S-¯p-I. tdm¯vj oÂUnsâ òam-I m-c -amb
km{aymPyw AXn-thKw PqX -C-X c hwi-P-c psS kz¯p-¡Ä ssI¿-S¡nhcn-
I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
Ata-cn-¡³ GNP GI-tZiw 400 e£w tImSn cq]. AXnÂ Hcp iX-am\w
ImÀjnIhr¯n-bnÂ\n¶pw. 24 iX-am-\-t¯mfw hyh-km-b-¯ nÂ\n¶pw.
ssk\nIhyh-kmbw DÄs¸sS. _m¡n 75 iX-\maw tkh\taJ-e-bnÂ
\n¶pw. AXnÂ A[n-Ihpw km¼-¯nI Dul¡-¨-h Sw. Ata-cn¡ sam¯-
ambn Hcp tUm«v tImw I¼\n F¶a«nÂ{]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. -FDR t]Ä
lmÄ_Àt_mw_n-§n\v H¯m-i-sN-bvX-Xp-t]mse Ata-cn-¡³ Ct{k-tbÂ
kwbpà kwc-`-a m-bn-c p-¶p 9/11.
tPm¬ Im-a n³kvIn tNmZn-¡p¶p , temIkw`-h -§Ä kzm`m-hnI kmaq-
lnI ]cn-Wm-a -¯nsâ ê-amtWm, AtXm AÚm-X-I-c -§Ä Ccp--a q-e-
188
bnÂ \n¶pw \nb-{ń-¡p-¶-XmtWm. sStÌm-Ìo-tdm¬ BtWm Smhn-tÌm¡v

BtWm.
FbvUvkpw [\hpw
AIDS : Bad Science or Hoax Hut±ym-KnI`mjy-¯nÂ\n¶pw hyXy-
kvX-amb ImgvN-¸mSv] peÀ¯p¶ ]T-\-am-Wv. k¼Zvhyh-Øbv¡v [\w
(Money) F¶Xpt]msebmWv a\p-jy\v càhpw. AIDS sshdkv? cà-
¯nÂ Ib-dn-sb-¶mepw GXm\pwhÀj-t¯¡v Fs´-¦nepwIpg-¸-ap-Å-
Xmbn Bcpwa\-Ên-em-¡p-¶ n-Ã. sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv _m¦Àamcpw cmjv{So-b-
¡mcpw [\-¯n-\p-ÅnÂIb-dp-t¼mgpw CXpXs¶-bmWvØnXn.
FbvUvknsâ Imcy-¯nÂ AXns\ L«w H¶v F¶v hnfn-¡p-¶p.
e£W§Ä ]pd¯phcp-¶-X n\v \mfp-IÄ Gsd-sb-Sp¡pw. Akm-[m-c-W-
amb AWp-_m-[-IÄ Dmhpw. Btcm-Ky-I-c-a mb icocw km[m-c WKXn-
bnÂ XcWwsN¿p¶ Akp-J-§sf ssIImcywsN¿p-¶-Xn\v ico-c-¯n\v
Ign-bmsXhcp-¶p. AkpJw ITn\am-Wv. F¦nepw, _m[n-¡-s¸-«-bmÄ
kpJw {]m]n-¡p-¶p. 1930 Ifnse s{Kbäv Un{]-j³ t]mse. CXv FbvUvkv
L«w cv.
FbvUvkv L«w aq¶nÂ , AWp_m[bp--hp¶tcmKn-¡v c£-{]m-]n-¡m-\m-
hp-¶n-Ã. k¼ZvhyhØ AXp-hscF¯n-t¨À¶n-«n-Ã. C¶s¯ amµyw 1987
Â XpS-§n-b-X m-Wv. apàn-bpsS Hmtcme£-W-§Ä¡pw ]nt¶m«pt]mIp-¶-
Xnsâ Hcp e£WwIqSn. Kh¬saâv , tcJ-I-fnÂ Ir{XnawkrjvSn-¡p-¶p.
hmkvXhw F´m-sW-¶p-Å-Xn-t\-¡mÄ \ÃNn{Xw e`n-¡p-¶ -X n-\ pthn.
ssa¡Â ]cmân ]d-bp-¶Xv 10 hyh-kmb km¼-¯ nI kwL-
S-\-I -fpsS \nb-{´-W-¯n-emWv -…………
þ 3 {]apJ Sn.-hn.tdUntbm {]t£-]W I{µ-§Ä NBC, CBS, ABC. 34 Sn.-hn.
D]-tI-{µ-§Ä 201 tIbv_nÄ Sn.-hn. kwhn-[m-\-§Ä, 62 tdUntbm \ne-b-
§Ä, 20 sdt¡mÀUv Øm]-\-§Ä ,59 amK-ko-\p-IÄ, 58 Zn\-{]-{X-§Ä
,\yqtbmÀ¡v ssSwkv, hmjn-§vS³t]mÌv , hmÄkv{Soäv tPÀWÂ, temkv
Gbv©-ekv ssäwkv DÄs¸sS , 41 ]pkvXI {]km-[-IÀ. ]ns¶ \nc-h[n
kn\nam \nÀ½Wime-I Ä þ sImfw-_nb ]nIvt¨Àk,v ssäzân-b¯v skâpdn
t^mIvkv XpS-§n-bh. NBC, CBS, ABC sâ \menÂ aq¶p`mKw Hml-cn-Ifpw
ssIhiw h¨n-c n-¡p-¶Xv _m¦p-I Ä þ- sNbvkv am³l-«³, tamÀK³ Kmcân
{SÌv, _m¦v Hm^v Ata-cn¡. sam¯wLS\ ,IqSp-X Â \nb-{´-W-§fpw hcp-
am-\hpw Ipd¨va\p-jy-c n-te¡v h¶ptNcp¶Xc-¯n-em-Wv. kzX-{´-am-²y-a -
§Ä Gsä-Sp-¡-s¸«psImn-cn-¡p-¶p.
189
s_³ _m-KvUn-In-b³ ]d-bp-¶Xv þ kaq-ls¯ \nb-{ń-¡p-¶ -

Xn-\pÅ Hcp {][m\D]m-[n-bmWv , Adn-h ns\ \nb-{ń-¡pI F¶X.v P\-
§Ä¡v cmjv{So-b-¯ nÂ sXc-sª-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅAh-Imiw \ÂIp-¶-
Xn\vXpÃy-amWv Bib-§sfsXc-s ª-Sp-¡p-Xn-\pÅ kzmX{ýw. cmj-{S-
¯nÂ IÀi-\-amb\nb{´-W-a pÅ hnhckwhn-[m\w , IÀi-\ -amb\nb-{´-
WapÅ cmjv{Sobkwhn-[m-\s¯ krjvSn-¡pw.
P\-§Äs¡-Xn-sc-bpÅ Nqj-W-s¯bpw h©-\-I-tfbpw Xpd¶p
Im«p-¶-Xn\v]pd-s¸-Sp-¶-hsc ssIImcywsN¿m³ IRS, FDA, EPA, OSHA XpS-
§nb {]Øm-\ -§-fp-v. Ah A¯-c -¡msc ]m¸-cm-¡p¶p. Ah-cpsS Xma-
k-Ø-e-§Ä `bm-\-I -amb coXn-bnÂ sdbvUv sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶p. sÛ-dÂ
dnkÀhv _m¦Àamcpw Ah-cpsS ]nWn-bm-fp-Ifpw , P\-§Ä Adn-ªn-cn-
t¡Imcy-§ÄaqSn-h -¡p-¶ -Xn\v {]m]vX-cm-hp-¶p. ]mT-] p-kvX-I-§-fnÂ
C¯cwAdn-hp-IÄ Dm-hn-Ã.
F¶mÂ Adn-hp-t\-Sp¶P\-§Ä {]Xn-Imc , {]nXntj[ \S-]-Sn-I-fn-te¡v
Xncn-bp-t¼mÄ AXnsâ iànIpd-bv¡ms\-t¶mWw Bbp[wssIhiw
h¡p-¶-X n-\pÅ Ah-Im-i-¯n-\ p-taÂ \nb-{´WwGÀs¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. ]en-
ibpw \pIp-Xnbpw hcp-a m-\-¯nsâ`qcn-`m-Khpw IhÀs¶-Sp-¡p-¶p. hÀ²n-¨p-
h-cp¶ Kh¬saâv\nb-{´-W-§Ä FXnÀ¸ns\ \nÀÆo-cy-a m-¡p-¶p. \½psS
sNdp-a-¡Ä Kh¬saâvDS-a -Ø-X -bn-epÅhk-Xn-bnÂ Xma-kn¨,v Kh¬saâv
DS-a-Ø-X-bn-epÅ_knÂ bm{X-sNbvX v , Poh³\ne-\ n-dp-¯p-¶ -Xn-\pÅ
Blm-c hpw hkv{Xhpwam{Xw ssIhiwh¡p-¶-X n\v AI-h m-i-s ¸«v, Pohn-
¡p-¶-X n\v Imc-W-a m-tb¡mw. `c-Wm-[n-I m-c n-IÄ BÀ`m-S-¯nepw.
Gjybnepw Ing¡³ bqtdm-¸ nepw CXns\ I½yq-Wnkw F¶v hnfn-¨ncp¶p
Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ AXns\ P\m-b¯`cWw AsÃ-¦nÂ apX-emfn¯w F¶pw.
Deficits Cause Inflation BY. Harry E. Figgie JR.
Hyper Inflation AXnsâiàn shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xn\v A[nIwkabw

Bh-iy-an-Ã. {_nko-enÂ AXv 3 Znhkwam{XsaSp¯p þ tUmIvSÀ sKdn-
kzm³k¬ Acn-tkmW kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bnse [\-X-Xz-im-kv{X-Ú³.
\nIpXn Npa-¯p-¶-Xn-\pÅ A[n-Imcw, \in-¸ n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ A[n-Im-c -
amWv þ No^v PÌokv tPm¬ amÀjÂ.
tdm_À«v hnÃyw kvssaensb IRS/tax Dt±ym-K-Ø-·mÀ shSn-h ¨v

sIm¶p. ]n¶oSv At±-l-¯nsâ `mcysb \nc-ćw ]oVn-¸n-¨-Xns\XpSÀ¶v
AhÀ Bß-l-Xy¡v{ian¨p. tIbv Iu¬knÂ sâ `À¯mhv IRS/tax sâ
hymP-a mb Ah-I m-i -hm-Z-§Äs¡-X nscs]mcpXn XfÀ¶v C³jp-d³kv XpI
190
e`n-¡p-¶-Xn\pthn Bß-l-Xy-sNbvXp. At±-l-¯nsâ acWtijw

tIbv Iu¬knÂ , tIbvknÂ hnP-bn-¡
- p-I bpwsNbvXp.
IRS/tax sâ clkyt]meokv A\p-Zn\w ià-ambns¡mn-cn-¡p-¶p.

]mÀe-s aâvAwKw lm³k³ ]d-bp-¶Xv IRS AXnsâe£yw F¶-\ n-e-bnÂ
Xpd¶vk½-X n-¡p-¶-XmWv , P\-§f `b-Nn-InX-c m¡n \nIpXn\nb-a-§sf
kzm`m-hn-I-a mbnA\p-k-c n-¸n-¡p-¶-X n-\pÅ {]hÀ¯-\-§-fmWv C¯cw
B{I-a -Wkzm-`mhw F¶X.v IRS AXn-{I-a-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v khn-kvXcw{]Xn-]m-
Zn-¡p¶ ]pkvX-I -amWv To Harras Our People: The IRS and Government
Abuse of Power By Congressman, Hansen George. \nIp-X nsb FXnÀ¡p-¶-
h-cpsS F®w IqSn-h-c p¶p. AhÀ kÀ¡m-cns\ Ah-c psSi{Xq-h mbn IW-
¡m-¡p-¶p. KdnÃbp²-a p-dsb \ymb-bp-à-a mb {]Xn-I-c-W-a mbpw. A[n-
Ihpw _m[n-¡p-¶Xv CS-¯-c -¡msc. C¶v IRS k¼¯v hnX-c WwsN¿p-I -
bÃ thX\w IhÀs¶-Sp-¡p-Ibm-Wv. [\n-I-cnÂ\n¶pw FSp-¯n«v Zcn-{Z-\p-
sIm-Sp-¡p-¶-XÃ, adn¨v FÃm-h-cnÂ\n¶pwFSp-¯n«v `c-W-Iq-S-¯n\vsImSp-
¡p-¶-X m-Wv. lm³k³ At±-l-¯nsâ Ah-Im-i -hm-Z-§Ä¡v sXfn-hp-
IÄ\ÂIp-¶p. IrXy-X -tbmsS. IRS C¶v CIA, FBI F¶n-h-s b-¡mfpw A[n-
ImcwssI¿m-fp-¶p. kz´wP\-Xsb `b-s¸-Sp-¯p¶Imcy-¯nÂ.
“\nIpXn\nb-a-§Ä \nIpXnhnZ-Kv²À¡pt]mepw aÊn-em-¡p-¶ -Xn\v km[y-a -

Ãm¯A{Xbpw k¦oÀ®-amWv”. sdmWÄUv doK³.
1987 apXÂ Money amK-ko³ FÃmhÀjhpw Hcp km¦-ev]nIIpSpw-_ -

¯nsâ \nIpXnIs-¯p-¶-Xn\v 50 hnZ-Kv²sc]s¦-Sp-¸n¨vsImpÅ
aÕcw \S-¯n-h-cp-¶p. 1988 Â 10 t]À icn-bp-¯cw \ÂIn. 1989 Â cv
1990 Â H¶v 1991 Â Bcp-an-Ã. 1991 Â icn-bp-¯cwe`n-t¡-n-bn-cp-¶Xv 26,619
tUmfÀ F¶m-Wv. Gähpwap³]nÂh¶-bmÄ IW-¡m-¡n-bXv 16,219 tUmfÀ
-F-¶m-Wv. AXn\v AhÀ 25 aWn¡qÀsNe-hgn¨p. Gähpw A[nIwXpI-
bnÂ F¯n-t¨À¶Xv 46,564 tUmfÀ F¶m-Wv. AXn\v At±lw 40 aWn-
¡qÀ sNe-h -gn¨p. ]s¦-Sp-¯-h-c nÂA[n-Ihpw Certified Public Accountants
Dw ap³ IRS Dt±ym-K-Ø-·mcpw. HcmÄ \n§ÄHSp-t¡\nIpXn 26,000
tUmfÀ F¶p ]dbp-t¼mÄ asäm-c mÄ 46000 tUmfÀ F¶p]d-bp-¶p.
\ct`m-P-\¯nsâ ]pXnbcq]-a mWv \nIpXn F¶v tXmakv
s]bv\pw, tXmakv Pt^ÀkWpw Is-¯n-bn-c p-¶p. s]mXp-\-b-§Ä \S-¸n-
em-¡pI F¶-XmWv IRS sâ Dt±yiw. ImÄ amÀIvkv , I½yq-WnÌv am\n-s ^-
tÌm-bnÂ {Iam-\p-K-X-a mbnDbÀ¯n-s¡mphcp¶ BZmb\nIpXn \nÀt±-in-
¨n-cp-¶p. I½yq-Wnkw Øm]n-X-am-Ip-¶-Xn\v kzIm-c ykz-¯nsâ \nÀ½mÀP-
\hpw. TAX, tZis¯ tkmjy-en-k-¯n-te¡v\bn-¡p¶ D]-I-c-W-a m-Wv.
191
kzImcykvI qÄ \ndp-¯-em-¡p-¶Xpw s]mXp\b-¯nsâ `mK-amWv. ImÄ

amÀIvkv \nÀ_-ÔnX kÀ¡mÀhI-hn-Zym-`ymkw \nÀt±-i n-¨ n-cp-¶p.
IRS 90 iX-a m\w X«n-¸m-sW¶v \nIpXnZmb-IÀ a\-Ên-e m-¡n-bmÂ
kwhn-[m\w]qÀ®-a mbpw \in¨pt]mIpw þ sk\-äÀ sl³{Sn s_Âtam-¬
1969.
cmjv{So-b-¡mÀ¡pw Ah-cpsSi¦n-Sn-IÄ¡pw kÀ¡mÀsNe-hnÂ
kuI-c y-§Ä sNbvXpsImSp-¡p-¶Xv , A[nIw\nIpXnCuSm-¡p-¶-Xn\pw,
AXv hyh-Øn-Xn-bpsS k¼qÀ®-ambXIÀ¨bv¡pw Imc-W-a m-h p¶p þ {]^-
kÀ tPm¬ tlmkvt]Àkv 1975.
djy³]WvUn-XÂ tdmtÌm-h vXvtk^v Pohn-X¯nsâ\sÃmcp`mKw
]T-\-§Ä¡p-thn sNe-h-g n-¨-Xn\ptijw]d-ªXv CuPn-]vänsâ \mi-
¯n\pImcWw `c-W-I q-S-¯nsâ \nb-a-c-ln-X-amb\ne-]m-Sp-I-fmWv . \nIpXn
tiJ-cn-¡p¶hcpsS {Iqc-Xbpw Agn-ªm-«hpw hyh-Øn-X nsbXmdp-a m-dm¡n
tdmanepw AXpXs¶-bm-bn-cp-¶pKXn. s]cp-a-bmÀ¶ aäpkm{amPy-§-s f-
t¸mse tdmapw A[nIw\nIp-Xn-bpsS `mcwXm§m-\m-hmsX\in-¨ p. apl-½-
Z³kv BZyw \nIpXnhyh-ØsbXÅn-¸ -dªp F¦nepw {ItaW ap³Km-an-
I-tf-¡mÄ {Iqc-ambhyh-ØnXn\S-¸n-em¡n . hyXy-kvXambt]cnÂ. hS-
¡³ Ata-cn-¡-bnse 13 {_n«ojv tImf-\n-I Ä {]t£m-`-¯ nÂGÀs¸-«Xv
\nIp-X-bpsSt]cn-emW.v kzmX{ýka-c-¯n\ptijw \nIpXnNpa-¯p-¶-Xn\v
A[n-Im-c-a pÅ tZiobKh¬saâvDm-hnÃ F¶v s]mXp[mc-W-bp-m-bn-
cp¶p.
1773 Â _³P-a n³ {^m¦ven³ Hcp teJ\sagpXn. Rules by Which a Great

Empire May be Reduced to a Small One. al-¯ mb Hcp km{am-Pys¯
\nÊm-c -amb H¶m-¡p-¶-Xn-\ pÅ \nb-a-§Ä. “”\nIp-Xnsb IqSp-X Â ITn-\-
am-¡p-I . P\-§-fpsStaÂ \nIpXnNpa-¯p-¶-X n\v \n§Ä¡pÅA[n-Im-c -
¯n\v ]cn-[n-b nÃ F¶v {]Jym-]-\-§Ä]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-¡p-I. {]Xn-
tj[whnfn¨phcp-¯p-¶coXn-bnÂ \nIp-Xnsb{Iqc-am-¡p-I .- tI-{µ-
¯nÂ\n¶pw \nIpXn]ncn-¡p-¶-X n\pw AXnsâ taÂt\m«whln-¡p-¶ -X n\pw
Dt±ym-K ØkwLs¯ Ab-¡p-I. apc-S-·m-cpw, £a-bn-Ãm-¯-h cpw Icp-W -
bn-Ãm-¯-h cpw Bbn-c n-¡p-¶Xv \Ã-Xv. Zb-hp-Im-Wn-¡p-¶ -hsc Hgn-h m-¡pI
BÀs¡-X n-tc-bmtWm \nIpXn Zmb-I-cnÂ\n¶pw ]cm-X n-e-`n-¡p-¶Xv
AhÀ¡v Øm\-¡-bäw\ÂIp-I.””
NmÄkv BUwkv IrXy-a mbpw]d-bp-¶Xv Ata-cn-¡³
B`y-ćIem]w \nIpXnbpsSt]cnÂ\S-¶-X mWv . ASn-a ¯-¯nsât]cn-e-
Ã. AXn-s\- A-tacn¡³ \nIpXnbp²w F¶phnfn-¡p¶XmWvs a¨w. B k-
a-b¯v sam¯w\nIp-X n-bpsS 4 Â 3 `mKw \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶Xv sX¡³Ata-cn-
¡-bm-Wv. AXv k¼¯v sX¡p\n¶pw hS¡v`mK-t¯¡v \o§p-¶-Xn\v Imc-
W-ambn. tamdnÂ \nIpXn 1861 Â \ne-hnÂh¶p. F{_lmw en¦³ H¸p-h-¨p.
192
Cd-¡p-a XnsN¿p-¶ -h-kvXp-¡-fpsShne-bpsS 47 iX-a m\w \nIpXn, \ne-hnÂ

h¶p. AXn\pap³]p-m-bn-cp-¶-Xnsâ Cc«n. en¦³ , hS-¡³hyh-km-bn-
IÄ¡v\ÂInb hm¡p-]m-en-¨p. sX¡p-a mbn Fs´-¦nepwka-c-k-s ¸-S-ep-IÄ
CÃm-Xmbn. hnL-S\w Dm-bmÂt]mepw sX¡nÂ , IÌwkvXocph tiJ-cn-
¡-s¸Sp-sa¶v kXy-{]-XnÚm-N - S-§nÂ At±lw hmKvZm\w\ÂIn-bn-c p¶p.
Pt^Àk-³ tUhnkv , Cd-¡p-aXn\nIp-X nsb ASn-Øm-\-a m-¡n hnL-S-
\s¯ \ymbo-I-cn-¨p. hS¡v , en¦sât\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ sX¡ns\ km¼-
¯nI_emÂ ¡mcw\S¯n . ]cn-W-X-êw bp²w. 3 e£wt]À ac-W-a-S-
ªp.
bp²w \nIp-Xnsbs¨mÃnXs¶-bm-bn-c p-¶p. ASn-a-¯ -am-bn-cp-¶nÃ

hnjbw. bp²w XpS§n 2 hÀj-§Ä¡ptij-a mWv en¦³ ASn-a ¯\ntcm-
[\\nbaw sImp-h-c p-¶-X v. HmÀsh-Ãnsâ 1984 se apXnÀ¶ ktlm-Z-c ³
1894 se \nIpXn\nbawXs¶-bmW.v 1894 Â {_n«³ acW\nIp-Xn, {Iam-\p-K-
X-ambn hÀ²n¨phcp¶\pIpXn GÀs¸-Sp-¯n. Progressive Rates . ]ns¶
FÃm-bn-S¯pw. BZmb\nIp-Xn¡v ASn-Ø m-\ -ambn . Duty F¶mÂ D¯-c -
hm-ZnXzw, ISa F¶mWv AÀ°w. \nIp-Xn¡v Duty F¶pt]cn-«Xv AXv
\n§-fpsS ISa F¶ AÀ°-¯n-em-Wv.
_p¡m-\³, BZm-b-\n-IpXn¡p]Icw NnÃdhnÂ]\\nIpXn
ip]mÀisN¿p¶p. AXnsâ KpW-§-fnÂNneXv ……
e£-¡-W-¡n\v BZmb\nIpXnDt±ym-K-Ø-·msc tPmen-bnÂ\n¶pw

hnSp-hn¨v {Inbm-ß-I -amb{]hÀ¯-\-§-fnÂ GÀs¸-Sp-¯p-¶-X n\vkm[n-¡pw.
IW¡v kq£n-¡p¶ Nnehv hfscb[nIwIpdbpw
\nIpXnDt±ym-K-Ø-·m-cp-a m-bpÅ hg-¡p-IÄ Hgn-h m-Ip-¶-Xp-hgn a\-k-
am-[m\w e`y-amhpw
hntZ-in-Ifpw \nb-a-h n-c p-²-ambnIg-n-bp-¶ -hcpw \nIpXn\ÂIp-¶-Xn\v
Imc-W-amhpw
kam-´
- ck¼-Zvhy-hØ \nIp-Xn-bpsS]cn-[n-¡p-Å n-emhpw
BZmb\nIpXndnt¸mÀ«v kaÀ¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ ka-b-em`w. Ata-cn-¡-
bnÂ CXv GItZiw 2 e£w tImSn cq]-bpsS em`w
1913 Â sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv \nb-a hpw IRS Dw \ne-hnÂh¶p. cn-

sâbpw]n¶nÂ {]hÀ¯n-¨Xv , s\Âk¬ BÂ{Un-¨v. cmw temIalm-
193
bp-²-t¯m-S-\p-_-Ôn¨v Withholding Tax \ne-hnÂh¶p. ]n¶nÂ {]hÀ¯n-

¨Xv \yqtbmÀ¡v sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv _m¦v sNbÀa³ , _nbÀUvkvse
dqaÂ. IRS F¶Xv sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhnsâ sKÌt¸m BsW¶v Icp-Xn-bmÂ
sXäm-Ip-tam.
kzbwkwc-£-W-amWv a\p-jy-kz-`m-h-¯ nsâ BZys¯ \nb-a-sa-¦nÂ,
Nqj-W-amWv cm-a -t¯Xv þ FUvhÀUv F]vÌo³
Acm-P-I-hm-Zn-I Ä Bcm-[n-¡p-¶Xv Kh¬saânsâ\nb-a s¯ XÅn-¡-Å-bp-
¶-Xn-s\-bmWv.v a\pjy\nb-a-s¯-bÃ þ Xntbm-UÀ s_¡À.
a\p-jy-Ip-e-¯nse Gähpw\nIr-jvS-cm-bp-Å-h -cmWv A[n-I m-c -¯n-te¡v
BIÀjn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. Ncn-{X-¯n-ep-S-\ ofw , a\pjy³ sX½m-Sn-bmÂ
Iogvs¸-Sp-¯-s¸-«p-h-cp-¶p. Ah-c psS kl-Po-hn-I-fpsStaÂ A[n-ImcwIm«p-
¶-hÀ, Imä¯v ]pÂs¡mSn GXp`mK-t¯¡vNmbWw F¶v Xocp-a m-\ n-¡p-
¶-hÀ, AhÀ Xg-b-s¸«thiy-I-fm-Wv.- A-hÀ F´v\ mW-t¡Spw kln¡pw.
F´p -hr-¯n-tISpw {]hÀ¯n¡pw . A[n-Im-c-¯n-\p-thn F´p-th-W-sa-
¦nepw sN¿pw. FÃmKh¬saâpw hy`n-Nm-c-Wn-I-fpsS]mÀe-saâm-Wv. (
Parliament of Whores By P.J.O Rourke )
{]iv\w _yqtdm-{I-kn-bm-Wv. AXv tZiobhym[n-b m-bn-c n-¡p-

¶p. Ignª 10 hÀj-¯n-\ p-ÅnÂ AXv Cc-«n-h -fÀ¶p. hep-¸-¯nepw Icp-
¯nepw. sI¶-Un ,- tPm¬k¬ Imes¯ At]-£n¨v 20 hÀjwsImv 10
Cc-«nbpw. Ignª A³]XvhÀjwsImv 1000 Cc-«nbpw . CXv kzX-{´-k-aq-
l-¯nsâ ASn-¯ dsb \in-¸ n-¡p-¶p. P\-§-fpsS Pohn-X-¯n-sâbpw.
Kh¬saâv P\-§-fpsSthe-¡m-c\mbn-c n-t¡--Xn-\p-]-Icw Ct¸mÄ bP-am-
\-\m-bn-cn-¡p¶p þ tPmÀÖv tdmjv .- 1935 apXÂ 1985 hsc-bpÅ Ime-L-« -
s¯-¡p-dn-¨v.
R§-fpsS lZ-b-§-fpsSBg-¯nÂ R§Ä¡-dnbmw, òI-c -amb, am¸Àln-
¡m¯ IrXy-§Ä¡v R§Ä Iq«m-fn-I-fm-s W¶v. R§Ä¡-dnbmw R§-
fmWv Ata-cn-¡sb ]m¸-cm-¡n-bXv F¶v. R-§Ä R§-fpsS Ipªp-
§Ä¡v ]m¸-c ¯-¯nsâ]mc-¼cyw\ÂIn-s b¶.v R§Ä sXc-s ª-Sp-¡s¸-
Sp¶-Xn-\p-thn , R§Ä R§-fpsScmPys¯h©n¨p þsk\-äÀ tPm¬
Um³t^mÀ¯v .
BZy-ambn \½Ä sNt¿-X,v FÃm A`n-`m-j-I -tcbpw h[n-¡pI F¶-

XmWv þ sjbvIvkv] n-bÀ ( Henry IV ).
“A]-I -S-¯ nemb CS-¯-c¡mÀ” F¶ Xe-s ¡-«nÂh¶teJ\w ]d-bp¶p..

The Arizona Republic Nov.1991 hmjnwMvS\nse k¦oÀ®-amb \nbaw
194
X¿m-dm-¡p-¶ -h À, Ignª 20 hÀj-a mbn kzm[o-\-a p-Å-h -scbpw D¶-X -

scbpw klm-bn-¡p-¶ -X-c¯nemWv Icp-Xn-¡q«n \nbaw\nÀ½n¨psImn-cn-
¡p-¶-X v. AhÀsN¿p¶Xv aäpÅhcpsSsNe-hnepw. AXnsâêw [\nI³
hopw [\n-I\pw ,Zcn-{Z³ hopw Zcn-{Z\pw. Xmtg-¡n-S-bn-ep-Å-hÀ sIWn-
bnÂ s]«n- cn-¡p-¶p.
1980 IfnÂ 20,000 tUmf-dnÂXmsg thX\w]äp-¶-h-cpsS
kwJy 1.4 iX-am\w DbÀ¶p. 20,000 apXÂ 50,000 hsc thX\w]äp-¶-h -
cpsS kwJy 4 iX-am\w . 200,000 apXÂ 10 e£w hsc thX\w]äp-¶-h -
cpsS kwJy 70 iX-a m\w. 10 e£-¯n\v apI-fnÂ thX\w]äp-¶-h-cpsS
kwJy 218 iX-am\w DbÀ¶p. sam¯-¯nÂ hne-bn-c p-¯n-bmÂ
\nIpXnhyhØ Hmtcm-h Àj-¯nepw CS-¯-c ¡mscXIÀ¡p-¶p. Btcm-Ky-
c£ms]³j³ , B\p-I q-ey-§Ä Hs¡ \ndp-¯-em-¡p¶p . XpO-
ambthX\w\ÂIp¶ I¼\nIÄ¡v k_vkvUn \ÂIp-¶Xphgn PohnX\ne-
hmcwXmgv¯p-¶p . hmk-Øew kz´-a m-¡p-¶-XnÂ\n¶pw A[nIwP\-
§sfXS-bp-¶p.
{ItaW CS-¯-c¡mÀ A{]-X y-£-cm-hp¶p. DS-abpw ASn-a bpw
am{Xw. F¶mÂ “]m¸À hyh-kmbw” NnehnZKv²sc A[n-I-a mbnklm-bn-
¡p¶p. \nbahnZ-Kv²cpw A¡u-âpamcpw t\«wsIm¿p¶p. ]ns¶
_m¦ÀamÀ ,\nt£]D]-tZi-I À, t{_m¡ÀamÀ, amt\-PvsaâvhnZ-Kv²-À . 1960
IfnÂ]m¸-c m-bXv Hmtcm-hÀjhpw 15,800 t]À. 1970 IfnÂ 24,900. 1980 IfnÂ
63,500. 1991 Â 87,266 . 1992 P\p-hcn apXÂ Pq¬hsc 50,582 . hmÀjnI ASn-
Øm-\-¯nÂ Hcp e£-¯n-tesd.
hntZiI¼-\n-IÄ¡v sImSp-¡p¶ \nIpXnCf-hp-Ifpw P\-§-fpsS
\nIpXn`mcwhÀ²n-¸n-¡p-¶p. kÀ¡m-c ns\ \ne-\nÀ¯n-s ¡mv t]mIp-¶-Xn-
\pÅNne-hp-IÄ 20 hÀjw-sImv 9 Cc-«n-bmbn. 1973 Â 1,300 tImSn cq]
Bbn-c p-¶Xv , 20 hÀj-¯n\ptijw 12,000 tImSn cq]-bmbn . \nb-a-§Ä
A[nIwhn]peamb-Xn-\ mÂ GsX-¦ nepw Hcp ]mÀ-e-s aâvAwKw AXnsâ 10
iX-a m-\ -sa-¦ nepw hmbn¨va\-Ên-em-¡p-sa¶v Icp-Xm-\m-hn-Ã.
“`c-W-L-S\ Fgp-X -s¸-«n-«p-ÅXv \nbahnZ-Kv²-cmÂ \nb-a-ÚÀ¡pthn-

bm-Wv. `cWLS\ ]cn-Nbpw , \nbaw hmfp-a m-Wv. AXn\p]n¶nÂ Hfn-ªn-
cn-¡p¶sIme-bmfn \nbahnZ-Kv²\pw” - s{Û-dnIv am³.
“Rm³ sNdp¸wapXÂ Ft¸mgpwNnń-¨n-cp-¶X,v kzÀ¤w, \µn-bn-Ãm¯

]m]n-bmb hnh-c-tZmjnbmb a\p-jy-\ p-taÂsNmcnª Gähpwhenbim]w
F¶ Xv, If-¦n-X-a mb B{i-b-io-e-apÅ \nbahyh-Ø-b mWv” - No^v
PÌnkv tPm¬ amÀjÂ.
195
Ata-cn-¡³Kh¬saâv F¶Xv A[n-Im-c-a-Ã. AXn\v hyàn-I-fpsS taÂ

\nb-{´-W-an-Ã. AXnsâ {]hÀ¯-\ -§-fnÂ D¯-c -hm-Zn-Xzhpw. kzX-{´-cmb
a\p-jyÀ , Nnea\p-jyÀ¡v , hfsc]cn-an-X -ambNpäp-]m-Sp-I-fnÂ \nb-{ ń-X-
ambAf-h nÂ iàn{]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xn\v \ÂIn-bn«pÅ A\p-hmZwam{X-am-
Wv. AXv Ata-c n-¡³P\-X¡v ,Ft¸mÄthW-sa-¦nepw Ata-cn-
¡³Kh¬saân Â\n¶pw ]n³h-en-¡m-h p-¶-X mWv” - tdmkv sshÂUÀ
sebv³.
`c-W-I q-S-¯nsâXe-h³ `c-W-Iq-Ss¯\nb-{ń-¡p¶p F¶v
s]mXp-P\w Icp-Xp-¶p. F¶mÂ HcpkwLw AXohwkzm[o\iàn-bpÅ
Nne-cpsS BP-Rm-\p-hÀ¯nam{X-amWvXe-h ³ F¶-XmWvh mkvXhw. Ata-cn-
¡³ {]kn-UâpamÀ Pn½n-I mÀ«À, tdmWÄUv doK³ , tPmÀÖv _pjv
F¶n-h -cpsS{]hÀ¯-\ -§-s fbpw \nb-{ń-¨ n-c p-¶Xv A¯cwkwL-am-sW¶v
tPm¬ aIv am-\kv ]d-bp-¶p. Xmgv¶\ne-bnÂXpS§n tPm¬ _nÀ¨v
skmsskänØm]-Isâ hniz-kvX-\mbn ,AXnsâ ]_vfn-Iv dn-te-j³kv
Ub-d-I vS-dmbn AXnsâ apJyhàm-hmbn¯oÀ¶ aIv am-\kv cNn¨
]pkvXIw An Overview of Our World (1971) . ]ns¶ At±lw tPm¬
_nÀ¨v skmssk-än-bpsS {]kn-Uâp-a mbn.
{][m-\-a mbpw CFR Dw TC bpamWv {i² AÀln-¡p¶ kwL-S-

\-IÄ. Council on Foreign Relations Dw Trilateral Commission Dw. cmw
temI alm-bp-²-¯n\ptijw hn¹-h-Im-cn-IÄ I½yq-Wn-Ìp-I-fÃ, ImÀjnI
]cn-jvIÀ¯m-¡Äam{X-a mWv F¶v hn]p-e-ambn {]N-c n-¸n-¡-s¸-«p. 1949 Â
amthm -Xv tk-Zq§v ssN\-bpsS lrZ-b-`mKwapgph\pw Xsâ A[o-\-X-bn-em-
¡n. 1971 se ]T\w ssN\okv I½yq-Wn-Ìp-IÄ Bdc tImSn ssN\m-¡msc
sIms¶m-Sp¡n F¶vI s-¯n.- C¶pw ssN\ a\pjyNcn-{X¯nse òI-c -
amb `c-W-I q-S-§-fnÂH¶mbn XpS-c p-¶p. AXv temIamI-a m\w òXn Ib-äp-
aXnsN¿p-¶p. 1950 Â ^nUÂ Imkvt{Sm F¶mÂ kntbcm aokv{Sm ae \nc-
I-fnse tdm_n³ lqUv, Iyq_-bnse tPmÀÖv hmjnw-§vS³ Fs¶ms¡
{]N-cn-¸n-¨ p. AXv A_-²-a m-bn. Ata-cn-¡-bnse {]apJhyh-km-bn-I -sfÃmw
I½yq-Wn-k-¯nsâ P·i{Xp-¡-sf¶v s]mXpsh Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶p. AXpw
sXäp-X s¶bmWv. tUhnUv tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ I½yqWnÌIfp-a mbn H¯p-I-fn-
¡p¶p F¶p]d-ªmÂ AXv P\w XÅn-¡-fbpw. At\z-jWw
IqSmsXXs¶. F¶mÂ A¯cw \nc-h[nkw`-h-§Ä hmkvX-h-am-Wv.
tamkv tIm-bnse BZys¯ hntZ-i-_m¦v tUhnUv tdms¡-

s^-Ã-dnsâ sNbvkv am³l-«-\ m-bn-c p-¶p. ]o¡n-§nepw . tkmhn-bäv bqWn-
b-\nse Ima -\ Zn F¶ Øe¯v a\p-jyN-cn-{X-¯nse Gähpwhenb {S¡v
\nÀ½mWime¡v [\klmbw\ÂIn-bXv sNbvkv am³l-«³. tUhnUv
tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ I½yq-Wn-k-¯nsâ i{Xp F¶vIcpXp¶Xv XnI¨pwsXäm-
196
Wv. aäp ]ehyh-km-bn-Ifpw AXp-t]mseXs¶. AhÀ¡v

{]tXyIBib§fpw XmXv]-c y-§fpw H¶panÃ. A[n-Im-c hpw
em`hpwam{Xw. C{Xbpw \mÄ hmjnw §vSs\\nb-{ń-¨n-c p¶ A[n-Im-c-tI-
{µ-§-fpsS]nWn-b m-fÃ Xms\¶pw A[n-Im-c-¯nÂhcn-I -bm-s W-¦nÂ
]pXnbapJ-§-fm-bn-c n¡pw Xs¶ `c-W-¯nÂ klm-bn-¡p-¶-X n-\p-m-
hpIF¶pambn-cp¶p Pn½n ImÀ«À sXc-sª-Sp¸v L«-¯nÂ]d-ªn-cp-¶-Xv.
( I’ll Never Lie to You - Jimmy Carter ). F¶mÂ Bsc-s bm-s¡-bmtWm
Hgn-h m¡pwF¶v At±lw]d-ªncp-¶Xv Ah-sc-sbms¡ Hs¶m-g n-bmsX
\nb-an¨psImmWv At±lw `cWw\S-¯n-bX.v Pn½n ImÀ«sd A[n-Im-c -
¯n-te-dp-¶-Xn\v X{´§ÄBhn-jv¡-cn¨ lmanÂä³ tPmÀZ³ ]d-ªn-cp-
¶Xv , Secretary of State Bbn sskhm³kvv tZiobkpc£mXe-h-\mbn
{_k-k³kvIn F¶n-hÀ `c-W-Iq-S-¯ nsâ`mK-a m-hp-I-bm-sW-¦ nÂ Xm³
cmPnh¡p-sa-¶m-Wv.
ImÀ«À IrXy-ambpw sskhm³kns\ sÌbvänsâ sk{I-« -
dn-bmbpw , kv_náyq {_k-k³kvInsb tZiob kpc£mXe-h -\mbpw \nb-
an-¨p. ImÀ«À GsXmcp{]Øm-\-s ¯-bmtWm ]e-t¸mgpw B{I-a n-¨n-cp¶Xv,
AXnsâ BÄ¡m-c m-bn-c p¶p Cu cpt]cpw. sskhm³kv , hmÄkv{Soäv
A`n-`mj-I\pw tdms¡-^-ÃÀ ût-j³ t_mÀUvA²y-£\pw, sI¶-Un,
tPm¬k¬, \nIvk¬ `c-W-I q-S-§-fnÂ {][m\]¦vhln-¨n-c p¶ hyàn-
bpw. kv_náyq {_k-kn³kvIn, lmÀhÀUv, sImfw-_nb kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-I-
fnse A²ym-]-I\pw tPm¬k¬`c-W-I q-S-¯nse {][m-\n-I-fnÂ Hcph\pw,
A[n-ImctI{µ-§sf A\p-Iq-en-¡p¶ A\-h[n]pkvX-I-§fptSbpw teJ-\-
§-fp-tSbpw IÀ¯mhpw. ImÀ«À Ahsc\nb-a n-¡p¶ka-b¯v AhÀ
cpt]cpw CFR t_mÀUv Ub-d-I vtSgvkpw cpt]cpw
\nb{ńXAwKXzw\ÂIp¶ TC AwK-§fpw . CFR 1921 Â Øm]n-X-a mbn.
kzImcykwLw. \yqtbmÀ¡nÂ. {]kn-Uâv hq{Uq hnÂksâ apJyD]-tZ-
jvSmhv FUvhÀUv am³UÂ lukv Øm]n-X-am-¡n. lukv , hnÂksâ
A]-c³ F¶-dn-b-s¸-«p. `cWw\S-¯n-bn-cp-¶Xv hnÂk-\-Ã. lukvXs¶-bm-
bn-cp-¶p. lukv Hcp amÀIvknÌ.v At±-l-¯ nsâ]pkvXIw Philip Dru :The
Administrator ]d-bp¶p , At±lw ImÄ amÀIvkv hn`m-h\wsNbvX
tkmjy-en-k-¯n\pthn{]hÀ¯n-¡p¶p F¶.v bYmÀ°{]Xn-bnÂ
Xsât]cv shfn-s ¸-Sp-¯p-¶nÃ. F¦nepw AXvh yà-amWv. sUsam-{Im-änIv
]mÀ«n-bp-tSbpw dn]-_vf n-¡³ ]mÀ«nbp-tSbpw \nb-{´Ww ssI¿m-
fp¶KqVm-tem-N\ , Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ tkmjy-enkwsImp-hcpw F¶v
At±lw ]d-bp¶p. L«w L«-a mbn DbÀ¯n-s¡mphcp¶ BZmb
\nIpXn , `cWIqS-¯nsâ\nb-{´-W-¯ n-epÅ sk³{SÂ _m¦,v CXpcpw
Bh-iy-sa¶pw. CXvcpw I½yq-WnÌv am\n-s^-tÌm-bnÂ ]d-ªn-«p-Å-Xm-
Wv.- lukv \nb-{ń-¨ n-c p¶ hnÂk³`c-W-I qSw \ne-hnÂh¶v BZys¯
hÀjw 1913 Â CXpcpw \nb-a -am-hp-IbpwsNbvXp. Ata-cn-¡-bpsS
kzmX{ýw H¶mw temIalm-bp-²-¯n\ptijw eoKv Hm^v t\j³kn\v
197
ASn-b-dhphbv¡p-¶-Xn\v lukv -B-lzm\wsNbvX p. AsXXpÀ¶v At±lw

CFR cq]-h -Xv¡-cn¨p. AXnsâXpS¡wapXepÅe£yw Ata-cn-¡-bpsS
kzmX {ýhpw hyàn-Xzhpw \in-¸n-¡pI F¶-Xpw. temIKh¬saâv
Øm]n-¡p-ń\pthn. CFR \v [\-k-lmbw {][m-\ -ambpw tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ
ût-j\pw ImÀ\o ût-j\pw. {]kn-Uâv dqkvshÂänsâ H¯m-i -
tbmsS 1940 Â `cWIqS-¯ n³taÂ CFR kzm[o\wt\Sn. AXv C¶pwXpS-
cp¶p. dn]-_vfn-¡³ Øm\mÀ°n-I Ä tXmakv Uoth, sFk-t\m-h À,
\nIvk¬ . -sU-sam-{Imäv Øm\mÀ°nIÄ Ìoh³k¬, sI¶Un,
lws{^, aIv sK-h¬ FÃmw CFR AwK-§Ä. Ata-c n-¡³P\-Xbv¡v sXc-
sª-Sp-¡p-¶-X n\v Ah-Im-i-a nÃ. hfscA]qÀÆwkml-N-c y-§-fn-s em-gn¨v.
NBC,CBS,\yqtbmÀ¡v ssSwkv, hmjnw-§vS³ t]mÌv ]ns¶ At\Iw
{]apJam²y-a-§Ä. FÃmw. CFR AwK-§Ä\S-¯p-¶X.v ssSw, sse^v,
\yqkv ho¡v, t^mÀäyq¬, _nkn-\Êv ho¡v FÃmw . A²ym-]\cwKs¯
{]ap-JÀ, {]apJhyh-kmbØm]-\-§fnse D¶-XÀ, \nIpXnclnX ût-
j-\p-IÄ , sXmgn-emfn bqWn-b-\p-IÄ, ssk\yw FÃmw . AXnsâ
t_mÀUvA²y-£³ tUhnUv tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ. F¶mÂ Ata-cn-¡³P\X
CFR s\¡p-dn¨v ,AXnsâ {]hÀ¯-\-§sf-¡p-dn¨v A[nIw t_m[-hm-·m-c-Ã.
ImcWw {]ap-J -am-²ya{]hÀ¯-I cpw CFR AwK-§-fmW.v AhÀ CFR s\¡p-
dn¨v hmÀ¯-IÄ\ÂIp-¶nÃ.
ImÀ«À , CFR AwK-§sf Xsâk`-bnÂ\nb-an-¨-t¸mÄ P\-§Ä A]-

ISwa\-Ên-em-¡n-bn-Ã. - CIA Ub-d-IvSÀ Ìm³kvôÂUv SÀ¬À.
1967 Â dn¨ÀUv \nIvk¬ CFR {]kn-²o-I-c -W-amb t^mdn³ A^-

tbÀknÂ ssN\-tbmSv Xpd¶kao-]\wBh-iy-am-sW¶teJ\w \ÂIn-b-
Xp-hgn Øm ]n-X -Xm-Xv] -cy-¡m-c psS{]oXnt\Sn. Häb-Sn¡v bpsW-äUv
t\j³kn-eqsS temIKh¬saâv km[y-aÃ F¶pw L«w L«-a mbn am{Xta
AXv km[y-am-hp-I-bpÅqF¶pw CFR AwKw sImfw-_nb kÀÆ-I-em-ime
{]^-kÀ , ap³ sÌbväv Un¸mÀ«vs aâvDt±ym-K-Ø³ dn¨ÀUv.F³.KmÀUv\À
]d-ªp. AXn\p thn IMF ,temI _m¦v , GATT (WTO), Law of Sea
Conference, World Food Conference, World Population Conference,
Disarmament Programs, Bbp[\ntcm-[\]²-Xn-I Ä, bpssW-äUv
t\j³knsâ ssk\nIhn`mKw Hs¡ D]-tbm-K n-t¡---Xp-v F¶pw.
T.C.\yqtbmÀ¡nÂ. 1973 Â. AXnsâthcp-IÄ kv_nKv\yq -{_-k-k³kvIn-

bpsS]pkvXIw Between Two Ages : America's Role in the Technetronic
Era Â\n¶pw. AXnÂ At±lw ]d-bp¶p“ka-Im-eo\ hmkvX-h n-I -X-
bnte¡v Gähpw\ÃDÄ¡mgvN amÀIvknkw \ÂIp¶p”. amÀIvk nkw
198
s]mXp-hnÂ I½yq-Wnkw F¶v Adn-b-s¸-Sp¶p. AXv a\p-jy\v Ahsâ

temI-h p-a m-bn-«pÅ_Ôs¯ Bi-b-h-Xv¡-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ {][m-\-
amb]ptcm-K-Xnsb {]Xn-\n-[m\wsN¿p-¶p. “amÀIvknkw hnizm-k-
¯n\ptaÂ bpàn-¡pÅ hnP-b-am-Wv”. I½yq-Wnkw 10 tImSnP\-§-fpsS
Ipcp-Xn¡pw, 100 tImSn P\-§-fpsSASn-a-¯-¯n\pw , ]ns¶ Zmcn-{Zy-
¯n\pwImc-W-ambn F¶p]d-bp-¶p-a n-Ã. {_k-k³kvInbpw KmÀUv\sd
t]mse {Iam-\p-K-X -amb temIKh¬sa ânte-bv¡pÅamä-s¯-¡p-dn¨v
{]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p¶p. 1973Â tdms¡-s ^-Ã-dnsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ T.C. \ne-
hnÂh¶p. temIKh¬saâv \ne-h nÂhcp-¶-Xn-te¡v ]ptcm-KXn{]m]n¨
I½yq-WnÌv`c-W-Iq-S-§-fp-a mbn N§m-¯-a mhmw F¶mWv {_k-k³kvIn-
bpsS A`n-{]mbw. sImfw-_nb kÀÆ-I -em-i -em-bnÂ A²ym-] -I-\m-bn-cp¶
{_k-k³kvInsb AhnsS\n¶pwhnSp-h n¨v, tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ, T.CbpsSUb-
dIvS-dmbn\nb-a n-¨p. A{]-i-kvX-\ m-bn-c p¶ Pn½n ImÀ« sd (ap³ tPmÀPnb
KhÀWÀ) T.C.bpsS Øm]IUb-d-IvSÀam-cnÂ Hcm-fm¡n. AsX-¡p-dn¨v
ImÀ«À ]d-ªXv “T.C.bnse AwKXzw F\n¡v hntZi Imcy-§sf¡p-dn¨v
]Tn-¡p-¶-Xn\vImc-W-a mbn” F¶mWv. ap³]-c n-N-b-a nÃ F¶v.
B ImÀ«dmWv Xsâkl-{]-hÀ¯-Isc `c-W-Iq-S-¯nÂ
]s¦-Sp-¸n-¡nÃ F¶p]d-ªXpw. {]kn-Uâm-b-Xn\ptijw Ah-sc-sbÃmw
{][m\ XkvXn-I-I-fnÂ\ntbm-Kn-¨Xpw. Insiderssâ kzm[o-\-Xaq-e-amWv
I½yq-WnÌvtemIKh¬saânÂ ]¦m-fn-I-fm-I p-¶-Xn\vXmXv]-cy-a n-Ãm¯
sX¡³ sImdnb, tdmtU-jy, Nnen, sXbvhm³ F¶ocmPy-§-fpsStaÂ
k½ÀZw\Â Ip-¶X.v Rene Wormser sâ Foundations: Their Power and
Influence \nIpXnclnXût-j-\p-I-fpsS {]hÀ¯-\hpw Icp¯pw shfn-
hm-¡p¶ ]pkvX-I-a m-Wv . 1978 se Ata-c n-¡³ sk\-äÀamcm-bn-cp¶ CFR
AwK-§-fpsS Iq«-¯nÂ Um\n-bÂ.]n.-sam-bv\n-lm\pw. At±-l-¯nsâ
]pkvXIw A Dange rous Place Â Ata-cn-¡³ CIA , Cý³cmjv{So-b-
¯nÂCS-s]-«n-c p¶Xmbn ]d-bp-¶p.
ap³]v CFR AwK-§-f m-bn-c p-¶-hÀ]pd¯ph¶v CFR cl-ky-§Ä
shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bp-m-bn.? AXnÂ {][m-\ n-I-fmWv sÌbväv Akn-Ìâv
sk{I-«-dn-bm-bn-cp¶ kv{]qbnÂ {_mU³ ( ref. The Invisible Government
By Dan Smoot ) ]ns¶ AUva n-d-embnhnc-a n¨ sNÌÀ hmÀUv ( Kissinger on
the Couch. By. Phyllis Schlafly and Chester ward ). Gähpw{][m\ Insider
kwL-S-\-I-fmWv CFR Dw T.C. bpw. CXns\ Xpd¶pIm«p¶hmÀ¯-I Ä ]pd-
¯p-h¶p. Øm\mÀ°n-IÄ X§Ä Ah-bnseAwK-§-f m-bn-c p-¶nÃ F¶v
{]Jym-]n-¡p-¶-Xn\vImc-W-a mbn. tPmÀÖv _pjn\pw tPm¬ B³tUÀk
\pw AXn\vIgnªnÃ. AhÀ cp-t]cpw CFR, T.C bnse `mK-ambncp¶p.
199
doK\pw A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw ImÀ«sd FXnÀ¯-t¸mgpw Ahsc CFR,

T.C BÚm-\ p-h À¯n-IÄ F¶p]d-bp-¶-Xn\vhnk-½-Xn-¨ p. doK³ H¶mw
L«-s X-c-s ª-Sp¸vhnP-b¯n\ptijw CFR AwK-a m-bn-c p¶ hnÃyw.sP.sIbv
knsb Xsâ sXc-sª-Sp-¸nsâNpa-X e GÂ¸n-¨p. ]n¶oSv sIbvkn CIA
Ub-d-I vS-dmbn . sIbvkn, \nIvk¬`cWIqS-¯nÂ ]e{]apJ]Z-hn-Ifpw
hln-¨n-cp-¶p. GIvkvt]mÀ«v Cwt]mÀ«v _m¦v A²y-£³, [\-Imcyhyh-
lmchn`m-K-¯nsâ sÌbväv AÀsk{I-« dn. X§-fpsS cmPy-¯nsâhyàn-
Xz-¯n-\ p-]-c n-bmbn cmjv{S-§ÄX½n-epÅklhÀ¯nXz-¯n-\ mWv Xm³
{]m[m\yw\ÂIp-¶-sX¶v sIbvkn Xpd¶p{]Jym-] n-¨ p. AXv doKsâ {]Jym-
]nX\ne-] m-Sn\v hncp-²-am-bn-cp¶p. CFR, T.C bnÂ\n¶pwhncan¨ tPmÀÖv
_pjns\ Xsâ kl-Øm\mÀ°n-bmbn doK³ sXc-s ª-Sp¯Xv A¼-c-¸n-
¡p¶ \S-] -Sn-bm-bn-cp¶p. _pjv , tdms¡-s^-Ã-dnsâ{]nb-¦-c-\ m-bn-c p¶p,
F¶-XmWvI mc-Ww.
CFR , T.C AwK-§Ä doK³`c-W-Iq-S-¯nÂ {]mapJyw]peÀ¯n.

Ae-Ivkm-À slbvKv, sUmWÄUv doK³, amÂIw _mÂUv-dnPv ,Im-kv]À
ho³_ÀKÀ. 257 CFR AwK-§Ä doK³`c-W-Iq-S-¯nepm-bn-cp¶p. FÃm-
t]cpw {]apJXkvX n-I -I-fnepw. sshäv lukvDt±ym-K-Ø-· mcpsS Xe-h-
\mbn Pbnwkv t_bv¡À \nb-a n-¡-s ¸«p. doK³ bYmØnXnIhmZnbpw ,
s_bv¡À CSXphmZnbpw. Bcv {]kn-Uâns\kµÀin-¡Ww F¶vXocp-am-
\n-¡p-¶Xv s_bv¡À. F´mWv {]kn-UâvI mtW-X,v hmbn-t¡-Xv
F¶vXocp-am-\n-¡p-¶Xpw s_bv¡À. 1980 Â tPmÀÖv _pjn\pthn doK-
s\-X nsc {]N-c Ww\bn-¨Xv s_bv¡À. 1976 Â PdÄUv t^mÀUn-s\m-¸ hpw.
doKsâ XXz-im-kv{X-§Ä¡v ISIhncp-²-a mbBi-b-§Ä]peÀ¯p¶bmÄ.
At±lw doKs\ sXc-s ª-Sp-¸ n\vklm-bn¨ I¬kÀthäo-hp-Isf doK-
\nÂ\n¶pw AIän\nÀ¯n.
I½yq-WnÌvhncp-²-s\¶pw sNehvNpcp-¡p-¶-X nÂXmXv]-cy-
ap-Åh³ F¶pambn-cp¶p doKsâ{]Xn-Omb. hmkvXhwAXm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.
t]mf-ns\ km¼-¯nI{]Xn-k-Ôn-bnÂ\n¶pw Ic-I -bän. I½yq-WnÌvdqta-
\n-b-bnÂ \yq¢n-bÀ ÌowSÀss_-\p-IÄØm]n-¡p-¶-Xn\v Exim _m¦n\v
A\p-aXn \ÂIn. sshZypXnDXv]mZ\tI{µhpw
Dcp¡p\nÀ½mWimebpwXpS-§p-¶-Xn\v ssN\¡pw. tImSn-¡-W -¡n\v
tUmfÀ, Nph-¸³ tkzOm-[n-]Xyiàn-IÄ¡p-thn. I½yq-WnÌvhncp²
kmÀh-tZmÀtZi-¡m-tcmSv AhÀ Ah-cpsS tZi-¯n-\p-taÂ A[n-Imcw]nSn-
s¨-S-¡p-¶-Xn\v{ian-¡p¶]£w AXv FXnÀ ¡-s ¸SpwF¶v Ata-cn¡
]dªp. I½yq-WnÌvssN\bv¡v Bbp[w\ÂIn, sXbvhm-\nse ssN\m-
¡mÀ(Np-h-¸ -Ãm-¯)¡v kzbwc£¡v Bbp[w \ÂInbnÃ.
sNehpNpcp-¡-en-s \-¡p-dn¨v At±lw]d-ªXv , \nIp-Xn-
bnepw sNe-hnepw , \ne-hn-epÅ\nc-¡nÂ Ipd-h p-m-hp-I-bnÃ, hÀ²-\-hnÂ
hfÀ¨-bp-m-I msXt\m¡m³{ian-¡p-I-bmWv F¶m-Wv. CFR AwKw Ae-
Ivkm-À slbvK,v sÌbväv sk{I-«dn F¶\ne-bnÂ\n¶pwhnc-an-¨-t¸mÄ
200
CFR AwKw tPmÀÖv.]n.-jÂ«vkv \nb-a n-X-\mbn. jÂ«vkn\p sXm«pap³]p

Å 9 t]cpw CFR AwK-§-fm-bn-cp¶p. sÌbväv Un¸mÀ«vsaâv CFRsâ DS-a -
Ø-X-bn-e m-s W-¶p-Å-X n\v XÀ¡-a n-Ã. CFR s\¡p-dn¨v ]{Xam²y-a-§Ä
hmÀ¯\ÂIm-dn-Ã. AXv ]T\kwLwam{X-a m-s W-¶p-Å-XpsImmsW¶m
Wv HutZym-KnIhoi-Zo-I-c Ww. T.C bpw AXpXs¶]d-bp-¶p. 1960 Â tPm¬
sI¶-Un-bpsS`c-W-Iq-S-¯nÂ {]Xn-tcm[ sk{I-«-dn-bmbn tdm_À«v
aIv\amc \nb-a n-¡-s ¸«p. AXn\ptijw Øm\-ta-s ä-Sp-¡p-¶ -Xn\pap³]pÅ
kt½-f-\-¯nÂ aIv\-am-csb sI¶-Un¡v ]cn-N-b-s ¸-Sp-¯p-I-bp- mbn.
sI¶Un Hcn-¡epwIn-«n-Ãm¯ aIv\-a mc At±-l-¯nsâ`c-W-¯nÂ At±-
l-¯nâ Adnhpwk½-X-h p-a n-ÃmsX {]Xn-tcm[sk{I-«-dn-bm-bn.
dn¨ÀUv \nIvk¬ tZiobkpc£mUb-d-IvS-dmbn sl³{Sn InÊn³Psd\nb-
an-¨Xv Hcn-¡Â ]mÀ«n-bnÂh¨pI-]-cn-N-bhpw ]ns¶ IÊn³P-dpsS]pkvX
Iw hmbn-¨-Xn-epÅaa-X-bp-s Sbpwtaem-Wv. hniz-kn-¡m³ {]bmkw.
U.S. News & World Report ]d-bp-¶Xv tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ , InÊn³Psd \nI-
k¬a{ńk-`-bnÂ\nb-an¨p F¶mWv. tPmÀPv _pjv A[n-Im-c-¯nÂh¶-
tXmsS CFR & T.C AXohwià-ambn. Ah The Establishment F¶v Adn-
b-s¸-Sp-¶p. “_pjv cma\p-a m-bpÅ_Ôw Hu]-Nm-cn-I -ambn thÀs¸-Sp-¯n-
sb-¦ nepw ]n³Xp-W\ÂIp-¶p. At±lw cmPn-h¨p , F¶mÂ ]ncnªp
t]mbn-«nÃ” þ tUhnUv sds¡-s^-ÃÀ.
Kmcn Ae³ Skull and Bones F¶ cl-ky-kw-L-S-\-s b-¡p-dn¨v]d-bp-¶Xv

A´m-c mjv{S _m¦n§v , cmjv{Sobw, CIA F¶n-h n-S-§-fn-tebv¡v \nb-a\w
\S-¯p¶{]Øm\w F¶mWv. ( None Dare Call it Conspiracy by Garry
Allen ). 1937 Â sbbvÂ kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bnÂ\n¶pw _ncpZwt\Snb kp{]nw
tImSXn Pkvänkv t]m«À käp-hÀ«,v At±lw kXy-{]-Xn-Úm-hm-
NIwsNmÃn-s ¡m-Sp¯v {]kn-UâmbnAh-tcm-[n¨ tPmÀÖv _pjv cp-
t]cpw Skull and Bones AwK-§Ä. Skull and Bones km[m-cW Ata-cn-
¡³P\-X -bpsS CS-b nÂ {]ikvX-a Ã. ]{X-a m-kn-IIÄ AXn-s \-¡p-dn¨v
{]Xn-]m-Zn-¡m-dn-Ã.
_pjv 8 hÀjw doK\pIognÂ sshkv {]kn-Uâmbn. U.N Aw_m-k-UÀ ,

dn]-»n-¡³ ]mÀ«n-bpsS A²y-£³. ]o¡n-§nse Ata-c n-¡³ sebvk¬
Xe-h³, CIA Ub-d-IvSÀ . CsXÃmw P\-§ÄAdn-b-W-s a¶v _pjv B{K-ln-
¡p-I bpwsNbvXn-cp-¶p.
CFR, T.C sb t]mse Aän-emâIv Iu¬knÂ (AC) AwK-X zhpw

_pjv ad-¨ p-s h¨p. 18þmw \qä-nÂcq]hXv¡-cn-¡-s¸«Ata-cn-bv¡¡v,
ssIImcywsN¿m³Ign-bp-¶-X n-\-¸p-dapÅ{]iv\-§sf, t\cn-tS-p-¶-Xn\v
201
tbmPn¨ kwL-S-\-I ÄthW-s a-¶pÅXmbn-cp¶p AC bpsS \bw. AC bpsS

Øm]-I³ Christian Herter . ap³ sk{I-«dn Hm^v sÌbväv. At±lw
FUvhÀUv am³UÂ luknsâ A\p-bm-bnbpw. luk,v 20 þmw \qäm-
nse Ata-cn-¡-bnse Gähpw{]ap-J-\ mb Insider. 1919 Â ]mco-knÂh¨v
CFR Dw RIIA bpw ( Royal Institute of International Affairs – London )
cq]o-I-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ lukn-t\m-sSm¸w slÀ«dpw Dm-bn-cp¶p. tPm¬
t^m-ÌÀ Uyqfk,v Ae³ Uyqfkv F¶n-hcpw. AhÀ kzmX{ý {]Jym-
]\w, Ata-cn-¡³ `c-W-L-S\ F¶n-hsb CÃmbvasN¿p-¶-Xn\v
hfscapt¶- {iaw\S-¯n-bn-cp-¶p. AC -bpsS {]kn-²o-I-cWw “U.N sâ
`mhn-“bnÂ ]d-bp¶p, BtKm-f-Np-a-X-e-IÄ A[n-Ihpw U.N Xs¶ \nd-th-tä-
-Xpv. aäv {]ap-J -Aw-K-§Ä sl³{Sn InÊn³PÀ, t]mÄ \nävsk,
hnÃyw.sP.sIbvkn, s{_âv kvtImhvt{Im^väv, lmÀe³ ¢ohve³U,v
bqPn³ tdmtÌmhv. A[n-Ihpw CFR T.C AwK-§Ä . U-b-d-IvSÀ
t_mÀUnÂ tPmÀÖv.Fkv.{^m¦ven³ þ T.C tImHmÀUn-t\-äÀ, hn³Ìv³
temÀUv CFR {]kn-Uâv.
BZy-ambn hfsc\mfn-\p-tijw sk{I-«-dn- Hm^v sÌbväv

Pbnwkv.F.s_bv¡À III. - CFR AwK-a-Ãm-XpÅ hyàn. F´p-sImv AÃ
F¶Xv hyà-a Ã. F¶mÂ At±-l-¯nvs â ASp¯ A\p-N-c -·mÀ sU¶nkv
tdmkv, tdm_À«v ._n. koenIv . cp-t]cpw, ]ns¶ sÌbväv
Un]mÀ«vs aânse A[nIw Dt±ym-K-Øcpw CFR AwK-§Ä . U.N cq]o-I -c-W-
¯n\v t\XrXzw \ÂIn-b-XnÂHcmÄ BÂKÀ lnÊ.v cl-ky-ambn I½yq-Wn-
Ìp-I m-c -\m-bn-cp-¶p. ]ns¶ U.N Øm]n-¡p-¶ -Xn-\p-thn]cn-{i-a n-¨ - 15
Kh¬saâv Dt±ym-K-Ø-·mÀ, cl-ky-ambn I½yq-Wn-Ìp-I-fm-bn-c p¶p.
AXnÂ{][m\n {Sjdn Akn-Ìâv sk{I-«dn lmcn sUIvÌÀ sshäv . At±-
l-am-bn-cp¶p IMF sâ inÂ]n-I-fnÂ {][m\n. aäpI½yq-WnÌp-IÄ tPm¬
t^mÌÀ Uyqfk,v s\Âk¬ F.-tdm-s¡-s ^-ÃÀ , AUvembv C.
Ìoh³k¬, FUvhÀUv BÀ sÌän-\n-bk,v dmÂ^v _³sN ^nen-]v. -kn.-
P-kvK]v, tPm¬ sP.-a-Ivt¢mbv.
kÀÆm-[n-]-Xy-¡mÀ¡p-thnkrjvSn-¡-s¸-«-XmWv U.N. F¶mÂ U.N

F¶Xv , Hcp kam-[m\ kwL-S-\-bm-sW¶v {]N-c n-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. U.N
NmÀ«À bp²-¯n\v A\p-a Xn\ÂIp-¶p.
1980 IfnÂ sX¡³ B{^nbv¡¡v , Ata-cn¡ km¼-¯nI
D]-tcm[w GÀs¸-Sp-¯n. F¶mÂ , k±mw lpssk\pt\sc AXp-m-bnÃ.
F¦nÂ U.N DuÀÖ-kz-eXssIh-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v Ah-k-c-a p-m-Ip-am-bn-cp-¶n-
Ã. Ata-c n-¡³ tk\sb bp²-¯n\phnSp-¶-Xn\v GXm\pw\mÄap³]v en_-
dÂ sk\-äÀ t]mÄ ssk-a ¬ 1991 Â , Xsâkl-{]À¯-Isc A`n-kw-t_m-
202
[-\-s N-bvXp-s Imv bp²-¯nÂ\n¶v] n·m-dp-¶-X mWv t`Zw F¶v A`n-{ ]m-b-
s¸«p. anUnÂCuÌns-e Ata-c n-¡³Xmh-f-§ÄkµÀin¨va S-§nb AhÀ
_pjn-s \-Iv A¡mcyw Adn-bn-s ¨-¦nepw , bp²w F¶ A`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ
Dd¨p \nÂ¡pIbmbn-cp¶p _pjv.
5 e£w Ata-cn-¡³`S-· mÀ A¶v Cd-¡ns\ B{I-a n-¨ n-Ãm-bn-c p¶p F¦nÂ
U.N C¶v C{XbpwIcp¯v t\Sp-a m-b n-c p-¶n-Ã . AXv temIKh¬saâv krjvSn-
¡p-¶-X n-\ pÅbp²-a m-bn-c p-¶p.
anÂä³ {ôUva³
PhlÀemÂ s\lvdphnsâ kplr¯v.
heXp]IjhmZn-sb¶v s]mXpthIcp-X-s¸-Sp-¶p. F¦nÂ F´psImmWv

`c-W-Iq-S-¯nsâ CjvS-¡m-c-\m-hp-¶Xv . 1920 Ifnepw 1930 Ifnepw
jn¡mtKm bqWn-thÀkn-än-bpsS {]^-kÀ. jn¡mtKm bqWn-thÀknän
s]mXp-hnÂ CSXp]£Xmh-fw. sl³dn .kn. sska¬ , sbbvÂ
[\X¯z-i - m-kv{X-Ú³ sFÀhn§v ^njÀ F-¶nhcpsS- Bi-b-§ÄXs¶-
bmWv {ôUva\pw {][m-\-a mbpwDZvtLmjn-¡p-¶-X v. BZm-b-\n-Ip-Xn¡v
thn C{XbpwiàambnhmZn-¡p-¶-hÀ Ipd-hm-Wv. Withholding Tax / tax
deducted at source Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ GÀ¸m-Sm-¡n-bXv {ôUva³. Wefare
State kÀ¡mÀkwc-£-W-bn-epÅP\-¯n\pthn {ôUva³ ià-ambn
\ne-sIm-p. Ømbn-bmb hne-\n-e-hm-c-w, Xm§p-hn-e, FÃm taJ-e-bnepw
GÀs¸-Sp-t¯--Xm-s W¶]£-¡m-c-\ m-bn-c p¶p At±-lw. sÛ-dÂ _m¦n
§v, sk³{SÂ _m¦n§v Gähpw A\p-tbm-Pyw F-¶pw . AXnsâta[m-hn-
IÄ¡v tXm¶n-bXpt]mseDXv] m-Zn-¸n-¡m-\m-hp¶ IS-emÊp]Ww F¶n-
hbv¡pthn Dd-t¸msS\ne-s Imp. s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymkw F{Xbpwsa¨-am-
sW¶pw ]mÀ¡p-IÄt]mepw kÀ¡m-cn\vI ogn-em-bn-cn-¡-W-sa¶pw. Npcp-¡-
¯nÂ kÀÆm-[n-] -Xn-bmb`c-W-Iq-S-¯n\pthn {ôU-a ³ \ne-sIm-p.
203
Bâ-Wn.-kn.-k-«³.
P\\w 1925 acWw 2002.
{][m\ IrXn-I Ä
1. Wall Street and Bolshevik Revolution
2. Wall Street And Rise of Hitler
3. Wall Street And FDR { Franklin Delano Roosvelt }
4. America’s Secret Establishment : The Order of Skull and Bones
5. The Federal Reserve Conspiracy
6. Trilaterals over America
7. National Suicide : Military Aid to the Soviet Union [ The Best Enemy
Money Can Buy ]
8. Energy : The Created crisis
9. The War on Gold : How to Profit From Gold Crisis
10. The View From 4 Space - On Technology Suppression
11. Cold Fusion : Secret Energy Revolution
12. The Two Faces of George Bush
13. The Diamond Connection : A Manual for Investors
14. What is Libertarianism
15. Western Technology and Soviet Economic Development 3 Volumes
16. The State, War and Revolution
17. Future Technology Intelligence Report (Periodicals)
18. Trilaterals over Washington
19. Gold for Survival
20. Technological Treason : A catalog of U.S Firms with Soviet Contracts
21. Investing in Platinum Metals
1925 Â P\-\ w. e-\ nÂ. hnZym-`ymkw e³. tKm«n³sK³. Imen-t^mÀ

Wnb F¶n-hn-S-§-fnÂ. 1962 Â Ata-c n-¡³ ]ucXzw t\Sn. Hoover
Institute of War, Revolution And Peace Â Kth-j-I³.
“Rm³ tImtfPv hnZyÀ°n-bm-bn-c p-¶-t¸mÄ aäv A²ym-]-IÀ¡v ]d-bm³
Ign-bm¯ D¯-c -§Ä ]dªp Xcp-¶-Xn-\pÅ Adnhpw Xtâ-Shpw DÅ
A²ym-]-I-\ m-bn-c p¶p {]^-kÀ BâWn k«³.” þ seÉn .BÀ. ]mÌÀ
204
Ncn{X hymJym-\-§sf Xpd-s ¶-XnÀ¡p-¶-h-bm-bn-cp¶p k«sâ hmZ-ap-J-

§Ä. At±-l-¯nsâ ]cn-{i-a-§Ä XS-Ê-s ¸-Sp¶p F¶v I-t¸mÄ
At±lw sdsádn {]Êns\ kao-]n-¨ p. Kuchw a\-Ên-em-¡nb sl³{Sn
sdKvs\dn At±-ls¯ Ìm³^ÀUv bqWn-thÀkn-än-bnse lqhÀ C³Ìn-
äyq-«n-te-¡-b-¨ p. AhnsS At±lw “]Sn-ªm-d³ kmt¦-XnI hnZybpw
tkmhn-b-änsâ km¼-¯nI A`n-h r-²nbpw” F¶ {]_Ôw {]kn-²o-I -cn-
¨p. At±lw Øm]n-¨ Xv djysb krjvSn-¨Xv ]Sn-ªm-dm-Wv. .
]ns¶ At±lw cNn¨ ]pkvXIw “tZi-¯nsâ Bß-l-X y, tkmhn-bäv
bqWn-b-\ pÅ ssk\nI klm-bw.” AtX XpSÀ¶v At±lw lqhÀ
C³Ìn-äyq-«nÂ \n¶pw ]pd-¯m-¡-s¸-«p. At±lw Ata-c n-¡³ `c-W-Iq-
Ss¯ Xpd¶v FXnÀ¡p¶p F¶ Imc-W-¯mÂ. ]n¶o-SpÅ bm{X kz´w
klm-b-¯mÂ. BZyw At±lw sNbvX Xv tkmhn-bäv bqWn-bs\ krjvSn-
¡p-¶-X nÂ hmÄ kv{Soänsâ ]¦v At\z-jn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. . cmjv{ Sob
t\Xm-¡-· m-cp-s Sbpw Kh¬saâv DtZym-K-Ø-·m-cp-sSbpw hniz-kvX-Xsb
Xpd¶v tNmZyw sNbvX p.
“hmÄ kv{Soäpw t_mÄsj-hnIv hn¹-hhpw” “hmÄ kv{Soäpw lnäve-dnsâ
DbÀ¨bpw” “hmÄ kv{Soäpw F^v. Un. Bdpw”
kmt¦-XnI hnZy-bpsS ad¨p hbv¡-s ¸« hkvXp-X-I -fn-te-¡mbn ]ns¶
At±-l-¯nsâ Kth-j-Ww. t_m[-]qÀÆw F§-s \-bmWv kmt¦-XnI hnZy
A«nadn¡-s¸-«-Xv. ]n¶oSv \nb-{ńX kml-N-c y-¯nÂ hopw Ah-tcm-[n-
¡-s¸-«-Xv. “4þmas¯ CS-¯nÂ \n¶pÅ ImgvN-¸m-Sv.” AXnsâ ê-am-Wv.
kmt¦-XnI hnh-c -§Ä a\-]qÀÆw ad¨p hbv¡-s¸-«Xv At±lw Im«n-¯-cp-
¶p. Kh¬saâv AwKo-I-c n¨ imkv{X-k-a q-l-¯ nsâ hyh-Øm-] nX ImgvN-
¸m-Sp-Isf shÃp-hn-fn¨p-sIm-v.
{][m\ hkvXpX ]Sn-ªm-d³ kmt¦-X nI hnZy D]-tbm-Kn¨v ,tkmhn-bäv
ssk\nI Bbp[ hn]p-eo-I-c Ww \S-¯n-bn«v AhÀ \ÂInb Bbp-[-§Ä
hS-¡³ hnbäv\ mw , Ata-cn-¡³ tk\sb \in-¸n-¡p-¶-X n-\mbn D]-tbm-
Kn¨p F¶-X m-Wv. A[nIw Bbp-[-§fpw Ata-cn¡ hnI-kn-¸n-¨-Xv. AXn\v
]Ww \ÂIn-bXv Ata-c n-¡³ \nIpXn Zmb-I-c pw. tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b³
Ah-cpsS _rl-¯ mb Dcp¡p \nÀ½mW ime-Ifpw, hml-\-§Ä \nÀ½n-
¡p-¶-X n-\ pÅ D]-I -c-W-§-fpw, _mÄ s_b-dn-§v, I¼yq-«À, Npcp-¡-¯nÂ
hn]p-e-amb hyh-kmb {]Øm-\ -§-fpsaÃmw Xs¶ Ata-cn-¡-bpsS kmt¦-
XnI hnZy AsÃ-¦nÂ km¼-¯nI klm-b-¯mÂ ]Sp-¯p-bÀ¯n-b-X m-Wv.
“k«³ F¯n-t¨-cp¶ \nK-a-\-§Ä km¼-¯nI imkv{X-Ú-·mÀ¡pw hyh-
km-bn-I Ä¡pw Atem-k-c-a p-m-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv. AXp sImp Xs¶ At±-
l-¯nsâ Kth-j-W-§Ä Xo{h-h mZw F¶p ]dªv Xg-b-s¸-Sp-I-tbm,
AsÃ-¦ nÂ ; sam¯-ambn Hgn-hm-¡-s¸-Sp-I tbm sNbvtX-¡mw.” lmÀhÀUv
kÀÆ-I -em-ime {]^-kÀ. dn¨mÀUv ss]]vkv At±-l-¯nsâ ]pkvI-¯nÂ
205
[ Survival is not Enough : Soviet Realities And America’s Future ].

At±l¯nsâ Is-¯-ep-I Ä \nb-{´-W-§Ä¡p hnt[-b-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.
\n§-fpsS \ne-\nev]v CÃm-sX-bmhpw F¶v Adn-bn-¸ p-m-bn. \Ã i¼fw
e`n-¨ n-c p¶ A²ym-] I hr¯n¡v hncm-a -am-bn. At±-l-¯nsâ tNmZy-§Ä
Akz-Ø-X-bp-f-hm-¡n. F´p-sImv Ata-cn¡ Xsâ i{Xp-hns\ hfÀ¯n.
F´p-s Imv Ata-cn¡ tkmhn-bäv bqWn-bs\ hfÀ¯n. Ata-cn¡
lnäve-dn\pw kmt¦-XnI hnZy \ÂIn-bn-cp¶ Ah-k-c-¯nÂ. F´p-sImv
C¯cw Imcy-§Ä ad¨p h¡p-¶-Xn\v hmjn-§vS¬ {ian-¡p-¶p. ]n¶oSv
At±lw At\z-jn-¨ Xv Skull and Bones F¶ cl-ky- kw-L-S-\ -sb-¡p-dn-¨m-
Wv. Xe-a p-d-IÄ DÄs¡m-Åp¶ hntZi ASn-¯-d-bpÅ, FÃm hyh-lm-c-§-
fn-epw -C-S-s]-Sp-¶, 1830 IfnÂ PÀ½-\n-bnÂ \ne-\n-¶n-c p¶ CÃyq-an-\m-än-
thcp-I-fpÅ cl-ky-kw-L-S-\.
At±-ls¯ hyh-km-Ym-]nX `c-W-IqSw `b-s ¸-«n-c p-¶p. XXzm-[n-jvT n-X-amb
Kth-jWw Imc-Ww. apJy-[mcm am²y-a -§Ä At±-l-¯nsâ Kth-j-W-
§Ä Ah-K-Wn-¨p. {]i-kvXn¡v ]pdtI \S-¡msX HXp-§n-¡q-Snb hyàn.
djy-bp-ambn hn]p-e-amb coXn-bnÂ A\u-tZym-KnI kmt¦-X nI hnZym-ssI-
amäw \S-¯n-bn-c p-¶-X mbn lqhÀ C³Ìn-äyq-«nse Kth-jW L«-¯nÂ
At±lw a\-Ên-em-¡n. HutZym-KnIambn djy-¡mÀ¡v CÃm-Xn-cp¶ kmt¦-
XnI hnZy hmkvX-h-¯nÂ Ah-c psS ssIh-i-ap-m-bn-c p-¶p.
[ AXohw [\-hm-· m-c mb Hcp kwLw , hmÄkv{So-änse Hc t»m¡nÂ
tI{µo-I-c n¨v 120, S Broadway, New York, Du Pont sâ DS-a-Ø-X-bn-epÅ
sI«n-S-¯nÂ . se\n-sâbpw t{SmSvkvIn-bp-s Sbpw t\Xr-Xz-¯ nÂ \S¶ hn¹-
h-¯n\v cl-ky-a mbn km¼-¯nI klmbw \ÂIn. AtX kwLw Xs¶
lnäve-dnsâ hfÀ¨bv¡pw klmbw \ÂIn. Xo{h CSXp ]£-¯n\pw
Xo{h heXp ]£-¯n\pw ]
At±lw B ]pkvX-I-¯nsâ apJ-hp-c-bnÂ ]d-bp-¶p. Fsâ {][m\
Dt±yiw Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ slK-ensâ kzm[o-\-s ¯-¡p-dn¨v At\z-jWw
krjvSn¡pI F¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. hnZym-`ym-k- k-{¼-Zm-b-¯ nsâ {]tXy-I-X-I-
fm-bn-cn¡mw Imc-Ww. AXv `c-W-IqS slK-en-b³ XXz-im-kv{Xs¯ ASn-
Øm-\-a m-¡n-bp-Å-Xm-Wv. AXv Ata-cn-¡sb Nh-äp-I p-«-bnÂ Fdn-bp-¶-Xn\v
hnPbw Ip-I-g n-ªncp-¶p. Cu \mi-I-c -am-b, XIÀ¡p¶ XXz-imkv{Xw,
\mkn-k-¯nâbpw amÀIvkn-k-¯n-s âbpw ASn-Øm\w, kXy-amb dn¸-»n-
¡ns\ B{I-a n¨v aen-\-a m-¡n-¡-g n-ªp. sbbvense D¶-X-c m-b- t_m¬kv
sa³ A[nIw ]gn-bp-s Sbpw D¯-c-hm-ZnXzw DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p. Ah-cpsS AS-
bmfw Xe-tbm-« nbpw FÃp-I -fpw, ]ns¶ Ah-c psS slK-en.-b³ XXz-
imkv{Xw FÃmw shfn-hm-¡p-¶p. Ah-c psS X{´-§-fn-eqsS \n§sf AhÀ
AXn\v hncp-²-am-bh t_m²y-s¸-Sp-¯p-s a-¦nepw. slK-en-b-\nkw `c-W-Iq-
Ss¯ {]IoÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. ]ns¶ hnZym-`ym-k-¯nÂ `c-W-Iq-S, ùXn-I -hmZ
206
Bi-b-§-sfbpw \b-§-sfbpw DÄs¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. ]ns¶ Ah-s bms¡

imkv{X-¯n-epw, cmjv{ So-b-¯nepw [\-X-Xz-im-kv{X-¯nepw DÄs¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.
\½sf AÚ-X-bnÂ, BÀ¯n-bnÂ, A]-Iz-X-bnÂ XÅn-bn-cn-¡p¶ slK-

en-b³ X{´§sf a\-Ên-em-t¡--X p-v. At±-l-¯nsâ {]_-Ô-§Ä
KqV-amb cmjv{So-b-s¯bpw km¼-¯nI imkv{X-s¯bpw Xpd¶p Im«p-¶-
h-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
kz´w A`n-{]m-b -¯nÂ At±-l-¯nsâ Gähpw {][m\ IrXn Skull and

Bones F¶-Xm-Wv. {][m\ Ncn{X kw`-h-§-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-a mbn \ne-
\nÂ¡p¶ cmjv{Sob km¼-¯nI _Ô-§sf AXv hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p.
1979 Unkw-_-dnÂ tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b³ A^vKm-\n-Øm\v t\sc {ZpXKXn-
bp-epÅ ssk\nI B{I-aWw kwL-Sn-¸n-¨p. tkmhn-bäv ssk\nI X{´-
¯nse \mgn-I-¡-Ãm-hp¶ hyXn-bm-\-a m-bn-c p¶p AXv. Ignª Ac \qäm-
mbn A\p-hÀ¯n¨p hcp¶ sasÃ-t]m¡v \b-¯nÂ \n¶p-a pÅ sam¯-
amb amäw. Hcp cm{Xn sImv Im_qÄ hnam-\-¯m-hfw ]nSn-¨-S-¡n. Xe-
Øm-\¯v bp² Sm¦p-I Ä \nd-ªp. tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b-\nÂ \n¶pw
Im_q-fn-te¡v cv sslth-I-fp-m-bn-c p-¶p. H¶v 647 ssaÂ \of-ap-Å-Xv.
AXnse ]me§Ä¡v Sm¦p-I sf Xm§p-¶-X n\v Icp-¯p-m-bn-c p-¶p. 30
S¬ Sm¦p-IÄ.
1966 Â XpS§n ASp¯ hÀjw ]qÀ¯o-I-cn-¡-s ¸-«-X mWv Cu sslth-IÄ.
en³U³ tPm¬ksâ alZv kaq-l-¯nsâ `mK-a m-bn-«v. tkmhn-bäv Ata-
cn-¡³ F³Pn-\o-bÀam-cpsS kwbpà ]cn-{i-a w. cp t]cp-sSbpw ]W-
hpw. 67 ssaepÅ tdmUn\v 170 tImSn cq]. tPm¬. U»yq. anÃÀ ]d-ª-
Xv At±lw In-«p-Å-XnÂ ht¨-ähpw sNe-th-dnb tdmUv F¶v. kem§v
]mÊv apXÂ U.S.S.R hsc. tkmhn-b-äp-IÄ AXn-te-¡mbn 8000 A^vKm-\n-
Isf ]cn-io-en-¸n-¨p. kmt¦-X n-I -ambn ]nt¶m¡w \nÂ¡p¶ A^vKm³ cm-
jv{Ss¯ klm-bn-¡pI F¶ hymtP-\ -bm-bn-c p¶p tkmhn-b-ä-pIÄ ]¦p
tNÀ¶-Xv. kmt¦-Xn-I-ambn ]nt¶m¡w \nÂ¡p¶ tkmhn-bäv cmjv{Ss¯
klm-bn-¡pI F¶ a«n-emWv Ata-cn-¡ ]¦p tNÀ¶-X v. [ The Best Enemy
Money Can Buy ]
tkmhn-bäv Ncn-{X-s ¯bpw \b-§-sfbpw Gähpw IrXy-a mbn Adn-bp¶,

lmÀhÀUv kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bnse {]^-kÀ dn¨mÀUv ss]]vkv At±-l-
¯nsâ ]pkvI-¯nÂ Survival is Not Enough : Soviet Realities And
America’s Future ]Sn-ªm-d³ kmt¦-X nI hnZy-bn-t·Â tkmhn-bäv F{X
am{Xw B{i-bn-¨n-cp¶p F¶v `mKn-I-a m-bn-s «-¦ nepw {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶p. Ima -
207
\Zn F¶ {]tZ-is¯ {S¡v \nÀ½mW ime-s b-¡p-dn¨pw. AXv \nÀ½n¨Xv

s]³knÂhm-\ n-b-bnse ]nävkv_ÀKv F¶ Øes¯ ]pÄa³ þ kzn³sU
Â I¼\n . Fw.U»yq.-s I-tÃmKv I¼-\ n-bpsS k_vkn-Un-b-dn. hntZi
I¸Â Xpd-a p-J-§-fn-emWv, temI-¯nse Gähpw _rl-¯m-b, tkmhn-bäv
hym]mc I¸-ep-IÄ \nÀ½n-¨-X v. shÀtam³«v, kv{]n§v ôÂUn-s e -{_-bâv
N¡nwKv ss{KâÀ I¼\n \ÂIn-b -_mÄs_-b-dnwKv sajn-\ p-I-fpsS klm-
b-t¯m-sS-bmWv tkmhn-bäv MIR V _men-kvd-dnIv anssk-ep-I-fpsS e£y
\nÀ Æ-lW hnZy hnI-kn-¸ n-¡-s ¸-«-Xv. AXv Ata-cn-¡sb tkmhn-b-änsâ
Zbm-hm-bv]n-em-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-c p-¶p. AXphsc- A-¯cw anssk-ep-I Ä \nÀ½n-
¡p-¶-X n\v tkmhn-bäv {]m]vX -am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. ]ns¶ tkmhn-b-än\v A^vKm-\n-
Øms\ B{I-an-¡p-¶-Xn\pw km[n-¨p.
tkmhn-bäv bqWn-bsâ e£yw temIm-[n-]-Xyw. AXn-\pÅ Bbp-[-§Ä
\ÂIp-¶Xv Ata-cn-¡-bpw. tkmhn-bäv djy¡v Ata-c n-¡³ tUmfÀ hmbv
]bpw hmbv]-bv¡p-d-¸ mbn Ata-c n-¡³ \nIp-Xn-Zm-b-I \pw . Ata-cn-¡³
hyh-km-bn-I Ä¡v djy Ata-c n-¡³ tUmfÀ \ÂIn.
“k«³ ap³]v Kth-j-IÀ¡v Adn-h n-Ãm¯ Imcy-§Ä Kl-\-amb Kth-j-W-
§Ä¡v tijw shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. djybpw ]Sn-ªmdpw-- {]tXy-In¨v Ata-
cn-¡bpw PÀ½-\ nbpw v = X½nÂ hym]mc _Ô-§fpw Icm-dp-Ifpw .
ASnkv Ym\ tcJ-IÄ Ata-cn-¡³ tÌäv Un¸mÀ«vs aânsâ HutZym-Kn-I-tc-
J-IÄ Xs¶. PÀ½³ hmtZ-i-Im-cy -a -{´m-e-b-¯n-sâbpw. ]e `mj-I-fn-
epÅ hn]p-e-a mb ]pkvX-I -§fpw tPÀW-ep-Ifpw AXn\v _e-ta-I p-¶p”.þ
tIw{_nUvPv kÀÆ-I-em-imem {]^-kÀ , ¢bÀ tImtf-Pnse kn.-F-¨v.
ô³Ìo³.
tkmhn-bäv k¼-Zvhy-h -Ø, ]Sn-ªm-dnÂ \À½n-¨-Xv.
]Sn-ªm-dnse hyh-kmb òa-·mÀ ]Sn-ªm-dns\ h©n-¨p. tZiob cmjv{So-

b- t\-Xm-¡-fp-a mbn H¯p tNÀ¶p sImv. B[p-\ nI ssk\nI Bbp-[-
§Ä \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-X n\v tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b\v km[n-¨Xv ]Sn-ªm-d³ km-
t¦-X n-I, km¼-¯ nI klmbw sImp am{X-a m-Wv.
tkmhn-bäv IS-¶ m-{I-a -W-¯ns\Xn-sc, I½yq-Wn-k-¯n-s \-Xnsc F¶pw \ne
sImn-cp¶ cmjv{S-a mWv Ata-c n¡ F¶Xv ip² Akw-_-Ô-a m-Wv.
sÌbväv sk{I-«-dn-a mÀ A¯cw I½yq-WnÌv hncp² {]Jym-] -\-§Ä ]pd-s ¸-
Sp-hn-¡p-¶-Xn\v \nÀ_-Ôn-X -am-hp-t¼mÄ, hmWnPy sk{I-«-dn-a mÀ¡v AXv
thn hcp-¶n-Ã.
A[nIw km¼-¯nI hnZ-Kv²-·mcpw kmt¦-XnI hnZy km¼-¯nI taJ-e-
bnÂ Df-hm-¡p¶ Ne-\-§sf¡pdn¨v hne-bn-c p-¯p-¶-Xn\v {]m]vX-c-Ã.
sÌbväv Un¸mÀ«vsaânse ]²Xn hnZ-Kv²-· mcpw A{]-Imcw Xs¶.
208
hyh-kmb òa-·mÀ Ah-cpsS em`w am{Xw IW¡p Iq«p-¶p. AhÀ¡v

hmjn-§vS-WnÂ AXn-bmb kzm[o-\-hp-ap-v. tkmhn-b-äp-IÄ¡v Ata-cn-
¡³ \b-cq-]o-I-c-W-¯nÂ hsc kzm[o\w sNep-¯p-¶-Xn\v Ign-bpw.
Ata-cn-¡, C¯cw kmt¦-X nI km-¼-¯nI klmbw \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶nÃ
F¦nÂ tkmhn-b-änsâ temIm-[n]Xy¯n\v XS-bn-Sp-¶-Xn\pw, {]Xn-tcm[
_UvPäv Ipd-¡p-¶-X n-\ pw, Ata-cn-¡³ \nIp-X n-Zm-b-I\p taÂ hcp¶
\nIpXn `mcw Ipd-¡p-¶-X n\pw Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p.
tUmIvSÀ ss{_ä³ _mc³ At±-l-¯nsâ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ [ Inside the
State Department ] ]d-bp¶p “ssk\nI hnZy tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b\v
ssIam-dn-bXv sÌbväv Un¸mÀ«vsaâv DtZym-K-Ø-· m-c psS \nÀt±-i -{]-Im-c-am-
Wv.” At±lw AXv Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn-te-¡mbn 4 sXfn-hp-Ifpw \nc-¯p-¶p.
sÌbväv Un¸mÀ«vsaâv ]-d-bp-¶Xv Ata-cn-¡³ Ib-äp-a-X nbpw tkmhn-bäv
Bbp[ \nÀ½m-Whpw X½nÂ bmsXmcp _Ô-hp-anÃ F¶m-Wv. AXv
XnI¨pw hymP-am-Wv.
hnh-cm-h-Imi \nba {]Imcw A¯cw Imcy-§Ä Adn-bp-¶Xv A\p-h-Z-\o-
b-a-Ãm-¯-Xn-\mÂ Ah-sbm¶pw shfn¨w ImWp-¶n-Ã. sÌbväv
Un¸mÀ«vsaânse ^b-ep-IÄ F¶mÂ tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b\v Ata-cn¡
\evInb kmt¦-X n-I , km¼-¯nI klm-b-§-fpsS hnh-c-W-§Ä sImv
\nd-ªn-c n-¡p-¶p. A¯cw hnh-c-§Ä aqSn-h-bv¡p-¶-Xn\v sUsam-{Im-äv ,
dn¸-_vf n-¡³ F¶ hyXymk-a n-Ã. hnÂk¬ apXÂ doK³ hsc.
1917se djy³ hn]vfhw Ignªv GXm\pw BgvN-IÄ¡-Ip-f-fnÂ ]mco-kn-
ep-m-bn-c p¶ tIWÂ lukv {]kn-Uv hnÂkWv FgpXn “djysb
i{Xp-hmbn IW-¡m-¡Ww F¶ \ne-]mSv {]Nm-c-¯n-ep-v, A¯cw
hnaÀi-\-§Ä ASn-¨-a À¯-s¸-tS--X m-Wv.” 1971 Â {Ikv\mb kvthkvU
Hcp teJ\w {]kn-²o-I-c n-¨p. “tkmhn-bäv ASn-Øm\ hyh-kmbw, tkmhn-
bäv ssk\nI iàn¡v \evI nb kw`m-h-\ -IÄ”. tkmhn-bäv jn¸n§v cPn-
ÌÀ , I¸-epIfnÂ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ F©n³ hnh-c-§Ä {]kn-²-s¸-Sp-¯m-
dp-v, kmt¦-XnI hni-Zo-I-c -W-§fpw, \nÀ½n-¡-s¸« cmPy-¯nsâ t]cpw.
s]mXp-hnÂ e`y-a mb Ata-cn-¡³ tcJ-I-fnÂ\n¶p am{X-ambn Ata-cn-¡³
tkmhn-bäv ssk\nI CS-] m-Sp-I Ä sXfn-bn-¡m-\m-hn-Ã. C¯cw tcJ-IÄ
e`y-a m-¡p-¶nÃ F¶Xp Xs¶ Imc-Ww. tkmhn-bäv tcJ-I-fnÂ, Ata-cn-
¡³ kmt¦-XnI hnZy, tkmhn-bäv ssk\nI apt¶-ä-¯n\v \ÂInb kw`m-
h-\-I-s f-¡p-dn¨v hnh-c -§Ä e`y-am-Wv.
luknsâ A`yÀ°-\bv¡v Hcp ]Xn-äm-n-\vti-jw, sk\-äÀ kvaq«v,
sÌbväv Un¸mÀ«vsaân-t\mSv U»yq.-lm³ þ F¶ Hcp Ata-c n-¡³ F©n-
\o-b-dnsâ taÂt\m-«-¯nÂ tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b-\nÂ \nÀ½n-¡p-hm³
209
t]mIp¶ Aeq-an-\nbw s]mSn \nÀ½n-¡p¶ ime-bpsS ssk\n-I-{]m-[m\yw

F´m-s W¶v tNmZn-¡p-I-bp- m-bn.
hfsc ]n¶oSv am{Xw s]mXp-P-\-§Ä¡v e`y-a m-¡nb sÌbväv Un¸mÀ«vsaâv
“tcJ-I Ä ]d-bp¶p” sk\-äÀ kvaq«n\v adp-]Sn \ÂIp-I -bp-m-bn-Ã.
Un¸mÀ«vsaân\v , lm³ A¯cw ime \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-XnÂ XS-Ê-s am-¶p-an-Ã.
AXv bp² kma-{Kn-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ km[y-X-bp-s-¶p-ÅXv Xocp-am-\ -
§-fnÂ amä-ap-m-¡p-¶n-Ã.
hnh-cm-h-Imi \nb-a-§-fnÂ h¶ ]cn-jvI-cWw ImX-emb amä-§Ä Dm-
¡p-¶n-Ã. Ignª 70 hÀj-¡m-es¯ AXohw {]m[m-\y-apÅ tcJ-IÄ
]qg¯n hbv¡-s ¸-«n-c n-¡p-¶p. AXv s]mXp-P\ {]t£m`w \S-¯p-¶Xp
hsc A§n-s\- Xs¶-bm-bn-cn-¡pw.
adp-h -i¯v `c-W-IqSw ]e Imcy-§fpw At\z-jn¨v {]kn-²-s ¸-Sp-¯ n-bn-«p-
apv. tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b-\n-te-¡pÅ , `hn-jy¯v Df-hm-¡p-¶-Xn\v
km²y-X-bpÅ hkvXp-¡-fpsS Ib-äp-a-X nsb kw_-Ôn-¨v.
Hcp DZm-l-c Ww F¶Xv _mÄs_-b-dn§v \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ D]-I-cWw

USSR te¡v Ibän Ab-¨-Xm-Wv. AXv USSR \v Ata-c n-¡-bpsS Ign-h nsâ
50 iX-a m-\-t¯mfw ssIh-c n-¡m-hp¶ Xc-¯n-ep-Å -h-bm-bn-cp-¶p. KpW-\n-e-
hmcw DÄs¡m-p-s Im-v , sam¯-a mbn _mÄs_-b-dn-§v \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn-
\pÅ tijn USSR \pw bqtdm-¸nse BÀs¡-¦nepw CÃm-bn-cp-¶p. aäpÅ
\nÀ½m-Xm-¡Ä Dm-b n-c p¶p F¶v hmWn-Py-h-Ip¸v ]d-bp-¶Xv Ahm-kvX-h-
am-Wv.
AXnhw tijn-bpÅ tdm¡äv IrXy-X -tbmsS hnt£-] n-¡p-¶-X n\v AXv
tkmhn-bäv bqWn-bs\ {]m]vX-am-¡n. `c-W-X e At\z-jWw IrXy-amb
hnhcw ]pd¯p sImp-h-¶p. aäp coXn-bnÂ AXv km²y-a m-bn-c p-¶n-Ã.
`c-W-Xe At\z-jWw D¶X DtZym-K-Ø-·m-c psS \nK-a-\ -§-fnÂ h-¶p-
tNÀ¶ aäp Akm[m-cW “]ng-hp”-Ifpw ]pd-¯p-s Im-p-h-¶p. 1961 Â
{S¡v F³Pn-\ p-I Ä \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn-bpÅ Transfer Lines sâ
Ibäp-a-X nsb kw_-Ôn¨v XÀ¡-ap-m-bn.
{]Xn-tcm[ Un¸mÀ«vsaâv AXns\ FXnÀ¯p. AXv temI-¯nse Gähpw
B[p-\ n-I-amb kmt¦-XnI hnZy DÄs¡m-Åp¶p F¶ Imc-W-¯ mÂ. AXv
e`y-a m-bmÂ USSR sâ km¼-¯n-Ihpw bp²-]-c -hp-amb Ign-hp-IÄ
hÀ²n¡pw F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p ASn-Ø m-\ w. ]pXp-Xmbn Øm\-taä {]Xn-
tcm[ sk{I-«dn tdm_À«v aIv\-a mc AXns\ XÅn-¡-f-ªp. A[nIw
tkmhn-bäv ssk\nI {S¡p-Ifpw Ata-c n-¡³ \nÀ½nX ime-bnÂ \nÀ½n-¡-
s¸-«-Xm-sW¶ hkvXpX aIv\-a mc ]cn-K-Wn-¨n-Ã. aIv\-amc AwKo-I-c n¨
Transfermatic sajo-\p-IÄ hyà-a m-b, IrXy-amb ssk\nI D]-tbm-K-§Ä
210
DÄs¡m-Åp-¶-h-bm-bn-cp-¶p. F¶n«pw aIv\-a mc AXn\v AwKo-Imcw

\ÂIn.
1968 Â \yqtbmÀ¡v, tdm¨Ì-dnse ¥ok³ I¼\n djy-bnse tKmÀ¡n
Hmt«m samss_Â \nÀ½m-W-im-e-bn-te¡v D]-I-c-W-§Ä Ib-äp-a Xn
sNbvXp. tKmÀ¡n \nÀ½m-W-ime ap³]v t^mÀUv tamt«mÀ I¼\n \nÀ½n-
¨-Xm-Wv. AXn-s\-¡p-dn-¨ pÅ hnh-c-§Ä e`y-am-bXv hntZi am²y-a -§-fnÂ
\n¶m-Wv. tKmÀ¡n \nÀ½m-W-ime At\Iw Xcw ssk\nI D]-I -c-W-
§fpw hml-\-§fpw \nÀ½n-¡p-¶p. tlmNn-a n³ Â D]-tbm-Kn¨ GAZ hml-
\-§Ä tKmÀ¡n-bnÂ \nÀ½n-¡-s ¸-«-h -bm-Wv. tKmÀ¡n-bnÂ \nÀ½n¨ GAZ
69 Â LSn-¸n¨ tdm¡äv hnt£-]W kwhn-[m\w, C{km-tb-ens\ B{I-an-
¡p-¶-X n\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s ¸-«p. t^mÀUv F³Pn-s\-t¸m-ep-Å-h . tKmÀ¡n-
bnÂ \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-«-h.
Bsc-¦ nepw kz]v\ w I-Xnepw A¸p-d-a m-b n, tkmhn-bäv , ]Sn-ª m-d³

kmt¦-XnI hnZysb B{i-bn-¡p-¶p. At\Iw tImSn tUmfÀ A[n-I-ambn
sNe-hm¡n \½sf djy-bnÂ \n¶pw kwc-£n¡pw F¶Xv AÀ°-a n-Ãm¯
\ymb-a m-Wv. \½psS Kth-j-W-§-fpsS ê-am-bp-mb kmt¦-XnI hnZy
Xs¶-bmWv AhÀ D]-tbm-Kn¨p sImn-cn-¡p-¶ -Xv. þ hnÃyw tIbvkn. CIA
Ub-d-I vSÀ 1982 { Unites States Senate, Transfer of U.S. High Technology to
Soviet Union and Soviet Bloc Nations. Hearings before the Permanent
Subcommittee on Investigations 97th Congress Second Session May 1982.
Washington DC }
cmw temI alm-bp-²-¯nsâ Ah-km-\-t¯msS hml\ \nÀ½mW hyh-
km-b-s ¯-¡p-dn¨pw AXv bp²-¯nÂ hln-¡m-hp¶ ]¦n-s\-¡p-dn¨pw ]Tn-
¡p-¶-X n\v I½n-änsb \ntbm-Kn-¨p. {]kvXpX I½nän F¯n-t¨À¶ \nK-
a\w “GXv Xcw hml\ \nÀ½mW hyh-km-bhpw GXv cmPy-¯n-tâbpw
bp²w sN¿p-¶-X n-\ pÅ Icp-¯ns\ Imcy-ambn kzm[o-\n¡pw” F¶m-bn-cp-
¶p.
Ata-cn-¡³ bp² Sm¦p-I-fnÂ ]Ip-X n-bn-te-s dbpw, Bbp[w LSn-¸ n-¡p¶
Xc-¯n-epÅ half track hml-\-§Ä, 33 anÃo-a o-ädn\p taepÅ tXm¡p-I -
fnÂ aq¶nÂ H¶v , FÃmw , Ata-c n-¡³ hml\ \nÀ½mW ime-I-fnÂ
DXv] m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv.
At\Iw ssk\nI DXv]-¶-§Ä \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-X n\v Hmt«m samss_Â hyh-
kmbw {]m]vX-am-Wv. tSmÀ]n-tUm, hnam-\-th-[n-\n-IÄ, hnam-\-¯nsâ F©n-
\p-IÄ, FbÀ{Im^väv sajo³ K¬ XpS§n A\-h-[n. BsI 300
ssk\nI D]-I-c-W-§-fpsS enÌv, I½nän X¿m-dm-¡p-I-bp- m-bn.
211
{]kvXpX I½n-än-bpsS ip]mÀi-I-fpw, tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b-\p-a m-bpÅ

hym]mc DS-¼-Sn-bnse hyh-Ø-Ifpw X½nÂ At\Iw s]mcp-¯-t¡-Sp-IÄ
\ne-\n-¶p. NmÄkv. BÀ. hoh-dn-s\-t¸m-epÅ hmjn§v S¬ DtZym-K-Ø-
·mÀ cp Xocp-a m-\ -§-fnepw ]¦m-fnI-fm-bn-cp-¶p.
djy³ ssk\nI hml\ cq]amXy-Ibpw, knhn-en-b³ hml\ cq]amXr-
Ibpw X½nÂ tNÀ¨-IÄ ( Integration ) Gsd-bm-Wv. tkmhn-bäv \bw,
cpw H¶ns\m¶v tNÀ¶v t]mIWw F¶-Xm-b n-c p-¶p. bp²-k-a -b¯v D]-
tbm-Ky-am-hp-¶-Xn\v thn. tkmhn-bäv km¼-¯nI imkv{X-Ú³
etKmhvkvIn CXns\ \ymbo-I-c n-¨n-cp-¶p. cmw temI alm-bp-²-¯nepw
sImdn-b-bnepw tkmhn-bäv {SmIvS-dp-IÄ bp²-¯n\p thn D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-
¶p.
1930 apXÂ 1970 Ah-km-\-t¯mfw, 95 iX-a m-\ -t¯m-fw, tkmhn-bäv
ssk\nI hml-\-§Ä Ata-cn-¡³ C©n-\ o-bÀamÀ cq]-I Â]\ sNbvX
òa-a mb ime-I-fnÂ \nÀ½n-¨n-cp-¶p. tkmhn-b-äv, ssk\n-I,- knhn-en-b³
{S¡p-Ifpw AtX ime-I -fnÂ \nÀ½n-¨n-c p-¶p. Ah X½nÂ ]c-kv]cw D]-
tbm-Kn-¡m-hp¶ Xc-¯n-ep-Å-h-bm-bn-cp-¶p. AXn\p th kmt¦-XnI
hnZy {][m-\-a mbpw Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ \n¶pw. Ah-bnÂ {][m-\ n-IÄ
t^mÀUv, F.-sP. {_mâv, HmÌn³, Po.-C, kzn³sUÂ-þ-s{U-Ên-bÀ.
Ata-cn-¡³ cl-kym-t\z-jW DtZym-K-Ø-·mÀ¡pw AXp sImp Xs¶
]n¶oSp h¶ `c-W-Iq-S-§Ä¡pw tKmÀ¡n-bnÂ \n¶pw ZIL Â \n¶p-apÅ
ssk\nI kma-{Kn-I-fpsS \nÀ½m-W-s¯-¡p-dn¨v Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-¶p. ]n¶oSv
1960 Ifnepw 1970 Ifnepw AXnepw henb ssk\nI {S¡v \nÀ½mW
ime-IÄ¡v Ata-cn-¡³ klmbw \ÂIp-I-bp-m-bn.
sl³{Sn InÊn³P-dpsS \nÀ_-Ô-¯n\p hg§n täm¥n-bmän (thmÄtKm
{KmUv), Imam \Zn ]²-Xn-IÄ¡v A\p-a Xn-bp-mbn. thmÄtKm {KmUv
hÀjw tXmdpw 6 e£w hml-\ -§Ä \nÀan-¡p-¶-Xn\v tijn-bp-Å -Xm-bn-cp-
¶p. t^mÀUv-þ-tKmÀ¡n ime-bpsS 3 Cc«n tijn A[n-I-a p-Å-Xv. ]Sn-ªm-
d³ `mjyw täm¥n-bm-än, AYh ^nb-äv-þ-tkm-h n-bäv Hmt«m ]vfmâv G¶m-
sW-¦nepw AXnsâ kmt¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS ImX-emb `mKw Ata-c n-¡-\ m-Wv.
hnbäv\ mw bp²w \S-¶p-s Im-n-c n-¡p-¶ -Xn-\n-S-bnÂ Xs¶, ssk\nI D]-I-c -
W-§Ä \nÀ½n-¡p-¶Xv F¶v Adn-hmb imebv¡v Ata-cn-¡³ klmbw
e`y-a m-bn. hS-¡³ hnb-äv\m-anIÄ¡v Ah-c psS 80 iXam\w klm-bhpw
tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b-\nÂ \n¶mWv e`y-am-b-Xv. hyh-kmbime \nÀ½n-¡p-
¶-Xn\v Icmdv e`n-¨ Xv ^nbäv F¶ I¼-\n-¡v. AXv sNbvkv am³l-«³
_m¦p-a mbn ( Associated ) kl-hÀ¯n-¨n-c p¶ {]Øm-\w. C©n-\o-b-dnwKv
ôkv 250 tImSn cq].
Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ \n¶pw CXn-\ mbn Ib-äp-a Xn sNbvX hkvXp-¡-fnÂ \nb-
{ńX hkvX p-¡fpw Dm-bn-c p-¶p. F¶mÂ \nb-{´-W-§-s fm¶pw _m[-I -
am-bn-cp-¶nÃ F¶ Xc-¯n-em-bn-c p¶p {]hÀ¯-\ w. \nÀ½m-W-¯n\v Bh-iy-
212
ap-Å-XnÂ 75 iX-am-\hpw Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ \n¶v. 25 iX-am\w Cä-en, ]ns¶

aäv bqtdm-]y³ cmPy-§-fnÂ \n¶v.
1930 IfnÂ tKmÀ¡n ¹mâv \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-\-X n\v t^mÀUv X¿m-dm-b-t¸mÄ ]Sn-
ªm-d³ am²y-a-§Ä t^mÀUv Hmt«m-s am-ss_-ensâ kam-[m-\-]-c -amb
Dt±y-is¯ {]IoÀ¯n-¨p. F¶mÂ tkmhn-bäv {]mhvZ Xpd¶p Xs¶ ]d-
ª-n-cp-¶Xv t^mÀUns\ B{i-bn-¡p-¶Xv bp²-]-c -amb Bh-iy-§Ä¡v
thn-bm-sW-¶m-Wv. tKmÀ¡n ssk\nI hml-\-§Ä ]n¶oSv hnb-äv\m-
anepw sImdn-b-bnepw Ata-c n-¡-¡msc sImÃp-¶-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-«p.
1972 Â Ima-bpsS ssk\n-I -km-²yX AwKo-I-c n-¡-s¸-«p. Ima-bpsS \nÀ½n-
Xn¡p thn Ib-äp-a Xn A\p-a Xn \ÂIp-t¼mÄ Xs¶ AXv a\-Ên-em-¡n-
bn-cp¶p F¶pw hyà-am-bn. [ Human Events Dec 1971 ]
sl³{Sn InÊn³P-dpsS ap³ssI-¿n-emWv CsXms¡ \S-¶ -Xv. 1958 apXÂ
At±lw tdms¡-s ^-Ã-dnsâ thX\w ]äp¶ DtZym-K-Ø-\ m-b n-c p-¶p.
]ns¶ sNbvkv am³l-«³ _m¦nsâ A´m-cmjv{S D]-tZ-i-I -k-an-Xn-bpsS
A²y-£-\pw, AXv Hcp tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ Øm-] -\-hpw.
Ima-bpÄs¸sS Ata-cn-¡³-þ-tkm-hn-bäv Icm-dp-IÄ H¸p h¨n-cp-¶Xv
tPmÀÖv {]mäv jpÄkv ]n¶oSv doK³ `c-W-Iq-S-¯nÂ sk{I-«dn Hm^v
sÌbävv. djy-b n-te¡v IqSp-XÂ klm-bhpw hym]m-chpw F¶ Bi-b-
¯nsâ hàmhv. s_IväÂ tImÀ¸-td-jsâ ap³ {]kn-U-v.
Ima ]²Xn¡v Kymcân \ÂIn-bXv EXIM _m¦v AXm-bXv Ata-cn-¡³

\nIpXn Zmb-IÀ. A¶v AXnsâ Xe-h³ hnÃyw.- sP.- sI-bvkn. AÀam³Uv
lm½-dnsâ ap³ Iq«m-fn. ]ns¶ CIA Xe-h ³. hnaÀi-IÀ Zbm-Zm-£n-Wy-an-
ÃmsX \ni-_vZ-cm-¡-s¸-«p. ASn-¨-a À¯-s¸-«p.
“Rm³ Adn-bp-¶ n-S-t¯mfw kmt¦-XnI hnZy Kth-j-Ww, hnIm-kw,
\nÀ½mWw F¶o taJ-e-I-fnÂ, tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b³ A[n-Ihpw hn`-h -
§Ä ssk\nI taJ-e-bn-emWv \nt£-]n-¨n-c n-¡p-¶-Xv. tkmhn-bäv hyh-
kmb taJe {][m-\-ambpw ssk\n-I-a m-Wv. km[m-c W a\p-jy\v Ah
Bh-iy-ap-s-¦nepw asämcp amÀ¤-a n-Ã.” þ tkmhn-bäv C©n-\o-bÀ,
tPmk^v BÀtIm-h v.
2-0 -þmw \qäm-nÂ Gähpw {][m\w Câ-t{K-äUv kÀIn«v ( IC ) \nÀ½mW-
¯n-\pÅ {]m]vX n-bm-Wv. s]mXp-Po-h n-X-¯n\pw, ssk\nI Imcy-§Ä¡pw.
tkmhn-b-änse Hmtcm Bbp-[hpw knen-t¡m¬ hmen-bnÂ \nÀ½n¨ IC
DÄs¡mÅp-¶p.
1971 Â Ata-cn-¡³ {]Xn-tcm[ hIp¸v , lmanÂä¬ hm¨v I¼-\n¡v IrXy-
X-bpÅ hm¨v \nÀ½mW D]-I-cWw \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn\v ]Ww \ÂIn. AXv
t_mw_v \nÀ½m-W-¯n\pw, FbÀ{Im^väv KnbÀ epw , kam-\-amb
213
ssk\nI D]-I-c -W-§-fnepw D]-tbm-Kn-¡mw. tkmhn-bäv hm¨v \nÀ½mW

D]-I-c-W-§Ä A[n-Ihpw Ata-cn-¡³ AsÃ-¦nÂ kznävkÀe³Uv kmt¦-
XnI hnZy DÄs¡m-Åp-¶-h-bm-Wv.
tkmhn-bäv bqWn-bsâ {][m\ Dt±iw Ata-cn-¡³ kmt¦-XnI hnZy I®-
S¨v ]IÀ¯pI F¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. adn¨v D]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ km[n-¡p¶
Ata-cn-¡³ kmt¦-XnI hnZy Ah-cpsS Xs¶ DbÀ¶ \ne-hm-c -apÅ
kmt¦-Xn-I-h n-Zy¡v D]-tbm-K-{]-Z-a m-h p¶ coX-n-bnÂ D]-tbm-Kn-¨p-sImv
kmt¦-Xn-I-X-bpsS Imcy-¯nÂ kzbw ]cym-]vXX t\SpI F¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p.
“Ata-c n-¡³ guidance system e`y-am-Ip-¶-Xn\p ap³]v R§Ä¡v
hmjn§vS¬ Fhn-s S-s b¶v Xocp-a m-\ n-¡pI {]bm-k-am-bn-cp-¶p. e`y-am-b-
Xn\p tijw sshäv lukv Fhn-s S-s b¶v IrXy-a mbn Adn-bp-¶-X n\v km[n-
¡p-¶p. Ata-c n-¡³ klm-b-a n-Ãm-bn-c p-¶p-sh-¦nÂ tkmhn-bäv ssk\yw
GXm\pw hÀj-§Ä¡Iw XIÀ¶p t]mIp-am-bn-cp-¶p.” þ Ah-dlmw
jn^vdn³. ap³ tkmhn-bäv {]Xn-tcm[ a{´m-e-b-¯nse DtZym-K-Ø³.
1964 Â tkmhn-bäv bqWn-bsâ ]¡Â 10 e£-t¯mfw b{´-h -XvIrX
hml-\-§-fpmbncp-¶p. AÀPâo\ 8 e£w P¸m³ 16 e£w. Ata-cn¡
72 e£w. tkmhn-bäv bqWn-bsâ ]¡-ep-m-bn-c p-¶-h-sbÃmw ]Sn-ªm-
d³ kmt¦-X n-I-hn-Zy-bnÂ \nÀ½n¨ ime-I-fnÂ \n¶p-Å-hbpw.
“GXm\pw BgvN-IÄ¡Iw \n§-fnÂ ]e-cpw, IS-enÂ, GXm\pw \qdv ASn
AIse Ata-c n¡ C¶p-h-tc¡pw Ip ]nSn¨ AXy-´m-[p-\ n-I -amb kmt¦-
XnI hnZy ImWp-¶-Xn\v CS-bm-h pw. \nÀ`mKy-h-imÂ AXv tkmhn-bäv I¸-
en\v apI-fn-em-Wv.” \mhn-I-tk\m sk{I-«-dn. tPm¬ sea³ 1983 [
Reported in U.S Naval Institute proceedings, August 1983 ]
H¶mw temI alm-bp-²-¯n\p ap³]v BsI Hcp bp²-¡-¸Â am{Xta
tkmhn-bäv hnI-kn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶p-Åq. 35,000 S¬ `mcw. AXn\v Bh-iy-amb
tXm¡p-IÄ, Ih-N-§Ä aäv Ahiy D]-I-c-W-§Ä FÃmw hm§n-bXv
Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ \n¶pw PÀ½-\ n-bnÂ \n¶pw.
1930 IfnÂ Ata-cn¡ tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b\v A´Àhm-ln\n I¸ep-IÄ

\ÂIp-¶p-m-bn-c p-¶p. \nb-a-]-c-amb XS-Ê-§-s fm¶pw CÃm-bn-c p-¶p-s h-
¦nÂ IqSn AXv A]-I-S-I -c-a m-bn-cp-¶p.
Ata-cn-¡³ ssk\y-¯n\p th IcmÀ Gsä-Sp-¯-hÀ Xs¶-bmWv
tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b³ ssk\y-¯n\p thnbpw IcmÀ Gsä-Sp-¯-Xv.
Ata-cn-¡³ \nIp-Xn- Zm-b-I À Ata-cn-¡³ {]Xn-tcm-[ -Nn-e-h p-I Ä hln-¡p-
¶p. tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b³ Icm-dnsâ Dd¸v Ata-cn-¡³ Kh¬saâv
\ÂIp-¶p. AXv F{Xbpw Ipdª \nc-¡nÂ. k_v-knUn \ÂIp-¶Xv
bYmÀ°-¯nÂ Ata-cn-¡³ \nIp-Xn-Zm-b-IÀ Xs¶. {][m\ Icm-dp-ImÀ
P\-dÂ Ce-Iv{SnIv (Pn.-C) FIvtkm¬ tImÀ¸-td-j³, tdmbÂ U¨v sjÂ
214
{Kq¸v, Fân \mj-WÂ sFt{Um ImÀ_yqdn ( ENI ) þ AXnsâ Ata-cn-¡³

k_vkn-Un-bdn (Agip), ^nbäv SpA
i{Xp-hn\v ]Ww \ÂIp-¶-Xn\v Dd-¸v (guarantee) B-bn«v \nIp-Xn-Zm-b-I À.
Ah-cpsS kz´w hn`-h-§Ä aäv Bh-iy-§Ä¡p thn \o¡n hbv¡p-¶-
Xn-\pÅ klmbw \ÂIp-¶Xv Ata-c n-¡³ \nIp-Xn-Zm-b-I À. \nIp-Xn -Zm-b-
Isâ sNe-hnÂ Gähpw sa¨-s¸« kmt¦-XnI hnZy. Gähpw Ipdª Nne-
hnÂ. i{Xp-hn-\v. sIan-¡Â sSIvt\m-fPn B[p-\nI bp²-k-{¼-Zmb-¯n\v
Hgn¨p IqSm-\m-hm-¯-X m-Wv. kvt^mSI hkvX-p-¡Ä \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn\v AXv
Bh-iy-am-Wv. cmk-h-f-§Ä \nÀ½n-¡p¶ ime-I Ä thK-¯nÂ Xs¶
kvt^mSI hkvXp-¡Ä \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xn\v
km[n-¡pw. ImÀjnI IoS-\m-in-\n-IÄ \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ sIan-¡Â
sSIvt\m-fPn , Nerve Gas \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn D]-tbm-Kn-¡mw. 1970 Â
CIA hne-bn-c p-¯n-bXv tkmhn-bäv sIan-¡Â \nÀ½m-W-¯nsâ Gdnb ]¦pw
]Sn-ªm-d³ kmt¦-XnI hnZy-bnÂ Du¶n-b-X m-s W-¶m-Wv. k¦oÀ®-amb
cmk-h-f-§-fpsS 40 iX-a m\w, t]mfn F¯ve o³ 60 iX-a m-\ w, t]mfn-b-ÌÀ
\mcp-IÄ 80 iX-a m-\ w, Atam-Wnb 85 iX-a m\w .
Ata-cn-¡³ sIan-¡Â sSIvt\m-fPn 1920 apXÂ tkmhn-bäv bqWn-bs\
klm-bn-¡p-¶p. sÌbväv Un¸mÀ«vsaânsâ A\p-a -Xn-tbmsS.
sIwkvt{Smbv cmk-im-e-bpsS , Atam-Wnb HmIvkn-tU-j\p thn-bpÅ

kmt¦-XnI hnZybp-sS 65 iX-am-\-t¯mfw , cq]-I Â¸\ apXÂ \nÀ½mWw
hsc þ Du pont k½m-\n-¨-Xm-Wv. 1929 Â . 1932 Â òam-I m-c -amb ss\{SnIv
BknUvv \nÀ½m-W-ime djy-bnÂ Du pont sâ Imcy-Ø-X-bnÂ \nÀ½n-¨p.
hÀj-¯nÂ 3.5 e£w S¬ tijn-bp-Å-X m-Wv. 25 hÀj-§Ä¡p tijw
1957 Â tlm]vshÂ Du pont sâ Iogn-epÅ ss\{SnIv BknUv \nÀ½m-W -
im-e-bpsS tijn 4.5 e£-t¯mfw am{Xw. C{Xbpw A[n-I-amb tijn,
ssk\n-I-am-bn-cn-¡Ww F¶v A¶p Xs¶ Dt±-in-¨n-c p-¶p. sÌbväv
Un¸mÀ«vsaâv F¶mÂ AXn\v XS-Ê-anÃ F¶pw Adn-bn-¨n-c p-¶p. AXn-\p-
apt¶ \yqtbm À¡nse Imskbvepw , ss\{S-P³ C©n-\o-b-dn§pw , USSR
Â C¯cw ]e sIan-¡Â ime-Ifpw \nÀan-¨n-cp-¶p. cmkm-bp-[-§Ä \nÀan-
¡p-¶Xn\ v ss\{SnIv BknUv D]-tbm-Ky-a m-Wv.
ss\{S-P³ C©n-\n-b-dn-§,v -s_-c -kv\n-In-bnÂ 25,000 t]À sXmgnÂ sN¿p¶
sXÀssaäv ]ns¶ ss\t{Sm-¥n-k-dn³ Hs¡ \nÀ½n-¡p¶ ime-IÄ \nÀ½n-
¨p.. 1973 Â e¬akv C©n-\n-b-dn§v (1964 Â {_n«ojv {]Øm-\-a mb ]hÀ
Kymkv tImÀ]-td-j³ \nÀ½n-¨Xp IqSm-s X) _rl-¯mb Ak-änIv
BknUv \nÀ½m W-im-e, sam¬kmtâm sSIvt\m-f-Pn-bp-ambn tNÀ¶v,
EXIM _m¦nsâ [\-k-lm-b-t¯msS USSR Â \nÀ½n-¨p.
215
kvt^mS-I - h-kvX p-¡-fpsS \nÀam-W¯

- n\v AXy-´m-t]-jn-I-amWv kÄ^yq-
cnIv Bkn-Uv. 1913 Â 1,21,000 S¬ Bbn-cp-¶Xv 1965 Â 85,18,000 S¬ Bbn.
djy-bnÂ. òam-Im-c-a mb 10 ImÀjn-I-hfw \nÀ½m-W-im-e-IÄ tkmhn-b-
änÂ Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn\v HmIvkn-UâÂ s]t{Sm-fnbw Icm-dnÂ GÀs¸-«p.
HmIvkn-UâÂ s]{Sm-fnbw Øm]-I³ AÀamâv lma-dnsâ ]nXmhv Pqen-
bkv lmaÀ Ata-c n-¡³ I½yq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n-bpsS Øm]-I³ Bbn-c p-¶p.
km¼-¯nI Imcy-§-fnÂ. se\n³ AÀamâns\ A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNbvXn-cp-
¶Xv tImt{aUv F¶m-bn-cp-¶p .- AÀamâv lmaÀ FÃm Ata-c n-¡³ {]kn-
Uâp-am-cp-ambpw t\cn«v kulrZw ]peÀ¯n-bn-c -p-¶p. AXp t]mse _Ôw
s{Iaven-\p-ambpw Dmbn-cp-¶p.
Nerve Gas sâ hnI-k\w IoS-\ m-in-\ n-I -fn-t·-epÅ Kth-j-W-¯ nÂ \n¶m-
Wv. {]ap-J-a m-bh G-Agents, kmcn³ (GB), tkmam³, äm_p³ ]ns¶ V
agents, VX t]mep-Å-h. 1936 Â PÀ½-\n-bnÂ Ip-] n-Sn-¨-XmWv äm_p³.
Gähpw A]-I-S-Imcn V agents. IoS-\m-i n\n \nÀ½n-¡p¶ ]co-£-W-im-e-
IÄ¡v \nÀ½n-¡p-hm³ km[n-¡p-¶-X v. C¶v Ch-sbÃmw Ata-c n-¡-bnepw,
djy-bnepw, {^m³knepw Ip¶p-Iq-Sn-¡n-S-¡p¶p. Gähpw {]ikvX-a m-bXv
GPâv Hmd©v. hnb-äv\m-anÂ {]tbm-Kn-¨-X v. AXv Utbm-I vkn³ hI-t`-Zw.
aäp amc-I-a mb cmk-h-kvX p-¡fpw D]-tbm-K n-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p. t¢mdn³, -t^m-
kvPo³, kÄ^À aÌmÀUv. H¶mw temI alm-bp-²-Im-e¯v 50,000 S¬
t^mkvPo³ D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-«p. C¶v \ndw sImSp-¡p¶ hkvX p F¶ \ne-
bnepw, t]mfn bqssd-s Xbv³ (sI-«n-S-\ nÀ½m-W-¯n-\v) F¶ t]cnepw
tImSv¡-W-¡n\v S¬ DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.
“UNITA bpsS \ne sa¨s¸-«n-c n-¡p¶p F¦nepw tkmhn-bäv A\p-Iqe, A\-
[n-IrX `c-W-Iq-S-¯nsâ ]X\w ASp-¯ n-cn-¡p¶p F¦nepw, sÌbväv
Un¸mÀ«vsaân\I-¯pÅ Nne iàn-IÄ MPLA sb cIvjn¡p-¶-X n\pw
AwtKm-f-bnÂ P\m-b¯ `c-W-IqSw \ne-h nÂ hcp-¶Xv XS-bp-¶Xn\pw
thn ]cn-{i-a n-¡p-¶p.” sk\-äÀ Ìohv knwkv 1985
MPLA F¶Xv Hcp amÀIvknÌv kwL-S-\. AwtKm-f-bnse tZiob kwL-S-\ -
Ifp-a mbn tNÀ¶v {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. ( Popular Movement for Liberation of
Angola )
UNITA F¶Xv Hcp Akm-[m-c W kwL-S-\ . Ata-cn-¡³ hyh-km-b-§fpw
sÌbväv Un¸mÀ«vsaâpw AXnsâ hfÀ¨sb XS-bp-¶-Xn\v {ian-¨p. AXv
kzX{´ hym]m-c -¯nÂ hniz-kn-¡p-¶p. cl-ky-amb kzX{´ sXc-sª-
Sp¸v, kzImcy kz¯v. KdnÃm bp²-a p-d-IÄ Ah-ew-_n-¡p-¶p. t\Xmhv
tPm\mkv kmhnw-_n. bqtdm-]y³ hnZym-`ymkw t\Snb _p²n-Po-hn.
Idp¼³. hyàn kzmX-{ý-¯nÂ hniz-kn-¡p-¶p.
216
MPLA sXc-s ª-Sp-¡-s ¸-«n-Ã . `cWw ]nSn¨p hm§p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. ]n³Xp-

Wbv¡v 36, 000 Iyq_-¡mcpw 12 ,000 tkmhn-bäv ssk\y-h pw..
kmhnw-_nsb FXnÀ¡p-¶Xv tkmhn-bäv bq-Wn-b³, Iyq_, Ata-cn-¡³
tÌbvä v Un¸mÀ«vsaâv IqsS Ata-c n-¡³ `c-W-Iq-S-hpw. sk\-äÀ
IvfmÀ¡nsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ h¶ ¢mÀ¡v t`Z-KXn Ata-cn¡ UNITA ¡v
\evIn-bn-c p¶ klmbw \ndp-¯-em-¡n. Np¡m³ ]nSn-¡p-¶Xv Ata-cn-¡³
A´m-c mjv{S hyh-kmb òa³, KÄ^v HmbnÂ tImÀ]-td-j³. 1984 amÀ¨v
apXÂ AXv Imen-t^mÀWn-b-b nse sjhvtdm¬ HmbnÂ sâ `mK-a m-bn. 1980-
I-fpsS XpS-¡-¯ nÂ, tIWÂ dm¦n-epÅ tkmhn-bäv DtZym-K -Ø³ hsc
h[n-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶p.
hS¡p Ing-¡³ AwtKmf-bn-emWv KÄ^v Hmbn-ensâ DS-a-Ø-X-bn-epÅ
Im_vUn\ HmbnÂ tImw¹-Ivkv. AwtKm-f-bpsS hntZ-i- \mWy-¯nsâ 80
iX-a m-\ hpw sImp-h-cp-¶Xv Im_vUn-\ . an¨-a p-ÅXv Cw¥ojv Ata-cn-¡³
cXv\ hyh-km-b-hpw. tkmhn-b-än\pw Iyq_¡pw {]Xn-êw CXnÂ \n¶v
e`n-¡p-¶p.
1984 amÀ¨v hsc Hcp ]Xn-äm-p-Imew KÄ^v Hmbn-ensâ Ub-d-IvSÀamÀ
amÀIvknÌv AwtKm-f¡v [\-k-lmbw sNbvXp. ]n¶oSv Ata-cn-¡³
sjhvtdm-Wpw.
ap³ KÄ^v Hmbn-ensâ Ub-d-IvSÀamÀ Pdn aIv Aô, F¨v.-F-¨ v. lm½À,
BÀ.-F-¨v. Uo³, sP.-F-¨v. ln¤n³kv, sP.-]n. tKmÀU³, sP.-C. eo ,
tdm_À«v Uns¡ III, Pqen-b³ KpUva³, knÌÀ Pbv³ kvIÅn, FUzn³
knwKÀ, C.-_n. hm¡À III, sP. Gw. hmÄ«³, C.-sF. sImtfm-Uv\n.
]n¶oSv AXv sjhvtdm¬ þ KÄ^v Bb-X n\p tijw \S-]-Sn-I -fnÂ
bmsXmcp amä-hp-a p-m-bn-Ã. Iyq_³ ssk\yhpw tkmhn-bäv ssk\yhpw
sjhvtdm¬ KÄ^ns\ kwc-£n-¡p-¶-Xn\v sjhvtdm-W n\v bmsXmcp XS-
Êhpw Dm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.
sjhvtdm¬ Ub-d-IvtSgvkv ]ecpw Ata-c n-¡³ {]Xn-tcm[ tIm¬{Sm-
IvSÀamcpsS Ub-c-I vtSÀkp-am-bn-cp-¶p. kmap-hÂ.F-¨. BÀa-tImÌv (_m¦v
Hm^v Ata-c n-¡) tUmWÄUv. FÂ. t_mhÀ (t{Im-¡À \mj-WÂ tImÀ]-
td-j³, t{Im¡À \mj-WÂ _m¦v) BÀ. lÂZo³ (dmÂÌ¬ ]pco\ I¼-
\n, saÀ¡-s sâ³ {SÌv I¼-\n, aÀ¡-ssâÂ _mt¦mÀ]-td-j³, P\-dÂ
Ata-cn-¡³ sse^v C³jp-d³kv I¼-\n, em_mÀPv) tPm¬. BÀ. t{K
(_m¦v Hm^v Ata-c n-¡ NT & SA , _m¦v Ata-cn¡ tImÀ]-td-j³)tPmÀÖv.-
Fw. sIÃÀ ( ^Ìv CâÀ sÌbväv _m¦v Hm^v Imen-t^mÀWn-b, ^Ìv
CâÀsÌbväv _mt¦mÀ]v ) Pbnw-kv. C. eo(-]nävkv_ÀKv \mj-WÂ _m¦v,
PNC ^n\m³jyÂ tImÀ]-td-j³).
217
NmÄkv. Fw. ]ntKm«v (t_m-bn§v I¼-\ n) tPmÀÖv. F¨v. thbÀ lyqkÀ

(t_m-bn§v I¼-\n) tPm¬.F. bwKv ( lyq-eäv ]¡mÀUv{ HP}, shÂkv
^mÀtKm _m¦v, SRI CâÀ \mj-WÂ )
1976 Â KÄ^v HmbnÂ HSp-¡n-bXv 2 iX-a m\w \nIp-Xn-bm-Wv. 1984 Â 1250
tImSn cq]-bn-e-[nIw em`-a p-m-¡n-bn-«v, \nIpXn do^v hm§n-bXv 100
tImSnbne-[n-Iw. BZm-b-\n-IpXn cmPy-kvt\-ls¯ kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶ptm
F¶v ]cn-tim-[\ thn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ Sm¦v \nÀ½m-W-¯nÂ {]ap-J-cm-b-hÀ t^mÀUv, ImUn-em-Iv,
{InÉÀ. Cä-en-bnÂ ^nb-äv, {^m³knÂ dot\mÄ[Renault], knt{Sm-s b³.
Cw¥-nÂ thmIvkvlmÄ.
Hmt«m samss_Â, temt¡m-tam-«o-hv, {SmIvSÀ Ch \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-hÀ¡v bp²-
Sm-¦pIÄ \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw km[n-¡pw.-
I-gn-hp-ä djy³ C©n-\ o-bÀamsc, hn`-h-§sf Hs¡ Sm¦v \nÀ½m-W-¯n-
\pw, aäv ssk\nI Bh-i y-§Ä¡pw ap³Xq¡w \ÂIn, {SmIvSÀ
\nÀ½mWw ]nt¶m«p t]mb-XmWv ]n¶oSp h¶p tNÀ¶ `£y-£m-a-¯n\p
{][m\ Imc-Ww.[ The Red Army : By .R.M. OGORKIEWICZ ]
t_mÄsj-hnIv hn¹hw AXns\ XpSÀ¶p-Å djy-bnse B`y-ć Iem]w
70 e£w djy-¡m--cpsS Poh³ A]-l-c n-¨ p. 1930 \pw 1950 \pw CS-bv¡pÅ
Ime-L-«-¯nÂ \nÀ_ÔnX- sXm-gn-enÂ GÀs¸-«n-cp¶ 2 tImSn djy-¡mÀ
ac-W-a-S-ªp. hn¶n-ävk -bnÂ 10,000 Dt{I-\n-b-¡msc sImÃp-¶-Xn\v
{Iqtjhv t\cn«v taÂt\m«w \ÂIn. kvs]bn\nse B`y-ć Iem-]-¯n\v
(1936) ap³]v tkmhn-bä GPâp-amÀ kvs]bn-\nÂ F¯n-bn-cp-¶p. AXnÂ
XoÀ¨-bmbpw AhÀ ]¦p hln-¨ n-cp-¶p. acWw 275,000. 920 ssk\nI “D]-
tZ-i-Isc”kvs]bn-\ n-te¡v Ab-¨-Xn\v PÀ½³ ssk\nI Aämtj tcJ-
IÄ kq£n-¨n-cp-¶p. [ D.C. Warr, Soviet Military Aid to the Spanish
Republic in the Civil War 1936 - 1938. Slavonic and East European
Review ]. IqSmsX A\-h [n Bbp-[-§-fpw.
1937 Â Ìmensâ sdUv BÀan 30,000 tkmhn-bäv ssk\n-Isc h[n-¨ p. 1939
Â ^n³e³Uv s\ B{I-a n¨ djy 27-3,000 ^n³e³Up-Im-s cbpw djy-¡m-
scbpw h[n-¨p.
cmw temI alm-bp-²-¯n\p tijw djym-¡m-c p-s Sbpw Ing-¡³ bqtdm-
¸p-Im-c p-sSbpw IpcpXn XpSÀ¶p. {_n«ojv Ata-c n-¡³ “Hm]-td-j³
IoÂtlm hvÂ” sâ klm-b-t¯m-s S.
1965 Â hnb-äv\m-an-\pÅ Bbp[ klmbw djy hÀ²n-¸ n-¨ p. {]kn-Uv
tPm¬k¬ kmt¦-XnI hnZy djy¡v ssIam-dp-¶-Xnsâ Afhpw hÀ²n-¸n-
218
¨p. hnb-äv\m-an-\pÅ Bbp-[-¯nsâ 80 iX-am-\hpw djy-bnÂ \n¶m-bn-cp-

¶p.
“Rm³ 10 hÀjw Kth-jWw sNbvXp. tkmhn-bäv kmt¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy-s b-
¡pdn¨v ]Tn-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn. F´m-WXv þ AXn\v F´v {]m]vXn-bpv þ
AXv F§n-s \-bp-mbn. tkmhn-b äv kmt¦-XnI hnZy F¶Xv hymP-am-Wv.
AXv sam¯-ambpw, 90 þ 95 iX-am-\hpw Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ \n¶pw kJy-I-£n-
I-fpÂ \n¶pw h¶-Xm-Wv. Ata-c n-¡bpw NATO bpw tNÀ¶v krjvSn-¨ -
XmWv tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b³. AXnsâ hymh-km-bn-Ihpw ssk\n-Ihpw
Bb Icp-¯p-IÄ FÃmw. AXn\v 50 hÀjw thn h¶p. 1917 apXÂ.
AX-s\-¡p-dn-¨pÅ hnh-c-§Ä ad-¨p-h-¡-s¸-«n-c n-¡p-¶p. Fń-\mWv
Ncn{Xw ad-¨p-h-¡-s ¸-«n-c n-¡p-¶-Xv. Rm³ Ct¸mÄ ]d-bp-¶Xv \n§Ä
C{Xbpw \mÄ tI«p a\-Ên-em-¡n-b-Xn\v hncp-²-am-b-h-bm-Wv. F¶mÂ
Ìmensâ hm¡p-IÄ AXn\v km£n-bm-Wv. At±-lw -B-hvsdÂ lmcn-a ³
t\mSv ]d-ªXv {it²-b-am-Wv. tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b-\nse FÃm _rl-
¯mb hymh-km-bnI ]²-Xn-bp-sSbpw aq¶nÂ cv `mKw Ata-cn-¡-bpsS
klm-b-t¯msS \nÀ½n-¨-h-bm-Wv. Ata-cn-¡³ anen-ädn þ C³U-kv{Sn-bÂ
tImw¹Ivkv DÅ-Xp-t]mse, tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b-\nepw Dv. temI-¯nse
Gähpw henb Ccp¼v Dcp¡v \nÀ½m-W-ime djy-bn-ep-v. AXv \nÀ½n-
¨Xv aIvIo tImÀ]-td-j³. AXv Ata-cn-¡-bnse C³Uym-\-bnse t{K
F¶ {]tZ-is¯ Ata-c n-¡³ ime-bpsS ]IÀ¸m-Wv. (A-§ns\ DZm-l-c -
W-§Ä A\-h-[n).`cWIq-S-¯n\v, C¯cw \b-§-fn-te¡v F¯n-t¨-cp-¶-Xn-
\m-bn-«v, F´v A[n-Im-c-a m-Wp-Å-Xv. I½yq-WnÌv tIm¬k³t{S-j³
Iym¼p-IÄ Ct¸m-g p-ap-v. Ah-bv¡v Xm§m-\ m-h m-¯Xv at\m-tcmK NnIn-
Õm-e-b-§Ä DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p.” Bâ-Wn. kn. k«³ 1971
ô\nIvkv seäÀ 1986 [ Research Publication ] ]d-bp-¶p. Ata-c n-¡³ þ
tkmhn-bäv cl-ky-kw-L-S-\, h©\ DÄs¡m-Åp¶ Xc-¯nÂ {]hÀ¯n-
¡p-¶p. AXv \yqtbmÀ¡nÂ. h©\ F¶ ]Zw R§Ä efn-X-a m-bn-«Ã
D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-X v.
h©\ F¶mÂ i{Xp-hn\v sN¿p¶ klm-bhpw D]-Im-c-§-fpw. {][m-\-
ambpw tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b-\nÂ \n¶p-a pÅ B{I-a-Ws¯ {]Xn-tcm-[n-¡p-
hm³thn hÀjw tXmdpw 12 e£w tImSn cq] sNe-hm-¡p-¶p. AXp
sImv djy i{Xp-hm-Wv.-
U.S - USSR Trade And Economic CouncilNp-cp-¡-¯nÂ TEC. HutZym-Kn-I -
sa¶v tXm¶p¶ t]cpÅ Cu kwL-S\ D¶X ssk\nI kmt¦-XnI hnZy-
IÄ, tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b\v ssIam-dp-¶ -Xn\v thn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p.
tkmhn-b-äp-Isf Xf-¡m-s\-t¶mWw \S-¯p¶p F¶v ]d-b-s ¸-Sp¶ Spy
Trials Hcp ]pIad am{X-a mWv. TEC {Kq¸n\v HutZym-KnI A\p-a-Xnbpw ]n´p-
W-bp-a p-v. AXv sshävluÊnÂ _pjv hr-\vZhp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«n-c n-¡p-
219
¶p. ]ns¶ \mj-WÂ Atkm-kn-tb-j³ Hm^v am\p-^m-IvN-tdÀkv, U.S

tNbvw_À Hm^v sImtaÀkv. kmam\y _p²n¡v \nc-¡m¯ cmjv{Sob A`n-
em-j-§-fpÅ sk\-äÀamcpw ]mÀe-saâv AwK-§-fpw.
TEC F¶Xv Hcp cl-ky- kw-L-S-\-bm-Wv. AXnsâ AwK-Xz -hn-h-c -§Ä
AXv ]pd¯p hnSp-¶n-Ã. Hcp tkmhn-bäv ]uc³ þ At±-l -¯n\v KGB
bpambn _Ô-ap-s¶v Icp-Xp-¶p þ A\p-h-Zn-¨n-sÃ-¦nÂ AXv Ata-cn-¡-
bnse hyh-km-bn-IÄ¡pw \ÂIp-I -bn-Ã.
HutZym-KnI ]³Xp-W-bpÅ kwL-S\ F´p-sImv clky kz`mhw
]peÀ¯p-¶p. `mKn-I-a mb AwK-Xz-hn-h-c -§Ä R§Ä¡p In«n-bn-«p-v.
AXn\v Skull and Bones AwKw sshkv {]kn-Uv _pjv, ]ns¶ hmWnPy
sk{I-«dn amÂ¡w _mÂ{UnPv Pq\n-bÀ F¶n-h-cpsS ]n³Xp-W-bp-v.
amÂIw ( Skull and Bones ) sâ AÑ³ S&B AwK-a m-Wv. AXn\v 30
tkmhn-bäv Ub-d-I vtSÀamcpw 20 Ata-cn-¡³ Ub-d-I vSÀamcp-ap-v. F«v
tkmhn-bäv C©n-\o-bÀamÀ Ønc-ambn \yqtbmÀ¡nÂ Xma-kn¨v Ata-cn-
¡³ kmt¦-XnI hnZysb ASp¯v Adn-bp-¶p.
Ata-cn-¡³ AwK-§-fnÂ NneXv
Bt_m«v et_m-d-«-do-kv, Ae³ {_mUven, Ae-b³kv SqÄ tImÀ]-td-j³,
AeoUv A\-en-än-¡Â knÌw-kv, Aen³Uv NmtaÀkv, Ata-cn-¡³ ssk\-
anUv, Ata-c n-¡³ FIvkv{]-Êv, BÀ¨À Um\n-bÂkv anUve³Uv, BwtIm
ÌoÂ, _³Pv tImÀ]-td-j³, ImÀKnÂ, ImäÀ ]nÃÀ, sNbvkv am³l-«³,
sIan-¡Â _m¦v, ¢mÀIv FIzn-] vsaâv, sImsIm tImf, tIm¬ B{K,
tImân-\âÂ {Kbn³, tImWn§v ¥mÊv, UnbÀ B³Uv I¼-\n, tUm sIan-
¡Â, KÀ\mIvv s{Kbv³, ¥ok¬ tImÀ]-td-j³, tlm]v C³U-kv{So-kv,
CwKÀtkmÄ dm³Uv, CâÀ\mj-WÂ lmÀh-ÌÀ, sImUm-Iv, assd³
anUve³Uv, anÃn-t¸mÀ, ans\-tÌm« ssa\n-§v, HmIvkn-UâÂ s]t{Sm-fn-bw,
Hmh³kv CÃn-t\m-bn, s]]vkn, ^nÂt{_m þ ktem-tam³, ^nen]v tamdn-kv,
dmÂÌ¬ ]pco-\, tdmlvw Bâv lmÊv, ko{Kmw, Ìmhv^À sIan-¡Â,
sS³Sve À þ s_dävkv Atkm-kn-tb-ävkv, sSs¶-t¡m, s{UÊÀ C³U-kv{So-
kv, Uyq t]mv, F^v. Fw. kn. tImÀ]-td-j³, bqWn-b³ ImÀss_-Uv,
bqWnäv dnwKv Bâv FIzn-]vsaâv I¼-\n, kntdm-Ivkv.
Ata-cn-¡³ hn`m-K-¯nse {]ap-J³ BÂ{Ûv. sP. ayqdÀ. ¥ok¬
hÀIvknsâ ap³ A²y-£³. \yqtbmÀ¡nse tdm¨-Ì-dnse ajo³ SqÄkv
òa³. imJ-I Ä s_ÂPn-bw. ]Sn-ª m-d³ PÀ½-\n. ¥ok-Wnsâ FÃm
DXv]-¶-§fpw ssk\nI D]-tbm-K-§Ä DÅ-h-bm-Wv. tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b-
\nÂ ssk\n-I-amb DXv] m-Z-\-a n-Ãm¯ hyh-km-b-im-e-IÄ H¶pw Xs¶-bn-Ã.
FÃm kmt¦-XnI hnZybpw ssk\nI D]-tbm-Ks¯ ap³\n-dp¯n ]cn-tim-
[n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.
`c-W-IqSw P\-§sf h©n-¡p-¶p.
220
A´m-c mjv{S _m¦Àamcpw t_mÄsj-hnIv hn¹-h-Im-cn-Ifpw X½n-epÅ

_Ô-s ¯-¡p-dn¨v A\-h [n ]pkvX-I -§-fp-v. A¡m-Z-anIv ]WvUn-X-·m-
cpsS C¯cw cN-\-I Ä Hgn-hm-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. apX-em-fn-¯hpw I½yq-Wn-
khpw X½nÂ kwL«\w \ne-\n¶p t]mcp¶p F¶v Icp-X-s ¸-Sp¶ hymJym-
\-¯n\v \nc-¡m-¯-Xp-s Im-m-hmw.
Atacn¡³ sÌbväv Un¸mÀ«vsaâv ^bÂ, {]tXy-In¨pw 861.00 F¶
sk£³ [mcmfw tcJ-I Ä \ÂIp-¶p. A\u-tZym-KnI tcJ-I fpw Chbpw
X½nÂ Iq«n-t¨À¡p-t¼mÄ ]qÀ®-c q-] -am-bn.
Nne \yqtbmÀ¡v _m¦Àamcpw At\Iw hn¹-h -Im-c n-Ifpw ASp¯ _Ôw
]peÀ¯n-bn-cp-¶p. A¯cw _m¦ÀamÀ t_mÄj-hnIv hn¹-h-¯nÂ \n¶pw
em`w t\Sp-¶-X n\v ]pd-s¸-«-h-c m-bn-c p-¶p.
“ {]nb-s¸« {]kn-U-n\v . djy³ P\-X¡v Gähpw tbmPy-amb `cWw
tkmhn-bäv amXr-I-bn-ep-Å-Xm-Wv F¶mWv Fsâ A`n-{]m-bw.” þ hnÃyw
temd³kv tkm³tUÀUv ( {]kn-Uv hp{Uq hnÂk¬\v Fgp-Xn-bXv 1918
).
hnÃyw temd³kv þ CwKÀtkmÄ dm³Uv tImÀ]nsâ A²y-£-³, Ata-c-n-
¡³ CâÀ\mj-WÂ tImÀ]nsâ Ub-d-I vSÀ, \yqtbmÀ¡v sÛ-dÂ
dnkÀhnsâ D] A²y-£³.
hmÄ kv{Soäv _m¦ÀamÀ Xo{h heXp ]£w F¶v Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-\ mÂ
I½yq-Wn-Ìp-Im-cp-ambn ASp¯ _Ôw Dm-hp-sa¶v Bcpw Icp-Xn-bn-cp-¶n-
Ã.
{àm-ßI Nn´-IÄ F¶v AXns\ ]pdw-X-Ån-bn-cp-¶p. ^mkn-Ìp-Ifpw
I½yq-Wn-Ìp-Ifpw XnIª kÀÆm-[n-]-Xy-¯nÂ hniz-kn-¡p-¶p. Hcn-¡Â
hyh-km-b-§-fpsS taÂ kÀÆm-[n-]Xyw sImXn-¨n-cp¶ sP.-]n. tamÀK\pw,
tPm¬.-Un. tdms¡-s^-Ãdpw 19 þmw \qäm-nsâ Ah-km-\-a m-b-t¸m-tg¡pw
A{]-Im-c-apÅ kÀÆm-[n-]-Xy-¯n\v kp\n-Ýn-X-a mb amÀ¤w cmjv{So-b-sa¶v
a\-Ên-em-¡n. kaq-l-¯nsâ \·¡v F¶ a«nÂ P\-§sf Ip¯-I-IÄ¡p
thn ]Wn-sb-Sp-¸ n-¡p-I. Cu X{´w s{Û-dn-Iv. kn. tlmh At±-l-
¯nsâ Confessions of a Monopolist F¶ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ hnh-cn-¡p-¶p.
tlmsh t_mÄsj-hnIv hn¹-h-¯nsâ Ncn-{X-¯nse Hcp IYm-]m-{X-a m-Wv.
kaq-l-¯ nsâ taÂ Ip¯I \nb-{´-W-¯n\p thn-bpÅ ]cn-{i-a -
§Ä¡v ]e t]cp-I fpmhmw. F¶mÂ kam-\- kz-`m-h-§Ä DÄs¡m-Åp-
¶p.
Ncn-{Xs¯ ]Iz-X-tbmsS a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶-X n-\ pÅ Hcp XSÊw FÃm hyh-
km-bn-I fpw FÃm amÀIvkn-Ìp-I -fp-ambpw ISp¯ i{Xp-X -bn-em-Wv F¶-Xm-
Wv. t_mÄsj-hnIv _m¦À F¶v kzbw k½Xw \S-¯nb Hmtem^v
Bjv_ÀKv \yq _m³sI³ þ tÌmIvtlmw ChÀ A[nIw ]cm-a Àin¨p
ImW-s ¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. F¶mÂ AhÀ t_mÄj-hnIv ^n§v {][m-\n-I-fm-bn-cp-
221
¶p. 1919 Â Xs¶ t_mÄsj-hn-¡p-I fpw hmÄkv{So-äpw X½n-epÅ _Ôw

Adn-hp-Å-Xm-bn-cp-¶p.
km¼-¯nI ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-I³ ]d-bp-¶p. “tUms\-bp-a mbn kmbw-I mew
sNe-h-gn-¨p. At±lw ]dªp tkmjy-en-kv¯nÂ hniz-kn-¡p¶p F¦nÂ
\n§Ä¡v P\m-[n-]-Xy-¯nÂ hniz-kn-¡m-\ m-hn-Ã. P\m-[n-]-Xys¯ \in-¸n-
¡p¶ hnj-amWv tkmjy-en-kw. P\m-[n-]Xyw F¶Xv FÃm-h À¡pw Ah-
kcw F¶m-Wv. Hcp a\p-jy\v sXmgnÂ Cs«-dn-ªn«v sa¨-s¸-Sp-¶ -Xn-\pÅ
Ah-kcw tkmjy-enkw A\p-h-Zn-¡p-¶n-Ã. tkmjy-en-k¯nsâ bYmÀ°
ê-a mWv t_mÄj-hn-kw. P\p-h cn a²y-t¯m-s S-bp-Å , sk\äv I½n-än-
bpsS ap³]m-s I-bpÅ samgn ]cn-tim-[n-¨ mÂ a\-Ên-em-Ip-¶Xv Ata-cn-¡³
tImfPv {]^-kÀam-cnÂ A[n-Ihpw t_mÄj-hn-k-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw tkmjy-en-
k-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw ]Tn-¸ n-¡p-¶pv F¶m-Wv. 1914 se kam-[m\ I½n-än-bnÂ
52 {]^-kÀam-c p-m-bn-c p-¶p. lmÀhÀUnse {]kn-Uv Gen-b-äv,
t_mÄsj-hnkw ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶p. Ata-cn-¡-bnse Gähpw ISp-¸-¡m-cmb
t_mÄj-hn-Ì - p-IÄ , tImfPv {]^-kÀamÀ am{X-aÃ þ AXnÂ HcmÄ {]kn-
Uv hnÂk¬, hyh-km-bn-I fpw Ah-cpsS `mcyamcp-a m-Wv, AhÀ¡v
AhÀ ]d-bp-¶Xv F´m-sW¶v Adn-bp-I-bp-an-Ã. hnÃyw t_mbvkv tXmw-
k¬ t_mÄj-hnkw ]Tn-¸ n-¡p-¶p. At±lw sP.-] n. tamÀK³- Bâv I¼-
\n-bnse emtam-n-s\bpw t_mÄj-hn-Ìm¡n ]cn-hÀ¯\w sN¿pw.
hm³UÀ en]v, NmÄkv. BÀ s{Ibv³ F¶n-hcpw t_mÄj-hn-Ì m-Wv.
A[nIw kv{XoIÄ {]Øm-\-¯nÂ tNcp-¶p, F¶mÂ AhÀ¡v Adn-bnÃ
AXv F´m-s W-¶v. sl³{Sn t^mÀUmWv asäm-cmÄ.”
[ tUms\ F® hyh-kmb òa³, hnÃyw t_mbvkv tXmwk¬, tXmakv em-
tam³«v, NmÄkv BÀ. s{Ibv³ FÃmw ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-ImÀ ]
A´m-c jv{S Ip¯I apX-em-fn-¯hpw A´m-cjv{S hn¹-h-tkmjy-en-k hpw
]c-kv]c D]-tbm-K-¯n\p thn H¯p Ifn-¨p. km[m-cW P\-§Ä _en-
bm-Sp-I-fpw. [ Wall Street And Bolshevaik Revolution ] kmÀ N{I-hÀ¯n-
bpsS Agn-a Xn `c-W-¯n\p ]Icw asämcp Agn-aXn `cWw Øm]n-¡-s ¸-«p.
t_mÄj-hnIv hn¹hw {]Xn-] m-Zn-¡p¶ Ncn-{X¯nÂ Hcn-S¯pw ]cm-a Àin-
¡msX hn«p If-bp¶ {]Øm-\-a mWv Green Movement. AwK-_ew 7
e£w.
“Hcp hn¹hw Dm-Ipw. `bm-\-I -amb Hcp hn¹-hw. AXv F§n-s\-s bms¡
Bbn-¯ocpw F¶Xv tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ, tlbvKn-t\mSv F´p ]d-bp¶p F¶-
Xns\ B{i-bn-¨n-cn-¡pw. tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ Ata-c n-¡³ `c-W-hÀ¤-¯nsâ
{]Xn-\n-[nbpw tlbvK v cmjv{Sob D]-I-c -W-§-fpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-bpw.” þ
entbm¬ t{SmSvkvIn. \yqtbmÀ¡v ssSwkv. Unkw-_À 13. 1938.
1916 Â {^m³knÂ \n¶pw ]pd-¯m-¡-s¸« t{SmSvkvI n 1917 P\p-h-cn-bnÂ
\yqtbmÀ¡nÂ F¯n-t¨À¶p. AhnsS hÃ-t¸mgpw t\mhn anÀ F¶
222
djy³ tkmjy-enÌv {]kn-²o-I -c-W-¯n\v thn teJ-\-s a-g p-Xp-¶Xv Hgn-

¨mÂ At±-l-¯n\v {]tXy-I n¨v ]Wn-sbm-¶p-ap-m-b n-c p-¶n-Ã. At±-l-
¯nsâ hk-Xn-bnÂ sd{^n-P-td-ä dpw sSen-t^mWpw Dm-bn-cp-¶p. Ahsc
]pd¯p sImp t]mbn-cp-¶ entam-kn³ HmSn-¡p-¶-X n\v {]tXyIw ss{Uh-
dpw. ss{UhÀ Hcn-¡epw hoSn-\p-ÅnÂ {]th-in-¨n-cp-¶n-Ã. 1916 epw 1917 epw
BsI e`n-¨Xv 310 tUmfÀ am{X-am-bn-cp-¶p F¶pw AXv djybn-te¡v
Xncn¨p t]mhp-I-bm-bn-cp¶ 5 djym-¡mÀ¡v \ÂIn F¶pw t{SmSvkvIn
Xs¶ ]d-bp¶p. kvs]bn-\ nÂ ^Ìv ¢mÊv skÂ hmS-I¡v FSp-¯p.
t{SmSvkvInbpw IpSpw-_hpw bqtdm¸p hgn Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ F¯n-t¨À¶p.
AhnsS \yqtbmÀ¡nÂ H¶mw Xcw A]mÀ«vsaânÂ Xma-kn-¨p. aq¶p
amks¯ hmSI ap³Iq-dmbn \ÂIn. IpSpw-_-¯nsâ sNe-hp-IÄ Ign-
ªn«v XncnsI djy-bn-te¡v t]mb-t¸mÄ At±-l-¯nsâ ssIhiw 10,000
tUmfdpw Dm-bn-c p-¶p. t{SmSvkvIn asä-s´-¦ nepw sXmgnÂ sNbvXn-cp-¶-
Xn\v tcJ-I-fn-Ã. 10,000 tUmfÀ PÀ½-\n-bnÂ \n¶p-Å-h-c psS ]W-a m-sW¶v
t{SmSvkvInsb lmen-^m-IvknÂ XS-ªp-h-¨-t¸mÄ t]mIp-¶-Xn\v A\p-h -Zn-
¡-W-sa¶v ImWn¨v {_n«ojv A[n-I m-c nIÄ It\-Un-b³ \mhn-I-tk-\¡v
Ab¨ sSen-{K-anÂ ]dbp-¶p- m-bn-cp-¶p.
{_n«o-jv U-b-d-I vS-tdäv Hm^v Câ-en-P³kv dnt¸mÀ«v ]d-bp-¶Xv 1919 Â
\yqtbmÀ¡nÂ tkmhn-bäv _yqtdm-bpsS {][m\ AwK-a mb {KnKdn
ho³Ìo³ t{SmSvkvIn¡p thn ]Ww kam-l-cn-¨n-cp-¶p F¶m-Wv. AXv
PÀ½-\n-bnÂ \n¶pw, \yqtbmÀ¡nse Hcp PÀ½³ Zn\-¸ {Xw hgn.
“hp{Uq hnÂk¬, t{SmSvkvInsb Ata-cn-¡³ ]mkvt]mÀ«nsâ _e-¯nÂ
djy-bnÂ {]th-in-¡p-¶ -Xn\v A\p-h-Zn-¨ p F¶ Imcyw Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ ad-
¡-cpXv” þ P¶n-§vkv. kn. Sshkv [ Woodrow Wilson : Disciple of War ]
AtX kabw sÌbväv Un¸mÀ«vsaâv , ]mÊvt]mÀ«v \n-b-{´Ww IÀi-\-am-
¡p¶ Xnc-¡n-em-bn-cp-¶p.
“I½yq-Wnkw sImp-h -cp-¶-Xn\v thn-bpÅ sIc³kvI n hn¹-h-¯n-\v,
s{Ibv³ AXn-bmb kw`m-h\ \ÂIn.” þ hnÃyw tUmUv. PÀ½-\n-bnse
ap³ Ata-cn-¡³ Aw_m-k-UÀ.
NmÄkv s{Ibv³. s{Ibv³ I¼-\n-bpsS sshkv {]kn-U-v. ]W-a n-S-]m-Sp-
Im-c ³. djy-bnÂ shÌn§v lukv \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-X n\v klm-bn-¨p. 1890 \pw
1930 \pw CS¡v Ipd-ªXv 20 {]mh-iy-s a-¦ nepw djy kµÀin-¨p. At±-l-
¯nsâ aI³ dn¨ÀUv {Ibn³, At¸mÄ sk{I-«dn Hm^v sÌbväv Bbn-
cp¶ tdm_À«v em³kn-§nsâ tIm¬^n-U³jyÂ Akn-Ìâv Bbn-cp-¶p.
t_mÄj-hnIv hn¹hw AXm-bXv ]p\À hn¹hw ]qÀ¯n-bmb tijw
s{Ibv³ XncnsI Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ F¯n-t¨À¶p. sÌbväv Un¸mÀ«vsaâv
t_mÄj-hnIv hn¹-h-¯nsâ ]ptcm-K-Xn-sb-¡p-dn¨v s{Ibv³ \v hnh-cWw
\ÂIn. [ U.S. State Department Decimal File 861.00 /1026 ]
223
NmÄkv s{Ibv³ 1917 a²y-t¯msS djy-bn-te¡v t]mb-t¸mÄ IqsS-bp-m-

bn-cp¶Xv en¦³ kvsä^³kv. hp{Uq hnÂk¬sâbpw t{SmSvkvIn-bp-
sSbpw kqlr-¯v. Ata-cn-¡³ I½yq-Wn-Ìv.
t{SmSvkvIn-bpsS bYmÀ° t]cv t{_m¬Ìo³. AXv PÀ½³ \maw.
t{SmSvkvIn F¶Xv t]mfnjv \ma-hpw. t{SmSvkvIn-bpsS BZys¯ ]pkvX-I-
¯nÂ At±lw D]-tbm-K n-¨ n-c n-¡p¶ Initial, Leon sâ ‘L’ AÃ. adn¨v ‘N’
F¶m-Wv.
“1915 apXÂ sIc³kvIn¡pw se\n\pw PÀ½³ [\-k-lmbw e`y-am-bn-cp-
¶p.” eyqä-\ âv tIWÂ tPm¬ s_bv³ a¢o³. {]apJ It\-Un-b³
]pkvXI {]km-[-I³. It\-Un-b³ ssk\nI cl-kym-t\z-j-W hn`m-K-hp-
ambn hfsc \mfs¯ ASp¯ _Ôw ]peÀ¯n-bn-cp-¶p.
lmen-^-mIvknÂ, t{SmSvkvInsb hnSp-hn-¨Xv hmjn-§vS-W nse {_n«ojv
Fw_-kn-bpsS A`yÀ°-\-{]-Imcw BWv. AXv Ata-c n-¡³ sÌbäv
Un¸mÀ«vsaâv sâ A`yÀ°-\-{]-Im-c-h pw. AXn\v ImcWw AÚmX iàn-
bpw.
am²y-a -§sf Adn-bn-t¡-Xv t{SmSvkvIn Ata-cn-¡³ ]uc-\m-s W¶pw,
Ata-cn-¡³ ]mkvt¸mÀ«nsâ DS-a-bm-sW-¶pw, hmjn-§vS¬ sÌbväv
Un¸mÀ«vsaâv sâ {]tXyI \nÀt±-i-{]-Im-c-a mWv t{SmSvkvInsb hn«-b-¡p-
¶Xv F¶p-a mWv F¶ \nÀt±iw , lmen-^m-Ivknse It\-Un-b³ DtZym-K-
Ø-·mÀ¡v e`n-¨p.
“t{SmSvkvIn ià-amb cl-ky-amb ]n³Xp-W-bp-Å-h-\m-Wv. A¯cw iàn-
IÄ Adn-bn-¡p-¶Xv t{SmSvkvI n-¡p- th FÃm hn[ klm-b-§fpw
sNbvXp sImSp-t¡-Xm-Wv F¶m-Wv.” aIveo³.
1938 Â Ìmen³ ]d-ªXv t{SmSvkvIn A´m-cmjv{S apX-em-fn-¯¯nsâ
thX\w ]äp¶ ]nWn-bmÄ F¶m-Wv.
tImSXn tcJ-I-Ä ]d-bp-¶-Xv a-\pjyÀ¡v C{X-b-[nIw Zpcn-X-§Ä k½m-
\n¨ hyàn t{SmSvkvIn-b-ÃmsX asäm-cm-fnÃ. AbmÄ ^mkn-k-¯nsâ
IpX-{´-¡m-c -\mb ]nWn-bmÄ F¶m-Wv.
“hntZi B{I-a-W-¯nsâ ImhÂ¸-S-bmWv R§Ä. A´m-cmjv{S ^mkn-
k-¯nsâ. USSR Â am{X-aÃ kvs]bv³, ssN\ ]ns¶ temI-s a-¼mSpw” þ
sI.-Pn. dtIm-hvkvIn.
aptkm-fn-\ n-s bbpw lnäve-dn-s\bpw ]n³Xp-W¨ hyh-km-bn-IÄ t{SmSvkvIn-
sbbpw ]n³Xp-W-¨p.
kvIm³Un-t\-h n-b-bnse {][m\ t_mÄsj-hnIv GPâv ssa¡Â
{Kqk³_ÀKv. At±lw Ae-Ivkm-À Kw_ÀKv F¶ t]cnÂ {]hÀ¯n-
¨p. AtX kabw \yqtbmÀ¡nse sNbvkv am³l-«³ _m¦nsâ tIm¬^n-
224
U³jyÂ AssUz-kÀ, ]ns¶ Aävekv tImÀ]-td-jsâ ^v tembvUv HmUn-

b-an-s â-bpw. C¯cw Cc« thjw tkmhn-b-än\pw Ata-cn-¡¡pw Adn-hp-
ÅXpw k½-X-hp-am-bn-cp-¶p. {Kqk³_ÀKv A´m-cmjv{S hn¹-hhpw A´m-
cjv{S apX-em-fn-¯hpw X½n-epÅ H¯p-I-fn-bpsS XnIª DZm-l-c -W-am-Wv.
“R§-fnÂ \n¶v XpSÀ¨-bmbn [\-k-lmbw e`y-am-Ip-¶Xp hsc
t_mÄsj-hn-¡p-IÄ¡v Ah-cpsS {]N-cWw hn]p-e-s ¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xnt\m,
{]hvZ F¶ {]kn-²o-I-c Ww sI«n-¸-Sp-¡p-¶ -Xnt\m km[y-a m-bn-c p-¶n-Ã.” þ
thm¬ IpË-a ³. ssIk-dnsâ hntZ-i-I mcy a{ń. Unkw-_À 3. 1917
PÀ½³ `c-W-Iq-S-¯n\pw se\n\pw kam\ e£y-§-f m-bn-c p-¶p. PÀ½³
`c-W-Iq-S-¯nÂ \n¶pw se\n³ [\-k-lmbw kzoI-c n-¨n-cp-¶p.
djy³ ssk\ys¯ Cý-bn-te¡v Ab-bv¡p-¶-X\p th coXn-bnÂ
A\p-aXn \ÂIp¶ tcJ ]n¶oSv Is-Sp-¯p. kmÀ N{I-hÀ¯nsb Xpc-
¯n-b-X n\p tijw kam\ cq]-§Ä hym]n-¸n-¡p-¶-X n\v se\n³ ]²Xn
X¿m-dm-¡n-bn-cp-¶p.
[ Z.A.B. Zeman, Germany And Revolution in Russia 1915 - 1918.
Documents from the Archives of German Foreign Ministry. London.
Oxford University Press. 1958 P.6. Doc. 6 ]
Zeman, djy³ ]»n-jn§v lukv Øm]n-¡p-¶ -Xn-\pÅ amIvkv
hmÀ_ÀKnsâ ]¦n-s\-¡p-dn¨pw PÀ½³ hyh-kmbn Ìo³kv 20 e£w
dq_nÄkv AXn-te-¡mbn kw`m-h\ \ÂIp-¶-Xn\p th k½-Xn-]{Xw
\ÂIn-b-X n-s \-¡p-dn¨pw {]Xn-] m-Zn-¡p-¶p.
1918 BZyw U.S. Committee on Public Information sâ s]t{Sm-{KmUv sâ
Npa-Xebp-m-bn-cp-¶ FUvK À kntÊm¬ , t{SmSvkvI n, se\n³, aäp
t_mÄsj-hn-¡p-I-s fÃmw PÀ½³ Kh¬saânsâ [\-k-lmbw ]äp¶
GPâp-am-sc¶v Øm]n-¡p-¶, djy³ tcJ-I Ä sImp h¶p. Ahsb
Ata-cn-¡-bn-te¡v Ab-¨v 3 Bbn Xcw-Xn-c n¨v hni-Z-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-¨p.
Ah kntÊm¬ tcJ-IÄ F¶v Adn-b-s ¸-Sp-¶p. Ah hymP-s a¶v ]n¶oSv
sXfn-hm-bn.
AXv hymP-sa¶v FXnÀ¯-h-c nÂ {][m-\n-I-fnÂ HcmÄ tPm¬ doUv.
aq¶mw CâÀ\m-j-W-ensâ Ata-cn-¡³ {]Xn-\n[n. At±-l-¯n\v thX\w
e`n-¨ n-c p-¶Xv sP.-]n. tamÀK³ DS-a-Ø-X-bn-em-bn-cp¶ “sat{Sm-s ]m-fn-ä³”
amK-ko³ Â \n¶pw ]ns¶ tXmakv emtam-v . \yqtbmÀ¡v Cuhv\nwKv
t]mÌnsâ tamÀK³ ]¦m-fn.
{_n«ojv ]uc-·mÀ djy hn«p t]mI-W-sa¶v {_n«ojv Kh¬sa³dv hn¹-h-
¯n\v Bdv BgvN-IÄ¡p ap³]p Xs¶ Adn-bn-¨n-c p-¶p.
225
U.S. Committee on Public Information se BÀXÀ _pÅmÀUv 1918 amÀ¨n\v

tIWÂ lukn\v \ÂInb dnt¸mÀ«v ]d-bp-¶Xv “ap³]v Icp-Xn-b-X nepw
hfsc A[n-I-a mWv PÀ½-\n-bnÂ \n¶pÅ [\-k-lm-bw” F¶m-Wv.
1917 \hw-_-dnÂ Xs¶ ]mco-knÂ \n¶pw tIWÂ lukv, hq{Uq
hnÂks\ Adn-bn-¨n-c p-¶-X m-Wv d-jysb i{Xp-h mbn IW-¡m¡m¡Ww
F¶ hmÀ¯ sImSp-¡m³ ]mSnÃ F¶v.
ASp¯ amkw tamÀKsâ \nb-{´-W-¯n-ep-F-Å, Ata-c n-¡³ CâÀ\mj-
W-Â tImÀ]-td-jsâ FIvkn-Iyq-«ohv sk{I-«dn hnÃyw {^m¦n-en³
km³Uvk v, s_bvkn³ ssaÂknsâ kplr¯v, sat½m-dm³Uw kaÀ¸n-¨p-
sImv ]d-ªXv se\n\pw t{SmSvkvInbpw P\-kzm-[o-\-ap-Å-h-c m-s W¶pw
Ata-cn¡ djysb AwKo-I-cn-¡-W-sa¶pw.
Ata-cn-¡³ tkmjy-e nÌv hmen§v F¶mÂ , tPmÀÖv {IoÂ, slÀ_À«v
tkzm]v, hnÃyw t_mbvkv tXmw]vk¬ (\yq-tbmÀ¡v sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv)
F¶n-h -cpsS tkmhn-bäv A\p-Iqe \ne-]m-Sns\ hnaÀin-¨p.
1917 Unkw-_-dnÂ tamkvtIm Zn\-]-{X-¯nÂ sdUv t{Imkv tIWÂ
sdbvav tdm_n³kv, tXmw]vk¬ F¶n-hÀs¡-Xnsc hmÀ¯ h¶p.
t_mÄsj-hn-¡p-Ifpw Ata-cn-¡³ _m¦Àamcpw X½nÂ H¯p-I fnbps¶v
Btcm-]n-¨p-s Im- m-bn-cp-¶p.
“DXv_p-²-cm-¡p-¶-X n\v AhÀ¡v F´m-Wn{X XmXv]-cyw. tkmjy-
enÌv hn¹-h-Im-c n-IÄ¡v Fń-\mWv ]Ww \ÂIn-b-Xv. F´p-sImv
HutZym-KnI P\m-b¯hmZn-IÄ¡v \ÂIn-bn-Ã. AXnÂ \n¶pw a\-Ên-em-
t¡-Xv hn¹-h-I m-c n-I Ä _m¦Àam-cpsS lrZ-bt¯mSv ASp-¯ -hcpw CjvS-
¡mcpw F¶m-Wv.”
1917 Unkw-_-dnse asämcp dnt¸mÀ«v ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶Xv Ata-c n-¡³ sdUv
t{ImÊv anj-\p-w Ata-cn-¡³ _m¦Àam-cpambn-«pÅ CS-]m-Sn-s\-¡p-dn-¨ m-Wv.
20 e£w tUmfÀ CS-] m-Sv.
1918 P\p-h -cn-bnÂ hmÄ kv{Soäp-a mbn _Ô-a pÅ tdm_À«v FÂ Hh³, bp.-
Fkv sk\äv I½nän (_m-¦n§v Bâv I-d³kn) A²y-£³, hp{Uq
hnÂk-Wv, djysb AwKo-I-cn-¡Ww F¶ Bh-i y-a p-¶-bn¨v I¯-b-¨p.
]ns¶ djy¡v Bh-iy-apÅ Hcp I¸Â \ndsb km[-\-§Ä. PÀ½³
kzm[o-\-s ¯- ]cn-l-cn-¡p-¶-X n\v {]Xn-\ n-[n-Isf \nb-an-¡pI F¶-s Xm-s¡-
bm-bn-c p¶p Bhiyw.
H¶mw temI-a -lm-bp-²-¯n\p ap³]v Ata-cn-¡³ km¼-¯n-I, hyh-kmb
taJ-e-IÄ cp Ip¯-I -I-fpsS Iogn-em-bn-cp-¶p. (1) Ìm³UmÀUv HmbnÂ
AsÃ-¦ nÂ tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ (2) tamÀK³ hyh-kmb kap-¨-bw. Ah ]c-
kv]c _Ôn-X -amb Ub-d-IvSÀjn¸p hgn Ata-c n-¡-bpsS H«p-ap-¡mepw
k¼-Zvhy-h-Øn-Xnsb \nb-{ń-¨n-cp-¶p.
226
Ah cpw km¼¯nI CS-]m-Sp-I-fnÂ {][m-\-a mbpw DÄs¸-«n-cp-¶p. \mj-

WÂ knän _m¦-v, lmt\m-hÀ \mj-WÂ _m¦v, \yqtbmÀ¡nse CIzn-ä-
_À sse^v B³Uv aqNzÂ ; \mj-WÂ _m¦v Hm^v tImtaÀkv, sNbvkv
\mj-WÂ _m¦v, \yqtbmÀ¡v sse^v C³jp-d³kv, Kymcân {SÌv I¼-\n.
tamÀKsâ \nb-{´-W-¯n-epÅhbmWv bp. Fkv. ÌoÂ tImÀ]-td-j³, P\-
dÂ Ce-Iv{Sn-Iv.
20 þmw \qäm-nsâ BZy `mK¯v Kymcân {SÌv I¼-\n-bpsS \nb-{´Ww
lmcn-a³ sâ ssI¿n-em-bn-c p-¶p.
1909 Â FUzÀUv sl³{Sn ac-W-a-S-ª-t¸mÄ, (ap-XnÀ¶ lmcn-a ³) Kymcân
{SÌpw, ayqNzÂ sse^v, \yqtbmÀ¡v sse^v F¶n-hbpw tamÀK³, kz´-am-
¡n.
Ata-cn-¡³ tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ, tamÀK³ F¶n-hbpambn _Ô-s ¸« ]W-a n-S-
]m-Sp-ImÀ aäp hn¹-h-§Ä¡pw km¼-¯nI klmbw \ÂIn-bn-c p-¶p. 1917
\p ap³]p Xs¶. ]\ma \Zn-bp-ambn _Ô-s ¸« hn¹hw \Ã DZm-l-c-W-am-
Wv. {]ap-J³ hmÄ kv{Soänse \nba hnZ-Kv²À , kÅn-h³ Bâv
t{ImwshÂ. sImfw-_n-b-bnÂ \n¶pw 4 tImSn tUmfÀ A]-l-cn-¡pI
F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p hn¹-h-¯nsâ Dt±-iw. ]\m-a -bpsS `c-W-L-S\ X¿m-dm-¡n-
bXv \yqtbm À¡nÂ, hnÃyw s\Âk¬ t{ImwshÂ sâ Hmô-knÂ.
Gähpw \Ã DZm-l-c Ww 1912 se ssN\okv hn¹-h-¯nÂ hmÄ kv{Soäv CS-
s]-«-Xm-Wv. t\XrXzw k¬bm-Xvsk³. l³«v, lnÂ Bâv ss_ävkv F¶
\nba hnZ-Kv²-cnse NmÄkv. _n. lnÂ Bbn-cp¶p {]apJ \yqtbmÀ¡v
_m¦n§v kn³Unt¡äv AwKw.
1912 Â Ah-cpsS Hmôkv 165 t{_mUvth, \yqtbmÀ¡v F¶ hnem-k-¯n-em-
bn-cp¶p {]hÀ¯n-¨n-c p-¶-X v. 1917 Â AXv 120 t{_mUvh bn-te¡v amdn.
At\Iw shÌn§vlukv I¼-\ n-I-fpsS Ub-d-I vS-dm-bn-c p¶p NmÄkv.
{_bâv Ce-I v{Sn-Iv, s]ÀIn³kv Ce-Iv{SnIv kzn¨v, shÌn§v lukv
emw]vkv. Ah-sbÃmw shÌn§vlukv \yqtbmÀ¡p-ambn _Ô-s¸-«-h.
AXnsâ Hmôkv 120, t{_mUvth,- sh-Ìn§vlukv sâ djy³ ime \nÀ½n-
¡p-¶-X n\v t\XrXzw \ÂInb NmÄkv. BÀ. s{Ibv³ t_mÄj-h nIv hn¹-h-
¯nsâ H¶pw cpw L«-§-fnÂ Imcy-a mbn CS-s]-«n-cp-¶p.
k¬ bmXv sk³, klm-b-¯n\v ]I-c-a mbn _m¦n-§v, sdbnÂ tdmUv,
hym]mc DS-¼-Sn-I Ä F¶-nh tdms¡s^Ã-dn\v hmKvZm\w sNbvX n-c p-¶p.
asämcp hn¹hw 1915-þ16 se saIvkn-t¡m-bn-te-X v. saIvkn-¡³ hn¹-h-Imcn
]mt©m hnÃ¡v Bbp-[-§Ä Ab-¨-X nsâ ]Ww Kymcân {SÌv I¼\n
apJm-ń-c -amWv \ÂIn-b-Xv. Ata-c n-¡-bn-ep- m-bn-cp¶ PÀ½³ Nmc³
thm¬ dnsâ-s e³ sâ D]-tZin tkm½À s^ÂUv 380,000 tUmfÀ Kymcân
{SÌv I¼\n hgnbpw anÊn-Ên¸n hmen {SÌv I¼\n hgnbpw CÃn-t\m-bn-
bnse BÂS-Wnse shtÌ¬ ImÀ{SnUvPv I¼-\ n¡v Ab¨p sImSp-¯p.
227
Bbp[w Ab-¨Xv FÂ ]mtkm-bpsS t]cnÂ, ]mt©m hnÃ¡v ssIam-dp-¶-

Xn\p thn.
saIvkn-t¡m-bnÂ Ic³k A[n-Im-c-¯n-te-dnb DSs\ 15 ,000 tXm¡p-Ifpw
1.5 tImSn duv Xnc-I fpw At\Iw aäv Bbp-[-§fpw ‘Ata-cn-¡³ K¬
I¼\n’ saIvkn-t¡m-bn-te¡v Ab-¨p. FXnÀ¸p-Isf adn-I-S-¡p-¶-Xn\v
sk{I-«dn Hm^v sÌbväv , tdm_À«v em³kn§v klm-b-a m-bn.
_u¬kv hnÃ-bnse Unkv{SnIvSv AtämÀWn tPm¬. F. hmÄknsâ samgn
]d-bp-¶Xv t_mÄj-h n-¡p-Ifpw, PÀ½³Imcpw, saIvkn-t¡m-bnse
Ic³km ]£-¡mcpw H¯p tNÀ¶v {]hÀ¯n-¨ n-c p-¶p.
1914 Â bqtdm]v bp²-¯n-teÀs¸-«p. 1917 hsc Ata-cn¡ tNcn-tNcm \bw
A\p-hÀ¯n-¨n-cp-¶p. bp²-¯n\p thn bmsXmcp klm-bhpw A\p-h -Zn-
¡p-¶-X n\v km²y-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. 1915 Â {_n«\pw {^m³kn\pw bp²-k-lm-b-
ambn \ÂInb hmbv], hmWn-Py-¯n\p thnbpÅ-X m-s W¶v hymJym-\n-¡-
s¸-«p.
sÌbväv Un¸mÀ«vs aânse tcJ-I Ä km£y-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xv ÌnÂa³ .
tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ \nb-{´-W-¯n-epÅ \mj-WÂ knän _m¦v, tamÀKsâ
\nb-{´-W-¯nepÅ Kymcân {SÌv F¶nh Ata-c n¡ bp²-¯n\v tNcp-¶-
Xn\p ap³]v djybv¡p thn [\-k-lmbw sNbvXn-c p¶p F¶m-Wv.
Hmtem^v Bjv_ÀKv. At±lw t_mÄsj-hnIv _m¦À F¶-dn-b-s¸-«n-cp-
¶p. tÌmIvtlm-anÂ 1912 Â Øm]n-X-a mb \ym_m³sI³ sâ DS-a-Ø³.
kl- U-b-d-IvSÀamÀ kzoUnjv {]Øm-\-§-fnse AwK-§-fpw, kzoUnjv
tkmjy-en-Ìp-I fpw. Pn. U»yq. UmÂ, sI.-Pn. tdmkven-§v, kn. sKÀlmÀUv
amátÌm¬ XpS-§n-b-hÀ. PÀ½-\ n-¡p-thn km¼-¯nI CS-]m-Sp-IÄ \S-
¯n-b-X n\v 1918 Â AXns\ »mIvenÌnÂ s]Sp-¯n-bn-c p-¶p. ]ns¶ t]cp
amän. skz³kvIv FI-tWm-an- t_m-fmsK F¶ t]cv kzoI-cn-¨p . DS-a -
Ø\pw \nb-{´-Whpw Bjv_ÀK.v AXnsâ e³ GPâv, {_n«ojv _m¦v
Hm^v t\mÀ¯v sImtaÀkv. ap³ sk-knÂ tdmUvkv, GÄ t{K, A²y-£³.
{ImÊn³ þ t_mÄsj-hnIv hn¹hw hsc koa³kv jqIÀ«nsâ s]t{Sm-{Km-
Unse djy³ amt\-PÀ, ImÄ ^Ì³_ÀKv þ BZy t_mÄsj-hnIv a{ń-k -
`-bnÂ [\-I mcy a{ń, amIvkv tabv þ \yqtbmÀ¡nse Kymcân {SÌnsâ
hntZ-i-Imcy CS-]m-Sp-IfpsS sshkv {]kn-Uv. F¶-n-hÀ t_mÀUnÂ .
amIvkv tabvs b-¡p-dn¨v Bjv_ÀKn\v henb aXn-¸p-m-bn-cp-¶p F¶Xv
Bj_ÀKosâ ]pkvX-I -¯nÂ amIvkv tabpsS Nn{Xw DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bXp
Xs¶ sXfn-hv.
1916 se th\Â¡m-e¯v Bjv_ÀKv. \yqtbmÀ¡n-ep-m-bn-cp-¶p. \ym
_m³sI³, ]nbsd _mÀIv F¶n-h-bpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-bm-bn. ]nbsd _mÀIv,
kmÀ N{I-hÀ¯n-bpsS [\-Imcy a{ń. \yqtbmÀ¡v ssSwkns\ D²-c n¨v
]d-bp-I -bm-s W-¦nÂ, \yqtbmÀ¡nÂ Bjv_ÀKnsâ {][m\ tPmen,
ÌnÂa³ sâ \mj-WÂ knän _m¦v \bn-¡p¶ Ata-cn-¡³ _m¦n§v
228
kn³Uvt¡-äp-a mbn djy¡p thn 5 tImSn tUmfÀ [\-k-lmbw Dd¸p

hcp-¯pI F¶-X m-bn-c p-¶p. 1916 Pq¬ 5 \v AXn\v [mc-W-bm-bn. AXnsâ
ê-a m-bn- d-jy-bnse NCB kn³Un-t¡äv _m¦nÂ 15 tImSn dq_nÄkv 7.5
iX-a m\w hmÀjnI ]en-i-bn-t·Â hchpw h¨p.
kmdnÌv djy³ Kh¬saâns\ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-c n¨v Bjv_ÀKv \yqtbmÀ¡nÂ
h¶-t¸mÄ {]h-N-\m-ß-I-amb Nne \nco-£-W-§Ä At±lw \S-¯n. djy-
bnÂ Ata-c n-¡-bpsS `mhn CS-s ]-S-ep-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨v. bp²w Ign-ªv, A´-
co£w im´-a m-h p-t¼mÄ Ata-c n-¡³ aqe-[-\hpw, hyh-km-b-§fpw djy-
bmsI hym]n¡pw F¶ Xc-¯n-em-bn-cp¶p AXv.
kmdnÌv hmbv]-bpsS CS-]mSv \S¶psImn-c n-¡p-¶ -Xn-\n-S-bnÂ Xs¶, \ym
_m³sI\pw Bjv_ÀKpw PÀ½³ Kh-W-s aânÂ \n¶pÅ [\-k-lmbw
djy³ hn¹-h-Im-cn-IÄ¡v F¯n¨p sImSp-¡p-¶p- m-bn-c p-¶p. AhÀ
]n¶oSv sIc³kvIn I½n-änsb Xmsg-bn-d¡n t_mÄsj-h nIv `c-W-IqSw
Øm]n-¨p.
Ir{Xn-a -am-bn«v X¿m-dm-¡-s¸-«-Xm-sW-¦nepw kntÊm¬ tcJ-I -fnÂ
Bjv_ÀKv hn¹-h-Im-c n-IÄ¡v ]Ww F¯n¨p sImSp-¯n-c p-¶Xv hyà-ambn
{]Xn-]m-Zn-¨n-cp-¶p. ]n¶oSv e`y-a mb tcJ-I-fnÂ H¶v sIc³kvIn
Kh¬saânsâ cl-kym-t\z-jW hn`mKw Xe-h³ tIWÂ _n.-hn. \nIn-
ssäÂ tcJ-I-fm-Wv.
tÌm¡vtlmanÂ \n¶pw s]t{Sm-{Km-Un-te¡pw Xncn¨pw Ab¨ 29 sSen-{Km-
ap-IÄ. t_mÄj-hn-¡p-I Ä¡pÅ [\-k-lm-b-s ¯-¡p-dn-¨p-Å-h .
AXnÂ H¶v C{]-Im-c-a mbn-c p-¶p.
“Ignª GXm\pw amk-§Ä¡p-ÅnÂ Fh-tK-\nb kpsa³k¬ 10 e£w
dq_nÄkv, ^Ì-³ _ÀKnÂ \n¶pw tÌmIvtlmanse _m³sI³ hgn e`n-¨n-
cp-¶p. Cu ]Ww PÀ½-\n-bnÂ \n¶pw h¶-X m-Wv.” [ Northern
Underground By Micheal Furtell ]
asäm¶v
“^Ì³_ÀKnÂ \n¶pw kpsa³k¬ Hcp e£w kzoI-cn-¨p.”
\yqtbmÀ¡nse 120 t{_mUvthbnse aIv{Kn-KÀ {Kmâv I¼-\ n , dqtÊmþ
Gjym-änIv _m¦nsâ Ata-c n-¡³ {]Xn-\ n-[n-bm-Wv. AXn\v [\-k-lmbw
e`n-¨ Xv Kymcân {SÌv þ Ata-c n-¡, \ym _m³sI³ þ kzoU³ F¶n-hn-S-§-
fnÂ \n¶pw.
“t_mÄsj-hn-¡p-IÄ¡v FXn-c mb Ipäm-tcm-] -W-§Ä” F¶ tcJ-bnÂ
\ym_m³I-s \-¡p-dn¨v ]cm-a Àin-¡p-¶p. AXv {]kn-²-s¸-Sp-¯ n-bXv
sIc³kvIn-bpsS `c-W-I m-e¯v. AXnÂ H¸p h¨n-c n-¡p-¶Xv {KnKdn Ae-
229
Ivkn³kvIn. [ Second State Duma bpsS ap³ AwKw ] AXnsâ Nne `mK-
§Ä.
“Ct¸mÄ e`n¨ hnhcw A\p-k-c n-¨ v, tÌm¡vtlmanse hniz-kvX-c m-b-hÀ : 1.
t_mÄj-hnIv tP¡_v ^Ì³_ÀKv Adn-b-s ¸-Sp-¶Xv ls\¡n (Km-s \-
ävkvIn), 2. ]mÀh-kv (-tUm-IvSÀ slÂ^m³Uv) s]t{Sm{Km-UnÂ t_mÄsj-
hnIv AtämÀWn. 3. Fw. bp. sImtÉm-hm-kvIn, 4. ls\-¡n-bpsS _Ôp
Hcp kv{Xo þ kpsa³k¬þ AhÀ ls\-¡n-tbmSv tNÀ¶v Dul-¡-¨ -h-
S¯nÂ GÀs¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. PÀ½³ ]Ww {][m-\-ambpw kzoI-cn-¡p-¶Xv
sImtÉm-hvkvI n. PÀ½-\n-bnÂ \n¶pw UnkvtIm³tSm sKsÊÂ jm^väv
hgn tÌm¡v tlman-te¡v Ab-bv¡p-¶p. ]ns¶ s]t{Sm{Km-Unse ssk_o-
cn-b³ _m¦n-te-¡v. AhnsS At±-l-¯nsâ A¡u-nÂ 20 e£w dq_n-
fp-v “. XSÊw IqSmsX ssIam-dn-bn-cp-¶, cmjv{Sob km¼-¯nI {]m[m-\y-
apÅ sSen{Km-a p-IÄ, ssk\nI tI{µ-§Ä Is-¯n. AXv PÀ½³ GP-
âp-Ifpw t_mÄsj-hn-¡p-Ifpw X½n-ep-Å-h-bm-bn-c p-¶p.
1925 Â HmtÉm F¶v \ma-I-cWw sNbvX {InÌym-\n-b-bnse Ata-cn-¡³
Fw_-kn-bnÂ \n¶pÅ tcJ sÌbväv Un¸mÀ«vsaânsâ ^b-en-ep-v. 1918
s^{_p-hcn 21. AXv ]d-bp-¶Xv “tÌm¡v tlm-a nse \ym _m³sI-\nÂ
t_mÄsj-hn¡v ^v hcp-¶p-s¶v F\n¡v Adnhp In«n.”
Bjv_ÀKnsâ ac-W-¯n\p sXm«p ap³]v At±-ls¯ CâÀhyq sNbvX
ssa¡Â ^À«Â ]d-ªXv tP¡_v ^Ì³_ÀKv Nc¡p-IÄ Ab-¨-Xn-
\pÅ hne F¶ \ne-bnÂ PÀ½-\n-bnÂ \n¶pw \ym _m³sI³, hgn ]Ww
ssIam-dn-bn-c p¶p F¶m-Wv. tP¡-_n\v \ym_m³sI-\ p-a mbn hym]m-c -
_Ôw Dm-bn-c p-¶p. ^Ì³_ÀKv s]t{Sm-{Km-Un-te¡pw ]Ww Ab-¨n-cp-
¶p. Cu Imcy-§-sfÃmw Bjv_ÀKnsâ HmÀ½-¡p-dn-¸p-IÄ km£y-s¸-Sp-
¯p-¶p.
1922 Â tkmhn-bäv AXnsâ BZys¯ A´m-c mjv{S _m¦v Øm]n-¨p.

ap³ tkmhn-bäv kzImcy _m¦p-IÄ Iq«nt¨¯v , ]pXnb \nt£]w, PÀ½-
\n, kzoU³, Ata-cn-¡, {_n«³ F¶n-h n-S-§-fnse _m¦Àam-c nÂ \n¶v.
t]cv dkvtImw-_m¦v ( hn-tZi hmWnPy _m¦v ). t\XrXzw Hmtem^v
Bjv_ÀKv. {][m-\ -ambpw {_n«ojv aqe-[-\w. {_n«ojv Kh¬saâv [mcm-f-
ambn \nt£]w \S-¯ n-bn-cp-¶p. dkvtImw sâ ]¦m-fn-I-fnÂ H¶v dqtÊm þ
Gjym-änIv I¬tkm-fn-tU-äUv enan-ä-Uv. djy-bnse hmbv]m-Zm-b-I -cnÂ
{]ap-J-cnÂ H¶v. tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b³ tZiobhXvI-c n-¨Xp sImp-mb
\jvS-§Ä¡v ]cn-lm-c -ambn AXn-\ v 30 e£w {_n«ojv ]uv \ÂIn-bn-cp-
¶p. AXn\v A\-h[n kuI-cy-§Ä \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶p. \nt£] aqe-[\w
Hcp tImSn kzÀ® dq_nÄkv. AXn\v \ÂIn-bn-c p¶, tkmhn-bäv
Kh¬saâp-am-bpÅ Icm-dp-IÄ cmjv{So-b-a mb hne t]i-ep-I-fn-eqsS km[n-
230
¡p-¶-h-bm-bn-c p-¶n-Ã. [ National Titende -Um\njv Zn\-] -{Xw. ] AXm-bXv

djy-bnÂ apX-em-fn¯ NqjWw IqSp-XÂ Icp-¯mÀÖn-¡p-¶-Xmbn h¶p.
1922 HIvtSm-_À BZyw Hmtem^v Bjv_ÀKv _Àen-\ nÂ h¨v FanÂ
hnä³_ÀKv þ Uyqjv em³Uv \mj-WÂ _m¦v, kvIo³a³ þ djy³
sÌbväv _m¦v Xe-h³ F¶n-h-c p-ambn IqSn-¡mgvN \S-¯n. dkvtImw
_m¦nÂ PÀ½-\ n-¡pÅ ]¦m-fn-¯ -s¯-¡p-dn¨v NÀ¨-\-S-¯nb tijw
AhÀ tÌm¡v tlmanÂ t]mbn amIvkv tabp-a mbn Ip. amIvkv tabv þ
Kymcân {SÌv I¼-\n-bpsS sshkv {]kn-Uv. At±-ls¯ dkvtImw
_m¦nsâ hntZ-i-Im-cy- hn`m-K¯nsâ Ub-d-I vS-dmbn \nb-a n-¨ p. IqSmsX
Éokn-§À þ tamkvtIm aÀ¨âv _m¦nsâ ap³X-e-h³, Iem-jvIn³ þ P¦À
_m¦nsâ ap³ Xe-h³, sSt\m^vkvI n þ ssk_o-cn-b³ _m¦nsâ ap³X-e-
h³ F¶n-h-sc-bpw. 1918 Â ssk_o-c n-b³ _m¦nsâ Hcp ]¦v {_n«ojv
Kh¬saâv hm§n-bn-c p-¶p.
dkvtImw _m¦nsâ D]-tZ-jvSmhv F¶ \ne-bnÂ kzoU-\nse {]^-kÀ
KpkvXmhv ImÊÂ. kzoU-\nÂ dkvtImw _m¦ns\ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-c n-¨ n-cp-¶Xv
tÌmIvtlm-a nse skz³kvI -F-I -tWman s_mfm-s K, Htem^v
Bjv_ÀKnsâ \ym_m³sI³ ]pXnb t]cnÂ. PÀ½-\ n-bnÂ s_Àen-\nse
Kymcân Bâv s{IUnäv _m¦v. Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ, \yqtbmÀ¡nse Kymcân
{SÌv I¼-\n.
amIvkv tabv ]d-ªXv Ata-c n-¡¡v Ib-äp-a -Xn-bnÂ AXn-b mb XmXv]cyw
Ds¶pw djy-bnse A[n-I-a mb Bh-iy-IX \nd-th-äp-¶-X n\v AXv X¿m-
dm-sW-¶p-am-Wv.
dkvtImw _m¦v ]n¶oSv t]cp amän hvs\jvtSmKv F¶m-bn.
H¶mw temI-a-lm-bp-²- Im-e¯v PÀ½\n \yqtbmÀ¡nÂ h³]n¨ [\- k-am-
l-cWw \S-¯n. hS-¡³ Ata-cn-¡-bn-tebpw sX¡³ Ata-cn-¡-bn-tebpw
Nmc-{]-hÀ¯-\ -§Ä¡pw Hfn-{]-h À¯-\-§Ä¡pw thn. AXv ssIImcyw
sNbvXXv Kymcân {SÌpw Ata-cn-¡³ CâÀ\m-j-WÂ tImÀ]-td-j-\pw.
AhÀ Xs¶-bm-bn-cp¶p t_mÄsj-hnIv hn¹-h-¯n\p thn-bpÅ ]Whpw
ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cp-¶-Xv.
1914 \pw 1918 \pw CSbv¡v Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ kzcq-]n¨ PÀ½³ hmbv]-IÄ,
ImÄ slbv\sâ A`n-{]m-b-{]-Imcw 1914 Â 4 e£w tUmfÀ. Iq³
temtb_v Bâv I¼-\ n-bnÂ \n¶pw. Pmay-am-bn«v 2.5 tImSn PÀ½³ amÀ¡v
. amIvkv. Fw. hmÀ_ÀKv , lmw_ÀKnÂ , Iq³ tem-tb_v Bâv I¼-\n-
bpsS PÀ½³ ]¦-fn. Ata-c n-¡³ ssk\nI Câ-en-P³knse Iym]vä³
tPmÀÖv. _n. seÌÀ F´p-sImv Iq³ temtb-_nÂ \n¶pw ]W-sa-
Sp¯p F¶ tNmZy-¯ n\v D¯cw e`n-¨Xv “PÀ½³ Kh¬saân-tâbpw dojv
_m¦n-s âbpw kzm`m-hnI _m¦Àam-cm-b-Xp-sImv “F¶m-Wv.
cm-as¯ hmbv] 13 e£w tUmfÀ.
231
aq¶m-a s¯ hmbv] tamÀK³ Øm]-\-amb sNbvkv \mj-WÂ _m¦nÂ

\n¶v 30 eIjw tUmfÀ. \mem-as¯ hmbv] sa¡m-\ nIvkv Bâv
saäÂkv \mj-WÂ _m¦nÂ \n¶v 10 e£w tUmfÀ. Cu hmbv]-IÄ
Ata-cn-¡-bn-sebpw saIvkn-t¡m-hn-tebpw PÀ½³ Nmc-{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡p
thn D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-«p.
Ata-cn-¡-bnse PÀ½³ Aw_m-k-UÀ thm¬ s_¬ tÌm^v. Bwkn³Iv
Bâv I¼-\n-bpsS apXnÀ¶ ]¦mfn AtUmÄ^v thm¬ ]mh³sÌ-äv.
kplr-¯p-¡Ä. 1917 \hw-_-dnÂ Bwkn³Insâ DSa ( holding company )
Ata-cn-¡³ CâÀ\m-j-WÂ tImÀ]-td-j³ AIC. t_mÀUnÂ tdms¡-s ^-
ÃÀ, ImÄ ÌnÂa³,. Uyq t]mv, hn³t{Xm]v XpS-§n-b-h À. ]mh³sÌäv
Ata-cn-¡-bnse PÀ½³ Nmc-·mÀ¡v {]Xn-êw \ÂIp-¶-bmÄ. AXm-bXv
AIC AXnÂ Iq«p-I-£n.
t]mÄ t_mtfm ]mj, PÀ½³ Nmc³, ap³ {^©v ^n\m³kn-bÀ, ap³
CuPn]väv Kh¬saâv Poh-\-¡m-c³, 1916 Â \yqtbmÀ¡nÂ h¶p tNÀ¶p.
]mh³sÌäv \v ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ I¯p-am-bn. Dt±yiw hntZi am²y-a -
§Ä hm§p-I, PÀ½-\n¡v A\p-I q-e-a mb Imem-hØ krjvSn-¡p-¶ -Xn\v.
^v hcp-¶-Xn\v BZyw Kymcân {SÌv I¼-\ n-bnÂ s{IUn-äv. AXv ]ns¶
Bwkn-³Iv te¡v amäp-¶p. Bwkn³Inse ]mh³sÌäv ]mj¡v ]Ww
\ÂIp-¶p.
AXm-bXv Kymcân {SÌv I¼-\ nbpw Bwkn³Iv Dw Ata-c n-¡-bnse PÀ½³
Nmc-hr-¯n¡v t\cn«v -k-lmbw \ÂIp-¶p. Bwkn³Iv AIC bpsS k_vkn-
Un-b-dn-bpw.
hmkvX-h-¯nÂ Kymcân {SÌv I¼\n {]t£m-`-¯nsâ Ccp-h -i-§Ä¡pw
[\-k-lmbw \ÂIp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
gmIv ant\mt«m {]`p , 1. djy³ t_mÄj-hnIv hn¹-h-w 2. PÀ½³ _m¦vv, 3.
H¶mw temI alm-bp-²-¯nse Ata-cn-¡-bnse Nmc irwJ-e,- 4. \yq-tbm-
À¡nse Kymcân {SÌv I¼-\n, 5. {^©v hn¹hw 6. {^m³knse Imbn-eIvkv
þ amÂhn Nmc hnNm-c-W-IÄ F¶n-hsb X½nÂ _Ôn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
ant\mt«m, At±-l-¯nsâ `mcym-]n-Xmhv eqbn kzn^väv F¶n-hsc PÀ½³
A\p-Iqe {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v AdÌv sNbvXn-cp-¶p. eqbn kzn^vänsâ
ktlm-Z-c ³ lmcÄUv kzn^väv, hnÃyw t_mbvkv tXmw]vk-tWm-s Sm¸w 1917
Â s]t{Sm-{Km-Un-te¡v t]mb sdUv t{ImÊv kwL-¯nse AwK-am-bn-cp-¶p.
1911 Imbn-eIvkv , {^m³knÂ [\-I mcy a{ń-bm-bn. B hÀjw Xs¶ {][m-
\-a-{ń-bpw. 1919 Â {^©v Nmc-hr-¯n-t¡-knÂ At±-l-¯ nsâ taÂ Ipä--
amtcm]n¡-s ¸«p. AX-n\v t_mÄsj-hn¡v _Ô-§Ä Dm-b n-c p-¶p.
ant\mt«m emän³ Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ PÀ½³ ]Ww ssIImcyw sN¿p-¶-Xn\v
\ntbm-Kn-¡-s ¸-«p. ant\m-t«m, Imbn-eIvkv Z¼-X n-a mÀ, t]mÄ t_mtfm ]mj
F¶n-h À tNÀ¶v {]hÀ¯n-¨p. AhÀ Ata-cn-¡-bnse PÀ½³ Nmc-·mÀ.
]Ww ssIImcyw sN¿p-¶Xv Kymcân {SÌv.
232
skhm-d³kv tPm¬k¬ At±-l-¯ nâ IrXn- ( The Enemy Within )bnÂ

Imbn-eIvkv s\bpw At±lw {^m³kv {][m-\-a {ń Bbn-c p-¶-t¸mÄ
AÀ sk{I-«dn Bbn-c p¶ tPm¬ eqbn amÂhn-s bbpw 1918 se {^©v
t_mÄsjhnIv hn¹-h-hp-ambn _Ôn-¸n-¨n«v ]d-bp-¶Xv hn¹hw hnP-bn-¨n-
cp¶p F¦nÂ amÂhn , {^m³knse t{SmSvkvInbpw, Imbn-eIvkv , se\n\pw
BIp-a m-bn-c p¶p F¶m-Wv. Imbn-eIvkpw amÂhnbpw PÀ½³ ]Ww D]-
tbm-Kn¨v {^m³knÂ Hcp Xo{h-hmZ tkmjy-enÌv ]mÀ«n Dm-¡n. AXn\v
AhÀ hnNm-cW t\cn-«p.
1919 se {^©v Nmc-h r¯n hnNm-c-Wb - nÂ \yqtbmÀ¡v _m¦Àamcpw

AhcpsS PÀ½³ Nmc-·m-c p-am-bn-«pÅ _Ôhpw DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-b n-c p-¶p.
AXnÂ ant\mt«m, Imbn-e-Ivkv, Kymcân {SÌv I¼\n , AXnsâ Uyqjv
_m¦p-a m-bpÅ _Ôw, Uyqjv _m¦nse bqtKm jvanäpw Kymcân {SÌv I¼-
\n-bnse amIvkv tabpw Bbn-«pÅ _Ôw FÃmw DÄs¸-«n-cp-¶p.
sP. ]n. tamÀK³ I¼\n Bcw-`n-¨ Xv e-\nÂ tPmÀÖv ]ot_mUn Bâv
sIm F¶ t]cnÂ 1938 Â. 1940 amÀ¨v 21 hsc cPn-ÌÀ sNbvXn-cp-¶n-Ã.
Kymcân {SÌv I¼-\n-bp-a mbn IqSn-t¨À¶-tXmsS 1954 Â AXv \ne-hnÂ CÃm-
Xm-bn. Ct¸mÄ AXv \yqtbmÀ¡nse tamÀK³ Kymcân {SÌv I¼\n F¶-
dn-b-s ¸-«n-c p-¶p.
“djy-bpsS Zpcn-X m-izm-k-¯n-\ pÅ imkv{X- kw-L-¯nsâ t\XrXzw BWv
X\n-s¡¶v ip²-\mb _nÃnwKvkv Icp-Xn. At±lw Hcp apJw aqSn am{X-am-
Wv. sdUvt{Imkv F¶Xv apJw-aqSn am{X-am-Wv.” þ tImÀtWenbkv sIÃ-
lÀ. hnÃyw t_mbvkv tXmw]vksâ A\p-N-c³. ( Russia Leaves the War
By George F Kennan )
hn¹-h-¯nsâ ka-b¯v Kymcân {SÌn-sâbpw \mj-WÂ knän _m¦n-

sâbpw {]Xn-\ n-[n-IÄ djy-bn-ep- m-bn-c p-¶p. s]t{Sm-{Km-Unse NCB bnse
s{Û-dnIv Fw. tImÀUv Ata-cn-¡³ sdUv t{Im-kp-ambn _Ô-apÅ
hyàn. Kymcân {SÌnsâ {]Xn-\n[n sl³{Sn t{Imkv_n Fa-dn. 1918 Â
Fa-dnsb Ipd-¨p-\m-f-t¯¡v PÀ½\n XSªp h¨p. ]n¶oSv At±-ls¯
ssN\-bn-te¡v Ab-¨p. sdUv t{Im-Ênsâ kwc-£-I-c nÂ {][m-\ n-I Ä sP.-
]n.-tamÀK³, lmcn-am³, Ivfohve³Uv tUmUvPv, dÊÂ skbvPv.
H¶mw temI alm-bp-²s¯ XpSÀ¶v sdUv t{Imkv km¼-¯ n-I -ambn hnj-a -
¯n-em-bn-cp-¶-Xn-\ mÂ \yqtbmÀ¡v _mt¦Àkv AXns\ ]nSn-s¨-Sp¯p G¶
BâWn k«sâ hmZw icn-bm-s W¶v tXm¶p-¶n-Ã. Bi-b-§-fnepw
BZÀi-§-fnepw hniz-kn-¡p-¶-hÀ {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xn\v Ign-bn-sÃ-¦nÂ
Fcn-ª-S-§p-s a¶v h¶mÂ t]mepw hgn-hn« {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v hg-§p-I-
bn-Ã. \yqtbmÀ¡v _mt¦gvkv ssI¿-S¡n F¶p-]-d-bp-¶-Xn-t\-¡mfpw icn-
233
bm-bn-«p-ÅXv sdUvt{Imkv F¶ kwL-S\ Xs¶ apX-em-fn-¯-¯nsâ

Xmev]-c y-§Ä kwc-£n-¡p-¶-Xn\v thn krjvSn-¡-s¸-«-h-bnÂ H¶v F¶-
Xm-Wv.
^n\v ]Icw hmÄkvSoäv sdUv t{ImÊnÂ hmÀ Iu¬knÂ Bh-i y-s ¸-
«p. A²y-£³ sl³{Sn. ]n. tUhn-k¬ , sP. ]n. tamÀK³ ]¦m-fn, hq{Uq
hnÂk¬ sâ km¼-¯nI ZmXmhv. tPm¬. Un. Ub-d-IvSÀ, A\-t¡m
tIm¸À . tPmÀÖv U»yq. lnÂ {]kn-U-v, Ata-c n-¡³ Sp_mt¡m I¼-
\n . t{Kbvk¬. Fw. ]n. aÀ^n þ sshkv {]kn-U-v, Kymcân {SÌv I¼-\n.
sFhn eo þ tdms¡-s ^-tÃÀkvs â ]»nIv dnte-j³kv hnZKv²³ . ]ns¶
lmcn tlm]vIn-³vkv.
1917 HmKÌv Â hmÀ Iu¬kn-ensâ \nb-{´-W-¯n-epÅ sdUv t{Imkv
anj³ djy-bn-te¡v Xncn-¨p. FÃm sNe-hp-Ifpw hnÃyw t_mbvkv
tXmw]vk¬ Gäp. tXmw]vk¬ þ \yqtbmÀ¡v sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv, Ub-d-
IvSÀ. 40 t]cpsS kwL-¯nÂ 24 t]À ssk\nI ]cn-N-b-a p-Å-h À.
sdUvt{Imkv anj³ F¶-Xn-t\-¡mÄ sa¨w hmÄ kv{Soäv anj³ F¶p ]d-
bp-¶-Xm-Wv. ]ns¶ hyh-kmb XmXv]-c y-a p-Å-h -cpw. {][m-\-a mbpw
tamÀK³, tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ _Ô-a p-Å-hÀ. tXmw]vk¬ 20 e£w tUmfÀ
hnZym-`ymk Imcy-§Ä¡p thn sNe-h-g n-¡p-¶-Xn\v sIc³kvI n `c-W-Iq-
S-¯ n\v \ÂIn. djy PÀ½-\n-bp-am-bpÅ bp²w XpS-cp-¶-Xn\p thn-bm-bn-
cp-¶p. 1918 Â tXmw]vk¬ 10 e£w tUmfÀ t_mÄsjhn¡p-IÄ¡v
\ÂIn. Ah-c psS Bi-b-§Ä PÀ½-\n-bnepw Hmkv{Sn-b-bnepw {]N-cn-¸ n-¡p-
¶-Xn\p thn. tXmw]vkWv djy³ kml-N-c y-§Ä t\cn«v a\-Ên-em-¡p-
¶-Xn\v km[n-¨ p. djy-bnse PÀ½³ A\pIqe iàn-I-fpsS Gähpw Icp-
¯-c mb FXn-c mfn-IÄ t_mÄsj-hn-¡p-I -fm-sW¶v At±lw a\-Ên-em-¡n.
t_mÄsj-hn-¡p-IÄ tZi-h-XvI-cWw \S-¯n-b-t¸mÄ s]t{Sm-{Km-U nse
\mj-WÄ knän _m¦v am{Xw tZi-h-X vIn-c-¨n-Ã. tZiob A´ÀtZ-iob
_m¦p-I-fnÂ tZi-h-XvI-c n-¡-s¸-Sm¯ Htc Hcp _m¦v.
1917 Unkw-_-dnÂ tXmw]vk¬ e³ hgn Ata-cn-¡-bn-te¡v Xncn-¨p.
e\nÂ sP.-]n. tamÀK-\nse tXmakv emtam-p-ambn {][m-\-a{ń
tembvUv tPmÀÖns\ kµÀin-¨p. tXmw]vk¬ sâ A\p-N-c ³ sdbvav
tdm_n³kv , sdUv t{Imkv anjsâ `mK-a mbn djy-bnÂ Xs¶ X§n.
tdm_n³kv tkmjy-enÌv Bbn A`n-\-bn-¨ n-c p-s¶-¦nepw kzmÀ° XmXv]cy
kwc-£Ww Xs¶-bm-bn-cp¶p e£yw. djy-bnse P\-§Ä¡v t_mÄsj-
hn-¡p-I sf Bhiy-ap-m-b n-c p-t¶m, Cjv S-am-bn-cpt¶m F¶v hne-bn-c p-¯-
s¸-Sp-¶ n-Ã.
1917 se Ata-cn-¡³ sdUv t{Imkv anjsâ Dt±yiw sIc³kvIn-bn-eq-
sStbm, t_mÄ-s j-hn-¡p-I -fn-eq-sStbm djy³ hn]-Wnbpw hn`-h-§fpw
ssI¡-em-¡pI F¶Xv am{X-am-bn-cp-¶p. 1917 Â tXmw]vk¬ djy-bnÂ
CÃm-bn-cp¶p F¦nÂ ]n¶o-SpÅ Ncn{Xw XnI¨pw hyXy-kvX-am-Ip-am-bn-cp-
¶p. km¼-¯n-I-ambpw AXn-ep-]cn \b-X-{´, {]Nm-cW klm-b-§Ä e`n-
234
¨n-Ãm-bn-cp¶p F¦nÂ se\n\pw t{SmSvkvInbpw t_mÄsj-hn-¡p-I fpw A[n-

I-amcpw Adn-bmsX a¬a-dªp t]mIp-a m-b n-c p-¶p.
A]-I-S-I-c-a mb hyh-kmb-- kw-cw-`-§Ä¡p thn, aqe-[\ kam-l-cWw

\S-¯p-¶-XnÂ Ignhv sXfn-bn¨v tXmw]vk¬ BZyw sIc³kvI nsb ]n³Xp-
W-¨n-cp-¶p. ]n¶oSv t_mÄsj-h n-¡p-I-fpsS klmbn Bbn amdn.
tXmw]vk¬ sâ \nÀt±-i-{]-Imcw, tdm_n³kv Hcp kwLw t_mÄsj-hn-
¡p-I sf PÀ½-\n-bnÂ hn¹hw krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn-te-¡mbn Ab-¨p. 1918 se
]cm-P-b-s ¸« PÀ½³ kv]mÀ«-¡kv {]t£m`w AXm-bn-c p-¶p. t_mÄj-
hnIv kmlnXyw PÀ½-\n-¡-I¯v hnam-\-¯nÂ \n¶pw hnX-cWw sN¿p-¶-Xn-
\pw, \nb-am-\p-kr-X-a-ÃmsX AXnÀ¯n IS¶v hnX-c Ww sN¿p-¶-X n\pw, ]²-
Xn-bp-m-bn-cp-¶p. btdm-¸ nepw Ata-c n-¡-b nepw t_mÄsj-hnIv hn¹hw
sImp hc-W-sa¶ ]£-¡m-c-\ m-bn-c p¶p tXmw]vk¬.
1917 Â tXmw]vkWpw emtampw en-\nÂ F¯n-t¨À¶ ka-b¯v {][m-
\-a{ń tembvUv tPmÀÖv, A´m-c mjv{S Bbp[ hym]m-c n-IÄ¡v IS-s¸-«-h -
\m-bn-cp-¶p. t_mÄsj-hn-¡p-I-fpsS A`yp-Zb Imw£n-bpw. AhÀ d-jy-
bnÂ A[n-Imcw t\Sp-¶-X n-\ mbn t_mÄsj-hn-¡p-Isf klm-bn-¨ n-c p-¶p.
tembvUv tPmÀÖnsâ ]n¶nÂ \n¶v NcSv hen-¨n-c p-¶Xv anÂ\À {]`p.
tXmw]vk¬ sâ kl Ub-dIvSÀ tPmÀÖv t^mÌÀ ]ot_m-Un.
\yqtbmÀ¡v sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhnsâ D] A²y-£³. tkmjy-enÌv sl³{Sn
tPmÀÖv ]ot_m-Un-bpsS ASp¯ kplr-¯v. sdbnÂ tdmUv Xncn-a-dn-bnÂ
\n¶pw A[nIw k¼m-Zn-¨p. tXmw]vk¬ tIm¸À Hml-c n-bnÂ \n¶pw.
]ot_mUn Kh¬saâv DS-a-Ø-X -bn-epÅ hyh-kmb hXvI-c -W-¯nsâ
hàm-hm-bn. At±-l-¯nsâ Poh-N-cn-{X-Im-c³ eqbn shbÀ ]d-bp-¶Xv
“Kh¬saânÂ C{Xbpw kzm[o-\-a p-Å-X psImv aÕcw Hgn-hm-¡n, kz´w
\ne-bnÂ km[n-¡m¯ Imcy-§Ä t]men-kns\ D]-tbm-K-s ¸-Sp¯n km[n-
¡p-¶-X n\v Ign-bpw” F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p ]ot_m-Un-bpsS ImgvN-¸mSv F¶m-Wv.
AXp Xs¶-bmWv s{Û-dnIv. kn. slmshbpw ]d-ªn-c p-¶-X v. tXmw]vk
¬sâ a\-ÊnÂ CXp Xs¶-bm-bn-c p-¶n-c n-¡Ww t_mÄsj-hn-¡p-I Ä¡v
]n³XpW {]Jym-]n-¡p-t¼mÄ.
t_mÄsj-hn-¡p-Isf klm-bn-¡p-t¼mÄ Xs¶ anÂ\À Ah-cpsS i{Xp-
¡sf sX¡³ djy-bnÂ klm-bn-¡p-¶p- m-bn-cp-¶p. tamÀK³ \yqtbmÀ
¡nÂ sNbvXn-cp-¶Xp t]mse. hn¹h Bi-b-§sf h©n-¨ -Xn\v se\n³ þ
t{SmSvkvIn kJys¯ amIvknw tKmÀ¡n FXnÀ¯p. t_mÄsj-h n-¡p-
IÄ¡v apJy-amb klmbw e`n-¨n-c p-¶Xv \yqtbmÀ¡nse km¼-¯nI taJ-
e-bnÂ \n¶v. Ata-cn-¡³ hn¹-h-Im-cn-I -fnÂ \n¶v \ma-am-{X-amb klmbw
am{Xw. apJy-a mb klm-bw, IrXy-a mbn ]d-ªmÂ tamÀK³ \nb-{´-W-¯n-
em-bn-cp¶ Ata-c n-¡³ CâÀ\m-j-WÂ tImÀ¸-td-j-\nÂ \n¶v.
235
HtU-k-bnÂ tkmhn-bäv Kh¬saâv kvYm]n-X-a m-¡p-¶-Xn\v klm-bn-¨ Xv

tP¡_v F¨v. dq_n³. _m¦À. {]kn-U-v, {Sj-dÀ, sk{I-«-dn. dq_n³
{_tZgvkv, \yqtbmÀ¡v. 1917 Â bqWnb³ _m¦v Hm^v anÂthmIo, s{]mhn-
Uâv tem¬ skmsskän (PLS), \yqtbmÀ¡v F¶n-h -bp-a mbn tNÀ¶v
{]hÀ¯n-¨n-cp-¶p. PLS sâ {SÌn-a mÀ tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ, tamÀ«naÀ.FÂ ,
jn^v^v, Pbnwkv kvs]bÀ.
hmÄkv{Soäv _m¦Àamsc IqSmsX GXm\pw bqtdm-]y³ _m¦Àamcpw

t_mÄj-hnIv hn¹-h-¯n\v klmbw \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶p. AXn-te-ähpw
{][m\w {KnKdn s_\³k¬. djy³ Bâv Cw¥ojv _m¦nsâ s]t{Sm-{Km-
Unse ap³ A²y-£³. AXnsâ Ub-d-I vSÀam-cnÂ HcmÄ _mÂ^À {]`p
þ Cw¥-nse hntZi Imcy sk{I-«-dn. ]ns¶ tPm¬ aIv {KnKÀ , {Kmâv-þ-
sk-¡³Uv djy³ sse^v C³jp-d³kv I¼-\ n. hnemkw 120 t{_mUvth,
\yqtbmÀ¡v. ]ns¶ F{_mw Knhm-tXm-h vtkmþt{SmSvkvI n-bp-s Sbpw sehv
Ima-t\-hn-tâbpw ktlm-Zcn `À¯m-hv.
120,-t{_mUvth, \yqtbmÀ¡v t_mÄtj-h nIv hn]vf-hhp-a mbn hfsc ASp¯
_Ôw ]peÀ¯p-¶p. H¶mw temI alm-bp-²-¯n\p ap³]p-Xs¶ 120
t{_mUvthbnse sI«nSw Xo]n-Sn-¯-¯ nÂ \in-¨ p-t]m-bn-cp-¶p. Du pont
De Nemours Powder Company bpsS {]kn-U³v P\-dÂ än. tImÄa³
Uyq t]mv cq]o-I -cn¨ CIzn-ä-_nÄ Hmôkv _nÂUnwKv tImÀ]-td-j³
B Øew hm§n-s¨-Sp-¯p. 1915 Â ]pXnb sI«nSw \ne-hnÂ h¶p. CIzn-
ä-_nÄ sse^v Ajp-d³kv I¼\n {]kvX pX sI«n-S-¯nÂ {]hÀ¯\w
Bcw-`n-¨p. 1916 Â _Àen-\nse CIzn-ä-_nÄ sse^v Hmô-knsâ ImjyÀ
hnÃyw jmIv. PmÂaÀ tlmsdbvkv {Knte- jm-Insâ ]nXm-hv. PmÂaÀ
jmIv km¼-¯nI hnZ-Kv²³, lnäv-e-dnsâ km¼-¯ - nI ZmXm-hv. hnÃyw
Ata-cn-¡³ ]uc³. PÀa-\n-bnÂ CIzn-ä-_nÄ Â 30 hÀjw ]Wn-sb-Sp-
¯p. _Àen³ se At±-l-¯nsâ hk-Xn-bpsS t]cv CIzn-ä-_nÄ hnÃ.
lnäve-dn-t\mSv tNcp-¶-X n\v ap¼v PmÂaÀ jmIv Workers and Soldiers
Council of Zehlendoff se AwKw.
AsXmcp tkmhn-bäv {]Øm-\w. 1918 Â AXv hn«v Uyqjve m³Uv \mj-

WÂ _m¦nsâ t_mÀUnÂ tNÀ¶p. DONAT se At±-l-¯nsâ kl -U-
b-d-I vSÀ-þ-F-a nÂ hnä³_ÀKv. \yqtbmÀ¡nse Kymcân {SÌv I¼-\n-bnse
amIvkvtab-v tbm-s Sm¸w FanÂ BZys¯ tkmhn-bäv A´m-cmjv{S
_m¦mb dkvtImw _m¦nÂ Ub-d-IvS-dm-bn-cp-¶p.
1917 Â 120 t{_mUvthbnse {]-kvX pX sI«nSw CIzn-ä-_nÄ sse^v sI«nSw
F¶v A-dn-b-s¸-«p. 34 \ne-IÄ. 34 þm as¯ \ne-bnÂ _mt¦Àkv ¢-_v.
sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv knÌ-¯nse Gähpw {]ap-J-amb \yqtbmÀ¡v sÛ-
236
dÂ dnkÀhnsâ BØm\w 120 t{_mUvth-bn-em-bn-c p-¶p. \yqtbmÀ¡v

sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhnsâ DtZym-K-Ø-·m-cpsS ]e-cp-sSbpw Hmôkv 120
t{_mUvthbnÂ. Ata-cn-¡³ CâÀ\m-j-WÂ tImÀ]-td-j³ 120
t{_mUvth-bnÂ. tkmhn-bäv \nb-an¨ Ata-cn-¡bnse BZys¯ tkmhn-
bäv Aw_m-kn-UÀ epUvh n-Kv amÀs«Âkv, tkmhn-bäv _yqtdm-bpsS Xe-
h³, 1917 Â hoÂ_ÀKv Bâv t]mkv\-dnsâ sshkv{]-kn-U-v, At±-l-¯n-
sâbpw BØm\w 120 t{_mUvth.
CsXms¡ bmZr-Ýn-I-a m-tWm. CSXv heXv F¶pÅ ImgvN-¸ m-Sn-eqsS am{Xw
ImWp-¶Xp aqew Ncn{Xw hnI-e-am-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.
“50 hÀj-§Ä¡p ap³]v Ata-cn-¡-bnse CS-Xp-]£ cmjv{Sob
{]Øm-\§-fnÂ \pgªp Ib-dp-¶-X n\v tamÀK³ Xocp-a m-\ n-¨p. A¯cw
kwL-S-\-IÄ km¼-¯n-I-ambn IjvS-X-bn-em-bn-cp-¶Xp sImv AXv
s]mXpsh Bbm-k-c -ln-X-a m-bn-c p-¶p. AhÀ¡v Bh-iyapÅ [\hpw
i_vZhpw hmÄkv{Soäv \ÂIn. \in-¸n-¡p-Itbm Iog-S-¡p-I tbm , ssI¿-S-
¡p-I tbm Bbn-c p-¶n-Ã Dtt±y-iw.” þ ImcÄ JznKven , {]^-kÀ. CâÀ\m-
j-WÂ dnte-j³kv. tPmÀÖvSu¬ kÀÆ-I-em-im-e.
H¶mw temI alm-bp²w apXÂ C¶p hsc sÌbväv Un¸mÀ«vsaânse Icp-
¯-c mb kplr-¯p-¡Ä hgn, tamÀK\pw A\p-_Ô km¼-¯nI iàn-
Ifpw, {]tXy-I n¨v tdms¡s^ÃÀ IpSpw_w, “”Ata-cn¡ djy³”” _Ô-
¯nÂ ià-amb kzm[o\w sNep¯n hcp-¶p. AXn\v klm-b-I-c -amb
cv {]Øm-\-§Ä 120 t{_mUvth-bn-epm-bn-cp-¶p. \yqtbmÀ¡v sÛ-
dÂ dnkÀhv, Ata-c n-¡³ CâÀ\m-j-WÂ tImÀ]-td-j³. sÛ-dÂ
dnkÀhnÂ tamÀKsâ BÄ¡m-cm-bn-cp¶p A[n-I-h pw. AIC bpsS \nb-
{´Ww tamÀKsâ ]¡-epw. Ah X½nepw ]c-kv]c _Ô-ap-m-b n-c p-¶p.
AIC sâ {]kn-Uv kn.-F. tÌm¬ Xs¶-bm-bn-cp¶p sÛ-dÂ
dnkÀhnsâ Hcp Ub-d-IvSÀ. Icp-X n-¡q«n X¿m-dm-¡nb ]²-Xn-bpsS ê-am-
bn-«mWv C¯cw {]Øm-\-§fpw BÄ¡mcpw Htc hnem-k-¯nÂ Xs¶
h¶p tNÀ¶-Xv.
Ata-cn-¡³ CâÀ \mj-WÂ I¼-\n. \yqtbmÀ¡nÂ 1915 \hw-_À 22 \v
\ne-hnÂ h¶p. sP.-] n. tamÀKsâ t\Xr-X z-¯nÂ. ÌnÂa³ sâ \mj-WÂ
knän _m¦pw tdms¡-s ^Ãdpw Imcy-a mbn ]¦p sImp. Hmôkv 120
t{_mUvth-bnÂ.
tUhnUv sGIv ]d-bp-¶Xv djy³ hn¹-h-¯n\v [\ klmbw \ÂIp-¶-
Xn\p thn-bmWv AIC cq]o-I-cn-¡-s¸-«-X v F¶m-Wv.
{][m-\n-IÄ FÃmw \yqtbmÀ¡nse km¼-¯nI CS-]m-Sp-I mÀ. 1916 Â AIC
bpsS hntZ-i-\ n-t£]w 100 tImSn cq]. 1917 Â 120 tImSn cq]. cp hÀj-
¯n-\Iw Cý-bqÄs¸sS FÃm cmjv{S-§-fnepw AXv {]hÀ¯\w XpS-§n.
237
]e I¼-\n-Ifpw AIC bpsS ]qÀ® DS-a-Ø-X-bn-em-bn-cp-¶p. aäp ]e I¼-

\n-I-fp-s Sbpw `qcn-`mK \nb-{´-W-hpw.
1917 Â s{Kbvkv djy³ I¼\n cq]o-Ir-X-a m-bn. DS-a-I Ä U»yq. BÀ
s{Kbnk,v ]ns¶ s]t{Sm-{Km-Unse km³Kmen t{SUn§v I¼-\n. AIC ¡v
s{Kbvkv djy³ I¼-\ n-bnÂ Imcy-a mb \nt£]w Dm-bn-cp-¶p. AIC bpsS
sshkv {]kn-Uv s{Û-dnIv tlmÄ{_q¡n-eqsS ]c-kv]c Ub-d-IvSÀjn-
¸pw.
AIC bpssW-äUv {^q«v I-¼-\ nbnepw \nt£]w \S-¯ n-bn-cp-¶p. AXv 1920
se a²y Ata-cn-¡³ hn¹-h-¯nÂ ]¦p sImn-c p-¶p. Ata-c n-¡³ CâÀ
\mj-WÂ jn]v _nÂUn§v tImÀ]-td-j³ AIS sam¯-a mbpw AIC bpsS
DS-a-Ø-X-bn-em-bn-cp-¶p.
AXv FaÀP³kn ^vfoäv tImÀ]-td-j-\p-ambn aq¶v Icm-dp-I-fnÂ GÀs¸-«p.
cnÂ Hmtcm¶pw 50 I¸-ep-IÄ hoXw Bh-iy-s¸«p sImp-Å-Xm-bn-cp-
¶p. aq¶m-a -t¯Xv 60 Nc¡p I¸-ep-I -fpw. Ata-c n-¡³ Kh¬saâv Øm]-
\-amb FaÀP³kn ^vfoäv tImÀ]-td-j-\nÂ \n¶v Gähpw henb IcmÀ
e`n-¡p¶ Øm]\w AIC .
AIC bpsS \nb-{´-W-¯ n-ep- m-bn-c p¶ asämcp Øm]\w Pn. Bwkn³Iv,
\yqtbmÀ¡v. 1917 \hw-_-dnÂ AIC \nb-{´Ww Gsä-Sp-¯p. 1917 Â \hw-
_-dnÂ AIC bpsS ]qÀ® DS-a -Ø-X-bnÂ sskanw-KvS³ t^mÀPv tImÀ]-td-
j³ Øm]n-¡-s¸-«p. sjÂ t^mÀPn-§vknsâ {]apJ Kh¬saâv Icm-dp-
ImÀ. Ata-cn-¡bpw hntZ-i- cm-Py-§-fp-am-bn-«v. AIC ¡v Imcy-amb bp²-I -
cm-dp-IÄ e`n¨n-cp-¶p. H¶mw temI alm-bp²w XpSÀ¶v t]mIWw F¶v
AIC B{K-ln-¨n-cp-¶p.
AIC bpsS Ub-d-IvSÀamcnÂ 22 t]À ]c-kv]cw hmWn-Py -_Ôw ]peÀ¯n-
bn-cp-¶p. \mj-WÂ knän _m¦ns\ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-c n¨v 10 Ub-d-IvSÀam-À AIC
bnÂ Dm-bn-c p-¶p. tdms¡s^Ã-dn\pw tamÀK\pw CS-bnse a²y-hÀ¯n-
bm-bn-c p¶p NCB bnse ÌnÂa³. Iq³ temtb_v, Uyq- t]mv F¶n-
hÀ¡v Hmtcm Ub-d-IvSÀamÀ. AIC Ub-d-IvSÀamÀ tkm³tUÀkv, tÌm¬,
hn¤n³, hqUv-hÀUv F¶n-hÀ \yqtbmÀ¡v sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv t_mÀUv Ub-
d-IvSÀamcm-bn-cp-¶p. AXnÂ BsI-bp-m-bn-c p-¶Xv 9 Ub-d-I vSÀamÀ am{Xw.
hn¹h-¯n\v tijw a²y djy-bnÂ t_mÄsj-h n-¡p-IÄ ]nSn apdp-¡n-b-
t¸mÄ sk{I-«dn Hm^v sÌbväv tdm_À«v em³kn§v AIC tbmSv djy-bnÂ
kzoI-c n-t¡ \b-§Ä Fs´m-s¡-bm-bn-cn-¡Ww F¶v At\z-jn-¨p.
AXn-\pÅ adp-]Sn I¯nÂ AIC bpsS FIvkn-I yq-«ohv sk{I-«dn hnÃyw
{^m¦n-en³ km³Uvkv kqNn-¸ n-¨ Xv t_mÄj-hnIv hn¹-hs¯ \½psS-
Xs¶ hn¹-h-a mbn IW-¡m-¡Ww F¶m-Wv. At±lw 10 e£w tUmfÀ
t_mÄsj-hn-¡p-IÄ¡v \ÂIp-I-bp-m-bn.
238
tPm¬ doUv “”`qansb hnd-¸n¨ ]¯v Znh-k-§Ä”” F¶ ]pkvX-I-¯nsâ

cN-bn-X m-h v. se\n³ sâ CjvS-¡m-c³. aq¶mw CâÀ\mj-Wensâ FIvkn-
Iyq-«ohv I½nän AwKw. hn¹-hm-Øm-\-amb kvtamÄ\n C³Ìn-äyq-«nÂ
Ft¸mgpw IS¶p sNÃp-¶-X n-\ pÅ A\p-a-X n. anen-ädn dh-eq-j-W dn I½nän
]mÊv. t_mÄj-h n-I v. F¶mÂ tamÀK³ Øm]-\-a mb AIC bpsS kz´w
I£n-bpw. km¼-¯nI klmbw e`n-¨n-cp-¶Xv {][m-\-ambpw Kymcân {SÌv
I¼-\n-bnÂ \n¶pw, kzImcy _m¦dpw hym]m-c n-bpamb bqPn³ t_mbvs Ê-
sh-bv³ Â \n¶pw. ]ns¶ s]t{Sm-{Km-Unse sdUv t{Imkv I½o-j-WÀ
sdbvav tdm_n³knÂ \n¶pw.
sP.-]n. tamÀK³ _m¦n§v kwLm-X -¯nsâ Xe-h³ tXmakv emtamv
aptÊm-fn-\ n¡v 10 tImSn tUmfÀ hmbv] 1926 Â kwL-Sn-¸n-¨ n-c p-¶p.
At±lw Kymcân {SÌnsâ Ub-d-I vS-dpw. At±-l-¯nsâ aI³ tImÀenÊn
emtamv I½yq-Wn-Ìpw.
A´m-c mjv{S _m¦n§v kaq-ls¯ hnaÀin¨p sImv Xs¶ Ah-cpsS
i{Xp-hm-I msX t\m¡p-¶Xv \Ã cmjv{Sob \o¡-am-Imw. {^m¦ven³
Unemt\m dqkvshÂäv AXp Xs¶-bmWv sNbvX n-c p-¶-Xv. 1932 se {]kn-
Uv sXc-s ª-Sp-¸ nÂ At±lw slÀ_À«v lqh-dns\ ITn-\-a mbn B{I-an-
¡m-dp-m-bn-cp-¶p. lqh-dnsâ A´m-cmjv{S _m¦n§v kaq-l-hp-am-bn-«pÅ
_Ô-s ¯-s¨m-Ãn. hyh-kmb òa-·mÀ¡v H¯mi sNbvX p sImSp-¡p-¶-
Xns\ sNmÃn.
dqkvvshÂäv ]d-ªp. “Ata-cn-¡³ hyh-km-b-¯nsâ aq¶nÂ cv `mKw
GXm\pw tImÀ]-td-j-\p-I-fpsS \nb-{´-W-¯n-em-Wv. A©nÂ Xmsg a\p-
jy-c mWv Aa-c-¯v. cmPy-¯nsâ k¼mZy-¯ nsâ ]Ip-Xn-bn-e-[ n-I hpw I¼-
\n-I-fpsS Hml-c n-I-fnÂ \nt£-]n-¨n-« v-H m-lcn hn]Wn F¶ Ifn-bnÂ
GÀs¸-«n-c n-¡p-¶p. Hcp Uk-\nÂ Xmsg kzImcy _m¦p-I fpw, Ah-cpsS
Hmlcn hnÂ]\ kwhn-[m-\hpw Ata-cn-¡³ aqe-[-\-¯nsâ Hgp-¡ns\ \nb-
{ń-¡p-¶p. GXm\pw Nne a\p-jy-c nÂ aqe-[\w tI{µo-I-cn-¨ n-c n-¡p-¶p.”[
Wall Street And FDR : Antony C Sutton ]
FDR {^m¦n-en³ Unemt\m dqkvshÂäv CXv At±-ls¯ hmÄ
kv{Soänsâ i{Xp-hmbn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ hmkvXhw hn]-c o-X-am-
Wv.
“1928 se {]kn-Uv sXc-s ª-Sp-¸nÂ dn¸-»n-¡³ Øm\mÀ°n slÀ-_À«v
lqhÀ, sP. ]n. tamÀK³ ]mh-bm-Wv. FXnÀ hi¯v sUsam-{Imäv
Øm\mÀ°n AÂ kvan¯v Uyq t]m-nsâ Ioi-bn-epw. Uyq t]mnsâ
_m¦À sP. ]n. tamÀK\pw” - [ The Rich And The Super Rich By Ferdinand
Lundberg ]
Kh¬saâv tcJ-IÄ ]d-bp-¶Xv 1928 sXc-sª-Sp-¸nse Gähpw henb
kw`m-h -\-IÄ \ÂIn-bXv Uyq t]mpw tdms¡-s ^-Ã-dp-a m-Wv. 1932
239
hmÄkv{Soäv lqh-dns\ Xg-ªp. dqkvshÂäns\ ]n³Xm-§n. ImcWw

P\-dÂ Ce-Iv{S-¡nsâ hfsc \mÄ {]kn-U-m-bn-c p¶ sPdmÀUv tkzm]v
sâ tkzm]v ]²-Xn¡v lqhÀ ]n³XpW \ÂInbnÃ. AXns\ FDR \mj-
WÂ C³Ukv{Sn dn¡-h dn BIvSv F¶ a«nÂ Ah-X-cn-¸ n-¨ p.
1928 se sXc-s ª-Sp¸v Ign-ª-t¸mÄ sU-sam-{ImänIv ]mÀ«n¡v 16 e£w
tUmfÀ IS-a p-m-bn-cp-¶p. {][m\ ZmXm¡Ä tPm¬. sP. dkvtIm_v þ
P\-dÂ tamt«mÀknsâbpw Uyq- t]m- n-sâbpw sshkv {]kn-U-v. ]ns¶
_ÀWmUv _dq¨v þ hmÄkv{Soäv Hmlcn hn]-Wn-bnÂ Dul-¡-¨-h -Sw.
FDR sâ Poh-N-cn-{X-I m-c -·mÀ At±-l-¯nsâ t]mcmbva -I-f n-te¡v Cd§n
sNÃp-¶n-Ã. DZm : The Crisis of the Old Order By Arthur M. Schlesinger
]ns¶ Franklin D Roosevelt By Frank Freidel.
{ôUÂ Ata-c n-¡³ C³sh-Ìn-tK-j³ tImÀ]-td-j³, P\-dÂ FbÀ

kÀÆokv F¶n-h -sb-¡p-dn¨v {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶n-Ã. At\z-jn¨v sNÃp-t¼mÄ
a\-Ên-em-hp-¶Xv FDR F¶Xv hmÄkv{So-änsâ krjvSn-bmWv F¶-X m-Wv.
\yqtbmÀ¡v _m¦n§v kaq-l-¯ nse Hgn-hm-¡-s ¸-Sm-\m-hm¯ hyàn. FDR
Ah-cnÂ HcmÄ Xs¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p. 1920 IfnÂ FDR ^nU-enän Bâv sUt]m-
knävv I¼-\n-bpsS sshkv {]-kn-U-m-bn-c p-¶p. hnemkw 120 t{_mUvth.
I¬tkm-fn-tU-äUv Hmt«m-a m-änIv saÀ¨³ssU-kn§v tImÀ]-td-j³ Ub-d-
IvSÀ. Hcp IS-emkp {]Øm\w þ hmkvX -h-¯nÂ tPmÀÖnb hmw
kv{]n§vkv sâ {SÌn. hnemkw 120 t{_mUvth. Ata-c n-¡³ C³sh-Ìn-tK-
j³ tImÀ]-td-j³ Ub-d-IvSÀ. aâ-I mÂ HmbnÂ tImÀ]-td-j³ Ub-d-
IvSÀ. sÛ-dÂ CâÀ\mj-WÂ C³sh-Ìvs aâvv {SÌv sâ Øm]-I³.
]ns¶ aä-t\Iw {]Øm-\-§fpw. 1932 Â At±lw \ntj-[n¨ _m¦n-§v,
kvs]Iyq-te-j³ F¶nh Xs¶-bm-bn-cp¶p At±-l-¯ nsâ sXmgnÂ. hmÄ
kv{SoänÂ FDR IqSp-Xepw Ip{]-kn-²-c p-a m-bn-« m-b n-c p¶p ASp-¸w.
]e Ata-cn-¡³ {]kn-U-p-a mcpw FDR sâ _Ôp-¡-fm-bn-cp-¶p. tPm¬
BUw-kv, Pbnwkv amUn-k¬, tPm¬ Izn³kn BUw-kv, hnÃyw sl³{Sn
lmcn-k¬, km¡sd sSbveÀ, B³{Uq tPm¬k¬ ,- bp-fn-knkv. Fkv.
{Kmâv, _³P-an³ lmcn-k¬, hnÃyw tlmhmÀUv Sm^väv F¶n-h À.
Unemt\m `mK¯p \n¶pw Xntbm-UÀ dqkvshÂävv, amÀ«n³ hm³_yq-sd³
þAt±lw tacn Bkv]n³hmÄ dqkvshÂäns\ hnhmlw Ign-¨p, F¶n-hÀ
dqkvshÂäv `mK-¯p-\n-¶pw. tPmÀÖv hmjn-§vS-Wnsâ `mcy amÀ¯
Um³ {UnUvPv FDR sâ ]qÀÆn-I-cnÂs¸Sp-¶p. hn³Ì¬ NÀ¨nepw FDR Dw
8 þmw Xe-apd ktlm-Z-c-§-fm-Wv. CsXÃmw tNÀ¯p hmbn-¡p-t¼mÄ Ata-
cn-¡-bnÂ cmP-`-c Ww \S-¡p¶p F¶v Icp-Xmw.
Unemt\mamÀ sdbnÂ tdmUv hyh-km-b-¯nÂ Imcy-a mbn DÄs¸-«n-c p-¶p.
hmÄ kv{So-än-epw. ssea³ Unemt\m ( 1883-þ1944 ) {]ap-J-\ mb sdbnÂ
240
tdmUv DtZym-K-Ø-\ pw, FDR sâ A½-bpsS AÑ-\ pw. 1920 Â AävemânIv

tImÌv sse³ sdbnÂ tdmUv {]kn-U-v, 1931 apXÂ 1940 hsc t_mÀUv
A²y-£³, Ghn-tb-j³ tImÀ]-td-j³ Ub-d-I vSÀ þ U»yq. BhvdÂ
lmcn-a³ t\msSm¸w . ]m³ Ata-cn-¡³ FbÀth-bvkv, P& O Ìowjn]v
sse³kv, ]ns¶ Ac Uk³ sdbnÂ tdmUv I¼\nIÄ.
asämcp hmÄkv{Soäv Unem-t\m, samdnbp Unemt\m. {_u¬ {_tZgvkv
Bâv I¼-\n-bpsS ]¦mfn þ 1933 Â AXv lmcn-a³ Dambn tNÀ¶v {_u¬
{_tZgvkv lmcn-a ³ F¶ t]cnÂ {]hÀ¯n-¨p. Iyq_³ sIbv³ t{]mU
IvSvkv I¼-\ n, Ata-cn-¡³ _m¦v t\m«v I¼-\ n, F¶n-h-bpsS Ub-d-IvSÀ.
FDR \v Gähpw {]nbs¸«Xv, A¦nÄ s{Û-dnIv A{Un-b³ Unem-t\m,
hoen§v Bâv sebvIv Fdo sdbnÂ tdmUv, h_mjv sdbnÂ tdmUv, jn¡m
tKm C³Uym\mt]mfnkv B³dv eqbn-hnsÃ sdbnÂth F¶n-h -bpsS {]kn-
U-v.
1914 Â hq{Uq hnÂk¬ A¦nÄ s{Ûvs\ sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv
t_mÀUnsâ AwK-a m-¡n. 1925 Â eoKv Hm^v t\j³kv CâÀ\mj-WÂ
I½nän þ Hm]nbw þ sâ A²y-£³. ]ns¶ H«-\-h[n kam\ XkvX n-I -IÄ.
1931 apXÂ 1936 hsc dn¨vtamv (hnÀPo-\n-b) sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhnsâ
t_mÀUv A²y-£³.
1784 Â FDR sâ apXp-a p-¯-Ñ³ Pbnwkv dqkvshÂäv _m¦v Hm^v
\yqtbmÀ¡v Øm]n-¨p. 1797 Â dqkvshÂäv B³dv k¬ (\yq-tbmÀ¡v).
1930 Â FDR sâ apd¡v ktlm-Z-c ³ tPmÀÖv. C. dqkvshÂäv AXnsâ Xe-
h-\mbn-cp-¶p. XpSÀ¨-bmb A©mw Xe-ap-d.
AXm-bXv FDR sâ \yqtbm-c¡v _m¦n§v taJ-e-bn-tem-«pÅ {]th-i\w
kzm`m-hn-I-a m-bn-c p-¶p. XS-a -Ê-sam-¶p-an-ÃmsX. 1916 Â FDR hmjn-§vS³ DC
bnÂ \mhn-I-tk-\-bnÂ Akn-Ìâv sk{I-«dn BIp-¶-Xn\v sN¶-t¸mÄ
tamÀK³ ]¦mfn tXmakv emtam³«v At±-l-¯n\v hkXn X¿m-dm-¡n.
Xntbm-UÀ dqkvshÂäv, tamÀK³ ]¦m-fn, sIan¡Â \mj-WÂ _m¦v
Øm]n-¨p. Xntbm-UÀ Ata-c n-¡-bps-sS 26-þmas¯ {]kn-U-v. {]kn-Uv
aIvI n³se h[n-¡-s ¸-«-X ns\ XpSÀ¶v. sP. ]n. tamÀKsâ [\-k-lm-bhpw
kzm[o-\hpw D]-tbm-K n-¨ v Xn-tbm-tUmÀ t{]m{K-Êohv ]mÀ«n cq]o-I-cn¨p.
Ata-cn-¡sb Welfare cmjv{S-am-¡p-¶-X n\p thn hyh-km-b-§Ä¡p
taÂ \nb-{´Ww GÀs¸-Sp-t¯--Xp-v, F¶ t{]m{K-Êohv ]mÀ«n-bpsS
Blzm-\-§Ä¡v hmÄkv{Soäv km¼-¯nI klmbw \ÂIn. tamÀK³ \nb-
{´-W-¯n-ep-Å -CâÀ\mj-WÂ lmÀsh-ÌÀ tImÀ]-td-j³, sP. ]n.
tamÀK³ FÃmw. t{]m{K-kohv ]mÀ«n-bpsS {][m\ km¼-¯nI ZmXm¡Ä
aIvtImÀan-¡p-a mcpw, tamÀK³, dqkvs hÂäv F¶n-h -cpw. \nb-{´Ww
sImv hcnI F¶-Xn\v AÀ°w aÕcw Hgn-h m-¡pI F¶-X m-Wv. AXm-
bXv Ip¯-I-Isf kwc-£n-¡p-I . D]-t`m-à m-¡sf ]ngn-bp-I. “òam-Im-c -
241
amb km¼-¯nI iàn-I Ä B³{Uq PmIvk¬ sâ Imew apXÂ

Kh¬saânsâ DS-a -I-fm-Wv.” þ FDR, FUzÀUv lukn\v Fgp-Xnb I¯v.
hmbp-h n-t\-¡mfpw `mcw Ipdª hnam-\-§fn-Â , a\p-jy-tcbpw Nc-¡p-I -
tfbpw IS-¯p-¶-Xn\v PÀ½-\n¡v apt¶ Xs¶ Ign-bp-a m-bn-cp-¶p. 1910 Â.
1917 se “i{X-php-am-bpÅ hym]mc \nb-a” {]-Imcw H¶mw temI alm-bp-²-
Im-e¯v Ata-c n-¡³ Kh¬saâv, hnam-\ -§-fpsS s]bvä-âv, ]nSn-s ¨-Sp-¯p.
bp²-¯n\p tijw dn¸-td-j³ I½o-j³ hnam\w \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-XnÂ \n¶pw
PÀ½-\nsb XS-ªp. CXv Ata-c n-¡¡v Ah-k-c-am-bn. XS-Ê-§Ä aqew
Fs´m-s¡- A-h-k-c-§Ä e`y-am-sW¶v hmÄkv{Soäv ^n\m³kn-tbgvkv
\nco-£n-¡p-¶p-m-bn-c p-¶p. P\-dÂ Ce-Iv{Sn-¡nse Hmh³. Un. b§v \p
IognÂ. P\-dÂ Ce-Iv{Sn-Iv. hnemkw 120 t{_mUvth.
tImÀ]-tdäv tkmjy-enkw F¶Xv \nb-a-¯nsâ XW-enÂ aÕcw Hgn-hm-
¡n, `c-W-I q-S-¯nsâ Ip¯I . `c-W-¯n\p IognÂ hyh-km-b-§sf
sImp hcn-Ibpw `c-W-Iq-Ss¯ AXn\p ]pd-¯pÅ GXm\pw Nne
hyàn-IÄ ]e amÀ¤-§-fmepw \nb-{ń-¡p-I bpw sN¿pI F¶-X m-Wv.
Confessions of a Monopolist F¶ IrXn-bnÂ {Û-dnIv s¢wk¬ tlmsh
CXv hni-Z-a mbn {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶p. kaq-ls¯ GXm\pw BÄ¡mÀ¡p
thn ]Wn-sb-Sp-¸n-¡p-I .
sP. ]n. tamÀK³ I¼-\n-bpsS DZm-c-amb klm-b-¯ mÂ s_\otªm
aptÊm-fn\n tdmans\ Iogvs¸-Sp-¯n, Cä-en-bnÂ tImÀ]-tdäv `c-W-IqSw
Øm]n-¨p. dqkvs hÂänsâ NRA bptS-Xn-t\mSv kmayapÅ kwL-S-\m-{I-a -
ambncp¶p. hmÀ C³U-kv{Snkv t_mÀUv Bbn-cp¶p NRA bpsS ap³Km-an.
NRA - National Recovery Administration
Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ aptÊm-fn-\nsb {]IoÀ¯n-¨Xv tXmakv emtam-v, Hmt«m
Im³. FDR sâ NRA Zqc-hym-]-I -am-b, hn]p-e-amb ]²-Xn-bpsS `mK-am-bn-cp-
¶p. Ipd¨p t]À¡v em`hpw aäp-Å-hÀ¡v \jvShpw hcp¶ km¼-¯nI
hyh-Ø. kmäm-ensâ djybpw, aptÊm-fn-\ n-bpsS Cä-enbpw
dqkvshÂänsâ \yq Uoepw kam\ e£y-t¯m-Sp-Å-X m-Wv.
PÀ½-\n-bnse Ata-cn-¡³ Aw_m-k-UÀ hnÃyw tUmUv, FDR \v 1936
HIvtSm-_À 19 \v Ab¨ I¯nsâ {]kà `mK-§Ä.
“\qdnÂ A[nIw Ata-cn-¡³ I¼-\n-IÄ¡v ChnsS Øm]-\ -§-fp-v. Uyq
t]m- n\v aq¶v, AhÀ Bbp[ \nÀ½m-W-¯n\v klm-bn-¡p-¶p. {][m\
Iq«mfn sF.-Pn. ^mÀvs_³ I¼-\n. AXv Kh¬saânsâ `mK-am-Wv. AXv
Ata-cn-¡³ A`n-{]mb ka-\z-b-¯n\v thn hÀjw tXmdpw 2 e£w
PÀ½³ amÀ¡v Hcp {]Nm-c-W-the \S-¯p¶ I¼-\n¡v \ÂIp-¶p.
Ìm³tUÀUv HmbnÂ 20 e£w tUmfÀ ChnsS sImp h¶p. bp²-¯n\p
thn FÀkmävkv hmXIw \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn\v PÀ½³Imsc klm-bn-¡p-
¶Xp hgn hÀjw tXmdpw 5 e£w tUmfÀ t\Sp-¶p. CâÀ\m-j-WÂ
242
lmÀsh-ÌÀ I¼\n {]kn-Uv Ft¶mSv ]d-ªXv Ah-cpsS hnÂ¸\ 33

iX-a m\w A[n-I -ambn F¶m-Wv. F¶mÂ AhÀ¡v Imim-bn«v H¶pw
sImp -t]m-Ip-¶-Xn\v km[n-¡p-¶p-an-Ã. \½psS hnam\¡¼-\n-IÄ¡v
ChnsS {Ip¸vk-v D-am-bn«v clky [mc-W-bp-v. P\-dÂ tamt«mÀkv,
t^mÀUv, FÃmw [mcmfw em`-a p-m-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ H¶pw ]pd-t¯m«v
sImp t]mIp-¶-Xn\v km[ya-Ã.
“F¶n«pw F´mWv AhÀ ChnsS {]hÀ¯\w XpS-cp-¶-Xv. F´mWv

Dtt±y-iw.”[ Wall Street And the Rise of Hitler By Antony C Sutton ]
]W-¯nsâ Hgp¡v \nb-{ń-¡p-¶-Xn\v A[n-I m-c -apÅh³ , aäpÅ

{]hÀ¯-§sf \nb-{ń-¡pw. A¯cw \nb-{´W kwhn-[m-\-¯nsâ Aa-
c¯v _m¦v Hm^v CâÀ\m-j-WÂ skänÂsaâvkv BIS. cmw temI alm-
bp-²-¯n\p ap³]v \mkn `c-W-Im-e¯v BIS Â PÀ½-\ n-bpsS {]Xn-\n[n
lnäve-dnsâ [\-Imcy hnZ-Kv²³ PmÂaÀ slmsdbvkv {Kose jmIv. dojv
_m¦nsâ {]kn-U-v.
lnäve-dnsâ PÀ½-\ n-bnÂ hmÄkv{So-änse cp t]cmWv {][m-\-a mbpw CS-
s]-«n-cp-¶Xv. PmÂaÀ jmIv, ]pävko lm³^vsÌbvw-KÂ. 1933 se
dojvämKv Xo ]nSn-¯-¯n\p ]n¶nÂ ]pävkn-bm-s W¶v Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶p. 19
þmw \qäm- nsâ XpS-¡-¯nÂ aq¯ ktlm-Z-c ³ jmIv CIzn-ä-_nÄ {SÌv
I¼-\n-bpsS _Àen³ Hm^n-knÂ ]Wn-sb-Sp-¯n-c p-¶p. PmÂaÀ PÀ½-\n-
bnÂ P\n-¨p. ktlm-Z-c³ hnÃyw jmIv Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ P\n-¨p.
PmÂaÀ At±-l-¯ nsâ t]cnÂ slmsd-bvkv {Kose F¶v ]n¶oSv tNÀ¯p.
Ata-cn-¡³ \maw. jmIv IpSpw-_-¯nsâ XpS¡w \yqtbmÀ¡nÂ.
tamÀKsâ \nb-{´-W-¯ n-epÅ CIzn-ä-_nÄ {SÌnÂ ]Wn-s b-Sp-¯ p. P\-
dÂ Ce-I v{Sn-¡nse Hmh³ b§n-s \bpw Ìm³UmÀUv Hmbn-ensâ A²y-
£³ ^mcn-jn-s\bpw ]e {]mhiyw kµÀin-¨p. A´m-c mjv{S km¼-¯nI
D¶-X-· m-c psS Bfm-bn-c p¶p jmIv, lnäve-dnsâ kzIm-cy -kw-Lhpw
hmÄkv{Soäpw X½nÂ _Ôn-¸ n-¡p¶ I®n-bm-bn-c p¶p jmIv.
1934 Â PÀ½-\n-bpsS DXv]m-Z\w 3 e£w S¬ kzm`m-hnI s]t{Sm-fnbw
DXv]-¶-§Â. 8 e£w S¬ Ir{Xna Kmskm-en³. \yqtPÀkn-bnse
Ìm³UmÀUv HmbnÂ , IÂ¡-c n-bnÂ \n¶pw Ir{Xna Kmtkm-en³ \nÀ½n-
¡p-¶-X n\v , ssls{Um-P-t\-j³ kmt¦-XnI hnZy sF.-Pn. ^mÀ_\v ssIam-
dn-b-Xn\p tijw PÀ½\n 65 e£w S¬ F® DXv] m-Zn-¸n-¨p. AXnsâ 85
iX-a m\w AXm-bXv 55 evIjw S¬ Ìm³UmÀUv HmbnÂ kmt¦-XnI hnZy-
bnÂ \n¶pÅ Ir{Xna Kmskm-eo³. AXnsâ \nb-{´Ww sF.-Pn.
^mÀ_³ {]Øm-\-a mb {_mhp³tImse þ s_³ko³. ^mÀ_³ ImÀ«Â
1926 Â cq]o-I-cn-¨ Xv hmÄkv{Soäv klm-b-t¯m-sS.
243
CsXms¡ Icp-Xn-¡q«n sN¿p-¶-X m-Wv. Ata-c n-¡-bpsS `mK¯p \n¶pÅ

bmZr-Ýn-I -X-b-Ã. Ata-cn-¡³ _nkn-\ Êv òa-·mÀ AhÀ¡v t\«-ap-Ån-S-
s¯Ãmw \mkn-ks¯ klm-bn-¡pIbmbn-cp-¶p.
H¶mw temI alm-bp-²-¯ n\p tijw thgvkm-enkv IcmÀ, ]cm-P-b-s¸«
PÀ½-\n-bpsS taÂ A[nIw Zpcn-X-§Ä GÂ¸n-¨ p. C¯cw km¼-¯nI
Zpcn-X-§-f mWv lnävedns\ AwKo-I -cn-¡p-¶-X n\v Ahsc t{]cn-¸n-¨-X v. AXv
A´m-c mjv{S _m¦ÀamÀ Ah-c psS t\«-§Ä¡mbn D]-tbm-K n-¨ p. AXn-
\pÅ Ah-k-c -§Ä hnh-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p Umhvkv ]²-Xn-bpw, b§v ]²-
Xn-bpw. Kh¬saânsâ A\p-a -Xn-bn-ÃmsX sk³{SÂ _mt¦Àkv X¿m-dm-
¡n-b-X mWv CXp cpw. ]n¶oSv Kh¬saâv Ahsb AwKo-I-c n-¡p-I bpw
]n³Xp-W-bv¡p-Ibpw sNbvX p. Ah {][m-\-a mbpw sP.-] n. tamÀK³
\nÀ½nXn F¶mWv tPmÀÖv Su¬ kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bnse {]^-k-dm-bn-cp¶
ImcÄ JznKven ]d-bp-¶Xv. Umhvkv ]²Xn A\p-k-cn¨v PÀ½-\n-¡v \ÂIp-
¶-Xn\v kam-l-c n¨ 80 tImSn tUmfÀ F¶mÂ {][m-\-ambpw sF.-Pn.
^mÀ_³ þ sIan-¡Â, shdo-\ n§vs ä ÌmÂhÀsI þ ÌoÂ I¼-\ n-IÄ
cq]o-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s ¸-«p. 1920 IfpsS a²y-¯nÂ.
Ah-bmWv lnäve-dns\ A[n-Im-c-¯n-te-dp-¶-Xn\v klm-bn-¨-Xv. cmw
temI alm-bp-²-¯ n\p th kma-{Kn-I Ä- D-Xv]m-Zn-¸ n-¡p-¶-Xn\pÅ _m²y-
Xbpw PÀ½\n kJy-I-£n-IÄ¡v \ÂIm-\pÅ km¼-¯nI _m²y-X bpw,
PÀ½³ t_mp-IÄ hm§nb hntZ-in-I-fpsS taÂ h¶p tNÀ¶p. AXv
]pd-s ¸-Sp-hn-¨Xv hmÄkv{Soäv km¼-¯nI Ip¯-I-I-fpw. AXnsâ DS-a -IÄ
hmkvX-h-¯nÂ kÀ¡m-c nsâ DtZym-K-Ø-· m-c pw.
1924 se Umhvkv ]²Xn X¿m-dm¡n hn]W\w sNbvX hnZ-Kv²À NmÄkv

Umhvkv þ _m¦À, tamÀK³ ]¦mfn Hmh³ b§v, At±lw P\-dÂ Ce-Iv{Sn-
¡nsâ {]kn-U-v . 1924 se AeoUv I½nän hnZ-Kv²-cpsS A²y-£-\m-bn-
cp¶p Umhvkv. 1929 B Øm\w Hmh³ \v h¶p tNÀ¶p. sP. ]n.
tamÀKsâ ]n³Xp-W-tbm-sS. IqsS än. U»yq. emtam³«v þ Hcp tamÀK³
]¦m-fn, än. F³. s]ÀIn³kv þ tamÀK-\p-ambn _Ô-s ¸« _m¦À. hyà-
ambn ]d-ªmÂ Ata-c n-¡³ sUen-tK-j³ sam¯-a mbpw tamÀK³ sâ
\nb-{´-W-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p. AhÀ Ata-cn-¡³ Kh¬saânsâ ap{Zbpw A[n-
Im-c hpw Ah-c psS ]²Xn \S-¯n-¸n-\mbn D]-tbm-K n-¨ p.
PÀ½³ sUen-tK-j³ PmÂaÀ jm¡nsâ \nb-{´-W-¯n-epw. Umhvkv,
b§v I½o-j³ AwK-§fpw D]-tZ-jv Sm-¡fpw \yqtbmÀ¡v km¼-¯nI
kwLm-X-§-fp-a mbn _Ô-a p-m-bn-cp-¶-hcpw lnäve-dnsâ DbÀ¨¡v t\cn«v
klm-bn-¨ -h-cp-am-bn-cp-¶p.
lnä-e-dnsâ km¼-¯nI _p²n-Pohn PmÂaÀ slmsd-bvkv {Kose
jm¡nsâbpw \mkn hyh-kmbn {^nävkv ssXko³sâbpw A`n-{ ]m-b-
¯nÂ, 1928 se b§v ]²-Xn-bmWv 1933 Â lnäve-dns\ A[n-Im-c-¯n-te-än-b-
Xv. AXv X¿m-dm-¡n-bXv tamÀK³sâ ]nWn-bmÄ Hmh³ b§v.
244
“PÀ½\n ]qÀ®-ambpw XI-c p-¶Xns\ XS-b-W-sa-¶p--¦nÂ “b§v ]²-

Xn”sb FXnÀt¡--X p-s ¶v ]qÀ® t_m[y-a m-b-X n\p tij-amWv Rm³
\mj-WÂ tkmjy-enÌv ]mÀ«n-bn-¡v FXntc Xncn-ª-Xv.” þ {^nävkv
ssXko³.
b§v ]²Xn Ata-c n-¡³ aqe-[\w D]-tbm-Kn¨v PÀ½-\nsb ssI¿-
S¡p¶Xn\p thn-bm-bn-c p-¶p. Ata-cn-¡³ _Ô-§-fpÅ PÀ½³
{]Øm-\-§Ä AXns\ XcWw sN¿p-¶-X n\p thn XmXvIm-enI hntZi
_Ô-§Ä cq]o-I-c n¨p. DZm : AEG (PÀ½³ P\-dÂ Ce-Iv{SnIv) þ Ata-cn-
¡³ P\-dÂ Ce-I v{Sn-¡nsâ ktlm-Zc Øm]\w þ {^mt¦m _ÂPn-b³
I¼-\n¡v AEG sb hnÂ¸\ \S-¯n. bqssW-äUv bqtdm-] y³ sh©À
F¶ {]Øm-\ -¯n-eqsS Umhvkv ]²-XnbpsS KpW-^-e§Ä ssI¡-em-¡p-
¶-Xn\v {ian-¡p¶ ka-b¯v FDR \v ]qÀ® ]n³XpW \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶Xv
Hmh³ b§v.
PmÂaÀ jmIv ]d-ªn-c p-¶Xv b§v ]²-Xn-bmWv lnäve-dnsâ DbÀ¨¡v
Imc-W-am-b-s X-¶m-Wv. F¶mÂ _m¦v Hm^v CâÀ\m-j-WÂ
skänÂsaâvkv BIS F¶ Bibw sImp-h-¶Xv jmIv Xs¶-bm-Wv.
AXnsâ hni-Z-hn-h-c-§Ä X¿m-dm-¡n-bXv 1. PmIvk¬ sdbvt\mÄUvkv þ
\yqtbmÀ¡nse {]ap-J-\ mb _m¦À 2. saÂhn³ sSbveÀ þ jn¡m-tKm-
hnse ^Ìv \mj-WÂ _m¦v, 3. NmÄkv BÍnÊv þ ap³]v HSBC, bn-epm-
bn-cp-¶p. ]ns¶ {^m³kn-s ebpw PÀ½-\n-bn-sebpw Nne _m¦Àam-c pw.
b§v ]²-X n¡v BIS A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-cp-¶p. A´m-cmjv{ S km¼-¯nI
_Ô-§Ä¡p thn. Hmh³ b§v Xs¶-bm-bn-cp¶p CâÀ\m-j-WÂ
_m¦v t^mÀ do I¬kv{S-£³ Bâv Unh-e-] vsaâv F¶-X n-s âbpw apJy
inev]n.
PÀ½-\n-bnse PmÂaÀ jm¡pw, \yqtbmÀ¡nse tamÀK³ ]nWn-bmÄ
Hmh³ b§pw, X½n-epÅ _Ôw temIm-[n-] -Xy-¯n\p th A´m-cmjv{S
_Ô-§-fpsS Hcp L«w am{X-a m-Wv.
“AXv BtKm-f m-Sn-Øm-\-¯nÂ km¼-¯nI \nb-{´Ww F¶-X nÂ Ipdª
H¶p-a-Ã. kzIm-c y- Xm-Xv]-c y-§-fpsS \nb-{´-W-¯ n\p IognÂ. Hmtcm cmPy-
¯n-s âbpw cmjv{Sob hyh-ØnXn Iogvs¸-Sp-¯p-¶ -Xn\p thn. temI-
¯nsâ Xs¶ k¼-ZvL-S\ BI-am\w Xs¶ Iogvs ¸-Sp-¯p-¶-X n\p thn.”
ImcÄ JznKven
Hmtcm tZi-¯n-s ebpw ]W-¯nsâ e`yX \nb-{ń-¡p-¶Xp hgn AXXv
cmPys¯ kzImcy sk³{SÂ _m¦p-IÄ- Hcp P·n-Xz- hy-h-Øn-Xn-bn-s e-¶ -
t]mse, k¼-ZvL-S-\ sb \nb-{ń-¡p-¶p. A´m-cmjv{S _m¦Àamsc bp²w
_m[n-¡p-¶n-Ã. BIS sâ BØm\w s_bvkÂ, kznävkÀe³Uv. AhnsS
\S-¡p¶ AXohw cl-ky-a mb kt½-f-\-§Ä temI-¯nsâ KXn \nb-{ń-
¡p-¶p.
245
H¶mw temI alm-bp-²-¯n\p tijw Umhvkv ]²Xn {]Imcw, A´m-

cmjv{S hmÄkv{Soäv _mt¦gvkv \ÂInb aq¶v òa-a mb hmbv]-I Ä , kam-
[m\w krjvSn-¡p-¶ -Xn\p ]I-cw, cmw temI alm-bp²w krjv Sn-¡p-¶-
Xn\v Gähpw henb ]¦v hln-¨p. ( P-bnwkv ÌnhÀ«v amÀ«n³ )
Ah aq¶v PÀ½³ ImÀ«-ep-IÄ¡v thn D]-tbm-K-s ¸-Sp¶ Xc-¯n-em-bn-cp-
¶p.
PÀ½³ ImÀ«Â / hmÄkvv{Soäv _m¦v kn³Un-t¡äv/hmbv] XpI tUmfÀ
1. AEG ( PÀa³ P\-dÂ Ce-I v{SnI v) \mj-WÂ knän I¼\n 3.5 tImSn
2. bpssW-äUv ÌoÂ hÀIvkv UnÃ³ doUv Bâv I¼\n 7.25

tImSn
3. Ata-c n-¡³ sF.Pn.sI-a n-¡Â \mj-WÂ knän I¼\n 3
tImSn
(sF.-Pn. ^mÀ_³)
km¼-¯nI _m²yX \nI-¯p-¶-X n\p thn [\-k-lmbw sNbvX-Xv- G-

Xm\pw Npcp¡w Nne {]Øm-\ -§Ä am{X-a m-Wv.
UnÃ³ doUv 24 tImSn tUmfÀ
lmcnkv t^mÀ_vkv 19 ”
\mj-WÂ knän 18 ”
kvt]bÀ 6 ”
eo ln¤n³k¬ 5.5 ”
Kymcân I¼\n 4.5 ”
Iq³ temtb_v 4 ”
CIz-en-ä-_nÄ {SÌv 3.5 ”
[ Bankers Profit from German Loans By Robert R. Kuczynski ]
Ir{Xna Kmtkm-en³ \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn\v IqSmsX aäp Imcy-§-fnepw \mkn

PÀ½-\n¡v Ata-cn-¡³ klmbw e`n-¨n-c p-¶p. bp² -Sm¦v \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-
XnÂ Gähpw henb cv {]Øm-\-§Ä Hm]Â Dw t^mÀUpw. Hm]Â,
sP.-]n. tamÀK³ {]Øm-\-a mb P\-dÂ tamt«mÀknsâ ]qÀ® DS-a-Ø-X-bn-
ep-ÅXv. sUt{Sm-bn-änse t^mÀUv tamt«mÀ I¼-\ n-bpsS DS-a-Ø-X-bn-ep-Å-
246
Xm-bn-cp¶p t^mÀUv. 1936 Â Hm]Â s\ PÀ½\n \nIpXn hnap-à-a m-¡n.

P\-dÂ tamt«mÀkv PÀ½-\n-bnÂ \n¶pw In«nb em`w AhnsS Xs¶
]p\À\nt£]w \S-¯n. \mkn-k-¯n\v sNbvX klm-b-¯n\v sl³{Sn
t^mÀUv BZ-c n-¡-s ¸-«p. AÂtImh bpw tUm sIan-¡epw Ah-c psS Ata-
cn-¡³ kmt¦-XnI hnZy \mkn hyh-km-b-¯n\p thn D]-tbm-Kn-¨p.
\mkn hyh-kmb hXvI-c-W-¯n\v {][m\ ]¦v hln-¨ Xv {][m-\-a mbpw
tamÀK³, tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ A´m-c mjv{S _m¦Àam-c p-ambn _Ô-a pÅ Ata-cn-
¡³ I¼-\n-I-fm-Wv.
“UnÃ³, \yqtbmÀ¡v _m¦À, PqX³. ]dªp \n§-fpsS Øm\¯v Rm\m-
bn-cp-¶p-s h-¦nÂ ]²-X n-bnÂ H¸v h¡n-Ãm-bn-c p-¶p.”- {^näkv ssXko³.
“^mÀ_³ F¶mÂ lnäve -dpw, lnäveÀ F¶mÂ ^mÀ_-\ p-a m-bn-cp¶p” þ
sk\-äÀ tlmaÀ. än. t_m¬.
cmw temI- a-lm-bp²w \S-¡p-t¼mÄ temI-¯nse Gähpw hen-b- sI-an-
¡Â DXv]m-Z-\-i me sF. Pn. ^mÀ_³ Bbn-c p-¶p. Akm-[m-c -W-amb
cmjv{Sob km¼-¯ nI kzm[o-\-a p-m-bn-cp-¶-Xn-\mÂ AXns\ cmjv{S-¯n-\ -
Is¯ cmjv{Sw F¶v hnti-jn-¸n-¨n-c p-¶p. PÀ½-\ n-bnÂ \ne-h n-ep-m-bn-
cp¶ Bdv sIan-¡Â òa-·msc Iq«n tbmPn-¸ n-¨ n-« mWv slÀa³
jvanävknsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ sF.-Pn. ^mÀ_³ cq]o-I -cn-¡-s¸-«-Xv. jva nävkv
DÄs¸sS sF. Pn. ^mÀ_³ Ub-d-I vSÀamÀ bp²-Ip-ä-Ir-Xy-§Ä¡v hnNm-
cW t\cn-«p. F¶mÂ Ata-cn-¡³ _Ô-ap- m-bn-c p¶ sF.-Pn. ^mÀ_³
ta[m-hn-Isf ]qÀ®-ambpw Hgn-hm-¡n. hmÄkv{So-äp-a m-bpÅ Ata-cn-¡³
_Ô-a mWv sF.-Pn. ^mÀ_s\ krj-vSn-¨Xpw ]ns¶- A-tUmÄ^v lnäv e-dn-
s\bpw . AXp sImv am{X-a mWv cmw temI alm-bp²w Dm-b-Xpw.
^mÀ_sâ PÀ½³ _m¦ÀamÀ þ amIvkv hmÀ_ÀKv þ At±-l-¯nsâ
ktlm-Z-c ³ t]mÄ hmÀ_ÀKv Ata-cn-¡³ sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv knÌ-¯nsâ
Øm]-I-c nÂ HcmÄ. t]mÄ hmÀ_ÀKv Ata-cn-¡³ sF.Pn ^mÀ_sâ
t_mÀUnepw Dm-bn-cp-¶p. sF.-Pn. ^mÀ_sâ cq]o-I-c -W-¯nÂ ]¦p
tNÀ¶ ImÄ t_mjv, {^nävkv sSÀaobÀ, IÀ«v Hm¸³low, tPmÀÖv
thm¬ ss\ävkÀ FÃm t]cpw Ipä-hn-Nm-cW t\cn-«p. amIvkv hmÀ_ÀKv
Hgn-s I. Ata-cn-¡-bn-te-bpw PÀ½-\n-bn-tebpw ^mÀ_³ kwLmXw \mkn
`c-W-Iq-Ss¯ \nb-{ń-¡p-¶-XnÂ {][m\ ]¦p hln-¨p. ^mÀ_³
\ÂInb 4 e£w PÀa³ amÀIv lnäve-dn\v A[n-Im-c-¯nÂ hcp-¶-Xn\v
{][m-\-ambpw klmbw \ÂIn. 1925 Â e`n-¨Xp IqSmsX 1929 Â Ata-cn-
¡³ ^mÀ_\v 3 tImSn tUmfÀ hmÄkv{So-änÂ \n¶pw e`n-¨p. Ub-d-
IvSÀamsc \nb-an-¨-X pw, aqe-[\w kam-l-cn-¨Xpw FÃmw PÀ½³ tkzOm-[n-
]-Xn-bmbn lnä-eÀ hfÀ-¶-X n\pw hÀj-§Ä¡p ap³]m-Wv. 1939 Â sF.-Pn.
^mÀ_³ 380 PÀ½³ {]Øm-\-§-fnepw 500 hntZ-i-{]-Øm-\§fnepw \nb-
{´-Wm-[n-Imcw t\Sn. AXv hntZ-i-{]-Øm-\-§-fp-a mbn 2000 Â A[nIw
ImÀ«Â Icm-dp-I-fnÂ GÀs¸-«p. 1945 Â tcJ-IÄ \in-¸n-¡-s¸-«Xp
ImcWw sF.-Pn. ^mÀ_sâ CS-]m-Sp-I -sf-¡p-dn¨v ]qÀ®-h n-h cw e`y-a -Ã.
247
Ata-cn-¡³ bp²-Imcy hn`mKw ]n¶oSv \S-¯nb At\z-j-W-¯nÂ PÀ½-

\nsb iàn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-XnÂ am{X-a Ã òj-Wn-b m-bn-¯o-cm-hp¶ iàn-Isf
_e-lo-\-am-¡p-¶-Xn\pw sF.-Pn. ^mÀ_³ Imcy-a mb ]¦v hln-¨p.
AXnsâ DtZym-K -Ø-·mÀ¡v temIm-[n-]-X y-¯ n\p thn-bpÅ {ia-§-s f-
¡p-dn¨v ]qÀ®-hn-hcw Dm-bn-c p-¶p. AXnÂ Ata-cn-¡Imcpw DÄs¸-Spw.
CsXms¡ ap¶nÂ In-«mWv AhÀ lnävesd hfÀ¯n-s ¡m-p-h-¶-Xv.
hnj-hm-XI DXv]m-Z-\-¯nsâ 95 iX-a m-\hpw sF.-Pn. ^mÀ_sâ hI.
AXnÂ tIm¬k¬t{S-j³ Iym¼p-I-fnÂ D]-tbm-Kn¨ ssktIm¬ þ _n
F¶ hmX-Ihpw DÄs¸-Spw.
“\mev hÀj ]²-Xn-bpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ PÀ½³ ck-X{´w D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-
Ãm-bn-cp-¶p-s h-¦nÂ B[p-\nI bp² AXn-{Iaw ( Prosecution ) ANn-´-\o-b-
am-Ip-am-bn-cp¶p F¶Xv H«pw AXn-i -tbmàn AÃ.”- tUmIvSÀ. thm¬
jvss\ävÉÀ. sF. Pn. ^mÀ_³.
kmt¦-Xn-I, km¼-¯nI klmbw e`n-¨Xv {][m-\-ambpw Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ
\n¶mWv F¶-XmWv hmkvX-h w. hntZi hyh-kmb _Ô-§Ä \mkn \b-
§Ä hntZ-i ¯v {]N-c n-¸ n-¡p-¶ -Xn\pw , X{´-{]-[m-\-amb hnh-c-§Ä tiJ-
cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw, temI-am-I-a m\w cmk-h-kvX p-¡Ä¡p taÂ \nb-{´Ww
Øm]n-¡p-¶-X n\pw thn D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-«p.
ssktIm¬ _n hmX-I-¯nsâ Ip-]n-Sn-¯-a mWv Gähpw `bm-\-I -amb
hkvXp-X. 20 tImSn P\§sf sImÃp-¶-Xn\v tijn-bpÅ ssktIm¬. _n,
\nÀ½n-¡p-Ibpw hÂ¸\ \S-¯p-Ibpw sNbvXp. sF.-Pn. ^mÀ_³ Ub-d-
IvSÀamÀ¡v tIm¬k¬t{S-j³ Iym¼p-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v ]qÀ® hnh-c-a p-m-bn-
cp-¶p. Ah-cpsS cmk-h-kvX p-¡Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶-XpÄs¸-s S.
ap³Iq«n Xs¶.
1945 se jvss\ävksd tNmZyw sNbvXXnÂ AXv tcJ-s ¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-v.

tNmZyw : sF.-Pn. sIan-¡Âkv a\p-jysc sImÃp-¶-Xn\p thn
D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp¶p F¶-dn-ª-t¸mÄ \n§Ä F´p sNbvXp ?
jvss\ävkÀ : `b-s ¸«p t]mbn.
tNmZyw : \n§Ä Fs´-¦ nepw {]hÀ¯n-¨n-cp-t¶m, AXv XS-bp-
¶-Xn\p thn.
jvss\ävkÀ : AXv AXohw `bm-\-I-a m-bn-c p-¶Xn-\mÂ H¶pw sN¿p-
¶-Xn\v Ign-ªn-Ã ayqf³ Iyq³ dmUn, Bwt{_mkv ]ns¶ aäp-Å-h-tcm-
sSÃmw At\z-jn-¨ p. AhÀ¡v Adn-hp-Å-Xm-bn-cpt¶m F¶v.
tNmZyw : AhÀ F´p ]dªp ?
jvss\ävkÀ : Hmjvh n-ävknse FÃm sF.-Pn. ^mÀ_³ Ub-d-
IvSÀamÀ¡pw Adn-hp-m-bn-cp-¶p.
248
sF.Pn ^mÀ_³ AXnsâ \nÀ½mWw XS-ª-Xp-an-Ã. \mkn Nmc-hr-¯n-

bpsS tI{µam-bn-cp¶p _Àen-\nse sF.-Pn. ^mÀ_³. Xe-h³ amIvkv
CÂáÀ. At±lw ^mÀ_³ Ub-d-IvSÀ. ^mÀ_³ {]kn-Uv slÀa³
jvanävknsâ acp-a-I³. AhÀ cp-t]cpw Ata-cn-¡³ sF.Pn Ub-d-
IvSÀam-cp-a m-bn-c p-¶p. IqsS sl³{Sn- t^mÀUv þ t^mÀUv tamt«mÀ I¼-\n,
t]mÄ hmÀ_ÀKv þ _m¦v Hm^v am³l-«³, NmÄkv. C. an¨Â þ
\yqtbmÀ¡v sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv.
AXnsâ Ata-c n-¡³ hn`mKw sNav\n-t¡m , \yqtbmÀ¡v sshkv {]-kn-
Uv dqtUmÄ^v CÂáÀ, amIvknsâ ktlm-Z-c ³. AXv cmw temI
alm-bp-²-¯n\pw ap³t] Xs¶ {]hÀ¯n-¨n-cp-¶p. IqSmsX a\-Èm-kv{X-] -
c-a m-bXpw km¼-¯n-I -am-bXpw Bb bp²-a p-d-I-fpw. a\-Èm-kv{X-]-c -am-b-
XnÂ {][m\w {]Nm-c-W-th-e. sF.-Pn. ^mÀ_sâ \nÀ_-Ô-¯n\p hg§n
Ìm³UmÀUv HmbnÂ Ir{Xa d_À DXv] m-Z\w Ipd-¨p.
cmw temI -a-lm-bp-²-¯n\p ap³]v Gähpw A[nIw hntZi \mWyw
t\Sp¶ I¼-\n-bm-bn-c p¶p sF.-Pn. ^mÀ_³. B kuIcyw AXv Nmc-{]-
hÀ¯\w \S-¯p-¶-Xn-\pw, Bbp-[-§Ä Ic-Ø-a m-¡p-¶-Xn\pw aäp
cmjv{Sob {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡p-w thn D]-tbm-K n-¨ p. PÀ½³ bp²- a-{´m-e-
b-hp-ambn \nc-ćw _Ô-s¸-Sp-¶-X n\p thn sF.-Pn. ^mÀ_³ sebvk¬
Hmôkv Øm]n-¨ p.
bp²-¯n\p apt¶m-Sn-bm-bn-«pÅ ssk\nI X¿m-s d-Sp-¸p-IÄ hntZ-i-§-fnÂ

Adn-hp-Å-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. hmÄkv{So-änÂ \n¶pw [\- , km-t¦-X nI hnZym kam-
l-c-W-¯ns\ AXv tZmj-I-c -ambn _m[n-¡p-s a-¶-X n-\ mÂ AXns\ ad¨p
hbvt¡-Xv Bh-iy-a m-bn-c p-¶p. AXn\p thn \yqtbmÀ¡nse {]ap-J-
amb ]»nIv dnte-j³kv {]Øm-\s¯ Npa-X-e-s ¸-Sp-¯ n. sF.Pn
^mÀ_³ F¶- B-i-bs¯ Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ hnÂ¡p-¶-X n\p thn. 1920
Ifn-tebpw 1930 Ifn-tebpw Gähpw apJy-amb ]»nIv dnte-j³kv {]Øm-
\w. sFhn eo Bâv än. sP. tdmÊv. \yqtbmÀ¡v. ap³]v AhÀ Ata-cn-
¡³ P\-X-bpsS CS-bnÂ tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ F¶ \maw Øm]n-s ¨-Sp-¯n-cp-
¶p. tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b\p thnbpw AhÀ {]hÀ¯n-¨ n-c p-¶p. 1920 Ifp-
sSbpw 1930 Ifp-sSbpw Ah-km\w tkmhn-bäv Iym¼p-IÄ \ndªp Ihn-
ªn-cp¶ ka-b¯v. AhÀ AXn-te-¡mbn Hcp ]pkvX Iw {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨p.
Xe-s ¡«v USSR . 1929 apXÂ Ata-cn-¡-bnse sF.-Pn. ^mÀ_\p thn
sFhn eo {]hÀ¯n-¨p. Ata-cn-¡³ hncp-² -{]-h À¯\w \S-¯n-s b¶
t]cnÂ sFhn eo hnNm-cW t\cn«p. PÀ½³ PqX-· m-tcmSv s]cp-am-dp¶
coXn kzoIm-cy-a-s Ã¶pw, Ata-cn-¡³ P\X AXv AwKo-I-cn-¡p-I-bn-s Ã-¶pw,
\mkn-I Ä¡p thn {]hÀ¯n¡p¶Xv AhÀ kln-¡p-I-bn-sÃ¶pw sFhn-
eo, sF.-Pn. ^mÀ_s\ Adn-bn-¨ n-c p-¶p. Ata-c n-¡³ sF.Pn bnse Ub-d-
249
IvSÀamÀ FUvskÂ t^mÀUv ]ns¶ knän _m¦nse hmÄ«À äoKnÄ XpS-

§n-b-h -cm-bn-cp-¶p.
sFhn- eo¡v Ata-c n-¡³ sF.Pn bpw thX\w \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶p. AXm-bXv
\mkn {]Nm-c-W-th-ebv¡v th sam¯w sNehpw PÀ½-\ n-bnÂ \n¶p-am-
bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Ata-cn-¡³ Ub-d-I vSÀam-cpsS \nb-{´-W-¯n-ep-m-bn-cp¶
Ata-cn-¡³ ]Ww \mkn {]Nm-c -W-th-e¡v thn hn\n-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-«p.
1930 Â Ata-cn-¡³ sF.-Pn. bnÂ, Ata-cn-¡³ \yqtbmÀ¡v sÛ-dÂ
dnkÀhnÂ \n¶pw 3 t]cp-m-bn-cp-¶p. 1. kn.-C. an¨Â 2. hmÄ«À äoKvÂ
3. t]mÄ hmÀ_ÀKv
C{X-sbm-s ¡-bm-bn«pw Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶Xv hnj-a-I-c -am-bn-cp-
¶p. Ata-c n-¡³ apJ-a p{Z krjvSn-¡p-¶ -Xn\p thn slÀa³ jvanävkv,
ImÄ t_mjv, hmÄ«À Uyqkv_ÀKv F¶n-hÀ cmPn h¨p. cmjv{So-bm-´-
co£w ]ń-b-sÃ¶v Iv FUvskÂ t^mÀUpw aäpw.
Ata-cn-¡³ sF.Pn bnse 3 Ub-d-IvSÀamÀ bp²-Ip-ä-Ir-Xy-§Ä¡v in£
t\Sn. 3 t]cpw PÀ½³ImÀ. Ata-cn-¡¡mÀ Bcp-a n-Ã. Ipä-hm-fn-Isf
in£n-¡pI F¶-Xn-t\-¡mÄ lnäv-e-dnsâ hfÀ¨-bnÂ Ata-cn-¡-bpsS ]¦v
\ntj-[ n-¡pI F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p Dt±-yiw.
P\-dÂ Ce-Iv{Sn-I v se tkzm]v , bwKv F¶n-hcpw dqkvshÂäv IpSpw-_-hp-
ambn hfsc ASp¯ ZoÀL-Ime kulr-Z-a p-m-bn-cp-¶p. ap³]v
dqkvshÂäv ]£-¡m-c-\m-bn-cp¶ anskudnbnse sk\-äÀ Pbnwkv F.
doUv 1936 Â dqkvs hÂänsâ “\yq UoÂ” ]²-Xnsb FXnÀ¯p. cm£-
kobw F¶v hnti-jn-¸n-¨p.
]mÀe-s aâv k` \S¶p sImn-c n-¡p-t¼mÄ doUv, dqkvshÂäns\
hmÄkv{So-änse km¼-¯nI D¶-X-c psS hmSI {]Xn\n[n F¶v hnfn-¨p.
P\-dÂ Ce-Iv{Sn-¡nse A[nIw Hml-cn-I-fpsS DS-a -bmWv dqkvshÂäv
IpSpw_w F¶pw. Hmh³ bwKv, PdmÀUv tkzm]v F¶n-hÀ lvävednsâ
hfÀ¨sb Imcy-a mbn klm-bn-¨p. tkmhn-bäv bqWn-bsâ hfÀ¨-bn-epw.
PÀ½³ P\-dÂ Ce-Iv{Sn¡v , Hmkvdw Ch lnäve-dn\v t\cn«v Xs¶ Imcy-
amb kw`m-h-\ -IÄ \ÂIn. Ch cpw Ata-cn-¡³ \nb-{´-W-¯n-em-bn-
cp¶p. Ub-dIvSÀamÀ A[n-I hpw Ata-cn-¡Im-cpw. PÀ½³ P\-dÂ Ce-
Iv{Sn-¡nse PÀa³ t_mÀUv AwK-§-fnÂ, lnäve-dn\v [mcm-f-ambn
km¼¯nI klmbw sNbvX A\-h[n {]Øm-\-§fpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fp-m-
bn-cp-¶p. Hm¸³lowse ]vt^ÀUv sa³sP-kv, AIyqw-te-s äm-sd³ se
Jzmâv XpS-§n-b-h À.
CâÀ\m-j-WÂ P\-dÂ Ce-Iv{Sn-Iv, hnemkw 120 t{_mUvth. sF.-Pn.
^mÀ_-\nse A\-h[n Ub-d-IvSÀamÀ PÀa³ P\-dÂ Ce-I v{Sn-¡nepw
t_mÀUnÂ Dm-bn-cp-¶p. lnäveÀ \mj-WÂ {SÌo-jn¸v ^nsâ 30 iX-
am\w, 1933 Â \ÂIn-bXv sF. Pn. ^mÀ_³. P\-dÂ Ce-Iv{S-¡nse
tkzm]vv Fgp-Xnb tkzm]v ]²Xn Xs¶-bmWv FDR sâ \yq UoÂ. AXv
250
Xs¶-bmWv dt¯t\m ]²-Xn. 1899 Â hmÄ«À dt¯-t\m, PÀa³ P\-dÂ

Ce-Iv{Sn-¡nsâ Ub-d-IvS-dm-bn-cp-¶p. 20-þ mw \qäm-nsâ BZyw 100 Hmfw
tImÀ]-td-j-\p-I-fpsS Ub-d-IvS-dpw. PdmÀUv tkzm]v þ CâÀ\mj-WÂ P\-
dÂ Ce-Iv{Sn-¡nsâ A²y-£³, P\-dÂ Ce-Iv{SnIv I¼\n {]kn-U-v,
\mj-WÂ knän _m¦v Ub-d-IvSÀ, PÀa³ P\-dÂ Ce-Iv{SnIv Ub-d-IvSÀ,
PÀa-\n-bnse Hmkvdw Ub-d-IvSÀ, A\-h[n dqkvs hÂäv {]Øm-\-§-fnse
AwKw.
Hmh³ Un. bwKv þ P\-dÂ Ce-Iv{ SnIv A²y-£³, \yqtbmÀ¡v sÛ-dÂ
dnkÀhv D] A²y-£³.
lnäveÀsâ asämcp km¼-¯nI ZmXmhv {Iq]v ( Krupp ) Dambn tNmÀ¶v
PÀa³ P\-dÂ Ce-I v{SnIv Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ “Sw§vkvdv-d¬ ImÀss_Uv”
hy]m-c-¯nÂ Ip¯I t\Sn. CâÀ \mj-WÂ sSen-t^m¬ Bâv sSen-
{Km^pambn ( ITT )PÀa³ P\-dÂ Ce-Iv{SnIv Icm-dn-teÀs¸-«p. ITT Hcp Ata-
cn-¡³ {]Øm-\w. PÀa³ P\-dÂ Ce-Iv{Sn-¡Â D]-I -c-W- hy-h -kmbw
Ip¯-I -I-fpsS ssIbn-em-bn. cmw temI-a-lm-bp-²-Im-e¯v Cu hyh-
kmb kap-¨bw t_mw_v B{I-a-W-¯n\v hnt[-b-am-bn-Ã. Ata-cn-¡³
_Ô-a p-m-bn-cp¶ {]Øm-\-§Ä B{I-an-¡-s¸-«n-Ã.
tdms¡-s^-Ã-dnsâ \nb-{´-W-¯n-epÅ Ìm³UmÀUv HmbnÂ \mkn PÀ½-
\nsb cmw temI-a-lm-bp-²-¯n-\v X-¿m-dm-¡p-¶-XnÂ {][m\ ]¦v hln-
¨p. PÀ½-\n-bpsS {IqUv HmbnÂ Dd-h -IÄ hfsc ]cn-an-X-a m-bn-c p-¶p.
PÀa-\n-bnÂ \nÀtem`w e`y-am-bn-cp¶ IÂ¡-cn-bnÂ \n¶pw Ir{Xna Kmtkm-
eo³ \nÀ½n-¡pI F¶-X m-bn-c p¶p t]mwh-gn. ssls{Um-P-t\-j³ {]{In-b-
bn-eqsS þ \nÀ½n¨ Kmtkm-en-\pw, sFtkm HIvsSbv\pw 1940 Â PÀ½-\n-s b
-bp-²-k-Ö-a m-¡n. AXv Ata-cn-¡³ þ sF. Pn. ^mÀ_³ kwbp-à-ambn
hnI-kn-¸n-s¨-Sp¯ kmt¦-X nI hnZy. Ìm³UmÀUv Hmbn-en\v sF.-Pn. ^mÀ
_-\p-ambn bp²w ap¶nÂ Ip-sIm-pÅ Iq«p-s I-«p- m-bn-cp-¶p. cmw
temI alm-bp-²-¯n\p ap³]p Xs¶. \yq tPÀkn-bnse Ìm³UmÀUv
Hmbn-en\v taÂ h©-\m-Ipäw Npa-¯-s¸-«p. AXns\ kwc-£n-¡m-s \-
t¶mWw Fgp-X-s ¸« ]T\w, F¶mÂ PÀ½-\nsb bp²-k-Ö-am-¡p-¶-Xn\v
Ata-cn-¡³ Ìm³UmÀUv HmbnÂ F{X am{Xw klm-bn¨p F¶v sXfnhv
\nc-¯p-¶p. ]T\w Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨Xv Ìm³UmÀUv HmbnÂ Ub-dIvSÀ BÀ.
än. lvkvew.
\mkn PÀ½-\nsb Ìm³UvÀUv HmbnÂ klm-bn-¨-X n\v asäm-cp-Zm-l-c -Ww,
P\-dÂ tamt«mÀkp-ambn kl-I-cn¨v CussXÂ {ZmhIw \ÂIp-¶-Xn-\pÅ
Icm-dnÂ GÀs¸-«-Xm-Wv. Ata-c n-¡³ Kh¬saânsâ FXnÀ¸n-s \- A-h -K-
Wn¨p sImv. 1935 hsc CXnsâ \nÀ½mWw Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ am{X-am-bn-cp-
¶p. 1935 Â CussXÂ Kmskm-en³ tImÀ]-td-j³ , kmt¦-XnI hnZy
PÀ½-\n¡v ssIam-dn. AXnsâ t_mÀUv AwK-§Ä äoKvÄ þ \yqtPÀkn
251
Ìm³UmÀUv HmbnÂ, ¢mÀ¡vþ \yqPÀkn Ìm³UmÀUv HmbnÂ, ]mcnjv þ

\yqPÀkn Ìm³UmÀUv HmbnÂ XpS-§n-b-h À DÄs¸-«-h-cm-bn-cp-¶p.
d_dpw bp²-I m-c y-§Ä¡v A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-cp-¶p. PÀ½-\ n-bnÂ kzm`m-hnI
d_À CÃm-X n-c p-¶Xp ImcWw Ir{Xa d_À D]-tbm-K n-¨ p. AXnsâ kmt¦-
XnI hnZybpw Ìm³UmÀUv Hmbn-enÂ \n¶v Xs¶.
Ìm³UmÀUv HmbnÂ Hm^v PÀ½-\n-bpsS ( DAPAG ) 94 iX-a m\w DS-a-ØX

\yqPÀkn Ìm³UmÀUv Hmbn-en-\m-bn-c p-¶p. AXn-eqsS \mkn-k-¯nsâ
AI-¯-f-§-fnÂ _Ô-a p-d-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v Ign-ªn-c p-¶p. DAPAG sâ Hcp
Ub-d-I vSÀ ImÄ en³sU-a³. CâÀ\m-WÂ sNbnw-_À Hm^v sImtagvkv
A²y-£³. At\Iw _m¦p-I -fpsS Ub-d-IvSÀ. s{UkvUvs\À _m¦v,
Uyqjv dojv _m¦v, knþ saÂjn-tbmÀ- B³Uv I¼\n F¶ kzImcy
\mkn _m¦v F¶n-h-bpÄs¸-sS. ]ns¶ At\Iw hyh-kmb Øm]-\-§-
fpsS Ub-d-IvSÀ. lmw_ÀKv Ata-cn¡ sse³ HAPAG DÄs¸-s S.
sI]vtfÀkv kÀ¡nÄ, lnwteÀkv kÀ¡nÄ F¶n-h-bnÂ AwKw.
sF.-än.än International Telephone And Telegraph tamÀK³ \nb-{´-W-¯n-
ep-Å-Xm-Wv. 1933 Â AXnsâ Ub-d-IvSÀamÀ þ BÀXÀ Fw. B³tUÀk¬
þ sP. ]n. tamÀKÂ ]¦m-fn, \yqtbmÀ¡v {Skväv I¼\n Ub-d-IvSÀ .
slÀ\³kv s_³ þ _m¦v Hm^v Ata-cn-¡ . tkmkvsX-\ kv s_³ þ \mj-
WÂ knän _m¦v . tPm¬ U»yq. I«veÀ þ s{Kbvkv \mj-WÂ _m¦v .
Ae³ Pn. slmbväv þ \mj-WÂ knän _m¦v. dÊÂ. kn. se^v^n-
§vs hÂ þ sP.-] n. tamÀK³ ]¦m-fn, ImÀ\o-{Kq¸v Ub-d-IvSÀ. _mUven.
U»yq. ]maÀþ bpssW-äUv {^q«v A²y-£³. \mj-WÂ knän _m¦v
þ Hcp sP.-]n. tamÀK³ {]Øm\w
sF.-än.än t\cn«v km¼¯nI klmbw sN¿p-¶-X n\p ]Icw sl³{Sn¨v
lnwe-dn\v \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶p. \mkn _m¦À IpÀ«v thm¬ t{jmUÀ, PÀ½-\n-
bnse sF.-än.än kwc-£-I-\m-bn. t{jmUÀ sF.-än.-änbpw sl³{Uo-¨p-am-
bpÅ CS-] m-Sp-IÄ¡v a²y-hÀ¯n-bm-bn. IpÀ«v thm¬ t{jm-UÀ \mkn-k -
¯nsâ AI-¯-f§-fnÂ kzm[o-\-a p-m-bn-cp¶ hyàn. t{jmU-dnsâ
\yqtbmÀ¡nse ]W-an-S-] m-Sp-IÄ ssIImcyw sNbvX n-c p-¶Xv tPm¬
t^mÌÀ Uyqf-kv.
1945 Â t{jmUsd hnNm-cW sNbvX XnÂ sF.-än.än bnse tkmkvX-\-kv
s_³, t{jmUÀ, \mkn bp²-h n-`mKw F¶n-hÀ X½n-Â a\-]qÀÆw
Adnªp h¨p sImpÅ ASp¯ _Ôap-m-bn-cp-¶-X mbn sXfn-ªp.
sP. sl³{Sn t{jmUÀ _m¦n§v tImÀ]-td-j³, \yqtbmÀ¡nsâ sshkv
{]-kn-U-m-bn-cp¶p Iym]vä³ t\mÀ_À«v. Fw. t_mKvU³. At±lw
Ìo³ _m¦nsâ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä At\z-jn-¡p-¶ -X ns\ iàn-bpàw
FXnÀ¯n-cp-¶p. Ìo³ _m¦n-\p-ta-epÅ At\z-jWw t{jmU-dpsS hnNm-c-
W¡v Imc-W-a m-bn. sl³{Sn t^mÀUv Ft¸mgpw bp²-¯n\v FXn-cmbn
252
kwkm-cn-¨n-c p-¶p. tamÀK³ \Ã a\p-jy-\m-sW-¶pw. hmÄkv{So-änÂ cp-

Xcw ]W-a n-S-] m-Sp-Im-sc¶pw, Hcp Iq«À \io-I-c-W -{]-hÀ¯-\-§sf
t{]mÕmln¸n-¡p-t¼mÄ atä-Iq-«À \nÀ½m-W -{]-hÀ¯-\-§sf t{]mÕm-
ln-¸n-¡p¶p F¶pw. tamÀK³ cm-a s¯ hn`m-K-¯nÂs¸Spw F¶pw.
F¶mÂ hmkvX-h-¯nÂ sl³{Sn t^mÀUv, lnäve-dnsâ Gähpw {]kn-²-
\mb km¼-¯nI klmbn BWv, lnäve À Xpd-¶p -]-d-ªn-«p-Å-X mWv
t^mÀUnsâ DZm-c- a-\-Øn-Xn-sb-¡p-dn-¨v. 1928 Â sl³{Sn t^mÀUv Xsâ
PÀ½³ k¼-¯p-IÄ sF.-Pn. ^mÀ_-\ p-a mbn ebn-¸ n-¨ p. sF.-Pn. ^mÀ_-
\nse ImÄt_mjv, PÀ½-\n-bnse , “t^mÀUv. G. Pn. tamt«m-dn”sâ Xe-h-
\m-bn.
1938 Â lnäve-dnÂ \n¶v t^mÀUn\v BZ-c- kq-N-I -ambn PÀ½³ ]cp-ńsâ
cq]w sIm¯n.b êIw k½m-\-ambn e`n-¨p. 1938 Â hmÀ_ÀKp-amsc
PÀ½-\n-bnÂ \n¶v ]pd-¯m-¡n. F¶mÂ aäp PÀ½³ PqX-·mÀ,
Hm¸³low s\-t¸m-epÅ _mt¦Àkv \mkn-k-hp-ambn kam-[m\¡cmÀ
Dm-¡n. AhÀ¡v Bcy³ ]Zhn A\p-h-Zn¨p In«n. t^mÀUv , {]iv\-
¯nsâ Ccp-h-i¯p \n¶pw emàp-m-¡p-¶-XnÂ tIa-\m-bn-cp-¶p.
bqtKm-ÌnÂkv IpSpw_w lnäve-dnsâ \mkn hmcn-Isb Zn\-¸-{X-a m¡n
amäp-¶-Xn-\pÅ klmbw sNbvXp. ssXko\pw {Iq¸pw HgnsI , ]qÀ®-
ambpw PÀ½-\ n-bnÂ am{Xw HXp-§n-bn-cp¶ hyh-km-bn-IÄ lnäve-dns\
klm-bn-¨ n-c p-¶n-Ã. {][m-\-a mbpw Ata-cn-¡-bp-a mbn _Ô-a p-m-bn-cp¶
_lp-c m-jv{S-Ip-¯-I -IÄ BWv klm-bn-¨n-c p-¶-X v. Ah-s bÃmw {][m-\-
ambpw 1920 IfnÂ Ata-c n-¡³ aqe-[\w sImv sI«n-¸ -Sp-¯-h-bpw.
lnäve-dnsâ aäp km¼-¯nI ZmXmhv þ \mkn ]W-an-S-] m-Sp-Im-c ³
sl³{SnIv tPmk^v tImsh³ tlmsh³ þ Ub-d-IvSÀ, bqWn-b³
_m¦n§v tImÀ]-td-j³, \yqtbmÀ¡v.
1933 sXc-sª-Sp-¸n\p ap³]v 30 e£w PÀ½³ amÀ¡v lnäve-dn\v e`n-¡p-
¶p. sXm«p ]n¶mse dojvämKv Xo]n-Sp-¯w. AXns\ XpSÀ¶v ]ucm-h-Im-
i-¯n\p taÂ IÀi\ \nb-{´-Ww. sXm«p ]n¶mse \mkn ]mÀ«n A[n-
Imcw ssItb-dp-¶p. lnäve -dn\v ]Ww \ÂIn F¶v kzbw ]d-bp¶Xv
ssXko³ am{Xw.
“Fsâ ]T-\-¯nsâ Ah-km-\-hÀj-§-fnÂ Rm³ Skull and Bones Â
AwK-am-bn. Hcp cl-ky-kw-L-S\. AXohw cl-ky-a m-b-X n-\ mÂ F\n¡v
IqSp-X-s em¶pw shfn-s¸-Sp-¯ m-\ m-hn-Ã.” þ tPmÀÖv _pjv, Ata-cn-¡³
{]kn-U-v.
[ America’s Secret Establishment. An Introduction into the Order of Skull
& Bones ]
253
1832 apXÂ FÃm hÀjhpw 15 ]pXp-a p-J-§sf The Order of Skull & Bones
Â AwK-§-fm-hp-¶-Xn\v £Wn-¡p-¶p. Yale Â \n¶pw ]pd¯p hcp¶
AhÀ A[n-Im-c-¯nsâ D¶-X-§-fnÂ F¯n-t¨À¶v temI-¯nsâ LS\
krjvSn-¡p-¶p. þ Pnw amÀkv
1985 se Skull & Bones AwK-§-fnÂ HcmÄ
AtimIv Pbv N{µ-ti-JÀ. hnemkw 120 CuÌv, 34th Street, \yqtbmÀ¡v,
\yqtbmÀ¡v 10016
“B[p-\nI Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ slK-en-b³ kzm[o\w F´p-a m-{X-a p-s¶v
At\z-jn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p Fsâ Dt±-iw.” þ BâWn k«³.
slK-en-b³ kzm[o-\-¯nsâ {][m\ ImcWw `c-W-Iq-Ss¯ Bcm-[ n-¡p¶
slK-en-b³ XXz-im-kv{X-¯n-e-[n-jvTn-X-a mb hnZym-`ymk k{¼-Zm-b-a m-Wv.
dn¸-»n-¡³ þ sUsam-{Imäv F¶ cv ]mÀ«n-IÄ am{Xw F¶Xv aämcpw
kzoIm-cy-a Ã F¶-X m-Wv. AXv slK-en-b³ GI ]mÀ«n F¶-Xnsâ {]Xn-
_nw-_-a m-Wv. hfsc sNdnb Hcp kwL-¯n\v, hfª hgn-I-fn-eqsS Hcp
]cn[n hsc kaq-ls¯ \nb-ń-¡p-¶-Xn\v km[n-¡pw.
War On Drugs s\ \bn-¡p-¶Xv ab-¡p-a-cp¶v hym]m-c-¯nÂ apgp-In-bn-cn-
¡p¶ _pjv IpSpw-_w. sImÅ-¡m-cpsS ]Xm-I-bnÂ D]-tbm-K n-¡p¶
NnÓw, hnjw AS-§n-bn-cn-¡p¶ kw`-c -Wn-I-fpsS taÂ ]Xn-¡p¶ NnÓw,
cmw temI alm-bp-²-¯nse \mkn Death Head Division sâ NnÓw
AhÀ D]-tbmKn-¡p-¶p. ab-¡p-a-cp¶p \ntcm-[-\ -¯n\v \nbaw sImp-h -
cp¶ t_m¬kv t\«w sIm¿p-t¼mÄ e£-¡-W-¡n\v a\p-jyÀ Pbn-en-em-hp-
¶p.
slK-ensâ hàm-¡Ä¡v `c-W-IqSw kÀÆ-i-à-\m-Wv. AhÀ AXns\
ssZhw `qan-bnÂ \S-¯p¶ {]I-S\w F¶v hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p. `c-W-IqSw
F¶ aXw. slK-en-b³ `c-W¯ - nÂ ]ptcm-KXn FXnÀ¸p-I-fn-eqsS kw`-hn-
¡p-¶p. FXnÀ hn`m-K-§Ä X½n-epÅ kwL-«-\ -§Ä ]ptcm-K-Xn¡v Imc-W-
am-hp-¶p.
FXn-À hn`m-K-§sf \n§Ä¡v \nb-{ń-¡p-hm³ km[n-¡p-sa-¦nÂ, ]cn-WnX
ê-§sf \n§Ä¡v Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶-Xn\v km[n-¡pw. \mkn-khpw I½yq-
Wn-khpw X½n-ep-Å slK-en-b³ kwLÀjw, Skull and Bones sâ krjvSn-
bmWv. CSXv heXv F¶ ]pI-ad krjvSn¨v Ccp Iq«À¡pw [\-k-lm-bhpw
t{]mÕm-l-\hpw \ÂIn, Ccp Iq«-scbpw \nb-{ń¨v ]cn-Wn-X-êw Hcp
]cn[n hsc AhÀ Xocp-a m-\n-¡p-¶p. Ncn-{X-]-c -amb kaq-e-X¡v FXn-cmbn,
imkv{X-¯nsâ k¦p-Nn-X-a mb hn`-P\w CXn\v klm-b-am-hp-¶p. ]T-\-
t¯bpw imkv{X-t¯bpw CSp-§n-b, `mK-§-fmbn hn`-P n-¨ v, AXn-eqsS \nb-
{´Ww Ffp-¸ -am-¡p-¶p. Skull & Bones AwK-§Ä hnZym-`y-mk-¯nÂ
254
tPm¬ Uoth-bpsS k{¼-Zmbw sImp-h -¶p. Uoth k¼qÀ®-\ mb `c-

W-IqS hmZn-bm-bn-c p-¶p. Ipªv Pohn-¨ n-cn-¡p-¶-X p-X s¶ ]cn-io-en-¸n-¡-
s¸«v `c-W-I q-Ss¯ tkhn-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn-bm-sW¶ slK-en-b³ Bi-b-
¯nsâ hàm-hv. AXn\v kzm`m-hnI {]tNm-Z-\ -§sf ASn-¨-a À¯p-¶Xv
Bh-iy-ambn hcp-¶p. AwKo-I-cn-¡-s ¸« Adnhv am{Xw ]IÀ¶p \ÂIp¶-
Xpw. kztZ-i ¯pw hntZ-i-¯p-apÅ Ata-cn-¡³ kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-I -fnÂ
hnZym-`ymkw t\Sn-bnÃ F¦nÂ AXv hyà-a m-hp-I -bn-Ã.- The Deliberate
Dumbing Down of America By Charlotte Thompson Iserbyte, ]ns¶ The
Dumbing Down of America By John Taylor Gotta F¶o ]pkvX-I-§Ä
DÄ¡mgvN \ÂIpw.
C¯cw hnZy-`ym-k-]-²-Xn Ata-cn-¡-bn-te¡v sImp-h-¶Xv KnÂa³,
sshäv, ssUzäv F¶n-h-c m-Wv. AXv {]N-cn-¸ n-¡p-¶-Xn\v km¼-¯nI
klmbw \ÂInbXv tdms¡-s ^-Ã-dpw.
\nb-{ń-X -amb kwLÀjw ap³Iq«n Xocp-am-\n-¡-s¸« êw e`y-am-I p-¶-
Xn\p thn krjvSn-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p. DuÀÖ -ZuÀe-`y-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ NÀ¨-
IÄ hne \nb-{´-W-s ¯-¡p-dn¨pw hne kqNn-I(Caps) -s b-¡p-dn¨pw DÅ
NÀ¨-IÄ DÄs¡m-Åp¶ Xc-¯nÂ {i²m-] qÀÆw ssIImcyw sN¿-s¸-Sp-
¶p. dn¸-»n-¡³ ]mÀ«n¡v cpw Bh-iy-a n-Ã. sUsam-{Im-äp-I Ä¡v
cpw Bh-iy-ap-v. kuP-\y-a mbn sNe-hn-ÃmsX In«p¶ DuÀÖ-s ¯-¡p-
dn¨v NÀ¨ Dm-hp-¶-tX-bn-Ã. ]Xn-äm-p-I-fmbn \S-¯nb Kth-j-W-§Ä
ad¨p hbv¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.
\nÀ_m[w e`y-am-Ip¶ DuÀÖw Xs¶-bmWv \nb-{ńX NÀ¨ A\n-hm-cy-am-
¡p-¶-X v. Mills Blacklight Power, Bearden’s MEG Energy AXv A´-c o-£ -
¯nÂ \n¶v, Hs¡ DZm-l-c -W-§-fm-Wv. AXp-t]m-epÅ aäv Ip-]n-Sn-¯-
§Ä Kh¬saânsâ {i²-bnÂs¸-«mepw A{]-X y-£-am-hp-I-bmWv ]Xn-hv.
Irjn hy-h-Øsb A[o-\-s ¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\v sam¬kmtâm hnI-kn-¸n¨p
hcp¶ P\-änIv F³Pn-\o-b-dnwKv, Predator Seed Hs¡ CtXm-sSm¸w Iq«n
hmbn-t¡--X m-Wv. sam¬kmtâm sshkv {]-kn-Uv tUmIvSÀ hnÀPo-
\nb shÂUs\ Ata-cn-¡³ ^pUv Bâv {UKv AUvan-\n-kvt{S-jsâ Ub-d-
IvS-dmbn {]kn-Uv _pjv \ntbmKn-¡p-¶p. P\-änIv C©n-\o-b-dnwKv hnZy-
bn-eqsS hnI-kn-¸n¨ `£W ]ZmÀ°-§Ä {]kvXpX Imcyw shfn-s¸-Sp-
t¯--Xp-v. F¶mÂ C¯cw \nb-a -\-§Ä AXns\ adn IS-¡p-¶-Xn\v
klm-bn-¡p-¶p. aäv \nb-{´-W-§-tf-bpw.
Cold Fusion F¶ DuÀÖ- \nÀ½mW hnZy New Technology bnÂ {]kn-
²o-I -cn-¨-t¸mÄ (1989) {]kn-Uv _pjv `c-W-h À¤-¯nsâ imkv{X-Ú-
\mb tUmIvSÀ knb{Kw s\ Xsâ Hmô-kn-te¡v hnfn-¸ n-¨p. ]ns¶ \mw
ImWp-¶Xv Cold Fusion F¶ Bibw Ah-tl-fn-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶-X m-Wv. F®
òa-·mÀ¡v AXv A]-I -S-I-c -amhmw F¶-XmWv Imc-Ww.
255
P\-§-fpsS hyànXz {]iv\-§-fmWv Imc-Ww. \qäm- p-I-fmbn ioen-¨ Xv

Ipdª \mÄ sImv amän-sb-Sp-¡m-\m-hn-Ã. {]Y-a-a mb IS¼ hnZym-`ym-k-
am-Wv. hyàn-I-fpsS DuÀÖ-kz-e-Xsb sISp-¯p¶, Ipªp-§-fnÂ ASn-
a¯ at\m-`mhw krjvSn-¡p¶ hnZym-`ym-kw. hyàn-]-c-a mb {Inbm-ß-I-
amb At\z-jWw hnZym-`ym-k-¯n\v Bh-iy-a m-Wv. A[nIw sNe-hpÅ
hnZym-`ymkw sa¨-s ¸-«Xv BIp-¶n-Ã . -\ n-e-hn-en-cn-¡p¶ hnZy-m`ymk k{¼-
Zmbw, akvX njvI {]£m-f-\ -¯nÂ Ihnªv A[n-I-a n-Ã. AXv hmkvX-h-¯n-
epÅ hnZym-`ymkw F¶v hcp-¶n-Ã. F¶mÂ hyàn-bpsS \nb{´-W-¯n\v
Imcy-ambn kw`m-h\ sN¿p-¶p.
Ncn-{X-¯nsâ GsX-¦nepw kn²m-´w, AsÃ-¦ nÂ Ncn{X hkvXp-X-IÄ, AXv
Ata-cn-¡³ lntÌm-dn-¡Â Atkm-kn-tb-j³ AHA AwKo-I-c n¨ amXr-
Ibv¡v ]pd¯p \nÂ¡p-I-bm-sW-¦ nÂ AwKo-I-cn-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. AHA AsÃ-
¦nÂ [\-k-lmbw \ÂIp-¶-Xn\v {]m]vX-a mb {]Øm-\-§Ä AXns\ \nc-
kn-¡p-¶-Xv, B{I-a n-¡p-¶Xv, sXfn-hnsâ ASn-Ø m-\ -¯n-eÃ, CutÌ¬
en_-dÂ FÌm-»njvs aâv F¶v hnfn¡-s ¸-Sp¶ {]Øm-\-§Ä¡v kzoIm-
cy-aÃ F¶ ImcWw sImm-Wv.
`c-W-hÀ¤-N-cn{Xw, HutZym-KnI Ncn{Xw AXv Ncn-{X- ]p-kvX-I -§-fnepw,
hmWn-Pym-Sn-Ø m-\-¯n-epÅ {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§-fnepw am²ya-§-fnepw,
sse{_-dn-I-fnepw e`y-a m-Wv. AXv Ft¸mgpw bp²w, hn¹-h w, sIme-]m-X-I w,
F¶n-§-s \-bpÅ kw`-h-§sf kzm`m-hn-I-am-bn, Hä-s¸« kw`-h-§Ä F¶v
hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p. sI¶Un h[w C¯-c p-W-¯nÂ {i² AÀln-¡p-¶p.
kw`hw \S¶v 9 aWn-¡q-dq-IÄ¡Iw än.-h n. irwJ-e-IÄ AXv KqVm-tem-N-
\-bpsS ê-am-bn-«p-Å -XÃ F¶v Xqcp-a m-\ n-¨ p. At\z-jWw XpS-§n-bn«p
t]mep-a p- m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Skull & Bones (S&B) \v Imcy-§Ä ap³Iq«n ImWp-
¶-Xn\v km[n-¨n-cp-¶p. 1880 IfnÂ AXv Ata-c n-¡³ lntÌm-dn-¡Â
AtÊm-Ên-tb-j³ cq]o-I-c n-¨p. ]ns¶ Ata-cn-¡³ C¡-tWm-anIv AtÊm-
Ên-tb-j³. AhÀ ]d-bp-¶-X-\p-k-cn¨v {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xn-\v. Ah-cpsS
BÄ¡m-tcmSv tNÀ¶v. Ah-cpsS Dt±y-i-km-²y-¯n\p thn. B³{Uq
PmIvk¬ sshäv , S&B bpsS AwK-hpw. AHA bpsS BZys¯ {]kn-U -
pw.
apt¶ Xocp-a m-\n¨v Dd-¸n-¡-s¸« am\-Z-WvU-§Ä¡v ]pd¯p hcp-¶Xv ITn-\-
amb {]b-X\ v w Bh-i-y-s ¸-Sp-¶p. Council on Foreign Relations - CFR Hcp
cl-ky- kw-L-S-\ -b-Ã. F¶mÂ AXn-\-I ¯v asämcp kwLw {]hÀ¯n-
¡p-¶p. S&B . AhÀ CFR s\ \nb-{ń-¡p-¶p. S&B bpsS Bh-iy-§Ä
\S-¸ m-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn AhÀ CFR s\ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
Skull & Bones AXnse AwK-§Ä AXns\ The Order F¶v hnfn-¡p-¶p.
150 hÀj-§Ä¡p ap³]v Xs¶ Hcp PÀ½³ cl-kky -kw-L-S-\-bpsS
Chapter 322 F¶v AXv Adn-b-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. 1856 Â dÊÂ {SÌv F¶ t]cnÂ
256
AXv {]hÀ¯n-¨p. Hcp Ime¯v AXv Brotherhood of Death F¶v Adn-b-

s¸-«n-cp-¶p. km[m-c-W-a mbn AXv Skull & Bones F¶pw Bones F¶pw
hnfn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.
1833 Â sbbvÂ kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bnÂ Ata-cn-¡³ Nm]v äÀ {]hÀ¯\w
Bcw-`n-¨p. P\-dÂ hnÃyw tlm³Sn-MvS¬ dÊÂ , AÂt^m³tkm äm^väv
F¶n-h -cpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ. 1876 Â äm^väv bp²-Imcy sk{I-«-dnbmbn.
At±-l-¯nsâ aI³ hnÃyw tlmhÀUv äm^väv Ata-cn-¡³ {]kn-Upw
No^v PÌnkpw Bbn-c p-¶p.
Skull & Bones AXohw cl-ky-amb kwL-S-\ . sbbvÂ kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-
bnÂ am{Xw. AhnsS S&B IqSmsX cv cl-ky-kw-L-S-\-IÄ IqSn-bp-v.
Scroll and Key ]ns¶ Wolf’s Head. tdmk³_mw At±-l-¯nsâ Esquire
se teJ-\-¯nÂ ]d-bp-¶Xv Cu-tÌ¬ en_-dÂ FÌm-»n-jvsaânse Bsc-
¦nepw HcmÄ S&B bnse AwK-a Ã F¶p-s -¦nÂ \nÝ-b-ambpw aäp cp
kwL-S-\-I-fnÂ GsX¦nepw H¶nÂ AwK-a m-bn-c n¡pw F¶m-Wv.
S&B bnse {][m\ IpSpw-_-§Ä
hnäv\n, s]ÀIn³kv, s^Â]vkv, s_³Un, temÀUv, tdms¡s^ÃÀ, lmcn-
a³, thbÀ lyqkÀ, tÉmtb³, kvvänwk¬, äm^väv, hmUvkzÀ¯v,
KnÂa³, s]bv³, tUhn-k¬, ]nÂkv_-dn.
Ignª GXm\pw ]Xn-äm-p-IÄ S&B bpsS \nb-´Ww lmcn-a³ IpSpw-_ -
¯n-\m-bn-cp-¶p.
1930 Â U»yq. F. lmcn-a ³, {_u¬ {_tZ-gvkp-ambn IqSn-t¨À¶p. AXv
]pcm-X-\-a mb Hcp [\-Imcy Øm]-\-am-bn-cp-¶p. AX-nsâ DS-a-ØÀ S&B
AwK-§-fpw. 1970 Â {_u¬ {_tZgvkv lmcn-a ³ Â Dm-bn-c p¶ 26 ]¦m-
fn-I-fnÂ 9 t]cpw S&B AwK-§-fm-bn-c p-¶p. I¼-\n-bpsS BØn 2000
tImSn cq].. 50 tImSn tUmfÀ. Ata-cn-¡³ {]kn-Uv tPmÀÖv
_pjnsâ AÑ³ {]nkvtIm«v _pjv, {_u¬ {_tZgvkv lmcn-a ³ ]¦m-fn-
bpw. 40 tesd hÀj-¡m-e-a mbn . AXnsâ km¼-¯nI Dd-hn-S-s¯-¡p-dn¨v
A[nIw Adn-bn-Ã.
1977 se Esquire se teJ-\-¯nÂ tdmÊ³_mw S&B sb am^nb F¶v hnfn-
¡p-¶p. BâWn k«³ AXns\ A´m-cmjv{S am^nb F¶pw.
skknÂ tdmUvknsâ cl-ky-kw-L-S\ anÂt\Àkv duv tS_nÄ, CÃyq-an-
\män F¶n-h-bp-ambn AXv kl-I-c-W-¯nÂ hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. {_n«-\p-am-
bpÅ S&B _Ôw ekmÀUv s{^ckv, ]ns¶ kzImcy hmWnPy _m¦ÀamÀ
F¶n-h -cn-eqsS. {_n«-\nse cl-ky-kw-L-S\ HmIvkv^ÀUv kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-
bnse All Souls College Â. AXns\ The Group F¶p hnfn-¡p-¶p. {_n«-
257
\nse tdm¯vj oÂUvkv hgn The Group PqX kwL-S-\ bp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp-
¶p. S&B s]mXp-hnÂ Bân ska-änIv ImgvN-¸mSv ]peÀ¯p-¶p.
tdmUvkv AI-¯-f-§-fp-ambn ( Inner Circle ) _Ô-ap-m-bn-c p¶p
tdm¯vjo ÂUn-\v. S&B Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ Kp¤³ low, jn^v^v, hmÀ_ÀKv
F¶n-h -c-p-ambn _Ô-s ¸-«n-c n-¡p-¶p. ASp¯ Imew hsc S&B bnÂ PqX-
·m-c p-m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Ct¸mÄ t]cn\pw thn PqX-· mcpw Idp¯ hÀ¤-
¡mcpw AwK-§-fm-Wv.
]c-kv]cw kl-I-c n¨pw Nne-t¸mÄ aÕ-c n¨pw C¯cw kwL-S-\ -IÄ
apt¶m«v t]mhp-¶p. ImÀ\o IpSpw_w S&B AwK-a Ã F¶n-cp-¶mepw S&B
bmWv Ah-c psS kz¯nsâ `qcn-`m-Khpw ssIImcyw sN¿p-¶-Xv. t^mÀUv
IpSpw-_-¯nsâ CjvS-¯n\p hncp-²-a mbn S&B Ah-cpsS kz¯p-¡Ä D]-
tbm-Kn-¨Xv t^mÀUv ût-j-\ nÂ \n¶pw cp t^mÀUv IpSpw-_mw-K-§-
fpsS cmPn-bnÂ sN¶p tNÀ¶p. tamÀK³ ]¦m-fn-IÄ S&B bnÂ AwK-§-
fm-Wv. F¶mÂ tamÀK³ Hcn-¡epw Bbn-cp-¶n-Ã. tUhn-kWpw
s]ÀIn³kpw S&B AwK-§Ä þ tamÀK³ ]¦m-fn-IÄ. BÌÀ The Group
Â {]apJcm-Wv , Cw¥- nÂ . F¶mÂ S&B bnÂ AÃ.
Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ FÃm {]apJ kwL-S-\-I -fnepw S&B \pgªp Ib-dn-bn-«p-v.
F¶mÂ A¯cw kwL-S-\-I -fnse FÃm AwK-§fpw AhÀ S&B bpsS
Imcy-km-²y-¯ n\p thn D]-tbm-K n-¡-s ¸-Sp-I -bm-s W¶v Adn-bp-¶n-Ã.
{]apJ kwL-S-\-I-fnÂ {]Ya t\XrXzw S&B bpsS ]¡Â Bbn-c n-¡p-¶-
Xn\v AXv {i²n-¡m-dp-v. Hcn-¡Â Ah-cpsS Bi-b-§Ä Øm]n-X-a m-¡-
s¸-«p-I-gn-ªmÂ ]ns¶ AhÀ¡v Hgn-ªp- t]mImw. BÄ{Uq UnIvk¬
sshäv Bbn-c p¶p tImÀWÂ kÀh-I-em-im-e-bnse BZys¯ {]kn-U-v.
Um\n-bÂ tImbnäv KnÂa³, tPm¬ tlm]vIn³kv kÀh-I-em-im-e-bn-
sebpw. AhnsS PÀ½³ hnZym-`ymk k{¼-Zmbw ]n³Xp-S-cp-¶p.
Ata-cn-¡³ lntÌm-dn-¡Â Atkm-kn-tb-j³, Ata-c n-¡³ C¡-tWm-a n-Iv
Atkm-kn-tb-j³, Ata-c n-¡³ sIan-¡Â skmsskän, Ata-cn-¡³
ssk¡tf-m-Pn-¡Â Atkm-kn-tb-j³ FÃmw XpS§n h¨Xv S&B Xs¶-bm-
Wv. kaq-ls¯ ]cp-h-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶ -Xn\v Bh-iy-amb kwL-S-\-IÄ.
ût-j-\p-I-fpsS Imcy-¯nÂ C¯cw {]h-WX IqSp-XÂ hyà-am-Wv.
ût-j³ {SÌ-nI-fnÂ NneÀ XpSÀ¶pw S&B AwK-§-fm-bn-cn-¡pw.- km¼-
¯nI Imcy-§-fnÂ XpS¡w am{Xw aXn-bm-hnÃ F¶-Xn-\memhmw. ImÀ\o
ût-jsâ BZys¯ {]kn-Uv Um\n-bÂ tImbnäv KnÂa³. aä v
S&B AwK-§Ä AXnsâ t_mÀUvÂ h¶n-«n-Ã. ]ot_m-Un, sÉbväÀ,
dÊÂ skbvP v ût-j-\p-I-fpsS XpS-¡-¯ nÂ KnÂa³ Dm-bn-c p-¶p.
aIv tPmÀÖv _³Un, t^mÀUv ût-jsâ {]kn-Uv Bbn-c p-¶p.
Ata-cn-¡³ skmsskän t^mÀ Z PyqUo-jyÂ skänÂsaâv Hm^v CâÀ\m-
258
j-WÂ Unkv]yq-«nsâ BZys¯ A²y-£³ hnÃyw tlmhmÀUv äm^väv.

AXv eoKv äp F³t^mÀkv ]okv F¶ kwL-S-\-bpsS ap³Km-an. AXv
]n¶oSv eoKv Hm^v t\j³kv F¶pw ]n¶oSv bp-s sW-äUv t\j³kv
F¶pw Adn-b-s¸-«p. bpssW-äUv t\j³knse {]ap-J³ BÀ¨n _mÄUv
aIveo-jv.. bp-s\kvtIm bpsS `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS inev]n.
]okv dnkÀ¨v C³Ìn-äyq«v sâ inev] n Pbnwkv Pd-a nb hmUvkvhÀ¯v.
AXv ]n¶oSv C³Ìnäyq«v t^mÀ t]mfnkn ÌUokv Bbn amdn. amÀ¡kv
dkvIn-\p-a mbn t¨À¶v. At±lw aIv tPmÀÖv _³Un-bpsS \mj-WÂ
skIyq-cnän Iu¬knÂ klmbn Bbn-cp-¶p.
s{]m«-Ìâv ]Ån-I-fnÂ S&B km¶n²yw DÅ-X m-Wv. FSp¯p ]d-b-¯¡
{]Øm\w F¶Xv bqWn-b³ Xntbm-f-Pn-¡Â sk-an-\m-cn. AXv
\yqtbmÀ¡nse sImfw-_nb kÀÆ-I -em-im-e-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸«p \nÂ¡p-
¶p. I½yq-WnÌv \pgªp Ibäw Btcm-]n¨v skan-\ mcn At\z-j-Ws¯
t\cn-tSn h¶p. bqWn-b-\nÂ {]mtbm-KnI ssZh-im-kv{X-¯nÂ {]^-k -
dm-bn-cp¶p sl³{Sn tÉmtb³ tIm^v^n³. bqWn-bsâ {]kn-U-pw.
AXv Red SeminaryF¶pw Adn-b-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. AXnsâ hnZymÀ°n-IÄ¡p
thn \nco-iz-c-h mZ ¢_pw \ne-hn-ep-m-bn-cp-¶p. tÉmtb³ sâ aI³
cmjv{S-¯ n-s\-X nsc KqVm-tem-N\ \S¯n F¶ Btcm-]-W-a p-bÀ¶
t_mÌ³ ss^hv se AwKw.
\yqtbmÀ¡nse `c-W- hÀ¤-¯nsâ \nba hnZvKv²À H«p an¡-hmdpw S&B
AwK-§-f m-Wv. {][m-\-a mbpw temÀUv tU Bâv temÀUv, knw]vk¬,
Xm¨À,-Bâv _mÀ«v-se-äv, {]tXy-In¨pw Xm¨À IpSpw-_w, tUhn-Uv,
t]mIv, hmÀUvshÂ Bâv sUs_-thm-bn-kv, ¹nw]vä¬ þ tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ
IpSpw-_-¯nsâ \nba hnZ-Kv²À.
am²y-a -§Ä
ssSw sse^v þ sl³{Sn eyqkv, \mj-WÂ dnhyq þ hnÃyw _Iven,
sUsambvs\ cPn-ÌÀ, ans¶ t]mfnkv ÌmÀ, Iuse-kv I½yq-Wn-t¡-j³kv
þ BÂ{Ûv , Iusek,v enâ³ FUyq-t¡-j-WÂ knÌwkv þ Fs½À«v
s_bväk v v, AävemânIv a³Xven þ dn¨mÀUv Fsse Um\n-bÂ k¬,
t^mÀäyq¬ þ dÊÂ hoeÀ tUbvh³t]mÀ«v, ^dmÀ kv{Smhpkv þ tPm¬
Nn]va³ ^dmÀ
]{X-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯nse Gähpw A`n-am-\-I-c -amb k½m-\-amWv lmÀhÀUv
kÀÆ-I -em-im-e-bnse \oa³ s^tÃm-jn-¸v. 1937 \pw 1968 \pw CSbv¡v 300
Â ]cw s^tÃm-jn-¸p-IÄ \ÂIpI-bp-m-bn. \oa³ sâ BZys¯ Ub-d-
IvSÀ BÀ¨n-_mÄUv aIveo-jv.
S&B AwK-§Ä . s]Àkn tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ, ]bv³kv, {]mävkv FÃm-hcpw
Ìm³UmÀUv HmbnÂ, sjÂ HmbnÂ, {IntbmÄ s]t{Sm-fn-bw, tkmtImWn
hmIqw. jn¡m-tKm-hnse tUmWÃn IpSpw-_w, thbÀ_yq-kÀ.
259
Hcp Uk³ AwK-§-s f-¦ nepw sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhp-a mbn _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p.

]nbsd tPbv þ At±lw Hcp kzImcy -kvIqÄ \S-¯n-bn-«p-v. am³l-«³
_m¦nsâ A{]-i-kvX-\mb Ub-d-IvSÀ F¶n«pw Gähpw {][m-\ -s¸«
\yqtbmÀ¡v sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhnsâ A²y-£-\m-bn. sshäv luknÂ
äm^väv, _pjv, knw]vk¬, jô, temsh-äv, hnäv\n, _³Un A§ns\
\nc-h[n t]À.
{_n«-\nse The Group Ata-c n-¡-bnse S&B. Ch cpw kam-\-X -I-fp-Å-
Xm-Wv. S&B enJn-X-a mb \nb-a m-h en kq£n-¡p-¶-Xn\v sXfn-hn-Ã. The
Group sâ e£y-§Ä skknÂ tdmUvkv Xsâ hnÂ]-{X-¯nÂ Fgp-Xn-
t¨À¯n-«p-v. Ah {_n«ojv km{am-Py-¯nsâ hym]vXn temI-am-I-a m\w
hy]n-¸n-¡p-I , Ata-cn-¡sb {_n«ojv km{am-Py-¯nsâ {Inbm-ß-I -amb `mK-
am-¡pI XpS-§n-b-h-bm-Wv. S&B bpsS \h-tem-I-{I-a hpw CXp-a m-bn«v
tbmPn¨p t]mIp-¶p. {_n«ojv \b-§sf The Group \qdn-e-[nIw hÀj-§-
fmbn \nb-{ń-¡p-¶p. Ct¸m-gpw. cp kwL-S-\-I fpw XpS-§n-bXv
Cw¥ojv hwi-PÀ. AhÀ slK-en-b³ þ Cw¥ojv k¦c kwkvI mcw hn`m-
h\w sN¿p-¶p. {]n³Ì¬, lmÀhÀUv, tPmÀÖvSu¬ kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-I-
fnÂ A²ym-]-I-\m-bn-c p¶ ImcÄ JznKven At±-l-¯ nsâ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ
The Anglo American Establishment Â The Group s\¡p-dn¨v hnkvX-c n-¡p-
¶p. aäp hÀ¤-§Ä kzta-[bm Ah-cpsS Bi-b-§Ä¡v hg-§p-I -bnÃ
F¶v Dd-¸p-Å-Xp-sImv AhÀ _ew {]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. AXn-te-¡mbn
AhÀ bp²-§fpw hn¹-h-§fpw krjv Sn-¡p-¶p.
AhÀ hn`m-h\w sN¿p¶ \h-tem-I-{I-a-¯nÂ tZiob AXn-cp-I-fp-m-hn-Ã.

hyàn kzmX-ýw, `c-W-L-S\m Ah-Im-i-§Ä, kwc-£-Ww, kmwkvIm-c nI
hyXymkw Ch-sbm¶pw Dm-h n-Ã. AXn\p thn AhÀ hnZym-`ym-kw,
]Ww, \nb-aw, temI- tIm-S-X n , cmjv{So-bw, Ncn{Xw-- F¶mÂ `qX-Im-e-
¯nÂ F´p \S¶p F¶v a\p-jyÀ Icp-Xp-¶-Xv, a\-Èm-kv{Xw, Poh-I m-c p-Wy
-{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä, acp¶v , Btcm-Ky-¯n\pw Poh\pw D]-cn-bm-bn-«pÅ iàn,
aXw, am²y-a -§Ä FÃmw D]-tbm-Kn-¡-pw.
ût-j-\p-IÄ BZyw XpS§nhbv¡p-¶Xv S&B AwK-§-fm-Wv. ImÀ\o,
t^mÀUv FÃmw. AXnsâ {]hÀ¯-\-c oXn \nb-{´W hnt[-b-a m-¡pI
F¶-XmWv Dt±y-iw. AXn\v ]änb `mc-hm-ln-Isf It-¯p-I .
B³{Uq ImÀ\n, bq²-¯nÂ \n¶pw AXn-bmb em`-a p-m-¡n. ÌoÂ hyh-
km-b-¯nÂ. AtX kabw Um\n-tbÂ tImbnäv KnÂasâ \nÀt±-i-{]-
Imcw Ata-cn-¡³ ]okv skmssk-än-bpsS {]kn-Upw km¼-¯nI
klm-bnbpw Bbn-c p-¶p. eoKv äp F³t^mÀkv ]okv Øm]n-¨Xv hnÃyw.
F¨v. äm^väv Dw Xntbm-UÀ amÀ_ÀKpw. AXv kam-[m\w {]N-cn-¸ n-¡p-¶-
Xn\p thn. AtX kabw H¶mw temI-a-lm-bp-²-¯ nÂ Ata-cn¡ ]¦p
260
sImÅWw F¶pw Bh-iys¸«p. 1920 Â BhvdÂ lmcn-a ³ tkmhn-b-äp-I -

fpsS {]apJ hàmhpw km¼-¯nI X{´-]-c-a mb Imcy-§-fnÂ ]n³Xp-W -
¡m-c -\p-am-bn-cp-¶p. A¯cw Imcy-§sf Ata-c n-¡³ sÌbväv
Un¸mÀ«vsaâv \nb-a -§Ä FXnÀ¯n-cp¶ ka-b-¯v.. BZys¯ tkmhnbäv
hmWnPy _m¦v þ djvtImw _m¦nÂ At±lw ]¦p sNÀ¶p. lmcn-a³ þ
tamÀK³ \nb-{´-W-¯n-epÅ Kymcân {SÌnsâ sshkv {]kn-Uv amIvkv
tabv, djv tImw _m¦nsâ BZys¯ sshkv {]kn-U-mbn þ hntZ-i-{]-
hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS. S&B AwK-¯nsâ \nÀt±-i-a -\p-k -cn¨v Ata-cn-¡³ _m¦-À
tkmhn-bäv _m¦nÂ {][m\ ]Z-hn-bnÂ. BhvdÂ lmcn-a ³, At±-l-
¯nsâ ktlm-Z-c³ tdmfv lmcn-a ³, ]ns¶ S&B AwK-§Ä C. Fkv.
Pbnw-kv, ss\äv F¶n-hÀ bqWn-b³ _m¦n-eqsS lnäve-dnsâ {]apJ km¼-
¯nI ]n³Xp-W-¡m-cp-am-bn.
F¶mÂ ]pkvX-I-§Ä ]d-bp-¶Xv \mkn-Ifpw tkmhn-b-äp-Ifpw ISp¯
i{Xp-X-bn-em-bn-cp¶p F¶pw Ah-cpsS k{¼-Zm-b-§Ä hncp-²-a m-bn-c p¶p
F¶p-a m-Wv.
hnÃyw _³Un Hcp ]Xn-ämp Imew CIA bnÂ Dm-b n-c p-¶p.
aIvtPmÀÖv _³Un, sI¶-Un-bp-tSbpw tPm¬k¬ tâbpw tZiob
kpc£m hn`m-K-¯ n-epw. AXm-bXv AhÀ NATO A\p-Iqe {]hÀ¯-I À.
AtXkabw NATO hncp-² -{]-Øm-\-amb C³Ìn-äyq«v t^mÀ t]mfnkn
ÌUo-kp-a mbpw AhÀ tNÀ¶v {]hÀ¯n-¨p.
]e S&B AwK-§fpw ]e-t¸mgpw Ata-c n-¡³ hncp-²- \n-e-] m-Sp-IÄ ]c-ky-
ambn {]Jym-]n-¡p-¶p. hnÃyw _Iven, ]e-t¸mgpw tkmhn-bäv A\p-Iqe
{]Øm-h-\-I Ä \S-¯p-¶p. tPm¬ _À«v Hcp Uk³ I½yq-WnÌv {]Øm-
\-§-fnÂ AwK-am-Wv. hnÃyw. Fkv. tIm^v^n³ JR, CIA bnÂ 3 hÀjw
{]hÀ¯n-¨p. ]ns¶ hnbäv\ mw bp² -hn-cp-² -{]-Øm-\-¯nÂ, \mj-WÂ
tIm¬^-d³kv t^mÀ F \yq s]mfn-än-Ivkv, ]ns¶ Clergy And Laymen
Concerned about Vietnam F¶o {]Øm-\-§-fn-eq-sS. F´p-s Im-mWv
C¯cw hncp² {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä \S-¯p¶ AwK-§sf S&B kln-¡p-¶-Xv.
S&B AXp-X -s¶-bmWv B{K-ln-¡p-¶Xv F¶-XmWv D¯-c w.
CS-X v, heXv F¶pÅ hn`-P\w \nb-{´-W-hn-t[-b-a mb ]cn-hÀ¯\w \S-
¯p-¶-Xn\v Bh-iy-am-Wv. ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ hntcm-[n-I -fmbn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡-s ¸-
«n-cn-¡p¶p amÀIvkpw lnävedpw. Htc XXz-im-kv{X-¯nÂ \n¶pw ( slK-en-
b-\n-kw ) ]cn-Wmaw kw`-h n¨p h¶-h-cm-Wv.
sshcp-²ym-ßI hmZw XpS-§n-bXv ^nIvsS, slKÂ F¶n-h-c nÂ \n¶p-am-
Wv. 18-þmw \qäm-nsâ Ah-km-\-t¯m-sS, 19-þmw \qäm- nsâ Bcw-`-t¯m-
sS. sshcp-²ym-ßI hmZw ]d-bp-¶Xv hncp-²-X -I-fpsS kwLÀjw, kwtÇ-
j-W-¯n\v Imc-W-a m-h p¶p F¶m-Wv. amÀIvknk-¯nepw \mkn-k-¯nepw
kzmX-{ý-an-Ã.
261
^nIvsS {ôta-bvk¬ Bbn-cp-¶p. CÃyq-a n-\ män At±-ls¯ DbÀ¯n

hn«p. sKbvsY At±-l-¯n\v tP\m kÀÆ-I -em-i m-e-bnÂ {]th-i-\-¯n\p
thn ]cn-{i-a n-¨ p. e£yw amÀ¤s¯ km[q-I -cn-¡p-¶p F¶mWv CÃyq-an-
\män XXzw. The Group Dw S&B bpw slK-ens\ ASn-Ø m-\-a m-¡n-bmWv
\ne sImÅp-¶-X v. S&B bpsS Øm]-I³ hnÃyw dÊÂ 1831þ 32 Ime¯v
PÀ½-\n-bn-ep-m-bn-cp-¶p. A¡m-e¯v slKÂ PÀ½-\n-bnÂ Gähpw NÀ¨
sN¿-s¸« hyànbpw .
CSXpw heXpw X½n-epÅ NÀ¨, Pt^Àksâ Gähpw \Ã Kh¬saâv
F¶mÂ Gähpw sNdnb Kh¬ssaâv, F¶ Xe-¯n-te¡v t]mIp-¶-Xn\v
A\p-h-Zn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. NÀ¨bpw [\-k-lm-bhpw Ft¸mgpw IqSp-XÂ A[n-
Imcw Kh¬saân\v, IqSp-XÂ Kh¬saâv A[n-Imc hn\n-tbm-K-¯n-\v,
hyàn-kzm-X-{ý-¯nÂ \n¶pw AI-te¡v F¶ a«n-em-Wv. `c-W- Iq-S-
¯nsâ A[n-Im-c -¯ns\ _m[n-¡m-¯ n-S-t¯mfw CSXpw heXpw F¶Ã
F´p Xcw hn`-P\hpw {]iv\ -a-Ã. S&B ¡v äm^v äv \ÂInb Gähpw henb
kw`m-h \ temI \nb-ahpw, temI tImS-Xn-bpw. \h-tem-I -{I-a -¯nsâ
CâÀ\m-j-W-en-k-¯n\p thn. CFR t]mepÅ kwL-S-\-I Ä Gähpw
]pd-ta-bpÅ ]mfn-I-fm-Wv. S&B DÅn-ep-Å-Xpw. S&B t]mepÅ aäp kwL-S-
\-Ifpw Dm-bn-c n-¡p-¶-X n\v km²y-X-bp-v. F¶mÂ sXfn-hn-Ã.
Chapter 322, S&B bpsS Hcp `mKhpw
CFR Gähpw ]pd-ta-bpÅ Hcp ]mfn-bm-Wv. S&B bnepw CFR epw AwK-§-
fm-bn-cp-¶hÀ F®-¯nÂ Ipd-hm-Wv. tPmÀÖv _pjv A¯-c-¯nÂ HcmÄ.
tPm\-¯³ _n³Jw, hnÃyw _Iven, aIvtPmÀÖv _³Un XpS§n hfsc
Ipd-¨p-t]À am{Xw.
Trilateral Commission ( TC ) epw S&B bnepw Htc kabw AwK-Xz-a p-Å-hÀ
CÃ. F¶mÂ tUhnUv tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ 1973 Â Øm]n-¨-Xm-Wv TC. 200
AwK-§Ä. 77 Ata-c n-¡-¡mÀ . s{Û-dnIv thbÀlyq-skäv S&B AwKw.
At±-l-¯nsâ aI³ TC bnÂ am{Xw. tdm_À«v äm^väv JR , TCbnÂ
am{Xw. S&B Øm]n-¨Xv At±-l-¯ nsâ apXp-ap-¯-Ñ³. IpSpw-_-¯nÂ
\n¶pw S&B AwK-§Ä.
dn¨ÀUvk¬ UnÂ hÀ¯v, tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ IpSpw-_-¯ nsâ km¼-¯n-I hpw
`c-W-]-c-h p-a mb Imcy-§-fpsS Xe-h³. S&B AwKw. s]Àkn tdms¡-s ^-
ÃÀ AwK-am-bn-cp-¶p. aäp-Å-hÀ AÃ. TC Hcp tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ {]Øm-\ w.
TC bpsS e£y-§fpw S&B bpsS e£y-§fpw H¶p Xs¶. S&B bpsS
e£yw t\Sp-¶ -Xn\v thn-bpÅ Nhn-«p-]-Sn-bm-bn-c n¡mw TC .
_nÂUÀ_ÀKnepw S&B bnepw AwK-Xz-a p-ÅXv hnÃyw _Iven am{Xw.
262
]Ww FÃm-¯n-t\bpw \nb-{ń-¡p-¶p. S&B bnse IpSpw-_-§Ä tdms¡-

s^-Ã-dp-ambn am{X-a Ã At\Iw ût-j-\p-I-fp-a mbpw At\Iw Dd-hn-S-§-
fp-ambpw _Ô-s ¸-«n-c n-¡p-¶p. tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ ASp¯ Ime-¯p-mb
{]Xn-`m-k-am-Wv. S&B sb \nb-{ń-¡m\pw thp¶ Icp¯v DÄs¡m-Åp-
¶n-Ã. P\-dÂ FUyq-t¡-j³ t_mÀUn-eqsS S&B bmWv tdms¡-s ^-Ãsd
DbÀ¯n-s ¡m-p-h-¶-Xv. adn-¨-Ã.
Hcp hÀjw 10 e£-t¯mfw _ncp-Z-[m-cn-I fpw 30,000 tUmIvS-tdäv t\Sn-b-
hcpw krjvSn-¡-s ¸-Sp¶ Ata-cn-¡sb \bn-¡p-¶-Xn\v Ign-hp-Å-h À 15 t]À
am{Xw. kv{XoI-fn-Ã. ]pcp-j-·mÀ am{Xw. sbbvÂ s\Iq-SmsX 2500 D¶X
hnZy-`ymk tI{µ-§-fp-Å-XnÂ sbbvÂ am{Xw Ata-c n-¡sb \bn-¡p-¶-Xn\v
{]m]vXn-bp-Å-h sc krjvSn-¡p-¶p.
Ata-cn-¡³ lntÌm-dn-¡Â Atkm-kn-tb-j-\n-eqsS Ncn{Xw \nb-{ń-¡-s ¸-
Sp-¶p. sk³kÀjn¸v Hcp henb ]¦v hln-¡p-¶p. P\-X -bpsS _e-lo-
\X AXn-t\-¡mÄ {]m[m-\y-a m-b-X m-Wv. CSXv heXv F¶pÅ hn`-P\w
krjvSn¨v a\p-jysc Nne {]tXyI coXn-bnÂ Nnń-¡p-¶-Xn\v t{]cn-¸ n-¡p-
¶-XmWv asämcp amÀ¤w. CS-X p -`m-K-¯pÅhsc he-Xp -`m-K¯p \n¶pw
hcp¶ Nn´m ]²-X nsb B{I-a n-¡p-¶ -Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡mw. adn-¨pw.
AXn\p thn am²y-a-§sf Ir{Xn-a-a mbn B coXn-bnÂ krjvSn-¡p-¶p.
Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ Nation ]ns¶ New Republic F¶nh CSXv F¶pÅ a«nÂ ,
hnÃmÀUv kvs {Sbväv, S&B AwKw s]bv³ hnäv\n-bpsS ]Ww sImv
krjvSn-¨-Xm-Wv. heXp hi-¯v \m-j-WÂ dnhyq, S&B AwKw hnÃyw
_Ivse {]kn-²o-I-c n-¡p-¶p.
kzX-{´-a mb CSXp ]£hpw kzX-{´-a mb heXp ]£hpw F¶mÂ Cu
sIWn a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶n-Ã. Xnc-Èo-ebv¡p ]n¶nÂ F´p \S-¡p¶p F¶v
AhÀ At\z-jn-¡p-¶ n-Ã.
1850 Â sbbvÂ Â \n¶pw ]ncnª 3 S&B AwK§Ä Ata-c n-¡³ hnZym-
`ym-ks¯ ASn-a pSn DS¨p hmÀ¯p. Ata-cn-¡³ P\X AXv a\-Ên-em-¡p-
¶n-Ã.
Xntam¯n ssUzäv þ sbbvÂ kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bpsS 12-þmas¯ {]kn-U-v,
Um\n-bÂ tImbnäv KnÂa³ þ Imen-t^mÀWnb kÀÆI-em-i me, tPm¬
tlm]vIn³kv , ImÀ\o C³Ìn-äyq-j³ -F-¶n-h-bpsS BZys¯ {]kn-U-v.
B³{Uq PmIvk¬ sshäv þ tImÀWÂ kÀÆ-I -em-i m-e, Ata-cn-¡³
lntÌm-dn-¡Â Atkm-kn-tb-j³ F¶n-h-bpsS BZys¯ {]kn-U-v.
AhÀ aqhcpw _Àen³ kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bnÂ XXz-imkv{Xw ]Tn-¨p. AhnsS
D¯-cþ slK-en-b³ k{¼-Zmbw Ip¯I t\Sn-bn-cp-¶p. KnÂasâ Kpcp-
¡Ä ImÄ thm¬ dnädpw, s{Û-dnIv sS³UÀ en³_ÀKpw . heXp ]£
slK-en-b³. B ka-b¯v AhnsS hnÂlw hqâv Experimental
Psychology bpsS ]nXmh,v Dm-bn-cp-¶p. At±-l-¯ nsâ injy-K-W-§Ä
263
eo]vknKv Â \n¶pw h¶-X ns\ XpSÀ¶v Ata-c n-¡³ hnZym-`ym-kw ]pXnb

amÀ¤w Bcw-`n-¨p. heXp ]£ slK-en-b-\p-I-fnÂ {][m-\n-IÄ ImÄ dnä-
À, _nkva mÀ¡v,
_mc¬ thm¬ tÌm¡vamÀ þ At±lw Cw¥-nse hnIvtSm-dnb cmÚn-
bpsS kzImcy D]-tZ-jv Sm-hm-bn-cp-¶p. ]ns¶ asämcp {]ap-J³ ImÄ
Xntbm-UÀ Um³_ÀKvþ CÃyq-an-\män þ PÀ½³ doIv se BÀ¨v Nm³k-eÀ,
Cw¥-nse BIvS³ {]`p-hnsâ _Ôp.
CSXp slK-en-b\pIÄ þ ImÄ amÀIvkv, GwKÂkv, sl³{Uo¨v slbv³,
amIvkv ÌnÀ\À, tamkkv slÊv.
Ccp Iq«cpw slK-ensâ `c-W-I qSw F¶ kn²m-´-¯nÂ \n¶pw XpS¡w
Ipdn-¡p-¶p. hyàn-tb-¡mÄ Hu¶Xyw `c-W-Iq-S-¯n-\mWv F¶-Xv.
{]jy³ anen-ä-dn-kw, \mkn-kw, amÀIvknkw FÃm-än-tâbpw XXz-imkv{X
ASn-¯ d H¶p Xs¶-bm-Wv.
[ Yale College . By George Wilson Pierson ]
[ The Life of Daniel Coit Gilman. By. Fabian Franklin ]
S&B sb \nb-a-] -c-a mbn cPn-ÌÀ sNbvX Xv dÊÂ {SÌv F¶ t]cnÂ. AXv
\S-¸ nÂ hcp-¯n-bXv Um\n-bÂ KnÂa³. IqsS hnÃyw dÊÂ þ BZy-Ime
{]kn-U-v. F¶mÂ KnÂa³ sâ Poh-N-cn{X¯nÂ CXn-s\-¡p-dn-s ¨m¶pw
{]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶ n-Ã. HutZym-KnI tcJ-I-fnÂ KnÂa³ sbbvÂ kÀÆ-I-em-im-
e-bnÂ Akn-Ìâv sset{_-dn-b-\ m-bn-c p¶p F¶pw ]ns¶ At±-ls¯ \yq
slh³ t_mÀUv Hm^v FUyq-t¡-j-\nÂ \nb-a n¨p F¶p-am-Wv.
tPmlm³ {Û-dnIv slÀ_mÀ«v. C¶v At±-l-s¯-¡p-dn¨v A[n-I-amÀ¡p
Adn-bn-Ã. 19-þ mw \qäm-nsâ BZy-I m-e¯v {]ap-J-\ m-bn-c p¶ PÀ½³ XXz-
Nn-´-I³. \mj-WÂ slÀ_mÀ«v skmsskän t^mÀ kb-â-n^nIv ÌUn
Hm^v FUyq-t¡-j³, slÀ_mÀ«nsâ XXz-§Ä Ahew_n-¨ n-c p-¶p.
]n¶oSv AXv \mj-WÂ skmsskän t^mÀ Z ÌUn Hm^v FUyq-t¡-j³
Bbn. slÀ_mÀ«nsâ kn²m-´-§Ä slKÂ ]¦psImn-c p-¶p.
At±lw hnÂlw hq³«ns\ Imcy-a mbn kzm[o-\n-¨n-c p-¶p. hyàn-tb-¡mÄ
D]cn kaq-l-¯n-\mWv {]m[m-\yw. F´mtWm kaq-l-¯ n\v \ÃXv AXmWv
k·mÀ¤w. slK-ensâ Bi-b-§Ä¡v kam-\ -am-Wv. slÀ_mÀ«ns\
kzm[o-\n-¨-h À tPmlm³ slÀU-À , s{Û-dnIv jnÃÀ, tPmlm³ ^nIvs ä,
sKbvtY. ]n¶oSv kznävkÀe³UnÂ slÀ_mÀ«v, tPmlm³ s]Ì-tem-kn-
bp-ambn ASp-¸ -¯n-em-bn. jnÃÀ HgnsI asä-Ãm-h cpw CÃyq-an-\m-än. s]Ì-
tem-kn-bpsS ]pkvXIw “Pestalozzi’s Idea of ABC of Sense Impression”
Hcp CÃyq-an-\män ]pkvX-I w. C¶pw AXnsâ XXz-§Ä \½psS hnZym-
`ymk ]²-X n-bnÂ Ahew-_n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. CÃyq-an-\män {InkvX p-a X hncp-²-
am-sW-¦nepw At\Iw ]ptcm-ln-X-·mÀ AXnÂ AwK-§-fm-Wv. _th-dn-b³
264
Kh¬saâv AXns\ AaÀ¨v sNbvXp F¦nepw AXv ]n¶oSv ]p\-cp-²-cn-¡-

s¸-«p. CÃyq-an-\m-än-bp-sSbpw S&B bpsSbpw BNm-c-§Ä kam-\-a m-Wv.
{]ap-J-a m-b 3 cl-ky-kw-L-S-\ -IÄ. . aq¶pw kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-I-fnÂ DZbw
sNbvX-Xv. C³tKmÄÌmäv kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bnÂ “CÃyq-an-\män” , BÄ
tkmÄkv tImtfPv þ HmIvkv^ÀUv kÀÆ-I-em-km-e-bnÂ Z {Kq]v, sbbvÂ
kÀÆ-I -em-im-e-bnÂ “S&B”. kXyw, kzmX{ýw F¶n-h-s b-¡p-dn¨v
At\z-jWw \S-t¯ {]Øm-\-§Ä temI ASn-a-¯-¯n\p thn
{]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. [ Proofs of A Conspiracy By John Robison ]
PÀ½³ FIvkvs]-cn-s aânÂ sskt¡m-f-Pnbpw Ata-cn-¡³ hnZy-`ymk
k{¼-Zm-bhpw X½n-epÅ _Ôw Ata-cn-¡³ a\-È m-kv{X-Ú³ Ìm³en
lmÄ eqsS-bm-Wv. At±-l-¯ nsâ Ime-L-«-¯nÂ Gähpw {]apJ\mb
hnZym-`ymk hnaÀi-I³. At±lw Yale Â ]Tn-¨n-c p-¶n-Ã. {]Ya ZrjvSym
S&B bpw At±-l-hp-ambn _Ô-sam-¶p-a n-Ã. At±-l-¯ nsâ Bß-I -Y-bnÂ
2 F®w bpWn-b³ Xntbm-f-P n-¡Â skan-\ m-c n-bnÂ {]hÀ¯n-¨n-c p¶p
F¶v hyà-a m-¡p-¶p. sl³{Sn tÉmtb³ tIm^v^n³ bqWn-b\nÂ
Atkm-kn-tbäv {]^-k-dpw, Hcp L«-¯nÂ {]kn-U-p-a m-bn-c p-¶p. [ The
Leipzig Connection . By. Lance J Klass And Paoli Lionni ]
AhnsS h¨v ]cn-N-b-¯n-emb sl³{Sn t_bvâ¬, lmÄ \v bqtdm-¸nÂ
t]mIp-¶-Xn-\pÅ GÀ¸m-Sp- m-¡n. ]Ww \ÂIn-bXv Scroll and Key
AwKw sl³{Sn skbvPv. sl³{Sn-bpsS IpSpw-_-¯nÂ \n¶v ]n¶oSv cp-
t]À S&B AwK-a mbn. Uo³ skbvPv (1997), sl³{Sn am¶n§v skbvPv
(1990)
PÀ½-\n-bnÂ \n¶pw Xncn¨p h¶ lmÄ S&B bpsS Iogn-emWv ]n¶oSv
{]hÀ¯n-¨-Xv. slmsdbvkv a³ ]nc-ª-X p-sImv Dmb Hgn-hnÂ lmÄ,
Bân-tbmIv tImf-PnÂ {]^-k-dm-bn. [ National Cyclopedia of American
Biography ] -. slm-s dbvkv a³, Bân-tbmIv tImf-P nsâ BZy {]kn-U-v.
Bân-tbmIv tImtf-Pnsâ {]apJ {SÌn AÂt^m¬tkm äm^väv. S&B
bpsS Øm]-I-cnÂ HcmÄ.
[ 1. Recreations of a Psychologist
2. Life And Confessions of a Psychologist By G. Stanley Hall ]
lmÄ 6 hÀjw PÀ½-\ n-bnÂ sNe-h-h n-¨p.
“lmÀ«va³ Dw sÎv\-dp-a mbn ASp-¡m³ Ign-ªXv Fsâ `mKy-a m-Wv.
AhÀ slwtlmÄ«vkp-ambn kl-I -cn-¨n-cp-¶p. Rm³ hq³Sn-sâ BZys¯
hnZymÀ°n. Cu Ime-L«w B[p-\nI a\- Èm-kv{X-¯n\v ASn-Øm-\-a p-m-
¡n.” [ Founders of Modern Psychology : By G. Stanley Hall ]
265
lmÄ s\ kzm[o-\n¨ \mev XXz-Nn-´-I-· mÀ

1. FUp-thmÀUv thm¬ lmÀ«va ³ þ km[m-c W coXn-bnÂ \n¶pw XnI¨pw
hncp-²-amb ImgvN-¸m-SmWv lmÀ«-a ³ hyàn-kzm-X-{ý-s¯-¡p-dn¨v
]peÀ¯n-bn-cp-¶-Xv. kzmX{ýw \ntj-[m-ßI-a m-Wv. Pohn-X-¯nsâ FÃm
Xpd-I-fnepw \nb-{´Ww Bh-iy-a m-Wv. a\p-jyÀ¡v Bhiyw \nb-{ń-X-
amb ASn-¨ -aÀ¯-em-Wv. kmaq-lnI ]ptcm-K-Xn-sb-¡p-dn¨v slKepw
lmÀ«vs a\pw X½nÂ A[nIw A´-c-a n-Ã. AhÀ¡v cp t]À¡pw hyàn
kzmXýw A\p-h-Z-\o-b-a -Ã.
2. KpkvX mhv Xntbm-UÀ sÎv\À þ At±-l-¯n\v slK-ens\ CjvS-am-bn-cp-
¶n-Ã. sÎv\-dnsâ A`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ slKÂ Nnń-¡m³ ]Tn-¡m¯ a\p-
jy³. sÎv\-dnsâ CjvS-hn-jbw ]mcm-s sk-t¡m-f-Pn. a\-Ênsâ At\z-
jW hnt[-b-a m-¡-s ¸-Sm¯ Imcy-§Ä.
3. slÀa³ slw-tlmÄ«vkv þ B Ime-L-«-¯nÂ PÀ½-\n-bnse Gähpw
{]ap-J-\mb imkv{X-Ú³. slK-ensâ ap³Kman , Imânsâ A\p-bm-bn.
At±-ls¯ kw_-Ôn¨v temIw F¶Xv a\p-jy\pw A]-cn-Nn-X-amb Hcp
iànbpw X½n-epÅ sImSp-¡Â hm§-enÂ \n¶p-m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. ico-c -
im-kv{Xhpw a\-È m-kv{Xhpw hgn am{Xta A\p-`-h-§sf ]qÀ®-ambn a\-Ên-
em-¡p-¶ -Xn\v km[n-¡p-I-bp-Åq.
4. hnÂslw hq³Svþ eo]vknKvse XXz-i mkv{X A²ym-]-I ³. lmÄ s\
Gähpw kzm[o-\n¨ hyàn. B[p-\nI hnZy-`ymk k{¼-Zmbw, slK-
ensâ tkmjyÂ Xnbdnbpw hnÂlw hq³{Snsâ Experimental Psychology
bpw X½n-epÅ k¦-e-\-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯n-ep-Å-X m-Wv. ImÄ amÀIvkpw
_nkva mÀ¡pw slK-ensâ kn²m´w cmjv{So-b -¯nÂ D]-tbm-Kn-¨p.
tPmlm³ slÀ_mÀ«nsâ kzm[o\w Dm-bn-cp¶ hnÂslw hq³Sv, slK-
ens\ hnZym-`ym-k-¯nepw. AXn-s\-bmWv lmÄ Dw tPm¬ Uothbpw aäp
hnZym-`ymk Nn´-I-·mcpw B[p-\nI hnZy-`ymk ]²-X n-bnÂ {]tbm-Kn-¨-Xv.
hnÂslw hq³Sv sâ AÑsâ AÑ³ ImÄ Imkn-anÀ hq³Sv t_bvU-\nse
loU³_ÀKv kÀÆ-I-em-i m-e-b nse Ncn-{Xhpw `qan-im-kv{X-hpw -] -Tn-¸n-
¡p¶ {]^-k-dm-bn-cp¶p. ho»n³sKÂ se ]Ån-bn-Â ]ptcm-ln-X-\pw.
At±lw CÃyq-a n-\ m-än-bpw. hnÂslw hq³Sv sâ Gähpw {]apJamb
cN\ Volker Psychologie C¶v Lexicon Reference {KÙ-a m-Wv.
Ata-cn-¡³ hnZym-`ym-k -N-cn-{X-¯nÂ hq³Sv {]m[m\yw t\Sp-¶p. ImcWw
þ
1. ]co-£-Wm-Sn-Ø m-\ -¯n-epÅ a\-Èmkv{X ( Experimental Psychology )
¯nÂ temI-¯nse BZys¯ ]co-£-W-ime At±lw 1875 Â Øm]n-¨p.
{]tNm-Z-\-§Ä F{]-Imcw {]Xn-I -cWw Df-hm¡pw F¶v ]co-£n-¡p-¶-Xn\p
thn.
266
2. a\p-jy³ A\p-`-h-§-fpsS am{Xw BsI-¯p-I -bm-s W¶v hq³Sv Icp-Xn-

bn-cp-¶p. Ah-\nÂ GÂ¸n-¡-s ¸-Sp¶ {]tNm-Z-\-§Ä Df-hm-¡p-¶-Xv. \bn-
¡-s¸-tS \nIrjvS Pohn-IÄ
3. Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ \n¶pw bqtdm-¸nÂ \n¶pw hq³Snsâ ]¡Â \n¶v
]pXnb imkv{Xw A`y-kn-¡p-¶-Xn\v hnZymÀXvYn-IÄ h¶n-cp-¶p. AhÀ
Ah-cpsS \m«n-te¡v Xncn¨p t]mbn a\-È mkv{X hnZym-e-b-§Ä Øm]n¨v
\qdp-I-W-¡n\v a\p-jysc AXv ]cn-io-en-¸n-¨p.
slK-en-b³ XXz-im-kv{X-s¯ B[m-c -am-¡n-bn-cp-¶-Xn-\mÂ a-\p-jyÀ hne-bn-
Ãm-¯, `c-W-Iq-S-¯nsâ Zbm-Zm-£n-Wy-¯nÂ Ign-bp¶ \nIr-jvS-Pohn F¶v
hne-bn-cp-¯-s¸-«p. Ahs\ cq]-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xv A\p-`-h-§Ä am{Xw.
hq³Snsâ Cu ImgvN¸mSv lmÄ Ata-c n-¡-bn-te¡v sImp h¶p.
At±lw {][m-\ -ambpw a\-Èm-kv{X-Ú\pw A²ym-] -I\pw Bbn-c p-s ¶-
¦nepw ImgvN-¸m-Sp-IÄ amÀIvkn-kväv Bbn-cp-¶p.
lmÄ PÀ½-\n-bnÂ eo]vknKvÂ hq³Sv sâ IognÂ ]cn-io-en-¨ p sImn-cn-
¡p¶ ka-b¯v sbbvÂ Â S&B FXnÀ¸ns\ t\cn-tSn h¶p. kwL-Sn-
X-amb BZys¯ FXnÀ¸v.
1872 Â ]pXp-Xmbn Øm]n¡-s ¸« Imen-t^mÀWnb kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bnÂ
{]kn-U-mbn Um\n-bÂ KnÂa³, F¶mÂ AhnsS At±lw kpc-£n-X-\m-
bn-cp-¶n-Ã.
[\n-I-\ mb _mÄ«n-tamÀ hym]m-cn, tPm¬ tlm]vIn³vkv At±-l-¯nsâ
k¼¯v _ncp-Z-X -e-¯nÂ kÀÆ-I-em-ime Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw saUn-¡Â
hnZym-`ymk Øm]\w \S-¯p-¶ -Xn\pw thn \o¡n h¨p.
tlm]vIn³knsâ {SÌn-a m-s c-Ãm-w _mÄ«naqdn-ep-Å-h-cm-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ
]pXnb kÀÆ-I -em-i m-e-bpsS {]kn-U-mbn Um\n-bÂ tImbnäv KnÂa³.
[ A History of the University Founded by John Hopkins By John. C.
French
Life of Daniel Coit Gitman By Fabian Franklin ]
tlm]vIn³kv saUn-¡Â kvIqfnsâ Xe-h-\ mbn Um\n-bÂ KnÂa³, S&B
AwK-amb hnÃyw. F¨v.shÂjns\ sImv h¶p. shÂjv, tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ
C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v saUn-¡Â dnkÀ¨nsâ t_mÀUv Hm^v Ub-d-IvtSgvkv
{]kn-U-m-bn-cp-¶p. 25 hÀj-¡mew (1910-þ1934)
PÀ½-\n-bnÂ \n¶pw Xncn¨p h¶ lmÄ , lmÀhÀUv bqWn-th-gvkn-än-bn-
te¡v £Wn-¡-s ¸-«p. ]ns¶ tPm¬ tlm]vI n³kv kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bn-te-
¡pw. a\-Èm-kv{X-hn-`mKw Xe-h-\ m-bn. 1881 Â. A[nIw Ignhpw ]cn-N-b-hp-
ap-m-bn-c p¶ ]e-tcbpw adn IS¶p sImv. At±-l-¯ n\v a\-Èmkv{X
]co-£-W-im-ebpw AXym-h -iy-¯n-\pÅ ]Whpw e`y-a m-bn. At±lw The
American Journal of Psychology \ne-hnÂ sImp h¶p.
267
“Rm³ ]Tn-¸n¨ a\-Èmkv{Xw {][m-\-a mbpw ]co-£-Wm-Sn-Ø m-\ -¯n-ep-Å-Xm-

bn-cp-¶p. AXn\p th ]pkvX-I-§Ä {]-[m-\ -ambpw hq³Sv, ico-c-im-
kv{Xs¯ ASn-Øm-\-a m-¡nbpÅ a\-Èm-kv{Xs¯ ASn-Øm-\-a m¡n X¿mÀ
sNbvXXv” þ lmÄ
1930 BI-t¼m-tg¡pw 117 a\-Èmkv{X ]co-£-W-im-e-IÄ Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ
Øm]n-X-a m-bn. AXnsâ DXv]-¶-§fnÂ {]ap-J-c mWv tPm¬ Unth, sP.
Fw ImäÄ, C.-sF. tXm¬ssU-Iv. sImfw-_nb Sot¨Àkv tImf-Pv,
jn¡mtKm kvIqÄ Hm^v FUyq-t¡-j³ F¶n-h -bnÂ \n¶v.
1900 hsc PÀ½-\n-bnÂ hnÂslw hq³Sv sâ IognÂ a\-Èmkv{Xw A`y-kn-¨ -
hcpw, AhÀ Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ ]Tn-¸n¨v tUmIvS-tdäv _ncpZw \ÂIn-b-h-cp-tS-
bpw, 1948 hscbpÅ hnh-c-§Ä :
hq³Snsâ Ata-c n-¡³ hnZymÀ°n-I Ä /]Tn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶ -

kÀÆ-I -em-ime / 1948 hsc-bpÅ Ime-L-«-¯ nÂ Ata-c n-¡³ kÀÆ-I-em-
im-e-I-fnÂ AhÀ \ÂInb tUmIvS-tdäv_ncp-Z§fpsS F®w
Pn. Ìm³en- lmÄ tPm¬ tlm]vIn³kv 149

& ¢mÀIv kÀÆ-I-em-ime
sP.-Fw.-Im-äÄ sImfw-_nb 344
C.-U-»yq. kv{In-¸ v¨À sbbvÂ 138

C. _n. äns¡-s\À tImÀsWÂ
112
F¨v. sKbväv ans¶-tÊm« 123
Pn.-än. U»yq. ]m{SnIv Atbmh 269
kn.-F-¨ v. PÍv jn¡mtKm 196
C.-_n. än¡-s\À F¶mÂ hq³Sv sâ hn-a Ài-I-\m-bn-cp-¶p. aäp-Å-hÀ

AÔ-a mbn A\p-K-a n-¨ p. Um\nbÂ KnÂa³, tPm¬ tlm]vIn³knÂ
XpS§n h¨ {]Øm\w, ]c-kv]cw _Ôn-X -amb hnZym-`ym-k -{]-Øm-\-§-fn-
eqsS hfÀ¶v hep-X m-bn. AXv C¶s¯ hnZym-`ym-ks¯ \nb-{ń-¡p-¶p.
268
ASp¯ \qäm-tmsS S&B AXnsâ kzm[o\w hn]p-e-s ¸-Sp-¯n. {]ap-J-

amb Øm\-§-fnÂ AXnsâ AwK-§Ä Dm-bn-cp-¶-Xp-]-tbm-Kn¨v AwK-§-
f-Ãm¯ kam\ Nn´m-K-X n-¡m-scbpw Xo{h-amb kz`mh {]tXy-I-X-I-fp-Å-h -
tcbpw BIÀjn-¡p-¶-X n\v Ign-ªp. B³{Uq UnIvk¬ sshäv ,
tImÀWÂ bq-Wn-th-g -k
v n-än-bpsS {]knUm-bn-c p-¶p. CS¡v PÀ½-\n-
bnse Ata-cn-¡³ Aw-_m-k-U-dpw. At±lw Is-¯n-b-X mWv dn¨mÀUv.
än. Csse. Ata-cn-¡³ C¡-tWm-anIv Atkm-kn-tb-j³ Øm]-I³.
tPm¬ tlm]vIn³knÂ \n¶pw hnc-an¨ KnÂa³ , hmjn§vS³ Un.-kn.-
bnse ImÀ\o C³Ìn-äyq-«nsâ BZy {]kn-U-m-b n.
hnZym-`ymk ( Academic ) kwL-S-\ -IÄ hnZym-`ymk hnN-£-Wsc ]cp-h-s¸-
Sp-¯p-¶-X n\pw \nb-{ń-¡p-¶ -Xn\pw D]-tbm-Ky-a m-Wv. ta[m-hn-Xz-a pÅ Bi-
b-K-Xn-bnÂ \n¶v amdn Nnń-¡p-¶Xv sXmgnÂ \jvS-am-hp-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-am-
hpw. F¶mÂ C¡-tWm-a nIv Atkm-kn-tb-jsâ ZuXyw , kzX-{´-amb
{]Øm-\-§fpw `c-W-I q-S-¯nsâ \nb-{´-W-¯n-epÅ {]Øm-\-§fpw
X½nÂ sa¨w GXm-sW¶v Xocp-a m-\n-¡p¶ Xc-¯nÂ [\-Imcy hnZ-Kv²-c-Ãm-
¯-h sc ]cp-h-s¸-Sp-¯pI F¶-Xm-Wv. `c-W-IqSw km¼-¯nI ]²Xn X¿m-
dm-¡p-¶-X v, `c-W-Iq-S-¯nsâ cmjv{Sob taÂt¡m-bva bv¡v Bh-iy-am-Wv.
S&B. bpsS kzm[o-\-¯ n\p IognÂ Ata-cn-¡³ C¡-tWm-a nIv Atkm-kn-
tb-j³ krjvSn-s ¨-Sp-¯-XmWv km¼-¯nI imkv{X-¯nse A²ym-] -I-cpsS
Collectivist kz`m-hw.
dn¨mÀUv.-än. Csse. loUÂs_ÀKv kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bnÂ \n¶v tUmIvS-

tdäv. aS-§n-sb-¯nb DSs\ 1879 Â Um\n-bÂ KnÂa³ At±-ls¯
tPm¬ tlm]vIn³kv kÀÆ-I -em-im-e-bnÂ cmjv{ Sob [\-X-Xz-im-kv{X-hn-`m-
K-¯nsâ A²y£ Øm\-t¯¡v £Wn-¨ p. Csse At±-l-¯nsâ Bß-
IY Ground Under Our Feet KnÂa³ \v ka-À ¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.
“AXnÂ At±lw Fgp-X p¶p “Rm³ B³{Uq UnIvk¬ sshäv Â Hcp
hneaXn-¡m-\m-hm-¯- kp-lr-¯ns\ ImWp¶p.”
At±-l-¯nsâ {]Ya ]pkvXIw French And German Socialism Â
At±lw ]d-bp-¶p.
“Cu ]pkvXIw _lp-am-\-s ¸« B³{Uq UnIvk¬ sshänsâ \nÀt±-i-{]-
Im-c -amWv cNn-¡-s¸-«-Xv. At±-l-¯n-t\mSv Rm³ hm¡p-I Ä¡-Xo-X-ambn
IS-s ¸-«n-c n-¡p-¶p.”
At±-l-¯n\v _Àen-\nse Ata-c n-¡³ Fw_knbnÂ\n¶pw Ft¸mgpw
£W\w e`n-¨ n-c p-¶-X nÂ Cusse AÛp-X-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. Aw_m-k -U-dnÂ
\n¶p Xs¶. sshäv, Fkvd tImÀWÂ, skbvPv F¶n-h-cp-ambn hfsc
269
ASp¯v CS-]-g -Ip-am-bn-cp-¶p. Ìm³en lmÄ \v PÀ½-\n-bnÂ ]T\¯n\p

th [\klmbw \ÂIn-bXv sl³{Sn skbvP v.
Cusse ¢mÊn-¡Â en_-dÂ C¡-tWm-anIvkv s\ XÅn-¸-d-ªn-c p-¶p.
kzX{´ hym]mcw DÄs¸-s S. {ô s{SbvUv PÀ½³ Nn´m ]²Xn¡v hncp-
²-am-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ PÀ½³ ]²-Xn-I-tfmSv XnIª B`n-ap-Jy-hpw.
AXn-\m-em-bn-cn¡mw sshäv At±-ls¯ {]tXyI XmXv] -cy-t¯msS ]cn-c -
£n-¨p.
Cusse tPm¬ tlm]vI n³knÂ\n¶pw ]n¶oSv hn³kvtIm¬knÂ kÀÆ-
I-em-im-e-bpsS km¼-¯nI imkv{X hn`mKw Xe-h -\m-bn. Ct¸mgpw
hn³kvtIm¬knÂ `c-W-I qS A\p-I qe km¼-¯nI imkv{Xw ]n³Xp-S-cp-
¶p. Ahn-Sps¯ ]T-\- ]-²-Xn-IÄ¡v km¼¯nI klmbw \ÂIn-bXv
\yqtbmÀ¡v sse^v C³jp-d³kv I¼-\n-bpsS {]kn-Uv tPmÀÖv. _n.
tImÀs«-eyq. S&B AwKw.
hp{Uq hnÂkv¬ , Cusse-bpsS hnZymÀ°n-bm-bn-cp-¶p. FUvhÀUv
am³UÂ lukvsâ hnZym-`ymkw tPm¬ tlm]vIn³kv {KmaÀ kvIqfn-em-
bn-cp-¶p. At±-l-¯nsâ kl-] mTn BÀXÀ ssSz\n§v lmUven S&B
AwKw . ]n¶oSv lmUven sbbvÂ bqWn-thÀknän {]kn-Um-bn. hÀj-
§Ä¡p tijw Xntbm-UÀ dqkvshÂäv ]d-ªp. lmUven Fsâ kl
Acm-PI hmZn. R§-fpsS bYmÀ° ImgvN¸m-Sp-IÄ ]pd-¯-dn-ªn-c p¶p
F¦n-Â R§Ä¡v cp t]À¡pw {]kn-Uv Øm\w \jvS-am-Ip-am-bn-cp-
¶p. Ata-cn-¡³ {]kn-Uv F¶-Xpw. sbbvÂ kÀÆ-I -em-ime {]kn-
Uv F¶-Xpw. luknsâ t\mhÂ ^nen]v {Uq , S&B bpsS {]hÀ¯-\ -
§sf Ipd-s ¨ms¡ shfn-hm-¡p-¶p. B ka-b¯v luk,v hnÂk-tW-
¡mfpw ASp¸w äm^väp- am-bn. [ Arthur Twining Hadley . By. Morris
Hadley ]
19-þmw \qäm-nsâ Ah-km-\ -¯nÂ Ata-cn-¡³ saUn-kn³ ]cn-Xm-]-I-c -
amb Ah-Ø-bn-em-bn-cp-¶p. tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ P\-dÂ FUyq-t¡-j³
t_mÀUpw C³Ìn-äyq«v t^mÀ saUn¡Â dnkÀ¨pw ITn-\-a mb Nne tcmK-
§-fpsS \nhm-c-W-¯n\v [\-k-lmbw \ÂIn-bn-c p-¶p. cmk-h-kvXp-¡sf
Bkv]-Z-a m-¡n-bpÅ NnInÕ \ne-hnÂ h¶p. kzm`m-h nI NnIn-Õ-Isf
A{]-kàw F¶v hne-bn-c p-¯n. Im³kÀ A[n-I-a m-bn. Ata-cn-¡-bnse
saUn-¡Â hnZym-`ymkw DS-¨p-hmÀ¡-W-sa¶v tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ \nÀt±iw
D¶-bn-¨p. F¶mÂ apgp-h³ [\-k-lm-bhpw S&B AwKw hgn-bmWv F¯n-
t¨À¶-Xv. Htc HcwKw. tdms¡s^ÃÀ ût-j-\ nse s{Û-dn-Iv.-än.
sKbvävk,v ImÀ\o C³Ìn-äyq-«nse F{_lmw ^vs fIvk\-tdmSv ]d-ªp. 10
e£w tUmfÀ sImv Ata-cn-¡-bnse saU-n-¡Â hnZym-`ymkw F§s\
DS¨p hmÀ¡mw. tPm¬ tlm]vIn-³kv saUn-¡Â kv¡qÄ hnI-kn-¸ n-¡p-
¶Xp hgn F¶m-bn-c p¶p D¯-cw. AXnsâ ta[mhn tUmIvSÀ hnÃyw. F¨v.
shÂjv, sKbvävknsâ Bcm[y ]pcpj\pw ASp¯ kplr-¯ pw.
270
shÂjv 1901 apXÂ tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ C³Ìn-äyq«v t^mÀ saUn-¡Â

dnkÀ¨nsâ {]kn-Upw 1906 apXÂ ImÀ\o C³Ìn-äyq-«nsâ {SÌn-bpw.
S&B AwKhpw. At±-ls¯ tPm¬ tlm]vI n³knÂ sImp-h-¶Xv Um\n-
bÂ KnÂa³. [ Adventure in Giving By Raymond D Fosdick ] . S&B, Yale
se kvIqÄ Hm^v Unhn-\n-än-bnepw ià-am-Wv.
UNESCO bpsS `c-W-L-S\ A[n-Ihpw X¿m-dm-¡n-bXv S&B AwKw
BÀ¨n_mÄUv aIveo-jv. Ata-c n-¡³ t\hÂ A¡m-Uan Øm]n-¨Xv S&B
AwKw hnÃyw tjmh-s s\-äv. At±lw hmjn§v S³ kÀÆ-I-em-ime
Nm³k-e-dm-bn-c p¶p. 1869.
B[p-\ nI hnZy-m`ymk k{¼-Zm-b-¯nsâ {]apJ krjvSm-hmb tPm¬
Unsh-bpw {]hÀ¯-\-§fpw At±lw sNep-¯nb kzm[o-\-hpw ]cn-tim-[n-
¡p-t¼mÄ S&B bpsS hnZym-`ym-ks¯ kw_-Ôn-¨pÅ Dt±yiw F´m-
sW¶v hyà-a m-hpw. S&B bpw Unthbpw X½n-epÅ _Ôhpw B[p-\nI
hnZy-`ym-k-¯nsâ XXz-i m-kv{Xhpw e£y-§fpw Unth-bp-s Sbpw slK-en-
sâbpw XXz-im-kvX-c -§fpw XmcXyw sN¿p-t¼mÄ AXv a\-Ên-em-hpw.
hnZym-`ymk e£y-§Ä Kh¬saâv sImp h¶-X -Ã. A§n-s \-bm-bn-cp-
¶p-s h-¦nÂ AXv `c-W-L-S\m hncp²w F¶p hcp-a m-bn-c p-¶p. ût-j-
\p-I-fpsS kzIm-c y-[\w sImv krjvSn-¨-XmWv C¶s¯ hnZy-`ymk ]²-
Xn. Unsh-bpsS Dt±-i -e-£y-§-fpsS Ncn{Xw F¶p ]d-bp-¶Xv henb
ût-j-\p-I-fpsSbpw Ncn-{X-a m-Wv. t^mÀUv, ImÀ\n, tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ,
]ot_m-Un, tÉmhm³, sÉbväÀ, säz³ân-b¯v sk©p-dn.
tPm¬ Unsh. At±-l-¯nsâ tUmIvS-tdäv tPm¬ tlm]vIn³knÂ \n¶v.
1882-þ1886. tPmÀÖv knÂh-ÌÀ tamdn-kv-þ-Kp-cp-þ-sl-K -en-b³. At±lw
tUmIvS-tdäv s_Àen³ bqWn-thÀkn-än-bnÂ \n¶v. Um\n-bÂ KnÂa³
sâ A²ym-] -I³ AtUmÄ^v s{S³sUse³_ÀKv ]n-s¶- slÀa³ DÄdn¨n
F¶n-h À Xs¶ -tam-dn-kn-sâbpw Kpcp-\m-Y-·mÀ. tamdnkpw Unshbpw S&B
AwK-§-f-Ã. tamdn-kns\ \nb-an-¨Xv KnÂa³.- {_n-«ojv Fw]n-c n-¡Â k{¼-
Zmbw þ tPm¬ ÌphÀ«v anÂþ t\tc hn]-c o-X-hpw. tPm¬ Unsh-bpsS a\-
Èmkv{Xw lmÄs\ A\p-I-c n-¡p-¶p.
Npcp-¡-¯nÂ XXz-im-kv{Xhpw a\-Èm-kv{Xhpw Unsh Ic-Ø-am-¡n-bXv
S&B {]tXyIw sXc-sª-Sp-¯ A²ym-]-I-c nÂ \n¶v. tPm¬
tlm]vIn³knÂ \n¶pw t]mb Unsh, anjn-K¬ kÀÆ-I-em- im--e-bnÂ
XXz-imkv{X {]^-k-dm-bn. 1886 Â Psychology {]kn-²-s¸-Sp-¯n. slK-en-
sâbpw hq³Svsâbpw kwtÇ-j-Ww. ]ns¶ At±lw jn¡mtKm kÀÆ-I-
em-im-e-bnÂ. ]ns¶ 1902 Â tdms¡-s ^-Ã-dnsâ ]Ww sImv Øm]n¨
kvIqÄ Hm^v FUyq-t¡-j-\nÂ. jn¡mtKm kÀÆ-I-em-ime Øm]n-¨Xpw
tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ ]Ww sImp Xs¶.
Gsd ]Xn-äm-p-I-Ä¡ptijw hne-bn-c p-¯p-t¼mÄ Ata-cn-¡³ hnZym-`ym-
ks¯ slsK-e-ss\kv AsÃ-¦nÂ If-I vän-s shkv sNbvXXv tPm¬ Unsh
271
Xs¶. kaq-l-a m-ä-¯nsâ XXz-im-kv{XPvR\m-bn-cp-¶p -Un-sh. At±lw

sNep-¯nb kzm[o\w , BLmXw hfsc Bg-ta-dn-b-Xm-Wv. hym]-I -hpw.
lmÄ, eo]vknKv Â \n¶v tPm¬ tlm]vIn³knÂ F¯n-t¨-c pt¼mÄ
Unsh Ahn-sS-bp-m-bn-c p-¶p. tUmIvS-td-än\p thnb {]_Ôw Fgp-Xp-
¶-Xn-\pÅ X¿m-s dSp¸n-em-bn-c p-¶p. “Imâv sâv a\-È mkv{Xw” F¶ hnj-b-
¯nÂ. Unsh kzbta slK-en-b-\m-bn-cp-¶p. ]n¶oSv hq³Svs\bpw
lmÄs\bpw IqSn kzoI-cn-¨ p.
“hyàn-I-fpsS hyàn-Xz-¯n-s\-¡p-dn¨v Unsh AÔ-\m-Wv.” þ slmsd-bvkv.-
Fw.-Im-sÃ³
kzImcy hnZym-e-b-§-fnÂ Unsh-bpsS kzm[o\w Ipd-hm-Wv. kv¡qÄ Hm^v
FUyq-t¡-j³ \ndp-¯-em-t¡--Xp-v. ]»nIv kvIqfp-I-fnÂ \nb-{´Ww
Ipd-t¡--X p-v. slK-ensâ ap³Kman ^nIväÂ þ(( At±-l-¯nsâ Bi-
b-§-fnÂ \n¶mWv slKÂ ))þ \v eoKv Hm^v t\j³kv F¶ Bibw
Dm-bn-cp-¶p. kam-[m\w Dd¸p-h-c p-¯p-¶-Xn\pÅ eoKv.
\mj-WÂ FUyq-t¡j³ Atkm-kn-tb-j³ X¿m-dm-¡nb ]²-X n-b m-Wv A
Declaration of Independence : Education for a Global Community.
AXnsâ Bibw BtKmf hnZym-`ymkw BtKm-f-k-a q-l-¯n\p thn.
kwLÀjw Ncn-{Xs¯ krjvSn-¡p¶p F¶-X mWv s]mXp-[m-c-W. AXn-s \,
\nb-{´-W- hn-t[-b-a mb kwLÀjw, ap³Iq«n Xocp-a m-\ n-¡-s ¸« Ncn-{Xs¯
krjvSn-¡p¶p F¶v Xncp¯n Fgp-Xmw. ss{Sem-ä-dÂ I½o-j³ AXnsâ
teJ-IfnÂ [mcm-f-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ ]Z-a mWv “Managed Conflict”.
AXp sImv Dt±-yin-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶Xv kwLÀj-¯ nsâ \nb-{´W hnt[-b-
amb D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯Â F¶m-Wv. ap³Iq«n Xocp-am-\n-¡-s¸«, ZoÀL-
\mÄ \op-\ nÂ¡p¶ e£y-§Ä¡p thn. sshcp-²ym-ß-I-hmZw
CXns\ Hcp ]Sn ap¶n-s e-¯n-¡p-¶p. \ne-hn-epÅ iàn AXn\v hncp-²-
amb asämcp iànsb krjvSn-¡p-¶p. cp iàn-I Ä X½n-epÅ
kwLÀj-¯nÂ \n¶v kwtÇ-j-Whpw. {]{Inb BhÀ¯n-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p. `c-
W-IqSw B{K-ln-¡p-¶ kwtÇ-jWw \h-tem-I-{Iaw Xs¶-bm-Wv. \nb-{ń-
X-amb kwLÀj-¯n-eq-s S-b-ÃmsX AXv km²y-a-Ã. Hä-s¸« hyàn-I-fpsS,
{]hÀ¯-\-§Ä C¯cw êw krjvSn-¡p-¶-X n\v {]m]vX-a -Ã. \h-tem-I -
{Iaw F¶Xv Ir{Xn-a -amW,v AXp-sImv AXv krjvSn¡-s¸-tS--X p-v.
A´m-c mjv{S _m¦ÀamÀ \mkn-I-sfbpw tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b-t\bpw D¯-c -
sIm-dn-btbbpw, D¯c hnbäv\man-t\bpw , Ata-cn-¡¡v FXntc Htc
kabw ]n³Xp-W-¨Xv AXp sImv Xs¶.
kwLÀjw em`w sImp h¶p. AtX kabw temI-¯ns\ \h-tem-I-{I-
¯n-te¡v ASp-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX p. {]{Inb \S-¶p-sIm-t-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
slK-ensâ sshcp-²ym-ß-I -hmZw Xs¶. asämcp XXz -im-kv{X-¯n-
sâbpw ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ {]kvXpX {]{In-bsb hnh-cn-¡m-\m-In-Ã. S&B
sb CS-Xv, he-Xv, aX-]-c w, \njv]-£w, amÀIvkn-Ìv, apX-em-fn¯ F¶n-§-
272
s\-s bm¶pw hIXncn-¡p-¶-Xn\v km[n-¡p-I-bn-Ã. S&B AXnÂ H¶pw

Xs¶-bÃ F¶mÂ FÃm-än-t\bpw DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p.
\ne-hn-en-c n-¡p¶ Ncn{Xw ]cn-[n-IÄ¡p-ÅnÂ \n¶p sImv am{Xw hi-I-
e\w \S-¯p-¶p. ]Sn-ªm-d³ \mSp-I -fnÂ {]kn-²-s ¸-Sp-¯p¶ Ncn{Xw
I½yq-Wn-k-t¯bpw tkmjy-en-k-s¯bpw km¼-¯ nI aqe-[-\-¯nsâ
AsÃ-¦ nÂ amÀIvkn-k-¯nsâ ImgvN¸m-Sn-eqsS am{Xw t\m¡n-Im-Wp-¶p.
tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b-\nÂ {]kn-²o-I-c n-¡p¶ Ncn{X ]pkvX-I -§Ä ]Sn-ªm-
d³ \mSns\ amÀIvknÌv ImgvN-¸ m-Sn-eqsS am{X-hpw. F¶mÂ asämcp
Ncn{X hni-I-e\ coXn \ne-hn-ep-v. AXv hn]p-e-a mbn D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯n-
¡m-Wp-¶ n-Ã. slK-en-b³ temPnIv. `c-W-I q-Ss¯ \nb-{ń-¡p¶ D¶-X -
·mÀ sshcp-²ym-I-ß-I- hm-Zs¯ ap³Iq«n Xocp-a m-\n-¡-s ¸« cmjv{Sob
kwtÇ-j-W-¯ n\p thn {]tbmP-\-s ¸-Sp¯p¶ptm F¶v ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-
¶-XmWv AXv. ImcÄ JznKven Xsâ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ ( Tragedy and Hope )
AXn-s\-¡p-dn¨v {]Xn-] m-Zn-¡p-¶p. A]qÀÆ-ambn Nne cmjv{So-b-¡m-c pw.
hp{Uq hnÂk¬ ]d-bp-¶Xv Ata-c n-¡-bnse Nne Gähpw D¶-X-cmb
a\p-jyÀ, hym]m-cn-Ifpw hyh-km-bn-I fpw, Adn-bp-¶-Xm-Wv, hfsc kwL-Sn-
X-amb iàn \ne-h n-epv F¶-Xv. kq£v-a-amb, ]qÀ®-am-b, hn]p-e-amb
H¶v. AhÀ AXns\ `Àkn-¡p-t¼mÄ AXohw Pm{K-X-tbmsS , HXp-¡-
¯nÂ am{Xw AXv sN¿p-¶p.
C¶v temI¯v \ne-hn-en-cn-¡p¶ kvYnXn-hn-ti-jWw Icp-X n-¡q«n krjvSn-

¡-s¸-«-Xm-Wv. CSXpw heXpw F¶ Ir{Xn-a -amb kwLÀjw, D¶-X-i-àn-
IÄ krjvSn-¡p-¶Xp \nan¯w Dm-b-X v. \h-tem-{Iaw krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn\p
thn. D¶-X À¡v A\p-I q-e- km-l-Ncyw krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn\v Bh-iy-amb
coXo-bnÂ {]iv\-§sf ]cn-l-cn-¡p-¶Xp hgn.
PÀ½³ XXz-im-kv{X-¯nÂ Imâv IS-¶p-h-¶-tXmsS cmjv{So-b-¯ nÂ CS-Xv-þ-
h-eXv F¶ cv hncp-²-tN-cn-IÄ krjvSn-¡-s¸-«p. FÃm taJ-e-I-fnepw þ
`c-W-Iq-Sw, kaq-lw, kwkvIm-cw. Ata-cn¡ , {_n«ojv tIma¬shÂ¯v,
{^m³kv F¶n-h n-S-§-fnÂ hyàn kzmX-{ý-¯nÂ A[n-jvTn-X-a m-b Xpw,
Imâv sâ kabw apXÂ PÀ½-\ n-bnÂ, ^nIvsä, slKÂ F¶n-h -cpsS ka-
b¯pw BtKm-f -km-tlm-Z-cys¯ ASn-Ø m-\ -am-¡nbpw. ]Sn-ªm-d³ ]mc-
¼cy k{¼-Zm-b-§sf ]qÀ®-ambpw \ncm-I-cn-¨ p-sIm-v. ImÄ amÀIvkv,
CSXp slK-en-b³kv, heXp slK-en-b³kv, lnäveÀ, _nkvamÀ¡v FÃm-
hÀ¡pw PÀ½³ k¼qÀ®-Xm-hm-Z-a m-bn-c p¶p ASn-Ø m-\w. Gähpw ISp¯
]mc-¼-cy-hm-Zn-I fpw Gähpw Xo{h hn¹-h-hm-Zn-Ifpw slK-ensâ Bi-b-
§sf Xs¶ ]n³Xp-SÀ¶p F¶Xv XnIª sshcp²yw Xs¶-bm-Wv.
AXnÂ \n¶pw Dcp-¯n-c n-ª-Xm-Wv N-c n-{X-]-c-a mb ùXn-I-hm-Zw. hncp-²-

amb iàn-I-fpsS kwLÀj-¯nÂ \n¶pw Dcp-¯n-c n-bp-¶-X mWv Ncn{X
273
kw`-h-§Ä. kwLÀjw krjvSn-¡p¶ kw`-h-§-fnÂ \n¶pw XnI¨pw

hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn¡pw C§s\ Dcp-¯n-c n-bp¶ kw`-h-§Ä. Hcp Bibw
AsÃ-¦ nÂ AXns\ {]mhÀ¯n-I -am-¡p-¶-X ns\ Thesis F¶pw, AXp
ImcWw cq]-s ¸-Sp-¶-X n\v Imc-W-am-hp¶ Bi-b-¯n\v Anti Thesis F¶pw
]d-bmw. Ch X½n-epÅ kwLÀj-¯nÂ \n¶pw Dcp-¯n-cn-bp-¶Xv Thesis
AsÃ-¦ nÂ Anti Thesis Bbn-cn-¡n-Ã. adn¨v Ah-bpsS kwtÇ-j-W-a m-bn-cn-
¡pw. ImÄ amÀIvkv apX-em-fn-¯-¯ns\ Thesis F¶pw I½yq-Wn-k-¯ns\
Anti Thesis F¶pw Ah-X-c n-¸ n-¨ p. F¶mÂ hn«p t]mb Imcyw Ah-bpsS
kwLÀj-¯nÂ \n¶pw Dcp-¯n-cn-bp-¶Xv Ch cn\pw ]Icw asäm-¶ m-bn-
cn-¡pw. slKÂ hn`m-h\w sNbvXXp t]mse `c-W-Iq-Ss¯ ssZh-¯n\p
]Icw {]Xn-jvTn-¡p¶ Ah-Ø-bm-bn-cn-¡mw. hyàn kzmX-{ý-a n-ÃmsX `c-
W-Iq-S-¯ n\v k¼qÀ®-ambn hnt[-bXzw ]men-t¡ Ah-Ø-bn-te¡v AXv
\bn-¡pw. F¶mÂ slK-en-b³ sshcp-²ym-ßI hmZ-¯nsâ {]tbmK
km²y-X-I Ä C¶v \ne-h n-en-cn-¡p¶ HutZym-KnI ]mT-] p-kvX-I-§-fnÂ
A[nIw e`y-a -Ã. AXv A\p-h-Z-\ n-b-aÃ F¶-XmImw Imc-Ww. F¶mÂ
ImcÄ JznKven AXv sP. ]n. tamÀK³ F{]-Imcw {]tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p
F¶v At±-l-¯nsâ ]pkvX-I¯nÂ Tragedy and Hope hni-Z-am-¡p-¶p.
tamÀK³ , PÀ½-\n-bnÂ, slK-en-b³ Bi-b-§Ä Xo{h-a mbn thtcm-Sn-bn-cp-
¶, tKm«n³ sK³ kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bnÂ, 1850 Â GXm\pw hÀjw Dm-bn-cp-
¶p.
tamÀK³ FÃm cmjv{Sob kwL-S-\-I -sfbpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-tS {]Øm-
\-§Ä F¶ \ne-bnÂ am{Xw Ip. At±lw FÃm kwL-S-\-I-fnepw
]nSn-] m-Sp- m-bn-cn-t¡-Xv Bh-iy-s a¶v a\-Ên-em-¡n-bn-cp-¶p. At±-l-
¯n\v Ata-c n-¡bpw Cw¥pw X½nÂ thÀXn-cn-hp-m-bn-c p-¶n-Ã. ]mh-s¸-« -
hsc klm-bn-t¡- -Xnsâ Bh-i - y-IXsb¡p-dn¨pw t_m[-hm-\ m-b n-c p-¶p.
A¯cw ImgvN-¸ mSv , At±-l-¯nsâ {]Øm\¯n\v XpS-¡-a n« tPmÀÖv
]ot_mUn apXÂ \ne-\ n-¶n-c p-¶p. At±lw Xs¶-bmWv \nIpXn clnX
ût-j-\p-Isf C¯cw Imcy-§Ä¡v D]-tbm-Kn¡mw F¶v sXfn-h m-¡n-
b-Xv. JznKven-bpsS {]_-Ô-¯nÂ Ata-cn-¡³ D¶-X-cmb lmcn-a ³, _pjv,
A¡n-k¬, hnä-v\n, Ìnwk¬ F¶n-hÀ IS¶p hcp-¶n-Ã. tamÀK³ S&B
bnÂ AwK-a m-b n-c p-¶n-s Ã-¦nepw At±-l-¯ nsâ ]¦-m-fn-I-fnÂ NneÀ AwK-§-
fm-bn-cp-¶p. At±-l-¯nsâ ac-W-tijw At±-l-¯nsâ {]Øm\w
tamÀK³þ Ìm³en F¶ t]cv kzoI-c n-¨ p. Ìm³en F¶mÂ lmcÄUv
Ìm³-en. S&B AwKw. tamÀKsâ Ime-L-« -¯nÂ sl³{Sn. ]n. tUhn-k¬
AwK-am-bn-cp-¶p. tUhn-k¬sâ aI³ 1920 Â S&B AwK-am-bn. AÑ³
tUhn-k¬ tamÀK-\ n-te¡v sImp-h-¶-h-c mWv tXmkv emtam³Sv,
hnÃmÀUv kvs{Sbväv. tamÀK-\nÂ CSXp ]£w krjv Sn-¡p-¶Xv Ah-cm-Wv.
Pqen-bkv l½mÀ apJm-ńcw Ata-cn¡³ I½yq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n sI«n-¸-Sp-¡p-
¶-Xpw.
274
l½m-dnsâ aI³ ]n¶oSv HmIvkn-UâÂ s]t{Sm-fn-b-¯nsâ A²yIvj\m-

bn.
1984 Â sUtam-{Im-än-Iv ]mÀ«n-bpsS BhvsdÂ lmcn-a ³ Dw, dn¸-»n-¡³
tPmÀÖv _pjpw, kzX-{´ Øm\mÀ°n tPm¬ B³tUÀkWpw.
BZys¯ cp-t]cpw S&B AwK-§fpw B³tUÀk¬ D¶-X-·m-cnÂ
\n¶pw [mcmfw km¼-¯nI klmbw t\Snb hyàn-bpw.
]mT-]p-kvX-I -§Ä ]d-bp-¶Xv bp²hpw hn¹-h-§fpw kzm`m-hnI , bmZr-
ÝnI kw`-h - hnImk§-fpsS ]cn-Wn-X-^-e-amWv F¶m-Wv. F¶mÂ bp²w
FÃm-bvt¸mgpw hyàn-I Ä Icp-Xn-¡q«n krjvSn-¡p-¶Xp Xs¶-bm-Wv.
cmw temI alm-bp-²-¯n\p tijw bp²-I p-ä-Ir-X y-§Ä At\z-jn-¡p-¶-
Xn\v cq]o-I-c n¨ ss{S_yq-WÂ , ]Sn-ªm-d³ iàn-IÄ lnäve-dn\v
\ÂInb klm-b-§Ä aqSn-h-¨p. ]Snªmd³ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-§Ä ]Sn-ªm-
d³ iàn-I Ä tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b-\v, 1917 hscbpw AXn\p tijhpw
\ÂInb klm-b-§Ä {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶n-Ã. hn¹-h-§Ä FÃm-s bt¸mgpw
ASn-¨-a À¯-s¸-«-hÀ , tkzOm-[n-] -Xn-Isf s]s«-¶pÅ ]²-Xn-bpsS `mK-
ambn B{I-an-¡p-¶-XnÂ \n¶v Df-h m-Ip-¶-XmWv F¶mWv ]mT-] p-kvX -I-
§Ä ]d-bp-¶ -Xv. F¶mÂ hn¹-h-§Ä¡v A[n-I-ambn [\w Bh-iy-ap-
s¶pw, an¡-h mdpw AXv hmÄkv{So-änsâ kw`m-h -\-bm-sW¶pw DÅ
hmkvXhw ad¨p hbv¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. A¯cw Imcy-§Ä At\z-jn-¡p-¶-Xn\v
]Sn-ªm-d³ ût-j-\ p-I Ä [\-k-lmbw \ÂIm-dn-Ã.
a\-] qÀÆ-a mbn bp²w krjvSn-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶-X n-s\-¡p-dn¨pw ]mT-] p-kvX-I-§Ä
\ni-_vZX ]men-¡p-¶p. `c-W-Iq-Ss¯ amän Øm]n-¡p-¶ -Xn\p thn
[\-hybw \S-¯p-¶-X n-s \-¡p-dn-¨pw. \h-tem-I-{Iaw krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn\p
thn kwLÀjw \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn-s \-¡p-dn-¨pw.
amÀIvknÌv kn²m´w ]qÀ®-ambpw I]-S-a m-Wv. AXv Hcp \qäm-n-e-[n-I-
ambn ]WvUnX·m-s cbpw At\z-j-I-s cbpw hnUvVn-I-fm-¡p-¶p. Ipäm-t\z-
j-W -{]-Ø m-\ -§fpw ( kvtIm«-e³Uv bmÀUv, FBI ) {]iv\s¯ ASª
a\-tÊmsS t\cn-Sp-¶p. {]iv\w F´m-sW¶v ]qÀ®-a mbn a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶-
Xn\p ap³]v Xs¶ AXnsâ D¯cw Adnbmw F¶ a«nÂ.
D¶-X-· mÀ¡v \mkn-Ifpw amÀIvkn-Ìp-I-fp-ambpw ASp¯ _Ô-a m-Wp-Å-Xv.
s]mXp-hnÂ C¯cw \nK-a-\-§Ä hne-bn-c p-¯-s ¸-SmsX Xs¶ Ah-K-Wn-¡-
s¸-Sp-¶p. C¯cw {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä \½psS Pohn-Xs¯ kmc-ambn _m[n-
¡p-¶-X n\p ap³]v Xs¶ Ah-sb t\cn-tS- -Xp-v.
cmw temI-a -lm-bp-²-¯n\p tijw, 1945 \v tijw temIw BsI amdn.
Hcp hi¯v tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b\pw adp-h -i¯v Ata-cn-¡-bpw. AXv
sFIy-cmjv{S k` cq]o-I -cn-¡p-¶-X n\v Imc-W-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s ¸-«p. \h-
tem-I-{I-a -¯n-te-¡pÅ Hcp iàamb NphSp hbv] v. ]n¶oSv tkmhn-bäv
275
bqWn-b\pw Ata-cn-¡bpw X½nÂ Iq«n tbmPn-¸n-¡p-¶-X n\p thn

ss{Sem-ä-dÂ I½o-j³.
kwLÀjw krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn cv {]Øm-\ -§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s ¸-
«p. 1. Kymcân {SÌv I¼\n þ \yqtbmÀ¡v 2. {_u¬ {_tZgvkv lmcn-a ³
þ \yqtbmÀ¡v þ 1933 \p ap³]v AXv cv {]Øm-\-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. U»yq.-
F. lmcn-a ³ I¼-\nbpw {_u¬ {_-tZ-g vkpw.
S&B bpsS {][m\ hàm-hmbn BhvsdÂ lmcn-a ³. temI-cm-jv{ So-b-
¯nse Xs¶ {][m\ hyàn-Xz-§-fnÂ H¶v. At±-l-¯nsâ HtZym-KnI
Poh-Ncn{X§fnÂ H¶pw S&B sb¡p-dn¨v ]cm-a Àin-¡p-¶n-Ã. dÊÂ {SÌn-
s\-¡p-dn-¨ pw.
“lmcn-a ³ Agn-a-Xn-bnÂ ap§n-¡p-fn¨ hyàn-bm-Wv. Hgn-h m-¡-s ¸-tS a\p-
jy³. cmPy-¯nsâ i{Xp.” þ BhvssdÂ lmcn-asâ ]nXmhv FUzÀUv
lmcn-a³s\-¡p-dn¨v Xntbm-UÀ dqkvshÂäv.
BhvsdÂ lmcn-a³ sâ aq¶m-a s¯ `mcy ]tae tlbvhÀUv ap³]v
dm³tUmÄ^v NÀ¨n-ensâ `mcy-bm-bn-c p-¶p. lmcn-a ³ sâ {_n«ojv `c-W-Iq-
S-hp-a mbn Hcp _Ôw A§n-s\-bpw.
{_u¬ {_tZgvkv lmcn-a ³ se {][m-\-s¸« 3 S&B AwK-§Ä. 1.
sjÂU³ {]nkvt¡m«v _pjv 2. At±-l-¯nsâ aI³ tPmÀÖv slÀ_À«v
hm¡À _pjv 3. At±-l-¯nsâ aI³ tPmÀÖv hm¡À _pjv
Kymcân {SÌpw lmcn-a-\ pw, Ata-c n-¡³ CâÀ\mj-WÂ tImÀ]-td-j\pw
t_mÄsj-hn-¡p-Isf klm-bn¨p. tkmhnbäp-I Ä iàn-bmÀÖn-¡p-
¶Xphsc Ata-c n-¡³ ssk\yw ssk_o-c n-b³ sdbnÂ tdmUv Im¯p
kq£n¨p. sÌbväv Un¸mÀ«vsaâv tcJ-IÄ ]d-bp-¶Xv tXm¡p-Ifpw Bbp-
[-§fpw t_mÄsj-hn-¡p-I Ä¡p thn Ata-cn¡ F¯n-¨n-cp¶p F¶m-
Wv.
Ata-cn-¡-bnepw e-\n-ep-am-bn-cp¶p S&B tkmhnb-äp-Isf A[n-Ihpw
klmbn-¨ -Xv.
tImI-kkv ( Caucasus ) F®-¸m-S-§Ä djy³ {]IrXn hn`-h-§-fnse
{]apJ Øm\-¯m-bn-c p-¶p. Gähpw {][m\ F®-¸mSw _m¡p-hnÂ, 1870
Â hnI-kn-X-am-bn. 1900 Â AXv Ata-cn-¡-sb-¡mfpw {IqUv HmbnÂ DXv]m-
Zn-¸n-¨n-c p-¶p. 1901 Â temI-¯ nÂ BsI DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¨-X nsâ ]Ip-Xn-bnÂ
A[n-I-hpw. asämcp {][m\ {]IrXn hn`hw am³K-\o-kv. 1913 kmÀ `c-W-
IqSw, temtIm-Xv]m-Z-\-¯nsâ 52 iX-am\w kw`m-h\ sNbvX p. AXnsâ 76
iX-a m\w tImI-kkv Â \n¶pw. 1920 IfnÂ tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b\v [\-k-
lmbw \ÂIp-¶Xv HutZym-Kn-I-a mbn km[y-a m-bn-c p-¶n-Ã. s]mXpP\-§fpw
Kh¬ saâpw H¶p t]mse tkmhn-b-än\v FXn-c m-bn-c p-¶p. hn¹-h-¯nsâ
t]cnÂ sNbvX p Iq«nb {Iqc-X -IÄ Xs¶-bm-bn-c p¶p {][m\ Imc-Ww.
276
knw]vk¬ Xm¨À Bâv _mÀ«v-se-äv. hmÄkvSoävv \nba hnZ-Kv²À.

hnemkw 120 t{_mUvth. \yqtbmÀ¡v. 1917 Â Xm¨À, hnÃyw t_mbvkv
tXmw]vk-s\m¸w sdUvt{ImÊv anj-s\m¸w djy-bn-em-bn-cp-¶p.
1918 Â tkmhn-bäv Kh¬saân\v djy-bpsS sNdn-s bmcp `mKw am{Xta \nb-
{´-W -hn-t[-b-a m-bn-cp-¶p-Åq. tXma-kv. Un. Xm¨À IjvSn¨v \ne-\n¶p
t]Ip¶ tkmhn-bäv Kh¬saâns\ AwKo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw, ssk\n-I-k-
lmbw \ÂIp-¶-X n\pw, t_mÄsj-hn-¡p-I Ä \nb-{´Ww Gsä-Sp-¡p-
¶Xphsc P¸m³ ssk\y-¯nÂ \n¶pw ssk_o-c n-bsb Im¯p kq£n-
¡p-¶-X n\pw Ata-cn-¡³ Kh¬saân-t\mSv A`yÀ°n-¨ p . AXohw cl-ky-
am-bn, Gähpw D¶-X-§-fnÂ AXn\v GÀ¸m-Sp-m-bn. e-\nÂ \n¶pw
The Group sâ klm-bhpw þ anÂ\À duv tSbv_nÄ. {]kn-Uv hp{Uq
hnÂk¬ ssk\ys¯ Ab-¨p. P\-dÂ hnÃyw. Fkv. t{Kbvhvkv \v
hnÂk¬ sâ cl-ky-\nÀt±iw Dm-bn-cp-¶p.
1919 Â t{SmSvkvIn ]c-ky-ambn Ata-c n-¡³ hncp² {]`m-j-W-§Ä \S-¯p-
t¼mgpw At±lw Aw_m-k-UÀ {^m³kn-kn-t\mSv, tkmhn-bäv
ssk\ys¯ ]cn-io-en-¸n-¡p-¶-X n\v Ata-cn-¡³ ssk\nI ]cn-tim-[ \ (
Inspection ) kwL-¯ns\ Ab-¡p¶Xn\v A`yÀ°n-¡p-¶p-m-bn-cp-¶p.
Ata-cn-¡³ Kh¬saâv, P\-§-tfm-Sv, tkmhn-b-äp-IÄ sIme-]m-X-In-I-fm-
sW¶v ]dªncp-¶-t¸mÄ, HutZym-Kn-I-a mbn Nph-¸-·msc djy-bn-te¡v
\nÀ_-Ô-]qÀÆw ]d-ª-b-¨n-c p-¶-t¸mÄ, Ata-cn-¡³ Kh¬saân\v tkmhn-
b-äp-I-fp-a mbn bmsXmcp _Ô-hp-ap-m-I nÃ F¶v Dd¸p \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶-
t¸mÄ, ]n¶m-¼p-d¯v Kymcân {SÌv I¼\n tkmhn-bäv _m¦nsâ Hcp
hn`mKw \S-¯p-I -bm-bn-c p-¶p. hn¹-h-¯ns\ kwc-£n-¨-Xn\v Ata-cn¡³
ssk\n-Isc djy³ hn¹-h-Im-cn-IÄ A\p-tam-Zn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
CXp sImsm-s¡-bm-bn-cn¡mw Kh¬saâv cl-kym-X -a-IX CjvS-s¸-Sp-¶-
Xv.
lnäve-dnsâ {][m\ km¼-¯n-I-ZmXm-¡-fnÂ HcmÄ {^nävkv ssXko³.
lnäve-dp-a mbn ]nW-§nb tijw At±lw cNn¨ ]pkvX-I-a m-Wv I Paid
Hitler . bp²m-\-\ ćw {]apJ \mkn-I-fp-a mbn cl-kym-t\z-jW hn`mKw
\S-¯nb A`n-ap-J-§Ä U.S. Control Council For Germany bpsS tiJ-c -
¯nÂ e`y-a m-Wv. AXv ]d-bp-¶Xv {]apJ CS-\n-e-¡m-c³ ssXko\pw At±-
l-¯nsâ _m¦v Bank For Handel and Schiff Dw. AXv ap³]v Von Heydt’s
Bank F¶v Adn-b -s¸-«n-cp-¶p.
1920 IfpsS XpS-¡-§-fnÂ \mkn {]Øm-\-h p-a mbn _Ô-s¸-«n-cp¶ Dcp¡v

hyh-kmbn Bbn-cp¶p {^nävkv ssXko³. UnÃ³ doUnsâ km¼-¯nI
klm-b-t¯msS Bcw-`n¨ PÀ½³ ÌoÂ {SÌv Vereinigte Stahlwerke sâ
277
Xe-h³. lnäve-dnsâ DbÀ¨-bnÂ {]k-à-a mb ]¦v hln-¨ p. Xsâ hyh-

kmbn kplr-¯p-¡-s fbpw \mkn ]mÀ«n¡v [\-k-lmbw \ÂIp-¶-Xn\v
t{]cn¸n¨p. 1939 hsc lnäve-dp-a mbn ]nW-§p-¶Xp hsc At±lw [mcmfw
kuI-c y-§Ä t\Sn-sb-Sp-¯p. t]mf-ns\ B{I-an-¡p-¶-Xn\v Xocp-am-\-am-
b-XmWv Imc-Ww. AXv cmw temI-a-lm-bp-²-¯n-te¡v \bn-¨p.
ssXko³ sâ _m¦v U»yq. F. lmcn-a³ þ \yqtbmÀ¡p-a mbn _Ô-s¸-« -
Xm-bn-cp-¶p. ssXko³ sâ t]mf-nse _m¦nsâ \nb-{´Ww bqWn-b³
_m¦n§v tImÀ]-td-j³ þ \yqtbmÀ¡n-\pw. bqWn-b³ _m¦nse Ub-d - -
IvtSgvkv 1. tdmfv lmcn-a³ þ S&B AwKw, 2. Iqh³ tlmh³þ \mkn þ
ssXko³ _m¦nsâ amt\-Pn§v ]mÀ«v\À, 3. ss\äv hqen þ Ub-d-IvSÀ,
Kymcâv {SÌv \yqtbmÀ¡v & Ub-d-IvSÀ sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv _m¦v
\yqtbmÀ¡v S&B AwKw 4. FsÃdn Pbnwkv þS&B AwKw, {_u¬
{_tZgvkv ]¦m-fn, \yqtbmÀ¡v 5. {]nkvt¡m«v sjÂU³ _pjv þ S&B
AwKw 6. KznâÀ 7. t{Km\n³PÀ þ \mkn 8. enh³sk þ bqWn-b³ _m¦v
{]kn-U-v.
BsI 8 Ub-d-IvSÀamÀ. 4 t]À S&B AwKw. \mep t]cpw 1917 Â Yale Â
S&B bnte-¡.v \mep t]cpw Htc skÂ D115 Â.
_rl-¯ mb hyh-km-b-im-e-I -sfsbÃmw _m¦p-I fpw {SÌp-Ifpw \nb-{ń-
¡p-¶p. Ahsb \nb-{ń-¡p-¶Xv S&B bpw.
sNbvkv _m¦pw S&B bpw X½n-epÅ _Ôw s]Àkn tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ hgn-
bm-Wv. ]ns¶ sshkv {]kn-Uv dohvjvs e. sNbvknsâ S&B AwK-§-fm-
bn-cp¶ Ub-d-IvSÀamÀ s{Û-dnIv AsÃ³, {KnkvhmÄUv , tImÀtW-en-bkv
hm³UÀ_nÂäv, þ At±lw S&B AwK-a m-bn-c p-¶n-Ã. ktlm-Z-c³ Kvssh³
hm³UÀ_nÂäv S&B AwKw, sNbvknsâ Ub-d-IvS-dm-bn- . sNbvknsâ
{]kn-Uv hn³t{Xm]v BÂ{Un-¨ v. BÂ{Un-¨nsâ IpSpw-_-¯nÂ S&B
AwK-§-fpw. cmjv{Sob AXn-cp-I-fpsS Ccp-h-i¯p \n¶pw em`-ap-m-¡n.
{Sjdn sk{I-«dn tamÀK³tXm. AXns\ \mkn A\p-Iqe {]hÀ¯-\ -
§Ä¡v ]cn-tim-[\ hnt[-b-a m-¡n. Ah-c psS \nK-a -\-§Ä sNbvkv \nÊw-
ibw \mkn-Isf klm-bn-¨ p. sNbvknsâ \yqtbmÀ¡v Hmô-knÂ ]mcnkv
imJ-bpsS A¯cw {]hÀ¯-\-§-s f-¡p-dn¨v Adn-bn-¨n«pw \S-] -Sn-IÄ Dm-
bnÃ þ PÀ½³ A[n-Im-c n-IÄ sNbvknsâ {]hÀ¯-\-§sf klm-bn-¡p-¶-
Xn\v {]tXyI XmXv]-c y-sa-Sp-¯n-cp-¶p. PÀ½³ A[n-Im-cn-I Ä {]-a p-J-amb
Ata-cn-¡³ _m¦p-a m-bpÅ _Ôw \ne-\n-dp-¯p-¶-Xn\v B{K-ln-¨ p. bp²m-
\-ćw Ata-cn-¡-bpsS PÀ½³ \b-§sf IW-¡n-se-Sp¯p sImv.
B kabw s\Âk¬ tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ hmjn-MvS-WnÂ emän³ Ata-cn-¡-
bnse \mkn CS-s ]-S-ep-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v At\z-jn-¡p¶ DtZym-K-¯ n-em-bn-cp-¶p.
]mcn-knse sNbvkv , PÀ½³ A[n-Im-c n-I-fp-a mbn \Ã _Ôw \ne-\ n-dp-¯p-
¶-Xn\v {]tXyI XmXv]-c y-sa-Sp-¯p.
278
F¶mÂ ]cn-tim-[\ dnt¸mÀ«v \in-¸n-¡-s ¸-«p. hmjn-§vS-W nÂ \n¶pÅ

D¯-c-h n³taÂ.
ss{Sem-ä-dÂ I½o-j³ Øm]n-X-a m-bXv 1973 Â. \yqtbmÀ¡nÂ. Øm]-
I³ sNbvk v am³l-«³ _m¦nsâ A²y-£³ tUhnUv tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ.
]ns¶ lmÀhÀUv bqWn-thÀknän {]^-kÀ kv_nKv\yq {_k-k³kvIn þ
At±lw ]n¶oSv dn¨ÀUv \nIvksâ tZiob kpc£m DtZym-K-Ø-\m-bn.
HutZym-KnI `mjyw ]Sn-ªm-d³ bqtdm-¸v, P¸m³, hS-¡³ Ata-cn¡
F¶nh X½n-epÅ _Ôw sa¨-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-X n\pw {]iv\-§Ä ]cn-l-c n-¡p-
¶-Xn\pw Hs¡-bpÅ kzImcy {]Øm\w F¶m-Wv. F¶mÂ ]Xn-äm-p-
IÄ¡p tijw Ah-bpsS cmjv{Sob {]hÀ¯-\-§fpw aäpw hne-bn-c p-¯p-
t¼mÄ AXv \h-tem-I-{Iaw F¶ Bibw km£m-XvI-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn
krjvSn-¡-s¸-«-XmWv F¶v t_m²y-am-hpw. XpS-¡-¯nÂ 200 AwK-§-fp-m-
bn-cp-¶Xv C¶v 400 Hmfw. AXv XpS-§n-bXv kzImcy hyàn-IÄ kzImcy
[\w sImv. F¶mÂ AXnsâ Dt±i e£y-§Ä s]mXp \b-§sf ASn-
Øm-\-a m-¡n-bp-Å-Xm-Wv. [ Trilaterals Over America. By. Antony Sutton ]
AwK-§Ä Xnc-s ª-Sp-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶ n-Ã. Ahsc \nb-a n-¡p-¶-X m-Wv. FÃm-
än\pw tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ Ańa hm¡m-Wv. Ata-cn-¡³ {]kn-Uv sâ
HutZym-KnI `mc-hm-ln-I-fnÂ \sÃmcp `mKw ss{Sem-ä-dÂ AwK-§-f m-Wv.
XpS-¡-¯nÂ km¼-¯n-I -ambn klm-bn-¨n-cp-¶Xv sIä-dn§v ût-j\pw
]n¶oSv tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ {_tZgvkv ^pw. Iu¬knÂ Hm¬ t^mdn³ dnte-
j³knsâ {]hÀ¯-\-§sf ]n³Xm-§pI F¶-X mWv {][m-\-a mbpw
Trilateral Commission ( TC ) bpsS D¯-c-h m-Zn-¯w.
asämcp tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ Øm]\w I½o-j³ Hm¬ {In«n-¡Â tNmbn-kkv.
Ata-cn-¡¡v F´mWv \ÃXv F¶v Xocp-a m-\n-¡p-¶-Xn\v asämcp tdms¡-
s^-ÃÀ Øm]-\w. AXnsâ A²y-£-\ m-bn-c p-¶Xv s\Âk¬ tdms¡-s ^-
ÃÀ. [\-k-lmbw {][m-\-a mbpw tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ ût-j\pw. AXn\p (
TC ) [\-k-lmbw GÀs¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\p thn am{Xw \yqtbmÀ¡nÂ,
emt`-O-bn-ÃmsX {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ tXÀUv sk³Npdn tImÀ]td-j³
Øm]n-X-a m-¡n. TC Øm]n-X-a m-h p-¶-Xn\p sXm«p ap¼v kv_nKv\ yq
{_kkv³kvIn cNn¨ ]pkvXIw Between Two Ages: America’s Role in
Technetronic Era. . AXnÂ “\ymbhpw kwXp-en-X-hp-amb” temI-{I-a -
¯n\p th \nÀt±-i-§Ä \ÂIn-bn-«p-v. F¶mÂ {]tbm-K-¯nÂ
{KoknÂ \ne-\ n-¶n-c p¶ A[n-Imc \nb{´Ww ssI¿m-fp-¶-Xn-\pÅ amÀ¤-
§Ä Xs¶-bm-Wv. temI -N-c n-{X-¯nÂ Kh¬saân\v A[n-Imcw Gähpw
Ipd-hmbn \ÂIn-bn-«p-ÅXv Ata-cn-¡³ `c-W-L-S-\ -bm-Wv. aäpÅ
cmjv{Sob {]am-W-§Ä FÃmw Xs¶ kzmX{ýw \ntj-[n-¡p-¶ -h-bm-Wv.
{_k-k³kvIn kzmX{ýw \ntj-[ n-¡p-¶-Xn\v Is-¯p¶ \ymbw {]tXy-
IX DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p. ]gb {]iv\-§Ä ]pXn-b-h-bp-a m-bn-t¨-cp-t¼mÄ Df-
279
hm-I p¶ BLmXw Ime-L-«-¯n\v Xm§m-\ m-h p-¶-X Ã F¶-X m-Wv AXv.

{]Xn-hn[n \nÀt±-in-¡p¶ AwK-§Ä Xs¶ krjvSn-¡p-¶-X mWv {]iv-\ -
§Ä F¶Xv At±lw ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p-a n-Ã.
bpàn-Nn-´-I³ F¶v kzbw hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶ {_k-k³kvIn ]d-bp-¶Xv
a\p-jy³ 3 L«-§-fn-eqsS IS¶p t]mbn-¡-gnªp F¶pw Ct¸mÄ Ah-
km-\ -t¯Xpw \mem-a-t¯Xpw Bb L«-¯n-emWv F¶m-Wv. AXv jqsk
AÀKyq-se-bpsS hmZ-hp-a mbn kmay-a p-Å-Xm-Wv. “amb³ ^mIvSÀ” AXv
temI-¯ ns\ Ime-L-«-§-f mbn hn`-Pn-¡p-¶p. AXv Ah-I m-i-s ¸-Sp-¶ Xpw
temIw Ah-km-\ -L-«-¯ n-emWv F¶m-Wv. 2012 HmsS a\p-jy-I pew XIÀ¨-
bpsS aqÀ²-\y-¯nÂ F¯n-t¨-c p-sa¶pw ]n¶oSv D¶X t_m[ \ne-hm-c-¯n-
te¡v sN¶p tNcp-s a-¶pw.
amÀIvknkw DÅnÃm¯-Xm-sW-¶pw, kmt¦-X nI hnZy-bn-eqsS bpw hmbv]-
bn-eq-sSbpw kaq-ls¯ \nb-{ń-¡p-¶ -Xn\v \yqtbmÀ¡v ap-X-em-fn¯w
krjvSn-s¨-Sp¯ kn²m´w am{X-amWv AsX¶pw t_m²y-a m-b-X m-Wv. kmap-
hÂ tKmwt]Àkn-sâbpw tPmÀÖv ao\n-bp-sSbpw t\Xr-X z-¯n-ep-
mbncp¶ sXmgn-emfn bqWn-b-\p-I-fmWv AXnsâ \ncÀ°-I X a\-Ên-em-
¡n-b-Xv. apX-em-fn-¯hpw A²ym-]-I- hr-\vZhpw au\w ]men-¨p. X§Ä¡v
\nb-{´-W-apÅ Kh¬saâv \nb-{ń-¡p¶ hyh-kmbw F{Xbpw sa¨-s¸-« -
Xm-bn-cn¡pw F¶v apX-em-fn¯w IW¡p Iq«n-b-t¸mÄ kz´w hfÀ¨bpw
kpc-£n-X-Xzhpw Dd-¸m-¡p-¶-Xn\v , hmÄkv{So-änsâ km¼-¯n-I -k-lm-b-
¯nÂ \ne-\ nÂ¡p¶ kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-I-fnse A²ym-]-IÀ Iq«p \n¶p.
amÀIvkn-k-¯n\p tij-a pÅ \mem-a-t¯Xpw Ah-km-\-t¯-Xp-amb L«w
sSIvs\t{Sm-WnIv Ime-L-«-am-Wv. AXm-bXv BtKm-fm-Sn-Ø m-\ -¯n-epÅ
bpàn-]qÀ®-a mb a\p-jyXzw ( Rational Humanism ) . AXv Ata-c n-¡bpw
I½yq-Wn-khpw X½n-epÅ kl-I-c-W-¯nÂ \n¶p-m-hp-¶ - p. AXn\v
kwLÀjw Hgn-hm-¡p-¶-X n\v Ign-bn-Ã.
F¶mÂ \h-tem-I-{Iaw Hgn-hm-¡m-\m-h m-¯-X-Ã. TC bpsS AwK-§sf
]cn-tim-[n-¡p-t¼mÄ AhÀ A[n-Imcw ssI¿m-fp-¶-h-c-Ã. adn¨v AXv
{]mhÀ¯n-I-am-¡p-¶ -h -cm-Wv.
TC bnÂ tUhnUv tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ Xs¶-bmWv A[n-I m-c n. cmjv{So-b-¡mcpw
, am²y-a-{]-h À¯-Icpw aäpw h¶pw t]mbp-a n-cn-¡p-¶-hÀ . Ømbn-bm-bn-«p-
ÅXv tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ am{Xw. cmjv{Sob t\«w ssIh-c n-¡p-¶-Xn\v {]m]vXn-
bp-Å-t¸mÄ am{Xw aäp-Å-h À TC bnÂ Dm-hpw.
1977 Â {]kn-Uv Pn½n ImÀ«dpw sshkv {]-kn-Uv hmÄ«À
sam³sUbvepw TC AwK-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. 1993 Â {]kn-Uv _nÂ ¢nâ\pw
sshkv {]kn-Uv AÂtKmdpw TC AwK-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. {]tXy-Iw -{ i-²n-
t¡ Imcyw AhÀ TC AwK-§-fmbn hfsc \mfp-IÄ¡p tij-amWv
{]kn-Uv ]Z-hn-bn-te¡pw aäpw hcp-¶-Xv. Pn½n ImÀ«-dns\ Is-¯n-
280
bXpw hfÀ¯n-bXpw tUhnUv tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ. 1992 Â _nÂ ¢nâs\

F¶mÂ hfsc HXp-¡-¯n-emWv TC ]n³Xp-W-¨-Xv.. C¯cw Imcy-§-s f-
¡p-dn¨v AXn\p ap³]v hn]p-e-amb hnaÀi\w DbÀ¶n-c p-¶-Xn-\mÂ.
The Crisis of Democracy F¶ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ t{Imkn-bÀ, l³Sn-§vS³,
hmä-\qIn F¶n-hÀ TC bpsS cmjv{Sob Bib kwln-Xsb hne-bn-c p-¯p-
¶Xv
þ P\m-b¯ `c-W-k-{¼-Zmbw {]k-à-a -Ã.
þ ka-X zw, hyànXzw F¶o Bi-b-§Ä `c-W-Iq-S-¯n\v {]iv\-§Ä
krjvSn-¡p-¶p.
þ am²y-a -§Ä D¶-XÀ¡v ]qÀ®-ambpw hg-§p-¶n-Ã.
þ tI{µ Kh¬saânsâ A[n-Im-chpw iànbpw hÀ²n-¸n-t¡- -Xp-v.
`c-W-tI-{µ-§-fnÂ A[n-Im-c - Øm-\ §fnen-cn-¡p-¶-hÀ A[n-Ihpw TC AwK-
§Ä BsW-¶p-ÅXp tNÀ¯v hmbn-¡p-t¼mÄ TC bpsS \nK-a -\-§Ä F{X-
t¯mfw hym]-I-a mb {]Xym-Lm-X-§-fp- m-¡p-s a¶v a\-Ên-em-h pw.
ImÀ«À `c-W-IqSw apX-en-t§m«v FÃmw, A[n-I-ambn TC AwK-§sf
DÄs¡m-Åp-¶-h-bm-bn-cp-¶p. ImÀ«À `c-W-I q-S-¯nÂ hnh[ D¶X XkvXn-
I-I-fnÂ 25 TC AwK-§Ä. ¢nâ¬ `c-W-I q-S-¯nÂ AXv 21 Bbn. \h-tem-
I-{I-a-¯nsâ Bi-b-§-tfmSv s]mcp-¯-s ¸«v t]mhp-¶-hÀ¡v am{X-ambn
AwKXzw kwh-c Ww sN¿-s ¸-«n-c n-¡p-¶p. Gähpw A\p-tbm-Py-\mb
hyàn _nÂ ¢nâ¬. At±-l-¯ nsâ HutZym-KnI Pohn-X-w apgp-h\pw cq]-
s¸-Sp-¯n-bXv \h-tem-I-{I-a-¯nsâ hàm-¡-f m-Wv. ¢nâ¬, ImcÄ Jzn-Kven-
bsS hnZymÀ°n-bpw. JznKvenbpsS ]pkvXIw Tragedy and Hope ]d-bp-
¶Xv tdm¯vjoÂUvkn-sâbpw skknÂ tdmUvkn-s âbpw B{Klw
temIs¯ \nb-{ń¡pI F¶-X mWv F¶m-Wv. skknÂ tdmUvkv,
HmIvkv^ÀUv bqWn-thÀkn-änbnÂ tdmUvkv kvtImfÀjn¸v GÀs¸-Sp-¯n.
Ata-cn-¡³ te_À ]mÀ«n ]d-bp-¶Xv TC tdms¡-s ^-Ã-dns\ {_n«ojv
KqVm-tem-N-\-bpsS apJw aqSn-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-I-b m-Wv.
ImX-do³ {Klmw. hmjn-§vS¬ t]mÌv sâ t_mÀUv A²y-£. ss{Sem-ä-
dÂ AwKw.
hmjn-§vS³ t]mÌv Hcp hmÀ¯ \ÂIn.
“TC sb¡p-dn¨v _p²n-a p-«p- m-¡p¶ Imcyw F´m-sW¶v h¨mÂ {]kn-
Uv TC AwKw. sshkv {]-kn-Upw þ hmÄ«À tam³sU-bvÂ. sÌbväv
sk{I-«-dn-, {]Xn-tcm[ sk{I-«-dn, {Sjdn sk{I-«dn þ sskdkv hm³kv,
lmÀUv {_u¬, ssa¡Â »qa³XmÄ. ]ns¶ kv_nKv\yq {_k-k³kvIn.
]ns¶ ImÀ«-dpsS kpc£m D]-tZ-jvSm-h v. ]ns¶ hntZi \b cq]o-I -c-W-
¯nsâ Npa-X-e-bpÅ Ipd¨p t]À.”
281
F¶mÂ A¯cw hmÀ¯-I Ä BhÀ¯n-¡-s¸-«n-Ã. {_k-k³kvIn,

tZiob AXnÀh-c-¼p-IÄ XIÀ¯v BtKmf `cWw , aäp {]Øm-\-§Ä
F¶nh \ne-hnÂ htc--Xm-s W¶v hmZn-¡p-¶p. ]pXp-Xmbn DS-s e-Sp-¡p¶
{]iv\-§Ä ]cn-l-c n-¡p-¶-X n\v ]gb k{¼-Zm-b-§Ä aXn-bm-hnÃ F¶-XmWv
\oXo-I-c-Ww. F¶mÂ hmkvX-h-¯nÂ {_k-k³kvInbpw Iq«cpw e£y-
an-Sp¶ ss{Sem-ä-dÂ t¥m_-enkw, {_n«ojv {^©v km{am-PyXzw AsÃ-¦nÂ
tdma³ km{am-PyXzw F¶-XnÂ \n¶pw H«pw `n¶-a-Ã. AhÀ e£yw
hbv¡p-¶Xv hmÄkv{So-änsâ \nb-{´-W-¯n³ Iogn-epÅ \nb-{ń-X-amb
temI km¼-¯nI {Iaw Xs¶-bm-Wv. TC F¶mÂ P\-§-fpsS sam¯-amb
A`n-{]m-b-¯n\v {]m[m\yw \ÂIp-¶n-Ã. Hcp sNdnb kwLw BÄ¡mÀ
temI-¯ nse {]iv\-§Ä Fs´m-s¡-bm-s W¶v Xocp-am-\n¨v AXn\v ]cn-
lmcw Fs´m-s¡-bm-sW¶v Xocp-am-\n¨v apt¶m«p t]mhp-¶p. AXnsâ
\nK-a -\-§Ä s]mXp-hnÂ AwKo-I-c n-¡-s ¸-tS- -Xpv F¶v AXn\v A`n-{]m-
b-an-Ã. TC bpw temIm-[n-]-Xy-¯n\v thn {ian-¡p¶ AXp t]mepÅ
aäv {]Øm-\-§fpw km¼-¯nI \nb-{´-W-¯n-eqsS temIm-[n-]Xyw t\Sp-
¶-Xn\v {ian-¡p-¶p. AXn\p thn Ata-cn-¡¡v AI¯pw ]pd¯pw ]cn-
{i-an-¡p¶ {]Øm-\-§-fnÂ {]ap-J-a mWv InÊn³PÀ Bâv AtÊm-Ên-tb-
ävkv. ]ns¶ asäm¶v Ipd¨p IqSn ASp¯ Ime¯v kvX m]n-X-amb
ImÀsseÂ {Kq¸v. Øm]-I³ tUhnUv dqs_³Ìo³. _m¦À. Ata-cn-
¡³ Kh¬saâp-a mbn CS-]m-Sp-IÄ \S-¯p¶ H«p an¡ {]Øm-\-§-fp-
sSbpw `qcn-`mKw Hml-c n-Ifpw ImÀsse³ {Kq¸nsâ \nb-{´-W-¯n-e m-Wv.
AXnsâ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä 1994 Â \nb-{ń-¨ n-c p-¶Xv {^m¦v ImÀtem-¨ n. ap³
{]Xn-tcm[ sk{I-«-dn. Ct¸mgpw A¯cw \b-§Ä Xs¶-bmWv ]n³Xp-S-cp-
¶-Xv.
ImÀsseÂ {Kq¸v Npcp-¡-¯nÂ ZÃm-f-·m-cpsS Iq«mbva F¶v hne-bn-cp-
¯mw.. Ah-c psS BZys¯ hnP-b-I-c -amb \S-]Sn 1987 se The Great
Eskimo Tax Scam F¶-dn-b-s ¸-Sp-¶p. AXv hfsc Btem-Nn-¨p-d-¨- ]-²-Xn-
bnÂ Aem-kvI-bn-epÅ I¼-\n-Isf Ah-cpsS \jvS-§Ä (losses) aäp
I¼-\n-IÄ¡v hnÂ¡p-¶-X n\v Ah-kcw Hcp-¡n. IrXy-a mb {]Xn-êw
\evIn-s ¡mp Xs¶. AXv I¼-\n-I-fpsS \nIpXn `mcw hf-sc-b-[nIw Ipd-
¡p-¶-X n\v klm-bn-¨p. FÃm-hcpw t\Sn-. \jvSw \nIp-Xn-Zm-b-IÀ¡v am{Xw.
Kh¬saâv hkvXp-¡Ä hne Ipd¨v hm§p-¶-Xn\v ImÀsse³ {Kq¸v hnZ-
Kv²-cm-Wv. {^m¦v ImÀtem¨n , sI¶Un apXÂ _pjv hsc FÃm `c-W-Iq-S-
§-fnepw DtZymKw t\m¡n-bn-cp-¶p. A´m-c mjv{S hmbv]m k{¼Zmbw
hn]p-e-am-¡pI A´m-cmjv{S Xe-¯nÂ \o¡n-bn-c p¸v ( Reserves ) krjvSn-
¡pI F¶-sXm-s ¡-bmWv TC bpsS {]ap-J-amb e£y§Ä. Ir{Xna
\mW-bw þ AXv SDR - Special Drawing Rights F¶v Adn-b-s ¸-Sp-¶p þ
krjvSn-¡p-¶Xp hgn kzÀ®s¯ A´m-cmjv{S dnkÀhv k{¼-Zm-b-¯nÂ
\n¶pw Hgn-h m-¡p-I.
282
{]ap-J-a mb _m¦p-I Ä hn-tZ-i ¯p \n¶pw t\Sp¶ k¼m-Zy-¯n\v tcJ-IÄ

aqew sXfnhv e`y-am-Wv. kz´w \m«nÂ \n¶pw ]pd¯p \n¶pw Dm-hp¶
t\«w Xmc-X ayw sN¿p¶Xn\v km[n-¡pw. A´m-cmjv{S _m¦p-IÄ k¼-
Zvhy-h-Øsb F{X-t¯mfw \nb-{ń-¡p¶p F¶Xv sk\-äÀ eo saävIm^v
sâ dnt¸mÀ«nÂ hyàam-Wv. AXnsâ Xe-s ¡«v Voting Rights in Major
Corporations. TC AwK-§-fmb A´m-cmjv{S _m¦-ÀamcpsS t]cp hnh-c -
§fpw e`y-am-Wv. {]apJ tImÀ]-td-j-\p-I-fnse `qcn-`mKw Hml-c nbpw
ssI¿m-fp-¶Xv _m¦p-I-fm-Wv. (1970 þ1976). AXnÂ Gähpw ap¶nÂ
\nÂ¡p¶ sNbvkv am³l-«sâ 1970 se hntZ-i¯p \n¶pÅ hcp-am\w
sam¯ hcp-am-\-¯nsâ 22 iX-am-\-a m-bn-c p-¶Xv 1976 Â 78 iX-am-\-a m-bn.
Bdv Ub-d-I vSÀamÀ TC AwK-§-fpw. AXnsâ hcp-a m-\-¯nsâ `qcn-`m-Khpw
hntZ-i¯p \n¶m-s W-¶p-ÅXv temIm-[ n-] -Xy-¯n\v thn-bpÅ AXnsâ
{ia-§Ä¡v \nZm-\-a m-hp-¶p. AXv , ]T-\-¯n\v hnt[-b-a m-¡nb 122 I¼-\n-
I-fnÂ 8 F®-¯nÂ am{Xw Gähpw A[nIw Hmlcn ssIbm-fp¶ 5
{]Øm-\-§-fnÂs¸-Sp-¶p. tUhnUv tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ {]tbm-K-¯nÂ Ata-cn-
¡³ ]uc-\ Ã adn¨v temI-]u-c-\m-sW¶v hcp-¶p. 8 F¶pÅ Øm\¯v
knän _m¦v 25 Dw tamÀK³ 56 Dw. ss{Sem-ä-dÂ Ata-c n-¡³ `c-W-L-S\
t`Z-KXn Bh-iy-s ¸-Sp-¶p. F¶mÂ AhÀ¡v Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ hyh-km-b-Xm-
Xv]-c y-§Ä Ipd-hm-Wv. Ah-cpsS hntZ-i¯p \n¶p-Å- h-c p-am-\-hp-ambn
Xmc-Xayw sN¿p-t¼mÄ. 1993 Â TC bpw A´m-c mjv{S _m¦p-I-fp-a m-bpÅ
_Ôw ]cn-tim-[n-¡mw.
_m¦v TC AwK-§Ä
sNbvkv am³l-«³ tUhnUv tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ
tXma-kv.-Pn. em_vs d¡v
U»yq. än. tImÄa³
sl³{Sn InÊn³PÀ
temI-_m¦v PÊn-¡. ]n. Cu³tlm¬
tdm_À«v aIv\-a mc
sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv t]mÄ. F. thm¡À
PdmÄUv tImdn-K³
Ae³ {Ko³kv] m³
SDR kzÀ®-¯n-t\mfw Icp-¯p-ä-XÃ F¶v sXfn-bn-¡-s ¸«p Ign-ªp.
F¶mÂ ]Ww F¶pÅ AsÃ-¦nÂ AXnsâ ASn-Ø m\w F¶pÅ
\nebv¡v kzÀ®s¯ Gähpw sa¨-s¸-«Xv F¶v Icp-X m-\m-hn-Ã. [ An
Insider’s View. By. Robert Solomon ] TC bpsS {][m\ Bbp-[-§-fnÂ
H¶v `£y hkvXp-¡-fm-Wv. Food as Weapon. ImÀjnI hr¯n \h-tem-I -
{Iaw krjvSn-¡p-¶ -Xn\p thn D]-tbm-K n-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p. F¶mÂ AXv
{]I-S-a -Ã. tkmhn-bäv kÀÆm-[n-]-Xys¯ ]Xn-äm-p-I -tfmfw \ne-\n-dp-¯n-
283
b-Xv, Ata-c n-¡³ tKmX¼pw sh®bpw Nokpw Ata-c n-¡³ \nIpXn Zmb-
Isâ Nne-h nÂ hne-¡p-d-h nÂ \ÂIn-bn-c p-¶Xp sImmWv. tkmhn-bäv
bqWn-b³ kmt¦-XnI ta· t\Snb cmjv{S-sa¶ ]pI-ad krjvSn¨p sImv
Ata-cn-¡³ `t£ymÂ]m-Z\ cwK-¯pÅ I¼-\ n-I fpw A´m-c mjv{S Ip¯-
I-Ifpw djy³ hn]-Wnsb NqjWw sN¿p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
tkmam-enb kw`hw Imcy-§Ä cmjv{Sob Dt±-i-t¯m-sS-bp-Å-Xm-sW¶v
hyà-a m-¡pw. Ata-c n-¡³ ssk\yw tkmamen Xoc¯v `£y- k-lm-b-hp-
ambn F¯n-b-t¸mÄ sSen-h n-j³ Iyma-d-IÄ tkmamen Xocv¯v X¿m-dp-m-
bn-cp-¶p. AXv a\p-jy-X z-] cw F¶-X-t\-¡mÂ cmjv{Snbw F¶Xp Xs¶.
ImÀjvI taJ-e-bn-ep-m-hp¶ AanX hfÀ¨-tbbpw XIÀ¨-tbbpw \nb-
{´W hnt[-b-a m-¡p-sa¶v TC AwKw IqSn-bmb ImÀjnI sk{I-«dn Adn-bn-
¨-t¸mÄ, ap³ ImÀjnI sk{I-«dn GÄ_ävkv ]d-ªXv BZyw hfÀ¨
\nb-{´W hnt[-b-a m-¡-s ¸Spw F¶m-Wv. ImÀ«À Xm§p-hne {]Jym-] n-¨ Xv
A[nIw Kh¬saâv \nb-{´-W-§Ä sImp hcp-¶-X n\v Imc-W-am-bn.
am²y-a -§sf D]-tbm-K n¨v Xm§p-hn-e-b¡v ]cn[n GÀs¸-Sp-¯n. hne F{X-
bm-s W-¶pw, DXv]m-Zn-¸n-t¡ Af-s h-{X-bm-sW¶pw Kh¬saâv \nÝ-bn-
¡pI F¶v h¶mÂ, Bscm-s ¡, Fs´ms¡, Fhn-s S-s bms¡ Irjn
sN¿Ww F¶pw Kh¬saân\v Xocp-am-\n-¡m-\ m-h pw. kzmX-{ýhpw kpc-
£n-X-X zhpw Htc kabw e`y-a-Ã.
TC FÃm hnj-b-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw Kth-jWw \S¯n {]_-Ô-§Ä Ah-X -cn-
¸n-¡m-dp-v. F¶mÂ \nIp-X n-sb-¡p-dn¨v CÃ. \nIpXn hÀ²-\-hn\v A\p-
Iq-e-amWv AhÀ. Ah-cpsS \nIpXn _m²yX Hgn-hm-t¡-Xv F§n-s \-
sb¶v AhÀ¡v \Ã-h ®w Adn-bmw. HutZym-KnI ]T-\ -§Ä¡p tijw
_lp-c mjv{S Ip¯I òa-·mÀ \nIpXn _m²yX F§s\ Hgn-hm-¡p¶p
F¶v ]mÀe-saâv AwKw NmÄkv. F. hm\nIv ]T\w Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p. 1976 se
IW-¡p-I -fmWv At±lw ]T\ hnj-b-a m-¡n-b-X v. 168 I¼-\n-IÄ. icm-i cn
IpSpw-_-¯n\v hmÀjnI hcp-am\w 20,000 tUmfÀ BsW-¦nÂ B hÀjw
GI-tZiw 13 iX-am\w \nIpXn HSp-t¡-m-Xmbn hcp-a m-bn-c p-¶p. F¶mÂ
]cn-tim-[-\bv¡v hnt[-b-a mb Ip¯I òa-·mcpw AtX \nc-¡nÂ Xs¶-
bmWv \nIpXn HSp-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Ah-bpsS \nIp-X n¡v ap³]pÅ hcp-
am\w 4000 tImSn tUmfÀ. Nne I¼-\n-IÄ¡v \jvS-a p-m-bn-cp-¶Xp Iq«n
icm-icn IW-¡mWv AXv.
TC B[n-] -Xy-a pÅ sNbvkv am³l-«³ B hÀjw \nIpXn \ÂIn-b-tX-bn-Ã.
AsX kabw tUhnUv tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ, sNbvkv am³l-«³ _m¦nÂ
Gähpw A[nIw Hml-cn-bpÅ hyàn Ata-c n-¡-bpsS `mhn Xocp-am-
\n¡p¶XnÂ hym]r-X-\m-Wv. AXm-bXv kaq-l-¯ n\p thn ]Ww sNe-h-
gn-¡p-¶-XnÂ hnap-J -\mWv tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ. TC sâ Dt±yi e£y-§-sf-¡p-
dn¨v kwi-b-ap-f-hm-Ip-¶Xv kzm`m-hn-Iw. 1978 \p tijw A§ns\ Hcp
]T\hpw \S-¶n-« n-Ã. Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ Gähpw Ipdª BZmb \nIpXn
\nc¡v 14 iX-a m-\hpw Gähpw DbÀ¶Xv 70 iX-am-\-hp-am-Wv. {_n«-\nÂ
284
98 iX-am\w hsc. TC _Ô-apÅ Ip¯I òa-·mÀ AÃm-XpÅ Ip¯-I -

Isf At]-£n¨v hfcw Ipd¨p am{Xw \nIp-X n-s bm-Sp-¡p-¶p. TC _Ô-
apÅ Nne Ip¯-I-I-fpsS hnh-c-§Ä hyà-a mb Nn{Xw \ÂIpw.
FIvtkm¬ 8 iX-am-\w, Imen-t^mÀWn-b-bnse Ìm³UmÀUv HmbnÂ 17
iX-a m-\ w, BÀtIm 11 iX-am-\w, HmIvkn-UâÂ s]t{Sm-fnbw 4 iX-a m\w
KÄ^v HmbnÂ 7 iX-a m-\w.
hmÄ kv{Soänse {]ap-J-a mb A`n-`m-j-I³ tXma-kv. Un. Xm¨À sâ
{]hÀ¯\w t_mÄsjhn-¡p-IÄ¡v {_n«sâ ]n³XpW t\Sp-¶-X n\v klm-
b-I-c-am-bn. tXmakv emtam³Sv , -ssUzäv tamtdm, F¨v. ]n. tUhn-k¬
F¶o tamÀK³ A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw ]n³Xp-W-bm-bn. tXmakv Xm¨À djy-bn-
te¡v t]mb Ata-c n-¡³ sdUv t{ImÊv AwKw. At±lw t\mÀ¯v ¢n^v^v
{]`p-hns\ ImWp-¶-X n\v e-\nÂ t]mbn. AXnsâ A\-ć êw
“hn¹h êw sI«n-¸-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\v ]qÀ® kl-I-cWw D-mhpw.” F¶
Xocp-am-\-a m-Wv. kam-\-amb kl-I-cWw ku¯v B{^n-¡, ssN\ F¶n-hn-
S-§-fnepw Dm-bn. sIc³kvIn Kh¬saâns\ Xpc-¯p-¶-Xn\p
\yqtbmÀ¡v sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv _m¦nsâ Ub-d-I vS-dm-bn-c p¶ hnÃyw
t_mbvkv tXmw]vk¬ {_n«ojv {][m\ a{ń-bm-bn-cp¶ tembvUv tPmÀÖn-
t\mSv t_mÄsj-hn-¡p-I sf ]n³Xp-W-¡p-¶ -Xn\v A`yÀ°n-¨ p. se\n³
sâ djy³ `mj-bn-ep-Å k¼qÀ® IrXn-I-fnÂ, se\n³ AÀa³Uv lma-
dn\v “{]nb-s ¸« kJm-hn\v” F¶v A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNbvXp sImpÅ
[mcmfw I¯p-I-fp-v. AÀ-a ³Uv lmaÀ HmIvkn-UâÂ s]t{Sm-fnbw
A²y-£³.
{]kn-Uv _nÂ ¢nâ¬ TC AwKw. At±lw \S-¯nb \nb-a -\-§-fpsS
]n¶m-¼p-d-¡-Y -IÄ , ]n¶oSv ]pd¯p hn« FBI tcJ-IÄ shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.
\nb-a-\-§Ä XpÃy-a mbn _lp-cmjv{S Ip¯-I-I Ä¡pw ]ns¶ C³Ìn-äyq«v
t^mÀ t]mfnÊn ÌUn-knsâ A\p-bm-bn-I Ä¡p-a mbn hoXn¨v \ÂIp-I-bm-
bn-cp-¶p. AXv amÀIvknÌv A\p-I qe _p²n-Pohn kwL-S\ þ `cW amäw
ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cp¶ cp t]cpw TC AwK-§Ä. hmd³ {InÌ-^À,
shÀt\m³ tPmÀZ³. cp t]cpw {]ap-J-c mb tem_n-bn-Ìv-I Ä.
amÀIvkns\ hmbn-¡p-¶-hÀ ap³[m-c-W-I-tfmsS hmbn-¡p-¶-Xn-\ mÂ

bmYmÀ°y-§Ä hn«p t]mhp-¶p. _qÀjz-bpsS \mi-¯n\p tijw `c-W-
hÀ¤hpw hn¹-h-Im-cn-I fpw X½n-ep-m-h p¶ kl-I-cWw hmÄkv{Soäv òa-
·mcpw djy-bnse hn¹-h-Im-cn-Ifpw X½nÂ Dm-bn-cp-¶p.
TC bp²w {]Jym-] n-¡p-¶-XnÂ XXv]-c -cm-Wv. War on Cancer, War on

Crime, War on Drugs, War on Aids.
285
\ne-hn-en-c n-¡p¶ sXfn-bn-¡-s ¸-Sm-¯, AÀ°-an-Ãm¯ FbvUvkv kn²m´w

`c-W-hÀ¤ ivkm{X-Ú-·mÀ {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ AXv Ata-cn-
¡³ssk-\nI ]co-£W ime-I-fnÂ ssPhm-bp[ hnI-k-\-¯nsâ `mK-
ambn hnI-kn-¸ n-s¨-Sp-¯-Xm-Wv. km¼-¯nI klmbw kÀ¡m-c n-tâ-Xv. Nne
hn`mKw a\pjy PmXnsb `qap-J ¯p \n¶pw XpS¨p \o¡p-¶-Xn\p thn.
[\-k-lmbw A\p-h-Zn-¨Xv temI _m¦nsâ A²y-£-\m-bn-cp¶ tdm_À«v
aIv\am-c.
sacn-em³UnÂ t^mÀ«v sU{Sn-Iv. Ata-c n-¡³ ssPhm-bp[ hnI-k-\-¯nsâ
BØm-\w. XpS-¡-¯nÂ Ata-cn-¡³ ssk\nI ssPh ]co-£W ime
F¶pw Ct¸mÄ Ata-cn-¡³ ssk\nI ]IÀ¨m-hym[n Kth-jW C³Ìn-
äyq«v F¶pw. AXv CIA bpambn HutZym-KnI ]co-£W DS-¼Sn-bnÂ
GÀs¸-«n-c n-¡p-¶p. CIA bpw ssk\yhpw Ah-cpsS cl-ky-§Ä kwc-£n-
¡p-¶-X n\v Ign-hXpw {ian-¨p. F¶mÂ ]cm-P-b-s¸-«p. 60 IfpsS BZy-
¯nÂ hmjn-§vS³, jn¡m-s Km, km³{^m³knkvtIm F¶n-hn-S§-fnÂ
_ÊvkvämânÂ \nÂ¡p¶ P\-§-fpsS ]pd¯v cl-ky-ambn {]tXyI Xcw
AWp-¡sf kvt{] sN¿p-¶Xv Ata-c n-¡³ ssk\n-I-c psS Npa-X -e-bm-bn-cp-
¶p. kam-\-amb ]²-Xn-IÄ hmjn-§vS³, \yqtbmÀ¡v, temkv Gbv©-e-kv,
t_mÌ³ hnam-\-¯m-h-f-§-fnepw ]co-£n-¨p. AXp-t]mse
kvtamÄt]mIvkv hocyw Iq«n-bXpw ]co-£n-¨p. tcJ-IÄ shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-
¶Xv ssk\yhpw CIA bpw X½nÂ ASp¯p {]hÀ¯n¨p F¶m-Wv.
t^mÀ«v sU{Sn-Iv. ssPhm-bp[ hnI-k-\-¯n\pw hnj- h-kvXp-¡-fpsS
DXv] m-Z-\-¯n\pw {]tXy hn`m-Kw. AXnsâ {]apJ D]-t`m-àm-¡Ä Ata-cn-
¡³ ssk\yw. AÀ² ssk\nI \o¡-§-fnÂ {]tbm-Kn-¡m-hp¶ hkvXp-
¡Ä¡pw Ah {]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-Å D]-I-c-W-§Ä¡p-a m-bn-c p¶p
Bhiyw Gsd-bpw. CIA F¶mÂ `c-W-L-S\m hncp-²-a mb C¯cw
{]hÀ¯-\-§Ä P\-§-fnÂ \n¶pw ad¨p hbv¡p-¶-Xn\v ]cn{ian¨p F¶v
sk\äv I½nän Is-¯n. {]hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS hf-sc-¡p-d¨p am{Xw tcJ-
I-fm-bn. kvtamÄ t]mIvkv Ata-cn-¡³ ssk\y-¯n\v CjvS-am-hm³ Imc-W-
§-fnÂ Nne-Xv.
1. AXohw Icp-¯pÅ ]IÀ¨mhym[n. thK-X-bnÂ ]I-c p-¶p.
2. e£-W-§Ä ]pd-¯p-Im-Wp-¶-X n\v Ipd¨p Ime-Xm-a kw Dm-hp-sa-¶-Xv,
AXv ]SÀ¯p-¶- hÀ¡v cmPyw hnSp-¶-
Xn\v kmh-Imiw \ÂIp-¶p.
3. Akp-Js¯ AXn-Po-hn-¡p-¶-Xn\v Ime-Xm-a-k-a p-m-hp-¶p.
1972 Â ssPhm-bp[ ]co-£-W-§Ä HutZym-Kn-I-ambn hnI-kn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv XS-
ªp F¶v Kh¬saâv Ah-I m-i-s ¸-Sp-¶p. 1980 Â sImp h¶ Bhiyw
sk\-äÀ Pbnwkv kmÊÀ FXnÀ¯p. F¶mÂ AXv XoÀ¨-bmbpw A\u-
tZym-Kn-I-a mbn \S¶p ImWpw.
286
1969 Pqsse-bnÂ Ata-c n-¡³ tk\-bnse Advanced Research Project

Agency UbdIvSÀ tUm-IvSÀ aIv BÀXÀ k`bv¡p ap¶nÂ lmP-c m-bn.
A¶v At±lw ]d-ªXv 10 hÀj-¯n-\ Iw Ir{Xn-a -amb ssPh-hkvXp
DXv] m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v km[n-¡p-s a¶pw , kzm`m-hn-I-a mbn {]Xn-tcm[ iàn
AXn-s\-X n-cmbn hnI-kn¨p ImWp-¶-Xn\v km[y-X-bn-s Ã-¶p-am-Wv. AXp
Xs¶-bmWv . AIDS. Agency AXn\v Hcp tImSn tUmfÀ [\-k-lmbw
A`yÀ°n-¨p. FbvUvkv s]mXp-th-Zn-I-fnÂ {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn\v 10 hÀjw
ap³]v. A¶v aIvBÀXÀ ]d-ªXv At\Iw t]À AXn\v FXn-c m-s W¶pw
AXv hn]p-e-amb tXmXnÂ a\pjy¡p-cp-Xn¡v Imc-W-amhpw F¶p-a m-Wv.
1961 þ 1968 Â CXn-s\-¡p-dn-¨ Å NÀ¨ s]â-K-WnÂ ]ptcm-K-an-¡p-t¼mÄ,
tdm_À«v aIv\am-c, TC AwKw, {]Xn-tcm[ sk{I-«-dn-bm-bn-c p-¶p. ¢mÀ¡v
¢nt^mÀUv 1969 Â sÌbväv sk{I-«-dn-bmbn A[n-I m-c -ta-äp. ¢mÀ¡v
¢nt^mÀUv BCCI X«n-¸ n-eqsS Ip{]-kn²n t\Snb hyàn.
1970 HIvtSm-_À 2 \v tUmIvSÀ aIv BÀXÀ AIDS hnI-k-\-¯n\v ]Ww Bh-
iy-s ¸-«-Xn\p tijw, aIv\-a m-c , temI _m¦v {]kn-U-m-bn. A´m-cmjv{S
_m¦Àamsc A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNbvXp sImv ]d-ªp. C¶v temIw B`n-
ap-Jo-I-cn-¡p¶ Gähpw henb {]iv\w A[n-I-a mb P\-kw-Jy-bm-Wv.
At±lw FSp¯p ]dª Imcyw 1000 tImSn P\-§sf (C-t¸m-g p-ÅXv 600
tImSn)-\n-b-{ń-¡p-¶Xv Akm-²y-am-bn-cn¡pw F¶m-Wv. C¶s¯ \ne-bnÂ
temIw A[nIw Xma-knbmsX Ahn-sS-s¨¶v tNcpw. \ap-¡mÀ¡pw AXv
\Ã-X m-bn-c n-¡n-Ã. AXv Hgn-hm-¡-s ¸-Sm-\m-hm-¯-X-Ã. AXn\v cp amÀ¤-
§Ä am{Xw. H¶p-InÂ P\-\-\n-c¡v Ip¯s\ CSn-b-Ww. s]s«-¶v. AsÃ-
¦nÂ ac-W-\ n-c ¡v Ip¯s\ Db-c-Ww. s]s«¶v. AIDS sâ DXv]m-Z-\-¯n-
\pÅ Xocp-am-\-¯n-\pÅ Ah-km\ L«-§-fn-em-bn-cp¶p aIv\am-c . AIDS
sâ DXv]m-Z-\hpw ac-W-\n-c ¡v Ip¯s\ Db-cWw F¶pÅ A`n-{]m-bhpw
Iq«n hmbn-t¡-Xm-Wv. TC AwKw a\-]qÀÆw AIDS \nÀ½m-W-¯n\v
H¯mi sNbvXp.
tkmhn-b-äv -bq-Wn-b³ CXn-s\-¡p-dn¨v Adn-ªn«v BtKm-fm-Sn-Øm-\-¯nÂ
hmÀ¯ {]N-c n-¸n-¨p. s]â-K¬, t^mÀ«v sU{SnIv Â AIDS \nÀ½n-¡p¶p
F¶v. BZys¯ hmÀ¯ h¶Xv tkmhn-bäv ]n³Xp-W-bpÅ Cý³ Zn\-
¸-{X-¯nÂ. ]ns¶ temI-am-I-am-\w. AXns\ Ing-¡³ PÀ½-\n-bnse
lwt_mÄ«v kÀÆ-I -em-im-e-bnse {]^-kÀ tP¡_v koKÄ ]n³Xp-W-¨p.
F¶mÂ At±lw AXns\ ]co-£-W-¯n-\ n-S-bn-epmb A]-I Sw F¶v
hne-bn-cp-¯n. hmkvX-h-¯nÂ AXv Icp-Xn-¡q«n sNbvX -Xm-bn-c p-¶p.
IqSp-XÂ hnh-c-§Ä¡v
1. AIDS : What the Government Isn’t Telling You. By. Lorriane Day
2. Queer Blood : The Secret AIDS Genocide Plot. By. Alan Cantwell.
287
3. AIDS : The Unnecessary Epidemic. By. Stanley Monteith

]n¶o-SpÅ asämcp X«n-¸m-Wv War on Drugs. AXv ab-¡p-a-cp-¶nsâ D]-
tbmKw Ipd-¡p-¶-Xn\v Hcp kw`m-h -\bpw \ÂIn-bn-Ã. t]meokv A[n-Im-cn-
Ifpw, saUn-¡Â Kth-j-Icpw Hs¡ A¯cw ImgvN-¸ mSv ]peÀ¯p-¶p.
AXv, _pjv ]ns¶ ¢nâ¬ `c-W-Im-e¯v GÀs¸-Sp-¯n-b -Xm-Wv. AXns\
hni-I-e\w sN¿p-¶-hÀ, AXv ]cm-P-b-s¸-SWw F¶ Dt±y-iy-t¯msS
Xs¶ ]²Xn XpS-§n-b-X mWv F¶ \nK-a-\ -¯nÂ F¯n-t¨À¶mÂ AXns\
Ipäw ]d-bm-\m-hn-Ã.
ab-¡p-a-c p¶v D]-tbmKw GI-tZiw 2 tImSn P\-§-fn-em-Wv. kmÀ s_¶äv
\v Ahsc ]q«n-bn-Sp-¶-X n\p th Pbn-ep-IÄ \nÀ½n-¡Ww F¶-X m-bn-
cp¶p Dt±y-iyw. ]ns¶ s_¶äv Bbp[ \nb-{´-W-¯n-\ pÅ \nbaw
sImp h¶v P\-§-fpsS Ah-I m-i-§sf \nb-{ń-¡p-¶-Xn\pw {ian-¨p.
War on Drugs \p thn \o¡n h¨n-c p¶ XpI-bpsS aq¶nÂ cp `mKhpw
]mgm-¡n. A[n-I -amb sIme-]m-X-I -§Ä, ab-¡p-a -cp-¶nsâ D]-tbm-K-¯nÂ
hÀ²\ CtXm-s¡-b m-bn-c p¶p ê-§Ä. ab-¡p-a -cp¶v A[n-I-ambn e`yam-
bn. hne Ip¯s\ CSn-ªp. A[nIw P\-§Ä Pbn-e-pIÄ¡p-Ån-em-bn.
Drug Enforcement Agency DEA bpsS ap³ ta[mhn t_mWÀ, CIA ab-¡p-a -
cp¶v hy]m-c-¯nÂ GÀs¸-Sp¶p F¶v ]d-ªp. CIA sh\n-kp-th-e-bnÂ
\n¶v Hcp S¬ ip²-a mb sIms¡bv³ Hä-bn-S-]m-SnÂ Cd-¡p-aXn sNbvXp
F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p Btcm-] -Ww. cl-kym-t\z-jWw ad-bm¡n P\-dÂ sk{Zm-
knsâ taÂt\m-«-¯nÂ CIA slbvXn-bnÂ ab-¡p-a-c p¶v hym]mc irw-J e
krjvSn-¨p. 1990- Â 1000 ]uv (GI-tZiw 500 Intem) sIm-sIbv³ sh\n-
kp-th-e-bnÂ \n¶v IS-¯n-bXv anbman hnam-\-¯m-h-f-¯nÂ ]nSn-s ¨-Sp-¯p.
AXv Ata-c n-¡³ Kh¬saânsâ H¯m-i-tbmsS \S-¯n-b-X n-\mÂ DEA,
Customs DtZym-K-Ø -·mÀ¡v apt¶m«v t]mIp-¶-Xn-\m-bn-Ã. \nb-a -h-Ip¸v
H¶pw Xs¶ sNbvX n-Ã. Skull and Bones AwKw sk\-äÀ t_msc³ H¶pw
sNbvXn-Ã. DEA DtZym-K-Ø-· mÀ F¶mÂ apt¶m«p t]mbn. AXv 1993 se
CBS Â hmÀ¯-bm-bn. \hw-_-dnÂ \yqtbmÀ¡v ssSwkv hmÀ¯ \ÂIp-
¶Xp hsc Zn\-]-{X-§-s fm¶pw hmÀ¯ \ÂIn-bn-Ã. ô\nIvkv seäÀ
Iptd hnh-c -§Ä kL-Sn-¨p. Bscbpw in£n-¨ n-Ã. AÀI³kmkv Â ta\-
bnÂ ab-¡p-a-cp¶v IÅ-¡-S-¯ nÂ ¢nâ¬ GÀs¸-«n-c p-¶Xv Adn-bp-¶-hÀ
AXnÂ {]tXy-I-X-s bm¶pw In-Ã. t_mscsâ ]¦v Bcpw At\z-jn-¨n-Ã.
ô\nIvkv seäÀ A¯cw At\Iw hmÀ¯-IÄ \ÂIp-¶p. Ham-l-bnse
_me-]o-V-\ w, kmt¦-X n-I-hnZy ad-¨p-h-bv¡p-¶-Xv, \nIpXn Zmb-Is\
NqjWw sN¿p-¶-Xv, BCCI bpambn _Ô-s¸« sIme-]m-X-Ihpw Agn-a -
Xnbpw, A]-I-S-I -c-a mb FbÀ{Im^väv cq]IÂ]-\, Imem-hØm \nb-{´-
Ww, Kh¬saâv sâ I]-S-X-I-Ä, `c-W-L-S-\m-hn-cp-²-a mb cmjv{Sob \b-
§Ä A§ns\ ]e-Xpw. C¶v Ata-c n¡ `cn-¡p-¶Xv Agn-a Xn kwL-a m-Wv.
288
Ignª GXm\pw ]Xn-äm-p-I-fmbn Ata-cn-¡³ Kh¬saâv ab-¡p-a -cp¶v

IÅ-¡-S-¯nÂ GÀs¸-Sp-¶p.
s_mfo-hn-b-bnse Gähpw henb sIms¡bv³ ]co-£W-ime \nÀ½n-
¨Xpw \S-¯p-¶Xpw CIA Xs¶-bm-Wv. tIWÂ ‘t_m’ {Knävkv Btcm-]n-
¡p¶ Ipäw þ At±lw AXn\p th sXfn-hp-Ifpw \nc-¯p-I-bp-m-bn - þ
hmjn-§vS¬ DC ¡v tKmÄU³ {Sbm-¦n-fp-a mbn _Ô-a pv F¶m-Wv.
tKmÄU³ {Sbm-¦nÄ þ Gähpw henb sltdm-bn³ DXv]m-Z-\-tI{µw.
A^vKm³ hna-X-tcbpw, \n¡-cm-Kz³ tIm¬{S-I-s fbpw CIA klm-bn-¨ Xv
ab-¡p-a-c p¶v hnÂ¸-\-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. `qcn-`mKw A¯cw CS-]m-Sp-Ifpw \S-
¡p-¶Xv HutZym-KnI A\p-a-X n-tbm-sS-bm-Wv. hmjn-§vS³ DC 1970 apXÂ
TC bpsS \nb-{´-W-¯n-e m-Wv. War on Drugs \v XpS-¡-a m-bXpw 1970 Â.
TC AwKw sl³{Sn InÊn³P-d - mWv “{]iv\-] -cn-lm-c-¯n\v” XpS-¡-a n-«-Xv.
{]iv\-§sf \h-tem-I-{I-a -¯n-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡mw. tImSn-¡-W -¡n\v
tUmfÀ sNe-hpÅ War on Drugs \ndp-¯-e m-¡p-¶Xp hsc, A{Xbpw
]Ww \nIp-Xn-Zm-b-IÀ¡v XncnsI \ÂIp-¶-Xn\v GÀ¸m-Sm-I p-¶Xp hsc.
¢nâsâ {][m\ km¼-¯nI klmbn PmIvk¬ Ìo^³kv. BCCI Øm]-
I³. PmIvk¬ GI-tZiw 20 e£w tUmfÀ ¢nâ¬ sXc-s ª-Sp¸v ^n-
te¡v Zm\w sNbvXp. sNdnb am²y-a §sf \nb-{ń-¡p-¶ -Xv h-enb am²y-a -
§Ä. henb am²y-a-§sf \nb-{ń-¡p-¶Xv TC. CNN A²y-£³ U»yq.
tXmakv tPm¬k¬, hmjn-§vS³ t]mÌv A²y£ ImX-do³ {Klmw
F¶n-h -cm-bn-cp¶p A¡m-e¯v {]apJ ¢nâ¬ hàm-¡Ä.
TC ]nd-hn-sb-Sp-¡p-¶Xv skknÂ tdmUvkn-s âbpw anÂ\À {]`p-hn-sâbpw
Bi-b-§-fnÂ \n¶m-Wv. {]tXyI kz`mh hnti-j-§-fpÅ Ata-cn-¡³
P\-X sb HmIvkv^ÀUv kÀÆ-I -em-i m-e-bnÂ Hcp hÀjs¯ ]T-\-¯n\v
tdmUvkv kvt¡mfÀjn¸v klm-bn-¡p-¶p. _nÂ ¢nâ¬ AXnÂs¸-«-X m-Wv.
AXn-t\m-s Sm¸w tdmbÀ C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v CâÀ\m-j-WÂ A^-tbÀkv þ
e³ þ RIIA. RIIA bpsS taÂt\m-« -¯n-e mWv Iu¬knÂ Hm¬ t^mdn³
dnte-j³kv. CFR. TC Øm]-I ³ tUhnUv tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ hfsc \mÄ
CFR A²y-£-\ m-bn-c p-¶p.
ASp¯ Ime¯v FBI ]pd¯p hn« tcJ-I Ä ]d-bp-¶Xv IPS - Institute for
Policy Studies þ _m¦v IhÀ¨bpw sIme-]m-X-I-h-pambn _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-
¡p¶p F¶m-Wv.
¢nâ¬ cp-t]cpw IPS Dambn ASp¯ _Ôw ]peÀ¯p-¶p. IPS
amÀIvknÌv A\p-Iqe kwL-S-\-bpw. FBI bpsS cl-ky-tc-J-IÄ ]d-bp-¶Xv
_nÂ Dw lne-cnbpw amÀIvknÌv òI-c-hm-Z-kwLS\-I-fp-a -mbn _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-
¡p¶p F¶v.
289
¢nâ³ IPS s\ hfÀ¯n, km¼-¯n-I -ambn klm-bn¨v kz´w Imcy-¯n\p

thn D]-tbm-Kn-¨p. lnecn IPS \pw IPS Dambn _Ô-apÅ At\Iw
amÀIvknÌv kwL-S-\ -IÄ¡pw km¼-¯n-I - k-lmbw \ÂIn-bn-c p-¶p.
Committee in Support of the People of EI Salvador þ amÀIvknÌv KdnÃ
kwLw XpS-§n-b-h-sb.
tPm¬ tImÄa³
290
tdm¯vjoÂUvkv, PqX IpSpw_w. {^m¦v^À«v sabv³ F¶ tZi-¯v.

ap³]v Ime-§-fnÂ PqX-·msc IogvPm-Xn-¡m-cmbn IcpXn hfsc AIän
\ndp-¯n-bn-c p-¶p. PqXcpw aäp-Å-hcpw X½nÂ CS-s ]-Sp-¶-X-n\v IÀi-\- \n-
b-a-§Ä, `c-W-hÀ¤-¯nÂs¸-Sm¯ aäpÅ hwi-PÀ¡p t]mepw hnj-a -ap-
m-¡p-¶-{Xbpw ITn-\ -amb \nb-a-§Ä.
tabÀ BwsjÂ tdm¯v-joÂUvkv ]d-bp-¶Xv At±-l-¯ nsâ DbÀ¨¡p
Imc-Ww- ssZ-hm-\p-{K-l-a msW-¶m-Wv. At±-l-¯n\v Hu]-Nm-c nI hnZym-
`ymkw Dm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.
tdm¯vjoÂUvkns\ s]mXpsh hf-sc-b-[nIw [\n-I -amb IpSpw_w F¶p
am{Xw -hn-e-bn-c p-¯-s ¸-Sp-¶p. F¶mÂ AhÀ Ah-c psS k¼¯v A[n-Im-c -
¯n\p thn, AhÀ¡v A\p-I q-e-amb Xc-¯nÂ Imcy-§Ä \S-¯n-s b-Sp-
¡p-¶-X n\p thn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
Ah-cpsS [\-ØnXn ad¨phbv¡-s ¸-«n-c n-¡p-¶p. At\Iw {SÌp-I-fn-eqsS,
\nIpXn clnX {]Øm-\-§-fn-eqsS, Hm^v^vtjmÀ I¼-\n-I-fn-eq-s S, ]c-
kv]c _Ôn-X-amb Øm]-\-§-fn-eq-s S. AhÀ¡v ]W-¯n-t\mSv BÀ¯n-
bm-Wv. A[n-Im-c -¯n-t\mSv aXn hcm¯ A`n-\n-th-i-hpw.
bqtdm-¸nepw {_n«-\ nepw temI-a m-I -am\w Bscms¡ A[n-Im-c -¯nÂ XpS-c-
W-sa¶v AhÀ Xocp-a m-\n-¡p-¶p. ]cp-¡³ s]cp-a m-ä-h pw. {]mIr-X-am-b-
kw-`m-j-W -s si-en-bpw. At±-l-¯nsâ Ipªp-§Ä¡v kvIqÄ hnZym-`ym-k-
¯n\p apI-fnÂ \ÂIn-bn-Ã. {^m¦v^À«nse PqX-·mÀ¡v _u²nI
{]hÀ¯-\-§Ä A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. tabÀ BwsjÂ XmÂap-Zns\
BZym-h-km\w ]n³Xp-SÀ¶p. Ipªp-§Ä¡pw AXv ]IÀ¶p \ÂIn. 1770
apX-en-t§m«v \S-¶n-«pÅ cmjvv-{Sob sIme-] m-X -I-§-fnÂ ]Ip-Xn-sb¦nepw
tdm¯vjoÂUvkv Imc-W-am-sW¶v hne-bn-c p-¯-s ¸-Sp-¶p.
A´m-c mjv{S _m¦n-§nÂ Gähpw {]ap-J-a mb t]cv . F¶mÂ At±-l-

¯nsâ IpSpw_ cl-ky-§Ä A[n-I-amÀ¡pw Adn-bn-Ã. [\-an-S-] m-Sp-I -fnÂ
]p-a p-XÂ PqX-·m-cmWv {]ap-JÀ. 1917 Â AhÀ temI-a m-I -am\w hym]n¨
Ign-ªp. hne-]n-Sn-¸-pÅ teml-§Ä, h{Pw, \mWbw FÃm-än-tâbpw hn\n-
abw \nb-{ń-¡p-¶Xv PqX-·mÀ. 1910 Â {_n«³, PÀ½-\nsb B{I-a n-¡p-¶-
Xn\v Hcp-§n-b-t¸mÄ A´m-cmjv{ S PqX ^n\m³kn-tbÀkns\ {][m\
tI{µ-§-fnÂ \ntbm-Kn-¨n-«p- m-bn-cp-¶p. AXnsâ Xe-¸¯v
tdm¯vjoÂUvkpw. {^m³knÂ tdm¯vjoÂUvkv , ûÄUv,
Imtam³tUm, s]tc-c, _njvt¡m^v low. PÀ½-\nbnÂ tdm¯vjoÂUvkv,
hmÀkv tNmhÀ, sa³U Âtkm¬, »o t{ImUÀ. Cw¥-nÂ
tdm¯vjoÂUvkv, kÊq¬, tÌ¬, sam³Sm-Kp . ^mÀ CuÌv Â kÊq¬.
djy-bnÂ Kq¬kv_ÀKv. Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ sP. ]n. tamÀK³, Iq³ temtb-
_v, sken-Kva³, kvt]bÀ, hmÀ_ÀKv, ekmÀUv t{^-sc-kv. FÃmt]cp-
sSbpw apI-fnÂ lukv Hm^v tdm¯vjoÂ Uvkv Xs¶. tamÀK³, Iq³
291
temtb-_v- F-¶nh tdm¯vjoÂUvknsâ ap¶Wn {]Øm-\ -§-fm-sW-¶pw,

bYmÀ° iàn tdm¯vjoÂUvkv BsW¶pw hne-bn-c p-¯-s ¸-Sp-¶p.
lukv Hm^v tdm¯vj oÂUvknsâ Øm]-I³ tabÀ BÂskw t_mhÀ.
BÂskw tamkkv t_mh-dnsâ aI³. {^m¦v^À«nse hym]m-cn. AÑ³ ,
]pXn-bXpw D]-tbm-Kn-¨-X p-a mb hkvX p-¡fpw \mW-b-§fpw ]W-b-a n-S-]m-Sp-
Ifpw \S-¯n-bn-c p-¶p. Nph¶ ]cnN AS-bm-f-am-bn -D-]-tbm-Kn-¨ n-c p-¶p.
AXnÂ \n¶v Dcp-¯n-cnªv h¶ t]cmWv sdUv joÂUv, tdm¯vjoÂUv.
tabÀ BwsjÂ tdm¯vjoÂUv ]nd-¶Xv 1743 Â. IpSpw_w Xe-a p-d-I-fmbn
{^m¦v^À«nÂ. 16 þmw \qämp apX-epÅ IpSpw_ Ncn{Xw {_n«ojv ayqkn-
b-¯nÂ kq£n-¨ n-c n-¡p-¶p.
18-þmw \qäm-tmsS AhÀ henb {]Øm-\-a mbn amdn-¡-gn-ªp. PÀ½\n
A¡m-e¯v 350 tZi-¡msc DÄs¡m-n-c p-¶p. tdm¯vj oÂUv hntZ-i-\m-
Wbw hn\n-a bw sNbvXn-cp-¶p. PqX-c-Ãm-¯-h-c psS sXmgnÂ sN¿p-¶-XnÂ
\n¶pw PqX-·mÀ¡v IÀi\ hne-¡p-I-fp-m-b n-c p-¶p. 1775 Â kvtamÄ
t]mIvkv (h-kq-c n) ]SÀ¶p ]nSn-¨p. tab-dnsâ amXm-]n-X m-¡Ä ac-W-a-S-
ªp. kvIqfnÂ tNÀ¯p F¦nepw AXv aXn-bm-¡n-bn«v 13 þmw hb-ÊnÂ
kz´w hcp-am\w Is-¯p-¶-X n\v Bcw-`n-¨p. XpS¡w Hm¸³lo-a-dnsâ
_m¦nÂ. ^mt\m-h-dnÂ. 5 hÀj-¯n-\p tijw XncnsI {^m¦v ^À«n-te-¡v.
AhnsS ]g-bXpw ]pXn-bXpw Bb hkvXp-¡Ä hnÂ¸\ Bcw-`n-¨p.
_m¦n§v {]`p-¡-fpsS Bcw-`w. 5 Ipªp-§-fp- m-bn.
At±lw AhÀ¡v jmÀe-sa-b - v³ ( Charlemagne ) sNdp-a-¡Ä¡v cmPy-`mcw
hoXn¨p \ÂIn, tdma³ Nv{IhÀ¯n-amÀ F{]-Imcw temIm-[n-]Xyw t\Sn
F¶v ]dªp sImSp-¯p. F¶mÂ tab-dn\v tdmam-¡m-tcmSv AXohw
hntcm-[ambn-cp-¶p. At±lw Ahsc t_mÄsj-h n-k-¯nsâ BP· i{Xp-
¡Ä F¶v hne-bn-c p-¯n.
[ Un revealed in History, By. Cherep Spiridovich
World Battle of the Jews By. Sir Alfred Mond ]
jn¡mtKm ss{S_yq-WnÂ, tabÀ BwsjÂ s\ Dt±y-in¨p sImv tabv 1,

1922 Â kmap-hÂ tKmwt]Àkv Fgp-Xp¶p “t_mÄsj-hnIv òI-c-Xsb
AwKo-I-c n-¡p-¶-X n\v XpÃy-ambn A\m-h -iyhpw Ncn-{Xs¯ h©n-¡p-¶-Xp-
amb asäm¶n-Ã. t_mÄj-hnIv {]hÀ¯-\-§-fnÂ Gähpw A]-I-S-I-c-am-
bn-«p-ÅXv PÀ½³, {_n«o-jv, Ata-cn-¡³ _m¦Àam-cpsS \b-am-Wv.
t_mÄsj-hn-¡p-I-Ä ¡v tImSn-¡-W-¡n\v tUmf-dp-IÄ [\-k-lmbw e`y-am-
bn.”
1762 Â PÀ½-\ n-bnse tdma³ km{am-Py-¯nsâ sXc-sª-Sp¸pw Inco-S-[m-c-
Whpw {^m¦v^À«v sabv³ Â Bbn-cp-¶p . djy Gähpw henb {InkvXy³
cmPy-am-bn-cp-¶-p . djy³ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-IÄ PqX-·msc ITn-\-a mbn t{Zmln-
292
¨n-cp-¶p. ]eni lo{_p-hnÂ CuSm-¡-c pXv F¶pw AXn\p ]pd¯v sNt¿-

-Xm-s W¶pw tabÀ a¡sf ]Tn-¸ n-¨p. Gähpw {][m-\-a mbXv cl-kym-ß -
I-X. IpSpw-_-¯n\p ]pd-¯p-Å-hÀ AsXm¶pw Adn-bm³ ]mSnÃ F¶pw.
A©v ]p{X-·mÀ bqtdm-¸ nsâ A©v lrZ-b-`m-K-§-fnÂ. temI-¯nÂ \ne-
\n-¶n-cp¶ Akz-Ø-X-IÄ Ah-c psS hfÀ¨¡v ImcW-a m-bn.
[ The Kabbalaha Unmasked. By. Mac Gregor “ in “The Rothschilds :
Financial Rulers of Nations. By. John Reeves ]
Gähpw apXnÀ¶ ]p{X³ B³sksew {]jy³ hmWnPy Iu¬kn-enÂ
AwKXzw t\Sn. A¶v AXv A]qÀÆ _lp-a-X n-bm-bn-c p-¶p. tabÀ
BwsjÂ ac-W¡nS¡-bnÂ a¡Ä FÃm-t]cpw Hcp-a-tbmsS {]hÀ¯n-
¡Ww F¶v {]Xn-Úsb-Sp-¸n-¨p.
[ The Rothschild Dynasty : By. John Coleman ]
Hm¸³lo-aÀ _m¦n-em-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ BwjÂ\v slsÊ ImsÊÂ se
em³Uvs{K-bzp-ambn F{Xbpw ASp-¸-a pÅ eyqä-\âv P\-dÂ _mc³ thm¬
FtÌmÀ^v s\ ]cn-N-b-s ¸-Sp-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-a m-bn. 100 IW-¡n\p hÀj-§-
fpsS ]mc-¼-cy-apÅ {][m-\ -s¸« IpSpw-_-¯nse AwK-a m-bn-c p¶p
em³Uvt{K-bvhv.
“em³Uvt{Kbvhv F¶Xv hnÃyw 9þ ma³ Xs¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p. tdm¯-joÂUv
At±-l-¯nsâ ]W-an-S-] m-Sp-I m-c -\m-bn. ]nWn-bm-fpw”. [ The Rothschild
Money Trust . By. Armstrong ]
tdm¯vjoÂUv, hnÃyw 9 þm-a³, em³Uvt{Kbvhnsâ ]nWn-bm-fm-bn.
em³Uvt{Kbvhv At±-l-¯ nsâ ]nXm-hnsâ ac-W-s ¯-¯p-SÀ¶v 4 tImSn
tUmfÀ IpSpw_ kz¯mbn t\Sn-bn-cp-¶p. AXv t\Sn-bXv {][m-\-a mbpw
Ata-cn-¡³ hn¹-h -Im-cn-Isf AaÀ¨ sN¿p-¶Xv XS-bp-¶-Xn\p th
tk\sb {_n«ojv Kh¬saân\v \evIp-¶Xp hgn-bpw.[ Jewish
Encyclopedia 1905 – 1909 ]
{_n«ojv Kh¬saâv C¯-c-¯nÂ t]mcm-fn-I-s f hmS-I¡v FSp-¡p-¶-Xn\v
ap³]-ń-bn-em-bn-cp-¶p. A§ns\ k¼m-Zn-¡p¶ ]Ww Cw¥-nÂ Xs¶
\nt£-]n-¡p-Ibpw AXnÂ \n¶pÅ hcp-am\w ImsÊÂ te¡v Ab¨v AXv
AanX ]en-ibv¡v hmbv] \ÂIn. t]mÌÂ Ip¯I þ bqtdm-¸n-em-I-a m\w
I¿-S-¡n-bn-c p-¶- thm¬ sS¬ ämIvknkv ( Von Thurn und Taxis ) IpSpw-_ -
§Ä ]¦m-fn-I-fpw. thm¬sS¬ ämIvknkv , AhÀ ssIImcyw sNbvXn-
cp¶ I¯p-IÄ hmbn¨v AXnÂ {]k-à-am-bh em³Uvt{K-bvh ns\ Adn-
bn¨p sImn-c p-¶p. ]n¶oSv AXv tdm¯vjoÂUvknsâ cl-kym-t\z-jW
hn`m-K-a mbn amdn. thm¬ sS¬ ämIvknkv “I½nän Hm^v 300” se AwK-
§-fpw. sNsc]v kv]ncn-tUm-hn¨v ]d-bp-¶Xv tdm¯vjoÂUvkv ]Ww
XncnsI em³Uvt{K-bvhn\p \ÂIn-bnÃ F¶pw. “hoªp \nd-¡p¶ `c-Wn-
293
I-fn-em¡n tdm¯vj oÂUvkv ]Ww apgp-h\pw e-\n-epÅ aI³ \Ym\v

\ÂIn. AhnsS AbmÄ tdm¯vjoÂUvkv e³ BØm\w sI«n-¸ -Sp-
¯p.”
[ Rothschild Money Trust . By. Armstrong ]
BwsjÂ , `c-W-Iq-S-¯nsâ DtZym-K-Ø-\mbn \nb-a n-¡-s ¸-«p. thm¬

sS¬ ämIvknkv Dam-bpÅ _Ôw. ]W-an-S-] m-SpcwK-¯pÅ aäp-Å-h-sc-
¡p-dn-¨pÅ cl-ky-hn-h-c-§fpw e`y-a m-bn. \Ym³, CuÌv Cý I¼-\n-
bnÂ \n¶pw In«nb 80 tImSn tUmfÀ hne aXn-¡p¶ kzÀ®w hm§n.
shÃnw-KvS\v kzÀ®w hnÂ¸-\-bm-bn. em³Uvt{Kbvh v tdm¯-joÂUvkns\
D]-tbm-Kn-¨p. Xncn-¨ pw. BZy-a mbn BwsjÂ, Kh¬saân-\v hmbv]
\ÂIp-¶Xv 1802 Â. Um\njv Kh¬saân-\v. Hcp tImSn tUmfÀ. hmkvX-
h-¯nÂ ]Ww em³Uvt{Km-bvhn-tâ-Xm-bn-cp-¶p.
tdm¯-joÂUvknsâ hcp-am\w hÀ²n-¨p-sIm-n-cp-¶p. At±-l-¯nsâ
apX-em-fn-bptSXv Ipdªp sImpw. Agn-aXn A[n-I-a m-b-Xn-\m-se-t¶m-Ww
-{^©v P\-dÂ tlmsN , em³Uvs{K-bv-hns\ Xpc-¯n. AXn\v ]n¶nÂ
\n¶v NcSp hen-¨ Xv BwsjÂ. \nb-{´Ww BwsjÂsâ ssI¿n-ep-am-bn.
1812 Â BwsjÂ acn-¡p-t¼mÄ kz¯nsâ `qcn-`mKw B¬a-¡Ä¡pw,
Ipd¨p am{Xw s]¬a-¡Ä¡pw. hnhm-l§Ä \S-¯ n-bn-c p-¶Xv hyh-kmbw
apt¶m«v \bn-¡pI F¶ Dt±y-iy-¯nÂ. ]pcp-j\pw kv{Xo¡pw XpÃy Ah-
Imiw F¶Xv PqX-c -Ãm-¯-h À¡p am{Xw.
]n¶oSv tdm¯-joÂUvkv _Ôp-hmb tjmsh³_ÀKv s\ Ata-cn-¡-bn-
te¡v Ab-¨p. HmKÌv s_Âtam³Sv F¶ t]cnÂ At±-lw -s^-U-dÂ
dnkÀhv Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn\v Icp-¡Ä \o¡n. s_Âtam³Sv _m¦n-§nepw
sUsam-{Im-änIv ]mÀ«n {]hÀ¯-\-§-fnepw DuÀÖ-kz-e-am-bn. Ipd¨p
\mfp-IÄ¡p-ÅnÂ bqtdm¸v Ah-cpsS \nb-{´-W-¯n-em-bn. IpSpw-_mw-K-§-
sfbpw DtZym-K-Ø-·m-scbpw hne-s ¡-Sp-¯p. t{]a-h n-hmlw IpSpw-_ -¯nÂ
A\p-h-Zn-¨n-c p-¶-tX-bn-Ã. X{´-]-c-a mb hnhm-l-_-Ô-§Ä hfÀ¨bv¡v
B¡w Iq«n.
1815 Â Hmkv{Snb “_mc¬” ( {]-`p ) F¶ kYm-\-t¸cp \ÂIn. FÃm
{][m\ Xocp-am-\-§fpw Btem-Nn-¨p-d¨p am{Xw.
DÅnÂ \n¶pÅ hnh-c-§Ä ( Inside Information ) AXohw {]m[m-\y-ap-Å-
Xm-sW¶v tdm¯v joÂUv a\-Ên-em-¡n. AXnsâ thK-X-bp-s S-bpw. Ah
{]mhÀ¯n-I-am-¡n. Ah-c psS {]hÀ¯-\-coXn In«v ]e {]ap-Jcpw ]d-
ªXv 1790 Â kwkvI r-Xn-bpsS Aý-a mbn F¶m-Wv. A¡q-« -¯nÂ s]«
F¨v. Pn. shÂkv ]d-ªXv a\p-jysâ am\-knI am\-h nI ]ptcm-KXn 18-þmw
\qäm-tmsS Ah-km-\n¨p F¶m-Wv. F¨. Pn. shÂkv `c-W-IqS Fgp-
¯p-Im-c³ F¶v hne-bn-cp-¯-s¸-Sp-¶p. tPmÀÖv _À\mUvjm ]d-ªXv
294
1790 Â òam-Im-c -amb Ft´m H¶v kw`-h n¨p F¶m-Wv. \yqtbmÀ¡v

ssSwkv Fgp-Xn-b-X v. “18-þmw \qäm-nsâ a²y-¯n\p tijw 1779 Â
BwsjÂ tdm¯vjoÂUvkv, temI-¯ nse Gähpw [\n-I-\mb a\p-jy³
slsÊ ImsÊÂ se em³Uvs{Kbvh nsâ \nb-{ń-Xm-hm-b n.” PÀ½-\n-bnÂ
PqX-·mÀ¡v ]ucXzw t\Sn-s b-Sp-¡p-¶ -Xn\v ap³ssI-s ¿-Sp¯v
tdm¯vjoÂUvkv , Um³s_ÀKv {]`p-hn\v h³]n¨ XpI k½m-\-ambn
\ÂIn. F¶mÂ sasäÀ\nIv {]`p D¯-chv d±m-¡n.
s\t¸m-fn-b³ At±-l-¯nsâ Hfnhv Pohn-X-¯n\p tijw {^m³knÂ
F¯n-t¨À¶-t¸mÄ, PqX-·m-s c-¡p-cn-¨pÅ NÀ¨-I Ä amän ht¡- -Xmbn
h¶p. temI-¯nÂ BZys¯ A´m-cmjv{ S _m¦Àam-c psS kt½-f\w hnb-
¶-bnÂ. tdm¯vjoÂUvkv, _m¦ÀamÀ \nb-{´Ww Gsä-Sp-¡p-¶ -X n\v If-
sam-c p-¡n.
PqX-·m-cpsS Hs¯m-c p-abpw, P\-kw-Jy-bn-ep- m-hp¶ hfÀ¨bpw aäpÅ
PmXn-I-fnÂ \n¶pw AI¶p \nÂ¡p¶ kz`m-hhpw aäp-Å-h-cn-Â òXn-bp-
WÀ¯n.
Pbnwkv tdm¯vj oÂUvkv {]apJ hyàn-bm-bn. {^©v Kh¬sa³cn\v 52
tImSn {^©v {^m¦vkv hmbv] \ÂIn. 1815 Â {^©v Kh¬saâv 150 tImSn
{^©v {^m¦vkv bp²-s¡-Sp-X n¡v ]cn-lm-c-a mbn \ÂtI-Xp-m-b n-c p-¶p.
100 {^m¦v hne-bpÅ kÀ¡mÀ ap{Z-¸ {Xw tdm¯v joÂUv 50 {^m¦n\v Ic-
Ø-a m-¡n. ]eni ]pd-ta-bpw. 1815 \pw 1830 \pw CS¡v tdm¯-vjoÂUv
bqtdm-¸ns\ IhÀ¨ sN¿p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Cw¥-v, djy, {^m³kv, Hmkv{Sn-
b, {]jy FÃm-¯n-t\-bpw. tdm¯vjoÂUv Ft¸mgpw apJ-hn-e-bnÂ Xmsg
am{Xw \ÂIn. GXm\pw hÀj-§Ä¡Iw, apJ-hne \ÂIn XncnsI hm§n-
s¡mÅmw F¶-X m-bn-c p¶p hyh-Ø.
Jews And Modern Capitalism F¶ ]T-\-¯nÂ {]^-kÀ shÀ\À
tkmw_mÀ«v ]d-bp-¶Xv 1820 apXÂ tdm¯vjoÂUvknsâ Ime-L«w F¶-
Xm-Wv. \qäm-nsâ ]IpXn Bb-t¸m-tg¡pw bqtdm-¸ nÂ Htc Hcp iàn
am-{Xw. tdm¯vjoÂUvkv.
_nkva mÀ¡v ]d-ªXv Unkvdm-tb-e n, tdm¯vjoÂUvknsâ D]I-c Ww am{X-
amWv F¶m-Wv. AhÀ cp t]cpw tNÀ¶v Ata-cn-¡sb hn`-Pn-¡p-¶-Xn\v
X¿m-dm-¡nb ]²-Xn-bpsS ]cn-WnX ê-a m-b n-c p¶p Ata-cn-¡³ B`y-ć
Iem-]w. A-Ñ³ _³P-a n³ Unkvdm-tben 1748 Â Cw¥-nÂ h¶p
tNÀ¶p. At±-l-¯ nsâ aI³ sFk¡v Unkvdm-tben. t_mÄsj-hn-Iv.
At±-l-¯nsâ cN-\-I-fnÂ H¶v Against Commerce. 1788 Â Unkvdm-tben
]T-\-¯n-\ mbn {^m³kv, Cä-en, PÀ½\n F¶n-hn-S-§-fnÂ t]mbn. 1789 Â
XncnsIh¶p. sFk-¡nsâ aI³ _³P-an³ Unkvdm-tben. P\\w 1804.
\Ym³ tdm¯vjoÂUvknsâ \nÀt±-i -{]-Imcw 13 þmw hb-ÊnÂ _³P-a n³
{InkvX ym-\n-bm-bn. Cw¥ojv kaq-l-¯nepw cmjv{ So-b -¯nepw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-
295
¶-Xn\p thn. A¡m-e¯v PqX-·mÀ \ntcm-[n-¡-s¸« hÀ¤-am-bn-cp-¶-Xn-

\mÂ.
_³P-a n\p In«nb D¯-c -hv Pq-X -·mÀ¡v XS-Ê-a m-b n-«p-Å-s XÃmw XIÀ¡pI
F¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. _³P-a n³ Hcn-¡Â saÂt_m¬ {]`p-hn-t\mSv ]dªp.
“Rm³ Cw¥- nsâ {][m-\-a-{ń-bm-Im-\pÅ X¿m-s d-Sp¸nem-Wv”.
{^©v hn¹hw Cw¥ojv D¶-X-Pm-X-cpsS ]X-\ -¯n\v Imc-W-a m-bn-Ã . tdm¯v
joÂUvkn-\ p-thn Unkvdm-tben Ahsc ]cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xp hsc.
1922 Unkw-_-dnÂ {_n«ojv KmÀUn-b\nÂ h¶ tUmIvSÀ tPm¬
¢mÀ¡nsâ teJ-\-¯nsâ Hcp `mKw ]d-bp-¶Xv tdm¯vjoÂUvkv ktlm-Z-
c-·mÀ {_n«ojv km{am-Pyw, {^©v dn¸-»n-I v, an¡-hmdpw asäÃm dn¸-»n-¡p-
Ifpw ]ns¶ tamkvt¡m, AwtKm-cm, hmjn-§vS¬ Ch-bv¡n-S-bn-epÅ FÃm
km{am-Py-§fpw \nb-{ń-¡p¶p F¶m-Wv.
1832 apXÂ 1837 hsc ISp¯ km¼-¯nI _m²y-X -bn-em-bn-cp¶ Unkvdm-tb-
ensb tdm¯v joÂUv Ic Ib-än. _yq¡nÄ ]d-bp¶Xp t]mse Unkvdm-
tben Cw¥- ns\ Gähpw D¶X Øm\¯v F¯n-¨ n-cp-¶n-Ã. adn¨v `b-¦-c -
\mb djysb¡pdn¨v ]dªv `b-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-c p-¶p. Uvkvdmtben Cw¥-
ns\ At\Iw \mi-I m-c n-bmb bp²-§-fn-te¡v \bn-¨ p. {][m-\-a{ń
¥mUvtÌm¬ F¶mÂ Unkvdm-tben AkXyw ]d-bp¶p F¶v ]d-ªn-cp-
¶p.
Uvkvdmtben , tdm¯vjoÂUvknsâ XmXvv]cyw kwc-£n-¡p-¶-XnÂ am{Xw
{i²n-¨p. hnhm-l-tijw tam³sS-^n-tbm-dkv tdm¯vjoÂUvknsâ ho«nÂ
h¨p \S¶ kÂ¡m-c¯nÂ {InkvXym-\n-IÄ Bcpw Xs¶-bp-m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.
tdm¯vjoÂUvkv XpSÀ¶pw Unkvdm-tb-ensb klm-bn¨p sImn-c p-¶p.
Xncn-¨pw.
HutZym-KnI Ncn{Xw hf-s¨m-Sn-¡-s¸-«-Xm-Wv. AXn\v \ymbo-I-cWw \ÂIp-
¶-Xn\v {]Nm-c -W-the D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p. cmPy-kvt\-lw, cmPy-t¯m-
SpÅ {]Xn-_-²-X, P\m-b¯ `cWw \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶-Xn\p thn, cmPys¯
kpc-£n-X-am-¡p-¶-X n\p thn Fs¶m-s¡-bmWv \ymbo-I-c-Ww. ]ns¶
bp²-§Ä Ah-km-\n-¸ n-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn-bpÅ bp²w F¶pw.
{^©v hn¹-h-¯n\p ]n¶nÂ tdm¯vj oÂUvkv {]hÀ¯n¨p F¶-X-n\v
t\cn«v sXfn-h pIÄ e`y-a -Ã. F¶mÂ {InkvXy³ `c-W-¯n-em-bn-cp¶
{^m³kn-s \-Xnsc tdm¯vjoÂUvkv {]hÀ¯n-¨n-cn-¡Ww F¶p Xs¶-
bmWv Kth-j-I-·mÀ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶ -Xv. IqSmsX AXn\p tijw
\S-¯nb FÃm bp²-§fpw A´mcmjv{S tkmjy-enkw Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn\p
thn-bmWv. tdm¯vj oÂUvkv {]apJ ]n³Xp-W-¡m-c-\ pw. {_n«ojv
ayqkn-b-a n-epÅ tcJ-IÄ ]d-bp-¶Xv 1770 apXÂ FÃm hn¹-h-§-fnepw
tdm¯vjoÂUvkv DÄs¸-«n-cp¶p F¶m-Wv. ]tcm-£-a mb sXfn-sh-¶Xv
{^©v hn¹-h-¯n\v ]Ww \ÂIn-bXv tamsÊÊv samIm-«m-bpsS _m¦v
296
BsW-¶-Xm-Wv. tamkkv tam³sS-^n-tbm-dn-bpsS A½m-h³. At±-l-

¯nsâ ktlm-Z-c³ F{_lmw tam³sS-^n-tbmdn hnhmlw sNbvXn-c n-¡p-
¶Xv tabÀ BwsjÂ sâ aIÄ Pms\-äv s\. tabÀ BwsjÂ sâ aI³
\Ym³, tamkkv tam³sS-^n-tbm-dn-bpsS `mcym-k-tlm-Z-c nsb 1806 Â
hnhmlw sNbvXp. 1840 Â BâWn tdm¯vjoÂUvkv F{_lmw tam³sS-
^n-tbm-dn-bpsS aIsf hnhmlw sNbvXp.
Ncn{Xw ]d-bp-¶Xv PqX _m¦Àam-cmb Um\n-tbÂ CÕnK,v tUhnUv
{ôUvem³UÀ, slÀkv sKcn-_oÀ, s_©-an³, F{_lmw tKmÄUvkan¯v
F¶n-h -cmWv {^©v hn¹-h-¯nsâ {][m\ km¼-¯nI t{kmX-Êp-IÄ
F¶m-Wv.
tdm¯vjoÂUvkv IpSpw-_-¯ nse 58 hnhm-l-§-fnÂ 29 F®w _Ôp-¡Ä
X½n-em-bn-cp-¶p.
H¶mw temI alm-bp-²-¯nsâ Dt±yiyw djy-bnÂ t_mÄsj-h nkw
Øm]n-¡pI, ]me-kvXo-\nÂ PqX-·mÀ¡v cmPyw XoÀ¡p-I , It¯m-en¡
]Ån \in-¸n-¡p-I , bqtdm-¸ ns\ Hä-s¸-Sp-¯pI F¶-s Xm-s¡-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
GI-temI Kh¬saâv krjvSn-¡p-¶ -Xn-\pÅ BZy \S-]-Sn-bmbn eoKv Hm^v
t\j³kv. cmw temI alm-bp-²-¯nsâ Dt±yiw P¸m-t\bpw PÀ½-\n-
tbbpw \in-¸n-¡p-I, bp.-F-kv.-F-kv. BÀ s\ I½yq-WnÌv temI iàn-
bmbn DbÀ¯p-I , temI¯v t_mÄsj-hn-k-¯nsâ hym]vXn hÀ²n-¸ n-¡p-
I, A-Xns\ XpSÀ¶v Ata-c n-¡sb bpssW-äUv t\j³kn-t\mSv tNÀ¯p.
GItemI- Kh¬saâv cmw L«-a m-bn.
cmw temI-a -lm-bp²w Ata-cn-¡-bpsS apJ-Omb amän. AXns\ ]pXnb
tdma³ km{am-Py-am¡n amän. Imc-W-¡mÀ A´m-c mjv{S tkmjy-en-Ìp-I-
fpw.. Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ A[n-Im-c-Ø m-\ -¯n-s e-¯nb A´m-c mjv{ S tkmjy-
en-k-¯n-\ p-thn temIm-[n-]-Xy-¯n\p thn s]mcp-X p¶ km{am-Py-Xz- i-
àn. AXn-s â-sbÃmw ]n¶nÂ tdm¯vjoÂUvkv.
{^©v hn]vf-h -¯n\p ap¼v P\-§Ä¡v kzmX-{ý-a p-m-bn-cp-¶p. A[nI
\nIp-Xn-bnÂ \n¶pw, aX-¯nÂ \n¶pw, am²ya kzmX-{ýw, sXmgnÂ sN¿p-
¶-Xn-\pÅ kzmX-{ýw.
( Freemasonry And Terror By Louis Diste ) kXy-¯n\pw kzmX-{ý-¯ n\pw
FXn-cmbn, AXns\ shdp-¡p¶ iàn-bp-s ¶v Icp-tX-n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
djy I Gähpw \Ã-h-\ m-b, hnim-e-a-\-kvI-\mb a{ń tÌmen-]n³
ZmcpWambn h[n-¡-s¸-«p.
“slsÊ ImsÊÂ” Â \n¶pÅ em³Uvt{Kbvhv sâ òa-a mb kz¯v ssIh-
i-am-b-Xn\p tijw BwsjÂ Zcn-{Z-\mb hotjm¸ns\ Iq«n-s¡mp h¶p.
s]s«¶v hotjm]v [\n-I-\ m-bn. 30,000 Ipä-hm-fn-Isf sImp-h¶v ]mco-
knsâ tNcn{]-tZ-i-§-fnÂ Xma-kn-¸ n¨p. PÀ½-\n-bnepw AbmÄ AXp
Xs¶ sNbvX p. FÃm Hcp-¡-§fpw X¿m-dm-b-t¸mÄ Ahsc Agn-
297
ªmSp¶Xn\v hn«p. {^©v hn¹-h -¯nsâ Ncn-{X-Im-c³ Pouget St. Andre

]d-bp-¶Xv Umâ-³, tdm_vkv]n-bsd F¶ cp t]cpw PqX-·m-cm-sW-¶m-
Wv. AhÀ cp t]cpw {^©v hn¹-h-¯nÂ ]s¦-Sp-¯ n-cp-¶p.
Pouget tNmZn-¡p-¶Xv F´p-s Im-mWv kt½-f-\-¯nÂ C{Xbpw cà-s¨m-
cn-¨nÂ Dm-b-Xv. km[m-c-W-¡mÀ¡v D¶-X-tcm-SpÅ tZzjy-am-sW¶v ]d-b-
s¸-Sp-¶p. F¶mÂ AXv \ymbo-I-c n-¡-¯ -¡-X-Ã. eqbn 16-þma³ D]m-[n-I-fn-
ÃmsX apt¶m«p h¨ Ah-Im-i-§Ä Fń\v 40 e£w {^m¦vkpw 50,000
Pohn-Xhpw sImSp¯p hm§n.
“eqbn 16 þmasâ h[w Gähpw \nµyhpw a\p-jy-X z-c -ln-X-hp-amb {]hÀ¯n-
bm-bn-c p-¶p.” þ GWÌv sd\m³.
ämen-dm³Uv, s\t¸m-fn-b-s\, tdm¯vj oÂUvkn\v ]cn-N-b-s ¸-Sp-¯p-t¼mÄ,
s\t¸m-fn-b³ Zcn-{Z-\m-bn-cp-¶p. t]mÄ _mcmkv {]`p-hn-s â- sh-¸m-«n-bm-bn-
cp¶p tPmk-ô³. At±lw Ahsc Dt]-£n-¨ -Xn\p tijw s\t¸m-fn-b³
tPmk-ôs\ hnhmlw sNbvX p.
bqtdm-¸nse P\-§Ä B ka-b¯v “ka-Xzw, kmtlm-Zcyw, kzmX{ýw”
F¶v {]Øm-h \ aSp-¯n-cp-¶p. hotjm-¸n\v {]Xo-£n¨Xv t]mse apt¶m«v
t]mIp-¶-Xn\v km[y-a m-Im-ª-Xn-\mÂ BwsjÂ \ncm-i-\ m-bn-c p-¶p.
At±lw ]I-c-¡m-cs\ At\z-jn-¡p-¶p-m-bn-c p-¶p. tImÀkv¡-bnÂ
\n¶pÅ a\p-jys\ At±-l-¯n\v XmX-v]-cy-a m-bn. BwsjÂ {InkvXp-a X
hntcm-[n-s b¶v a\-Ên-em-¡nb s\t¸m-fn-b³ It¯m-en¡ Bcm-[\m-e-b-
¯n\v FXnsc Xncn-ªp. BwsjÂ k´p-jvS-\m-bn. s\t¸m-fn-b³ [\n-I-
\m-bn.
thmÄ^v tSmWnsâ Bß-I -Y-bnÂ ]d-bp-¶Xv tdm_-vkv]n-bsd CÃyq-an-\nÌv
Bbn-c p¶p F¶m-Wv. GXp amÀ¤-a mWv {InkvXp-a-Xs¯ XIÀ¡p-¶-Xn\v
A\p-hÀ¯n-t¡-Xv F¶v ämen-dm³Uv \v ]mco-kv, BwsjÂ \v
{^m¦v^À«v F¶n-hn-S-§-fnse tabvk¬ BØm-\§fnÂ \n¶v D]-tZiw
e`n-¡p-¶p-m-bn-cp-¶p.
]Ånsb XIÀ¡p-¶-X n\v bp²w am{X-a mWv t]mwhgn F¶v ämen-dm³Uv,
s\t¸m-fn-bs\ D]-tZ-in-¨ p. F¨v. Pn. shÂkv s\t¸m-fn-b-s\-¡p-dn¨v ]d-
ªXv hodp-Å-h³, Ign-h p-Å-h³, \mb-I³ Fs¶m-s ¡-bm-Wv. H¶p-a-Ãm-Xn-
cp¶ s\t¸m-fn-bs\ hfÀ¯n-bXv BwsjÂ. BwsjÂ sâ BÚm-\p-
hÀ¯n-bm-bn-cp-¶n-S-t¯mfw s\t¸mfnb\v hfÀ¨ am{Xw. s\t¸mfn-bsâ
]n¶nse bYmÀ° iàn BwsjÂ, ]ns¶ {^m¦v^À«n-s ebpw ]mco-kn-
sebpw tabvk¬ imJ-bpw. s\t¸m-fn-bsâ hnhm-l-¯n\v GÀ¸m-Sp-m-
¡n-bXv BwsjÂ. t{]a hnhmlw F¶v s]mXp-hnÂ Icp-X -s¸-Sp-¶Xv
Ak-Xy-am-Wv. `À¯m-hnsâ ]¡Â \n¶pw In«n-bn-cp¶ cl-ky- hnh-c-§Ä
tPmk-s s^³ _mcm-kn\v ssIam-dn-bn-cp-¶p. At±lw
tdm¯vjoÂUvkn\pw. s\t¸m-fn-bsâ IncoS[mcWw tdm¯vjoÂUv kn\v
298
XmXv]-c y-a n-Ãm-bn-c p-¶p. NS-§n\v s\t¸m-fn-b³ t]m¸ns\ £Wn-¨ Xv

BwsjÂ\v Xm§m-\m-hp-¶-Xn\pw A¸p-d-a m-bn-c p-¶p. tPmk-^ o-\p-a m-bpÅ
hnhml _Ôw thÀs]-Sp-¯n, acnb eqbnkv {]`znsb 1810 Â hnhmlw
sNbvXXv BwsjÂ s\ Ip]n-X-\m-¡n.
Pn. _yqtÊ At±-l-¯nsâ IrXn-bnÂ ( History of Napolean ) ]d-bp-¶p.
“s\t¸m-fn-b³ BfmsI amdn, bp²w sN¿p-¶-Xn-\pÅ B{Klw \in-¨p.
kam-[m-\-¯n\p thn B{K-ln-¨p.”
tdm¯vjoÂUvkv League Against Napolean F¶ kwL-S-\ bv¡v cq]w
sImSp-¯p. ImÄ tdm¯vjoÂUvkv s\t¸m-fn-b\pw t]m¸pw X½nÂ AI-
ep-¶-Xn\p th kml-Ncyw krjvSn-¨ p. s\t¸m-fn-bsâ k½-X-a n-ÃmsX
P\-dÂ dmsU-äns\ D]-tbm-Kn¨v ]Ån ta[m-hnsb XS-hn-em-¡n. t]m]v
s\t¸m-fn-bs\ k`-bnÂ \n¶pw ]pd-¯ m-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. P\-dÂ dm¸v,
CÃyq-an-\män ]nWn-bmÄ Ìm]vkv s\t¸m-fn-bs\ h[n-¡p-¶-XnÂ \n¶pw
c£s¸Sp-¯n. Xsâ iàn tNmcp-¶Xv Adn-ªn«v t]m¸p-ambn cay-X-bn-em-
Ip-¶-Xn\v {ian-¨p.
djy-bnse ssk\nI Iym¼v Blm-chpw acp¶pw In«msX ]n³Xn-c n-tbn
h¶p. apdn-thäv Ah-i-cmb ]S-bm-fn-I sf tdm¯vjoÂUv A\p-bm-bn-IÄ
]n¶nÂ \n¶pw B{I-a n-¨ p. t]m¸n\v hnP-bn-¡m-a m-bn-cp¶p F¶v s\t¸m-fn-
b³ Fgp-Xn.
1812 Â s\t¸m-fn-b³ F´psImv djy B{I-an¨p F¶v Ncn-{X-I m-c -·mÀ
]d-bp-¶n-Ã. Ae-Ivkm-À H¶m-a³ ]d-ªXv s\t¸m-fn-b³ bp²w XpS§n
F¶pw s\t¸m-fn-b-³ ]d-ªXv djy¡v bp²w Bh-iy-sa¶ sXän-²m-c-W-
bn-emWv At±lw bp²-¯n\v ]pd-s¸-«Xv F¶p-am-Wv. hntZ-i -Im-c y- a-{ń-
amÀ þ _Êm-t\mbpw, jmws]bv\ pw Bbn-c p¶p AXn\v Imc-W-¡mÀ.
hm«À eqhnÂ, tdm¯vjoÂUvkv s\t¸m-fn-bs\ \in-¸n-¨p. amÀjÂ
tkmÄ«v At±-ls¯ h©n-¨p. amÀjÂ tkmÄ«v, tdm¯vjoÂUvk nsâ
]nWn-bm-fm-bn-c p-¶p. amÀjÂ {Ku¨n A[nIw ssk\y-hp-a mbn F¯n-
t¨À¶Xv hfsc sshIn-bmWv-. bp²-¯nsâ A¶v shfp-¸n\v IqsS-bp-m-
bn-cp¶ HcmÄ At±-l-¯n\v Ft´m \ÂIn-bXv ITn-\-amb Xe-th-Z-\ bv¡v
Imc-W-am-bn. tkmÄ«v h©\ {]hÀ¯n-¨n-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦ nÂ s\t¸m-fn-b\v
hnP-bn-¡m-a -bn-cp-¶p. _nkvamÀ¡nsâ A½ Hcn-¡Â tkmÄ«nsâ sh¸m-«n-
bm-bn-c p-¶p. _nkvamÀ¡v ]d-ªn-c p-¶Xv “Fs¶ hep-Xm-¡n-bXv Fsâ
Ign-hp-I-f-Ã. tkmÄ«v Xs¶-bmWv. Fsâ A½ tkmÄ«nsâ sh¸m-«n-bm-
bn-cp-¶p.”
_nkva mÀ¡ns\ krjvSn-¨Xv tdm¯vjoÂUv. sa³sI³kns\ D]-tbm-Kn-¨v.
At±lw hnÃyw eqbnkv sa³sI³kns\ hnhmlw sNbvXp. AhÀ
PqXbpw. s\t¸m-fn-bs\ hm«À eqhnÂ h©n¨ amÀjÂ tkmÄ«v
Committee of 300 se AwK-am-bn-cp-¶p. Cfb _nkvamÀ¡v tkmÄ«nsâ
299
Ipªm-bn-cp¶p F¶v Icp-X-s ¸-Sp-¶p. Cfb _nkvamÀ¡v AXp ImcWw

Pbnwkv tdm¯v joÂUvknsâ \nb-{´-W-¯nÂ h¶p.
tIm¬dmUv kow ]d-bp¶Xv _nkvamÀ¡n\v bqtdm-¸ nse D¶-X-c mb km¼-
¯nI iàn-I Ä Ata-cn-¡³ B`y-´-c -I-em-]-¯ nÂ CS-s]-«n-cp-¶-Xmbn
Adn-bm-am-bn-cp¶p F¶m-Wv. tIm¬dmUv kow 1921 amÀ¨nÂ La Ville
France Â Fgp-Xn-b-Xv.
“B`y-ć Iem-] -¯n\pw hfsc ap³]v Ata-cn-¡sb cmbn hn`-Pn-¡Ww
F¶v bqtdm-¸nse D¶X km¼-¯nI iàn-IÄ Xocp-am-\n-¨n-c p-¶p. AXv
H¶mbn XpS-c p-I-bm-sW-¦nÂ temIm-[n-]Xyw F¶v AhÀ `b-¶n-c p-¶p.
tdm¯vjoÂUvkv ap¶nÂ \n¶p. `n¶n-¸ n¨p \ndp-¯n-bmÂ NqjWw Ffp-¸ -
am-hp-sa¶v AhÀ IW¡p Iq«n. en¦³ AXv a\-Ên-em-¡n. sX¡³ `mK-
aÃ adn¨v bqtdm-¸ nse km¼-¯nI iàn-I-fmWv bYmÀ° i{Xp-¡Ä- F-¶v.
F¶mÂ At±lw AXv ]c-ky-a m-¡n-bn-Ã. ]Icw kz´w \mWbw ]pd-s ¸-
Sp-hn-¨p. GsXmcp cmPy-¯n-sâbpw k¼¯v, km¼-¯nI `{Z-X sb ASn-
Øm-\-a m-¡p¶p F¶v en¦³ a\-Ên-em-¡n. Ata-cn¡ Ah-cpsS ssI¿nÂ
HXp-§p-¶ nÃ F¶p I km¼-¯ nI iàn-IÄ en¦³ sâ acWw Dd-¸m-
¡n”.
_nkva mÀ¡v , kow t\mSv CtX-¡p-dn¨v kwkm-cn-¨n-cp-¶p.
sNd]v kv]ncn-tUm-h n¨v ]d-bp-¶Xv \Ym³ tdm¯vjoÂUv djy-bnÂ hn¹-h-
ap-m-¡p-¶ -Xn\v {ian¨v ]cm-P-b-s ¸-«p. ensbm-sWÂ, Unkvdm-tb-en-tbmSv
]d-ªXv AXv PÀ½-\n-bnÂ Btem-Nn-¨p-d-¸n-¨ -Xm-bn-c p¶p F¶pw.
Pbnwkv tdm¯vj oÂUvknsâ {][m\ A\p-bm-bn-Isf kmÀ \nt¡m-fmkv
H¶m-a\p t\sc Cf¡n hn«p. {Inan-b-bnÂ bp²-ap-m-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn.
hnP-bn-¡m³ km[n-¡m-ª-Xp-sImv AhÀ \nt¡m-fm-kn\v hnjw \ÂIn.
1855 Â.
[ British Museum Papers “ Hidden Hand Page 119 ]
tdm¯vjoÂUvkv F{]-I mcw tacn eqbn-kn\p taÂ A[n-Imcw t\Sn F¶v
FUn¯v Iyqs¯Â Ah-c psS ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ An Imperial Victim ]d-bp-
¶p.
1827 Â s\t¸m-fn-b³ H¶m-asâ `mcy tacn eqbn-kv, tdm¯vjoÂUvknÂ
\n¶pw 10 e£w {^m¦vkv ISw hm§n. 1829 Â Ah-cpsS `À¯mhv
\os¸ÀKv {]`p Zpcq-l-amb kml-N-cy-¯nÂ ac-W-a-S-ªp.
tdm¯vjoÂUvknsâ A-\p-bmbn t_mwt_sÃk,v tacn eqbo-kp-a mbn ASp-
¯p. hnhmlw Ign-¨p. t_mws_-sÃkv AXohw kpµ-c-\ m-bn-c p-¶p.
Ipd¨p \mfp-IÄ¡v tijw tacn eqbokv ac-W-a-S-ªp. s_sÃkv asämcp
[\nI kv{XobpsS ]n¶mse IqSn. ]n¶oSv s_sÃ-kns\ Hmkv{Sn-b³ N{I-
300
hÀ¯n-bpsS Comptroller Bbn \nb-an-¨p. s_sÃkv , tdm¯v

joÂUvknsâ \nÀt±-i-a-\p-kc
- n¨v {]hÀ¯n-¨ p.
tdm¯vjoÂUvkv ]Ww ISw sImSp-¡p-¶-Xn\p ]pdsa sdbnÂ tdmUv

\nÀ½m-W-¯nepw DÄs¸-«n-c p-¶p. Kh¬saân-s \-s ¡mv ]Ww hmbv]-s b-
Sp-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v AhÀ¡v {]tXyIw XmXv]-c y-a m-bn-c p-¶p. ûÄUvkv, A´m-
cmjv{S _m¦À. {^m³knÂ BØm\w . tdm¯v joÂUvknsâ A\p-bm-
bn.
{^m³kv PÀ½-\ nsb B{I-a n-¨-t¸mÄ hnÃyw 9þm-a ³ 30 e£w tUmfÀ

BwsjÂ s\ GÂ¸n-¨p. AXv At±lw e-\ n-te¡v \Ymsâ ASp-¡-
te¡v Ab-¨p. AtX kabw CuÌv Cým I¼-\n-bpsS ]¡Â 40 e£w
tUmf-dnsâ kzÀ®-a p-m-bn-cp-¶Xv tdm¯vjoÂUvkv hm§n. AXv
At±lw ]qgv¯n h¨v hne-¡-b-ä-ap- m-¡n. ]n¶o-Sn-¶p-hsc
tdm¯vjoÂUvkv kzÀ®-¯nsâ hne \nÝ-bn-¡p-¶p. Znhkw tXmdpw.
temI-a m-I -am\w AXv HutZym-Kn-I -ambn AwKo-I -cn-¡p-¶p. shÃnw-KvS\v
kzÀ®w Bh-iy-ambn hcp-s a¶v tdm¯vjoÂUvkn\v Adn-bp-a m-b n-c p-¶p.
shÃnw-KvS³ ]pd-s ¸-Sp-hn¨ IS-¸-{X-§Ä tdm¯vjoÂUvkv h³]n¨ Cf-hnÂ
hm§n-¡q«n . XncnsI hnÂ¡p-¶Xv apJ-hn-e-¡pw. shÃnw-KvS³ At±-l-
¯nsâ ssk\y-¯nse t]mÀ¨p-Ko-kv, kv]m\n-jv, U¨v, PqX-·mÀ F¶n-
hÀ¡v {]Xn-êw \ÂIp-¶-Xn-\mbn hm§n.
tdm¯vjoÂUvkvsâ Icp¯p sXfn-bn¨ {][m\ kw`hw slÀ«-k\pw djy-

bnse \nt¡m-fmkv H¶m-a \pw X½n-epÅ i{Xp-Xsb XpSÀ¶p-Å-Xm-bn-cp-
¶p. Ae-Ivkm-À slÀ«vk¬, Ip{]-kn² Fgp-¯p-I m-c ³, djy³ hn-¹ h
{]Øm-\-¯n-sâ- Xp-S-¡-¡m-c³. [\n-I³ .- d-jy³ kÀ¡m-cnsâ IS-¸-{Xw
A[n-Iambn kz´-am-¡n-bn-cp-¶p. t]meokv F¯p-¶-Xn\v aWn-¡q-dp-
IÄ¡p ap³]v slÀ«vk¬ djy-bnÂ \n¶pw c£-s ¸-«p .- I-S-¸{Xw Imem-
h[n XnI-bp-t¼mÄ ]W-am¡n amäp-¶ -Xn\v _m¦ns\ kao-] n-¡p¶ ka-
b¯v XS-¦-enÂ FSp-¡m-sa¶v Kh¬saâv Icp-Xn. slÀ«vk³ ssIhiw
h¨n-cp¶ IS-¸-{X-¯nsâ hnh-c-§Ä Kh¬saâv _m¦v Hm^v skbvâv
]otäÀkv_ÀKns\ Adn-bn-¨ n-c p-¶p. _m¦v ]Ww \ÂIm-X m-b-t¸mÄ
slÀ«vk³ tdm¯vjoÂUvkns\ CS-s]-Sp-¯n. tdm¯vj oÂUvkv \nt¡m-
fm-kn-t\mSv ]d-ªXv ]Ww XncnsI \ÂIn-bnÃ F¦nÂ bqtdm-¸n-em-I-a m\w
djy³ `c-W-IqSw km¼-¯n-I-ambn XIÀ¶n-c n-¡p-I-bm-s W¶v {]N-c n-¸n¡pw
F¶pw. \nt¡m-fmkv , slÀ«vk \v ]Ww \ÂIm³ \nÀ_-Ôn-X-a m-bn.
[ The Fortnightly Review. By. A.S. Rappaport ]
301
t\mÀ¯v ¢n^v {]`phpw, tdm¯van-bÀ {]`phpw tdm¯vjoÂUvkp-ambn

hnhm-l-¯n-eqsS _Ôp-¡-fm-Wv. {^m¦vv^À«v tÌ¬knse Imscm-en³
tÌWnâbpw BwsjÂ tâbpw cm-a s¯ aI³ ktem-tamsâ ]p{X³
B³tkew ktem-tam³, \Ym³ tdm¯vjoÂUvkv cm-a sâ aIsf
hnhmlw sNbvX p. Cw¥-nse lmwkvhÀXvkpa-mbn t\cn« _Ôp-Xz-ap-
Åh-cm-bn-cp¶p tÌ¬kv. AXnÂs¸« HcmÄ t\mÀ¯v¢n^v {]`phpw
asäm-c mÄ tdm¯vanbÀ {]`p-hpw.
{^m³knse Gähpw {][m-\-s ¸« hyàn-bm-bn-cp¶p tP¡_v Pbnwkv
tdm¯vjoÂUvkv. At±lw [mcmfw cmjv{Sob¡mtcbpw t\Xm-¡-·m-
tcbpw krjvSn-¨p. ( Baron James, Anka Muhlstein ) {][m\ hcp-a m-\-a mÀKw
IÅ-¡-S-¯v.
Restoration Ime¯v (s\-t¸m-fn-bsâ 100 Znh-k-§Ä) FÃm-h cpw sPbnw-
kn\v th-s¸-«-h-c m-bn-c p-¶p. ]£w amdp-¶-X nÂ \n]p-W³. PqX-·msc
s\t¸m-fn-b\v shdp-¸m-bn-cp-¶p F¶Xv hogvNbv¡v Imc-W-a m-bn-c p-¶p.
s\t¸m-fn-bsâ ]X-\-¯n\v tijw eqbn 18-þm-a\v `c-W-¯n\v XpS¡w Ipdn-
¡p-¶-X n\v bp²-Ime hmbv] hot«--Xp-m-bn-cp-¶p. ]Ww IS-ambn
\ÂIn Pbnwkv `c-W-¯nÂ kzm[o\w t\Sn-s b-Sp-¯p. ]mcokv {][m-\-
a{ń dosj-enbp Pbnw-kns\ AIän \ndp-¯p-¶-Xn\v {ian-¨p. e-\nse
{^©v Aw_m-k-UÀ amÀIznkv Hmkva-v, Hmkv{Sn-b-bnse {^©v Aw_m-k-
UÀ FÌÀ slbvkn {]`p F¶n-hÀ \Ym\v IS-s¸-«n-cp-¶XpsImv Ah-
cpsS k½À±-¯mÂ dosj-enbpw Ab-ªp-sIm-Sp-t¡n h¶p.
thm¬ tX¬ ämIvkn-knÂ \n¶pw In«nb cl-ky-h n-h -c-§Ä ssIamdn
t]meokv ta[m-h ntbbpw Pbnwkv ]m«n-em-¡n. t]meokv ta[mhn PqX
hncp² \o¡-§Ä Pbnw-kn-t\bpw Adn-bn-¨n-cp-¶p. Pbnwkv hm§nb hoSv
tamSn ]nSn-¸n-¡p-¶-X n\p am{Xw 30 e£w {^m¦vkv sNe-hm-bn. 1834 Â.
sl³{Sn¨v slbv³ þ PÀ½³ PqX³, I½yq-Wn-Ìv XmXzn-Im-Nm-cy³, ]ns¶
tIm_ÀKv se entbm-t]mÄUv cmP-Ip-a m-c ³, Ønc-a mbn Pbnw-kns\
kµÀin-¨ n-c p-¶p. {][m-\ n-I Äs¡Ãmw BÀ`mS kZy-IÄ AhnsS \ÂIn-bn-
cp-¶p. {]ap-Jsc {]oXn-s ¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\v Bh-iy-am-b-sX´pw \ÂIp-¶-XnÂ
Pbnwkv {i²n-¨n-cp-¶p. {][m-\-s¸« I½yq-Wn-Ìp-I-fpw tkmjy-en-Ìp-Ifpw
AXnÂs¸-«n-cp-¶p. eqUvh nKv t_m¬ ]d-ªn-c p-¶Xv bqtdm-¸nse FÃm
cmPm-¡-·m-tcbpw amän ]Icw Pbnw-kns\ Ah-tcm-[n-¡-W-s a-¶v. ]mco-
knÂ eqbn ^nen-s¸. At±-l-¯nsâ Inco-S-[m-cW NS§v t]m¸n\p ]Icw
Pbnwkv tdm¯vjoÂUvkv sâ ImÀ½n-I-X z-¯nÂ \S-¯-W-s a-¶pw. sl³
{Sn¨v slbv³ Pbnw-kns\ hn¹-h-Imcn F¶v hnfn-¨p.
tabÀ BwsjÂ a¡sf ]Tn-¸n-¨Xv [\-a mWv FÃm-än-s âbpw ASn-Øm\w
F¶m-Wv.
Pbnw-kn\pw \Ym\pw AÂskbvkv Â tImÄaÀ Â X¼-Sn-¨n-cn-¡p¶ ]S-bm-
fn-IÄ¡v {]Xn-êw \ÂIp-¶-Xn-\pÅ Icmdv e`y-am-bn. kzÀ®w sImp
302
t]mIp-¶Xv A]-ISw ]nSn¨ ]Wn-bpw. tdm¯vjoÂUvknsâ Dd-¸n-t·Â

{]mtZ-i nI _m¦p-IÄ {]Xn-êw \ÂI-n. tdm¯vjoÂUvkv\v A[nIw t\«-
ap-m-bn. tdm¯vjoÂUvknsâ Ip¯-I -bnÂ A´m-cmjv{S _m¦n-§n\v
XpS-¡-a m-bn.
1904 þ 1905 Ime-L-«-¯nÂ P¸m\pw djybpw X½n-epmb bp²-¯nsâ
]n¶nÂ tdm¯v joÂUvkv {]hÀ¯n-¨ n-c p-¶p. tP¡_v jn^v^v P¸m\v
DZmcamb hmbv]-IÄ A\p-h-Zn¨v djy-s¡-X nsc Cf¡n hn«p. BÀXÀ Xpd-
apJw B{I-a n-¡p-¶Xp hgn P¸m³ t_mÄsj-h n¡v hn¹-h -¯n\v hgnacp-¶n-
Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. entbm-WÂ tdm¯vj oÂUvkv ]d-ªXv “Fsâ IpSpw-
_hpw skâv ]otäÀkv _ÀKv sIm«m-c -hp-a mbn Hcn-¡epw kulr-Z¯n-em-bn-
cp-¶n-Ã.” djy³ Zn\-¸-{X-§Ä þ t\mthmtb t{htaym þ ]d-ªXv kb-
WnÌv PqX-· mÀ cl-ky-a mbn P¸ms\ klm-bn-¡p-¶p.
tP¡_v jn^v^v sâ AÑ³ tdm¯vjoÂUvkp-ambn ASp-¸-¯n-em-b#ncp-

¶p. bphm-hmb tP¡_v {^m¦v^À«nÂ tdm¯vjoÂUvkv _m¦nÂ
t{_m¡-dm-bn. 1865 Â tdm¯vjoÂUvkv At±-ls¯ \yqtbmÀ¡n-te¡v
Ab-¨p. {^m¦v Bâv Km³kv F¶ {]Øm-\ -hp-ambn tNÀ¶v {]hÀ¯n-¡p-
¶-Xn\p thn. tdm¯vjoÂUvknsâ \nÀt±-i-{]-Imcw _UvPv, jn^v^v
Bâv I¼\n F¶ t]cnÂ ]n¶oSv kz´-ambn {]hÀ¯n-¨p. 1873 Â
{]Øm\w AS-¨p. jn^v^v bqtdm-¸n-te¡v t]mbn. 1875 Â XncnsI Ata-cn-
¡-bn-te-¡v. Iq³ tem-tb_v Â ]¦m-fn-bm-bn. AXv tdm¯vjoÂUvknsâ
ap¶Wn {]Øm-\ -w. jn^v^v djysb shdp-¯n-cp-¶p. djy þ P¸m³ bp²-
ap-]-tbm-K n¨v kmÀ N{I-hÀ¯nsb XIÀ¡mw F¶v IW¡p Iq«n. BÀXÀ
Xpd-a p-J -¯nse ]cm-Pbw djy-bnÂ Ac-£n-XXzw krjvSn-¨ p. t_mÄsj-
hnIv hn¹-h-¯n\p sXm«p ap³]v jn^v^v se\n\v 2 tImSn tUmfÀ \ÂIp-I-
bp-m-bn.
1914 G{]nÂ e¡w ‘ankväo-cnb’ bnÂ tUmIvSÀ PdmÄUv F³ImtÊ
Fgp-Xp¶p þ Hmtcm cmjv{S-¯n-s ebpw B`yć Imcy-§-fnÂ A{]-i -kvX-
amb A´m-c mjv{ S kwL-S-\-I Ä CS-s ]-Sp-¶p. AhÀ A]-cn-Nn-X-c mb , Icp-
¯pÅ ]W-an-S-] m-Sp-ImÀ.
{InkvX p-h ns\ \mb-I-\m¡n km{amPyw sI«n-¸-Sp-¡p-¶ -Xn\v kmÀ
N{IhÀ¯n {ian-¨n-cp-¶-Xmhmw tdm¯vjoÂUvknsâ tZzjy-¯n\v ImcW
amb-Xv. AXv ]n¶oSv {InkvXy³ eoKv Hm^v t\j³kn\v cq]w sImSp-¡p-¶-
Xn\v Imc-W-am-b-n þ Hmkv{Sn-b, {]jy, djy F¶nh tNÀ¶v cq]w sImSp-
¯Xv. ]n¶oSv {_n«\pw {^m³kpw asäÃm cmjv{S-§fpw ]¦ptNcp-sa¶v
Icp-Xn. cmjv{S-§Ä kXy-{]-X nÚ FSp-t¡- -Xp-m-bn-c p-¶p. “kXy-amb
GI kzX{´ cmjv{Sw, AXn\v kzÀ¤o-b-a mb Ah-I m-i-¯n\p taÂ FÃm
A[n-Im-c-§fpw \ÂI-s¸-«n-c n-¡p-¶p. kzÀ¤ob kwc-£-I³ tbip
{InkvX p-h nsâ \ma-¯nÂ” F¶v.
303
t\XrXzw kmÀ Ae-Ivkm-À H¶ma³. tdm¯vjoÂUvkv Xsâ FXnÀ¸v

Adn-bn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Asº Unb skbvâv ]nsbdn Hcp \qäm-n\p ap³]v \nÀt±-in-¨n-cp¶
amÀ¤-§Ä hgn Hcp A´m-cmjv{S kwL-S\ sI«n-¸-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-\ pÅ {ia-
¯n-em-bn-cp-¶n-cn-¡Ww kmÀ Ae-I vkm-À.
{^m³knÂ `c-W-Iq-Shpw ]Ånbpw X½nÂ AI¶p \nÂ¡p-¶-Xn\v
tdm¯vjoÂUvkv {]hÀ¯n-¨ p. kmÀ Ae-Ivkm-dnsâ Iq«p-s I-«ns\
XIÀ ¡p-¶-Xn\p thn.
aX-\ n-tj[w FÃm sImÅ-cp-Xm-b-a-I Ä¡pw Imc-W-am-hp¶p F¶v kmÀ
Ae-Ivkm-À hmZn-¨p. aX-hn-izmkw ]p\-c p-²-c n-¡p-¶-X n\p thn Ae-
Ivkm-À {]hÀ¯n-¨p. kwip-²-a mb IpSpw_w , \nb-a -¯n\pw A[n-Im-c -
Øm-\-§-tfm-Sp-apÅ A\p-k-c W Hs¡-bpÅ aXm-[n-jvTn-X-a mb `c-W-{ Iaw
At±
lw hn`m-h\w sNbvXp.
“FÃm bp²-§fpw hn¹-h -§fpw Ac-t§-dp-¶-Xn-\pÅ km¼¯nI
klmbw tdm¯v joÂUvknsâ hI Xs¶-bm-Wv.”
[ Coningsby By Disraeli ]
\Ym³ tkmt¡m-tfmhv ]d-ªXv “eoKv Hm^v t\j³kv Hcp PqX Bi-b-
am-Wv. 25 hÀjs¯ ]cn-{i-a-¯n\v tijw R§Ä AXv krjvSn-¨p.” - [
Zionist Leaders at Carlsbad Congress August 27, 1932 ].
“eoKv Hm^v t\j³kv \S-¯n-s ¡mp t]mIp-¶Xv PqX-· mÀ am{X-am-Wv.
t]mÄ ssla³kv, kÀ FdnIv {Ut½m³Uv, t]mÄ amâvtdm-Ivkv, taPÀ
F{_-lmw, {ioa-Xn. F³. kv]nÃÀ , t_mÄsj-hnIv s\ A[n-I m-c-¯n-te-
äp-¶-Xn\v {^m³knÂ \n¶pw [\-k-lmbw sImp h¶ PqX ]nWn-bmÄ
BÂ_À«v tXmakv sXmgnÂ hn`mKw Xe-h-\m-Wv. At±-l-¯n\v òa-amb
thX\w In«p-¶p.”[ B. Grasset Peres ]
F´mWv Ata-cn-¡sb ITn-\-amb tcmK-§Ä¡v hnt[-b-am-¡p-¶-Xv. a-\p-
jy³ Ccp-fnÂ \S-¡p-¶p. cmPyw Ft§m-«mWv t]mIp-¶-sX-¶-dn-bmsX.
A¯cw Imcy-§-fnÂ {i²n-¡msX. AXv Ft¶¡pw amä-a n-ÃmsX \ne-
\nÂ¡pw F¶ Dd¨ hnizm-k-t¯m-s S. A§ns\ Nnń-¡p-¶-X n\v AhÀ
]cn-io-en-¸n-¡-s ¸-«n-c n-¡p-¶p. a\p-jy-cpsS \ne-]m-Sp-IÄ clky
Kh¬saânsâ \ne-\nÂ¸n\pw hfÀ¨¡pw klm-b-I -c-a m-hp-¶p.
‘AhÀ’ Ft¸mgpw Ah-c psS {]hÀ¯-\-§-fp-a mbn apt¶m-«p-t]m-hp-¶p.
‘AhÀ’ FÃm Ipä-I r-X y-§-fnÂ\n¶pw c£-s ]-Sp-¶p. ‘AhÀ’ \½psS
\nIpXn hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-¶p. AhÀ \½psS Ipªp-§sf bp²-¯n-te¡v
XÅn-hn-Sp-¶p. AsXm¶pw cmPy-¯n\pw P\-§Ä¡pw KpW-{]-Z-a m-hp-¶n-Ã.
304
]Xn-äm-p-I -fmbn AXp Xs¶-bmWv ØnXn. GI-temI Kh¬saânsâ

hàm-¡Ä, \h-tem-I-{I-a-¯nsâ {]hÀ¯-I À AhÀ cmIv-j-kob cq]-ap-
Å-h-c-Ã. P\oh I¬sh³js\ XpSÀ¶v XncnsI t]mhp-I-bm-bn-cp¶
Cdm¡v ssk\n-IÀ kam-[m-\-¯nsâ AS-bm-f-a mbn shfp¯ ]Xm-I-tb-ń-
bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ _pjnsâ BÚ-bn-t·Â 150,000 t]À h[n-¡-s ¸-«p.
thyma-tk\ \S-¯ nb t_mw_v B{I-a-W-¯nÂ. asämcp `mK¯v Cdm¡n
ssk\yw Ah-cpsS InS-§p-I-fnÂ X§p-t¼mÄ Ahsc Poh-t\msS Ipgn¨p
aqSn. acWw 12,000. BÚ ]pd-s ¸-Sp-h n-¨ Xv _pjv Xs¶. At±lw AXv
Royal Institute of International Affairs Â \n¶pÅ \nÀt±-i-¯ n-t·Â \S-¸n-
em-¡n. Fen-k-s _¯v cmÚn, {_n«ojv ]mÀe-saâv HutZym-Kn-I-ambn
DXvLm-S\w sN¿p-¶p.Round Table Ah-cpsS Bh-iy-§Ä hmjn§v-S-\nse
{_n«ojv Aw_mkUÀ hgn \S-¯n-sb-Sp-¡p-¶p. hfsc \mÄ ap³]v
I½nän Hm^v 300 Xocp-am-\n-¨-XmWv hfsc sNdn-b, F¶mÂ sa¨-s¸«
temIw krjvSn-t¡--Xpv F¶v. tImSn-IÄ hcp¶ D]-tbmKy iq\y-cmb
Xoä-¸-m-c-§sf sIms¶m-Sp-t¡--Xp-v. hymh-km-bnI hnI-k\w P\-
kwJym hÀ²-\-h n\v Imc-W-am-hp-¶p. 300 AXns\ A[nI P\-kwJy F¶v
hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p. Ah-cpsS \b-§sf FXnÀ¡p-¶-hsc \in-¸n-¡p-¶p.
AXnsâ BZy- e-£y-§Ä Cä-enbpw ]m¡nØm-\ p-a m-bn-c p-¶p. {][m-\-
a{ń BÂtUm tamtdm P\-kwJym hfÀ¨ XS-bp-¶-X n\v FXn-c m-bn-c p-¶p.
tdmanse tImS-X n- apdn-bnÂ 1982 \hw-_À 10 \v tamtdm-bpsS kplr¯v ]d-
ªXv tamtdmsb InÊn³PÀ òj-Wn-s¸-Sp-¯ n-bn-c p¶p F¶m-Wv.
InÊn³PÀ B ka-b¯v 300 se AwKhpw Ata-c n-¡³ sk{I-«dn Hm^v

sÌbväpw Bbn-c p-¶p. 1978 Â tamtdmsb Red Brigades X«n-t¡m-p-t]m-
bn shSn-h ¨v sIm¶p. Ahsc hnNmcW sN¿p¶ thf-bnÂ ]ecpw D¶-X -
Xe Ata-cn-¡³ CS-s]-S-ep-I Ä Dm-bn-cp-¶-Xmbn AhÀ km£yw ]d-
ªp. InÊn-³PÀ F¶mÂ 300 sâ hntZiImcy -{]-Øm-\-a mb ¢_v Hm^v
tdmansâ BÚ \S-¸n-em-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Imcy-§Ä Xpd-¶p -]-d-ªXv
tamtdm-bpsS ASp¯ kplr¯v sKmdmtUm KyqhÀ tkmWn. 1982 \hw-_À
10 \v AXv Cä-en-bnse sSen-hn-j³ Nm\-ep-IÄ {]t£-]Ww sNbvX p. ]e
Zn\-] -{X-§fpw hmÀ¯ \evI n. F¶mÂ Ata-cn¡bnÂ AXv shfn¨w
In-Ã. P2 tabvk¬dn-bpsS sIme-bm-fn-I Ä IrXyw \S-¯n-bXv , hyh-km-
b-h-XvI -c-Ww -\n-c p-Õm-l-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\pw, P\-kwJy \nb-{ń-¡p-¶ -X n\pw
thn-bm-Wv. tamtdm-bpsS \b-§Ä \S-¸ n-em-bn-c p-s ¶-¦nÂ Icp¯p t\Sp-
am-bn-cp¶ Cäen, 300 sâ anUnÂ CuÌnsâ taÂ B[n-]Xyw t\Sp-¶-Xn-
\pÅ B{K-l-§Ä¡v XS-Ê-a m-Ip-a m-bn-c p-¶p. ]T\w hotjm-¸ nsâ \b-§-
fnÂ \n¶v XpS-§-Ww. Cäen, Cdm-\ nÂ \n¶pw se_-t\m-\nÂ\n¶pw ab-
¡p-a -cp¶v bqtdm-¸nÂ F¯n-t¨-c p-¶-X n-\ pÅ amÀ¤w IqSn-b m-Wv.
sh\o-kn-te-bpw -sP-t\m-h-bn-tebpw Idp¯ {]`p-¡-·mÀ, P2 tabvk¬dn,
sN¼S XpS-§n-b -hÀ tkmjy-en-k-¯nsâ t]cnÂ H¯p-I q-Sn. 1968 Â
305
Ivf_v Hm^v tdmw Øm]n-X-a m-b-Xp-ap-XÂ, Cäm-en-b³ Kh¬saâns\

XIÀ¡p-¶-Xn\v {ian-¨ n-c p-¶p. {]kn-Uv ImÀ«-dpsS tdmanse Aw_m-k-
UÀ dn¨ÀUv KmÀUv\À {][m-\n-bm-Wv. At±lw NATO bnse Ivf_v Hm^v
tdmansebpw {][m\ AwKw.. sshänt\m {ImIvkn-bpsS IognÂ {]hÀ¯n-
¨p. hnhm-l-tam-N-\ hpw KÀ`-On-{ Zhpw \nba hnt[-b-a m-¡p-¶-Xp-h gn \mi-I-
c-a mb kmaq-ln-I -am-ä-§Ä¡v Imc-W-am-bn. sdmWÄUv doK³ {]kn-U -m-
b-Xn-\p-tijw hmjn-MvS¬ DC bnÂ ¢_v Hm^v tdmw, tkmjy-enÌv
CâÀ\m-j-WÂ F¶n-h-bpsS B`n-ap-Jy-¯nÂ, doK³ `c-Ws¯ \nÀho-cy-
am-¡p-¶-X n-\ p-th-n. AXv hnP-b-a m-bn-c p-¶p.
tamtdm-bpsS h[-¯n\p ImcWw sl³{Sn InÊn³PÀ BsW¶v KyqhÀ
tkmWn tImS-Xn-bnÂ BhÀ¯n-¨p- ]-d-ªp. InÊn³PÀ tdmbÂ C³Ìn-
äyq«v Hm^v CâÀ\mj-WÂ A^-tbÀkv, ¢_v Hm^v tdmw, Iu¬knÂ
Hm¬ t^mdn³ dnte-j³kv F¶n-h-bpsS {]apJ AwK-a m-Wv. Ata-c n-¡sb
AØn-c-s ¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\p thn InÊn³PÀ kwL-Sn-¸n¨ anUnÂ CuÌv,
sImdn-b, hnbäv\ mw bp²-§Ä {]i-kvX-am-Wv.
KÄ^v bp²-¯nÂ 300 sâ BÚ \S-¸m-¡p-¶ -Xn-\p-thn Ata-c n¡ Iqen-
¸-«m-f-¯ nsâ thj-¯ n-em-b n-c p-¶p. Ipssh-äns\ A[n-Im-c-¯n\p Iogn-em-
¡p-¶-X n-\ pw, Cdm-¡ns\ amXr-I-s b-¶-t]mse Ah-X-cn-¸n¨v aäp sNdp
cmjv{S-§sf `b-s ¸-Sp¯n \nb-{ń-¡-¶-X n-\pw. C{km-tb-enÂ \n¶pÅ
anUnÂ CuÌv B{I-a Ww Iv `b¶v Aen `qt«m BW-hm-bp[w hnI-kn-
¸n-¡p-¶-X n\v Xp\n-ªXv At±-l-¯nsâ h[-¯nÂ Iem-in-¨p. Iu¬knÂ
Hm¬ t^mdn³ dnte-j³knsâ ]m¡n-Øm³ {]Xn-\ n[n P\-dÂ knb DÄ
lJv AXv X«n-sb-Sp-¯p. DÄ lJv Ah-c psS kzm[o-\-X-bnÂ \n¶pw hn«p-
amdn kzX-{´-\m-hm³ {ian-¨ Xv At±-l-¯ nsâ h[-¯nÂ Iem-in-¨p.
XpÀ¡n cl-kym-t\z-j-W-hn-`mKw DÄ lJn\v ap¶-dn-bn¸v \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶-Xm-
Wv. {]kvXpX hnam\ bm{X Hgn-hm-¡Ww F¶-Xv. F¶mÂ Ata-cn-¡³
ssk\nI {]Xn-tcm[ cl-kym-t\z-jW ta[mhn {_ntK-Un-bÀ P\-dÂ
slÀ_À hmÊw DÄs¸sS \nc-h[n Ata-cn-¡³ Dt±ym-K-Ø-· mÀ IqsS-bp-
m-bn-c p-¶Xv DÄ lJn\v ss[cyw \evI n. ¢_v Hm^v tdman\v AXv {]iv\-
am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.
{ Terror in the Skies By John Coleman “”in”” The Conspirators
Hierarchy - The Committee of 300 By John Coleman }
`qt«m XS-¦-en-e m-bn-c n-¡p-t¼mÄ InÊn³PÀ At±-ls¯ `b-s ¸-Sp-¯n. AXv

F¶mÂ Hut±ym-KnI \b-a m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. adn¨v B[p-\nI Ceyq-an-\m-än-bpsS
]²-Xn-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
BW-thmÀÖw temI-am-I-am\w shdp-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p. I]S ]cn-ØnXn hmZ-
¡mÀ, AXn-s \-Xnsc bp²w \S-¯p-¶p. ]cn-ØnXn {]Øm-\ -§sf krjvSn-
¡p-¶Xpw AXn\v km¼-¯nI klmbw \ÂIp-¶Xpw ¢_v Hm^v tdmw.
306
BW-thmÀÖw aq¶mw temI§sf Ata-cn-¡sb B{i-bn-¡p-¶-XnÂ

\n¶pw hnap-à-a m-¡pw,. AXnsâ ]nt¶m-¡m-h-Ø-bnÂ \n¶v DbÀ¯pw.
Ipd¨v hntZ-i-k-lmbw F¶mÂ Ipd¨p am{Xw {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h -§Ä¡p taÂ
\nb-{´Ww IMF \v e`n-¡pw. IMF \ÂIp¶ klm-b-¯nÂ A[n-I hpw
cmjv{So-b-¡m-c psS t\«-¯n\p thn-bmWv D]-tbm-K n-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶-X v. Ata-cn-
¡-bnÂ BW-thmÀÖs¯ FXnÀ¡p-¶Xv P\-kwJy Ipd-bv¡p-¶-Xn\p
thn-¯-s¶-bm-Wv. AXv ¢_v Hm^v tdmansâ {]Jym-]nX \bw BWv.
knw_m_vth ( ap³]v AXv tdmtVjy F¶v Adn-b-s ¸-«n-c p-¶p.) \Ã DZm-l-
c-W-a m-Wv. Ata-c n-¡³ P\-Xsb Ac-£n-Xm-h-Ø-bnÂ \ndp-¯p-¶-Xv
Kh¬saân\v IqSpXÂ A[n-Imcw \ÂIpw. 300, Ipd-ªXv \qdp hÀj-
ambn \ne-hn-ep-v.
((BWthmÀÖw A]ISamsW¶v Xs¶bmWv Fsâ hnebncp¯Â.
{XossaÂ sFeânse A]ISw Ir{Xnaambn krjvSn¨XmWv.
AhinjvS§Ä kwkvIcn¡p¶Xpw, Ahbpw BWh\neb§fpw ØnXn
sN¿p¶ Øe¯v Dmhp¶ Aán]ÀÆXw, `qanIpep¡w Hs¡ AXohw
amcIamb `hyjy¯v Dm¡pw. F¶mÂ C¶v \nehnencn¡p¶
]cnØnXn hmZw I]SamWv. ))
NATO F¶mÂ t\mÀ¯v AävemânIv {Soän HmÀK-ss\-tk-j³. ¢_v Hm^v
tdmw , AXnsâ km¼-¯nI ZmXm-¡Ä , PÀ½³ amÀjÂ ^v F¶nh
NATO bpsS adhnÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. ¢_v Hm^v tdmanse A[nIw AwK-
§fpw \mtäm-bnÂ \n¶pw \nb-a n-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p. \mtäm-bpsS \b-cq-]o-I -
cWw \S-¯p-¶Xv ¢_v. Imcnw-KvS¬ {]`p \mtämsb cmbn hn`-Pn-¨p.
cmjv{Sob hn`mKw þ CS-Xp-]-£w, ]ns¶ ssk\nI hn`m-Kw. hntZi \b-cq-
]o-I-cWw \S-¯p-¶ asäm-cp {]apJ kwLw _nÂUÀ_ÀtKÀkv.
tamÀK³tXm kwL-¯nse Xo{h hnt[-b-Xz-apÅhcpsS kwLw 1968 Â
cq]o-Ir-X-am-bn. Hutd-e ntbm s]¡n bpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ , GI-temI
Kh¬saâv F{Xbpw s]s«¶v Øm]n-¡p-¶-X n\p thn. s]¡n-bpsS
]pkvXIw Human Quality, NATO bpsS cmjv{ Sob hn`mK-¯ nsâ \b-
§Ä¡v ASn-Øm-\-am-bn. AXnsâ Npcp¡w F¶Xv a\p-jysâ Ip-]n-Sn-
¯-§Ä Ahsâ F®w {Iam-Xo-X-ambn hÀ²n-¡p-¶-X n\v Imc-W-am-bn.
DuÀÖ-I-½n, hn`h ZuÀe-`yw, ]cn-ØnXn aen-\ o-I -cWw A§s\ At\Iw
{]iv\§Ä. CXv I]S ]cn-ØnXn hmZn-I Ä hyh-kmb ]ptcm-KXn
XIÀ¡p-¶-Xn\v thn {]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ X{´-§Ä Xs¶-bm-Wv. hncp²
kwkvI rXn {]Øm-\-§-fmb ab-¡p-a-c p-¶v, tdm¡v kwKo-Xw, Ip¯-g nª
ssewKo-I -X, sNIp-¯m³ tkh, a{´-hmZw, ]cn-ØnXn hmZw XpS-§n-b -h.
ähn-tÌm¡v C³Ìn-äyq-«v, Ìm³^ÀUv dnkÀ¨v C³Ìn-ä-yq«v, C³Ìn-äyq«v
t^mÀ tkmjyÂ dnte-j³kv, Ass¹Uv tkmjyÂ ssk¡n-bm{Sn XpS§n
FÃm Kth-jW {]Øm-\-§fpw ¢_v Â {]X-\n-[n-I-s f DÄs¸-Sp-¯p-¶p,
AsÃ-¦ nÂ \mtäm-bnÂ D]-tZ-jvSm-¡-fmbn tkh\w A\p-jvTn-¡p-¶p.
307
AtIz-dn-b³ KqVm-tem-N -\ -DÄs¡m-Åp-¶-X n\p thn. s]¡n At±-l-

¯nsâ ASp¯ kplr¯v Ae-Ivkm-À slbvKn-t\mSv ]d-ªXv “F\n¡v
tXm¶p-¶p, Rm³ BUw hotjm¸v ]p\ÀP-\ n-¨-Xm-sW-¶v.”
Pntbm-hm\n Bsá-Ãnkv sâ ^nbäv tamt«mÀ I¼-\ n-bnÂ ta[m-hn-bm-bn-cn-
¡p-t¼mÄ, 3 ]Xn-ä m-p-I mew s]¡n Aäve mânIv C³Ìn-äyq-«nsâ [\-X-
Xz-im-kv{X-hn-`mKw ta[m-hn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. ]pcm-X\ Cäm-en-b³ Idp¯ {]`p
IpSpw-_-¯nse AwK-a mb Bsá-Ãn, 300 se {][m\ AwK-am-Wv. tkmhn-
bäv bqWn-b³ hnI-k\¯nÂ At±lw {]apJ ]¦v hln-¨p.
Cw¥ojv Ata-cn-¡³ ]W-an-S-] m-Sp-Im-c pw, bqtdm-¸nse ]pcm-X\ Idp¯
{]`p IpSpw-_-¡mcpw, {]tXy-In¨pw e³, sh\o-kv, sPt\mh F¶n-h n-S-
§-fnse, X½n-epÅ Iq«m-bva-bmWv ¢_v.
temIs¯ \nb-{ń-¡p-¶ -Xn\v {][m\ amÀ¤w km¼-¯nI XIÀ¨bpw
AXns\ XpSÀ¶p-Å- amµyhpw krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ Ign-hm-Wv. AXv
temI-a m-I -am-\-a pÅ `qcn-`mKw P\-§-s fbpw Ah-c psS IognÂ sImp
hcpw.
300 sâ \b-§Ä A[n-I hpw t]mf-nse {]`p-hm-bn-cp¶ sênIvkv

UvskÀkn³kvIn-bpsS XXz-i m-kv{X-§sf ASn-Øm-\-a m-¡n-bp-Å-Xm-sW¶v
Icp-Xmw. At±lw a\p-jys\ arK-§Ä¡v AÂ]w apI-fnÂ am{Xw {]Xn-
jvTn-¨p. At±-l-¯nsâ ASp¯ kplr¯v {_n«ojv cl-kym-t\z-jW
hn`mKw DtZy-K -Ø³ knUv\n doen. Nph¶ òXn (Red Terror) bpsS \S-
¯n-¸p-Im-c³ sên-Ivkv, doen-tbmSv ]d-ªXv a\p-jy³ ]cn-K-W\ AÀln-
¡p-¶n-Ã. Ah³ kzmÀ°-\m-Wv. Ahsâ Poh³ \ne-\n-dp-¯p-¶-X-\mbn
Ah³ Ahsâ ac-W-a -Sª kplr-¯ns\ hsc `£n-¡pw.
¢_v \v kz´-a mbn cl-kym-t\z-jW tk\-bp-v. AXv tUhnUv tdms¡-
s^-Ã-dnsâ INTERPOL Dambn kl-I-cn¨v {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. FÃm Ata-cn-
¡³ cl-kym-t\z-jW tk\-Ifpw AXp-ambn hfsc tNÀ¶v {]hÀ¯n-¡p-
¶p. KGB bpw samÊmZpw. Ing-¡³ PÀ½-\n-bnse ÌmÊn F¶mÂ hn«p
\n¶p. [ Committee of 300 By John Coleman 1991 ]. Iyq_³ ansskÂ
A]-I-S-¯nÂ {][m\ ]¦p hln-¨-Xn\p tijw , A]-I Sw XcWw sN¿p¶
]²Xn ( FEMA bpsS ap³Km-a n) , {]kn-Uv sI¶-Un-sb-¡v ähn-
tÌm¡v imkv{X-Ú-·mÀ hni-Zo-I-cn-¨p. sI¶-Un¡v Ah kzoIm-cy-am-bn-
Ã. A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX sI¶Un h[n-¡-s ¸-«p.
\mk-bpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä ]cn-a n-X -s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\pw tUmIvSÀ B\-tämÄ
dm¸-t¸mÀ«nsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯ nÂ \o¡w \S-¶p. {]_Ôw NATO ¡v kaÀ¸n-
¨p. ¢_v, ]ns¶ 300, \S-]Sn Bh-i y-s ¸-«p. \mksb ]cn-a n-X-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-
Xn\v Iq«p \n¶-h À lmÀe³Uv ¢ohve³Uv, tPmk^v tÉbväÀ, s¢bvt_m
¬, sI. s]Â, hmÄ«À .-sP. Sehn , tPmÀÖv aIvKo, hnÃyw hm«vkv, tdm_
308
À«v kvs {Smhvsk lyq]v ( NATO bnse Ata-c n-¡³ Aw_m-k-UÀ ), ]ns¶
tUmWÄUv sejv. 1967 tabv amk-¯nÂ kbân-^nIv B³Uv sSIvt\m-
fPn¡Â I½nän Hm^v t\mÀ¯v AävemânIv Akw»n ]ns¶ t^mdn³
t]mfnkn dnkÀ¨v C³Ìn-äyq«v F¶n-h-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ kt½-f\w
\S¶p. tIm¬^-d³kv Hm¬ {Sm³kv Aävemân-Iv Cw_m-e³kv B³Uv
sImf-ms_m-td-j³ F¶ t]cnÂ. AXv {^m³knÂ, Uqhn-s ÃbnÂ Fen-k -
_¯v cmÚn-bpsS cmP-Iob ku[-¯nÂ.
{][m\ Dt±yiyw Ata-c n-¡³ kmt¦-X n-I , hymh-km-bnI ]ptcm-KXn XS-
bpI DE- INDUSTRIALISATION F¶-Xpw. AXnsâ ê-a mbn cv ]pkvX-
I-§Ä {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s ¸-«p. {_k-k³kvIn-bpsS Technetronic Era
]ns¶ Hutdensb s]¡n-bpsS The Chasm Ahead. s]¡n GI-temI
Kh¬saâv Ahiyw F¶v hmZn-¨p. s]¡n ]d-ª-X v tkmhn-bäv bqWn-
bs\ \mtäm-bnÂ tNÀ¡Ww F¶m-Wv. \h-tem-I-{Ia-¯nÂ XpÃy ]¦m-fn-
bm-bn. cp cmjv{S-§fpw , `mhn-bnse {]iv\ -]-cn-lm-c-¯n\pw [ Crisis
Management ]BtKmf \b-cq-]o-I-c -W-¯n\pw [ Global Planning] Hcp
t]mse D¯-c -hm-Zn-I-fm-bn-c n-¡pw. ¢_nsâ BZys¯ Global Planning
Contract \ÂIn-bXv aÊm¨psk ävkv C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v sSIvt\m-fPn (MIT)
¡v. 300 sâ {][m\ Kth-j-W-tI-{µ-§-fnÂ H¶v. ]²-X n-bpsS ta[m-hn-I-
fmbn tPbv t^msd-ÌÀ, sU¶nkv aotUm-kv.
{]_-Ô-¯nÂ ]d-ªn-cn-¡p¶ Imcy-§-fnÂ ]pXp-a-s bm-¶p-a p-m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.
amÂ¯qkpw lmsb¡pw ]d-ªn-cp¶Xp Xs¶. hn`-h-§Ä ZpÀe-`-a m-Wv.
{]_Ôw ip² X«n-¸m-bn-cp-¶p. a\p-jysâ Ip-] n-Sn-¯-¯n-\pÅ tijn
ZuÀe-`ys¯ AXn-Po-hn-¡p-¶-Xn\v amÀ¤w Is¯pw F¶ Imcyw ]cm-
aÀin-¨n-Ã.
^yqj³ F\ÀPn, 300 sâ _² i{Xp-hm-Wv. AXv {]IrXn hn`h§Ä
\nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡mw. Hcp kvI zbÀ ssaÂ km[m-c W ]md-bnÂ
\n¶pw ^yqj³ hnZy-bmÂ \ap¡v 4 hÀj-t¯¡v Bh-i y-a pÅ Aeq-an-
\nbw DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡mw.
s]¡nsb kw_-Ôn¨v tZio-bX a\p-jys\ _m[n-¨n-cn-¡p¶ Iym³k-dm-
Wv. s]¡n-bpsS kplr¯v FÀhn³ emtÉm, ¢_v \p thn cNn¨ {]_-
Ô-a m-Wv Goals of Mankind. hymh-km-bnI ]ptcm-K-Xn-tbbpw \K-c -¯nsâ
hfÀ¨-tbbpw k¼qÀ®-ambn B{I-an-¡p-¶ -Xm-bn-cp-¶p. Cu Ime-L-«-a -
{Xbpw RIIA ¡p thn InÊn³PÀ , tamkvtIm-bp-ambn _Ô-s ¸-«n-c p-¶p.
BtKm-f-c q-]o-I -cW ]T-\ -§Ä InÊn³PÀ Xsâ {Iwen-\nse kplr-¯p-¡-
fp-ambn ]¦p h¨n-cp-¶p. aq¶mw temI cmjv{S-§-fnÂ GsXms¡ P\-X-IÄ
\in-¸n-¡-s¸-S-W-s a¶v Xocp-a m-\ n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ Ah-I miw AhÀ Xs¶
309
XoÀ¨-bm-¡-W-sa-¶pw. s]¡n ]d-ªXv AXv A\n-h m-c y-a m-s W-¦nÂ

GXm\pw Nne cmjv{S-§Ä¡p am{Xw AXv Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶-X n-\ pÅ Ah-
Imiw \ÂIp-¶Xv A`n-Im-a y-a -Ã. temI-¯ nse Zcn-{Z- cm-jv{ S-§-fnse a\p-
jy-c psS Poh\v taÂ AhÀ¡v k¼qÀ®-a mb A[n-Imcw \ÂIpw F¶m-Wv.
B{^n-¡³ \mSp-I-fnse a\p-jysc a\-] qÀÆw ]«n-Wn-¡n«v sIm¶-Xn-s â
ASn-¯ -d-bn-Xm-Wv.
CsXms¡ s]¡n Xsâ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ ( Limits of Growth ) ap³t] ]d-

ªn-cp-¶-Xm-Wv. ]co-£-W-sa-t¶mWw 1973 Â Ad_v C{km-tben bp²w,
s]t{Sm-fnbw t]mepÅ {]IrXn hn`-h-§Ä temIm-[n-]-Xy-¯n\p IognÂ
sImp hcp-¶-Xn\p thn-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
s]¡n e-\nÂ \n¶pw Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ sN¶v {]kn-U-v,- c-l-kym-t\z-j-
W-hn-`mKw aäv D¶-XÀ F¶n-h-cp-a mbn NÀ¨ \S-¯n. Ata-c n¡ XpS¡w
apXÂ FÃm Imcy-§fpw Adn-bq-¶p-m-bn-cp-¶p. t]mÄ thm¡-dnsâ [\-
Im-c y, km¼-¯nI \b-§Ä tPym{^n tlmsh-bpsS \b-§-fpsS ]IÀ¸p
Xs¶-bm-Wv.
Global 2000 F¶ {]_Ôw sskdkv hm³kv Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨Xv {]kn-Uv
ImÀ«À AwKo-I-c n-¨ p. 2000 þmw BtmsS 300 tImSn P\-§Ä \in-¸n-¡-
s¸-S-W w, 2050 HmsS Ata-c n-¡-bnse P\-kwJy 10 tImSn Iv IpdbWw.
hnI-knX cmPy-§-fnÂ \nb-{ń-X-a mb bp²w sImpw aq¶mw temI-cm-
jv{S-§-fnÂ Zmcn-{ Zyhpw Akp-J-§fpw D]-tbm-Kn¨p sImpw. sXmgn-emfn
hÀ¤-¯nÂs¸-«-hÀ¡v sXmgnÂ \jvS-s¸-Sp-¯n, am\p-jnI _Ô-§Ä \in-
¸n-¡p-I . ab-¡p-a -cp-¶n\pw aZy-¯n\pw ASn-a-s ¸-Sp¯n IpSpw_w F¶
k¦ev]w XIÀ¡p-I .
300 ähntÌm¡nt\mSv, CsXms¡ F§ns\ {]mtbmKnIam¡mw
F¶pÅXns\¡pdn¨v ]T\w \S¯p¶Xn\v Bhiys¸«p. ähntÌm¡v
AXv Ìm³^ÀUv dnkÀ¨nse {]^kÀ hnÃnkv lmÀaWnsâ
t\XrXz¯nÂ. AXv ]n¶oSv The Acquarian Conspiracy (KqVmtemN\)
F¶v Adnbs¸«p. a\pjysc kwibmep¡fm¡n , hyàamb
Xocam\saSp¡p¶Xn\v {]m]vXcÃm¯ hn[w XIÀ¯v , ]n¶oSv AXnÂ
\n¶pw Ic Ibdp¶Xn\v klmbn¨v , {]iv\ ]cnlmcw (Crisis
Management) \ÂIp¶Xn\p thn Hcp {]iv\¯n\p ]pdsa asämcp
{]iv\w krjvSn¡pI. Atacn¡bnÂ Ct¸mÄ Xs¶ Hcp Crisis
Management {]Øm\w \nehnepv. FEMA.
aXXo{hhmZw apÉow Xo{hhmZapÄs¸sS hfÀ¯pI. Bbs¯mÅ sJm
sabv\n {_n«ojv ssk\nI clkymt\zjW tk\ MI 6 sâ krjvSnbmWv.
[What Really Happened in Iran - John Coleman] Pkyq«v en_tdj³
310
XntbmfPn t]mepÅ kn²m´§Ä {]Ncn¸n¨v {InkvXpaXs¯

_elo\am¡pI. AXnÂ apgpInbncn¡p¶ {]apJ kwLS\ tacn t\mÄ
anj³. AXv FÂkmÂhtZmdns\ XIÀ¯p. tdmtUjy, samkmw_nIv,
AwtKmf, sX¡³ B{^n¡ F¶nhnS§fnÂ I½yqWnkw
Øm]n¡p¶Xn\v klmbn¨p.
sFIycmjv{S k`, IMF, _m¦v Hm^v CâÀ\mjWÂ skänÂsaâvkv,

temItImSXn F¶n§s\bpÅ {]Øm\§Ä¡v At§bäw ]n³XpW
\ÂIpI. FÃm Kh¬saâpIfnepw \pgªpIbdn Ahsb XIÀ¡pI.
hnZym`ymk k{¼Zmb¯n\p taÂ ]nSn apdp¡n AXns\ ]qÀ®ambpw
\in¸n¡pI.
km¼¯nI \b§Ä ASnØm\am¡nbncn¡p¶Xv amÂ¯qknsâ
t_m[\§sfbmWv. At±ls¯ {]apJ\m¡nbXv {_n«ojv CuÌv Cý
I¼\n. AXns\ ]n³XpSÀ¶mWv 300 LS\ \nÀ½n¨ncn¡p¶Xv. Global
2000 {]_Ôw {]mtbmKnIam¡n hcp¶p. 300 sâ FÃm km¼¯nI \b
§fpw amÂ¯qkns\bpw s{ÛdnIv thm¬ lmsbIvs\bpw DÄs¡mÅp
¶XmWv. lmsbIv, hfsc \mÄ tdms¡s^Ãdnsâ Iognembncp¶p. At±
l¯nsâ kn²m´§Ä Atacn¡bnÂ s]mXpsh AwKoIcn¡s¸Sp¶p.
lmsbIv kzX{´ hym]mc taJeIsf ]n³Xm§p¶p. F¶mÂ AXv
ab¡pacp¶v hym]mc¯n\v km²yX GsdbpÅXmWv. ]n¶ lmsbIv
BWthmÀÖs¯ \ncpÕmls¸Sp¯p¶p. At±l¯nsâ Øm\¯v
]n¶oSv h¶Xv tPym^v dn kmIvkv. At±ls¯ t]mfnte¡v Ab¨p.
¢_v , t]mfnÂ km¼¯nI XIÀ¨ krjvSn¨p.
AtX km¼¯nI ]²XnIÄ FhnsSbpw BhÀ¯n¨v AhnsSsbms¡

km¼¯nI XIÀ¨ krjvSn¡p¶Xn\v km[n¡pw. t]mfnse
tkmfnUmcnän F¶ {]Øm\¯n\v t]cp \ÂInbXpw AXnsâ
`mchmlnIsf sXcsªSp¯Xpw 300 se kv_náyq {_kk³kvIn. AXv
sXmgnemfnIsf D]tbmKn¨v GI temI Kh¬saâv krjvSn¡p¶Xnte
¡pÅ Hcp ]Shp am{Xambncp¶p. A[nIhpw t_mÄsjhnIv PqX·mcpsS
]n³Xeapd¡mÀ.
Hcp hyànbpsS apgph³ hnhchpw \nb{ń¡p¶ `cWIqSw hyànsb
]qÀ®ambpw \nb{ń¡pw. ]ns¶ cmkhkvXp¡Ä D]tbmKn¨v a\Êns\
\nb{ń¡p¶Xpw, P\nXI hnZybneqsS a\pjysâ cq]apÅ F¶mÂ
hyXykvX hyànXz {]tXyIXIfpÅ hyànXz§sf krjvSn¡p¶
]co£W§Ä. GI temI Kh¬saâv CsXms¡ hn`mh\w sN¿p¶p.
cmjv{Sob¯nsâ CSXpw heXpw \nb{ń¡p¶Xv Htc BÄ¡mÀ
Xs¶bmWv. 1980 se sKm¬kmsekv þ Imkvt{Sm IqSn¡mgvNbnÂ CSXp
]£ KdnÃ KznsÃÀtam bpwtKmbpw tNÀ¶p. bpwtKm, C³Ìnäyq«v t^mÀ
311
t]mfvk n ÌUokv (IPS)þ 300 sâ Gähpw Ip{]kn² CSXp ]£ kn²m´

{]Øm\w þ sâ {]Xn\n[nbpw. IPS BØm\w hmjn§vS\nÂ Xs¶. 300
sâ asämcp {]Øm\w Bkvs]³ C³Ìnäyq«v. sImfdmtUmbnÂ.
doK³ `cWIme¯v Atacn¡sb hyhkmb hXvIcW¯nÂ \n¶pw
]n³Xncn¸n¡p¶Xn\v sldntäPv ûtj³ Øm]ImwKw thm¬
lmsbIv, Xsâ injy³ anÂä³ {ôUvas\ NpaXes¸Sp¯n. XpS¡w
Dcp¡v hyhkmbw, ]ns¶ hml\w, ]ns¶ ]mÀ¸nSw F¶n§s\
Hmtcm¶mbn XIÀ¡pI F¶Xmbncp¶p NpaXe. {^m³knÂ AXnsâ
NpaXe A¶phsc A{]ikvX\mbncp¶ Ahnt\ym¬ ( Avignon ) .
XpS¡w Dcp¡v hyhkmbw Xs¶ AhnsSbpw. {]kvXpX kt½f\¯nÂ
Cdm\nÂ \n¶pw Bbs¯mÅ sJmta\nbpsS {]Xn\n[n _m\n kZÀ
]s¦Sp¯p.
]dbp¶ \ymbw C§ns\bmWv. “apXemfn¯ hymhkmbnI hnIk\w
F¶Xv kzmX{ý¯n\v ISI hncp²amWv. AXn\v AdpXn hcp¯Ww..
20, 21 \qämpIfnse km¼¯nI k{¼Zmb§Ä a\pjys\
NX¨c¡p¶Xn\v b{´§sf D]tbmKn¡p¶p.”
1980 se IqSn¡mgvNbnÂ ]s¦Sp¯Xv tPm¬ {Klmw, At±lw sFÀhn³
kp BÂ F¶pw Adnbs¸Sp¶p. Anti Defamtion League . sâ hkvXpXm
AhtemI\ I½nänbpsS Xeh³. ADL {_n«ojv clkymt\zjW
tk\bn se aq¶v hn`mK§fpw IqSn \S¯p¶ {]Øm\w. MI6, JIO, SIS.
kp BÂ , t^_nb\nÌpIfpambn tNÀ¶v {]hÀ¯n¡p¶p. Cw¥nÂ
HmIvkv^ÀUv kÀÆIemimebnse dkvI n³ , te_À tImtfPnÂ
]Tn¡pt¼mÄ {_n«ojv clkymt\zjW tk\bnÂ \nbanX\mbn.
AhnsS¯s¶bmWv anÂ\À, tdmUvkv, _Às¤Êv, a¢o³, Inw ^nÂ_n
F¶nhÀ ]Tn¨Xv. HmIvkv^ÀUpw tIbvw{_nUvPpw {_n«\nse D¶XcpsS
a¡Ä ]Tn¡p¶ Øm]\§fmWv s]mXphnÂ. HmIvkv^ÀUnembncn¡p
t¼mÄ, kpBÂ , bwKv ]o¸nÄkv tkmjyenÌv eoKv Â tNÀ¶p. ]n¶oSv
{_n«ojv clkymt\zjW tk\bnepw.
Atacn¡bnÂ \nbanX\mb kpBÂ , CSXp ]£¡mc\mb hmÄ«À
en]va³sâ kwc£Wbnembncp¶p. eoKv t^mÀ C³Ukv{SnbÂ sUtam
{Ikn, ÌpUâvkv t^mÀ sUsam{ImänIv skmsskän F¶nhbpsS
Øm]I\mWv en¸va ³. AXv cpw apXemfn¯hpw hyhkmb taJebn
se sXmgnemfnIfpw X½nÂ AIep¶Xn\v ImcWam¡n. en]vasâ ]²Xn
IsfÃmw 300 sâ {][m\ `mK§fmWv. AXv Atacn¡ apgph\pw
hym]n¨p. AXnsâ Gähpw {]apJ AwKw en]va\pw.
kpBÂ \v PÌnkv Uv¸mÀ«vsaânÂ F{Xbpw A[nIw kzm[o\apmbn
cp¶p. At±lw e£yanSp¶ GXp hyànbpsSbpw FBI hnebncp¯Â
e`n ¡p¶Xn\v _p²nap«pmbncp¶nÃ. heXp]£ {]hÀ¯Isc \nco£n
312
¡pI F¶Xmbncp¶p {][m\ NpaXe. ADL \v sÌbväv Un¸mÀ«vsaânÂ

Ft¸mgpw kzm[o\apmbncp¶p. AXnsâ clkymt\zjW hn`mKs¯
At±lw D]tbmKn¡pIbpw sNbvXncp¶p. sÌbväv Uv¸mÀ«vsaân\v
heXp] £¯n\pÅnÂ FÃm X«pIfnepw ]nWnbmfpIfpmbncp¶p.
AhÀ [occmb skssaänIv hncp² t]mcmfnIÄ F¶v \Sn¡p¶p. AhÀ
PqXhncp², skssaänIv hncp² {]kn²oIcW§Ä \S¯p¶p. F¶mÂ
AhÀ ADL sâ kwc£WbnemWv.
Atacn¡bnÂ F´p kw`hn¨mepw AXv RIIA bpsS A\paXnbnÃmsX

kw`hn¡pIbnÃ. ^nen]v AKo, CIA hncp²³ (defector) F¶dnbs¸
Sp¶p. F¶mÂ saIvknt¡mbpsS NpaXe AKo hln¨ncp¶p.
\nb{´Ww RIIA bnÂ \n¶v. 1938 Â NÀ¨nepw, dqkvshÂäpw
X½nepm¡nb clky [mcW Atacn¡³ clkymt\zjW hn`mKw
AhcpsS hnhc§Ä {_n«ojv clkymt\zjW hn`mKhpambn ssIamdWw
F¶Xmbncp¶p. AXmbncp ¶p cp cmPy§fpw X½nepÅ {]tXyI
_Ô¯n\v ASnØm\w. AXp sImp Xs¶bmWv Fenk_¯v
cmÚnbpsS IpSpw_w òaamb Hmlcn ssI¿mfp¶ {_n«ojv
s]t{Smfnb¯n\p thn Atacn¡, Cdm¡pambn bp²¯n\p t]mbXv.
t\ms{SUmw Â \n¶pw ]T\w ]qÀ¯nbm¡nb AKo CIA bnÂ tNÀ¶p.
AhnsS AKo Pkyq«v {ôtabvkWnÂ {]hÀ¯n¨p. 1968 Â saIvkn¡³
kÀÆIemimebnse hnZymÀ°nIÄ A{Iaw Agn¨p hn«p. {]tXyIw
{i²bÀln¡p¶ Imcyw AtX kab¯p Xs¶bmWv \yqtbmÀ¡v,
t_m¬, t{]bvKv, ]Snªmd³ _Àen³ F¶nhnS§fnepw hnZymÀ°nIÄ
A{Ia¯n te¡v XncnªXv. CâÀt]mÄ `mKamb clkymt\zjW
kwLmX¯neqsS 300 \v temIamIam\w kab \njvT tbmsS cmjv{Sob
{]hÀ¯nIÄ \S¸n em¡p¶Xn\v km[n¡pw. saIvknt¡mbnÂ \n¶pw
AKn , ]yqÀt«m dnt¡m bnse òIc {]hÀ¯\ kwL§fpambn tNÀ¶v
{]hÀ¯n¡p¶ Xn\p thn NpaXes¸Sp¯s¸«p. AhnsS AKn Iyq_³
tkzOm[n]Xn ^nsU Â Imkvt{SmbpsS hnizkvX\mbn.
{]hÀ¯\§sfÃmw AKn CIA GPâv F¶pÅ \nebv¡p Xs¶bmWv
\S¯nbncp¶Xv. F¶mÂ Imkvt{SmbpsS clkymt\zjW hn`mKw
AKnsb Xncn-¨-dn-ªp. AXv ]Sn-ªm-dnÂ 3000 t]À DÄs¡mÅp¶,
clkyw tNmÀ¯p¶, tkmhn-bäv cl-kym-t\z-jW hn`mKw,
Øm]n¡p¶Xn\v ImcWambn. Iyq_bnÂ eqÀsZknÂ. eqÀsZkv
Atacn¡bpsS lrZb¯nse apdnhmbn XpScp¶p. 1990 epw 1991 epw KGB
A[nIw t]sc \nban¨p.
Atacn¡bnÂ \qdpIW¡n\v ]WvUnX·mÀ ¢_v \v thn
]WnsbSp¡p¶p. AXnÂs¸«XmWv _À\mUv sehn³. At±l¯nsâ
IrXn Time Perspective And Morale. AXv cmPy¯ntâbpw cmjv{ Sob
313
t\Xm¡·mcpsSbpw at\mhocyw F§ns\ \in¸n¡mw F¶v

{]Xn]mZn¡p¶p. {][m\ amÀ¤§Ä òIcXbpw A\nÝnXXzhpw krjvSn
¡pI. ]ckv]c hncp²amb Bib§Ä {]Ncn¸n¡pI F¶nhbmWv.
HSp ¡w Xocpam\saSp¡p¶Xn\v {]m]vX nbnÃmsX ¢_v sâ Bib [mc¡v
A\pIqeam¡nsbSp¡pI. Icp¯pähsc¶v tXm¶n¸n¡p¶, AXp hsc
A{]ikvXcmbncp¶ t\Xm¡·mÀ s]s«¶v {]Xy£s¸Sp¶p. {_n«ojv
CâenP³kv, sJmsabv\nsb hfsc hÀj§Ä ]cnioe\w \ÂInbncp¶p.
{]tXyIn¨p ]mcoknÂ h¨v. t_mdnkv sbÂkn³ MI 6- SIS Iq«psI«nsâ
{]Xn\n[nbmWv. ¢_v , Atacn¡bnepw CsXms¡ \S¯p¶p. Iq«
KÀ`Ñn {Zw aqew tImSn¡W¡n\v Iqªp§Ä h[n¡s¸«p.
hymhkmbnI ASn¯d \in¸n¨Xp ImcWw sXmgnenÃmbva hÀ²n¨v
k·mÀ¤ Nn´ \in¨v , atäsXmcp cmPy¯nepw \S¡p¶Xnsâ 3 Cc«n
sIme]XI§Ä \S¡p¶ cmjv{Sambn amdn Atacn¡. DÅnÂ \n¶pÅ
ImcW§fmÂ \in¡p ¶Xn\pÅ bm{XbnemWv AXv. IcnkvamänIv
Xo{hhmZnIsfbpw krjvSn¨v ]Ånsb \in¸n¨p. _nÃn {Klmw , tPmÀÖv
_pjvt\msSm¸w {]mÀ°n ¨Xn\p tijw BWv Cdm¡v Iq«s¡me
Bcw`n¨Xv.
C{kmtben\p ]n³XpW \ÂIp¶ Icp¯mbn {InkvXy³ Xo{hhmZnIsf

amän¯oÀ¯p. Ahsc akvXnjv¡ {]£mf\w sNbvXncn¡p¶p. ¢_v \v
hmjn§vSWnÂv BØm\apv. AXnsâ t\Xmhv sk\äÀ s¢bÀ
t_m¬ s]Â, DuÀÖ I½nänbpsS UbdIvSdmbncp¶ {^m¦v F. t]m«À
AXnse AwKhpw. ¢_v Atacn¡bpsS DuÀÖ\b§Ä \nb{ń¡p¶p.
Ahcp sS ]cnkvYnXn hmZ¡mÀ hnIk\s¯ FXnÀ¡p¶p.
BWthmÀÖw t]mepÅ ]²XnIsf. ¢_vse þ Atacn¡bnse þ aäv
AwK§Ä hmÄ«À F. lm³ þ At±lw tIm¬{KjWÂ dnkÀ¨v
kÀÆoknÂ {]hÀ¯n ¡p¶p, B³jo¯mw, U¥fkv tdmÊv cpt]cpw
[\XXzimkv{XÚÀ. tdmÊnsâ NpaXe At±l¯nsâ Xs¶
hm¡pIfnÂ. “¢_v Hm^v tdmansâ Bib§Ä, AXmbXv A[nI
hn`h§Ä e`yamsW¶pÅ hymtaml¯nÂ \n¶pw cmPys¯
c£s¸Sp¯pI.” B³jo¯mw. Congressional Clearing House for the
Future F¶ kwLS\bpsS UbdIvSdmbncp¶p. AhcpsS NpaXe
tPymXnjw XpS§nb X«n¸p hnZyIÄ¡v hiwhZcmIp¶hsc Is¯pI
F¶Xpw. Hcp L«¯nÂ 100 Â A[nIw ]mÀesaâv AwK§Ä AhcpsS
hnZymÀ°nIfmbncp¶p. aäp taJebnse {]apJcmb AwK§Ä ssa¡Â
hmÂjv, tXm¬S³ {_mUvjm, ]ns¶ All State Insurance Company bpsS
{]knUv tUhnUv tÌ¬ sseäv. NATO bnse ¢_v AwK§Ä
314
lmÀe³Uv ¢ohve³Uv, þ \mtämbnse Atacn¡³ Aw_mkUÀ,

tPmk^v tÉbväÀþ Bkvs]³ C³Ìnäyq«v UbdIvSÀ, sUmWmÄUv
sejv þ Atacn¡³ \mjWÂ skIyqcnän GP³knbnse DtZymKØ³,
tPmÀÖv aIvKo, s¢bÀ t_m¬ , s]Â XpS§nbhÀ. Ahscms¡
\njvIf¦ `mh§tfmsS än.hn. bnepw aäpw {]Xy£s¸«v {]`mjW§fpw
NÀÏfpw \S¯psa¦nepw AhÀ H«pw \njvIf¦cÃ F¶XmWv
hmkvXhw. ¢_v AhcpsS ]nWnbmfpIsf X{´{][m\amb
XkvXnIIfnÂ {]XnjvT n¡p¶p. 300 BZys¯ Atacn ¡³ ¢_v
kt½f\w The Association of Club of Rome F¶ t]cnÂ 1969 Â
kwLSn¸n¨p. ASp¯Xv 1970 Â Riverdale Centre of Religious Research.
AXv tXmakv _ÀWnbpsS t\XrXz¯nÂ \S¯n. ASp¯Xv 1971 Â
Woodlands Conference AXv sSIvkknÂ lqÌWnÂ. ]n¶oSv FÃm
hÀjhpw hqUve³UvknÂ Xs¶. 1971 Â Mitchell Energy bpw
Unhe]vsaâv tImÀ]tdj\pw DuÀÖ\b kt½f\w \S¯n. hnjbw
Atacn¡bpsS hfÀ¨ \nb{ń¡pI F¶Xpw. ]ns¶ 1980 Â First
Global Conference on the Future. .4000 kmaqlnI ]cnjvIÀ¯m¡Ä (
Social Engineers ) , NnÍÀ XpS§nbhÀ ]s¦Sp¯p.
FÃm t]cpw ¢_v Dw 300 Dw Bbn _ÔapÅhÀ. AXn\v sshäv

luknsâ H¯mibpmbncp¶p. {]kvXpX kt½f\¯nsâ
Is¯epIsf ASnØm\am¡n sshäv lukv HutZymKnIambn
kt½f\w kwLSn¸n¨p. White House Commission on the 1980’s F¶
t]cnÂ. ¢_v sâ \b§sf Atacn¡bpsS \b§fmbn kzoIcn¨p. AXv
Atacn¡³ k¼Zvh yhØ hyhkmb L«¯nÂ \n¶pw ]pd¯p
t]mhpIbmsW¶pw hyàam¡n. ]oäÀ hnt¡Àkv lmfnsâbpw
kv_náyq {_kk³kvInbpsSbpw hmZapJ§Ä Xs¶.
{_n«ojv ssk\nI DtZymKØ³ taPÀ tPm¬ dmhven§vkv dokv sâ
taÂt\m«¯nÂ temI¯nse Gähpw henb akvXnjvI {]£mf\
tI{µw, ksÊIvkv kÀÆIemimebpsS `mKambn \nÀ½n¡s¸«p. AXv
Tavistock Institute For Human Relations F¶v Adnbs¸Sp¶p. AXv
{_n«sâ a\Èmkv{X]camb bp² hn`mK¯nsâ tI{µw. Britain’s
Psychological Warfare Bureau. bp²¯nÂ XShnem¡s¸« 80,000
`S·mcpsS taÂ dokv Xsâ ]co£W§Ä¡v XpS¡an«p. ähntÌm¡nsâ
X{´§fmWv Atacn¡sb cmw temI almbp²¯nÂ ]s¦Sp¸n¨Xv.
IpÀ«v sehn³ sâ t\XrXz¯nÂ Øm]nXamb OSS ]n¶oSv CIA F¶
315
\maw kzoIcn¨p. Strategic Bombing Survey bpsS Xeh\mbn. thyma

tk\ PÀ½\nbnÂ sXmgnemfnIfpsS hoSpIÄ t_mw_n«v \in¸n¨t¸mÄ
Bbp[\nÀ½mW imeIsf shdpsX hn«p. Ccp `mK¯papÅ imeIÄ
A´mcmjv{S _m¦ÀamcptSXmbncp¶p. bp²¯n\p tijw ksÊIvkv
bqWnthÀknänbnÂ hfsc {]tXyIXIfpÅ akvXnjvI {]£mf\
tI{µw Øm]n¡p¶Xn\v NATO \nÀt±iw \ÂIn. AXv {_n«sâ
Psychological Warfare Bureau bpsS `mKambn. AXnsâ KthjW§Ä
ssk\nIcpsS taeÃ adn¨v P\§fpsS taemWv \S¯p¶Xv. AXv Science
Policy Research Institute F¶v Adnbs¸Sp¶p .SPRI. sehn\pw kwLhpw
F¯n t¨À¶ \nKa\w sXmgnemfnIfpsS hoSpIfnÂ 65 iXam\w
\in¸n¨mÂ AhcpsS at\mhocyw XIÀ¡mw F¶XmWv. Prudential
Assurance Company tcJIÄ X¿mdm¡n. t_mw_À lmcnkv, ]²Xn
\S¸nem¡n. 125,000 t]À h[n¡s¸«p. Ipªp§fS¡w. cmw temI
almbp²w Ignbp¶Xp htc¡pw AXv clkyambncp¶p.
CIA bptSXnt\¡mÄ AwK_ehpw {]m]vX nbpapÅ, Atacn¡bnse

Gähpw {]apJamb clkymt\zjW tk\ Office of Naval Intelligence (
ONI ) , ähntÌm¡nsâ ]²Xn {]Imcw krjvSn¨XmWv. Atacn¡³
Kh¬saâv tImSnIfpsS IcmÀ ähntÌm¡v C³Ìnäyq«n\v \ÂIp¶p.
s]âK¬ C¶pw D]tbmKn¡p¶Xv ähntÌm¡v \ÂIp¶ hnhc§fmWv.
ähntÌm¡v 30 Â A[nIw KthjWØm]\§Ä \S¯p¶p.
\mtämbpsS Øm]ImwKw tUmIvSÀ AeIvkmÀ In§v, 300 sâ
{]nb¦c³, \½psS PohnXw XIÀ¡p¶XnÂ {]apJ³. At±l¯n\v
hnZym`ymks¯ XIÀ¡p¶Xn\p Å NpaXe e`n¨p. National Teachers
Association sâ \nb{´Ww GsäSp ¯psImv , ]ns¶ Nne
\ymbm[n]·mcpw \nba ]WvUnXcpambn tNÀ¶v {]hÀ¯n¨psImv.
FEMA bpsS {]hÀ¯\w BZyambn ]co£n¨Xv lmcnkv_ÀKnse
{XossaÂ sFe³Unse ( TMI ) BWthmÀÖ \neb¯nemWv.
lmcnkv_ÀKv, s]³knÂhm\nbbnÂ. am²ya§Ä AXns\ A]ISw
F¶v hntijn¸n¨p. F¶mÂ AXv IcpXn¡q«n krjvSn¨ A]ISamWv.
BWthmÀÖ hncp² iànIÄ¡v AXv Xm§mbn. ]cnØnXn hmZ¡mÀ
F¶p \Sn¡p¶hÀ¡v TMI Icp¯mbn. ]cnØnXn hmZ¡msc
]n³XpW¡p¶Xpw km¼¯nI klmbw \ÂIp¶Xpw Bkvs]³
C³Ìnäyq«pw. am²ya§fnÂ hmÀ¯ \nd¡p¶Xn\v klmbambn ap³
{_n«ojv clkymt\zjW DtZymKØ³, CBS Nm\ense, hnÃyw s]bven.
316
cmw temI almbp²¯nse Strategic Bombing Survey bpsS

]n³KmanbmWv FEMA . IpÀ«v sehn³ SBS sâ \nKa\§sf FEMA bnÂ
DÄs¡mÅn¨p. hfsc¡pd¨v hyXymk§Ä am{Xw. Hcp {][m\ amäw
F¶Xv \in¸n¡s¸tS e£yw PÀ½\n F¶Xp amän Atacn¡
F¶m¡n.
PÀ½³, Pm¸\okv P\X thymam{IaWw krjvSn¡p¶ òXnsb
F{]ImcamWv t\cnSp¶Xv F¶v amÀKcäv aoUv Kl\amb ]T\w \S¯n.
]²XnbpsS t\XrXzw {_n«ojv ssk\y¯nÂ {_ntKUnbÀ P\dembn
DbÀ¯s¸« dmhven§vkv dokv , klmbn sFÀhn§v Pm\kv. Pm\kv sâ
\nKa\§Ä FEMA bpsS \bcq]oIcW¯n\v AXohw klmbambn.
At±l¯nsâ ]pknXIw AIR WAR AND STRESS AXv hniZambn
{]Xn]mZn¡p¶p. AXv TMI A]IS¯nÂ {]tbmKn¡s¸«p. hfsc
efnXamWv AXv. H¶n\p ]pdsI H¶mbn krjvSn¡s¸Sp¶ A]IS§Ä
a\pjy a\Êns\ XIÀ¯v Bhiys¸Sp¶ coXn.bnÂ {]XnIcn¡p¶Xn\v
k¶²cm¡p¶p. sehn³ sâ òIcXm X{´§Ä Xs¶. sehn³
a\Ênem ¡nbXv hmÀ¯m am²ya§fneqsS, än. hn. bneqsS BWh
bp²¯nsâ `bm\XIÄ {]Ncn¸n¨v kaql¯n\p taÂ \nb{´Ww
ssI¿mfmw F¶mWv. kv{XoIÄ¡pÅ {]kn²oIcW§Ä
BWhbp²¯nsâ `bm\ XIsf s]cp¸n¨v ImWn¡p¶Xn\v hfsc
{]tbmK£aamsW¶v Is¯n. AÀ¡³kmbnse sk\äÀ sUbvÂ
_wt]Àkv sâ `mcy s_än _wt]Àkv “aIvImÄkv” amKko\pthn
FgpXnbXv, ]co£Wambncp¶p. hmkvXh ¯nÂ AXv X¿mdm¡nbXv
änhntÌm¡nse hnZvK v²·mÀ. AkXy§fpw, sXämb hnhcW§fpw,
I]S {]tab§fpsS ASnØm\¯nÂ X¿mdm¡nb X«n¸pIfpambncp¶p
AXv \ndsb.
ähntÌm¡n\v IognepÅ {]apJ {]Øm\amWv amÀjÂ ^v. AXnse

AwK§Ä 1. tUhnUv tdms¡s^ÃÀ þ sNbvkv am³l«³ _m¦v, 2.
K{_ntbÂ slbvKv þ am\p^mIvtNÀkv lmt\mhÀ {SÌv B³Uv
^n\m³kv tImÀ]tdj³ 3. anÂä³ Im«vkv þ t^mÀUv ûtj³ 4.
hnÃn {_mâv þ tkmjyenÌv CâÀ\mjWÂ t\Xmhv, sI.Pn._n GPâv,
300 se AwKw 5. sFÀhn§v »qtÌm¬ þ bpssWäUv Hmt«m sXmgnemfn
bqWnbsâ FIvknIyq«ohv t_mÀUv A²y£³ 6. dÊÂ s{Sbv³ þ ¢_v
Hm^v tdmw sâ Atacn¡³ {]knUv, ^nen]v cmPIpamcsâ World
Wildlife Fund 7. Fenk_¯v anUvtKen þ CBS t{]m{Kmw \nÀ½mXmhv 8.
_n. BÀ. Kn^vt^mÀUv þ dÊÂ skbvP v ûtj³ UbdIvSÀ 9.
KyqtUm tKmÄUva³ þ Bkvs]³ C³Ìnäyq«v 10. ]n¶oSv acWaSª
BhvsdÂ lmcna³ þ 300 se {]tXyImwKw 11. tXmakv FÂ. lyqKvkv þ
317
ImÀ\o F³tUmhvs aâv ^v 12. sU¶okv antUmkv, tPbv t^mdÌÀ þ

MIT bnse World Dyamics Â \n¶v.
150 hÀj¯ntesdbmbn \ne\nÂ¡p¶ 300, F¶mÂ 1897 emWv C¶v
\nehnencn¡p¶ cq]¯nembXv. AXv Ft¸mgpw \nÀt±i§Ä ap¶Wn
{]Øm\§fneqsS \S¸m¡p¶p. bqtdm]y³ Imcy§Ä¡p thn
{]tXyIw kwLS\ Bhiysa¶v Xocpam\ambt¸mÄ RIIA ähntÌm¡v
C³Ìnäyq«v Øm]n¨p. AXv ]n¶oSv NATO sb krjvSn¨p. A©v
hÀj¡m ew NATO ¡v km¼¯nIklmbw e`n¨Xv amÀjÂ ^nÂ
\n¶v. AXn s\ krjvSn¨Xv _nÂUÀs_ÀtKÀknse Gähpw {][m\
AwKambncp¶ tPmk^v sdänwKÀ. sdänwKÀ \Ãh®w ]cnioe\w In«nb
Pkyq«v ]mXncn bpw 33 Un{Kn {ôtabvkWpw. hmjn§v S¬ t]mkvänsâ
\nb{´Ww In«p¶Xn\p thn `À¯mhns\ h[n¨ ImXdo³ {Klmw ¢_v
AwKamWv. Atacn¡bnse Gähpw {]apJamb C³jpd³kv I¼\nbmb
\yqtbmÀ¡v sse^v C³jpd³kv I¼\nbnse t]mÄ.Pn. tlm^v a ³.
Cw¥nse Fenk_¯v cmÚnbpsS IpSpw_hpambn AXv
_Ôs¸«ncn¡p¶p. tlm^v^va³ ¢_v AwKamWv. cmw temI
almbp²¯n\p tijw PÀ½\nsb k¼qÀ®ambpw \in¸n¡p¶Xn\v
{ian¨ tPm¬.sP. a¡vtembv. Pbnwkv. F s]ÀIn³kv þ ImÀ\n
tImÀ]tdj³ Hs¡ ¢_v sâ Øm]Im wK§fmWv.
_nÂUÀ_ÀtKÀknsâbpw. ¢_v se AwK§fpsS Icp¯v bqtdm¸nsâ
BkvX nbpsS Cc«ntbmfw.
dn¨ÀUv KmÀU\À sâ `mcy sh\oknse ]pcmX\amb Idp¯
{]`p¡·mcpsS IpSpw_¯nÂ \n¶mWv. sh\okpw sshäv lukpambn
t\cn«v _Ôw Dmhp¶Xn\v ImcWambn. Bhvs dÂ lmcna³ hgn
s{Iwen \pw sshävlukpambn«pw. lmcna³sâ Øm\¯v ]n¶oSv
sl³{Sn InÊn³ PÀ. ¢_v {][m\ambpw Atacn¡bnÂ {i²n¡pt¼mgpw
P¸m\nte bpw PÀ½\nbntebpw {]iv\§fnÂ AXv CSs]Sp¶p.
300 sâ \nÀt±im\pkcWw {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ Nne ap¶Wn {]Øm\§Ä.
þ eoKv Hm^v C³Ukv{SnbÂ sUtam{Ikn . Dt±yiw sXmgnemfnbpw

sXmgnÂ ZmXmhpw X½nepÅ _Ôw hjfm¡pI.
þ {ôUw lukv. Dt±yiw , Atacn¡³ sXmgnemfnIfpsS CSbnÂ I]S
tkmjyenÌv Bib§Ä {]Ncn¸n¡pI.
þ I½nän t^mÀ sUsam{ImänIv satPmdnän. Dt±yiw , hnZym`ymkw
t\Snb tkmjyenÌpIfpw ]nt¶m¡ kapZmb§fpw X½nÂ
_Ôapm¡n, thm«v _m¦v cmjv{Sobw \S¯pI.
þ t^mdn³ t]mfnkn dnkÀ¨v C³Ìnäyq«v. Dt±yiw NASA bpsS
iq\ymImi ]²Xn XIÀ¡pI.
318
þ- tkmjyÂ sUtam{Imävkv. bp. Fkv. F . Dt±yiw ]nt¶m¡

kapZmb§fpsS CSbnÂ tkmjyenÌv Xo{hhmZw hfÀ¯pI.
tkmjyenÌv cmPy§fnse kam\ kwLS\Ifpambn _Ôw Øm]n¡pI.
þ C³Ìnäyq«v t^mÀ tkmjyÂ dntej³kv. Dt±yiw þ Atacn¡bpsS
Nn´m]²Xn Xncp¯pI.
þ knänk¬kv eoKv. Dt±yiw þ hnhn[ Kh¬saâv GP³knIfpsS taÂ
s]mXp XmXv]cy lÀPn sImSp¡pI. {]tXyIn¨pw {]Xntcm[ hyhkmb
taJebnÂ.
þ sUtam{ImänIv tkmjyenÌv HmÀKss\knwKv I½nän Hm^v Z
C³Ìnäyq«v t^mÀ sUtam{ImänIv tkmjyenkw. Dt±yiw þ
Atacn¡bntebpw bqtdm¸nsebpw CSXp]£ tkmjyenÌv
Bib§fpsS hnXcWw.
þ hmÀ sdknkvtäÀkv eoKv. {]apJ AwKw t\mw tNmwkvIn. Dt±yiw
hnbäv\mw bp²¯ns\Xnsc {]Xntcm[w kwLSn¸n¡pI.
þ Bân Uo^taj³ eoKv. Dt±yiw. þ {_n«ojv kwbpà
clkymt\zjW {]Øm\w. heXp ]£ kwL§tfbpw t\Xm¡sfbpw
A[nIw hfÀ¨ {]m]n¡p¶Xn\p ap³]v XIÀ¡pI.
þ CâÀ\mjWÂ Atkmkntbj³ Hm^v ajo\nÌvv. Dt±yiw þ
sXmgnemfnIsfbpw ta[mhnIsfbpw X½nÂ AIäp¶Xn\p thnbpÅ
tkmjyenÌv CâÀ\mjWesâ {]Øm\w
þ AamÂKtaäUv t¢m¯n§v hÀt¡Àkv. Dt±yiw þsXmgnemfnItfbpw
ta[mhnIsfbpw AIäpI.
þ F. ^nen¸v dm³tUmÄ^v C³Ìnäyq«v . Dt±yiw þ kam\ Dt±yiapÅ
kwLS\Isf tNÀ¯p hbv¡pI. DZm :þ tkmjyenÌvv Bib§Ä
hnZymÀ°nIfpsSbpw sXmgnemfnIfpsSbpw CSbnÂ {]Ncn¸n¡pI.
þ sIbnw{_nUvPv t]mfnkn ÌUokv C³Ìnäyq«v. Dt±yiw þ C³Ìnäyq«v
t^mÀ t]mfnkn ÌUoknsâ {]hÀ¯\§sf hn]peam¡pI. CâÀ\mj
WÂ tkmjyenÌv Øm]n¨Xv. Fbv]vÄtdmhnävkpambn tNÀ¶v. At±l
¯nsâ ]pkvXIw Atomic Diplomacy þ km¼¯nI klmbw PÀ½³
amÀjÂ ^v. Atacn¡³ kaqls¯ ASnØm\]cambn amäpI.
t^_nb\nÌv Atacn¡ \nÀ½n¡p¶Xn\p thn.
-þ C¡tWmanIv I½nän Hm^v Z t\mÀ¯v AävemânIv C³Ìnäyq«v.
Dt±yiw þ BtKmf km¼¯nI {]iv\ §Ä ]Tn¡p¶Xn\p thnbpÅ
NATO _p²n Pohn {]Øm\w.
þ skâÀ t^mÀ Z ÌUn Hm^v Untam{ImänIv C³Ìnäyqj³kv. Dt±yiw
P\mb¯ `cWw {]Ncn¸n¡pI, `cWLS\ ]pXp¡n FgpXpI. AXv
XoÀ¨bmbpw tkmjyenÌnIv, cmP`cW k{¼Zmb§Ä¡v A\pIqeamb
319
Xc¯nÂ. sU·mÀ¡nteXp t]mse . Atacn¡bpsS hymhkmb

ASn¯d XoÀ¯pw XIÀ¡pI. hnZym`ymkw DS¨p hmÀ¡pI.
þ lmÀhÀUv sskt¡mfPn¡Â ¢n\nIv . Dt±yiw . 300 \v Atacn¡bpsS
taÂ ]qÀ® A[nImcw e`yam¡pI.
þ C³Ìnäyq«v t^mÀ tkmjyÂ dnkÀ¨v. Dt±yiw. Atacn¡sb hyhkm
bhXvIcW¯nÂ \n¶pw AIäp¶Xn\v ]²Xn X¿mdm¡pI.
þ kb³kv t]mfnkn dnkÀ¨v bqWnäv. Dt±yiw. ähntÌm¡v kwLmX
¯nsâ `mKw. Cw¥nÂ ksÊIvkv bqWnthÀknänbnse Future Shock
dnkÀ¨v C³Ìnäyq«v.
-þ knÌwkv Unhe]vsaâv tImÀ]tdj³. Dt±yiw þ {_n«\nsebpw Atacn
¡bnsebpw clkymt\zjW hn`mK§sf GtIm]n¸n¡pI.
¢_v sâ \nb{´W¯nepÅ Nne {]kn²oIcW§Ä þ skâÀ amKko³,
IuÀ kvs s], tImsh³{Sn, IhÀ«v B£³ C³^Àtaj³ _pÅän³,
UnÊâv, lyqa³ dntej³kv, C³Ukv{SnbÂ dnkÀ¨v, C³Izbdn, aZÀ
tPm¬kv, h¬, t{]m{KÊohv, dmtIm¬ sSâyqÀ, Z \yq dn¸»nIv,
hÀ¡n§v t]bvt]Àkv t^mÀ F \yq skmsskän, C\nbpw \qdp
IW¡n\v {]kn²oIcW§Ä thsdbpv.
Atacn¡³ ssk\yw 300 sâ ]pXnb bp²X{´§Ä
BhnjvIcn¡p¶XnÂ ]qÀ®ambpw klIcn¡p¶p.
þ tam³Sv s]sedn³ skmsskän
sXän²mcWm P\Iamb km¼¯nI kn²m´§Ä {]Ncn¸n¡p¶p. Ah
cpsS Bib§fpambn tbmPn¨v t]mIp¶Xn\v ]Snªmd³ temI¯p Å
[\XXzimkv{XÚ·msc ]m«nem¡p¶p. {][m\nIÄ thm¬ lmsbIv,
anÂä³ {ôUva³.
þ lqhÀ C³Ìnäyqj³
I½yqWnks¯ Xpc¯p¶Xn\v Bcw`n¨v Ct¸mÄ tkmjyenk¯nsâ
hàmhv. Bbp[ \nb{´Ww, IpSpw_ {]iv\ §Ä F¶nh¡v {]m[m\yw
\ÂIp¶p. am²ya§Ä AXns\ I¬kÀthäohv F¶v AhXcn¸n¡p¶p.
1953 Â AXv ¢_v sâ A\p_Ô kwLS\ ssI¿S¡n.
þ sldnsäbvPv ûtj³
krjvSn¨Xv _nbÀ \nÀ½mW {]apJ³ tPmk^v IqÀkv. ]n¶oSv
hnt¡Àkv lmÄ, thm¬ lmsbIv F¶nhcpÄs¸Sp¶ ^m_nb\nÌpIÄ
ssIt¿dn. doKs\ Xm¨ssdkv sN¿p¶Xn\v {ian¨p.
þ lyqa³ dntkmÀkkv dnkÀ¨v Hmôkv HUMRRO
ssk\nI KthjW tI{µw. ( Psychotechnology ). tPmÀÖv HmÀshÂ
]dªXpambn hfsc kmayapÅ {]hÀ¯\§Ä. 1969 Â 300 CXns\
320
GsäSp¯p. Atacn¡bnse Gähpw henb kz`mh þ s]cpamä

KthjW kwLw. k½À±§Ä¡v hnt[b\mb a\pjy³ F§ns\
{]XnIcn¡pw F¶mWv {][m\ ]T\w. ssk\nI³ Bbp[¯nsâ
asämcp `mKw am{Xsa ¶mWv ]cnioen¸n¡p¶ kn²m´w. ssk\y¯nsâ
s]cpamäcoXnIsf hfscb[nIw kzm[o\n¡p¶p. ssk\nIcpsS
{]Jym]nX kn²m´§ Äs¡Xnsc, 12,000 Cdm¡n `S·msc Poht\msS
Ipgn¨p aqSp¶Xn\v Ahsc {]m]vXcm¡n.
þ dnkÀ¨v A\menknkv tImÀ]tdj³
HUMRRO bpsS ktlmZc kwLS\. Øm]nXw 1948 Â. 1961 Â 300
GsäSp¯p. tPm¬ tlm]vI n³kv sâ `mKambn. Iq« P\kwJym
\nb{´ Ww, Idp¯ hÀ¤¡msc ssk\y¯nÂ tNÀ¡pI, BWhmbp[w
X{´]c amb Imcy§Ä¡mbn D]tbmKn¡pI. Psychological
bp²apdIÄ Hs¡ bm Wv {]hÀ¯\taJeIÄ.
P\X IcpXp¶Xv AhÀ AhcpsS A`n{]mb§fpsS DSaIfmsW¶mWv.
F¶mÂ A`n{]mbcq]oIcWw krjvSn¡p¶ {]Øm\§Ä AhÀ¡v
BhiyapÅ A`n{]mbw e`yamIp¶Xn\p th hmÀ¯IÄ am{Xw
P\§Ä¡v \ÂIp¶p. thms«Sp¸v C¶v IebmWv. PÀ½\nsbbpw
P¸ms\bpw i{Xp¡fmbn IW¡m¡p¶Xn\v AhÀ ]cnioen¸n¡s¸«n
cn¡p¶p.k±mw lpssks\ Atacn¡bpsS i{Xphmbn IW¡m¡p¶Xn
\pw.
A`n{]mbcq]oIcW¯nÂ Gähpw {]apJ³ 300 se AwKw Um\ntbÂ
bm³sItemhn¨v. I¼\nbpsS t]cv bm³sItemhn¨v, kvsIÃn Bâv
sshäv. Um\ntbÂ ]dbp¶Xv t]mfn§v A`n{]mbw amäp¶Xn\pÅ
D]Ic WamWv F¶mWv. AXv At±lw tUhnUv s\bvkvs_ävknsâ
]pkvXIw Trend Report Â \n¶v ISw sImXpw.
300 sâ Xe¸¯v Cw¥nse cmÚn. AhÀ \nIpXn HSp¡p¶tXbnÃ.
AhÀ _rl¯mb, ]ckv]c _ÔnXamb At\Iw hyhkmb
Øm]\§sf \nb{ń¡p¶p. AhÀ BtcmSpw D¯cw ]dtbXnÃ.
AhcpsS KthjW {]Øm\§Ä¡v ûtj\pIÄ km¼¯nI
klmbw \ÂIp¶p.
IpÀ«v sehn³ {][m\ambpw S.S se do³lmÀUv tlbv{Un¨v sâ
XXz§sf A\pIcn¡p¶p. OSS tlbv{Un¨nsâ XXz§Ä ISw sImp.
OSS ]n¶oSv CIA Bbn. \½sf \nb{ń¡p¶Xn\v N§eIfpw Ibdpw
BhiyanÃ. imcocnI \nb{´W§tf¡mÄ Imcy£aambn `mhnbnÂ
F´p kw`hn¡pw F¶ Nn´ \½sf \nb{ń¡p¶Xn\v D]Icn¡pw.
Bbp[w ssIhiw hbv¡p¶Xn\v AhImiw \jvSs¸Sp¶ e£WamWv.
hntZi \b§Ä bp. F³ \v hnt[bw. km¼¯nI\b§Ä, IMF \v
hnt[bw. F¶mÂ F{X t]À sNdp¯p \nÂ¸n\v X¿mdmhpw. 1776 Â
321
In§v tPmÀÖv 3þm as\Xnsc 3% t]À am{Xw AWn \nc¶p. Ct¸mÄ 3

iXam\w aXnbmhnÃ. BZyw kz´w \m«nse i{Xphns\ Iogvs¸Sp¯Ww
]n¶oSv hntZi i{Xp¡sfbpw.
300 se {][m\ {]Øm\§Ä

þ Ìm³^ÀUv dnkÀ¨v C³Ìnäyq«v. Øm]nXw 1946 Â. tdm_À«v
B³tUÀk\pw At±l¯nsâ ARCO I¼\n¡pw emkvI F®¸mSw
e`n¨p. 90 tImSn tUmfdn\v. Bkvs ]³ C³Ìnäyq«v
Icp¯päXmbncp¶nÃ. AXn\mÂ ]pXnb {]Øm\w cq]oIcn¨p.
[\klmbw GÀs¸Sp¯n. e\nse A\h[n ähntÌm¡v
DtZymKØ·mÀ SRI bnÂ {]hÀ¯\w XpS§n. {][m\n ap³ {_n«ojv
clkymt\zjW DtZymKØ³ tUbvh nUv kÀt\m^v^v. BÀ¡p
thnbpw {]hÀ¯n¡p¶p. C{ktbÂ, Ad_v F¶n§s\ t`ZanÃmsX.
AXv CIA ¡v hfsc {]tbmP\IcamWv. aäp Kh¬saâpIfpsS
clkyhnhc§Ä tNmÀ¶p In«pw F¶pÅXpsImv. Pnw dnUvPvth Xsâ
]pkvXI¯nÂ The Closed Corporation Iptdtbsd hnhc§Ä
\ÂIp¶pv. sÛdÂ tIm¬{SmIväv dnkÀ¨v skâÀ enÌnÂ t]cnÃ.
F¦nepw SRI bmWv C¶v Gähpw henb ssk\nI _u²nI tI{µw.
lUvk¬ ]ns¶ dm³Uv F¶nhsb¡mfpw hepXv. SRI bpsS {]tXyIX
IÄ sIan¡Â, ssPhmbp[ ]co£W tI{µ§fmWv. SRI bpsS Gähpw
A]ISIcamb {]hÀ¯\§fnÂ H¶v òIchncp² {]hÀ¯\§fmWv.
AXv P\§Äs¡Xnsc IS¶p Ibdp¶Xn\v D]tbmKs¸Sp¯p¶p.
{]tIm]\]camb {]hÀ¯\§Ä¡v thn Atacn¡³ Kh¬saâv
tImSn¡W¡n\v tUmfÀ hÀjw tXmdpw SRI ¡v \ÂIp¶p.
1958 Â AUvhm³kvUv dnkÀ¨v t{]mUIvävkv GP³kn, {][ntcm[
hIp¸nsâ IcmdpIÄ sN¿p¶ {]Øm\w SRI ¡v IcmÀ \evIn. s]âK
Wnse tPm¬ t^mÌÀ SRI tbmSv ]dªXv Bhiyw Fs´¶mÂ
kmt¦XnI AXnib§fnÂ \n¶pw Atacn¡sb kwc£n¡p¶ ]²Xn
F¶mWv. Aćo£w , ]cnØnXn Bbp[amhWw F¶v. `qan Ipep¡
hpw, Aán]ÀÆXhpw krjvSn¡p¶Xn\v Ignbp¶ t_mw_pIÄ, i{Xp¡
fmbn amdp¶Xn\v km[yXbpÅhcpsS taÂ s]cpamä ]co£W§Ä,
]pXnbXcw Bbp[§Ä \nÀan¡p¶Xn\p klmbamhp¶ [mXp
ehW§Ä. SRI ]²Xn GsäSp¯p. t]cv SHAKY F¶v. AXn\pth
I¼yq«À \nÀ½n¨Xv IBM. SRI P\Iob {]Øm\§fpambn tNÀ¶v
AhcpsS \nKa\§Ä kaql¯nÂ F{]Imcw {]hÀ¯n¡pw F¶v
hnebncp¯p¶p. AXpt]msemcp {]Øm\amWv jvdohÀ aIvIo
322
Atkmkn tbävkv. AXv hnÀPo\nbbnÂ aIveo³Â. AXv \S¯p¶Xv

thymatk\ knÌwkv Iam³Uv ta[mhnbmbn hncan¨ P\dÂ
s_À\mÀUv.F..jvdohÀ. At±lw hnIkn¸n¨XmWv ssää³, tXmÀ,
Aävekv, ssa\yq«va m³ tdm¡ äpIÄ. 1980 Bbt¸mtg¡pw SRI bpsS
80 iXam\w (ssk\nIhpw, P\Io bhpw) IcmdpIfpw Futurismþs\
Bkv]Zam¡nbpÅXmbncp¶p.
SRI bpsS {][m\ D]t`màm¡Ä Atacn¡³ {]Xntcm[ hIp¸vþ

UbdIvStdäv Hm^v Un^³kv dnkÀ¨v B³Uv F³Pn\nbdnwKv, Hmôkv
Hm^v Fbvtdm kvt]bvkv dnkÀ¨vþ AXv B]vfnt¡j³kv Hm^v
_ntlhnbdÂ kb³kkv äp dnkÀ¨v amt\Pvs aâv ( a\pjysc
ssIImcyw sN¿p¶ KthjW§fnÂ s]cpamäimkv{X¯nsâ
{]tbmKw.) F¶ hnjb¯nÂ {]hÀ¯n¨ncp¶p., FIvknIyq«ohv
Hmôkv Hm^v Z {]knUv, Hmôkv Hm^v kb³kv B³Uv sSIvt\mfPn,
Atacn¡³ BtcmKy hIp¸v, DuÀÖ hIp¸v, sXmgnÂ hIp¸v,
KXmKXhIp¸v , \mj WÂ kb³kv ûtj³þNSF.
{]m[m\yaÀln¡p¶Xv NSF \p thn X¿mdm¡nb {]_ÔamWv.
`mhnbpsSbpw A´mcmjv{S {]iv\§ fpsSbpw hnebncp¯Â (
Assessment of Future And International Problems ). SRI \S¯nb
KthjW§fnÂ Gähpw {]XntemaIcamb ]co£Ww F¶Xv
NmÄkv.F^v. sIädn§v ûtjsâ “Changing Images of Man”[
Official Reference Contract Number URH (489) - 2150 Policy Research
Report Number 4/4/74 Prepared by SRI centre for the Study of Social
Policy. Director Willis Harmon ]. C{X \mfpw \S¯nb ]co£W§fnÂ
Gähpw Zqchy]Iamb {]XymLmX§Ä Dfhm¡mhp¶ At\zjWw.
F{]Imcw a\pjys\ amän¯oÀ¡mw.
{]_Ôw 319 t]Pv. ]co£W§fnÂ DÄs¸«ncp¶hÀ 37 t]À þ _n.F^v.
kvIn¶À, amÀKcäv aosU, FÀhn³ emtÉm, tPym{^n hnt¡Àkv MI 6
GPâv. At±l¯nsâ aI³ ]oäÀ hnt¡Àkv lmÄ, sldntäPv ût
j³ Øm]n¨p. 1981 Â doK³ `cWIqS¯n\p \ÂInb 3000 t]Pv \nÀt±I
§Ä A[nIhpw hnÃnkv lmÀtamWnsâ “Changing Images of Man”F¶
{]_Ôs¯ Bkv]Zam¡nbpÅXmbncp¶p. At±lw AXv ]pkvXIambn«v
{]kn²oIcn¨Xv Acquarian Conspiracy F¶ t]cnemWv. hnhmltamN\w,
BßlXy, kmaqlnI ssewKnI hyXnNe\§Ä H¶pw Akm[mcWambn
IW¡m¡s¸Sp¶nÃ. km[mcW P\§fpsS {]Xo£¡p hncp²ambn
D¶X§fnÂ IpäIrXyhpw AgnaXnbpw [mcmfambn \S¡pt¼mÄ
a\pjy³ kXys¯ `b¡pw. kXy¯nÂ \n¶pw P\§sf
c£n¡p¶Xn\v P\§Ä Kh¬saâns\ B{ibn¡pw.
323
IpÀ«v sehn³ F¶ t]cv HutZymKnI Ncn{X ]pkvXI§fnÂ ImWpIbnÃ.

At±l¯nsâ kl{]hÀ¯IÀ dn¨mÀUv t{ImÊva³, FdnIv {SnÌv, F¨v.
hn. UnIvkv, hnÃnkv lmÀtam¬, NmÄkv B³tUÀk³ , KmÀWÀ
en³Uvsk, dn¨mÀUv ss{]kv, U»yq. BÀ. _tbm¬.
ähntÌm¡v _oänÂkns\ Atacn¡bnte¡v sImp h¶t¸mÄ AXv
kaqls¯ F{Xt¯mfw tZmjIcambn _m[n¡psa¶v Bcpw IcpXnbnÃ.
ab¡pacp¶p tI{µ§fpw, hy`nNmchpw hn]peambn. a\pjycpsS
AdnhnÃmsX Xs¶ akvXnjvI {]£mf\w sN¿pI F¶Xmbncp¶p.
am²ya§Ä _oänÂkn\v AanX {]m[m\yw \ÂIn. AtIzdnb³
KqVmtemN\bpsS Ahn`mPy LSIambncp¶p _oänÂkv. ]gb
kmaqlnI {Ia¯ns\Xnsc bphP\§Ä s]s«¶v kwLSn¨Xmbncp¶nÃ.
_oänÂkvs â kwKoXw Utbm\nkknsâbpw bpw _mÂ ]utcm lnXy
¯nsâbpw Cult kwKoXw AtUmtWm ( Adorno ) B[p\n IhXvIcn¨v
AhXcn¸n¨XmWv. AtUmtWm , Cw¥nse cmÚnbpsS kplr¯pw.
_oänÂkn\v BhiyapÅ ab¡pacp¶v LSD \nÀ½n¨Xv SANDOZ.
]²Xn¡v km¼¯nIklmbw F¯n¨Xv hmÀ_ÀKnsâ _m¦v. LSD
Atacn¡bnte¡v IS¯nbXv XXzNnÍ³ BÂUkv lIvkven. sNdnb
]m¡äpIfnem¡n tImfPnepw, tdm¡v kwKoXw \S¡p¶ Øe§fnepw
kuP\yambn hnXcWw sNbvXp. Drug Enforcement Agency ¡v AXnÂ
CSs]ScpXv F¶ \nÀt±iapmbncp¶Xmbn kmlNcys¯fnhpIÄ
kqNn ¸n¡p¶p.
ab¡pacp¶v hym]mcw ASnapSn \nb{ń¡p¶Xv 300. AXv
hn]peam¡nbXv {_n«ojv CuÌvCým I¼\n ( BEIC ). ]ns¶ U¨v CuÌv
Cý I¼\n. BEIC, ssN\ C³e³Uv anj³ Øm]n¨p. ssN\okv
sXmgnemfnIsf Hm]nbw \v ASnabm¡pI F¶Xmbncp¶p NpaXe.
A§ns\ krjvSns¨ Sp¯ hn]Wn BEIC apXseSp¯p. Atacn¡bnÂ
_oänÂkns\ D]tbmKs¸ Sp¯n ab¡pacp¶v D]tbmKw
{]Ncn¸n¨Xpt]mse. kÅnhs\ Cw¥n te¡v Ab¨v tdm¡v
kwLhpambn ]cnNb¯nem¡n Xncn¨p h¶v am²ya §fnepsS
{]Ncn¸n¨p. Km\cN\ Xntbm AtUmtWm F¶Xv P\§fnÂ \n¶v ad¨p
h¨v ab¡pacp¶v hym]mcw hnIkn¸n¨Xpw \nb{ń¨ncp¶Xpw kb³kv
t]mfnkn dnkÀ¨v bqWnäv (SPRU). {_n«ojv `cWIme¯v CýbpsS
hcpam\¯nsâ 13 % _wKmÄ Hm]nbw hnÂ¸\bnÂ \n¶mbncp¶p.
{_n«ojpImÀ AXv ssN\bnte¡v IS¯nbncp¶p. a\pjysâ
]cnXm]Icamb AhØbnÂ \n¶pw ]Wapm¡p¶ ]²Xn. asäm¶v
\nbam\pkrXambn tdms¡s^ÃÀ \S¯p¶Xv. Atacn¡³ saUn¡Â
324
AtÊmÊntbjsâ AwKoImct¯msS. ]¦mfnIÄ kznävkÀe ³Unepw

{_n«\nepw {^m³knepw. HutZymKnIambn BEIC bpsS hym]mcw
Nmbs¸mSnbmbncp¶p. e\nse C³Uy HmôknÂ BEIC \S¯nbncp¶
Hm]nbw hym]mc¯n\v tcJIfpv. {]^kÀ {ÛdnIv shÂkv hnÃywk
¬ {]_Ô§Ä [mcmfw hnhc§Ä \ÂIp¶p. tcmK imń¡pÅ ]e
acp¶pIfnepw hnhn[ AfhnÂ Hm]nbw AS§nbncn¡p¶p. ssN\ C³e
³Uv anj³ F¶Xv {InkvXy³ anj\dn skmsskän F¶ ]pIadbnem
bncp¶p {]hÀ¯n¨ncp¶Xv. tlm§v tIm§v k½XnbneqsS ssN\okv
{_n«ojv ]¦mfn¯w Dd¸n¨p. AXv Hm]nbw hym]mc¯nÂ \ne\n¶ncp¶
Akzmcky§Ä \o¡n XpÃyX Dd¸p hcp¯n. tKmÄU³ {Sbm¦nfnsâ
{]kàn \jvSambncn¡p¶p. C¶v tKmÄU³ {Ikâv þ Cdm³,
]m¡nØm ³, se_t\m³ BWv {]apJ DXv]mZIÀ. Iptdsbms¡
A^vKm\n Øm\n epw XpÀ¡nbnepw . Gähpw ]pcmX\ {_n«ojv
cmPIpSpw_¯nse AwK §Ä 200 hÀjw ap³]v Hm]nbw hym]mc¯nÂ
GÀs¸«ncp¶p. AXv C¶pw XpScp¶p. at¯k¬kv. Hm]nbw
hym]mc¯nsâ s\SpwXqWv. Ipd¨p hÀj§Ä¡p ap³]v Aćo£w
]ńbÃ F¶p It¸mÄ AhÀ ssN\bv¡pv 30 tImSn tUmfÀ \ÂIn.
dnbÂ FtÌäv \nt£]w F¶ \nebv¡v. ssN\bpw at¯k¬ _m¦pw
Bbn«pÅ ]¦mfn¯w F¶ \ne bnÂ. Hm]nbw hnÂ]\bnÂ \n¶p
am{Xambn [mcmfw k¼¯v t\Snbh cnÂ {]apJcmWv, BÌÀamcpw ]ns¶
Unemt\m amcpw. tPm¬ tP¡_v BÌÀ ssN\bnÂ Hm]nbw hym]mcw
sNbvXv k¼mZn¨ [\w am³l«\nÂ dnbÂ FtÌänÂ apS¡n _lpam\w
t\Sn. BÌÀ {_n«ojv CâenP³kv HäpImc\mbncp¶p. Atacn¡bnÂ
AeIvkmÀ lmanÂäs\ h[n¡p¶ Xn\v Bc³_À \v ]Ww \ÂInbXv
BÌdmWv. At±l¯nsâ aI³ hm³ tUmÀ^v BÌÀ RIIA bnÂ
\nban¡s¸«Xv hopw AhcpsS kzm[o\w hÀ²n¸n¨p.
temÀUv C³NvsIbv]v. At±lw temI¯nse Gähpw henb jn¸n§v
I¼\n Øm]n¨p. 19 þmw \qämnÂ. s]\n³kpe B³Uv Hdnbâv Ìow
\mhntKj³ I¼\n. tlm§v tIm§v B³Uv jm³Jmbv _m¦nsâ
Øm] IcnÂ {][m\n. Hm]nbw hym]mcs¯ Gähpw A[nIw
klmbn¡p¶ Gähpw henb _m¦v. lmcna³ IpSpw_¯nsâ sdbnÂ
tdmUv ]WnIÄ ¡mbn [mcmfw Iqen¡msc Bhiyambncp¶p. Idp¯
hÀ¤¡msc D]-tbm-Kn¡mambncps¶¦nepw ssN\bnÂ \n¶pw Iqen¡msc
sImp h¶p. ]n& H bpsS Øm]Isâ aI³ C³NvsIbv]v Ahsc
hS¡³ Atacn¡bnte¡v Hm]nbw IS¯p¶Xn\p thn D]tbmKn¨p.
AbmÄ Xs¶bmWv 1923 Â ]dªXv _wKmfnÂ Hm]nbw Irjn
XSÊs¸ScpXv F¶v. Gähpw {][m\ hcpam\amÀ¤w XSbcpXv F¶v.
325
skknÂ tPm¬ tdmUvkv 300 se AwKw, tdm¯vj oÂUvknsâ ap¶Wn

{]hÀ¯I³, CtX amÀ¤w ku¯v B{^n¡bnÂ \S¸nÂ hcp¯n.
tdmUvkv Cý¡msc IqenIfmbn D]tbmKn¨p. \XmÂ F¶ {]tZi¯v
Icn¼n³ tXm«§fnÂ. Ahcpw XncnsI Cýbnte¡v aS§msX AhnsS
¯s¶ ØncXmakam¡n.
ssN\okv Iqen¡mcpsS ab¡pacp¶v D]tbmKw C³NvsIbv]n\v [mcmfw
]Ww t\Sns¡mSp¯p. ab¡p acp¶v hym]mcw hn]pes¸Sp¯p¶Xn\p
thn sSIvssÌÂ hym]mcs¯ A«nadn¨ , AtX {_n«ojv, Atacn¡³
IpSpw_§Ä Xs¶bmWv Atacn¡bnÂ B`yć Iem]w F¶dnbs¸«
kw`h¯nsâ kq{X[mcIÀ.
AtX Atacn¡³ IpSpw_§Ä Xs¶bmWv ]n¶oSv Eastern Liberal
Establishment F¶v Adnbs¸«Xv. AhÀ RIIA bpsS \nÀt±ia\pkcn¨v
{]hÀ¯n¡p¶p. AhcpÄs¸Sp¶ kamć Kh¬saâv `cWw
\nb{ń¡p¶p.
{_n«\nÂ \n¶pw Ipdª hnebnÂ CýbnÂ sImph¶ ]cp¯n
hkv{X§Ä Cýbnse km¼¯nI hyhØnXnsb Imcyambn _m[n¨p.
IqSpXÂ hcpam\¯n\v Cý {_n«\v Hm]nbw hnÂ¡p¶Xn\v ImcWambn.
_mcn§v {_tZgvkv, t^mÀ_vkv, s]ÀIn³kv, lYmth F¶o IpSpw_§Ä
ssN\bnÂ Hm]nbw hym]mcw sNbvX XnÂ \n¶v [\nIcmbn. AhÀ dÊÂ
Bâv I¼\n cq]oIcn¨p. AXnsâ {][m\ hym]mcw Hm]nbw. ssN\bnÂ
\n¶pw sX¡³ Atacn¡bnte¡v jn¸n§pw. {_n«ojv
cmPIpSpw_¯n\pw BEIC ¡pw \ÂInb tkh\s¯ am\n¨v AhÀ¡v
ASna hym]mc¯nÂ Ip¯I e`n¨p.
{_n«\nse C³Uy lukv tcJIfpw tlm§vtIm§nse _m¦v tcJIfpw
]dbp¶Xv t_mÌ³ {]tZi¯nsâ hcpam\¯nsâ \sÃmcp ]¦pw
]cp¯n þ Hm]nbw þ ASna hym]mc¯nÂ \n¶v e`n¨XmWv F¶mWv.
AhnSps¯ C¡mcy§fnÂ {][m\n tPm¬ aptd t^m_vkv. t_mÌ\nse
hym]mcnIÄ {_n«ojv `cWIqS¯nsâ ]n³XpW¡mcmbncp¶p. Gähpw
{]ikvXamb ab¡pacp¶v _m¦v þ tlm§v tIm§v jm³Jmbv _m¦nsâ
t_mÀUnÂ Ahtcm[n¡s¸« BZys¯ Atacn¡³ , t^m_vkv sâ
aI³. s]ÀIn³kv þ BZyambn 300 Â AwKXzw e`n¨ Atacn¡¡mcnÂ
HcmÄ. At±l¯nsâ aI³ tXmakv s\Âk¬, t_mÌWnÂ tamÀKsâ
]nWnbmfmbncp¶p. tamÀK\pambpÅ _Ôw Hm]nbw hym]mc¯n\v
tXmakv s\Âk¬ s]ÀIn³kn\v hfsc XpWbmbn. tamÀK³,
s]ÀIn³kv FÃmhcpw {ôtabvk¬kpw. {ôtabvk¬knÂ D¶X
]ZhnbnÂ DÅhsc am{Xw 300 Â tNÀ¯ncp¶p. tamÀK³ Xsâ Hm]nbw/
sltdmbn³ hym]mcw \nÀhnLv\ w XpScp¶p. tamÀKsâ
tlm§vtIm§nse A[nImcnIÄ tUhnUv \yq _n¤n§v, ]ns¶ PmÀ±o³
at¯k¬. tlm§vtIm§nse Gähpw Icp¯pä t]cmWv _n¤n§v.
326
tamÀKsâ hym]mc ]¦mfnbpw AtX kabw ssN\okv Kh¬saâv sâ

D]tZjvSmhpw.
BEIC bpsS ]nWnbmfpIÄ Atacn¡bnÂ aZy\ntcm[\w
GÀs¸Sp¯p¶Xn\p thn ]cn{ian¨p. ssN\ C³e³Uv anj\nse
]cnNbw AhÀ¡v XpWbmbn. AXn\p thn hnsa³kv {InÌy³
sSw]sd³kv bqWnb³ Øm]n¨p.WCTU .
C¶v ]cnØnXn aen\oIcWw Gähpw IqSpXÂ \S¯p¶ I¼\nIÄ

Xs¶bmWv ]cnØnXn kwc£W¯n\v kw`mh\ \ÂIp¶Xpw.
aZy¯ns\Xnsc AWn \nc¶hÀ¡v [\klmbw \ÂInbXv BtÌÀkv,
tdms¡s^tÃÀkv, kvs]Âa³, hm³SÀ_nÂävkv, hmÀ_ÀKvkv. FÃm
t]cpw aZy hyhkmbnIÄ. cmPIpSpw_¯nsâ \nÀt±i{]Imcw ,
_ohÀ{_q¡v Cw¥nÂ \n¶pw h¶v , [\nIcmb Cu Atacn¡³
IpSpw_§tfmSv WCTU hn\v [\klmbw \ÂIWsa¶v Bhiys¸«p.
1940 Â AtX _ohÀ{_q¡v hmjn§v SWnÂ h¶v dqkvshÂänt\mSv
bp²¯nÂ {_n«t\mSv ]¦p tNcWw F¶v Bhiys¸«ncp¶p.
{]knUv tPm¬. F^v. sI¶UnbpsS h[hpw ab¡pacp¶v hym]mc
hpambn _Ôapv. am^nb kn.sF.F hgnbmWv CSs]«Xv. XpS§p¶
Xn\v ImcWw ap³ tabÀ em³kvInbpsS kwLmXw. AXv ]n¶oSv CÀKp³
òIckwLS\bmbn. ]SnªmdnÂ kmkwkvImcnI bp²apdIÄ \S¯n
sbSp¡p¶Xn\v A\ptbmPy\mWv em³kvIn F¶v hnebncp¯s¸«p.
_lmamknÂ ]mcssUkv Zzo]nÂ The Mary Carter Paint Company bpsS
adhnÂ {_n«\nse D¶Xcpambn tNÀ¶v NqXm«hpw ab¡pacp¶p
hn]W\hpw sNbvXncp¶p, em³kvI n. AXv MI 6 ]¦mfn¯ambncp¶p.
kÊq¬ {]`p ]n¶oSv h[n¡s¸«p. in£n¡s¸Spa¦nÂ clky§Ä
shfns¸Sp¯pw F¶v ]dªXn\v. t]mcm¯Xn\v X«n¸pw \S¯nbncp¶p.
sI¶Un h[¯n\v H¯mi sNbvXXv Permanent Industrial Expositions
(PERMINDEX). {]Xnbmb eolmÀhn HmkvhÄUv Xm\Ã h[w \S¯nbXv
F¶v sXfnbn¡p¶Xn\v Ahkcw \ÂImsX h[n¡s¸«p. h[¯n\v
D]tbmKn¨ncp¶ tXm¡pw HmkvhÄUpambn bmsXmcp _Ôhpw
Dmbncp¶nÃ. ap³]v ab¡pacp¶v, hy`nNmcw XpS§nbhbnÂ \n¶pw
t\Snbncp¶ ]Ww shfp¸n¡p¶Xv sImdnbÀ hgn A¯cw ]Ww CS]mSv
\S¯nbncp¶ _m¦nte¡v Ab¨n«mbncp¶p. Ct¸mÄ CHIPS F¶ amÀ¤w
D]tbmKn¡s¸Sp¶p. Clearing House International Payment Systems.
\yqtbmÀ¡v ¢nbdnwKv luknÂ.
RIIA bpsS AXohw clkyamb tcJIÄ ]dbp¶Xv “sXmgnenÃmbva
cq£amhpt¼mÄ a\pjyÀ ab¡pacp¶nte¡v Xncnbpw. At¸mtg¡pw
327
ab¡pacp¶v hym]mc¯nsâ sam¯w \nb{´Whpw ssI¿St¡Xpv.

\½psS hcpXnbnÂ \nÂ¡p¶ Kh¬saâpIÄ AXnsâ Ip¯I t\Spw.
AXv \½Ä e`yX \nb{ń¡p¶XnepsS ]cnanXs¸Sp¯pw. hn¹h
kz`mhapÅ P\§sf ab¡pacp¶n\v ASnas¸Sp¯n
\ncp]{ZhImcnIfmb ASnaIfm¡p¶Xn\v km[n¡pw.”
CIA bpw {_n«ojv clkymt\zjW tk\bpw {]tXyIn¨v MI 6 Dw CXn\p
thn ]XnämpIfmbn {]hÀ¯n¨p hcp¶Xn\v [mcmfambn sXfnhv
e`yamWv. RIIA AhcpsS {]hÀ¯\§Ä¡v BÂUkv lIvkven,
_pÄshÀ þ sseä³ F¶nhcpsS kn²m´§sf ASnØm\am¡p¶p.
kzámbn hyànXzw \in¨ P\§sf krjvSn¡p¶Xnte¡mbn. bp²w
FÃmbvt¸mgpw a\pjy a\ÊpIsf IogS¡p¶Xn\p thnbpÅXmWv.
1876 Â {]kn²oIcn¨ SÀWdnsâ ]pkvXIw British Opium Policy
]dbp¶Xv {_n«ojv `cWIqSw Hm]nbw hym]mc¯nÂ Bg¯nÂ
DÄs¸«ncp¶p F¶mWv. SÀWÀ, Bwt¥m HmdnbâÂ skmsskän Hm^v
k{]j³ Hm^v Hm]nbw tSbvUnsâ sk{I«dn Bbncp¶p.
A¯c¯nepÅ asämcp ]pkvXIw The Imperial Drug Trade By
Rowntree. AXv ssN\bnse Hm]nbw ASnaIfpsS Zb\obmhØbnÂ
\n¶v {_n«ojv `cWIqSw AXncp Ihnª k¼¯v F§ns\ t\Sn F¶v
hnhcn¡p¶p. Cdm\nse jm, ab¡pacp¶v \ntcm[\w GÀs¸Sp¯nbXv
At±l¯nsâ acW¯nÂ Iemin¨p. jmbpsS `cWIme¯v ]¯v
e£w ab¡pacp¶v ASnaIÄ Dmbncp¶Xv sJmssa\n bpsS Ime¯v
Ccp]Xv e£ambn. tKmÄU³ {Sbm¦nfnt\¡mfpw A[nIw Hm]nbw
Ct¸mÄ Cdm³ DXv]mZn¸n¡p¶p.
sX¡³ B{^n¡bnÂ knknÂ tdmUvkv, tdm¯vjoÂUvk nsâ

[\klmb¯mÂ duv sSbv_nÄ Bcw`n¨p. duv tS_nÄ F¶Xv
{_n«ojv MI 6 sâ CâenP³kv {]Øm\amWv. ku¯v B{^n¡sb
IogS¡nbXn\p tijw duv tS_nÄ Atacn¡sb hopw {_n«ojv
B[n]Xy¯n\v IognÂ sImphcp¶Xn\pÅ {ia§fnÂ GÀs¸«p.
AXn\mbn XncsªSp¡s¸«hÀ tIbvw{_nUvPnepw, HmIvkv^ÀUnepw
tPm¬ dkvIn³ , än. F¨v. {Ko³ F¶nhcpsS taÂt\m«¯nÂ ]cnioe\w
t\Sn. tPm¬ dkvI n³ kzbw AhImis¸«Xv Xm³ Hcp ]c¼cmKX
I½yqWnÌv F¶mWv. {Ko³ MI 6 GP³âpw. CXns\ms¡
GÀ¸mSm¡nbXv BÂ{Ûv anÂ\À {]`phpw. tdm¯vj oÂUvkvs â
]nWnbmÄ. HmIvkv^ÀUv bqWnthÀknänbnse _mentbmÄ tImfPv
{][m\ambpw duv tSbv_nÄ\v Bsft¨À¡p¶p. duv tSbv_nfnsâ
D]{Kl§fmWv þ hn³Ì¬ NÀ¨nensâ acpaI³ U³I³ km³Unkv
sâ t\XrXz¯nÂ XpS§nb _nÂUÀ_ÀtKÀkv, þ _m¦ÀamcpsS clky
kwLw, UnävNvs e ûtj³, ss{SemädÂ I½oj³, AäemânIv
328
Iu¬knÂ Hm^v bpssWäUv sÌbvä vkv, Bkvs]³ C³Ìnäyq«v t^mÀ

lyqa\nÌvnIv ÌUokv AXnsâ bYmÀ° Øm]I³ _ptÅm¡v {]`p.
F¶mÂ AhImis¸Sp¶Xv tdm_À«v B³tUÀk¬ F¶v.
sl³{Sn InÊn³PÀ, RIIA bpsS Atacn¡bnse Gähpw {][m\
D]IcWw . A[nImct{iWnbnÂ DbÀ¶Xv, {_n«³ Atacn¡bpsS taÂ
F´p am{Xw kzm[o\w sNep¯p¶p F¶Xn\v sXfnhmWv. The Pragmatic
Revolt in Politics Â William Yandell Elliot ]dbp¶Xv InÊn³PÀ,
GÃntbm«n\v aIs\s¸sesb¶mWv. duv tSbv_nÄ, InÊn³Psd,
tamWädnÌv \b§Ä Atacn¡bnÂ {]m_ey¯nÂ hcpt¯p¶Xnsâ
NpaXe Gev] n¨p. InÊn³PÀ þ PqX³ þ {_n«ojv `cWhÀ¤¯nsâ
Acpa injy\ymbn. MI 6 se ta[mhn tSmb³_nbpsS XXzimkv{X§Ä
DÄs¡mp. duv tSbv_nÄ \nch[n ]co£W§Ä \S¯p¶Xn\v
D]tbmKn¨ncp¶ kwL¯nsâ þ Pbnwkv ÉoÊn³PÀ, AeIvkmÀ
slbvKv, Um\nbÂ FÂkvs _ÀKv,þ Xeh\mbn InÊn³Psd \nban¨p.
C³Ìnäyq«v t^mÀ t]mfnkn ÌUoknse t\mw tNmwkvIn AXpambn
klIcn¨ncp¶p. t_m_v hqUvhÀUn\v clky§Ä ssIamdnbncp¶
Deep Throat AeIvkmÀ slbvKv. {_n«\nÂ k¼¯nsâ 80
iXam\hpw 5 iXam\w BÄ¡mÀ ssIhis¸Sp¯nbncn¡p¶p.
300 \v thn F¨v.Pn. shÂkv cNn¨ The Open Conspiracy : Plans for a
World Revolution, tPmÀPv HmÀshÂ sâ 1984 CXp cpw GItemI
Kh¬saâv F¶ Bib¯n\v s]mXpk½Xn t\Sp¶Xn\v
thnbpÅXmWv. AXv `cWhÀ¤¯n\v D]tbmKapÅ 100 tImSn
P\§Ä am{Xw Poht\msSbncn¡p¶Xn\v ]²Xn X¿mdm¡p¶p. AhÀ
IrXyambn \nÝbn¡p¶ {]tZi§fnÂ am{Xw Xmakn¡p¶Xn\pÅ
A\phmZhpw. Hcp IpSpw_¯n\v F{X Ipªp§Ä BImw F¶v
\nÝbs¸Sp¯p¶p. CS¯c¡mÀ DmhnÃ. `cWhÀ¤hpw the¡mcpw
am{Xw. temI tImSXn, temI t]meokv, temI ssk\yw . tZiob AXnÀ
hc¼pIfpmhnÃ. temI¯n\v Hcp \nbahyhØnXn. kzImcy
Bbp[§Ä A\phZ\obaÃ. kzImcy hnZymeb§Ä DmhnÃ.
a{´hmZw, sNIp¯m³ tkh Hs¡ \nbahnt[bam¡pw. ]ucmhImiw
DmhnÃ. PmXn hnthN\w DmhnÃ. FÃm a\pjyÀ¡pw {]tXyIw
{]tXyIw kwJy ASbmfambn \ÂIpw. AXv s_ÂPnbanÂ
{_sÊÂknÂ NATO bpsS I¼yq«À \nb{ń¡pw. hnhmlw \ntcm[n¡pw.
Ct¸mÄ \nehnepÅXp t]mse IpSpw_§Ä DmhnÃ . Ipªp§Ä
`cWIqS¯nsâ taÂt\m«¯nÂ hfÀ¯s¸Spw . amXm]n Xm¡·mÀ¡v
Ipªn\p taÂ AhImi apmbncn¡pIbnÃ. kv{Xo kzmX{ý
{]Øm\§fneqsS, kv{XoIsf kuP\y ssewKnI thgvN¡v
\nÀ_ÔnXcm¡pw. hnapJX IÀi\ in£¡v ImcWamhpw. kzbw
KÀÒn{Zw sN¿p¶Xn\v ]Tn¸n¡pIbpw {]tbmK¯nÂ hcp¯pIbpw
329
sN¿pw . cp Ipªp§fnÂ IqSpXembmÂ \nÀ_ÔnX KÀÒn{Zhpw

hÔywIcWhpw . kzhÀ¤ kwt`mKapÄs¸sSbpÅ ssewKnI Nn{X§Ä
\nÀ_ÔnXam¡pw. DÃmk¯n\p thnbpÅ acp¶pIfpw. a\Êns\
\nb{ń¡p¶Xn\pÅ acp¶pIfpw hnIkn¸n¨v \nÀ_ÔnXam¡pw.
D¶X·mscmgnsIbpÅhsc C¯cw amÀ¤§fneqsS arKXpÃycm¡pw;.
P\kwJy At§bäw \qdp tImSn. _m¡nbpÅhsc \in¸n¡p¶Xn\v
hÀ¤ob elfIÄ krãn¡s¸Spw. hnt\mZ¯nsâ t]cnÂ akvXnjvI
{]£mf\w \S¯n, bphP\§sf apcS·mcm¡n GItemI
Kh¬saânsâ Bhiy§Ä¡mbn D]tbmKn¡pw. kzImcy _m¦pIÄ
Big Ten _m¦pIÄ¡v hgn amdns¡mncn¡p¶p. Ah temIamIam\apÅ
_m¦n §ns\ \nb{ń¡pw. AhbpsS taÂt\m«w Bank of International
Settlements \pw IMF \pw. kzImcy kvI qfpIÄ¡v [\klmbw
\ÂIp¶Xv \ndp¯em¡n, ITn\amb \nba§Ä sImp h¶v
hnZym`ymkw kÀ¡mÀ A[o\Xbnem¡n hcp¶p. Atacn¡bnÂ
hnZym`ymk \nehmcw ]cnXm]IcamWv. AXv IcpXn¡q«n
krjvSns¨Sp¯XmWv. GItemI Kh¬saân\v bphXeapd
thcoXnbnÂ hnZy A`ykn¡p¶Xnt\mSv XmXv]cyanÃ. ssewKnI
AcmPIXzw \ndª Cult IÄ, {_n«ojv cmPIpSpw_w SIS, MI6
F¶nhbpsS klmbt¯msS krjvSn¡p¶p. C¶v temIamIam\w
\nehnencn¡p¶ FÃm Cult Ifpw {_n«ojv CâenP³knsâ krjvSnbmWv.
anenädn CâenP³kv Un¸mÀv«sv aâv. AXv {^m³knkv hmÂkn³Jmansâ
Imew apXÂ \nehnepv. At[mtemI {]hÀ¯\w \S¯p¶Xn\v
{]Xn^ eambn Fenk_¯v cmÚn I \v ]Ww \ÂInbncp¶ hyàn.
Ignª \qdp hÀjIme¯ntesdbmbn temI¯nse Gähpw {]apJ
clkymt\z jW tk\. temI¯nsâ GXp `mK¯pw GPâpamcpv. MI6
sâ hmÀjn I sNehv 50 tImSn tUmfdn\v tasebmWv. F¶mÂ
IrXyamb IW¡pIÄ e`yaÃ. cmÚn AXv kz´w k¼mZy¯nÂ \n¶v
\ÂIp¶p. tcJIÄ kq£n¡mdnÃ. C¶s¯ cq]¯nÂ MI6 hcp¶Xv
1911 Â \mhnI tk\m Iym]vä³ am³kvôÂUv I½n§v sâ Imew
apXÂ¡mWv. 300 sâ \b§sf FXnÀ¡p¶hsc t\cnSp¶Xn\v {_n«ojv
cmPIpSpw_w cq]oIcn¨XmWv CuKnÄ ÌmÀ {Kq]v.
MI6 DtZymKØ·mcpsS t]cv hnhc§Ä {]kn²s¸Sp¯p¶Xv AXohw
IpäIcambn IW¡m¡s¸Sp¶p .300 se AwK§fmb MI6 DtZymKØ\m
amcmbncp¶hcnÂ NneÀ lmÀ«vse jmt{ImÊv {]`p, {_b³ FUzÀUv
au³, sI¶¯v Io¯v, sIs¶¯v kvt{Sm§v, hnÃyw Ìo^³k¬,
hnÃyw hokva³.
300 se AwK§fmb {][m\ I¼\nIÄ þ ITT, IBM, RCA, CBS, NBC, BBC,
CBC, {_n«ojv s]t{Smfnbw, tdmbÂ U¨v sjÂ, assd³ anUve³Uv _m¦v,
330
sea³ {_tZgvkv, Iq³ temsb_v, P\dÂ CeIv{SnIv, shÌn§v lukv,

bpssWäUv {^q«v I¼\n.
RCA - tdUntbm tImÀ]tdj³ Hm^v Atacn¡ 1919 Â Pn.C, shÌnwKv
lukv, {_n«ojv cmPIpSpw_¯n\p thn tamÀK³ Kymcân {SÌv ]ns¶
bpssWäUv {^q«v I¼\n F¶nh tNÀ¶v cq]oIcn¨p. RCA bpsS BZy
{]knUv Hmh³ bwKv, sP. ]n. tamÀKsâ ]nWnbmÄ. Hmh³
]²XnbpsS Xet¨mdv. _m¦v Hm^v Cw¥v AdnbmsX hmÄkv{SoänÂ
H¶pw Xs¶ \S¡p¶nÃ. Hmlcn hn]Wnsb \nb{ń¡p¶Xv, 300 \v
thn, hmÄ kv{So änÂ ss»¯v, CuÌv a³, UnÃ³, tamÀK³ {Kq]v,
emkmÀUv t{^ckv, Iq³ temtb_v, tdmUvkv, Hm¸³loadnsâ hmWnPy
hn`mKw ^nt{_m.
temI¯nse Gähpw [\nIcmb Nne IpSpw_§Ä bqtdm¸nemWv.
tdms¡s^ÃÀ, thm¬ tX¬ B³Uv ämIvknkv IpSpw_¯nsâ ap¶nÂ
H¶paÃ. RCA bpsS UbdIvSÀamÀ {_n«ojv Atacn¡³ FÌm»njvsaâv
hàm¡fmWv. AtX kabw AhÀ CFR, NATO, Club of Rome,
ss{SemädÂ I½oj³, {ôtabvkWdn, kvIÄ B³Uv t_m¬kv,
_nÂUÀ_ÀtKÀkv, duv tSbv_nÄ, anÂ\À tkmssk-än, Pkyq-«vkv,
Acn-tÌm-« nÂ skmsskän F¶n-h-bnse {]ap-J -cpw. NBC, CBS, ABC F¶o
aq¶v {]apJ än. hn. t{_mUv ImÌnwKv irwJ-e-I fpw RCA bpsS hI-t`-Z-§-
fm-Wv.
CBS - sImfw-_nb t{_mUvI m-Ìn§v knÌw, {_n«ojv Câ-en-P³knsâ
\nb-{´-W-¯n-em-Wv. hnÃyw s]bve n CBS ta[m-h n-b mbn D¯-c-hm-ZnXzw
Gsä-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\p ap³]v ähn-tÌm¡v C³Ìn-äyq«v Â Iq« akvXnjvI
{]£m-f\w \S-¯p-¶-Xn\v ]cn-io-e\w t\Sn-bn-c p-¶p. kntdmIvkv tImÀ]-
td-j³, {]qU³jyÂ sse^v C³jp-d³kv I¼\n XpS§n At\Iw A´m-
cmjv{S òa·mcmb C³jp-d³kv I¼-\n-IÄ 300 Â AwK-§-fm-Wv. Ata-cn-
¡³ FIvkv{]Êv _m¦v Ah-cpsS {Smh-tegvkv sN¡v ab-¡p-a -cp¶v hc-p -
am\w ssIamäw sN¿p-¶-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
kntdm-Ivknvsâ t_mÀUv AwKw tdm_À«v kv{]uÄ, At±lw tdms¨-ÌÀ
kÀÆ-I -em-im-e-bpsS {]kn-Uv F¶ \ne¡v ähn-tÌm¡v C³Ìn-äyq-«n\v
CIA hgn 20 hÀjw MK ULTRA LSD ]co-£-W-§Ä \S-¯p-¶-X n\v bqWn-
thÀknän kuI-cy-§Ä hn«p sImSp-¯p. Ata-c n¡bnse aäv 85 kÀÆ-I-
em-im-e-Ifpw AXp t]mse kuI-c y-§Ä sNbvXn-c p-¶p.
kntdmIvkv F¶mÂ Rank Organisation Dambn XmcXyw sN¿p-t¼mÄ Xosc

sNdnb {]Øm-\-am-Wv. BØm\w e-\ nÂ. Fen-k_ - ¯v cmÚn-bpsS
IpSpw-_-¡mÀ ]qÀ®-a mbn \n.-b-{ń-¡p-¶p. 300 Â AwK-§-fmb dm¦v
HmÀK-s s\-tk-j³ t_mÀUv AwK-§Ä.
331
þ temÀUv slÂkv_n . ab-¡p-a-c p¶v hcp-a m\w ssIImcyw sN¿p¶

anUve³Uv _m¦v A²y-£³. slÂkv_n Cw]o-c n-bÂ {Kq¸n-sâ-bpw
C³U-kv{Sn-bÂ B³Uv sImtaÀkyÂ ^n\m³kv tImÀ]-td-j-sâbpw
Ub-d-I vSÀ.
þ BÀ\ÄUv {^m³kv. e-\ nse `qKÀ` sdbnÂ äyq_v C³sh-Ìvsaâvkv
Ub-d-I vSÀ. _m¦v Hm^v Cw¥v Ub-d-IvSÀ.
þ sU¶nkv au³. CuKnÄ ÌmÀ {Kq¸v A²y-£³. Cw¥ojv t{]m]À«n
tImÀ]v Ub-d-IvSÀ. AXv cmP-Ip-Spw-_-¯ nsâ km¼-¯nI CS-]mSv {]Øm
\w þ AXnse asäm-cwKw B³Kkv HKnÂhn. At±lw I¼-\n-I-fpsS cmP-
Ip-am-c³ F¶-dn-b-s ¸-Sp-¶p. hnhmlw sNbvX n-cn-¡p-¶Xv sIâv se {]`p-
hnsâ ktlm-Z-c n Ae-Ivkm³{Unb cmP-I-a m-cnsb. kvtIm«njv ssdäv
{ôtabvk-W-dnbpsS t\Xm-hv. {_n«-\ nse cmÚn {_n«\p ]pd¯p
t]mIp-t¼mÄ Ah-c psS Øm\w Gsä-Sp-¡p-¶Xv Ae-I vkm³{Un-b.
HKnÂhn, _m¦v Hm^v Cw¥v Ub-d-I vSÀ . LONRHO bpsS A²y-£³.
LONRHO bmWv tdmtU-jy-bnÂ Cbm³ kva n¯nsâ `cWw Ah-km-\n-¸n¨v
tdm_À«v apKm-s _sb Øm]n-¨-Xv. tdmtU-jy-bn-emWv temI¯nse
Gähpw sa¨-s ¸« t{Imw J\n-I-fp-Å-Xv.
-þ kndnÂ lmanÂä³. Ìm³UmÀUv NmÀ«ÀUv _m¦v A²y-£³. AXv
anÂ\À {]`p, skknÂ tdmUvkv _m¦v. _m¦v Hm^v Cw¥v t_mÀUv
AwKw. kntdmIvkv tImÀ]-tdj³, amÄ« CâÀ\m-j-WÂ _m¦n§v
tImÀ]-td-j³ F¶n-h-bpsS t_mÀUv AwKw. AXv Knights of Malta
_m¦v. Ìm³UmÀUv _m¦v Hm^v ku¯v B{^n-¡-bpsS Ub-d-IvSÀ þ
Ahn-Sps¯ Gähpw henb _m¦v. Banque Belge d’ Afrique bpsS Ub-d-
IvSÀ.
-þ H{_n-b³ {]`p. temsXÀ_n-bnse. {_n«ojv _mt¦Àkv Atkm-kn-tb-
jsâ ap³ {]kn-U-v. tamÀK³ s{K³s^Â, {]qU³jyÂ Ajp-d³kv,
sP.-]n. tamÀK³, _m¦v Hm^v Cw¥v F¶n-h-bpsS Ub-d-I vSÀ. _m¦v
Hm^v CâÀ\m-j-WÂ skänÂsaâvkv t_mÀUv AwKw. bpWn-en-hÀ Ub-d-
IvSÀ.
þ dnsb sKsU-kv. U¬e]v âbpw ]nsd-Ãn-bp-s Sbpw A²y-£ ³.
anUve³Uv ]ns¶ CâÀ \mjWÂ _m¦p-I-fpsS Ub-d-I vSÀ. _m¦v Hm^v
Cw¥v Ub-d-IvSÀ.
Ata-cn-¡³ `c-W-I qS \b-§Ä Xocpam\n¡p-¶hcnÂ [mcmfw t]À _m¦v
Hm^v Cw¥v Ub-d-IvSÀam-cm-Wv. C¯cw I¼-\n-I-s fÃmw ]c-kv]c _Ôn-
X-am-b-Xn-\ mÂ, Ah-sb-¡p-dn¨v IrXy-amb Nn{Xw e`n¡pI hnj-a-I -c-am-Wv.
RCA bpsS t_mÀUnÂ tXm³S³ {_mUvjm. At±lw AävemânIv
dn¨vôÂUv sâ {]kn-U-v. NATO, World Wildlife Fund, ¢_v Hm^v tdmw,
Bkvs]³ C³Ìn-äyq«v t^mÀ lyqa-\n-ÌnIv ÌUo-kv, Iu¬knÂ Hm¬
332
t^mdn³ dnte-j³kv F¶n-h-bnse AwKw. NBC bpsS A²y-£³. RCA

bpsS Gähpw {][m\ Npa-Xe {_n«ojv Câ-en-P³kns\ klm-bn-¡p-I.
CIA bpsS taÂ aIvI mÀ¯n \S-¯nb At\z-jWw 300 XS-ª n-Ã m-bn-c p¶p
F¦nÂ sI¶Un h[n-¡-s ¸-Sp-a m-b n-c p-¶n-Ã . aIvImÀ¯nsb XS-bp-¶-Xn\v
\nb-an-X-\ mb Ae³ Uyq-fkv (RIIAbpsS ]nWn-bmÄ) ]m{SnIv ssea³,
dn¨mÀUv slwkv F¶n-h sc aImÀ¯n-s ¡-Xnsc \nb-an-¨p. slwkv ]n¶oSv
CIA ta[m-hn-bm-bn. sea³ {_tZÀkv, Iq³ temtb_v F¶n-h-bpsS ap³
A²y-£³. ]oäÀ. Pn.-]o-täÀk¬ ap³]v MI6 ta[mhn hnÃyw hokvsa\p
IognÂ tPmen t\m¡nbn-c p-¶p. ]otäÀk¬, Bkvs]³ C³Ìnäyq«p-
ambpw _Ô-ap-v. AXv {_n«ojv Câ-en-P³kv {]Øm-\w.
tPm¬. BÀ. s]än . assd³ an-Uve³Uv _m¦v {]kn-Upw A²y-£\pw .

AXnsâ ab-¡p-a -cp¶p _Ô-§Ä Øm]n-¡-s ¸-«-Xm-Wv. tlm§v tIm§v
B³Uv jm³Jmbv _m¦v Gsä-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\p ap³]v Xs¶. HSBC 1814
apXÂ Hm]nbw hn]-Wn-bnse Gähpw {]ap-J -amb _m¦v. dm¦v HmÀK-ss\-
tk-j³, CuKnÄ Ìmdp-a mbn t¨À¶mÂ {_n«ojv cmP-Ip-Spw-_-am-bn. MI6
sâ Idp¯ {]hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS tI{µw SIS . {_n«ojv cmÚn-bpsS \nÀt±-
i-§Ä Im\-U-bnÂ t{_m¬^va³ s\ s¡mv \S-¯n-¡p-¶Xv Ch-cm-Wv.
ss{SskIvkv tlmÄUn-§vkv. AXv t{_m¬^vasâ DS-a -Ø-X -bn-em-sW¶v
Icp-X-s ¸-Sp-¶p. F¶mÂ hmkvX-h-¯nÂ AXv Cw¥-nse cmÚn-bp-tS-X m-
Wv. sX¡p Ing-¡³ Gjy-bnse sam¯w Hm]nbw hym]m-chpw
t{_m¬^va m-\p-a mbn _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. Ata-c n-¡-bn-te¡v sltdm-bn³
IS-¯p-¶-Xnsâ Hcp amÀ¤hpw AXp Xs¶-bm-Wv. HcÀ°-¯nÂ Im\U
kznävkÀe³Un-s\-t¸m-se-bm-Wv. hfsc kpµ-c -amb Øew. henb \K-c -
§Ä, ip²amb aªv FÃmw. F¶mÂ AXn-s\ms¡ ]pd-InÂ sltdm-
bn³ hym]m-c-¯nÂ \n¶p-f-hm-Ip¶ amen-\ y-§fpw aäpw.
t{_m¬^va m³ MI 6 sâ ap¶Wn {]hÀ¯-I³, FUvKÀ t{_m¬^v am³
s\ tamkvtIm-bnÂ KGB bpsS BØm-\-t¯¡v ]e {]mhiyw Ab-¨n-cp-
¶p. Im\-U F¶mÂ, ku¯v B{^n-¡, tlmf-v, _ÂPnbw F¶o
cmjv{S§-sf-t¸m-s e-b-Ã. Im\U F¶pw Cw¥-nse cmÚn-bpsS BÚ-
I-Ä BZyw \S-¸m-¡p-¶ -XnÂ XmXv] cyw {]I-Sn-¸n-¨ n-c p-¶p. It\-Un-b³
C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v CâÀ\m-j-WÂ A^-tbÀkv (CIIA). RIIAbpsS Ipªm-
Wv. AXv It\-Un-b³ cmjv{Sob-s¯ \nb-{ń-¡p-¶p. 1925 Â Øm]n-X-am-
bXp apXÂ AXnse AwK-§Ä am{XamWv sk{I-«dn Hm^v sÌbväv Bbn-
¨p-Å-X v. cmw temI-a-lm-bp-²-¯nÂ MI6 sâ ta[m-h n-bpsS sXm«p Xmsg
Bbn-c p¶ sI¶¯v kvt{Sm§v hgn CIIA, Rank HmÀK-ss\-tk-j-\p-ambn
_Ô-s ¸-«n-c n-¡p-¶p. sI¶¯v kvt{Sm§v Order of St. John of Jerusalem
333
se AwKw. It\-Un-b³ sltdm-bn³ hn]-W-\-¯nsâ hcp-am\w

ssIImcyw sN¿p¶ _m¦v Hm^v t\mh kvt¡m«n-bbnse t_mÀUv AwKw.
ähn-tÌm¡v C³Ìn-äyq«v t^mÀ lyqa³ dnte-j³kv ØnXn sN¿p-¶Xv
ksÊIvkv kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bnÂ. 300 se \nb-a-hn-Z-Kv²À hnÂIo, ^mÀÀ
B³Uv Kme-JÀ se AwKw tUhnUv _nbmÂIn³. At±lw At\I
hÀj-¡mew Anti Defamation League sâ ta[m-hn-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
ADL Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ Øm]n-¨Xv MI 6 BWv. AXv \S-¯p-¶Xv FdnIv {SnÌv,

tkmÄ Ìo³_ÀKv F¶o ähn-tÌm¡v AwK-§Ä. e\nse tP¡_v Un.
tdm¯vjoÂUvknse hym]mc ]¦mfn tkmÄ Ìo³_ÀKv.
H¶mw temI-a-lm-bp-²-¯n\v A\p-Iq-e-a mbn Nnń-¡p-¶-Xn\v hmÄ«À
en]va³, FUvhÀUv t_Àt\bvkv(kn-Üv t{^mbn-Unsâ acp-a-I³) F¶n-
h-c-S-§p¶ kwLs¯ Npa-X-e-tbÂ¸n-¨ p. AhÀ F¯n-t¨À¶ \nK-a\w 87
iX-a m\w P\-§fpw Imcy-Im-cW Nn´-bn-ÃmsX s]cp-a m-dp-¶-h -
cmsW¶mWv. AhÀ¡v F{X-t¯mfw {]iv\-§Ä Pohn-X-¯nÂ Dm-hp-
¶pthm A{X-t¯mfw AhÀ¡v Ønc-t_m[w \jvS-s¸-Sp-¶p. e£-¡-W -
¡n\v bphm-¡Ä acn¨p hoWn«pw AhÀ¡v bp²-t¯mSv B`n-a pJyw Xs¶-
bm-bn-c p-¶p. PÀ½\n `nIc cmjv{S-am-Wv, AhÀ cmP-I p-Spw-_-t¯bpw P\-
§-sfbpw \in¸n-¡m-s \m-cp-§p¶ Incm-X-· m-c mWv F¶v sXfn-hn-Ãm-s X, ASn-
Øm-\-c -ln-X-ambn P\-§Ä hniz-kn-¨p. 1991 Â P\-§-fpsS ImgvN-¸mSv
amdnbn-t«-bn-Ã. Cdm-¡ns\ B{I-a n-¡p-t¼mgpw 87 iX-a m\w P\-§Ä
AXns\ A\p-Iq-en-¨p. Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ BZy-ambn RIIA X{´-§Ä D]-tbm-
Kn¨v Iq« akvXnjvI {]£m-f\w \S-¯n-bXv {]kn-Uv hnÂvksâ `c-W-
Im-e¯v {IoÂ I½o-j³. a\pjy a\-Êns\ kzm[o-\ n-¡p-¶ -Xn\p thn
knÜv t{^mbn-Unsâ acp-a-I³ FUzÀUv t_Às\-bvkv, akvXnjvI
{]£m-f\ hnZ-Kv²³, F¨v. Pn. shÂknsâ Bi-b-§Ä [mcm-f-a mbn ISw
sImp.
Xmtg-¡n-Sbn-ep-Å-h-cpsS a\Êns\ \nb-{ń-¡p¶ {]hÀ¯-\-§-fnÂ

GÀs¸-Sp-¶ -Xn\v shÂkn\v aSn-bp- m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. shÂkv, {_n«ojv cmP-Ip-
Spw-_-¯nsâ ASp¯ kplr-¯m-bn-c p-¶p. FUzÀUv t{K, lmÂsUbv³
{]`p, {_n«ojv cmP-Ip-Spw-_s¯ \nb-{ń-¨n-c p¶, PqX skknÂ IpSpw-_ -
¯nse tdm_À«v skknÂ, entbm Bsa-dn, MI 6 sâ Xe-h -\pw -]n-¶o-Sv e-
³ kvIqÄ Hm^v C¡-tWm-a n-Ivkv ta-[m-hn-bp-am-bn-cp¶ lmÂt^mÀUv
aIvssI³UÀ, ]ns¶ BÂ{Ûv anÂ\À {]`p F¶n-h -cp-ambn shÂkv
ASp¯ _Ôw ]peÀ¯n. lmÂt^mÀUv aIvssI³UÀ sâ hnZymÀ°n
{_qkv temJmÀ«v ]n¶oSv se\n³ s\bpw t{SmSvkvIn-sbbpw \nb-{ń-¡p¶
MI 6 DtZym-K -Ø-\m-bn. skknÂ IpSpw-_-¯ nse Hcp AwKw {_n«ojvv cmP-
334
Ip-Spw-_-s ¯ Hc-fhp hsc \nb-{ń-¨n-cp-¶p, ImcWw At±lw Fen-k -

_¯v cmÚn- I ambn {]W-b-¯n-em-bn-c p-¶p. shÂknsâ {][m\ kt¦-X-
§-fn-sem¶v skbvâv FÀan³kv tlm«Â. tImsb-^n-jyâv ¢_v AwK-§-
fpsS kt½-f\ Øew. sXc-s ª-Sp-¡-s ¸-«-h À¡p am{Xw {]th-i -\w. apI-
fnÂ ]d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶ -h À FÃmw AwK-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. Ah-scÃmw tkmÄkv
¢_nepw AwK-§-f m-bn-c p-¶p. hyàn-X z-¯nsâ ]pd-I nÂ ad-ªn-c n-¡p¶
a\-Ênsâ \nKq-V-X-Isf a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶Xp hgn GXp cmPy-s ¯bpw Iog-
S¡mw F¶m-bn-cp¶p shÂknsâ ImgvN-¸m-Sv. t_ÀsW-bvkn\v
Propaganda F¶ ]pkvX Iw X¿m-dm-¡p-¶ -Xn\v shÂkp-a m-bpÅ kulrZw
ss[cyw \ÂIn.
“a\-¸qÀÆw, _p²n-]-c-a m-bn, a\p-jy- k-a q-l-¯n\v ioe-a m-bn-¡-g nª
kz`mh {]tXy-I-X-I sf, A`n{]m-b-§sf \nb-{ń-¡p-¶Xv P\m-b¯ `c-W-
{I-a-¯nÂ {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p¶ LS-I -am-Wv. A{]-Imcw \nb-{ń-¡p¶Xn\v
{]m]vXn-bp-Å-h À AZr-iy-a mb Kh¬saâvv F¶v hne-bn-cp-¯-s¸-Sp-¶p.
AXmWv \½psS \m«nse bYmÀ° `c-W-I q-Sw.” t_ÀsW-bvkv.
km¼-¯n-I, cmjv{ Sob \nb-{´Ww hfsc sNdnb kwLw BÄ¡mcpsS
ssII-fn-em-Wv. GXm\pw Nne cl-ky- kw-L-S-\-IÄ. Ah-bnÂ Hcp
]t£ Gähpw {][m-\-s ¸-«Xv Scottish Rite of Freemasonary, Venerable
Order of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem F¶n-h. 300 sâ Xocp-am-\ -
§Ä \nb-{ń-¡p-¶-hÀ. Order of the Jerusalem sâbpw AI-¯p-Å-h-cmWv
Knights of the Garter. AXv ]oäÀ sPdmÀUv F¶ {InkvXy³ tbm²mhv
Øm]n-¨-Xnsâ XpSÀ¨-b-Ã. adn¨v ssIt¿-dn, AI¯p \n¶pw \in-¸n-¨v,
_mly-cq]w am{Xw. ]mtaÀÌ³ {]`p {ôta-bvk¬ . {_n«ojv cmP-Ip-Spw-
_-s¯-t¸mse {InkvXy³ F¶p \Sn-¨n-cp¶p F¦nepw hmkvX-h-¯nÂ
sNIp-¯m³ tkh-I³. ssN\okv Hm]nbw hym]mcw Øm]n¨ {]ap-J -cnÂ
HcmÄ. skbvâv tPm¬ Hm^v Pdq-k-tew ]n¶oSv 1885 Â Protestant Most
Venerable Order of Jerusalem . F¶v t]cv amä-s ¸-«p.
International Institute for Strategic Studies. AXv MI6 sâ ap¶Wn {]Øm-

\w. k±mw lpssks\ tami-am¡n Nn{Xo-I -cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v, en_n-b-bpsS
taÂ B{I-a Ww \S-¯p-¶ -Xn\p ap³]v \ymbo-I -cWw krjvSn-¡p-¶Xv, PLO
sb CI-gv¯n-¡m-Wn-¡p-¶Xv Hs¡ ISSsâ Npa-X-e-bm-Wv. skbva qÀ
slÀjv {]kn-²o-I-cn¨ ambv embv Iq«-¡p-c p-X n-s b-¡p-dn-¨pÅ hnh-c-§Ä
At±-l-¯n\v \ÂIn-bXv ISS . slÀjv kz´w Kth-j-W-¯nÂ Is-¯n-
b-X-Ã. ISS cq]o-I -cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ Xocp-am\w 1957 se _nÂUÀ_ÀKÀ
335
kt½-f-\-¯nÂ. _nÂUÀ_ÀKÀ, Hcp MI6 {]Øm-\ w. RIIA bpsS IognÂ.

{]kvXpX kt½-f-\-¯nÂ F³. Fw. tdm¯v joÂUvkns\ {]X-n\n-[o-I-c n¨v
tPm¬ eqU³, ]s¦-Sp-¯p. s]³Kzn³ _pIvkv s\ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-c n¨v
]oäÀ ImÂthm-tIm-s d-Ên. ]ns¶ ap³ CIA Ub-d-IvSÀ Ìm³kvôÂUv
äÀWÀ. sl³{Sn InÊn³PÀ.
Ata-cn-¡-bnse ]pXnb CSXp ]£w sam¯-a mbpw MI 6 , duv tS_n-fn-
eqsSbpw IPS eqsSbpw Øm]n-¨-X m-Wv. IPS - Institute for Policy Studies.
P\m-b¯ `c-W-apÅ FÃm cmjv{S-§fnepw AXp Xs¶ Ah-Ø.
GsXms¡ cmjv{S-¯ nsâ \b-§Ä amtä--Xptm Ahn-s S-s bms¡ IPS
{]ap-J-a mb ]¦v hln-¨p.
IPS sâ {][m\ Npa-Xe sXämb hnh-c-§Ä \ÂInbpw X½nÂ hn`-Pn-
¸n¨pw Ipg-¸-§Ä krjvSn-¡pI F¶-X m-Wv. Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ A¯-c-¯n-
epÅ Hcp ]²Xn ab-¡p-a-c p-¶p-a mbn _Ô-s¸-«-Xm-Wv. IPS ap¶Wn {]Øm-
\-§-fn-eqsS, [mcmfw t_mw_v kvt^mS-\-§Ä krjvSn¨v Ata-cn¡ , KGB
]ns¶ Iyq_-bnse DGI F¶nhbpsS `mK-¯p-\n¶pw A{I-a Ww t\cn-Sp¶
kml-N-cy-¯n-em-s W¶v hcp-¯n-¯oÀ¯p. \nIvksW tami-¡m-c-\mbn
Nn{Xo-I -cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v H¶n\p ]pdsI H¶mbn IY-IÄ sI«n-¨-a -¨p. `À¯m-
hns\ h[n¨ ImX-do³ {Klmw, ]ns¶ InÊn³PÀ, slbvKv XpS-§n-b-hcpw
]ns¶ IPS se tNmwkvInbpw AXn\p ]n¶nÂ {]hÀ¯n-¨ p. AXnÂ
slbvKn\v ap³K-W-\m-{Iaw adnIS¶v DbÀ¨ \ÂIn-bXv 25 apXnÀ¶ P\-
dÂa-mcpsS cmPn-bnÂ sImp sNs¶-¯n-¨ p. IPS s\ \nb-{ń-¡p-¶Xv
duv sSbv_nÄ. IPS Pbnwkv hmÀ_ÀKnsâ krjvSn. ]¦m-fn-bmbn
amÀIkv dmkvIn³.
1983 Â A´m-c mjv{ S _m¦ÀamÀ hnÀPo-\n-b-bnÂ hnÃywkv_ÀKnÂ kt½-fn-
¨p. e£yw Atacn-¡-bnse _m¦n§v hyh-Øn-Xnsb XIÀ¯v IMF \p
IognÂ sImp hcn-I . hmÄkv{So-änse tamÀK³ Kymcân-bnse sU¶nkv
shXÀtÌm¬ ]d-ªXv aäp-a mÀ¤-§Ä H¶pw Xs¶-bnÃ F¶m-Wv. Ata-
cn-¡-bpsS km¼-¯n-I, s]mXp-- ( Fiscal ) \b-§Ä A«n-a -dn-¡p-¶-Xn\v
lmcÄUv enhÀ cq]w sImSp¯ ]²Xn UnävNvse ]²Xn F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-
¶p. lmcÄUv kb-Wn-k-¯nsâ A`yq-ZbImw£nbpw {_n«ojv cmP-Ip-Spw-
_-¯n-s â- ]n-Wn-bmfpw 300 se AwK-hpw. bqWn-en-h -dnsâ Ub-d-IvSÀ. 300
se {][m\ I¼-\n-I-fnÂ H¶v. IMF sâ kzm[o\w hÀ²n-¸ n¨v FÃm
cmjv{S§-fn-s ebpw sk³{SÂ _m¦p-I sf Iogvs¸-Sp-¯ -W-sa-¶mbn-c p¶p
lmcÄUnsâ hmZw. GI-temI Kh¬saâv Øm]n-X-a m-¡p-¶ -Xn\p thn.
temI-_m-¦n-§nsâ Xe-¸ ¯v IMF, BIS
336
{InkvX y³ ]Ån-IÄ shdpw ¢_p-I-fmbn amdn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Ahsb \nb-

{ń-¡p-¶Xv World Council of Churches (WCC) F¶ ss]im-NnI kwL-S-
\. AXnsâ \nb-{´Ww djy-bn-e-Ã. adn¨v City of London Â. WCC
Øm]n-X-a m-bXv GI-temI Kh¬saâv \b-§Ä \S-¸ nÂ hcp-¯p-¶-Xn\p
thn. asämcp Agn-a Xn \ndª Øm]\w Union of Concerned Scientists
. AXv Øm]n-¨Xv ss{Sem-ä-dÂ I½o-j³. [\-k-lmbw ImÀ\o F³tUm-
hvsaâv ^v, t^mÀUv ût-j³, Bkvs ]³ C³Ìn-äyq«v F¶n-h-bnÂ
\n¶pw.
lmÀhÀUv bqWn-thÀkn-än, e³ kvIqÄ Hm^v C¡-tWm-an-Ivkv, saÃ³
C³Ìn-äyq-«v, Fw. sF.än, HmIvkv^mw, {]n³Ì¬ bqWn-thÀkn-än, Xntbm-
k-^nÌv skmssk-än, XyqÄ skmssk-än, bp. Fkv. C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v
]okv, bqWn-thÀknän Hm^v s]³knÂhm\nb þ hmÀ«³ kvIqÄ, CâÀ\m-
j-WÂ sdUv t{ImÊv, ssh Fw kn F (YMCA), _m¦v AÂ ajvsd-Iv,
_m¦v t^mÀ CâÀ\m-j-WÂ skänÂsaâvkv, _m¦v Hm^v s{IUnäv
B³Uv tImtaÀkv CâÀ\m-j-WÂ, _mÀs¢bvkv _m¦v, knän _m¦v,
s{IUnäv kyqkn, s{UkvUvs\À _m¦v, tembvUvkv _m¦v, tdmbÂ _m¦v
Hm^v Im\-U, kznÊv _m¦v tImÀ]-td-j³, temI _m¦v, Ata-cn-¡³ _mÀ
AtÊm-Ên-tb-j³, ss{]kv hm«À lukv F¶nh ap³t]m -C-t¸m-g ptam
I½nän Hm^v 300 sâ t\cn-«pÅ \nb-{´-W-¯n-e m-bn-c p-¶p.
Ata-cn-¡-bnse ähn-tÌm¡v {]Øm-\-§Ä

þ {_q¡n§vkv C³Ìn-äyq-j³, Ignª 70 hÀj§fmbn Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ
`cWw F§ns\ \S-¯-s ¸-SWw F¶v Xocp-a m-\ n-¡p-¶p. {]kn-U-v lq-h -
dnsâ ]²-X n, dqkvshÂänsâ \yq UoÂ, sI¶-Un-bpsS \yq t{^m³Sn-
tbÀkv, tPm¬k¬ sâ s{Kbväv skmssk-än,Hs¡ X¿m-dm-¡n-bXv
{_q¡n-§vkv.
þ lUvk¬ C³Ìn-äyq-«v. cmjv{Sob, kmaqly Imcy-§-fnÂ Ata-cn¡
F§ns\ {]Xn-I-cn-¡-W-s a¶v ]mI-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. _nKv ss^hv Ign-ªmÂ
Gähpw hep-Xv. djy-bp-a m-bpÅ _Ôw, {]Xn-tcm[ \bw F¶n-h-bnÂ
{]mho-Wyw. \mksb iq\ym-Imi ZuXy-¯nÂ klm-bn-¨p. bph-P-\-§-
fpsS ^mj³ A`n-cpNn Bib A`n-cpNn F¶nh krjvSn-¡p-¶p. 300 \v
thn krjvSn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ bph-P-\-§-fpsS sNdp¯v \nÂ]v. [\-k-lmbw
{][m-\-ambpw sImt¡m tImf-bnÂ \n¶v. 300 sâ {][m-\-s ¸« akvXnjvI
{]£m-f\ tI{µw. Rank, Xerox, GE, GM, IBM XpS-§n-b-h -bpsS D]-tZ-jvSm-
hv.
þ- \mj-WÂ s{Sbn-\ n§v et_m-d-«-dn. AXnsâ asämcp t]cv CâÀ\m-j-
WÂ C³Ìn-äyq«v t^mÀ A]vssfUv _otl-hn-b-dÂ kb³k-kv.
337
akvXnjvI {]£m-f-\- tI-{µw. Ata-c n-¡-bnse Gähpw henb A²ym-] I

kwL-a mb \mj-WÂ FPyq-t¡-j³ Atkm-kn-tb-js\ \nb-{ń-¡p-¶ p.
þ bqWn-thÀknän Hm^v s]³knÂth\n-b, hmÀ«³ kvIqÄ Hm^v
^n\m³kv B³Uv tImtaÀkv. s]cp-a mä Kth-jW taJ-e-bnÂ {][m\
ähn-tÌm¡v C³kvän-äyq-«v. hymP-amb Statistics \nÀ½n-¡pI F¶Xv
{][m\ hnj-bw. AXv IMF, temI-_m-¦ v, U.N, {][m\ 300 I¼-\ n-IÄ, ]Sn-
ªm-d³ bqtdm]v F¶nh A\p-I-cn-¡p-¶p. tPmÀÖv jÂ«vkv, Ae³
{Ko³kv]m³ F¶n-hÀ AXnsâ DXv]-¶-§-fm-Wv.
þ C³Ìn-äyq«v t^mÀ tkmjyÂ dnkÀ¨v.
t^mÀUv ût-j³, Ata-cn-¡³ {]Xn-tcm[ hIp-¸v, \oXn-\ ymb hIp¸v
FÃmw klmbw tXSp-¶p.
þ C³Ìn-äyq«v t^mÀ Z ^yq¨À
KÀ`-On{Z \nb-a-§Ä, ab-¡p-a -cp¶v D]-tbm-Kw, F¶n-h -bnÂ Cfhv hcp-
¯p-I. ab-¡p-a-c p¶v D]-tbmKw Ipä-I-c-a -Ãm-Xm-¡p-I .
þ C³Ìn-äyq«v t^mÀ t]mfnkn ÌUokv ( IPS )
hmÀ_ÀKv, tdm¯vjoÂUvkv F¶n-hÀ Øm]n-X-am-¡n. Ata-cn-¡-bpsS
ktZi hntZi\b-§Ä Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶p. _À«vd³Uv dÊÂ hfÀ¯n-s b-
Sp-¯p. klm-b-¯ n\v {_n«ojv tkm-jy-enÌvIÄ. IPS sâ ]¦mfn eoKv
t^mÀ C³U-kv{Sn-bÂ sUtam-{I-kn, AXnÂ ADL se sFÀhn³ kphmÂ,
Bbp[ \nb-{´-W-¯n\p thn hmZn-¡p¶ bqPn³ tdmtÌmhv XpS-
§n-b-h À AwK-§Ä. 1963 Â IPS cPn-ÌÀ sNbvXXv amÀIkv dmkvIn³,
dn¨ÀUv _mÀs\-äv. cp t]cpw D¶-X-a mb \ne-bnÂ ähn-tÌm-¡nÂ
\n¶pw ]cnio-e\w t\Sn-b-hÀ. [\-k -lmbw
A[n-Ihpw tdm¯vj oÂUv ]nWn-bm-fp-I-fmb Pbnwkv hmÀ_ÀKv, tÌ¬
^manen ût-j³, kmap-hÂ dq_n³ ût-j³ F¶n-h-bnÂ \n¶v.
kmap-h Â dq_n³, I½yq-Wn-Ìv ]mÀ«nbnse HutZym-KnI AwKw.
^ms_ÀsK F¶ PqX-\maw t]cn-s\m¸w hymP-a m-bn-t¨À¯v apX-se-Sp-
¯p. IPS sâ Npa-X-e-I-fnÂ {][m\w \yq se^väv {]hÀ¯-Isc kwL-Sn-¸n-
¡p-I . A\n-b-{ń-X-amb ab-¡p-a-c p¶v D]-tbm-Ks¯ t{]mÕm-ln-¸ n-¡p-I.
Ata-cn-¡³ cmjv{So-bs¯ \nb-{ń-¡p-I . kmaq-lnI Akz-Ø-X-IÄ
krjvSn-¡p-I .
þ Ìm³^ÀUv dnkÀ¨v C³Ìn-äyq«v. ähn-tÌm¡v C³Ìnäyq«nse {][m-\n.
a\-Êns\ \nb-{ń-¡p-¶-X n-s \-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Kth-j-W-§-fnepw Future
Sciences epw apgp-In-bn-c n-¡p-¶p. shÂkv ^mÀtKm _m¦vv, s_IvsäÂ
tImÀ]-td-j³, lyqeäv ]¡mÀUv, _m¦v Hm^v Ata-c n-¡, aIvtUm-WÂ þ
U¥kv tImÀ]-td-j³, XpS-§n-b-h-c mWv D]-t`m-àm-¡Ä.
338
AXnsâ Hcp clky ]²Xn F¶mÂ cmk, ssPh Bbp-[-§-fpsS hnI-k-

\w. 200 e[nIw _p²n-Pohn {]Øm-\-§-fp-a mbn _Ô-s ¸«v {]hÀ¯n-¡p-
¶p. Ata-c n-¡-bnse Hmtcm ]uc\pw GXp kml-N-c y-¯nÂ Pohn-t¡- -
Xpv F¶v Xocp-am-\n-¡p¶ Kth-j-W-§Ä. 2500 ktlm-Zc-Ø m-] -\-§-fp-
ambn SRI bpsS I¼yq-«-dp-I Ä _Ô-s ¸-Sp-¯ n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. CIA , ssk\nI
cl-ky-t\z-jW tk\, \mhnI cl-kym-t\z-jW tk\, MIT , lmÀhÀUv
XpS-§n-b-h.
þ Fw.-sF.än þ Émhm³ kvIqÄ Hm^v amt\-Pvsaâv
Ata-c n-¡³ sdUv t{ImÊv, Hmôkv Hm^v t\hÂ dnkÀ¨v {Kq¸v þ
sskt¡m-f-Pn, C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v Un^³kv A\m-en-kn-kv, Ata-cn-¡³
ssk\yw, Ata-cn-¡³ \mhn-I -tk\ XpS-§n-b-X mWv D]-t`m-à m-¡Ä.
þ dm³Uv dnkÀ¨v B³Uv Unh-e-]vsaâv tImÀ]-td-j³
ähn-tÌm-¡nsâ Gähpw {]ap-J-a mb Øm]-\ w. Ata-cn-¡³ \b-§sf
FÃm \ne-bnepw \nb-{ń-¡p-¶p. Ata-cn-¡³ BWh \b-§Ä, Atacn-
¡³ ssk\y-¯n\p thn \qdp IW-¡n\v ]²-Xn-I Ä. a\-Êns\ hyXym-
k-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ LSD t]mepÅ cmk-h-kvXp-¡-sf-¡p-dn¨v CIA bpambnt¨À¶v
cl-ky-am-b KthjWw , 20 hÀjw \op \n¶ MK - ULTRA t]mepÅ
]²-Xn-IÄ, IBM, DuÀÖ-h-Ip-¸ v, BtcmKy hIp¸v XpS-§nb D]-t`m-àm-
¡Ä. Bbn-c -¡-W-¡n\v I¼-\n-IÄ.
Gähpw {][m\ {]hÀ¯\w akvXnjvI {]£m-f-\w. Ata-c n-¡-bnse {]ap-
J-amb akvXnjvI {]£m-f\ {]Øm-\-§Ä {_q¡n§vkv C³Ìn-äyq-j³,
lUvk¬ C³Ìn-äyq-«v, C³Ìn-äyq«v t^mÀ t]mfnkn ÌUo-kv, Fw,-sF,-än,
\mj-WÂ s{Sbn-\n-§v et_m-d-«-do-k - v, dm³Uv dnkÀ¨v B³Uv Unh-e-
]vsaâv tImÀ]-td-j³, Ìm³^ÀUv dnkÀ¨v C³Ìn-äyq«v, hmÀ«³ kvIqÄ þ
s]\n-knÂth-\nb bqWn-thÀkn-än. Ch-bpsS BÄ _ew 50,000. sNehv
1000 tImSn tUmfÀ.
300 se Nne {]Øm-\-§Ä
þ Iu¬knÂ Hm¬ t^mdn³ dnte-j³kv þ \yqtbmÀ¡v, kvIÄ Bâv
t_m¬kv, tkmjy-enÌv CâÀ\m-j-WÂ, ähn-tÌm¡v C³Ìn-äyq«v t^mÀ
lyqa³ dnte-j³kv, F¯oÌv ¢_v, anÂ\À {Kq¸v, RIIA, duv tSbv_nÄ,
ss{Sem-ä-dÂ I½oj³, bqWn-thÀkÂ {ôtabvk-W-dn, bqWn-thÀkÂ
kb-Wn-kw, hmd³ I½o-j³, thÄUv Iu¬knÂ Hm^v NÀ¨-kv. XpS-§n-
b-h.
ähn-tÌm¡v C³Ìn-äyq-«n-s\ -tSm-bn³_n hnfn-¨n-c p-¶Xv AkXyw DXv]m-Zn-
¸n-bv¡p¶ ime F¶pw, sXämb hnh-c-§Ä {]N-cn-¸n-¡p¶ Idp¯
Npc¦w F¶p-a m-Wv. AXv P\-§sf akvXn-jvI {]£m-f\w \S-¯n, AXn\v
Bh-iy-amb coXn-bnÂ Ah-c psS k½-X -an-Ãm-sX Ah-s c-s ¡mv {]hÀ¯n-
¸n-¨v , Ah-c psS `mhnsb \nb-{ń-¡p-¶p.
339
ähn-tÌm¡v C³Ìn-äyq-«v CÃm-bn-c p¶p F¦nÂ H¶pw cpw temI-a-lm-bp-²-

§Ä Dm-I p-a m-bn-c p-¶n-Ã. t_mÄsj-h nIv dh-eq-j³, sImdnb, hnbäv\ mw
bp²-§Ä H¶pw Xs¶ Dm-Ip-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. tXÀUv do¡nse {]Nm-c-W-
thebpsS Npa-X-e-bp-m-bn-cp¶ a{ń slÀ tKm_vÄkv, knÜv t{^mbn-
Unsâ acp-a-I³ FUzÀUv t_Às\-bvknsâ kn²m-´-§-fmWv D]tbm-Kn-¨n-
cp-¶Xv F¶v Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶-p.. ähntÌm¡v Øm]n-X-am-hp-¶-Xn\v {][m\
ImcWw PÀ½-\ - nsb B{I-a n-¡p-¶-Xn\v P\-§Ä ià-a mbn FXn-cm-bn-cp-
¶p F¶-Xm-Wv. P\-§-fpsS A`n-{]mbw X§Ä¡v A\p-Iq-e-am-¡p-¶-Xn\v
tdm¯vanbÀ {]`p-h nsâbpw t\mÀ¯v¢ n^v {]`p-hn-s âbpw t\Xr-X z-¯nÂ
Øm]n-X-a m-b-X mWv ähn-ktäm¡v. [\-k-lmbw XpS-¡-¯ nÂ {_n«ojv
cmP-Ip-Spw-_hpw ]n¶oSv tdm¯vjoÂUvkpw. tdm¯vjoÂUvkpw
t\mÀ¯¢n^v Dw hnhm-l-¯n-eqsS _Ôp-¡-fm-bn-c p-¶p. ^yq¨À ÌUo-
knsâ Ub-d-IvS-dmbn BÀ\ÄUv tSmbn³_n \nb-an-X-\ m-bn. Ata-cn¡
H¶mw temI alm-bp-²-¯nÂ ]s¦-Sp-t¡-p-¶-Xn-sâ Npa-Xe hmÄ«À
en]va³, FUzÀUv t_Às\-bvkv. 1937 Â PÀ½³ Fgp-¯p-I m-c ³
HmkvhÄUv kvs]³¥-dnsâ hnJym-X-a mb {KÙw The Decline of Western
Civilisation, amXrIm aqe-{K-Ù-a mbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ -Xn\v Xocp-a m-\-a m-bn.
AXn\p ap³]v sImÀdnb tambve Â hmÂjnsâ ]pkvXIw The Climax of
Civilization D]-tbm-Kn¡mw F¶v tdm¯va n-bÀ, t\mÀ¯v¢n^v, en]va ³,
s_ÀsWbvkv F¶n-hÀ \nÀt±-i - n-¨n-c p-¶p. AXv \h-tem-I-{I-a-¯nÂ
Fs´ms¡ kml-N-c y-§Ä \ne-\ nÂt¡- -Xpv F¶v {]Xn-] m-Zn-¡p-¶p
F¶ Imc-W-¯mÂ. tdms¡s^ÃÀ {Skväpw km¼-¯nI klmbw
\ÂIn-bn-c p-¶p. \h-tem-I-{Iaw krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn\v \ne-hn-epÅ ]Sn-ªm-
d³ kwkvIr-Xnsb \in-¸ n-t¡- -Xpv F¶v Xocp-am-\-a m-bn. {Ko¡v,
tdma³ kwkvIr-Xn-IÄ \in-¸n-¡-s¸-«-Xp t]mse.
hq{Uq hnÂk¬ sâ t]cnÂ cNn-¡-s ¸« ]pkvXIw hmkvX-h-¯nÂ
hnÃyw _n. slbvÂ cNn-¨-X m-Wv .The New Freedom. AXnÂ At±lw \h-
tem-I -{I-a -¯n-s \bpw tkmjy-enÌv Bi-b-§-tfbpw ]n³Xp-W-¡p-¶p.
P\-§sf C¶v ]e-Xcw Ifn-I Ä, kn\n-a -IÄ aäp hn[-¯n-epÅ hnt\m-tZm-
]m-[n-IÄ FÃmw sImv {i² Xnc¨v B kabw sImv \h-tem-I -{I-a -
¯nsâ hàm-¡Ä Ah-cpsS temIw Iog-S-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ {]hÀ¯-\-§-fp-
ambn apt¶m«v t]mhp-¶p. ]ns¶ sXmgn-en-Ãmbva thX-\-h pw. sÛ-dÂ
dnkÀhv \nb-a-¯nsâ `mj en]va\pw s_ÀsWbvkpw tNÀ¶v sXc-sª-Sp-
¯p. AhÀ \mj-WÂ knän-k¬kv eoKv Øm]n-¨ p. Ip{]-kn-²-\mb
kmap-h Â D³«Àta-bÀ A²y-£-\m-bn.
t_ÀsW-bvkns\ s]mXp-P\ k¼À¡-¯nsâ (Public Relations) ]nXmhv
F¶p hnfn-¡p-¶ps¦nepw hnÃn ap³sk³s_ÀKmWv AXn\v AÀ-l-X-s ¸-
340
«-Xv. a\p-jyÀ X§-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-§Ä kz´w A`n-{]mbw F¶ Xc-¯nÂ

Icp-Xp¶ kml-N-cyw, A´-co£w krjvSn-¡-s¸-Sp ¶p.
thmÄK-bpsS Xoc¯v Xma-kn-¨ n-c p¶ Jkm-dp-Isf ]pd-¯m-¡n-bXv djy-

tbmSv hntcm-[-a m-hm³ tdm¯vjoÂUvkn\v Imc-W-am-bn. Ah-c psS t\Xmhv
tUhnUv FÂ.-tdm-b n. At±-l-¯nsâ kvac-W¡v tUhn-Unsâ \£-{Xw.
djy-bnÂ \n¶pw t]mf-nÂ Xma-k-am-¡nb Jkmdp-I -fpsS NnÓw. kb-
Wn-Ìp-IÄ Ah-c psS NnÓ-ambn ]n¶oSv D]-tbm-K n-¨p. ]gb \nb-a-¯nse
tUhnUv cmPm-hns\ A\p-kva-c n-¡p-¶-XmWv AXv F¶v {InkvXym-\ n-IÄ
sXämbn [cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. 1612 Â djy³ ssk\yw, sdmam-t\m-hnsâ `c-W-
Im-e-¯v, t]mfv B{I-a n-¨Xv djy-tbm-SpÅ hntcm[w hÀ²n-¡p-¶-Xn\v
Imc-W-am-bn. ap³]v djy¡v A[o-\-s ¸« Øe-am-bn-cp¶p XncnsI ]nSn-¨Xv.
1905 Â P¸m³ \mhn-I -tk\ djysb B{I-an-¨-Xn\v ]n¶nÂ tP¡_v
jn^v^v. hmÄkv{Soäv _m¦À. tdm¯vjoÂUvknsâ _Ôp. klmbw
\ÂIn-bXv tdms¡-s ^-Ã-dnsâ P\-dÂ FUyq-t¡-j³ t_mÀUv. AXnsâ
{]Jym-]nX e£yw Idp¯ hÀ¤-¡mÀ¡v hnZym-`ymkw \evIp-I. AXnsâ
{]Nm-cW the \S-¯n-bn-c p-¶Xv ähn-tÌm-¡v. A¶v AXv shÃn-§vS¬
lukv F¶-dn-b-s ¸-«n-c p-¶p. 1941 Âtdms¡-s ^-Ã-dnsâ ap¶Wn {]Øm\w
C³Ìn-äyq«v t^mÀ ]k-^nIv dnte-j³kv henb XpI P¸m³ imJbv¡v
\ÂIn. AXv P¸m³ cmP-Ip-Spw-_-¯ n-\pw. CS-\ n-e-¡m-c ³ dn¨ÀUv
tkmÀPv. þ djy³ Nmc³. e£yw Ata-c n-¡sb t]Ä lmÀ_-dnÂ P¸m³
B{I-a n-¡pI F¶X.v IPR sâ {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§-fp-s S-s bÃmw Npa-Xe ähn-
tÌm¡v. djy³ h¹hw F¶p ]d-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv djy³ hn¹-h -ta-b-Ã.
Bibw hntZ-iw. km¼-¯ nI ]n³XpW hntZ-i¯p \n¶pw. se\n\pw
Iq«cpw A´m-cmjv{S iàn-I-fpsS ]n³Xp-W-tbmsS Gähpw kpc-£n-X -
ambn djy-bnÂ F¯n-t¨-cp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
[ Tavistock Institute for Human Relations By John Coleman ]

{ Arnold Toynbee Papers, Bruce lokhart Private Papers , Milner’s Private
Papers at Wellington House }
tSmbn³_n, {_qÊv temJmÀ«v, MI 6 F¶n-h-c psS klm-b-an-ÃmsX, A©v

bqtdm-]y³ cmjv{S-§-fp-s S-s b-¦nepw klm-b-a n-ÃmsX t_mÄsj-hnIv
hn¹hw km²y-am-hp-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.
anÂ\-dpsS klm-bn-IÄ, kl tkmjy-enÌv {^nävkv ¹msä-\p-ambn _Ô-
s¸-«p. anÂ\À knUv\ n sh_v s\bpw _nbm-{Snkv sh_v s\bpw CI-gv¯n-
341
bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw ^m_n-b³ tkmjy-enÌv Bbn-cp-¶p. { Wilhelm Strasse

Files }. ]W-¯n\v Bh-iy-ap-m-bn-cp¶t¸mÄ anÂ\À {]`p-hn-\-Sp-t¯-
¡mWv se\n³ t]mhm-dp-m-bn-c p-¶-X v. se\nsâ {]hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS
taÂt\m«w, anÂ\À, {_qkv temJmÀ«ns\ GÂ¸n-¨ p. t{SmSvkvInþ sehv
t{_m¬Ìo³ þ Ata-c n-¡³ ]uc³ AÃm-Xn-cp-¶n«p IqSn Ata-cn-¡³
]mkvt]mÀ«v \ÂI-s¸-«p. P\-dÂ eyqsU³ t{Um^v^pw ssIkÀ
hnÂslapw ]qÀ® ]n´pW \ÂIn. kzoU-\nÂ XS-b-s¸«mÂ hn¹-h-Im-cn-
IÄ¡v PÀ½\n hgn t]mhp-¶-Xn\v GÀ¸m-Sp-m¡mw F¶v eyqsU³
t{Um^v^nsâ \ne-]m-Sv. kzoUnjv Kh¬saâv XSÊw krjvSn-¨n-Ã. kwL-
¯nse Hcp {][m\n dmsU-I v. Ncn-{X-]-c-a mb bm{X kznävkÀe³UnÂ
Bcw-`n¨v s]t{Sm-{Km-UnÂ Ah-km-\n-¨p. en]va\pw s_Às\bvkpw temI-
am-I-am\w sXän²m-c-Wm-P-\ -I-amb hmÀ¯IÄ sImp \nd-¨p.
{_n«³ H¶mw temI alm-bp-²-¯n\v XpS¡w Ipdn-¨ - p. bp²w XpS§n-b-
XnÂ {][m\n FUzÀUv t{K. A[nIw P\-§fpw bp²-¯n-s \-Xn-c m-bn-c p-¶p.
AXn\p thn shÃnw-KvS¬ lukv Øm]n-X -am-bn. P\-§sf A\p-Iq-e-am-
¡p-¶-X n\v thn. ]n¶oSv AXv hfÀ¶v ähn-tÌm¡v C³kän-äyq-«m-bn-
¯oÀ¶p. 2005 Â. temI-¯nse Gähpw henb akn-XjvI {]£m-f\
tI{µw.
s]cp-amä cq]m-´-c o-I-c -W-¯n\v Gähpw ê-{]-Z-amb tSmt¸m-f-Pn-¡Â
sskt¡m-f-Pn-bpsS hàm-hm-bn-cp¶p IpÀ«v sehn³. klm-b-¯n\v
akvXnjvI {]£m-f\ òa-·m-c mb amÀK-cävv aoUv, Ah-cpsS `À¯mhv
{KnKdn t_bväv k¬ XpS-§n-b-hÀ. Ata-c n-¡³ {]Øm-\-§-s f¶v
s]mXpsh Icp-X-s¸-Sp¶ Ìm³^ÀUv dnkÀ¨v skâÀ, hmÀ«³ kvIqÄ
Hm^v C¡tWm-a nIvk,v Fw.-sF.-än, \mj-WÂ C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v saâÂ
slÂ¯v ]ns¶ aä-t\Iw {]Øm-\-§Ä Øm]n-X-a m-¡n-bXv sehn\pw
kwL-hp-a m-Wv. ähn-tÌm-¡n\pw A\p-_Ô Øm]-\ -§Ä¡pw `c-W-Iq-
Shpw, hmÄkv{So-äpw, hyh-kmb òa-·mcpw [mcmfw klmbw \ÂIn.
Ata-cn-¡-bpsS Hmtcm Ne-\-§fpw am\-knI a\-È mkv{X hnh-c-W-§fpw
I¼yq-«-dnÂ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯-s¸«p hcp-¶p. Kh¬saâv krjvSn-¡p¶ kml-
Ncyw P\-§Ä B]-XvL«w F¶ \ne-bnÂ ho£n-¡p-¶p. ]ns¶
Kh¬saâv Xs¶ AXv ]cn-l-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ amÀ¤-§fpw \nÀt±-i n-¡p-
¶p. \Ã DZm-l-c Ww t]Ä lmÀ_À.
342
_À«vd³kv dÊÂ.
P\-kw-Jy-m\n-b-{´Ww.sh\okv
Ipªp-§-fnÂ ASn-Øm\-ambnImWp¶ ‘F´p-s Imv ’ “F§s\” F-

s¶ÃmapÅ At\z-j-W-Xzc {]mb-am-Ip-¶-tXmsS Hu]-Nm-cnI hnZym-`ym-k-
¯nsâ ]cn-a n-X n-I Ä ImcWw, \in¨p t]mIp-¶-XmWv ]Xn-hv. {]ap-J- X-Xz-Nn-
´-IÀ \c-ćw D¶-bn-¨ n-c p¶ tNmZy-a mWv “F´p-sIm”v. GX³knse
t¹täm-bp-ambn _Ô-a p-m-bn-cp¶ XXz-Nn-´-I -·m-s cÃmw Iyqk-bnse
\nt¡m-fmk,v tKm«v{ôUv, en_v\ nkv F¶nhpw \nc-ćw A§s\ At\z-jn-
¨n-cp-¶p.
Ncn-{X-¯nse hfsc {][m-\-s ¸« Hcp kw`hw A§s\ \ap¡v H¶p ]cn-
tim-[n-¨p-t\m¡mw. F´p-s Imv AXv A{]-Imcw kw`-hn¨p. Bscm-s¡-
bmWv AXn\v ]n¶nÂ . Ahsc A{]-Imcw {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xn\v t{]cn-¸n¨
LS-Ihpw kml-N-c yhpw hyànIfpw Fs´ms¡-bmWv Fs¶-Ãmw.
Ata-cn¡ Ah-cpsS ]¡Â Dm-bn-c p¶ BsI c v\yq-¢ n-bÀ ( ???
) t_mw_p-IÄ P¸m-\ n-s e ,ln-tcm-jn-a-bn-tebpw \mK-km-¡n-bn-tebpw P\-
343
§Ä¡p-taÂ hÀjn-¨ Xv Fń-\mWv. {]tXy-In¨pw P¸m-\ nse `c-Wm-[n-

Imcn, {Sqa³ `c-W-Iq-S-hp-ambn h¯n-¡msâ a²yØbnÂ H¯p-XoÀ¸v
hyh-ØIÄ NÀ¨-s N-bvXp-s Im-n-c p¶ ka-b¯v Xs¶. BcpsS XmXv]-cy-
amWv AhnsS \S-¸n-em-¡n-bXv . BÀ¡p-th-n-bmWv AXv kw`-hn-¨-Xv.
HcmÄ XoÀ¨-bmbpw _À«vdm³Uv dÊÂ Xs¶-bmWv .
dÊ-ensâbpw hn³Ì¬ NÀ¨n-en-s âbpw BW-hm-bp-[- \bw a\-Ên-em-¡p-

t¼mÄ Ata-c n-¡-bn-ep-m-bn-cp¶ {_n«ojv At\z-j-tWm-tZym-K-Ø-³amÀ
lmcn-{Sq-ams\ sXä-²-cn-¸n¨v P¸m³ ]uc-·mÀ¡p-taÂ A\m-h-iy-ambn
t_mw_v hÀjn¨Xnsâ ImcWw dÊ-ensâ kz´w hm¡p-IÄ shfn-hm-¡pw.
BWh imkv{X-Ú-\ -am-cpsS ]{XnI 1946 sk]vXw-_À e¡-¯nÂ ,
dÊÂ “BW-h-t_mw_v : bp²w -X-S-Ê-s ¸-Sp-¯p-¶-X n-\p-thn ” F¶ Xe-
s¡-«nÂ kqN-\-I Ä hyà-a m-¡p-¶p.
BW-h -t_m-w_v ASp-¯-Im-e¯v Øm]n-X-amb bpssW-äUv t\j³kns\
GI-tem-I -{I-a-¯nsâ A[n-]-\m-¡p-¶-Xn\v thn , tamkvtImsb `b-s¸-Sp-
¯n- h-cp-Xn-bn-em-¡p-¶ -Xn\v th kp\n-Ýn-X-amb amÀ¤-am-Wv.
P¸m-\nÂ t_mw_v hÀjn¨ hnam-\-¯nsâ ss]eäv t¢msU CusXÀen¡v

]ns¶ km[m-c W PohnXw \bn-¡p-h m³ km[n-¨n-«nÃ . kl-s sh-a m-\ n-I³
]d-ªXv (tdm-_À« eqbn) Rm³ Hcp \qdv hÀjw Pnhn-¨n-cp-¶mÂ B Nne-
\n-an-j-§Ä Fsâ a\-ÊnÂ \n¶pw Hcn-¡epw ambp-I -bnÃ F¶m-Wv. thyma-
tk\ Xe-h³ ImÄkv] mävkv Rm³ Hcp e£w t]sc \in-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v
hm¡mÂ \nÀtZiw aXn-bm-hn-Ã, tcJ-aq-e-a pÅ D¯-c hv \nÝ-b-ambpw Bh-
iy-a mWv F¶-dn-bn-¨p. OSS sâ Cäm-en-b³ Xe-h³ amIvkv tImÀthm,
t]m¸v Bdm-a³ \nÀt±-in¨ IÀ±n-\ mÄ tam³Sn-\n-bp-ambn a²y-ØX NÀ¨-
sN-bvXp-h-cp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. OSS sâ Ae³ Uyqfkv, Pbnwkv Pokkv
BwKnÄS¬ sXfnhv \in-¸n-¡p-¶ -X n-\ p-thn ]cn-{i-an-¨-h -cnÂs¸Sp-¶p.
dÊÂ ]d-bp¶p , òI-c-a mb bp²-§Ä Ah-km-\n-¸n-¡p-¶-X n\v GI-amÀ¤w

ià-amb A´-cm-jv{S-`-c-W-I qSw sI«n-¸ -Sp-¡pI F¶-XmWv. ià-amb
kmbp-[-tk\, BW-h-t_mw_v , AXv \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ kmt¦XnI
kuI-c y-§Ä, thyma-tk\, \mhn-I-tk\ ]ns¶ AXns\ FXn-cn-Sm³ km[n-
¡m¯ iàn-bm-¡p¶ F´pw, bptd-\n-b-¯n\ptaepÅ Ah-Imiw , Bbp-
[-]-c n-tim-[-\m-kwLw, AhÀ¡v A\p-hm-Z-an-ÃmsX Fhn-sSbpw Ft¸mgpw
]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶ -Xp-\pÅ A[n-I mcw cmjv{S-§Ä X½n-epÅ XÀ¡-§Ä
XoÀ¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ A[n-Imcw , AXns\ A\p-k-c n-¡m¯ cmjv{ S§sf
B{I-a n-¡p-¶-X n-\ pÅ A[n-Imcw Ch-sbÃmw A{]-Im-c-a pÅ A´m-cmjv{S
`c-W-Iq-S-¯nÂ am{Xw \n£n-] vX-am-bn-cn-t¡--X m-Wv.
344
A¶p-a p-X Â C¶p-h-s c-bpÅ `qan-bpsS Ncn{Xw \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-

amb {]Øm-h-\-bm-bn-cp¶p AXv F¶v Icp-Xmw.
1955 Â {Iqtjhv A[n-I m-c s¸-Sp-¯nb 4 t]À , dÊ-ens\ At±-l-¯nsâ

Xs¶ \nÀt±-i-{]-I mcapÅ hyh-Øn-X n-s b-¡p-dn¨v NÀ¨-s N-¿p-¶-Xn-\mbn
In-cp-¶p. 1991 Â tKmÀ_-t¨-hnsâ `c-W-IqSw \new ]Xn-¡p-¶-Xp-hsc
sNdp-Xpw _e-lo-\ -hp-amb cmjv{S-§sf `cn-¨n-cp-¶Xv bp.-F³.H F¶
temI -`-c -W-Iq-S-am-Wv. AXns\ \nb-a n-¨n-cp-¶Xv tamkvtImbpw {_o«njv
Ata-cn¡Â kwJy-h pw. Ata-cn-¡sb AWp-t_mw_v \nÀ½m-W-¯n\v
t{]cn-¸ n-¡m³ dÊÂ sI«n-N-a ¨ IY-bmWv 1939 Â lnäve À AWp-t_mw_v
\nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn\v \nÝ-bn-¨p-I-gnªp F¶-Xv. dÊ-ensâ A\p-bmbn entbm-
kn-emÀUv 1958 se ]Kvhmjv kt½-f-\ -¯nÂ Ah-X-cn-¸ n¨v ]n¶oSv “]c-
kv]cw Dd¸p \ÂIp¶ \io-I -cWw” F¶-dn-b-s ¸« {]_Ôw At±-l-¯n\v
“hnNn-{X-a mb kvt\l-¯nsâ `nj-Kz-c ³” F¶ t]cv t\Sn-s¡m-Sp-¯p. dÊ-
ensâ NXn-bnÂ hoW-h-cnÂ HcmÄ DÀÖ-X{´ A²ym-]-I\pw ^yqj³
F\ÀPn- û-t-jsâ kl-Øm-]-I -\p-amb tdm_À«v sP.-aq¬ At±lw
F³dnt¡m- s^Àan-bpsS A\p-bmbn Bbn-cp-¶p.
{]kn-Uâv {^m¦ven³ dqkvshÂän\v BWh t_mw_v \nÀ½n-t¡- -Xnsâ

Bh-iy-I-X-sb-¡p-dn¨v t_m[y-s¸Sp-¯n-s¡mv I¯v Fgp-Xn-bXv dÊ-
ensâ t\Xr-Xz-¯n-emWv. v sF³Ìo³ .
- -bnwkv slÀjv_ÀKv At±-l-¯nsâ ]pkvXIw “James B Conant :

P
Harvard to Hiroshima and the Making of Nuclear Age Â ]d-bp¶p entbm
knemÀUv, bqPn³ hnáÀ, FUvhmÀUv, säÃÀ F¶n-hÀ lnäveÀ BW-h-
t_mw_v BZyw \nÀ½n-¡p-I-bm-s W-¦ nÂ D-tb-¡m-hp¶ `hn-jy-¯p-I-sf-
¡p-dn¨v dyqkvs hÂäns\ t_m[y-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-X n-\ pÅ I¯nÂ
H¸phbv¡p¶Xn\v BÂ_À«v sF³Ìos\ {]tem`n¸n¨p. AXn-\p-tijw
knemÀUns\ km¼-¯n-I-a mbn klm-bn-¨n-c p¶ Ae-Ivkm-À kmIvkv
F¶ -[-\n-I³ , km¼-¯nI CS-]m-Sp-Im-c³ B I¯v dqkvshÂän\v sImSp-
¯p. F´p-sIm-mWv dÊÂ C{Xbpw {Iqc-amb Xocp-a m-\-§-fnÂ F¯n-
t¨À¶Xv F¶pw At\z-jn-t¡--Xp-v. am\p-jn-I-a q-ey-§sf
DbÀ¯n¸nSn¡p¶ kam-[m\ hmZn-bmb a\p-jysâ {]Xn-Om-b-bmWv dÊ-
en\p s]mXp-hm-bn-«p-ÅXv , F¶mÂ AXv I]-S-am-Wv.- h-fsc hnZym-`ymkw
t\Sn-b-hcpw IqSn A§s\ hniz-kn-¡p-¶Xv BÝ-cy-P-\ -I-am-Wv.
At±-l-¯nsâ Idp¯ sXmen-¡m-tcm-SpÅ Ah-Ú -h-fsc {]I-S-a m-Wv.

dÊ-ensâ hÀ® hnth-N-\s¯ {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p¶ cN-\-IÄ ]cn-tim-[n-¡mw.
345
dÊ-ensâ kplr-¯p-¡Ä tdm_À«v Fkv.-a-Iv\ -am-cbpw sl³{Sn InÊnÀP-

dpw . 1982 Â hmjnw-Kv S-WnÂ h¨p \S¶ kt½-f-\ -¯nÂ tUmIvSÀ
FUvhÀUv säÃÀ ]mªXv amIv\-a m-c-bpsS t]cn-epÅ S F¶ A£cw
hnNn{Xw ( Strange) F¶v hmbn-t¡--X m-Wv. Ata-c n-¡³ sk{I-«dn
sl³{Sn- In-Ê³PÀ B kt½-f-\-¯nÂ 1782 Â Pdan-_³Xmw,
sjÂt_m¬ {]`p F¶n-h-c psS t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ cq]n-I-c n¨ {_n«ojv cl-
kym-t\z-jW tk\sb {]IoÀ¯n-¨p-s Imv ]d-ªXv, Ata-cn-¡bpw {_n«-
\p-ambn XÀ¡-ap-m-hp-t¼m-sfÃmw At±lw {_n«-\p-thn \ne-sIm-Åp-am-
bn-cp¶p .- F-¶mWv . {_n«ojv cl-kym-t\z-jW hn`m-K-hp-a m-bpÅ InÊn³P-
dnsâ _Ôw, lmÀhÀUv bqWn-thÀknän BØm-\-a m¡n {]hÀ¯n-¨n-cp¶
jmXw- lukv , hnÂä¬ ]mÀ¡v hn`mK¯nse {]^-kÀ hnÃyw-
bm³sUÂ Gen-bäv hgn Bcw-`n¨v e³ ähn-tÌm¡v C³Ìn-äyq«v eqsS
]ns¶ \yqtbmÀ¡nse Iu¬knÂ Hm¬ t^mdn³ dntej³knse aIv
tPmÀÖv _³Un-bn-eqsS XpSÀ¶p. dÊ-ensâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ ^m_n-b³
skmssk-än-bpsS ]Kvhmjv kt½-f-¯nÂ {InÊn³PÀ bp.-F³.H sb temI-
`-c -W-Iq-S-a m-¡p-¶-Xn\v thn \ne-s Im-p.
dÊÂ At±-l-¯nsâ “Prospects of Industrial Civilization” F¶ ]pkvX-I-

¯nÂ (1923) ]d-bp¶p. “P\-kw-J ym-hy-Xn-bm\w kw`-hn-¡m-X n-cn-¡pItbm
Ase-¦ nÂ \ma-am-{X-amb hyXn-bm\w am{Xw kw`-hn-¡p-Itbm sN¿p-t¼mÄ
am{Xta tkmjy-enkw Ase-¦ nÂ A´m-c mjv{ S tkmjy-enkw km[y-a m-hp-
I-bp-Åq”. P\-kw-Jy-bn-epÅ sNdnb hfÀ¨ Irjn-s N-¿p¶ kt¦-X-§-
fnse sa¨-s ¸-Sp-¯-ep-IÄ sImv AXn-Po-hn¡mw. F¶mÂ A[n-I -amb
P\-kw-Jym-h À²-\hv P\-X-bpsS sam¯-¯n-epÅ \ne-\ nÂ¸ns\ ]cnXm]I-
c-a mb Ah-Ø-bn-em¡pw. `qan-bnse shfp-¯-hÀ¤¡mcpsS P\-kwJy
hÀ²-\hv \ne¡pw . Gjy³ cmPy-§-fnse P\-kwJy A[n-I-a mhpw .
\ot{Km- hw-i-PÀ AXn-epw A[n-Iamhpw. bp²-¯n-eqsS Ah-cpsS P\-
kwJy hÀ²-\hv \nb-{ń-¡p-¶-X p-h sc. AXp-h sc tkmjyenk-¯nsâ
ê-§Ä ]cn-a n-Xw- -a m-{X-a m-bn-c n-¡pw. sshIr-X-§-tf-dnb amÀ¤-¯n-
eqsSbmsW-¦nepw P\-kw-Jy Ipdª hÀ¤w P\-kwJy IqSnb hÀ¤-¯nÂ
\n¶v kzbw kwc-£n-t¡--X mbn hcpw”.
1941 Â djybpw Ing-¡³ bqtdm¸pw I¿-S-¡p-¶-Xn\v lnäveÀ , dÊ-ensâ
amÀ¤-§Ä IrXy-am-bn-Xs¶ \S-¸nÂ hcp-¯n. 1945 Â AXp ImcWw \½-
§Ä¡v GENOCIDE, HOLOCAUST a\p-jy-¯n\v FXn-sc-bpÅ Ipä-Ir-Xy-
§Ä F¶o- {]-tbm-K-§Ä ]cn-Nn-X-a m-bn.
lnäve-dnsâ X{´-§Ä F´m-bn-cp¶p F¶v ]cn-tim-[n-¡mw. \nÀt±-i n-¡-
s¸-«n-«pÅ {]tZ-i -§-fnÂ P\-kw-Jy- Ip-d-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ amÀ¤-§Ä Ah-ew-
346
_n-t¡- -Xp-v. tdUn-tbm, kn\n-a , ]{X-§Ä eLp-te-J-IÄ, hnZym-`ym-k -

]-²-Xn-IÄ F¶nh D]-tbm-Kn¨v {]mN-cWw Ah-i y-a m-Wv. A[nIw Ipªp-
§Ä Dm-Ip-¶Xv F{X-t¯mfw A]-I-S-Im-cn-bm-Wv F¶v P\-§sf
t_m[y-s¸-Sp-¯-Ww. Hmtcm- Ip-ªn\pw thn sNe-h m-Ip¶ [\-s ¯-¡p-
dn¨v , AXp- m-Im-Xn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ t\Spam-bn-cp¶ kpJ-t`m-K - h-kvXp-¡-s f-¡p-
dn¨v, {]k-h-k-a-b¯v kv{XoIÄ¡v kw`-hn-¡m-hp¶ A]-I -S-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v
FÃmw. -I q-SmsX P\-\-\ nb-{´Ww AXn-\ p-thn {]mKÛyw t\Snb hnZ-
Kv²À , KÀ`-On-{Zw, P\-\-\n-b-{´-W-¯n-\ pÅ GXp amÀ¤-¯n\pw A[n-I mcw,
KÀ`-On-{ Z-¯ n-\p-thn {]tXyIw Øm]-\-§Ä, KÀ`-On-{Z-¯n-\p- {]-tXyIw
]cn-io-e\w \ÂInb hnZ-Kv²À FÃmw. KÀ`-On{Zw F{X-t¯mfw sshZ-Kv²y-
t¯msS \S-¯-s ¸-Sp-¶pthm P\-§Ä¡v A{Xt¯mfw hnizmkw h¶p-
tNcpw. inip-¡-fpsS acWw ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-S-cpXv. A½-amÀ¡v inip-]-cn-N-c -
W-s¯-¡p-dn¨v Adnhv \ntj-[ n-t¡--Xp- ”v.
kÀ s]sc-s s{K³ thÀjvtXmWvs â hfÀ¯-Ñ³ tam¬SmKp t\mÀa³,

tPmÀÖv _pjnsâ AÑ³ ]näÀkvtIm«v _pjv , PÀ½-\n¡p ]pd-¯pÅ
aäv {_n«ojv Ata-c n-¡³ A`yp-Z-b-Imw-£n-I Ä . Ah-cpsS AwKo-Im-c hpw
km¼-¯nI klm-bhpw sImmWv lnäveÀ A[n-Imcw ]nSn-¨-S-¡n-bXv.
AhcpsS Bib-am-Wv lnäveÀ {]mhÀ¯n-I-a m-¡n-bXv F¶v hmZn¡mw.
dÊnensâ D¯a\mb ( Exemplary ) A\p-bm-bn-bmWv lnäeÀ F¶p ]d-
bp-¶-Xmhpw icn. \mkn tIm¬k¬t{Sj³ Iym¼p-I-fnse òI-c-X-IÄ
dÊ-ens\ H«pw Xs¶ _m[n-¨n-Ã. 1951 Â “”imkv{Xw kaq-l-¯n-
epÅhm¡p¶ {]Xym-LmXw”” F¶ ]pkvX-¯nÂ At±lw ]d-bp-¶p.
“\nÀ`m-Ky-I-c -amb Ah-Ø-IÄ Häs¸«Xm-sW¶pw Ah {]tXyI ]²-X -
nIÄ aqew XcWw sN¿-¸-Sm-h p-¶-X m-s W¶pw \n§Ä¡v ]d-bmw. hymh-km-
bnI hfÀ¨-bpsS Ime-L-«-¯nÂ AXv Iptd-tbsd hmkvX-h-h p-a m-bn-c p-¶p.
F¶mÂ P\-kwJy A[n-I-ambn Ipd-¨nÃ F¶p-s -¦nÂ AXv XpS-c-W-sa-
¶nÃ. Ct¸mÄ temI P\-kwJy Aan-X-a mb hfÀ¨bn-emWv . P\-kw-Jym-h -
fÀ¨ Ipd-¡p-¶-X n\v bp²w Imcy-a mbn klm-b-I-I-c -am-bnÃ. Hmtcm -tem-I-a -
lm-bp-²-¯n-\n-S-bnepw AXv hf-¶p-sIm-t-bn-cp-¶p. C{Xbpw \mfs¯
bp²w \ncm-i-P-\ -I-am-b- ^-e-a mWv \ÂIn-bX. _mIvSo-cn-b-Isf D]tbm-Kn-
¨p-Å-bp²w IqSp-XÂ ê-{]-Z-am-tb¡pw . Hmtcm Xe-a p-d-bnepw temI-¯m-
I-am\w Htcm “Idp¯ acWw” D-s b-¦nÂ Ah-ti-jn-¡p¶hÀ¡v temI-
¯n\v `mc-am-ImsX Xs¶ A\n-b-{ńX {]P-\ \w km[y-amIpw. Ct¸m-g s¯
AhØ \nÀ`m-Ky-I -c-a m-Wv. ]t£ F´p sN¿mw D¶-X-ambn Nnń-¡p-¶-
hÀ kt´m-js¯ \nÀhn-Im-c-X-tbmsS ImWp¶p. {]tXy-I n¨pw
aäpÅhcpsS kt´m-js¯.
1959 Â dÊÂ _n_nkn ¡v \ÂInb A`n-a pJw {i²n-¡p-I .
347
tNmZyw. tkmhn-bäv djy-s¡-Xnsc I½yq-Wn-k-¯n\v FXnsc Xm¦Ä {]Xn-

tcm-[ - bp²w ip]mÀi-sN-¿p¶p F¶v tIÄ¡p-¶Xv kXy-amtWm.?
dÊÂ . XoÀ¨-bmbpw icn-bmWv Ct¸mÄ Rm³ AXn-s\-¡p-dn¨v ]cn-X-]n-¡-

p-¶n-Ã, Ign-ª- bp-²-¯ n\p tijw Atacn¡ BW-hm-bp-[ -¯nsâ GI-]-
£o-b-a mb DS-a -bm-bn-c p¶p . _dq¨v DS-¼Sn {]Imcw BW-hm-bp[w A´m-
cm-jv{S-h-X v¡-c n-¡p-¶ -X n\v XmXv]cyw Im«n. Ah-c psS k·-\-Êmbn Rm³
AXns\ Ip. temIw AXns\ AwKo-I-cn¡pw F¶v Rm³ {]Xo-£n-¨p.
_dq¨v DS-¼Sn AwKo-I-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn d-jy-bpsS taÂ A[nIw
k½À±w Bh-iy-amWv. BW-h-bp²w Bh-iy-a mWv F¶v Rm³ ]d-bp-¶n-
Ã. djy \nc-kn-¡p-I-bm-s W-¦nÂ bp²w Bh-iy-a mbn hcpw F¶Xv
XoÀ¨bm-Wv. Bk-a -b¯v BW-hm-bp[w Hcp ]£¯v am{Xsa Dm-bn-cp-
¶pÅq . AhÀ AXv AwKo-I-c n¡pw F¶v Rm³ IcpXn ”.
tNmZyw . AhÀ \nc-Ên-¡p-I-b m-s W-¦nÂ?
dÊÂ .AhÀ AwKo-I-c n¡pw F¶v Rm³ {]Xo-£n-¡-I bpw B{K-ln-¡p-

Ibpw sNbvXp. \n§Ä X¿m-d-s Ã-¦nÂ \n§Ä¡v òj-Wn-s ¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\v
km[y-a Ã. ( 1914 Â Hmt«m-sse³sasdÂ\v Ab¨ I¯v.)
1923 Â {]kn-²o-I -cn¨ “hymh-km-bnI ]ptcm-K-X n-bpsS KpW-K-W-§Ä” The
Prospects of Industrial Civilization F¶ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ At±-l-¯nsâ
Ata-cn-¡³ kµÀi\s¯ ¡pdn-¨pÅ `mK-¯nÂ
Idp-¯- sXm-en-bpÅ a\p-jyÀ hfsc \Ã-hcpw kvt\l-k-¼-¶-cp-amWv.
hfp¯ a\p-jy-t\mSv Ah³ \mb-bpsS hnt[-bXzw {]I-S-a m-¡p-¶p. \mb-
bpsS t]mes¯ hnizm-ky-X- bpw A]-I Àj-Xm-t_m-[hpw. Ah-cnÂ \n¶pw
GsX-¦ nepw FXnÀ¸v ImWp-¶n-Ã:
sh\oknse ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-IÄ 16 apXÂ 18 hsc \qäm-p-Im-e¯v {_n«ojv

`c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâ- \-b-§Ä cq]o-I-c n-¨p-sImv ]pXn-b-Xcw `qhp-S-a -I-fp-
sSbpw [\n-I-cp-s Sbpw htcWy hÀKs¯ krjvSn-¨ p. dÊepw At±-l-
¯nsâ ap³Km-an-Ifpw AXnse {]_-e-cm-Wv. F{_lmw en¦¬sâ `c-W-
¯ns\Xnsc A«n-adn {]t£m`w \S¯nb tPm¬, dÊ-ensâ sNdp-a -I³.
_À«vd³Uv dÊÂ Ata-cn-¡-bpsS B[p-\nI kwkv¡m-c-t¯mSv At±-l-
¯n\pÅ Xo{h-a mb hntcm[w 1951 Â imkv{Xw kaq-l-¯nepf-hm-¡p¶
{]Xym-LmXw F¶ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ ]d-bp¶p. BZy-ambn Rm³ cmjv{So-b-
¯nÂ {i²- ]-Xn-¸n-¨-t¸mÄ ¥mUvtÌmWpw Unkvdm-tb-enbpw t]mc-Sn-¡p-¶p-
m-bn-c p¶p . {_n«ojv km{amPyw \io-I-c n-¡-s ¸-Sm-\m-hm-¯-X mWv F¶p-I -
cpXn. {_n«ojv \mhn-I-tk\ FXnÀ¸p-IÄ¡v AXo-X-am-sW¶v IcpXn.
cmjv{Sw cmP-I o-b-amb Hu¶Xyw ssIs¡m-n-cp-¶p. [\n-I-a mb A[nIw
Hu¶-X y-¯n-tebv¡v \o§p-¶Xv . C¯cw Npäp-]m-SnÂ \n¶p hcp¶ hr²-
\mb Hcp a\p-jy\v Ata-cn¡ A[o-iXzw t\Sp-t¼mÄ im´X km[y-a-Ã.
348
F¨v.-Pn.-shÂkv Dw kam\ Nn´-mK-Xn-¡m-c -\m-bn-c p-¶p. dÊ-ep-a mbn ]nSe-¸n-

W-¡-§Ä Dm-Ip-a m-bn-c p¶p F¦nepw
1974 Â sl³{Sn- In-Ên³PÀ `mh\w sNbvX National Security Study

Memoramdaum 200 - NSSM 200 . {i²n-¡-pI. aq¶mw temI-s ¯bpw aäp
cmjv{S-§-fn-s ebpw P\-kw-Jym-\ n-b-{´Ww Ata-c n-¡-bpsS cmPy-kp-c £m
XmXv]-c y-¯nsâ `mK-a m-Wv. Ata-cn¡ Ahn-Sp-§-fn-epÅ hn`-h-§Ä D]-tbm-
Kn-¡p-¶ -X n\p ap³]v Ahn-Ss¯ P\-§Ä Ah D]-tbm-Kn¨v XoÀ¡pw F¶-
Xn-\mÂ. NSSM 200 Â “temI P\-kw-J ym-h-fÀ¨bpw Ata-c n-¡-bpsS kpc-
£bpw hntZi XmXv]-cy-§fpw” F¶ `mKw. CXv dÊ-en-sâbpw Iq«m-fn-I-fp-
sSbpw ImgvN-¸mSv Xs¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p. tPmÀÖv eq-¡mIvk,v slÀ_À«v
amÀIypkv, knÜv- t{^mbvU,v hmÄ«À _©-an³, Xntbm-tUmÀ AtUm
tWm, lm¶m Bd³, Bd³ sâ ap³ Im-a p-I³ Hut±ym-KnI \mkn -X-Xz-Nn-
´-I³ amÀ«n³ slbvU-¤À F¶nhpw CtX Bibw ]peÀ¯p¶p . CXv
IpÀ«v sehn³ ]ns¶ National Training Laboratories sâ hnZym-`ym-k-]-²-
Xn-bp-sSbpw `mK-a mWv. 1969 þ 1971 Ime-L-«-¯nÂ CXv Rainbow Coalition
F¶v cq]-amäw sN¿-s ¸-«p.
dÊ-ensâ {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸« IrXn-I-fnÂ ]pXp-Xmbn H¶p-anÃ. 200

hÀj§Ä¡p ap³]v {_n«ojv cl-kym-t\z-jW hn`m-K-¯nsâ Øm]-I³
Pdan s_³Xmw sâ cN-\-I-fpsS X\n BhÀ¯\w Xs¶-bm-Wv Ah-bnÂ
Gsdbpw. s_³Xmw Ah Knb-½m-dnb HmÀs«-bnÂ \n¶pw ISw sImXpw
. dÊÂ ]ns¶ s_bvI¬, tems¡, lyqw F¶n-h-s cbpw ISw sImÅp-
¶pv. eo_v\ nkv, tPmÀÖv ImâÀ F¶n-h-s c-¡p-dn-¨pÅ hne Ipdª
Bt£-]-§fpw. dÊÂ Ignª 250 hÀj-§Ä¡p-ÅnÂ Hcp \qX\
imkv{Xob Ip ]nSn-¯-§fpw \S-¯ m¯ {_n«ojv km{am-Py-Xz-¯nsâ
D¯a ]¦m-fn-bmWv. tkzOm-[ n-] -Xnbpw Ip{]-kn-²-\pamb hnÃyw s]änsb
Npän-¸än 18þmw \qäm-nsâ cmw ]Ip-Xn-bnÂ hfÀ¶ kwLw “sh\o-
jy³ ]mÀ«n dmUn-¡Âkv” F¶-dn-b-s¸«p . AhÀ {_n«³. AXnsâ
km{amPyw ]ns¶ C¶s¯ .bp.-F³ H F¶n-h-bpsS \nb-{´Ww
ssI¿mfn. dÊÂ , Pohn-¨n-c p¶ ka-b¯v {]kvXpX kwL-¯nsâ BÚm-
\p-hÀ¯n-bm-bn-cp-¶p. {]kvXpX kwLs¯ 19þmw \qäm-nsâ British
Philosophical Radicalism sâ hàm-¡-sf¶v sXän-²-cn-¨n-cp¶p. AXnse
{][m-\n-I-fnÂ 4 t]À {_n«ojv CuÌv Cý I¼-\ n-bpsS ap{Z [cn-¨ -h-cm-bn-
cp-¶p. [\-X-Xz-im-kv{X-Ú³ F¶v hnfn-¡-s¸-«n-cp¶ BUw- kva n¯,v Pdan
_³Xmw , Ncn-{X-Im-c³ FUvhÀUv Kn-tºm¬, Plagiarist tXmakv amÂ¯q-
kv .- Kn-t_m¬ HgnsI FÃm t]cpw sh\o-knse Knb-½mcnb HmÀs«-bpsS
349
(1713 þ 1790) Bi-b-§Ä ISw sImn-«mWv {]i-kvX-cm-bXv. Ch-c psS AsÃ-

¦nÂ HmÀs«-bpsS Bi-b-§Ä ISw sImhcmWv Pbnwkv anÂ, tPm¬
ÌphÀ«v anÂ, NmÄkv UmÀhn³, hnÃyw Pothm¬k,v tXmakv lIvkven,
tPm¬ dkvIn³ FÃmw. dÊepw A{]-I mcw Xs¶. 1790 HmÀs« cNn¨
Reflections on the Population of Nations in Respect to National Economy
bnÂ \n¶pw ISw sIm-XmWv. 1798 Â tXmakv amÂ¯qkv cNn¨ On
Population. NmÄkv UmÀhn³ BIs« amÂ¯q-knsâ Bi-b-§Ä¡ptaÂ
cN\ \nÀÆ-ln-¨p.
HmÀs« BIs« ka-Im-eo-\-\ mb _Àen-\ nÂ Xma-kn-¨n-cp¶ tam]À«qbn

bnÂ \n¶pw Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis (1698 þ 1759 ) tam]À«pbn
16-þmw \qäm-nÂ Pohn-¨n-c p¶ sh\o-knse Pntbm-hm\n s_mt«tcmbnÂ
\n¶pw. {^©v KWn-X-imkv{X-Ú³ , tPmXn-im-kv{X-Ú³ \yq«³ Kpcp-
Xzm-I ÀjW kn²m´w {^m³kn\v ]cn-Nb-s ¸-Sp¯n. eo_v\n-knsâ least
action kn²m´w kz´w t]cnÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨v Ipäm-tcm-] W hnt[-b-\ mbn.
At±-l-¯nsâ Esside philsophie morale HmÀs«-bp-s Sbpw _³Xm-an-sâbpw
Hedonistic Calalus DÄs¡m-Åp¶p
Acn-tÌm-« n-ensâ Xo{h -B-cm-[-I-\ mb Ip{]-kn-²-\mb s_ÃmÀant\mtbm
sSm¸w ]Tn¨ Ip{]-kn-²-\mb ]thmtem kmÀ]n-bpsS kplr-¯m-bn-c p¶p
s_mt«-tcm .- C-h-s cm-s¡bpw D¶-bn¨ kn²m´w hfsc apt¶ tdma³
N{I-hÀ¯n Utbm-¢o-jy³ sâ Iev]-\-I-fnÂ ]d-ªn-«pÅ XmsW¶v Icp-
X-s¸-Sp-¶p. 1776 Â cNn¨ “”cmjv{S k¼-¯nsâ kz`m-hhpw Imc-W-§fpw
Hcp At\z-jWw”” , ]ns¶ 1759 Â cNn¨ Theory of Moral Sentiments .
FÃm-¯n\pw BUw- kva n¯v , HmÀs«-tbmSv IS-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p.
1777 Â HmÀs« cNn¨ della economia nazionale librisei F¶ At±-l-¯nsâ

cm-as¯ [\-X-X z-i m-kv{X-c-N\ ImÄ amÀIvknsâ {]iw-k¡v Imc-W-
ambn. _³Xm-a nsâ 1789 se cN\ Principles of Morals and Idealisation
k¼qÀ®-ambpw HÀs«-tbmSv IS-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p . -_³Xmw AXn\v ÂInb
hoi-Zo-I-c Ww Felicific Calcuus AsÃ-¦nÂ hedonistic calculus . 1760
apXÂ C¶p-hscbpÅ FÃm {_n«ojv Philosophical Radiclaism sâbpw
ASn-Øm\w _³Xm-a nsâ Hedonistic Calculus BWv. 19þmw \qäm-nÂ
AXv bq«n-en-tä-dn-b-\nkw AsÃ-¦nÂ tPm¬ ÌphÀ«v anÃn-sâbpw, hnÃyw
Pnthm ³knsâbpw Marginal Utility kn²m´w F¶v Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.
350
dÊensâ Gähpw {]kn-²-amb Principia Mathematica Cu Bi-b-§sf

ISw sImÅp-¶p . 18þmw \qä-nsâ Gähpw {][m\ kw`-h-§Ä¡v Imc-
W-¡m-c -\mb hyàn-I-fnÂ Hcm-fmWv At´m-Wntbm tIm¬Sn. 1677 þ 1749
sh\o-knse D¶-X-\ mb cl-kym-t\z-jW Dt±ym-K-Ø³. At±lw {^m³kv
, PÀa\n, Cw¥v F¶o- cm-jv{S-§-fnse {]hÀ¯\w \nb-{ń-¨ n-c p-¶p. Knb-
½m-c nb HmÀs«, tIm¬-Sn-bpsS A\p-bm-b-I -fnÂ {][m-\nbpw
1688 þ 1818 Ime-L-«-¯ nÂ e³ , temI- km-{am-Py-¯nsâ Xe-Øm-\-ambn
cq]m-ćw sN¿-¸ «p. {_n«ojv km{am-Py-¯n\v `mhn-bnÂ ò£-Wn-
bmbn¯oÀt¶¡mw F¶ Imc-W-¯mÂ imkv{X-¯nepw km¼-¯n-I-ambpw
Gsd-ap-¶n-«p-\n¶ bqtdm-¸nÂ Gähpw ap³]-ń-bn-em-bn-c p¶ {^m³knsâ
]Ip-Xn-tbm-fhpw FÃm AÀ°-¯nepw \in-¸ n-¡-s ¸-«Xpw Cu Ime-L«¯n-
emWv . AXnsâ kq{X-[m-c ³ sh\okpw. ]mcokv kµÀi\w Ign-ªp-h¶
eo_v\nkv tImÄ_À«nsâ {^m³kn-s\-¡p-dn¨v [mcm-f-a mbn ]pIgv¯pambn-
cp-¶p. Cu Ime-L-«¯nÂ Xs¶-bmWv Ata-c n-¡bpw \qX-\-a mb Bi-b-
§Ä DÄs¡m-Åp¶ kzX{´ cmjv{S-a mbn cq]m-´-c-s ¸--«Xv .
PwKn-kvJm³ sImdnb apXÂ t]Àjy-hsc `cn-¨n-cp¶ ka-b¯v ,
awtKm-fp-I Ä Ah-cpsS km{amPyw ]Sn-ªmtd `mK-t¯¡v hnI-kn-¸ n-¡p-¶-
Xn\v , bqtdm-¸nÂ \ne-hn-epÅ bp²-§-sfbpw XÀ¡-§-sfbpw Ipdn-¨v
klm-b-I-c-a mb clky hnh-c-§Ä \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶Xv , amÀt¡m-t¸m-tfm-
bpsS AÑ³ DÄs¸-s S-bpÅ sh\o-knse hym]m-cn-I-fm-bn-c p-¶p. Ip_m-en-
bpsS kZÊnÂ kzoI-cn-¡-s¸-Sm\pw alm-\mb Jm³sâ Dt±ym-K-Ø-\m-hp-
¶-Xn\pw t]mtfm¡v hgn-sbm-cp-¡n-bXv Cu _Ôw Xs¶-bm-Wv. ( History
of the Businessman by Miriam Beard ). A´m-cmjv{S km¼-¯nI CS-]m-Sp-
I-fpsS tI{µØm\w F¶ \ne-bnepw X{´-] -c-a mb CS-s¸-S-ep-I-fn-eq-sSbpw
cl-kym-t\z-jW kwhn-[m-\-§-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-IÄ aqehpw sh\okv Hcp
temI-i -àn-bmbn Cu Ime-L-«-¯nÂ \ne-sImp. Bdc \qäm-p-IÄ¡v
ap³]v bqtdm-¸ nsâ km¼-¯nI hyhØ, Ncn-{X-Im-c ³amÀ “]pXnb Ccp
bpKw” F¶ hnti-jn-¸n-¡p¶ \ne-bn-embn . 1204 Â Bcw-`n¨ \memw Ipcn-
ip-bp²w AXnsâ \mµn-Ip-dn¨p. e¯o³ km{am-Py-¯nÂ \op-\ n¶ `c-W-
¯n\v Imc-W-a mb \memw Ipcn-i p-bp-²-¯n\p ]n¶nÂ sh\okv Bbn-c p-¶p.
a[y-bq-tdm-¸n-tâbpw ]Sn-ªm-td -bq-tdm-¸n-tâbpw taÂ \nb-{´Ww sImp
hcp-¶-Xn\v , ]en-i¡p ]Ww \ÂIp-¶Xp hgnbpw aäp Agn-aXn amÀ¤-§-fn-
eq-sSbpw CtXmsS sh\o-kn\v km[y-am-bn. sh\o-knsâ awtKm-fn-b³
kplr-¯p-¡Ä Iog¡p `mK-¯p \n¶pw bqtdm-¸ ns\ B{I-a n-¨p. ]Xn-
aq¶mw \qäm-nsâ ]Ip-X n-bnÂ XpS§n , Hcp \qäm-n\ptijw bqtdm-
¸ns\ _m[n¨, Idp¯ acWw F¶-dn-b-s¸« t¹Kv _m[-tbmsS bqtdm-¸ nse
P\-kwJy ]Ip-X n-tbm-f-a mbn. bp²-§-tfbpw aäv kmaq-lnI Akz-Ø-X-I-
sfbpw km¼-¯n-I -t\-«-ap- m-¡p-¶-Xn-\ pÅ kml-N-c y-§-fmbn sh\okv
apX-s e-Sp¯p ]en-i¡v ISw sImSp-¡p-¶Xp hgnbpw aäpw.
351
14þmw \qäm- nsâ ]Ip-Xn-tbmsS sh\o-knsâ iàn A[n-I-ambn

\in-¨p. XpSsc XpSsc bp²w krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn-eq-sS kw`-hn¨ km¼-¯nI
amµyhpw Idp¯ ac-Whpw AtX-Xp-SÀ¶v hr¯n-lo-\hpw t]m£-I-c -ln-X -
hp-amb Npäp-]m-Sp-I Ä AXnsâ hym]-\-¯n\v Imc-W-am-bXpw Bbn-c p¶p
kml-N-cy-§Ä .- sh-\o-knsâ km¼-¯nI klmbw e`y-a m-bn-c p¶ `c-W-Iq-
S-§-fpsS iànbpw CXp-a qew £bn-¨p. Papacy GI-tZiw sam¯-a mbpw
XIÀ¶p. s{Û-dnIv H¶m-a \pw Lombard League Dw BbpÅ bp²w AXv
1176 se seám-t\m-bnse bp²w F¶v Adnbs¸-Sp-¶p. {Û-dnIv cm-a\pw
A³P-hnse NmÄkp-a m-bpÅ bp²w AXv 1266 se s_\-h -tâm-hn-se- bp²w
F¶v Adn-b-s¸-Sp¶p. sh\o-knsâ kplr¯v FUvhmÀUv cmPmhv aq¶m-
a³ XpS-§n-h¨ Cw¥pw {^m³kpw X½n-epÅ bp²w \qdp- hÀj-s¯-
bp²w (1339 1459) F¶v Adn-b -s¸-«p. CXnsâ FÃmw ]n¶nÂ ià-amb
t{]c-I-ambn sh\okv \ne-sImp . Papacy bpsS XIÀ¨¡v Imc-W-amb
kw`-h-hn-Im-k-§-fnÂ Gähpw {]m[m\yw Ch AÀln-¡p-¶p.
CtX XpSÀ¶v Umsâ cq]-I-ev]\ sNbvX ]p\-c p-²m-cW {]Øm\w
iàn {]m]n-¨p. AXnsâ ]n³Xp-SÀ¨sbt¶mWw {^m³knÂ eqbn
9þmwsâ t\X-Xz-¯nÂ Hcp ]pXnb cmPy-{Iaw Øm]n-¨ p. Cw¥-v,
kvs]bn³ F¶n-hn-S-§-fnÂ \n¶pÅ FXnÀ¸ns\ eqbn FXnÀ¯v tXmÂ]n-
¨p. {^m³knsâ Btfm-lcn hcpam\w Cc-«n-bn-e-[n-I -ambn . Cw¥-nÂ
sl³{Sn 7 þ ma³ eqbn-bpsS amXrI Ah-ew-_n-¨p. XpSÀ¶v sh\okv
ap³]v \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ B[n]Xyw XncnsI ]nSn-¡p-¶-X n\v ià-amb
]²XnIÄ Bhn-jv¡-cn-¨p .- {^m³kv h¯n-¡m³ Ip«p-sI«v 16þmw \qäm-
nsâ Bcw-`-t¯msS sh\o-kns\ \mi-¯nsâ ht¡mfw F¯n-¨p,
1582 Â ]thmtem kmÀ]n-bpsS t\Xr-X z-¯nÂ Hcp hn`mKw sh\o-kp-ImÀ
Ah-cpsS Xmh-f-a mbn e³ sXc-sª-Sp-¯p .- ]p-X nb Icp-¯-c mb i{Xp-
¡sf t\cnSp¶Xn\pw \in-¸n-¡p-¶-X n\pw \mhn-I -ssk-\yhpw km¼¯nI
B[n-]-Xyhpw Bh-i y-a m-Wv F¶-X mWv \ymbo-I-c-Ww. hS-¡p-`m-Ks¯
sh\o-km-bn«v es\ ]mI-s ¸-Sp¯n FSp-¡pI F¶Xv sh\o-knse `qcn-
`mKw [\n-I -cptSbpw \b-a m-bn-c p-¶p. X½nÂ XÃn¨v AtX-k-a bw cp-h -
ihpw tNÀ¶v CS-¡p-\n¶v apX-s e-Sp¸v \S-¯pI F¶Xv sh\o-knsâ coXn
Xs¶bm-bn-c p-¶p.
kz´w hwi-¯nsâ Xs¶ P\-kw-Jym-\n-b-{´-W-¯n-\p-thn sh\okv
IÀi-\-amb {_Ò-Ncyw \nÀt±-i n-¨ n-c p¶p AXnsâ ê-a mbn ]pcp-j-·m-cp-
tSbpw kv{XoI-fp-tSbpw CS-bnÂ A[n-I-a mb kzhÀ¤-t`mKw \ne-\n-¶n-cp-
¶p. {^m³knkv s_-bv¡¬ CXnsâ `mK-am-bn-cp-¶p. km¼-¯nI
imkv{Xob, kmt¦-XnI taJ-e-I-fnÂ ]ns¶ \mhnI iàn-bnepw hfsc
ap¶n-em-bn-cp¶ {^m³kns\ Xd-]-än-¡p-¶-Xn\v 1666 apXÂ sh\okv {iaw
Bcw-`n-¨p. 18þmw \qäm-nsâ Bcw-`-¯nÂ tKm«v{ôUv eo_v\n-kns\ CI-
gv-¯p-¶-Xn-embn {i² tI{µo-I-c Ww. 1763 apXÂ hS-¡³ Ata-cn-¡-bnse
352
{_n«ojv tImf-\n-I-fpsS cmjv{Sob kzmX-ýhpw km¼-¯nI hnI-k-\hpw

\in-¸n-¡p-¶ -Xn-\p-thn temÀUv sjÂ_¬, BUw kvan¯ns\ Npa-X-e-
s¸-Sp¯n ( Life of Willam Earl of Shelburne By Lord Edmund
Fitzmaurice ) . sh\okv 1763 Â es\ t{]cn-¸n¨v e³ BØm-\-am-bn-
temI-km-{a-Py-w sI-«n-¸-Sp-¡p¶Xn\p-thn {^m³kp-a mbn GÀs¸-«-I-c mÀ
{^m³knsâ hnI-k-\ -¯n\v XS-Ê-a mbn. AXn\v tems¡-bpsS Fw]n-cn-
knkw aXn-bm-Ip-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Fw]n-c nkn-kwÂ hcp-¯nb GI hyXn-bm\w
Imâvs\ At±-l-¯nsâ Kpcp kam-\-\m-bn-cp¶ tUhnUv lyqw ambn AI-
ep-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-ambn. CXn-te-¡mbn Hedonistic calculus s\ DÄs¡m-
Åp¶ Radical Empiricism Bi-b-ambn kzoI-cn-¡p-¶-X n\v e-\nse
sh\o-kp-ImÀ Xocp-am-\-am-bn. dÊepw At±-l-¯nsâ A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw
]nÂ¡m-e¯v CXnsâ hàm-¡-fmbn. dÊÂ A¯cw Bi-b-§Ä
DÄs¡m-n-cp¶ IpSpw_ A´-co-£-¯n-em-Wv hfÀ¶Xv. a\p-jy\pw arK-
§fpw X½nÂ Ae-]-s a-¦nepw hyXymkw \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶nÃ F¶pÅXmWv
FÃm hn`mKw Empircism Dw DXvtLm-j n-¡p-¶-Xv.
18þmw \qäm-n-s e Cw¥-ns\ Gähpw kzm[o-\n-¨Xv HmÀs«-bpsS
cN\-Ifpw. dmUn-¡Â F]n-c n-knk¯nsâ hàm-¡-fmbn HmÀs«, BUw-
kvan¯,v _³Xmw, amÂ¯qkv F¶n-hsc IW-¡m¡mw 19þmw \qäm-nse
dmUn-¡Â t]mkn-än-hn-khpw Bi-b-]-c-ambn kam-\-am-Wv. {^m³knÂ CXv
dntÌm-td-j³ t]mkn-än-hnkw F¶v Adn-b-s ¸-Sp-¶p. FÃm-¯cw en_-d-en-
khpw Cu XXzw ASn-Øm\am¡p¶p 18þmw \qäm-nsâ Ah-km\w \ne-
\n-¶n-cp¶ dmUn-¡Â Fw]n-cn-knkw Keo-en-tbm-bp-tSbpw \yq«-sâbpw
Bi-b-§sf ]¦p-s Imv a\p-jy-kzm-`mhw XoÀ¯pw bm{ń-s I¶v hne-bn-
cp-¯¶p . Ch-scÃmw C¶s¯ s]cp-a m-äimkv{Xw ( Behavioural
Psychology ) ]n³Xp-S-c p¶p . Ethnology, Anthropology, hqvs â a\-
imkv{Xw FÃmw kam-\-\ -amWv. hnÃyw- P-bnwkv, tPm¬ Unsh F¶n-h-cpsS
Bi-bhpw kam-\-a mWv . AXv Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ {]mÜm-änkw F¶v Adn-b-
s¸«p. FÃm taJ-e-bnepw B[p-\nI kwkv¡mc-s¯bpw hnZym-`ym-k-
s¯bpw AXv kzm[o-\n¨p . kam\ Bi-b-§Ä DÄs¡m-Åp¶
{^m¦v^À«v hn`mKw e-\ nse ähn-tÌm¡v C³Ìn-äyq«v ]ns¶ Ct¸mÄ
cq]w {]m]n¨p hcp¶ temI-km-{aPyw AXv bpssW-äUv t\j³kv ( bp.-
F³.-H ) F¶v Adn-b-s¸-Sp¶p. Ch-sbÃmw aäp- ar-K-§Ä¡v XXv XpÃy-
cmbn am{Xw a\p-jys\ ImWp¶p. A§s\ Icp-Xp-¶-Xp-hgn GXv `b-¦c
\oXnIc-W-§fpw \nb-a-ambn ASn-t¨Â]n-¡p-¶-Xn\v km[n¡pw. sh\o-
knsâ XyqÄ skmssk-än-bpsS Ip-] n-Sn-¯-a mb lnäve-dnsâ \mkn- Iq-« -
s¡m-e-t]mse. a\p-jy-¡p-cpXn `mK-am-Ip¶ BNm-cy-§Ä¡pw \ymbo-I -
cWw \ÂIp-¶-Xn\v km[n¡pw. lnäv-ednt\mSv kl-X m-]-¯n-\pw dÊ-ensâ
GI-temI `c-W-¡q-S-¯n\pw \ymbo-I-c Ww km[y-amhpw. XyqÄ skmssk-
än-bpsS _\-Un-Ivän³ , sNdp-¸-¡m-c-\m-bn-cp¶ lnäve-dns\ hvdnÂ
skmssk-än-bp-ambn ]cn-N-b-¯n-em¡n . sh\okv Hcp cmjv{Sw F¶ \ne-
353
bnÂ C¶v {]k-à-a Ã, F¶mÂ ¢_v H^v dmw F¶n-h-bn-eqsSsbÃmw AXv

ià-amb kzm[o\w \ne-\nÀ-¯p-¶p. Pdan _³Xmw Øm]n¨ {_n«ojv cl-
kym-t\z-jW hn`m-K-¯ nsâ 200 þmw hmÀjnI thf-bnÂ 1982 Â tZiob
kpc£m D]-tZ-i -I\pw Ata-cn-¡³ {]knUânsâ sk{I-«-dn-bp-am-bn-cp¶
sl³{Sn -In-Ên³PÀ Xm³ Ata-cn-¡bpw {_n«-\ p-a mbn \b-h y-Xym-k-ap--b-
t¸m-tgms¡ {_n«³sâ hiw tNÀ¶ncp¶p F¶v Xpd¶v {]kvX m-hn-¨p.
dqkvshÂän-sâbpw hn³Ì³ NÀ¨-en-sâbpw Ime-L-«-¯nÂ. ]p\-c q-²m-
cW ( Renaissance ) iàn-IÄ ]eni k{¼-Zm-bs¯ FXnÀ¯n-cp¶p .
C¯cw iàn-Isf \in-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn sh\o-kp-Im-c -\mb ]ntbt{Sm
t]mws]m-\mÊn Acn-tÌm-«n-ens\ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p . -A-Sna k{¼-Zm-b-s ¯bpw
]eni hyh-Ø-s bbpw \ymbo-I-cn-¡p¶ Acn-tÌm-«nÂ cNn¨p F¶v {]N-cn-
¸n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ “k·mÀKhpw cmjv{So-bhpw” ( Ethics and Politics )F¶ cN\
sh\okv [\m-[n-] -Xy-¯n-tâ-Xm-Wv.
1666 Â XpS§n an¡-hmdpw XpSÀ¨-bmbn Xs¶ cmjv{Snb FXn-cm-fn-bmb
{^m³kns\ XpS¨p amäp-¶-Xn\v 130 hÀjw \op-\n¶ bp²w sh\okv
Bkq-{XWw sNbvXp. 1789 þ 1793 Ime-L-«-¯nÂ e³, {^©vhn¹hw
Bkq-{XWw sNbvXp. {_n«sâ {][m-\-a -{ń- F-¶-\n-e-bnÂ sjÂ_¬
]pXp-Xmbn Øm]n¨ Ata-c n-¡³ tImf-\n-I-fp-a mbpw {^m³kp-ambpw kam-
[-\w- Øm-] n-¡m³ F¶-a-«nÂ clky [mc-W-bnÂ GÀs¸-«p. BUw- kvan-
¯nsâ kzX-{´-hym-] mcw F¶ Bibw AXns\pSÀ¶v Ah-bpsS taÂ
ASn-t¨Â¸n-¡-s¸«p. Atacn-¡-tbbpw {^m³kn-t\bpw km¼-¯n-I-ambn
XIÀ¡pI F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p e£yw.
s\t]m-fn-b³ BZyw {]kn-Uâv ]n¶oSv N{I-h À¯n-bmbpw Ah-tcm-[n-¡-
s¸-«Xv Cw¥-n-se- ]m-taÀÌ¬ {]`p-hnsâ klm-b-t¯m-sS-bmW.v F¶pw
{^m³kns\ Cw¥-nsâ Ipªp-]-¦m-fn-bmbn \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶-Xn\v s\t]m-fn-
b³ ap³ssI FSp-¯p.
19þmw \qä-nsâ BZy- L-«-¯nÂ {^m³kn-\p-taÂ B[n-]Xyw t\Sn-b-
Xn\p tijw e³ Atacn-¡-tbbpw , {^m³kp-am-bpÅ bp²-¯nse
]¦m-fn-I-s fbpw \in-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v Bkq-{XWw \S¯n . Ata-cn¡¡v
FXnsc Idp¸v F¶ ab-¡p-a-c p¶pw kvs]bv³, djy, BkvtSm-þ-lwKdn
F¶o ap³ ]-¦m-fn-IÄs¡Xnsc s\t]m-fn-b\pw. 19þmw \qäm-nsâ Ah-
km-\ -t¯msS djybpw {^m³kpw X½nÂ GÀs¸« bqtd-jy- d-bnÂ ]²Xn
hnP-b-a m-bmÂ AXp-a q-e-ap-m-Ip¶ km¼-¯nI hfÀ¨bpw aäpw X§-
fpsS temI-km-{am-Py- kz-]v\-¯n\v hnLm-X-amhpw F¶v I-Xn-\mÂ bqtdm-
¸n-emI-am\w bp²w Bkq-{XWw sNbvXp. 1931 Â Hmkv{ Sn-b-¡m-c³ IÀ«v
tKm-UÂ F¶- K-WnX imkv{X -] -WvUn-X³, dÊn-ensâ FÃm KWnX
imkv{X- kn-²m-´-§sfbpw \ntj-[n-¡p¶ {]_Ôw Ah-X-c n-¸n-¨p. ( On
Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica “ By Kurt
Godel ) dÊÂ At±-l-¯nsâ {]_Ôw AhX-c n-¸n-¡p-¶-X n\pw ]¯p-
354
hÀj-¯n\p apt¶ Xs¶ tKmUÂ kn²m-´-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\ X-Xz-§Ä

eo_v\n-kv, tKmÊv, Undn-Ivs f, doa³, hnbÀkv{Sm-Êv, tPmÀPv ImâÀ F¶n-
hÀ¡v ]cn-Nn-X -am-bn-cp-¶p. tKmUÂ {]_-Ô-¯nâ {]kàn dÊ-enâbpw
dmUn-¡Â t]mkn-än-h n-Ìp-I-fp-s Sbpw FÃm-kn-²m-´-§-s fbpw BsIbpw
\njv{]-`-a m¡n F¶-Xm-Wv.
Acn-tÌm-« n-ensâ ]n³Xp-SÀ¨¡mÀ AhÀ ùXoI hmZn-I -fm-bmepw

Empiricists Ifm-bepw Ah-Im-i -s¸-Sp-¶Xv A\p-`-h-§Ä¡p \nZm\w cp
Imc-W-§Ä am{X-a mWv F¶-X m-Wv. imco-cn-Ihpw hnIm-cm-[n-jvSn-X hpw.
hnIm-cm-[njvSnX A\p-`-h-§-fp-s Sbpw Imc-W-§Ä imco-c nIw am{X-amWv
F¶pw. ]pXnb Xe-a pd a\-i m-kv{X-Im-c-· m-c nÂ {][m-\n-I-fnÂ Hcp-h-\mb
knÜv t{^mbvUv CXn\v Cathexis F¶p hnfn-¨p. bp. F³.H {]IoÀ¯n-
¡p¶ {]Xn-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯n\v A\p-kr-X-a mb hnZym-`ymkw FÃm hn[
am\knI Nn´m tijn-tbbpw \in-¸n-¡p¶ hnZym-`ymk ]cnjv¡cW-am-Wv.
CtX `qan-I-bnÂ Xs¶bmWv C¶s¯ Right Brain Left Brain kn²m-´-
hpw. {]Xn-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯n\v A\p-kr-X-amb hnZym-`ymkw ( Outcome Based
Education ) cq]-IÂ]-\- sN-¿XXv tdm_À«v ayqfÀ. ap³ bp.-F³.H
sU]yq«n sk{I-« dn. ]n¶oSv University of Peace sâ Nm³k-eÀ. AXv bp.-
F³.-H bpw Lucis Trust Dambpw _Ô-s ¸-«n-c n-¡p¶p . ap³]v Lucifer Trust
F¶v Adn-b-s¸-«n-cp¶p. eqkn^À F¶mÂ sNIp-¯m³. ASn-a - hym-]m-cn-
IÄ ASn-a-I-b-fm-bn- ]n-Sn-¡p-¶-hsc sacp-¡p-hm³ {]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶- X-{´-
§Ä Xs¶-bmWv {_n«ojv `c-W-I q-Shpw bpF³.-H bpw {]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv.
1982 Â AÀPâo-\¡v FXntcbpÅ bp²-¯n\v {_n«¬ Icp-\o-¡n-bXv
NATO bpsS A[n-Imc ]cn-[n- hÀ[n-¸ n-¡p-¶ -Xn-\p- th-n-bmWv. AÀPâo-\ -
bnse F® k¼p-jvS-amb {]tZ-i -§Ä ssIb-S-¡p-¶ -Xn\p thn. 18-þmw
\qä-nse {_n«ojv km{am-PyXz dmUn-¡Â Fw]n-c n-kn-Ìp-I-fpsS Keo-
entbm \yq«³ kn²m´ {]tbm-K-§Ä {][m-\-a mbpw kÀKm-ß-IX - sb \in-
¸n-¡p-¶-X n\v Dt±-in-¨n-Å -h-bm-bn-cp-¶p. a\p-jy-cm-insb akvXn-jv¡-{]-£m-
f\w hgn ASn-¨-a À¯p-¶-Xn-\p-th-n. Pbvs¡m-ss_-äp-I-fmb ( Jacobite )
tdmkn-{Iq-knb³kv t_bv¡¬, ^vfUv , tXmakv tlm_vkv F¶n-hÀ
{_n«ojv {ôta-bvk¬ {]Øm-\-¯n\v 1640 Â cq]w \ÂIn. \yq«-sâbpw
tPm¬ tem-s¡-bp-s Sbpw e³ tdmbÂ skm-sskän 1640 se {]Øm-\ -
¯nsâ imJ-bmb ÌphÀ«v tdmkn-{Iq-knb³ {]Øm-\-¯nsâ `mK-a m-Wv.
lnäveÀ `mK-a m-bn-c p¶ hvdnÂ skmssk-än-bpsS XWen-emWv Cu {]-
Øm\w .
P\-kwJym \nb-{´-W-¯ nsâ Ncn{Xw hfsc ]ga DÄs¡mÅp-¶p.
tltcmZvs â ]cn-jv¡m-c -§Ä hfsc {i² AÀln-¡p¶p . Ignª
cmbncw hÀjs¯ bqtdm]y³ Ncn{Xw ]cn-tim-[n-¨ mÂ sIbvtdm-hnÂ
h¨p bp.-F³.H bpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ \S¶ P\-kwJy kt½-f-\-¯n\p
355
kam-\-a mbn BZys¯ amÂ¯q-knsâ Bi-b-§Ä DÄs¡m-Åp¶ ]cn-

jv¡-cWw \S-¯n-bXv tdma³ N{I-hÀ¯n Utbm-¢n-jy³ BWv. ( An
Economic History of Rome By Tenney Frank ). bqtdm-¸nÂ C¯cw P\-
kw-Jym-\n-b-{´-W-¯nsâ tI{µ-Øm\w F¶pw sh\o-kn-\ p-X-s¶-bm-bn-cp-
¶p. {_n«-\nÂ amÂ¯q-kn-b³ Bi-b-§Ä {]m_-Ãy-¯nÂ hcp¯p-¶-Xn\v
16þmw \qäm-nÂ sh\o-knÂ \n¶pw Cd-¡p-a-X n- sNbvXXv Pntbm-hm\n
s_mt«-tcm-bpsS Bi-b-§fpw. 1682 se P\-kw-Jy-bpsS A[n-I-c -Ws¯
kw_-Ôn-¡p¶ {]_Ôw hgn hnÃyw s]än AXn\v B[n-Im-cn-IX \ÂIn .
HmÀs«bpsS cN\IÄ {_n«-\nÂ h¶p tNcp¶-Xn\v ap³]v Xs¶ s]än-bp-
tSbpw BUw -s^ÀKq-k-sâbpw kzm[o-\-X -bnÂ amÂ¯q-kn-b³ kn²m´w
{]mhÀ¯n-I-am-bn-cp-¶p. amÂ¯qkv Bi-b-§Ä HmÀs«-bnÂ \n¶pw
sam¯-ambpw IS-s a-Sp-¯n-cp¶p F¶p-ÅXv kwi-b-¯n\v AXo-X-am-Wv.
NmÄkv UmÀhn³ sam¯-a mbpw amÂ¯p-knÂ \n¶pw. P\-kwJy KpW-\-
{I-a-¯nÂ hÀ²n-¡p-sa¶v BZy-ambn Øm]n-¨Xv 1202 Â ]nk-bnse enbm-
t\mÀtUm. ImÄ amÀ-Ivkn-s âbpw CuÌv Cý I¼-\n-bp-sSbpw hàm-hm-
bn-cp¶, BUw-kvan-¯nsâbpw [\-X-Xz-imkv{X Bi-b-§Ä ]cm-P-b-sa¶v
I-t¸m-Ä ]Icw h¡m-\ mbn GI B{i-b-s a¶ \ne-bnÂ Ata-cn-¡³
{Sjdn sk{I-«dn Ae-Im-km-À lmanÂ«¬, amXyq sIbvdn ,PÀa³þAta-
cn-¡³ s{Û-dnIv enÌv, Ata-cn-¡¡m-cmb sl³{Sn.-kn. sIbvdn At±-l-
¯nsâ hnZymÀYn C.-] o-s sj³ kva n¯,v djy³ {]`p skÀPn- hnsä F¶n-
hÀ cp]w \ÂInb k{¼-Zm-bs¯ kzoIcn¨p. AXv ]cm-P-b-s a¶v Ip.
1461 Â {^m³knse cmPmhv eqbn 9þma³ Øm\m-tcm-lWw sNbvX-Xns\

XpSÀ¶v ]pXnb cq]-¯nepÅ kaqlw cq]w-sImp. AXv
tIma¬shÂ¯v F¶v Adn-b-s ¸«p. Zcn-{Z-cmb Ipªp-§Ä¡v B[p-\nI
imkv{Xo-b- am-\p-jyI aqÃy-§Ä DÄs¡m-Åp¶ k¼-Zm-b-¯n-e - pÅ hnZym-
`ymkw \ÂIp-¶-Xn-\pÅ \bw kzoI-c n-¡-s ¸«p. CXv B[p-\ nI kaqlw
cq]-s ¸-Sp-¶ -Xn\v \mµn- Ip-dn-¡p-¶-Xmbn. Btfm-lcn hcp-a m\w hÀ²n-¨ Xv
eqbn 9þm-a sâ ]cn-jvI m-c -§Ä ^-e-h¯m-bn-c p¶p F¶v Icp-Xp-¶-Xn\v Imc-
W-am-bn. Ata-cn-¡³ kzmX-{ý -{]-Jym-]-\hpw 1787 þ 1789 se `c-W-L-S-
\bpw hn`m-h\w sN¿p¶Xv eqbn 9þmasâ, ]ns¶ gm§v t_mUn³ hn`m-
h\w sNbvX tIma¬shÂ¯v Xs¶-bmW.v AXv `c-W-L-S\ A\p-im-k\
{]Imcw Xs¶ FÃm ]uc-·mcpw kaq-l-¯nsâ sam¯-a mb D¶-a-\-¯n-\p-
thn A`n-hr-¯n-¡p-thn kaÀ¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v Blzm\w sN¿p-¶p. B[p-
\nI [\-X-Xzimkv{Xw Bcw-`n-¡p-¶Xv 15þmw \qäm-nse Cä-en-¡m-c ³
tPmÀPv sK½n-tÌmkvÂ \n¶m-Wv. 16þmw \qäm-nsâ Ah-km\w 17þmw\qä-
nepw hnI-kn-X-amb Iymamdenkw AXn-\ v cq]w \ÂInb akm-dnsâ A\p-
bmbn gm§v tImÄ_À«v F¶ {^©p-Im-c-\n-eqsS hfÀ¶p. 17þmw \qäm-
nÂ en_v\nkv AXns\ hnI-kn-¸ n-¨p . eo_v\nkv [\-Xz-im-kv{Xs¯
DuÀÖ-X-{´-hp-a mbn _Ôn-¸n-¨p. hnP-b-I -c-a mbn {]hÀ¯n-¸ n-¡m-hp¶
BZys¯ Bhn-b-{´-¯ n\v cq]w \ÂIn. AXv bqtdm-]nse hymh-km-bnI
356
hn¹-h-¯n\v Imc-W-ambn. eo_v\n-knsâ Bi-b-§sf ]n³]än Ae-Ivkm-

À lmanÂäWpw aäpw Ata-cn-¡³ cmjv{Sob [\-X-Xz-imkvv{Xw F¶
kn²-m´w cq]-h-XvI-cn-¨p. ]n¶oSv h¶ I]-S-kn-²m´w kzX-{´-h ym-]mcw (
Laissez faire ) F¶ Bibw At´m-W n-tbm -tIm¬Sn-bpsS A\p-bmbn
tUmIvSÀ {^m§vkz sJzkvs\ cp]-IÂ]\ sNbvXp. C¶v [\-X-X z-imkv{Xw
F¶ t]cnÂ kÀÆ-I -em-im-e-I-fnepw aäpw ]Tn-¸n-¡p¶ FÃm-im-J-I-fpw
CXnsâ cq]-t`-Z-§-fm-Wv. Cw¥-nÂ {^m³knkv s_bv¡-Wnsâ t\Xr-Xz-
¯n-ep- m-bn-cp¶ skknÂ ]mÀ«nbpw {^m³knÂ sl³{Sn \mem-a sâ
FXnÀ tNcnbmb {]`p-¡-·mcpw sh\o-kp-Im-c³ ]htem kmÀ]nbpsS
hIvXm-¡-fm-bn-cp-¶p. {^©v {]-`p--¡-·m-cnÂ \n¶pw hyXy-kvX-ambn
{_n«ojv CuÌv Cý- I-¼-\n-bpsS hcp-a m-\-a mÀKw sh\okv amXp-I-bn-epÅ
hym]-mchpw ]W-a n-S-] m-Sp-a m-bn-c p-¶p. Cw¥ojv, {^©v, PÀa³ F³sse-
ä³saâvþCÃyq-an-\m-än-bpsS kzm`mhnI ]nXmhv kmÀ]n-bm-sW¶p Icp-Xmw.
1859 Â UmÀhnÂ At±-l-¯ nsâ ]pkvXIw Pohn hÀ¤-¯nsâ kam-cw`w
F¶ IrXn {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨p. apgp-h³ Xe-s¡«v On the Origin of Species by
Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the
Struggle for Life. {]tXyIw {i²n-t¡-p¶ Imcyw ]cn-Wmaw F¶ ]Zw
Fhn-sSbpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶nÃ F¶m-Wv. Xe-s¡-«nÂ A´Àeo-\-am-bn-cn-
¡p¶Xv “PohnXw ]ptcm-K-a \w AsÃ-¦nÂ hnIk\w BIp-¶nÃ adn¨v
AXn-Po-h-\-¯n\v thn-bpÅ ka-c-a mWv. {]Xym-i-¡p-h-g n-bnÃ. Imcy-§Ä
F§ns\ Dcp-¯n-cn-ªp-hcpw F¶Xv k·mÀKs¯ B{i-bn-¨n-« m-Ip-¶n-Ã.
“a\p-jy-I p-e-¯nsâ AXn-Po-h\w F{Xbpw k¦-S-I-c -amb hnj-b-amWv .

Icp-¯mWv ASn-Ø m\w. aäp arK-§-fnÂ \n¶v Ahs\ hyXy-kvX-\ m-¡p-
¶Xv Ahsâ _p²nssh`hw am{X-amWv. AÔ-amb hnIm-c -§Ä¡v ASna.
A\-´-amb {à-I-ev]-\ -IÄ¡v Iogvs¸-«-h ³. AXv A-hsâ am\-knI hym]m-
c-§Ä t¢itadn-bXm-¡p¶p. PohnXw kwLÀj-§fpw IjvS-X-Ifpw \nd-
ªn-cn-¡p¶p”. tXmakv lIvÉn UmÀhnsâ kplr¯v . AXn-Po-h-\-¯n\v
thn-bpÅ kacw F¶ -Bibw a\p-jy-I p-e-¯nsâ ImgvN-¸m-Sp-Isf
amän-a-dn-¨p. _rl-¯mb kmaq-lnI amä-§Ä hcp-t¯-p-¶ -Xn\v lwK-dn-
¡m-c ³ tPmÀPv eyq¡mIvkv “{^m¦v^À«v kv¡qÄ”Bcw-`n-¨ p. t_mÄj-
hnkw hnI-kn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn {]tXyIw XmXv]-c y-s ¸«p. at\m-hn-Ç-j-
W-¯n\v AXnsâ kn²m§Ä- A-t_m-[-a-\ ÊvþCZv, kz]v\-hym-Jym\w, CUn-
¸kv tImw¹Ivkv, H¶pw Xs¶ IrXy-ambn sXfn-bn-¡p-¶-Xn\v km[y-a Ã.
Iptd-tbsd hnizm-k-¯n-e-[n-jvT n-X-am-Wv. t{^mbvUv ]d-ªXv AXv aXw
t]msebmWv F¶mWv. CXv eyq-Im-Ivknsâ {i² £Wn-¨ p-h-c p¯n.
eyqImIvkv kn²m´-h-X vIcn¨Xv a\p-jys\ kw]qÀW-ambpw \ncm-i-bn-
357
te¡v Bgvt¯--Xp.v \n§Ä ssZh-¯m³ Xnc-kv¡-cn-¡-s¸« temI-

¯nÂ Pohn-¡p¶p F¶v t_m[y-s¸-Sp-¯-Ww . kaq-l-a m-ä-¯ n-\p-thn
krjvSn-¡p¶ ]pXnb kmaq ly {]Øm\w, aX-¯nsâ k¯-I Ä DÄs¡m-
tÅ- -Xp-v. ssZhw F¶ Bibw Xnc-kv¡cn¨psImv Xs¶. t_mÄj-
hnIv {]Øm-\-¯nÂ DÄs¡m-Å n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th-n-bpÅ Bi-b-§Ä¡p-
thn eyqImIvkv “_mÂsjw” F¶ PqX B`n-N mc kwL-S-\ -bp-tSbpw
a[y-L-«-¯ nse {Inkv Xy³ k-`-bpsS Bi-b-§fpw Kl\-a mb ]T-\-¯n\v
hnt[-b-am-¡n.
t{^mbvUv hfsc klm-b-I-I -c-ambn. {^m¦v^À«v kv¡qÄ t{^mbn-Unsâ

Bi-b-§Ä kzoI-cn¨vX,v cmw temI-a-lm-bp-²-¯n\ptijw, Ata-cn-¡-
bnÂ A[nIw {]ikvXn t\Sp-¶-X n\v t{^mbn-Un\v klm-b-I-c-a m-bn-. am-\ -
knI BtcmKyw F{Xbpw ]cp-§-en-emWv , at\m-tcm-K-a p- m-¡p¶ A[n-Im-
c-Ø m-\ -§sf ]pdw XtÅ-Xv Bh-iy-amW,v kzX{´- ssew-Kn-I-Xsb
DÄs¡m-tÅ-Xv hyàn-] -c-a mb Btcm-Ky-¯n\v Bh-iy-am-Wv. CXmWv
{^m¦v^À«v kvIpfnsâ ASn-Ø m\ XXz-§Ä. FdnIv t{^mw, slÀ_À«v
amÀIyqk,v Xntbm-tUmÀ AtUmÀtWm FÃm-hcpw {^m¦v^À«v kvIqfnsâ
hàm-¡-fm-Wv.
t{^mbvUnsâ Bi-b-§Ä¡p hncp-²-a mbn “imco-cnI hyXym-k-

§sft¸mse Xs¶ iàhpw hg-§m-¯ -Xp-amWv kwkv¡m-c -¯n-epÅ
hyXym-khpw” F¶v {^m¦v^À«v kvIqÄ hmZn-¨p. AXns\ ]n³XpSÀ¶p-
mb hnI-k-\-a mWv IpSpw-_ -L-S-\- Xs¶ amän¯oÀ¡p-I-tbm thn
h¶mÂ \in-¸n-¡p-Itbm sNt¿--XmWv F¶Xv. FÃm A[n-I m-c-Øm-\-§-
sfbpw F¶t]mse. PqX-·msc hwio-b-I q-«-s¡m-e¡v hnt[-b-c m-b -h³
F¶v kzbw hne-bn-cp-¯m³ ]cn-io-e\w \ÂIn. Idp-¯-hÀ¤-¡msc
shfp¯ hÀ¤w ASn-a-I-fmbn h¨n-cp-¶-h-c mWv X§-sf¶pw, kv{XoIsf
]pcp-jm-[ n-]-Xys¯ FXnÀ¡p-¶-XmWv ASn-Ø m\ Bhiyw F¶pw.
A§s\ `bw hntcm[w sshcymKyw FÃmw ]cn-t]m-jn-¸n¨p F¶-XmWv
{^m¦v^À«v kvIqfnsâ {][m-\ -kw-`m-h-\.
Pntbm-hm\n s_mt«tcm (1544 þ 1617 ) F¶ sh\o-kp-I m-c sâ Cw¥ojv ]cn-

`m-j-bnÂ \n¶pw ISw sIm amÂ¯-qkn-b³ hmZ-s ¯-¡p-dn¨v AXnsâ
{]k-àn-s b-¡p-dn¨v, tPmk^v F.jps]ä cNn¨ “A History of Economic
Analysis” hyà-a m-¡pw.
-bq-tdm-¸nÂ Ignª 25 hÀj-s ¯- P\-kwJy I-W¡p

t\m¡pIsbsW-¦nÂ a\p-jy-hw-i-¯nsâ Xs¶ -k-¼qÀ® \mi-¯n-te¡v
358
t]mIp¶ e£-W-a mWv. ip`m]vXn hnizmk-an-Ãm-bvabpw a\p-jy-X z-c -ln-X -

amb kmaq-lnI kml-N-c y-§-fpamWv Imc-Ww.
BtKmf P\-kw-Jy-bpsS hfÀ¨ 2000 þmw BnÂ 800 tImSn Ihnbpw
F¶mWv 1950 se bp.-F³.H BtKm-f- P-\ -kw-Jym-k-t½-f\w hnfw-_cw
sNbvXXv. F¶mÂ GI-tZiw 550 tImSn am{X-a mWv hmkvX-h¯-nÂ F¯n-
t¨À¶Xv. AanX P\-kw-Jym- h-fÀ¨-s b-¡p-dn-¨
- pÅ 1950 se ImgvN-¸ mSv bp.-
F³ am{X-aÃ ]e kÀ¡m-cn-X c kwL-S-\-Ifpw ]peÀ¯n-bn-cp¶p . 1970 \v
tijw {]tXy-In¨pw djy, Ds{Ibv³, ]Sn-ªm-d³ bqtdm¸v, sX¡³
bqtdm¸v FÃmw Aan-X-amb P\-kw-Jy -X-fÀ¨-bmWv tcJ-s ¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xv.
{]P-\-\ -ti-jn-bpsS Aan-X-a mb CSnhpw hfsc {]m[m\yw AÀln-¡p-¶p.
tPmÀPnb _em-dkv, djy FÃm-bn-S¯pw P\\ \nc-¡n-t\-¡mfpw A[nIw
ac-W-\n-c¡v tcJ-s ¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. {]P-\\ti-jn-bpsS CSnhv kaq-l-¯nse
kam-[m-\hpambn Fs´-¦nepw _Ôw {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶ nÃ AXn\v ]cn-lm-c-ap-
m-bnÃ F¦nÂ P\-kwJy AXn-thKw Xmtg-¡p-X-s ¶ t]mIpw F¶p-d-¸m-
Wv. CtX kabw B{^n-¡-bnÂ, ]ns¶ Iwt_m-Un-b-bnÂ “P\-kwJym
bp²w” \S-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.
hyh-kmb ]ptcm-KXn t\Snb cmjv{S-§-fnse P\-\-\ n-c ¡v CSn-bp-¶-Xn\v

{][m\ Imc-W-§-fnÂ H¶v Aan-X- ssew-Ko-I-X bpw ab-¡p-a-c p¶v D]-tbm-
Khpw t{]mÕm-ln-¸ n-¡p¶ ]p¯³ kwkv¡m-c -am-Wv.( Counter Culture ) .
ssN\-bnÂ P\-kw-Jym- hÀ²-\hv Dm-Im-Xn-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-X-s ¶ {]P\\-
ti-jn-bn-epÅ CSnhv Imc-W-a m-h p-¶p. Cä-en-bnepw CXp-X-s¶-bmWv ØnXn
. P¸m-\nepw P\-kwJym hfÀ¨ Xmtgm-«mW.v aq¶mw temI-cm-{jv{S-§-fnÂ
{]P-\-\ -tijn, Ignª 20 hÀj-§Ä¡p-Å nÂ aq¶nÂ H¶v Ipd-ªp. bp.-
F³ se P\-kw-Jym-sb-Ip-dn¨p ]Tn-¡p¶ hn`mKw Nne 3þmw cmjv{ S-§-
fnse P\-kwJy a\-] qÀÆ-a mbn 20 iX-am-\-¯n-e-[nIw IqSp-X-embn tcmJ-
s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-X mbn IcptXn-bn-c n-¡p-¶p. {_koÂ, ss\Po-cnb F¶nhnS-§-
fnse kÀ¡mÀ tcJ-I-fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sN¿p-t¼m-g mWv CXv {]tXy-In¨pw.
1960 Â temI- P-\-k-Jy-bpsS 94 iX-am-\-a p-m-bn-cp¶ 18 hb-Êp hsc-
bpÅ hcpsS P\-kwJy Ct¸mÄ 30 iX-am-\-a m-bn-c n-¡p-¶p. cv temIa-
lm-bp-²-§Ä aqe-a p-mb P\-kwJym CSn-h ns\¡mfpw A[n-I-a mWv hyh-
kmb]ptcm-KXn t\Snb cmjv{ S-§-fnse sNdp-¸-¡m-cpsS F®-¯n-epÅ CSn-
hv.
bqtdm-¸nse BsI P\-kw-Jy-bpsS \sÃmcp iX-a m\w {]mb-ta-dn-b-h-cmWv.

P\-\ - \n-c ¡p Ipd-bp-¶-Xp-Im-cWw ASp-¯p-Xs¶ sam¯w P\-kw-Jy-bnÂ
henb CSnhv {]Xy-£-amhpw. {]mb-ta-dn-b-h-c nÂ ac-W-\n-c-¡p -hÀ²n-¡p-¶-
XmWv Imc-Ww. hÔyw -Im-cWw hym]-I-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶ -Xn\mÂ {]P-\ -\-
359
tijn hÀ²n-¸ n-¡p-¶-X n\v ]cn-a nXn Gsd-bm-Wv. F¶mÂ bp.-F³. ]d-bp-
¶Xv P\-kw-J y-bn-ep- m-hp¶ CSnhv km¼-¯nI apt¶ä¯n\v Imc-W-
amhpw F¶mWv 1950þ1990 ImeL-¯nÂ hymh-km-bn-I-ap-t¶äw t\Snb
cmjv{S-§Ä Btfm-lcn hcp-am-\-¯nÂ 3 Cc«n hÀ²-\-hp-m-¡n-sb¶pw
km¼-¯nI apt¶äw t\Sn-b -a q¶mw cmjv{ S-§Ä P\-kwJy \nb-{´Ww
\S-¸ nÂ hcp-¯n-bn-cp¶p F¶-Xp-am-Wv \ymbo-I-c -Ww. ]cn-[n-¡p-ÅnÂ
\n¶pÅ P\-kwJym hÀ²-\hv a\p-jy-c psS ]ptcm-K-a-\ -¯n\v Imc-W-am-
hp¶p F¶-XmWv Ncn-{Xw.
Hcp cmjv{Sw kzX-{´-a m-h p-t¼mÄ km¼-¯nI apt¶äw ssIh-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ
kmam-\ y -hn-Zym-`ymkw t\Sp-t¼mÄ hyàn-kzm-X{ýw ssIh-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ
P\-kwJy hÀ²-\-h p-m-hp¶p F¶-XmWv Ncn-{Xw.
200 þ 1000 Ime-L-«¯nse 800 hÀj-§-fnÂ ssN\-bnse P\-kwJy 6
tImSnbnÂ \nÝ-em-h-Ø-s sI-h-cn-¨p. kq§nsâ `c-W-Im-e-¯nÂ
imkv{Xhpw sFIyhpw ssIh-¶-t¸mÄ 200 hÀjw sImv P\-kwJy Cc-
«n-bm-bn. awtKmÄ `c-W-Im-e¯v cmjv{Sw 3 Bbn hn`-Pn-¡-s¸-«-t¸mÄ P\-
kw-Jy- Np-c p-§n. 1700 Â P\-kwJy 15 tImSn. 9,10,11 \qä-p-Im-e¯v
CuPn]väv Cdm-¡v, XpÀ¡n, kndn-b, Cdm³þP\-kw-Jy-bnÂ Imcy-a m-b- hÀ²-
\hp-mbn. 12þmw \qäm- nÂ awtKmÄ B{I-a-W¯nâbpw hnZym-`ymk
k{¼-Zm-b-¯nse amähpw ImcWw P\-kwJy CSn-h pmbn. 11þmw \qäm-
nse P\-kwJym \ne-h m-c -¯n-te¡v F¯n-t¨À¶Xv 20þmw \qäm-nemWv.
15þmw\qäm-nse kphÀ® Ime-L-«-¯ nÂ bqtdm-¸nse P\-kwJy 500
hÀsj-sImv 15 Cc-«n-b mbn. temI-¯nÂ Gd-dhpw P\-km-{µ-am-b `mKam-
bn.
tPmk^v H¶m-a sâ Ime-am-hp-¶-Xp-h-sc¡pw Hmkv{SnbbpsS P\-
kwJy \nÝ-e-am-bn-cp-¶p. hnZym-`ymk cmjv{Sob ]cn-jvI -c-W-§Ä GÀs¸-
Sp-¯p-¶-X p-h sc. AXn-\p-tijw \qdp hÀjw-s Imv P\-kwJy 3 Cc-«n-
bmbn
P¸m-\nÂ 1700 Â 3 tImSn-bm-b n-c p¶ P\-kwJy 1850 Â 3.2 tImS-nbmbn
1860 \ptijw GIo-I -c-Whpw sabvPn `cWhpw Bb-tXmsS 1900 Â 4.5
tImSn, 1950 Â 8.5 tImSn 1975 Â 11 tImSn F¶n-§s\ hfÀ¶p.
{_n«ojv `c-W-Im-e¯v Cý-bnepw ]m¡n-Ø m-\ nepw P\kwJy 50
iX-a m\w hfÀ¶-p. kzX{´ Cý 100 hÀj-¯n-\Iw 4 Cc-«n-bm-bn.
Ata-cn-¡³ kzmX-{ý-k-a-c-¯n-\p-tijw 100 hÀjw-sImv
P\kwJy 10 Cc-«n-bm-bn.
Hcp \qä-p-Im-e-t¯¡v a\p-jy-N-cn-{X-¯ nse Gähpw henb km{am-
Pyam-bn-cp¶ awtKmÄ `c-W-IqSNcn-{X-Im-c ³ {Kqsk-änsâ A`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ
A{I-a-¯nÂ am{Xw ss\]p-Wy-apÅ , cmPy-X{´w Fs´¶v Xs¶ Adn-
bm¯ Incm-X-·mcpsS Hcp Iq«w- am{Xw Bbn-c p-¶p. Irjn-bn-S-§fpw aäpw
360
\in-¸n-¨p. \K-c-§Ä XIÀ¯p. KXm-K-X -ku-I-c y-§Ä \in-¸n-¨p. 13þmw

\qäm-nÂ AhÀ ssN\ sam¯-a mbpw , Cý-bpsS A[nIw P\-kw-Jy-
bpÅ `mK-§Ä . ]m¡n-Ø m³ apXÂ kndn-b-hsc, djy ]qÀ®-a mbpw
XpÀ¡n, _mÄ¡³ {]tZ-i -§Ä Ing-¡³ bqtdm¸v FÃmw ssIh-i-s¸-Sp-
¯n. km£-c-X bpw hnZym-`ym-khpw CÃm¯ hÀ¤w. kz´w P\-kw-Jy -Ip-
d¨p \ndp-¯p-¶ -Xn\v Ah-c psS kwkv¡m-cw \nÀ_-Ôn-¨ p. AhÀ Iog-S-
¡nb FÃm cmjv{ S-§-fnepw A¯cw ]cnjvI m-c -¯n\v \nÀ_-Ôn¨p. hym]m-
cn-I-sfbpw ssk\n-I- ssh-ZKv²yw t\Sn-b-h-s cbpw, ]cn-`m-jm-k-lm-bn-I -
sfbpw AhÀ¡v Bh-iy-a pÅhtcbpw HgnsI FÃm t]mscbpw AhÀ
Acn-ªp- ho-g v¯n. Ncn-{X-Im-c³ C_v³ JÂZq¬ ]d-bp-¶Xv Ah-cpsS
B{I-a Ww `qan-I p-ep-¡w-t]mse FÃmäns\bpw \in-¸n-¨ ncp¶p F¶m-Wv.
AW-s¡-«p-Ifpw hn¯p-Ifpw, Pe-]m-X-I fpw FÃmw.
1220 Â awtKmÄ ssk\yw ]Sn-ªm-d³ Gjym `qJ-WvU-¯nÂ
F¯nt¨À¶t¸mtg¡pw sh\okv cl-kym-t\z-j-W- hn-`mKw Ah-cp-ambn
DS-¼SnbnÂ F¯n-bn-c p-¶p. bqtd-jysb Iogvs ¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\v klm-b-I-c -
amb hnh-c-§Ä \ÂImw F¶ Dd-¸nÂ taÂ. GXv \Kcs¯ B{I-a n-¡Ww
GXv \K-cs¯ Hgn-h m-¡Ww F¶ \nÀtZiw \yqtäm -{]-`p-hn-sâbpw
knbm\n {]`p-hnâbpw t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ awtKmÄ ssk\y¯n\v \ÂIn-bn-
c¶p. a[y bqtdm-¸nse Gähpw k¼-¶-amb Iohv, _qUm-s¸Ìv F¶o \K-
c-§Ä ]qÀ®-a mbpw \in-¸n-¡-s¸«p. sam¯w P\-s¯bpw h[n-¨p. Ah-ti-
jn-¨Xv sh\o-knse hym]m-cn-IÄ X§n-bn-cp¶ GXm\pw hoSp-IÄ am{Xw.
sh\okv awtKmÄ Iq«vsI«v temI-¯m-I-a m\w ASn-a-h y-]mcw hÀ²n-¸n-¨p.
djy-bn-sebpw at²y-jy-bpsS sX¡p `K-s¯bpw e£-¡-W-¡n\v Bfp-
Isf Hcp \qäm-p-Im-es¯ ka-b-¯nÂ AhÀ ASn-a -I-fm-¡n. ASn-a -Isf
sh\o-kp-ImÀ hgn CuPn-]vX nse kpÂ¯m\v ssIam-dn. Cu ASn-a -IÄ
]n¶oSv kpÂ¯msâ ssk\n-I-cmbn “saa-eyq-¡vIÄ” F¶-dn-b-s ¸«p. Npcp-
¡¯nÂ Ccp-`m-K-s ¯bpw [\-a n-S-]mSv sh\o-kp-ImÀ¡m-bn-cp¶p. Ign¡p
]Sn-ªm-d³ hym]mcw sh\o-knsâ taÂt\m-« -¯n-em-bn.
1930 se s{Kbväv Un{]-j³ D-ambn Xmc-Xayw sN¿p-t¼mÄ 1340 se _m¦v
XIÀ¨ AXn-ò-I-c-a m-bn-c p-¶p. Ncn-{X-¯nÂ A¯cw km¼-¯nI XIÀ¨
kw`-hn-¨n-«n-Ã. XIÀ¨-bpsS D¶Xn 1345Â _mÀUn ]ns¶ s]dqÊn F¶o
I¼-\n-I-fpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯nem-bn-cp-¶p. sam¯w km¼-¯nI hyh-Ø-
sbbpw XIÀ¯p. Zmcn{Zyhpw Akp-J-§fpw \nan¯w A[nIw P\-§-Ä
Ns¯m-Sp-§n. 40 hÀj-t¯mfw kzoI-c n-¡-s ¸«ph¶n-c p¶ hn\m-i-I-c-amb
km¼-¯nI ]²-Xn-I-fmWv Imc-Ww. A¶v C¶-s ¯-t¸mse cmjv{S-§fpw
tZiob `c-W-Iq-S-§fpw \ne-hn-ep-m-bn-cp-¶nÃ. km¼-¯nI Øm]-\-
§fpsS taÂ hy-à-a mb \nb-{´-W-§Ä Dm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Papacy C¯cw
Øm]-\-§-fpsS ]¦p-]-än-bn-c p¶p.
361
1450 BIp-t¼m-tg¡v P\-kwJy 25 iX-am\w Iv Ipdªn-c p¶p.

bqtdm-¸nÂ GI-tZiw 50 iX-a m-\ hpw . Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ Cw¥-nse
FUvhmÀUv aq¶m-a ³ cmPm-hnsâ taÂ Cu Ipäw Btcm-]n-¡p-¶Xv
F{Xbpw hkvXpXm hncp-²-am-Wv. 1342 Â cmPm-h nsâ km¼-¯nI ]²Xn
_mÀUnbpw s]dq-Ên-bp-s Sbpw ssIh-i ambn. kzX-{´-hym-] mcw \ne-\n-¶n-
cp¶p F¦nÂ [qÀ¯-·m-cmb cmPm-¡-·mÀ¡v hmbv]- \ÂIn-bn-Ãm-bn-c p¶p
F¦nÂ CsXm¶pw kw`-h n-¡p-I-bn-Ãm-bn-c p¶p F¶-Xm-Wv Hut±ym-Kn-I -
`mjyw. AXv F{Xbpw A_-²-a m-Wv. 14þmw \qä-mnse Cw¥-v F¶X v,
_mÀUn, s]äq-Ên, A¡n-s b-bqen F¶o A´m-c mjv{ S _m¦nwKv Øm]-\-
§sf kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw aq¶mw temI-cmjv{Sw Xs¶-bm-bn-cp¶p. 14þmw
\qäm-nse _m¦n§v tI{µ-a m-bn-c p¶p ^vtfmd³k v. -tem-I -¯nse
Gähpw henb _m¦nwKv Øm]-\-§Ä AhnsSbmbn-cp-¶p. 13þmw \qäm-
nse BZy-]-Ip-Xn-bnÂ tdma³ km{am-Py-¯nsâ A[n-]-\m-bn-cp¶p {Û-
dnIv cm-a³. hnZym-`ym-k-¯nsâ hym]\w ImÀjnI A`n-hr¯n P\-kw-
Jy-bpsS hÀ²-\hv, ià-amb `c-W-I qSw CsXms¡ At±-l-¯nsâ t\«w.
s^À\m³Uv t{_mUÂ F¶ Ncn-{X-Imc³ hyà-ambpw Øm]n-¡p-¶Xv
13þmw\qäm-nse BZy- ]-I p-X n-bnÂ ^vtfmd³kv, sPt\m-h, kntb\ F¶n-
hn-S-§-fnse Cäm-en-b³ km¼-¯nI Øm]-\-§-fpsS {]hÀ¯-\sf \nb-
{ń-¨p-s Imv sh\okv tZio-b- `-c -W-Iq-S-§-fpsS DZ-bs¯ \in-¸n¨p
F¶mWv. kao-]-¯n-epÅ PÀ½\n, Cw¥-v, {^m³kv, kvs]bv³, Cäen
FÃmw sh\o-knsâ \b-§-fpsS Xnà-êw A\p-`-h n-¨p. tZiob `c-W-Iq-S-
§Ä¡p ]Icw Ip¯-gnª kzX-{´-hym-] mcw F¶ Bibw a\p-jy-Ipew
In-«p-Å-XnÂ h¨v Gähpw `-bm-\ -I-\mb kml-Ncyw krjvSn-¨p.
temI- P-\-kw-Jy-bpsS ap¡mÂ`mKw hcp¶ bqtdm¸v, ssN\, Cý F¶n-
hn-S-§-fnÂ 600 hÀjw-sImv Dmb hfÀ¨ Xncn-¨p-t]m-¡p-\-S-¯n. Zmcn-
{Zyw, t¹Kv, \yqtam-Wnb FÃmw 10 tImSn Poh³ A]-l-cn-¨p. bqtd-jy-bnÂ
bp²w A[nIw Poh³ A]-l-cn-¨p. awtKmÄ ssk\yw am{Xw 1 tImSn a\p-
jysc \in-¸n-¨p. A[nIw \in¨p-t]mb P\-kwJy ]n¶oSv {^m³knÂ
eqbn 11þmasâbpw Cw¥-nÂ sl³{Sn 7þmasâbpw Ime¯v hfÀ¶p XpS-
§n.
1150 apXÂ ]mco-knse jmws]bv³ F¶ {]tZ-i¯v \S-¶n-cp¶ hym]m-c -
taf hÀjw apgp-h\pw \op-\n-¶p. 3 iX-am\w em`-¯nÂ scm¡w- Im-in\v
\S-¯n-bncp-¶- hym-]mcw sh\o-kp-Imcpw ^vtfmd³kp-Imcpw cwK-{]-thiw
sNbvX-tXmsS 8 iX-a m\w em`w {]Xo-£n-¨p-sIm-pÅ IS-¯ n³ taepÅ
hym]m-c-a mbn amdn. AXv k¼-Zvhy-h-Ø-bpsS bmYmÀ°-¯n-epÅ hfÀ¨-
tb-¡m-Ä A[n-I-a m-bn-c p¶p. 1330 IfpsS Ah-km-\-¯nÂ Cw¥pw
{^m³kpw X½nÂ \S¶ \qdp-hÀj-s¯- bp²w, ^vfm³tUÀknse
hkv{X-hym-] mcw \in-¡p-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-ambn AXv bqtdm-¸nse Gähpw
{][m-\-s¸« hkv{X-hym-]c taJ-e-bm-bn-c p¶p.
362
1325 -þ 1350 Ime-L-«¯nÂ sh\okv Ib-äp-aXn sNbvX shÅn, bqtdm-¸nÂ

J\\w sNbvX sam¯w shÅn-bpsS 25 iX-a m-\-¯nÂ A[n-I-a m-b n-c p-¶p.
A[n-Ihpw anUnÂ CuÌv ]ns¶ ss_kmânbw F¶n-hn-S-§-fn-te-¡v.
bqtdm-¸nse tdma³ km{am-Py-¯n-s ebpw ]ns¶ Cw¥-n-sebpw \mWbw
shÅn-bn-em-bn-cp-¶p. Ib-äp-aXn A[n-I -am-b-Xp -I m-cWw {^m³knÂ
\mWbw Xs¶ CÃ F¶ Ah-Ø-bm-bn. bqtdm-¸nÂ 1340 se XIÀ¨¡p
apt¶, {][m\ hkvXp-¡-fpsS \nÀ½m-Ws¯ Imcy-a mbn _m[n-¨p. sh\okv
`c-Wm-[n-I m-c n-I Ä¡v ISw sImSp-¡p-Ibpw, AXnsâ XW-enÂ hym]m-c-Ip-
¯I ssIh-i-am-¡p-I bpw sNbvX p. Ah-cpsS B[n-]-Xyhpw Dul-¡-¨ -h-
Shpw \nÀ½mWs¯ Imcy-ambn _m[n-¨p. \mhn-I- ta-J -e-bn-epÅ B[n-
]Xyw AXn\v XpW-bmbn. C_v³ JÂZq¬ ]d-bp¶p “a\p-jy-Ipew
\in¨p XpS-§n-b-t¸mÄ kwkvImcw ]n³Xp-SÀ¶p”.
_mÀUn, s]dq-Ên, A¡n-b-bqen ]ns¶ aäp henb _m¦p-I Ä FÃmw
1250 t\mSv ASp-¸ n¨v Øm]n-X -am-b-X m-Wv. 1290 Â tdma³ km{am-Py-hp-ambn
i{Xp-X-bn-em-bn-cp¶ hS-¡³ Cä-en-bnse `qhp-S-aI-fmb »mIv KyqÄ^v
IpSpw-_-§Ä ]¦m-fn-I-fmbn tNÀ¶-tXmsS Ah-sbÃmw A[n-I-ambn
hfÀ¶p. Umsâ-bpsS IrXn “km{amPyw” Umsâ-s bbpw Iq«p-scbpw
^vtfmd³knÂ \n¶pw \njvIm-kn-X-cm-¡n. AXn\p ap¶nÂ \n¶ »mIv
KyqÄ^v IpSpw_w ]I-c-s a-t¶mWw Acn-tÌm-«n-ensâ kn²m´w ]¦p-]-
äp¶ Hcp-Iq«w cmjv{Snb Nn´-Isc ]cn-t]m-jn-¸ n-¨ p. eq¡m-bnse _mÀ«-
tem-a ntbm, ]Zp-h-bnse amÀkn-¥ntbm, sh\o-knse Fânt¡m ]thm-ent\m.
am¡nb-shÃn ]d-bp-¶Xv “anem³ HgnsI hS-¡³ Cä-en-bnse FÃm {]tZ-
i-§fpw »mIv KyqÄ^vsâ \nb-{´-W-¯n-em-b n-c p-¶p. anem³ tdma³
km{am-Py-t¯m-sSm-¸ hpw. AXv 14þmw \qä-mnÂ Cä-en-bnse km¼-
¯nIambn Gähpw hnI-kn-X-amb cmPyhpw”. KyqÄ^v ]mÀ«n-bpsS N«-¡q-
SnÂ AXv Papacy bpsS ]mÀ«nbmsW¶v hyà-a m-¡p-¶p. sh\o-kn-s\m¸w
tNÀ¶v AXv ]eni hyhØ amc-I -amb Ipäw F¶p-Å-X nÂ \n¶pw \nÊm-
c-a mb Ipäw F¶-X n-te¡v t]m¸ns\ kzm[o-\ n¨v hyhØ sN¿n-¨p.
1180 Â sh\o-knse {]`p knbm\n , t]m¸ns\bpw s{Û-dnIv cm-asâ

ap¯-Ñ³ tdma³ N{I-hÀ¯n s{Û-dnIv _mÀ_-tdm-k-s bbpw X½nÂ
hntcm-[-¯n-em¡n. ]ns¶ XnI¨pw sh\okv coXn-bnÂ cp-t]-s cbpw cay-
X-bn-em-¡n. Cä-en-bnÂ \n¶p shÅn-\m-W-b-§Ä ]n³h-en¨v Cä-en¡v
kz´w \mWbw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ -Xn-\pÅ hyh-Ø-bnÂ tdma³ N{I-hÀ¯n-
sb-s ¡mv [mc-W-bp-m-¡n. ]ns¶ Hcp \qäm-p-Imew bqtdm-¸ nepw
Gjy-bnepw GI-tZiw ]cn-]qÀW-a mbn kzÀ®-¡-«nbpw kzÀ®w, shÅn- ,
\m-Wb§-fp-sSbpw hym]m-c -¯nsâ Ip¯I \ne-\ nÀ¯n.
363
1340 Â sh\okv aäpÅ km¼-¯nI Øm]-\-§-sf-sbÃmw \nÀPo-h-a m¡n.

»mIv KyqÄ^v _m¦p-IÄ km{am-Py-§Ä¡v ISw sImSp-¯n-cp-¶Xv km{am-
Py-§-fpsS hcp-a m\w X§-fn-eqsS hkq-em-¡-s¸-SWw F¶ hyh-Ø-bn-t·-
em-Wv. km{a-mPy-§-fpsS A[n-Im-c-¯nsâ ]cn-anXn CXv hyà-a m-¡p-¶p.
14þmw \qäm-nÂ `£y-h -kvXp-¡Ä , I¼nfn XpWn-¯-c-§Ä Ccp¼v , D¸v

Ch-bpsS \nÀ½mWw {]tXyI A\p-h m-Zhpw \nIp-Xnbpw Bh-iy-s¸-«n-cp-¶-
Xn-\mÂ , sh\okv _m¦n\v C¯cw hcp-a m-\ -§-fpsS taepÅ \nb{´Ww
BZyw Ch-bpsS \nÀ½m-W-¯nsâ Ip¯-I bpw ]ns¶ `c-W-IqS Npa-X-e-I-
fpsS kzIm-cy-h-X vI-c-W-h pw km[y-a m-bn.
1325 IfnÂ s\bv]nÄkv (Cä-en-bpsS sX¡p- ]-I p-X nbpw saU-nä-td\n-b³
{]tZ-i-s¯ ê-`q-bn-jv S-amb apgp-h-³ {]tZ-ihpw) s]dqÊn _m¦nsâ \nb-
{´-W-¯n-em-bn-cp¶p. s\bv]nÄkv cmPm-hnsâ ssk\y-¯n\v Bsf
tNÀ¡p-¶Xpw \nb-{´-Whpw ssk\ys¯ D]-tbm-Kn¨v \nIp-Xnbpw aäpw
]ncn-¡p-¶Xpw kÀ¡mÀ Dt±ym-K -Ø-cpsS \nb-{´-Whpw s]dq-Ên-¡m-bn-cp-
¶p. s\bv]nÄkv cmPmhv tdm_À«ns\ D]-tbm-Kn¨v knkn-ensb Iog-S-¡n.
kvs]bv³ apJm-ńcw knknen tdma³ km{a-mPy-hp-ambn kJy-¯n-em-bn-cp-
¶p. bp²w ImcWw knkn-en-bnse \mWy-hn-f-I -fpsS DXv]m-Z\w Ipd-¡p-¶-
Xn\v km[n-¨p. CtX kabw kam-\-amb Imcy-§Ä ^vtfmd³knse
_m¦pÄ lwK-dn-bnse cmPm-hp-a mbn {]mtbm-Kn-I-a m-¡n. {^m³knse
cmPmhv ^nen¸v \mem-a sâ _m¦p-I Ä¡v ]¦m-fn-bmbn s]dqÊn. Cw¥-nse
cmPm-¡-·mÀ FUvh mÀUv cm-a âbpw FUvhmÀUv aq¶m-a-sâbpw hcp-am-
\w apt¶-]-d-ª-s ]mse kzmImcy hXvI-cn-¨p.
Papacy bpsS hcp-a m\w 1316 þ 1336 Ime-L-« -¯nÂ A[nIw D¶-Xn-bn-em-bn-
cp¶p {^m³knÂ AXv sh\okv _m¦nsâ taÂt\m«-¯nepw PÀ½\n Hgn-
sI-bpÅ bqtdm-¸nsâ aäp-`m-K -§-fnÂ _mÀUn- _m-¦p-am-bn-cp¶p AXv
ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cp-¶-Xv. Papacy ¡v Gähpw A[nIw hcp-am-\-a p-m-bn-
cp-¶Xv {^m³knÂ \n¶v. AXn\v A[nIw Xocph CuSm-¡n-b n-c p-¶p.
Papacy B k-a-b¯v GI-tZiw 70 hÀjw {^m³knÂ Bhn-t\ym¬ F¶
Øew tIµo-I-c n-¨m-bn-c p¶p {]hÀ¯n-¨n-cp-¶X.v sh\o-kp-ambn _Ô-ap-
m-bn-c p¶ _m¦p-IÄ¡p am{Xsa Papacy bpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v
thn-bn-c p¶ XpI ssIImcyw sN¿p-¶-Xn-\pÅ {]m]vXn Dm-bn-cp-¶p-Åq.
C¯cw hcp-am-\-¯nsâ ASn-Ø m-\-¯nÂ ap³Ip-dmbn hmbv] \ÂIn-bn-cp-
¶-Xn-\mÂ tdmam -km-{am-Py-hp-ambn Papacy sb `n¶n-¸n¨p \nÀ¯p-¶-Xn\v
km²y-a mbn.
Ncn-{X-Im-c³ sdbva v Un dq-hÀ ]d-bp-¶Xv ]eni F¶ Ipä-Ir-X y¯nÂ
\n¶p hn«p-\n-¶n«v BPo-hn-\m-´ -h m-SI ( Perpetual Rent) F¶ amÀ¤¯n-
eqsS hkvXp-¡-fpsS CuSn-t·Â ISw sImSp¯v hkvXp¡-Ä ssI¡-em-¡p-
364
¶ coXn-bmWv Ah-ew-_n-¡-s ¸-«n-c p-¶Xv. 1315 Â Cä-en-b nse \K-c-§-fnÂ

BZmb \nIpXn \ntcm-[n-¡p-Ibpw {Kma-{]-tZi-§-fnÂ AXv hÀ²n-¸ n-¡p-
Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn\mÂ hym]m-cn-Ifpw [\n-Icpw aäpw \nIpXn sImSp-
t¡--Xmbn h¶n-Ã. kÀ¡mÀ {]Øm-\§Ä sImSp-¯n-c p¶ hmbv]-
bn³taÂ 15 iX-am-\w- hsc ]en-i - e-`y-am-Ip-¶ coXn-bnÂ hyh-Øn-X n-IÄ
Dm-¡n. 14þmw \qäm-nsâ BZy hÀj-§-fnÂ hnÂ]\ \nIp-X n-bn epsS
A[nIw hcp-am-\-ap-m-bn.
14þmw \qäm-nsâ ]Ip-Xn-tbmsS FUvvhmÀUv 3þma³ sNbvX-Xp-t]mse
{_nsb-¶-bnse {]`p hmÄ«À, _m¦p-IÄ¡v \ÂIm-\p-m-b n-c p¶ XpI
H¶pw Xs¶ \ÂtI--XnÃ F¶v Xocp-am-\n-¨p. AhÀ Ip¯I ssIhiw
h¨n-cp¶ hkvX p-¡-fpsS \nÀ½m-Whpw DXv]m-Z-\hpw aµ-K-Xn-bn-em-b-
Xn\mÂ 1330 se ]e henb _m¦p-Ifpw A[nIw {]Xn-k-Ôn-bn-e mbn.
_mÀUn s]dqÊn A¡n-b-bqen F¶nh HgnsI. 1345 Â temI-¯nse
Gähpw henb [\-Im-cy-Øm-]-\ -§-fm-bn-cp¶ _mÀUnbpw s]dq-Ênbpw
bqtdm-¸n-s ebpw saUn-ä-td-\n-b³ {]tZ-i-s ¯bpw [\-hy-h-Øsb Xmdp-am-
dm-¡n-s ¡mv ]m¸-c¯w {]Jym-] n-¨p. Cä-men-b³ _m¦p-Isf X§-fpsS
{]tZ-i¯v {]hÀ¯n-¡p-hm³ A\p-h-Zn-¡m-X n-cp¶ PÀ½-\ n-bnse Xmc-X -
tay\ sNdnb {]Øm-\ -§-fmb lm³kn-bm-änIv kwLmX¯nÂs¸« _m¦p-
IÄ At¸mgpw \ne-\n¶p.
I¸-ep-I-fpsS k©-b\w Xs¶-bp-mbncp¶ sh\okv temI-sam-«sI {][m-
\-ambpw shÅn-bpsS Ib-äp-a -Xnbpw ]I-c w-s a-t¶mWw kzÀ®-¯nsâ Cd-
¡p-a -Xnbpw sNbvX-Xn-eqsS 40 iX-am-\-¯n-eIw em`w Hcp hÀjw t\Sn-bn-
cp¶p . Nc¡p I¸-ep-IÄ¡v AI-¼-Sn-bmbn kpi-à-amb ssk\n-I-¸-Sbpw.
AXp-h-scbpw Gähpw [\nI cmjv{S-am-bn-cp¶ ssN\-bn-sebpw ]ns¶
Cý-bn-tebpw kzÀ®w awtKmÄssk\yw IhÀ¨-bn-eqsS t\Sn-bn-cp-¶Xv
ssIamäw sNbvX n-c p-¶Xv sh\okv hgn-bm-bn-c p-¶p.
1099 Â XpS§n 1291 Â Ah-km-\n¨ Ggv {InkvXy³ Ipcn-i p-bp-²-§Ä¡p
]n¶nepw sh\okv Xs¶bmbn-c p¶p. Ah-cpsS km{amPyw hnI-kn-¸ n-¡p-¶-
Xn-\p-thn Ah-c psS I¸-ep-IÄ ]S-bm-fn-I sf anUnÂ CuÌn-te¡v
\bn¨p, Ipcn-i p-bp-²-¯n\p thp-¶ -]Ww IS-a mbn \ÂIn, sh\o-knse
{]`p-¡-·msc GXp ]«Ww ]nSn-¨ -S-¡Ww F¶pw GXp ]«Ww \in-¸n-
¡Ww F¶pw \nÀt±-iw \ÂIn.
sh\okv {][m-\-ambpw Dul-¡-¨-h-S-¯n\v {]m[m\yw \ÂIn-bn-c p¶p
. Aan-X-a mb Dul-¡¨hSw Npäp-apÅ cmjv{S-§-fpsS XIÀ¨bv¡v hgn-
h¨p. Bk-a -b¯v sh\okv _m¦p-IÄ am{Xw Ah-ew-_n-¨ n-c p¶ amÀ¤-amWv
Imiv ssIam-dmsX Xs¶ A¡u-p-I-fnÂ t]m¡p-h -chv \S-¯p-¶Xv
Cashless Bank Transfers
365
bqtdm-¸nse Idp¯ acWw ( Black Death ) ]n¶oSv amÂ¯qkv {]N-c n-¸n¨

Bi-b-¯n\v cq]w \ÂIn. P\-kw-Jy-bnse Ipdhv Ah-ti-jn-¡p-¶ -h À¡v
sa¨-s¸« PohoXw \ÂIpw F¶v. AXn\v FXn-c mbn \thm-Ym\ Bibw
\ne-hnÂ h¶p. Hmtcm Pohn\pw _lp-a m-\hpw hnip-²nbpw AÀln-¡p¶p
F¶v.
1360 Â Ncn-{X-Im-c³ amäntbm hnÃ\n FgpXn P\-kwJy Aan-X-ambn Ipd-
bp-t¼mÄ [mcm-fn¯w Dmhpw F¶v Icp-Xn. ]t£ AXn\p hn]-co-X-amWv
kw`-hn-¨Xv . Akm-[m-c-W-amb ZuÀe`yw FÃm taJ-e-bnepw {]I-S-a mbn.
Nne- cm-Py-§-fnÂ òI-c-a mb Zmcn{Zyhpw Aan-X-amb hne-¡-b-ä hpw.
Idp¯ a-c-W-¯n\p tijw \ne-hnÂ h¶ hne-¡-bäw Hcp Xe-ap-d-tbmfw
\ne-\n-¶p. 1380 apXÂ \mW-b-¯-IÀ¨bpw.
1400 \v tijw -\n-e-h nÂ h¶ kphÀ® Ime-L-«-¯nÂ cmjv{ Sob iàn-IÄ
Cäm-en-b³ amXr-I-bn-epÅ kzX{´ hym]mcw ]cn-t]m-jn-¸n-¨n-cp¶ [\-
Imcy hyh-Ø¡v FXn-c mbn. 1401 Â kvs ]bn-\nse Bc-K-Wnse amÀ«n³
H¶m-a³ cmPmhv Ahsc ]pd-¯m-¡n. 1403 Â Cw¥- nse sl³{Sn \mem-
a³ cmPmhv GsX-¦nepw coXn-bnÂ em`-a p-m-¡p-¶-X nÂ \n¶pw Ahsc XS-
ªp.
1409 Â Pnt\m-bnkv _m¦p-Imsc ^vem³tUÀUv BZyw XS-h n-e m-¡p-
Ibpw ]n¶oSv \mSp-I-S-¯p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1410 Â ]mco-knÂ \n¶pw FÃm
Cäm-en-b³ hym]m-c n-I fpw ]pd-¯m-¡-s¸«p. 1461 Â eqbn 9þa³ {^m³knÂ
A[n-Im-c-ta-ä-tXmsS tZio-b-X-bnÂ Du¶nb cmjv{Sw sI«n-¸ -Sp-¯p. Xpd-
apJw KXm-KX kuI-c y-§Ä F¶n-h-s¡m¸w tZio-b -\m-Wbw `c-W-IqSw
\nb-{ń-¡p¶ Xc-¯nÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p. eqbn 9þma¶pw Cw¥-nse
sl³{Sn Ggm-a\pw Cäm-en-b³ amXr-I -bn-epÅ hmbv]-bpsS ASvØm-\ -
¯n-epÅ amXr-I -bv¡p- ]-Icw tZio-b-X-bn-eq-¶ nb km¼-¯ nI hym]mc
hyh-ØnXn Øm]n-¨p.
_À«vd³Uv dÊÂ At±-l-¯nsâ “kaq-l-¯ n-\ p-taÂ imkv{Xw
GÂ¸n-¡p¶ BLmXw ( Impact of Science on Society ) F¶ ]pkvX-I-
¯nÂ P\-kwJy CSn-bp-¶-Xn-eq-s Sbpw aäp amÀ¤-§-fn-eq-sSbpw `c-W-IqSw
P\-§fpsS taÂ A[nIw \nb-{´Ww Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xns\ ¡p dn¨v BËm-
Zn-¡p-¶p.”
“`cm-Wm-[n-I m-c n-I Ä¡v Akz-oI-mcy-aÃm-¯n-S-t¯mfw {]P-I-fpsS
PohnX \ne-hmcw DbÀ¯p-¶-Xn-s \-¡pdn¨v Fń\v hnj-an-¡-Ww”.
sSen-{K-^n\v cp-]-tbm-K-§-fp-v. H¶v ktµ-i-§Ä hfsc thKw
ssIamdmw. AXv t]meo-kn\v hfsc klm-b-a m-Wv. cv hnZq-c-¯p-en-cp-¶p -
sImv tI{µo-IrX \nb-{´Ww km[y-a m-hp¶p.”
“P\-§Ä sshZyp-Xnsb B{i-bn¨p ioe-am-bmÂ tI{µo-IrX DuÀP-
kw-Lm-X-§Ä P\-§sf \nb-{ń-¡-¶-Xn\v D]-tbmK {]Z-amhpw. hnam-\ -
366
§Ä thyma-tk-\ - cq-] o-I-cn-¡p-¶-X n\v klm-b-I-a mbn. AXnsâ Hcp iX-am-

\-¯nsâsb¦nepw klm-b-an-ÃmsX Hcp Xc-¯n-epÅ sNdp-¯p-\nÂ¸pw
AXn-Po-hn-¡p-I -bn-Ã. ImÀjnI taJ-e-bn-te-Xn-t\-¡mfpw A[nIw Ne\w
hymh-km-bnI taJ-e-b-nem-Wv. hymh-km-bn-I-ta-J-e-bnÂ A[n-I w P\-km-{µ-
X-bpv. Bi-b-{]-N-c Ww Ffp-¸-a m-h p-¶p. `c-W-IqSw imń- \n-e-\nÂ¡p-
t¼mÄ kwc-£Ww \ÂIp-Ibpw. bp²- k-a-b¯v hoc-ar-Xyp-h n\v BÚm-
]n-¡p-I bpw sN¿p-¶p.”
“P\-kw-Jym -hÀ²-\hv \nÝ-e-a m-bn-c n-¡p-¶Xn\v aq¶v amÀ¤-§-fp.v
H¶v P\-\ - \n-b-{´Ww cv inip-lXy AsÃ-¦ nÂ òI-c -amb bp²w. aq¶v
Zqcn-X-§Ä.
“imkv{Xo-b-X-bnÂ Du¶n \ne -\nÂ¡p¶ kaq-l-¯n\v temI
Kh¬saâv Bh-iy-a m-Wv. AXv P\-\- \n-b-{´Ww {]mhÀ¯n-I -am-¡-Ww.
CS-¡nsS òI-c -bp²§Ä, tXmÂhn¡p {]Xn-^-e-a mbn ]«n-W n -a-c-W§-fpsS
AXn-hym-]\w” .
“shÃp-hn-fn-Isf t\cn-tS-Xv Ata-c n-¡-bpsS Npa-X-e-bmWv . temI-
amsI \nb-{ń-¡p-h m³ Ign-bp¶ `c-W-Iq-S-¯nsâ Bh-iy-I-X-s b-¡p-dn¨v
P\-§sf t_m[y-s¸-Sp-t¯--Xp-v. FXnÀ¸p-Isf ASnäÀt¯--Xp-v”.
“\ap¡v òI-c-sa¶v tXm¶m-hp¶ {]hÀ¯n-IÄ tkzOm-[n-] Xy `c-W-IqSw

sN¿vtX-¡mw. \mkn-IÄ A§n-s \-bm-bn-cp¶p. Fsâ a\-ÊnÂ Dm-bn-cp¶
Xc-¯n-ep-Åh Xs¶. XS-hp-] pÅn-Isf ]e-h n[ ]co-£-W-§Ä¡pw hnt[-
b-cm¡n. ]ecpw A[nIw thZ\ A\p-`-hn-¨-Xn\p tijw acW-¸ -«p. AhÀ
AXns\ AXn-Po-hn-¨n-cp¶p F¦nÂ imkv{Xob {]P-\-\-¯ns\
AwKoIcn¡p-a m-bn-c p-¶p. A©v iX-a m\w ]pcp-j-·m-scbpw ap¸Xv iXm\w
kv{XoI-sfbpw hÔyw -I -cWw sN¿Ww. 30 iX-a m\w kv{XoIsf 18 \pw 40
\pw CS-¡pÅ {]mbw , {]XyqÂ]m-Z-\-¯n\p-thn am{Xw amän-h -bv¡-Ww.
Ir{Xoa _oP k¦-e\w \nba-am-¡Ww . hÔyw Ic-W-¯n\v hnt[-b-c m-Im-
¯-h À, \nÀ_-Ô-ambpw, hÔywI-c-W-¯n\v hnt[-b-c m-b-h -cp-ambn am{Xw
ssewKn-I-_-Ô-¯nÂ GÀs¸-S-W w. ]pXnb Xe-ap-dsb KpW-K-W-§-f-\p-k -
cn¨v thÀXn-c n-¡-Ww. t¹täm-bpsS dn]-_vfn-¡ns\ A\p-I-cn¨v Ipªp-§sf
A½-amcnÂ \n¶p amän hnZ-Kv²-À ]cn-N-cn-¡-Ww.
sXmgn-em-fn-I Ä¡v A[nIw A[zm-\hpw ]cn-an-X n-a mb Blm-chpw . IpSpw-
_§-fpsS \io-I-c-W-¯n-eq-sSbpw aäpw apIÄ¯-«n-ep-Å-h-cpsS a\-Êns\
ITn-\-a m-¡p-¶-Xp-hgn AhÀ “GbvsÌ-¡p”-I-fpsS am\-knI Ah-Ø-bn-
te¡v F¯n-t¨cpw (GbvÌ¡pIÄ `£n-¡p-¶ -Xn-\p-thn A\y-tKm-{X-
¯nÂs¸« a\p-jysçn-Sn¨v ]cn-]m-en-¨n-cp-¶p.) At¸mÄ AhÀ A[n-Imcw
am{Xw e£y-a m¡pw, AXn-\p-thn aSn-bn-ÃmsX {IqcX {]hÀ¯n¡pw .
AXv BhÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xp-hgn IqSp-X³ IqSp-X Â ITn-\-am-Ip-¶-tXmsS IqSp-
XÂ ]oT\§Ä FÂ¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v {]m]vX-c mhpw
367
“ap³]v a\p-jyÀ bpàn-bpàw Nnń-¡p¶p F¶p Icp-b-X n-bn-c p-¶p. C¶v

\ap-¡-dnbmw a\-Êns\ G§ns\ kzm[o-\ n-¡Ww F¶.v BÄ¡p« a\-im-
kv{Xw hfsc {]tbm-P\{]Z-am-Wv. aªnsâ \ndw Idp-¸m-sW¶v hniz-kn-¸n-
¡p-¶-X n\v km[n¡pw. hnZymÀ°n-I -fpsS taÂ A²ym-] -IÀ ]e hn[ X{´-
§Ä {]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-X n-eqsS AXn\v {]m]vX-c m¡pw. ]¯p hb-Ên\v apt¼-
Xs¶ akvXn-jvI-{]-£m-f\w Bcw-`n-¨mÂ am{Xsa KpW-{]-Z-a m-hp-I -bp-Åq.
]e-h«w BhÀ¯n-¡p-¶Xpw kwKoXw am²y-a-a m-¡p-¶Xpw {]tbm-P\w
sN¿pw. aªnsâ \ndw shfp-¯n-«m-sW¶v ]d-bp-¶Xv {`m´m-sW¶v hcp-
¯n-¯oÀ¡pw. Bsfm-¶n\v F´p Nne-hp-hcpw F¶v hne-bn-cp-t¯--Xp-
v”
“A`n-{]m-b-¯n\p taepÅ \nb-{´Ww imkv{Xob kt¦-X-§sf B{i-bn-

¨m-bn-cn¡pw. “IS-emk”v `c-W-Iq-S-¯nsâ \nb-{´-W-¯n-e m-bn-c n-¡p-¶-Xp-
sImv {]kn-²o-I-cWw km[y-a-Ã. hmÀ¯m-{]-t£]W tI{µ-§fpw ,
kn\n-a-bpw `c-W-Iq-S-¯ nsâ Iogn-em-bn-c n-¡pw. ]ns¶ km[y-am-hp-¶Xv
AS¡w ]d-¨nep-IÄ am{X-am-Wv. AXv Nmchy¯nbn-eqsS \nb-{ń-¡mw.
Nmc-{]-hÀ¯n-bnÂ hogvN-h-c p-¯n-bmÂ `bm-\-I-a mb {]Xym-Lm-X-§Ä¡v
hnt[-b-cmhpw F¶ t_m[yw ASp¯ kplr-¯ns\t¸mepw Häp sImSp-
¡p-¶-X n\v CS-bm¡pw. CsXÃmw a\-t¡m-«IfÃ. hmkvX-hw.”
“sNdp {]bm-¯ nÂ Xs¶ Bcw-`n-¡p¶ Blmcw , Ip¯nh-bv]v,
BÚ FÃmw `c-W-I qSw B{K-ln-¡p¶ {]Xn-I-c Ww , hnizmkw F¶nh
krjvSn-¡p-¶-X n\v hgn-sbm-cp-¡pw. Xo{h-hn-aÀi\w F¶Xv hnNm-cn-¡p-¶Xv
Xs¶ Akm-²y-a m-¡pw.”
-“”im-kv{Xob ImgvN-¸ mSv “” ( Scientific Outlook ) F¶ ]pkvX-I-
¯nÂ \n¶v. “Pkyq-«p-I-fpsS hnZym-`ymk amXrI hfsc A\p-I-cWob-am-
Wv. Ah-c psS kwL-¯nÂ AwK-am-tI--h À¡v Hcp Xc-¯n-epÅ hnZym-`ym-
khpw aäp-Å-hÀ¡v thsdm-cp-X-c-¯n-epÅ hnZym-`ym-khpw \ÂIn-bn-c p¶p.
imkv{Xob kaq-l-¯nÂ km[m-cW a\p-jyÀ¡v {]Xn-I-c W tijn CÃm-Xn-
cn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw ITn-\m-²zm-\-ioew hfÀ¯p-¶-Xn\pw Nn´m-tijn CÃm-Xn-cn-
¡p-¶-X n\pw kwXr-]vX-c m-bn-cn-¡p-¶-X n\pw th hnZym-`ym-khpw, AXn-\p-
thn at\m-h n-tÈ-jWw s]cp-a mä imkv{Xw _tbm-s I-ankv{Sn FÃm- kn-
²m-´-§fpw {]tbm-K-¯nÂ hcpw. imkv{Xob `cWw ssIbm-fp-¶-h À¡v
imkv{Xob A[n-Imcw ssItbÂt¡-p-¶-hÀ¡v AXn\v A\p-kr-X-amb
hnZym-`ym-khpw \ÂIpw.”
“A[n-I mcw BÀÖn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-thn at\m-hn-tÇ-j-W-t¯-¡mÄ D]-tbm-

K-{]Zw s]cp-amä imkv{X-a m-sW¶v Rm³ Icp-X p¶p. arK-§sf ]cn-io-en-¸n-
368
¡p-¶-X n\pw ssk\n-Isc ]cp-h-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\pw ê-{]-Z-am-bn-«p-ÅXv

s]cp-amä imkv{X-a m-s W¶v sXfn-bn-¡-s ¸-«n-«p-Å-X m-Wv.”
“a\pjy {`qW-¯nÂ FIvkv-td-¡pÅ £aX F{X-bm-sW¶ ]co-£Ww

Bh-iy-am-Wv. Ct¸mÄ AXv \nb-a-hn-cp-²-a m-Wv. AXv Nne-t¸mÄ djy-bnÂ
sN¿p-h m³ km[n-t¨¡pw. Xmakw hn\m. t{Ima-tkm-ap-Isf Xs¶ KpW-{]-
Z-a mb coXn-bnÂ kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶-X n\v km[n-t¨¡pw C¯cw ]co£Ww
A[nIw aµ-_p-²n-Is- fbpw òI-c-·m-scbpw krjvSn-t¨-¡mw. Hcp Xe-a p-d-
bv¡Iw a\p-jysc apgp-h\pw _p²n-a m-·m-c m-¡p-¶-Xn\v thn AXv \ymbo-
I-cn-¡-s¸-Spw.”
“cmjv{Snb¯nÂ \n¶pw A{]-Xy-£-am-Ip¶ {Iqc-X¡v ]Icw

kvt]mÀ«vknÂ AXv DÄs¸-Sp-¯mw. ^p«vt_m-f-n\p ]Icw BIm-i¯p h¨v
Xam-i-bp-²-§Ä \S¯mw . tXmÂ¡p-¶-h\v in£- a-c-Ww. BÄ¡mÀ
t\m¡n-\nÂt¡ hmbp-hn-eqsS Xmtgm«v hoWo«v acn-¡p¶Xv hoc-N-c-a -ambn
Icp-X-s ¸-Smw.”
sshZy-im-kv{Xw , FbvUvkv
Iym³kÀ , cm-khkvXp-¡Ä .
369
2003- se ]T\w shfn-s¸-Sp-¯n-bXv sshZy-im-kv{X- cw-Ks¯ A²ym-]-I À,-

A-h Institutional Review Boards se Aw-K§-fmWv . IRB sshZyimkv{X
cwKs¯ Kth-j-W-§Ä¡v amÀ¤-\nÀt±iw \evIp-¶p ,- A-XnÂ ]IpXn
AwK-§fpw acp¶p \nÀ½mW {]Øm-\ -§-fnÂ D]-tZ-jv Sm-¡-f mbn hÀ¯n-
¡p-¶p . ABC bpsS ]T\w shfn-hm-¡p-¶Xv acp¶p \nÀ½m-W-I -¼-\n- acp-
¶n-s â kzoIm-cy-X-s b-¡p-dn¨v ]Tn-¡p-¶-Xn\v ]Ww \evIp-t¼mÄ 90 iX-am-
\-hpw kabw acp-¶ns\ A\p-I q-en-¨ p-s Im-pÅ dnt¸mÀ«v e`n-¡pw.- ]-Ww-
sIm-Sp-¯ mÂ Bh-iy-a pÅ Xc-¯n-epÅ imkv{Xo-b ]T\ -dn-t¸mÀ«v e`y-am-
Wv. kn³Xy- t{Im-s Ê³ Ah-c psS ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ { Tainted Truth :
Manipulation of Fact in America }, Statitics s\ D]-tbm-Kn-¨p-sImv
AkXy {]NcWw \S-¯p-¶-Xns\ Xpd¶p Im«p-¶p . 1981 Â acp¶p hyh-
kmbw 29 tImSn tUmfÀ, tImf-Pp-IÄ¡pw bqWn-thÀkn-än-I Ä¡pw
\evIn-b-t¸mÄ 1991 Â AXv 200 tImSn tUmfdmbn. tUmIvSÀ eqkn-bm³
eo]v Xs³ ]T\-¯nÂ Error in Medicine ]dbp-¶Xv 1964 Â jns½Â,- B-
ip-]{Xn tcmKn-I-fnÂ 20 iX-a m\w tUmIvSÀam-c p-s S ,- Nn-In-Õ-bnsS ]ng-hp-
sImv A]-I-S-§-fnÂs¸Sp-¶p , 20 iX-am\w , amc-I-am-b -B-Lm-X -
§Ä¡pw. 1981 Â ÌoÂ dnt¸mÀ«v sNbvXXv AXv 36 iX-a m-\hpw 25 iX-am-
\hpw F¶- tXm-XnemWv F¶mW v.- A-] -I-S-§-fnÂ s]«-h -cnÂ 50 iX-a m-\w
t]À¡v tZmj-I-c -am-b -{]-X ym-LmXw , acp-¶p-I-g n-¨-Xp-sImv Dm-h p¶p
F¶pw. A-ta-c n-¡-bnÂ BsI Hmtcm hÀjhpw 180,000 t]À NnInÕm ]ng-
hn-sImv ac-W-a-S-bp¶p. AXns\ At±lw cp Znh-k-¯nÂ H¶v F¶-
\n-c-¡nÂ \S-¡p¶ Pwt_m -Päv {Imjn-t\mSv D]-a n-¨p. dnt¸mÀ«v sN¿-s ¸-
Sp-¶h hfsc Ipd-hm-sW-¶p-Å-Xp-IqSn tNÀ¯v hmbn-¡p-t¼mÄ
hmkvXhw F{X-t¯mfw òXn P\-I-a m-bn-c n¡pw F¶v Duln¡mw .1995 Â
acW kwJy 285,000 Bbn DbÀ¶p . 1997 Â acW kwJy 420,00 Bbn
.tUmIvSÀ Pbv tIml³ ]d-bp-¶Xv acp-¶p-I-fpsS tZmj-^-e-§-fpsS 5 iX-
am\w am{Xw dnt¸mÀ«v sN¿p-¶p.- dn-ä m-en-³ s³ -{]-hÀ¯\w sIm¡-bv-s â
{]hÀ¯-\-¯n-\v kam-\amWv , AXp ]d-bp-¶-Xv : Journal of American
Medical Association .Atacn-¡-bnÂ Hcp hÀjw 13,000 S¬ Bân_tbm-«n-
¡p-I Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. CXnÂ 10 S¬ arK§Ä¡v sImSp-¡p-¶-Xn-\ pw. -
A-kpJw hcm-Xn-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw ,Zq-c-tZ-i-t¯¡v IS-¯p-¶ -Xp-aq-ew -D-m-
Ip¶ k½À±w eLq-I-c n-¡p-¶-Xn\p thnbpw hfÀ¨ Xzcn-X-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-
Xn\p thnbpw. {]tXyIw Akp-J-¯n-\ mbn \evIp-¶-Xv hfsc Ipd¨p
am{Xw. AXn-s \-¡p-dn¨p ]T\w \S-¯nb tUmIvSÀ F¤À ]d-bp-¶Xv
\½psS `£-W-§-fnÂ , \Zn-I -fnÂ ,- \o-cp-d-h -I-fnÂ Hs¡ AXn-s ³ km¶n-
²yw Adnbmw . arK-§sf hfÀ¯p¶ tI{µ-§-fnÂ \n¶mWv AXv F¯n-
t¨-c p-¶Xv . B-lm-c -¯neq-sSbpw Bân_tbm-«n-¡p-Isf {]Xn-tcm-[n-¡p-¶-
Xn\v tijn-bpÅ Akp-J-§Ä ico-cs¯ _m[n-¡p¶p . AXns\ km[m-c-
370
W-bmbn t\cn-Sp-¶Xv Bân-_-tbm«n¡p-IfpsS D]-tbmKw XpSÀ¶p-sImv,

kmÂa-s\Ã t]mepÅ _mIvSocn-bIsf \in-¸ n-¡p-¶-Xn\v tdUn-t-b-j³
\evIpI F¶-Xm-Wv. hr¯n-lo-\ -amb kml-N-cr-§-fnÂ, k©mc kzm-X-{´r-
an-Ãm-¯- X-c-¯nÂ arK-§sf hfÀ¯p-¶Xv Bân-_-tbm«nIvknsâ
Bhirw A[n-I-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. a\p-jr-c psS t\cn-«pÅ Bân-_-tbm«nIv D]-
tbmKhpw A[n-I-am-Wv.
AXv tcmKImcnI-fpsS L-S-\ sb amd-dp-¶p. izk-\-h y-h-Ø-bpsS
apIÄ `m-K-¯p- m-hp¶ Akp-J-§Ä A[n-Ihpw sshdkv aqeamWv.
AXn\v Bân_bm«nIvkv sImSp¡p-hm³ ]mSn-Ã. F¶mÂ sIm-Sp-¯p-h-cp-
¶p. Bbn-c-¡-W-¡n\p cmk-h-kvX p-¡Ä shÅ-¯nÂ F¯n-
tNÀ¶psImncn-¡p-¶p. ChsbÃmw tNÀ¶ Pew IpSn-¡p-¶-Xp-sImv
F´mWv A\-´-c-êw F¶v Adn-bn-Ã. km[m-c W tUmIvSÀamÀ¡v C¯cw
k¦oÀ®-a mb kmlN-c y-§Ä ssIImcyw sN¿p-¶-Xn-\pÅ Adn-hp-m-In-
Ã . \ap¡v A[nIw ]cn-Nn-X-a mb Iym³kÀ F]n-tX-en-bÂ Iym³kÀ ,- {_-
kvd-dv ,- t{]mkvtääv, izmk-tImiw, DZ-c w, h³Ip-SÂ,F¶n-hn-S-§-fnÂ F]n-
tX-enbw ASn-bp-¶ -Xp-s Im-pmIp¶ Iym³kÀ. AXn-s\-¡p-dn¨p Kl-\ -
amb ]T\w \S-¯nb DÄdn¨v Fbv_Â ]d-bp-¶-X v ,- ap-t¶-dn-¡-g nª Ah-
Ø-bnÂ Iotam-s X-dm¸n KpW-{]-Z-a-Ã F¶m-Wv.- km-[m-c W Af-hnÂ Iotam-
sX-dm¸n ê-{]-Z-am-bnÃ F¦nÂ A[nIw Af-hnÂ Iotam-s X-dm¸nbpw ,
]ns¶ sÌw skÂ amänhbv¡Â ikv{X-{Inb-bp-a mWv sNbvX p-h cp-¶Xv.
AXv km[m-c-W- K-Xn-bnÂ \S-¯p¶ IotamsXdm-¸ n-bp-a mbn Fs´-¦ nepw
sa¨w {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶n-Ã.
acp¶pw ikv{X-{In-bbpw km[m-c-W-a m-I-bmÂ s]mXp-sh-bpÅ
[mcW AsXms¡ Bh-i yhpw kpc-£n-Xhpw BWv F¶mWv .B-[p-\n-I-
ssh-Zy-im-kv{X-¯n-s â NnInÕm ]²-Xn-I-fnÂ ]s¦-Sp-¡pI F¶Xp Xs¶
acn-¡p-¶-Xn\pÅ sNe-th-dnb amÀ¤-amWv. BtcmKy ]cn-c£ F¶pÅ
{]tbmKw acp¶v F¶mÂ BtcmKyw F¶ {]XoXo krjvSn¡p-¶p-. A-
tem-¸Xn BtcmKyw kwc-£n-¡p-¶n-Ã,- a-dn¨v AkpJw kwc-£n-¡p-¶p .
I¼yp-«À t{]m{Kmw D]-tbm-K n¨v \nK-a-\-§-fnÂ F¯n-t¨-c p-¶Xv A]-I-S-
amWv . U S office of Technology Assessment \S-¯ nb ]T\w shfn-s¸-Sp-
¯n-bXv 10 apXÂ 20 iX-am\w hsc Imcy-£-aX DÄs¡m-Åp¶p F¶m-Wv.
1947 \pw 1964 \pw CSbv¡v P\n¨ 7 e£w Ipªp-§sf ]T-\ -hn-t[-b-am-
¡n-b-XnÂ ,- A-h -cpsS A½-a mÀ¡v KÀ`n-Wn-b m-bn-c n-¡p-t¼mÄ Pelvis X
Ray \evInbn-cp-¶p, X ray e`n-¡m¯ A½amcnÂ P\n¡p¶ Ipªp-§-
tf-¡mÄ 40 iX-am\w A[nIw Iym³kÀ km[yX \nco-£n¨p .sIm-tdm-
Wdn B³Pn-tbm-{Km-^n-bpsS ka-b¯v \evIp-¶ X Ray 460\pw 1580\pw
CSbv¡v MREM iànbp-Å-Xm-Wv. -km-[m-cW s\©v X ray D]tbm-Kn-¡p-
t¼mÄ 2 MREM am{Xw. tUmIvSÀ tPm¬ tKm^va³ , hnIn-cWw, a\p-jysâ
Btcm-Kys¯ F{]-Imcw _m[n-¡p¶p F¶v 45 hÀjw ]T\w \S¯n. X
371
Ray bpm¡p¶ {]Xym-LmXw Fs´¶v At±lw IrXy-am-bn-¸-d-bp¶p.

Nuclear and Physical ChemistrybnÂ tUmIvS-td-äv, saUn-¡Â tUmIvSÀ.
am³l-«³ \ypIvfn-bÀ ]²Xn-bnÂ ]s¦-Sp¯p. bptd-\nbw þ2323 Ip-]n-
Sn¨p. ]vfqt«m-Wnbw BZy-ambn thÀXn-cn¨p. A©p ]pkvX-I-§Ä cNn¨p.
sshZy-im-kv{X- kmt¦-X nI hnZy-IÄ {]tXy-In¨pw X Ray ,CT Scan,
amtam{Km-^n,- ^vfq-tdm-kvtIm¸n F¶nh ]pXnb Iym³-k-dp-I-fpsS 75 iX-am-
\-¯n\v Imc-W-am-Ip¶p F¶v tUmIvSÀ tPm¬ tKm^va ³ ]d-bp¶p .
At±-l-¯n-s ³ 699 t]Pv dnt¸mÀ«v 2000þmw BnÂ Update sNbvX Xv
Radiation from Medical Procedures in the Pathogenesis of Cancer and
Ischemic Heart Disease: Dose Response Studies With Physicians per
100,000 Population to Here”hyàam-¡p-¶Xv tUmIvSÀam-cpsS A\p-]mXw
IqSp-¶-X-\p-k-c n¨v X Ray ]cn-tim-[-\-I fpsS F®-hpw IqSp¶p. AXn\v
A\p-kr-X -ambn Iym³kÀtcm-K-¯n-sâ F®hpw ,lr-t{Zm-K-¯n-s â
F®hpw. At±lw ]d-bp-¶Xv X Ray am{Xa-Ã, tami-s ¸« Blm-c w,- ]p-I-
hen, KÀ`-On-{Xw,- KÀ`-\n-tcm-[-\- Kp-fn-I-IÄ F¶n-hbpw {]m[m\yw AÀln-
¡p¶p F¶mWv. At±-l-¯n-s³ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ Preventing Breast Cancer
]dbp-¶Xv 44 \pw 55 \pw CSbv¡v {]mb-a pÅ kv{XoI-fnse ac-W-¯n\v
{][\ ImcWw s{_Ìv Iym³ksd¶m-Wv.- ap-e-I-fnse tImi-§Ä hnIn-c -
W-¯n\v hg-§p-¶-h-bm-I -bmÂ,- am-tam{Kmw , s{_-kvddv Iy³k-dn\v hgn-s h-
¡p-s a-¶pw-. a-äp-I m-c -W-§Ä AXn\v thK-X-Iq«pw. tUmIvSÀ kmÀt\m ]d-
bp-¶Xv ]pdw thZ\-bn-Ãm-¯ -hÀ¡v X Ray bnÂ Akzm-`m-hn-I-X-IÄ
ImWmw ]pdw thZ-\-bp-Å-hÀ¡v X Ray Akz-`m-hn-I-X -IÄ ImWm-tX-bp-an-
cn¡mw F¶mWv. Smoking and Cancer : The Cigaratte paper : How the
Industry is Trying to Smoke US all By Weiner J & WWW.tobacco.org .
sshZyimkv{Xw H¶n\pw Dd-¸ v\ÂIp-¶n-Ã . Death By Destruction of Will.
Lest we Forget By Robinson.B E; Deaths Caused by Restraints. By .
Miles & Irvine Cw¥-nÂ Fen-k-_¯v cmPvRn C¶pw tlman-tbm-]Xn
acp¶v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. 1854þÂ Cw¥- nÂ tImfd ]S-À¶t¸mÄ tlman-
tbm-]Xn Bip-]-{Xn-I-fnÂ 17 iX-a m\w t]À ac-W-a-S-ª-t¸mÄ, Atem-¸Xn
Bip-] -{Xn-I -fnÂ 50 iX-a m\w t]À ac-Wa-Sªp. AXnsâ tcJ-IÄ Board
of Health of the City of London ]qgv¯n-h-¨p. Chm³ CÃn¨v Xsâ ]pkvX-
I-¯nÂ Medical Nemesis:The Expropriation of Health ]d-bp-¶Xv aq¶p- X-
c-¯n-ep-ff Iatrogenesis D-s-¶m-Wv.1) Clinical Iatrogenesis ,tUmIvSÀ
krjvSn¡p¶ AkpJw 2) Social Iatrogenesis, -s a-Un-¡Â hymh-km-bnI
kwLmXw krjvSn-¡p¶Xv 3) Cultural Iatrogenesis, a\p-jysâ Pohn-¡p-¶-
Xn-\p-ff Xzcsb \in-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv . AMA Ah-Im-i-s ¸-Sp-¶ -Xv. 19-þmw \qäm-
372
nÂ Btcm-Ky-ØnXn hfsc sa¨-s¸«p F¶mWv. F¶mÂ hmkvXhw adn-

¨mWv. £b-tcm-K-¯nsâ Imcyw ]cn-tim-[n-¡p¶Xv \Ã-XmWv. 1812-þÂ \yp
tbmÀ¡nÂ 100,000 P\-§Ä¡v 700 £btcmKnIÄ ac-W-s]-«n-cp¶p F¶
A\p-]mXw \ne-\ n-¶n-c p-¶p. 1882-þÂ tIm¨v, _mkn-ekv tcmKmWp thÀXn-cn-
s¨-Sp-¡p-t¼m-tg¡pw A\p-]mXw Hcp e£-¯n\v 370 Bbn. 1910þÂ
BZys¯ TBBip-]{Xn \ne-hnÂ hcp-t¼m-tg¡pw AXv Hcp e£-¯n\v 180
Bbn. 1950-þÂ Hcp e£-¯n\v 50 Dpw. saUn-¡Â tcJ-IÄ ]d-bp-¶Xv
Bân-_-tbm-«n-¡p-Ifpw {]Xn-tcm-[- Ip-¯n-h -bv¸p-Ifpw \ne-hnÂ hcp-¶-Xn\p
ap³]v 1860þ1896 Ime-L-«-¯nÂ inip-a-c -W-\ n-c¡v 90 iX-am\w Iv Ipd-
ªn-cp-¶p. 1905-þÂ Food and Drug Act \ne-hnÂ hcp-¶-X n\pw hfsc
aps¶. 1900 þÂ 700 a\p-jyÀ¡v Hcp tUmIvSÀ, 1900 Â AMA Jaurnal Â
tUmIvSÀ kna¬kv ]d-ªXv AXohw BZm-b-I -c-a mWv sshZy-cw-K-s¯ -
tk-h-\ -sa-¦nÂ ProfessionFfp¸w hf-cp-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-amIpw F¶m-Wv.
AXn\p Imc-W-a m-bXv tPm¬. Un tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ , tdm¯vjoÄUvknsâ
krjvSn. ]¦m-fn. tdm¯vjoÄUvknsâ hmÄkv{Soäv Imcy-kvY³ tPbvI_v
jn^v. 1892-þÂ {Û-dn¡v sKb-vävkns\ Xsâ ]nWn-bm-fmbn tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ
\nb-an¨p. FÃm Poh-Im-cpWy {]hÀ¯-\-§-fp-s Sbpw ta[mhn F¶-\n-e-
bnÂ, Hmtcm Po-h-I m-c p-Wy -{]-hÀ¯-\hpw k¼¯pw A[n-Im-chpw hÀ²n-
¸n-¡p-¶-X n-\ p-ff amÀK-§Ä am{Xw, AbmÄ {]Xn-\ n-[o-I -cn-¡p¶ clky
iàn-I -fpsS k¼¯pw A[n-Im-chpw AtXm-sSm¸w hÀ²n-¸ n-¨ p. Ata-cn-¡-
bnse sam¯w saUn-¡Â hnZym-`ym-khpw ssIb-S-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p BZy-
e-£yw. AXn\p thn tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v saUn-¡Â
dnkÀ¨v Øm]n-X-a mbn RIMR. 1907Â AMA A-`yÀ°\sb XpSÀ¶v
ImÀ\n ûtj³ Ata-c n-¡-bnse saUn-¡Â hnZym-e-b§fpsS kÀth
\S¯n . B ka-b¯v Xs¶ ImÀ\n ûtjsâ \nb-{´Ww tdms¡-
s^-ÃÀ ûtjsâ ssII-fn-embncp¶p. ImÀ\n ût-j-\p-IÄ ,
tdms¡s^ÃÀ ût-js³d XW-enÂ \n¶pw t]mIp-¶-h-bmWv . ]T-\-
¯n\v thn F{_lmw s^vfIvkv\dns\ Npa-X-e-s ¸-Sp¯n .A-t±-l-
¯nsâ ktlm-Z-c³ sska¬ B ka-b¯v RIMR sâ ta[mhn. ]T-\ s¯
PÀ½-\n-bnÂ \n¶pw ]cn-i o-e\w t\Snb Atem-¸Xn hnZKv[À Imcyambn
kzm[o-\n-¨p. s^vfIvkv\ dpsS taep-m-bn-cp¶ {]Y-a- kzm-[o\w At±-l-
¯nsâ _mÄ«na-q-dn-te-¡pÅ bm{X-bm-bn-c p¶p. AbmÄ tPm¬
tlm]vIn³kv bqWn-thÀkn-än-bnÂ \n¶v _ncpZw t\Snb hyànbpw .
AXnsâ Øm]-I ³ Um\n-tbÂ tImbnäv KnÂa³. Yale bpWnthÀknän-
bnÂ Ct¸mÄ Skull &Bones AYhm Brotherhood of Death F¶v Adn-b-s ¸-
Sp¶ dÊÂ {SÌv Øm]n¨ 3 t]cnÂ HcmÄ. KnÂ-a³ Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ
Ceypan\män Øm]n-X-a m-¡p-¶-Xn\v Npa-X-e-s ¸-Sp-¯ -s ¸«p . ]ot_mUn
^v, tPm¬ kvsfbväÀ ^v F¶nh KnÂa³ Øm]n¨p . AXv ]n¶oSv
tdms¡s^ÃÀ ût-j³ F¶-dn-b -s¸-«p . tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ P\-dÂ
t_mÀUnsâ {]ap-J- Øm-]-I\pw KnÂa³ Xs¶. AXv Ata-cn-¡-bnse
373
saUn-¡Â hnZym-`ymk k{¼-Zmbw , ImÀ\n-û-t-j³,- d-ÊÂ skbvPv

ût-j³- F-¶n-h-bp-s S-taÂ B[n-]Xyw t\Sn.- tPm¬ tlm]vIn³knÂ
KnÂasâ hnZymÀ°n-bm-bn-cp¶p dn¨ÀUv Gsse, hp{Up- hnÂk¬ sâ
hnZym-`ymk D]-tZ-jv Sm-h v. KnÂasâ D]-tZ-i-{]-Imcw slÀ_À«v lqhÀ
H¶mw temI-a -lm-bp-²-¯ n\p tijw lqhÀ C³Ìn-äq«v Øm]n-¨p.-
PÀ½³ Atem-¸ -Xn- NnIn-Õ -bpsS Ata-cn-¡³ tI{µ-a m-bn-cp¶p tPm¬
tlm]vIn³kv.- ^vs f-Ivkv\ À ]Tn-¨Xv _Àen³ bqWn-thÀkn-än-bnÂ.
^vsfIvkv\À P\n-¨Xv eqbn-hn-se-bnÂ. Ata-cn-¡-bnse kbWnkvddv
HmÀKss\-tk-j³ {]kn-Uâv eqbn -{_m³Uokv P\n-¨Xpw eqbo-hn-s e-
bnÂ,- ^vsf-Ivkv\À IpSpw-_-¯ nsâ ]gb kplr¯v hp{Uq hnÂk¬
{_m³Uo-kns\ kp{]ow-tImSXn-bnÂ \nb-a n-¨p. AbmÄ kzbw ]mcokv
kam-[m\ kt½-f-\-¯n\v t]mbn. 1918 Â, \yptbmÀ¡v AtämÀWn
_À\ÀUv ^vsfIvkv\À {_m³Uo-kn-s\m¸w kb-Wn-kvddv {]Xn-\ n-[ - n-I-fpsS
HutZymKnI \nbatIm¬kÂ F¶ \ne-¡pw. _À\mUv ^vsfIvkv\À
]n¶oSv CFR Øm]I-c nÂ Hcm-fm-bn. ]ns¶ Abm-fpsS ktlm-Z-c ³ sska-
Wn-s \m¸w tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ ût-j³ {Skvd-dn-bpw. sska¬ RIMR sâ
BZy- U-b-d-IvSÀ, A[ym-]-\-¯nsâ apt¶-dd-¯n-\mbn F{_lmw, ImÀ\o
ût-j-\nÂ tNÀ¶p. Carnegie foundation for the Advancement of
Teaching Â . tdms¡-s ^-Ã-dnsâ P\-dÂ FPyq-t¡-j³ t_mÀUn-epw .
F{_-lm-a n\v HmIvkv^ÀUv bqWn-thÀkn-än-bnÂ tdmUvkv kva mcI {]`m-
j-W-¯n\v Ah-k-c-a p-mbn. At±-l-¯nsâ 1913 Â {]kn-²o-Ir-X-amb
]pkvXIw Prostitution in Europe. ^vs fIvkv\À dnt¸mÀ«v saUn-¡Â hnZym-
`ymkw sNe-th-dn-b-X m-¡pI F¶-Xmbncp¶p. AMA ]cm-X n-s¸-«n-cp-¶Xv
A[nIw tUmI-SÀamÀ e`y-a mWv F¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. 4 hÀjw tImfPv hnZym-
`ym-kw. sNe-th-dnb ]co-£-W-i m-e-I Ä Bh-i y-s a¶pw XpSÀ¶v saUn-
¡Â kvI qfp-I -fpsS F®w A[n-I -am-bn-¡p-dªp .H-¶mw temI -a-lm-bp-²-
¯nsâ Ah-km-\-t¯msS 650 Dm-bn-cp-¶Xv 50 F®-a mbn. [-\ n-I -cmb
hnZymÀ°n-I Ä¡v am{Xw saUn-¡Â hnZym-`ymkw F¶v Dd¸p hcp¯n .
hfsc Ipd¨v t]À am{Xw. AXv A[nIw \nb{´Ww Dd-¸p-h-c p¯n. (
Murder by Injection : The Story of the Medical Conspiracy Aganist
America. By Eustace Mullins) . AMAbpsS {][m-\n-IÄ kn½¬kpw,
^njv_o\pw saUn-¡Â hnZym-`ymkw CÃm-¯-h À.- ]Ww \evIp-¶-Xn\v
A\p-kr-X -ambn acp-¶p-IÄ¡v AwKo-Imcw \evIn. Atºm«v et_m-d-«-dokv
sâ Øm]-I ³ kzImcy Unä-IvSo-hp-I sf D]-tbm-Kn¨v kn½¬knsâ
Ncn{Xw ]pd-s¯-Sp-¯p. kn½¬kv Xsâ `mcysb Hgn-hm-¡p-¶-X n\v AhÀ
am\-kn-I -tcm-Kn-bm-s W¶pw ab-¡p-a -cp-¶n\v ASn-a-bm-s W-¶pw- {]-N-cn-¸ n¨p.
A-hÀ tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-¨-Xn-s\-¯p-SÀ¶v kn½¬kv AMA bnÂ \n¶v
]pd¯mbn. tamdnkv ^njv_o³ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ. klm-bn-b mbn tUmIvSÀ
Hmen³ shÌv. sS¶n-kn-bnÂ tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ km\n-«dn Ub-d-IvS-dm-bn-c p-¶p.-
tUm-Iv«À tPmk-^vk¬,- sh-Ìns\ hnti-jn-¸ n-¨Xv “sshZy-imkv{X
374
cwKs¯ lnäveÀ” F¶v. ^njv_o³ Xsâ Øm\w At§-bäw Zpcp-]-

tbmKw sNbvXp. ssh-Zy-i mkv{X ]WvUn-X³ F¶v hnti-jn-¸n¡-s ¸«p.
AMA tcmKmWp hnap-à-sa¶v km£y-s¸-Sp-¯nb `£y-h-kvXp-¡Ä FDA
Ip-sI-«n-bn-c p¶q .Iu¬knÂ Hm¬ ^mÀakn B³Uv sIankv{Sn sb
D]-tbm-Kn¨v AMA [mcmfw ]WwsImbvXp. AXohw [\n-I-\mbncp¶
tUmIvSÀ C½m-\ p-h Â tPmk-^vk¬ AMA sb cq£-a mbn hnaÀin¨v,
AXnÂ \n¶v hn«p-t]m-¶p. ab-kvtX-\ nb {Kmhnkv F¶ Akp-J-¯n\v
sshä-a n³ C D]-tbm-K{]Z-s a-¶, tPmk-^vk-Wnsâ hmZw AMA DÄs¡-
n-Ã.- Iu¬knÂ Hm^v ^mÀakn B³Uv sIan-kv{Sn- . tUm-IvSÀamÀ GsX-
¦n-epw- Hcp acp-¶nsâ KpW-^-e-§-sf-¡pdn¨v {]Ømhw ]pd-s ¸-Sp-h n-¸ n-¡p-
¶Xn-s\ \nc-kn-¡p-¶Xv Ah-cpsS Ip¯-Im-[n-Imcw \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶-Xn\v
Imc-W-am-bn.- tUm-I vSÀ {^m¦v sseUvtÌm¬ Xsâ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ Why
AMA is Going Backward, AMA sb cp£-ambn hnaÀin-¡p-¶p. 1961 Â
AMA bpsS hmÀjnI hcp-a m\w Hcp- tImSn Adp-]Xv e£w tUmfÀ. A]-I-
S-I-c -sa¶v sXfnbn-¡-s ¸« ]e -a-cp-¶p-Ifpw hn]-W\w sN¿p¶Xn\v AMA
H¯mi sNbvXp. ssU ss\t{Sm-ô-t\mÄ AXnÂ H¶v . RIMR sâ
ssek³knÂ Merck ]pd-¯ n-d-¡nb kn^n-en-knsâ NnIn-Õbv¡v D]-tbm-
Kn¨ , F-¶mÂ ImgvN-iàn \in-¸ n-¡p¶ ss{S]mÀkm-ssaUv ,AXns\
Ip-] n-Sn¨ hyàn Dt]-£n-¨-Xm-bn-cp-¶p.- t]mÄ FÂdn¨v ^njv_osâ
Gähpw A]-I-S-I-c -amb Xocp-a m-\ w. 1941 Â kÄ^m-Xn-b-tkm-fn\v AwKo-
Imcw \evIn-b-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. \nÀ½m-Xm-¡Ä hn³t{Xm-]v. -sF.Pn ^mÀ_³
{]Øm-\w. FDA bnse tUmIvSÀ Uypsdäpw AwKo-I-cn¨p . Uypsdäv Hcp
tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ ]nWnbmÄ . ^njv_o³ Øm\-sam-g nª tijhpw AMA
A]-I-S-Im-cn-Ifmb acp-¶p-IÄ Adnªp sImp-Xs¶ AwKo-I-cn-¨n-c p-¶p.
ssU FXven³ Kvfqt¡mÄ {Zmh-I-¯nÂ tNÀ¯ kÄ^m-\ nemssaUv ,kp-
t{]m-s^³. Ip-{]-kn-²-c mb X«n¸p hoc³amÀ knt½m¬kpw ,^n-jv_o\pw
Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ sshZy-im-kv{Xs¯ Ipä-hn-a p-à-am-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-thn ]cn-
{i-an-¨p.- B-kv{]n³ KÀ`m-h-kvY-bnse Ipªnsâ sshI-ey-§Ä¡v Imc-W-
am-Ip-¶p,- a-c-W-¯n-\pw,- c-à-{km-h -¯n\pw ,AXv \yptam-Wnb DÅ-t¸mÄ
e£-W-§sf AaÀ¨-sN-¿p-¶-Xn-\mÂ tUmIvS-dn\v tcmK-\nÀ®-bw- A-km-
[yamIp-¶p. AXn-t\m-sSm¸w [mcmfw shÅw IqSn IpSn-¨n-sÃ-¦nÂ ico-c -
¯nÂ BKn-cWw sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶n-Ã.- Hm-d©p \ocn-s \m¸w Ign-¨ mÂ H«pw
Xs¶ BKn-cWw sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶n-Ã
addp NnInÕm k{¼-Zm-b-§sf AaÀ¨ sN¿p-¶-Xn\v AMA.
AXns\ klmbn¡m³ Poh-Im-cpWy {]Øm-\-§Ä, ]ns¶ Ata-cn-¡³
Iym³kÀ skmssk-d-dn, BÀss{X-ddnkv ût-j³ F¶n-h-bpsS
t\XrXz¯nÂ Ata-c n-¡³ Kh¬saânsâ ]n³Xp-W-tbmsS B{IaWw
Agn-¨p-hn-«p. Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ \ntcm-[n-¡p¶ acp-¶p-IÄ emd-dn³ Atacn¡-
bn-te¡pw Gjybn-te¡pw Ib-ddn Ab-¡-s¸-«p. addp k{¼-Zm-b-§sf
375
B{I-a n-¡p-¶-X n\v Racketeer Inspired Criminal Organisation RICO, Co

ordinating Conference on Health Information CCHI , Post office, U.S,Public
Health Service F¶o Ipä-hmfn kwLS-\-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-«p. ap³ \nc-
bnÂ \n¶p ]S\bn¨ {]ap-J-cnÂ NneÀ ap³ Nph-¸³ t¢mUv s]¸À þ
At±-l-¯nsâ {]Øm\w National Health Fraud Conference, tUmISÀ
hnIvSÀ slÀ_À«vþ At±-l-¯ ns\ cl-ky-a mbn ]n³XpW¨ncp-¶Xvv
American Council for Sceince And Health, AXv {]apJ `£y-h-kvXp-¡Ä
\nÀ½n-¨n-c p¶ I¼\nIfpsS ap¶Wn {]Øm-\w,- Pq-en-bkv
tdmk³_ÀKnsâ `mcy A¶ tdmk³_ÀKv, tdms¡s^ÃÀ IpSpw-_ -
¯nsâ klm-bn. C C H I {]hÀ¯-IÀ California State Board of Health Â
IpSn-tbdn. HutZymKn-I ]£w \nÀ½n-¡p¶ acp-¶p-IÄ A[n-I-h ne CuSm-
¡p-¶Xpw, D]-tbm-K -iq-\ yhpw, A-] -I-S-I -chpw BsW¶ kXyw
Kh¬saâv GP³kn-IÄ ad¨p sh¨p. acp¶p \nÀ½mW ImÀ«-ep-IÄ Hcn-
¡epw At\z-j-W-¯n\v hnt[-b -am-bn-«nÃ
AMA bpsS iàn hÀ²n-¡p-¶-Xn\v A\p-kcn¨v sshZy ]cn-c -
£-bpsS KpW-ta· Ipdªp h¶p . AMA bpsS Code of Ethics
tUmIvSÀamsc aäp tUmIvSÀamÀ hcp-¯nb ]ng-hp-IÄ tImS-X n-a p-¼msI
shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-XnÂ \n¶pw XSªp . AXv AMA bv¡v Ip¯I A[n-
Imcw t\Sn-s¡m-Sp¯p . Ata-c n-¡³ ssk\y-¯nepw Ata-cn-¡³ s]mXp
Btcm-Ky-h-I p-¸nepw sXmgnÂ sNbvX tUmIvSÀ t\mÀa³ _m¬kv_n
Code of Ethics s\ Code of Silence F¶v hnti-jn-¸n-¨p. am^n-b-
bpsSXpt]mse . ]cn-lm-c -ambn _m¬kn_n sam¯-a mb DS-¨p-hmÀ¡Â
\nÀt±-in-¨ p. 1924 se AMA I¬sh³j\nÂ, {]ap-J-\mb tUmIvSÀ GWÌv
tImUva ³ ]d-ªXv At±-l-¯nsâ ]¡Â FÃnse Iym³kÀ _m[n¨
400 tcmKn-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ hnh-c-§Ä Dv F¶m-Wv.- G-Xm\pw NneXv
HgnsI FÃmw sXämb \nK-a-\-§Ä .Imev apdn¨v amtä--h -bnÂ A§s\
sNbvXn-«n-Ã.- B-h -iy-a n-Ãm-¯h apdn¨p amä-s ¸-Sp-I bpw sNbvXn-«p-v. 1970
June 6 se Time amK-ko-\ nse Xe-s ¡«v Schezophrenic AMA F¶m-bn-cp-
¶p. GXm\pw. BZÀi -[o-c-cmb tUmIvSÀamÀ AMA kt½f\w GXm\pw
\nan-tj-\cw GsäSp¯v ]d-ªXv AMA F¶Xv “”Ata-cn-¡³ aÀUÀ
Atkm-kn-tb-j³”” F¶m-Wv. 1988 P\p-hcn 21 se hmjn-MvS¬ t]mÌv ]d-
ªXv A[nIw pacemaker Dw A\m-h-iy-am-sW¶pw ]Ip-Xn-bn-te-s dbpw D]-
tbm-K-iq-\y-a m-s W-¶pw. tUmIvSÀ tdm_À«v sa³UÂtkml³ ]d-ªXv
sSdm-ssa-kn³ D]-tbm-K-iq-\y-amb Bân-_ -tb-«nIv BsW¶pw AXnsâ
D]-tbmKw Ipªp-§Ä¡v ]¨ IeÀ¶ aª \nd-a pÅ ]Ãp-IÄ k½m-\n-
¡p-¶Xpw , Ah-cpsS FÃp-I-fnÂ sS{Sm-s sk-¢n³ \nt£]w krjvSn-¡p-
¶Xpw .- A-t±lw B[p-\nI sshZy-im-kv{Xs¯ Church of Death F¶p
hnfn-¡p-¶p. AXnsâ NnInÕm ]²Xn-bnÂ 4 LS-I-§Ä Dv. 1) {]Xn-
376
tcm[ Ip¯n-s h-bv¸p-IÄ 2) ^vfqdn³ IeÀ¯nb shÅw 3)R-c-¼nÂ

Ip¯n-s h-¡p¶ {Zmh-I-§Ä 4)knÂhÀ ss\t{Säv .FÃmw kpc-£n-X-a-Ãm-
¯-h .
^njv_n³,- “”Hm-d©v \Êmhp”” F¶ AXnhw cl-ky- kw-L-S-\ -
bnÂ Hmô-kÀ Hm^v Z t{Imkv F¶- Øm-\ w \evIn BZ-c n-¡-s ¸-«p.- AXv
Hmd-© nse hneyw s\ Cw¥v Iog-S-¡p-¶-X n\pw, _m¦v Hm^v Cw¥v
Øm]n-¡p-¶-X n\pw Imc-W-amb kwL-S-\ .- ^n-jv_n³ -CS¡nsS Cw¥v
kµÀin-¨ p. AhnsS AbmÄ Kwò-c-a mbn kzoI-c n-¡-s ¸«p. F-¶mÂ AMA
bnÂ \n¶v ^njv_n³ ]pd-¯ m-¡-s ¸-«p. 1949 s^{_-phcn 22 \v s\Âk¬
{IyqIvjm³Iv , ^n-jv_os\ Xpd-¶p-Im-«n.-X sâ Cw¥v kµÀi\ thfbnÂ
Hcn¡Ât¸mepw At±lw GsX-¦nepw Hcp tUmIvSsd In-cp¶n-Ã.
tPmÀPv .FÊv. Iuvkv , tPm¬ Unth F¶n-h-cS§p¶ kwLw ,
tamkvtIm-bn-tebv¡v £Wn-¡-s ¸-«p. XncnsI F¯n-t¨À¶ AhÀ tZiob
ASn-Øm-\¯n-epÅ BtcmKy ]cn-] m-e-\-¯n\v \o¡-§Ä Bcw-`n¨p.
tkmjy-ssekvUv saUn-kn³ I½yp-WnÌv ]mÀ«n-bpsS Bi-b-a m-Wv. -
sl³{Sn Im_«v temUvPv Ah-tcm-s Sm¸w IqSn.- A-t±lw \yp Cw¥-nse
tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ A\p-bm-bn-I-fmb _m¦ÀamcpsS {][n-\ n-[n-bm-b n-c p-¶p.
Iym³k-dn-s\-¡p-dn¨v ]pcm-X\ {KÙ-§-fnÂ {]Xn-] m-Zn-¡p-¶n-Ã.
ssN\-bnse sshZy-im-kv{X -{K-Ù-§-fnepw. hyh-kmb hn¹-h-t¯m-s Sm¸w
hfÀ¶ Akp-J-a mWv Iym³kÀ F¶v hne-bn-c p-¯mw . Iym³k-dn\v B[p-
\nI sshZy-im-kv{Xw- \-evIp¶ {]Xn-hn[n Cut ,Slash , Burn-apdn-¡pI,
sN¯n-¡-f-bp-I,- I-cn-¡p-I, Iq«¯nÂ A[n-Iw -a-c p-¶p-Ifpw tdUn-tb-j-
\pw.- AXv hmkvX-h-¯nÂ PÀ½³ Atem-¸Xn k{¼-Zm-b-a m-Wv. AXnsâ
Ata-cn-¡³ tI{µw tÉmB³-þ-s I-ä-dn-§v. BZyw- AXv satam-dn-bÂ Bip-
]{Xn F¶v Adn-b-s ¸-«p.- B-Zy-Im-e¯v AXns\ \bn-¨n-c p-¶Xv cv
tUmIvSÀamÀ. H¶ma³ , tUmIvSÀ sP. am-cn-b³ knwkv.- A-bmÄ ASn-a -
Ifmb kv{XoI-fnt·Â ikv{X-{Inb ]co-£Ww \S-¯n-bn-cp-¶p.- A-bm-fp-s S-
Po-hNcn{XImc³ ]d-ªXv AXv lXym-]-c-am-bn-cp¶p F¶mWv.- tXm-« -ap-S-a -
IÄ ASn-a-Isf ]co-£-W¯n\v \evIn-bnÃ F¦nÂ AbmÄ ASn-a -Isf
hnebv¡p hm§pambn-c p-¶p. A\mÀ¡ F¶ -s ]¬Ip-«nbpsS taÂ
GXm\pw amk-§Ä¡p-ÅnÂ 30 Hmfw ikv{X-{In-b-IÄ \S-¯n.- B -k-a -
b¯v t_m[w -sI-Sp-¯p-¶-X n-\ pÅ D]m-[n-IÄ CÃm-bn-cp-¶p. 4 hÀjw
AbmÄ ,A-h-fnÂ A¯cw ]co-£-W-§Ä \S-¯n. ]n¶oSv \yptbmÀ¡nÂ
F¯n-t¨À¶ knwkv,- [-\ n-I -bmb saenÊ s^Â]vkv tUmUvPnsâ klm-b-
t¯msS Iym³kÀ skâÀ Øm]n-¨ p.- A-bmÄ Vesico Vaginal Fistula
bnÂ {]K-Û-\ m-s W¶v kzbw {]N-c n-¸ n-¨ p. AX vtUm-I vS-dpsS NnInÕm
377
sshI-ey-¯nÂ\n¶v Dm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. AbmÄ Øm]n¨ kv{XoI-fpsS

Bip-] -{X-bnÂ Incm-X-amb ikv{X-{In-b-IÄ \S¡p¶p F¶- hmÀ¯ {]N-
cn--¨-Xn-s \-Xp-SÀ¶v AbmÄ ]pd-¯m-¡-s¸-«p. F¶mÂ kzm[o-\-a pÅ kwc-
£-I À Abmsf XncnsI sImp-h-¶p.- B-ÌÀ IpSpw_w, Iym³kÀ
skâÀ XpS-§p-¶ -Xn\v knwkns\ kao-] n-¨ p.- A-h-cpsS k¼¯v CuÌv
Cý I¼\n, A´m-cmjv{S Hm]nbw hym]mcw F¶n-h-bnÂ \n¶.v IqSmsX
{_n«ojv cl-kym-t\z-jW {]Øm-\-¯nÂ \n¶pw- Imen-t^mÀWnb bqWn-
thÀkn-än-bnse {]^-kÀ lmÀUn³ Pbnwk v]dªXv NnIn-Õ¡p hnt[-b-
cmbh-tc-¡mÄ A[n-Iw-\mÄ NnInÕ \nc-kn-¡p-¶-hÀ Pohn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.
1988 Â \mj-WÂ C³Ìn-äyp«v ]pd¯n-d-¡nb ]T\w ]dbp¶Xv ( War
Aganist Cancer F¶ Xe-s¡-«nÂ ) Ip ]nSn-¡p¶-Xn\pw NnIn-Õn-¡p-¶-
Xn\pw DÅ kt¦X§Ä hn]p-e-am-bn«pw Iym³kÀ aqe-a pÅ acWw A[n-
Iam-bn-cn-¡p¶p.Iym³kÀ A[n-I-a m-bn- I-p -h-cp¶p .
FXnÀ¸p-IÄ Gsd-bpmbn«pw ,sa³UÂtkmlv³ ]dª B[p-
\nI imkv{X-¯nsâ \mep ]²-X n-I Ä \ne-hnÂ sImp-h-c p-¶-Xn\v
tdms¡s^ÃÀ _²-{i-²-\m-bn-c p-¶p.- A-X nÂ Gähpw A]-I-S-I mcn {]Xn-
tcm-[ -Ip-¯ n-h -bv]m-Wv. AXv Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h ³ \½sf tcmK-§-fnÂ
\n¶v kwc-£n-¡pw F¶-XmWv {]N-cWw. AXv hf-sc- A-[nIw em`-I-c -amb
hyh-km-b-am-Wv. t\mÀt^m¡nse tUmIvSÀ sl³{Sn. BÀ. ss__n Xpd-
¶p-] -d-ª-X mWv asä-ń-t\-¡mfpw IqSp-XÂ Akp-J-§Ä¡pw Zpcn-X -
§Ä¡pw ImcWw Ip¯n-h-bv]-ÃmsX asäm-¶-Ã. Iym³kÀ,-kn-^n-enkv
FÃm-¯n\pw ImcWw Ip¯n-h -bv]vXs¶ Ip«n-IÄ¡v Ip¯n-hbv]v
\ÂIWw F¶p-f-fXv \nÀ_-Ô-a mWv. AXnÂ\n-¶p-ff hcp-am\w IqSmsX
`mhn-bn-te¡v tcmKn-Isf krjvSn-¡pIIqSn- sN-¿p-¶p. e-\ nse Iym³kÀ
Bip-] -{Xn-bnse apXnÀ¶- kÀP-\m-bn-cp¶ tUmIvSÀ slÀ_À«v kvt\m ]d-
bp-¶Xv sNdp-¸ -¡m-c mb DuÀP-kz-e-cmb BWpw s]®pw s]«¶v ac-W-s ¸-
Sp-¶p. lrZb XI-c m-dp-IÄ BWv ImcWw. kzm`m-h nI Imc-W-§-s f-¶ -a -
«nÂ dnt¸mÀ«v sN¿-s ¸-Sp-¶p. Ip¯n-hbv] vIfpsS A\-´-c -ê-amWv
ImcWw F¶v F\n¡v Dd-¸ pv F¶mWv. Cým-\-bnse tUmIvSÀ U»yp.
_n ¢mÀ¡v ]d-bp-¶Xv Cow Pox Ip¯n-hbv]v \nÀ_-Ôn-X-a m-¡p-¶-Xn\p
ap³]v Iym³k-dns\ Ipdn¨v tI«n-t«-bn-Ã. Ip¯n-hbv]v FSp-¡m¯ a\p-jy-
cnÂ Iym³kÀ Int«-b nÃ. t¹Kn-s\-X nsc Ip¯n-h bv]v \ne-hn-enÃ, Fbn-
Uvkn-s\-X n-tcbpw. 1948 Â Cow Pox Ip¯n-hbv]v Cw¥-nÂ \ntcm-[n-¡-
s¸-«p. km³{^m³kn-kvtIm-bnse {]kn-²-\mb tUmIvSÀ sP.Fw
]o_nÄkv ]d-bp-¶Xv Ip¯n-h bv]ns\ cmjv{Snb kzm[o-\-ap-]-tbm-Kn¨v
\nÀ_-Ôn-X-a m-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. ]pXnb Xe-a p-d-bpsS BtcmKyw ]msS \in-¸n-
¡p¶ ]²-X n-bm-W-Xv. AXv kvtamÄ t]mIvkns\ XS-bp-s a-¶Xv Ign-ª-\q-
378
äm-n-s â -c q]w \in-¸ n¨ Ccp- -i -àn-bm-Wv.
sshZy-imkv{X Ip¯-I sb Society for Crippling the Children

F¶v hnti-jn-¸n¡mw. 1977 amÀ¨v 4 Â Science F¶ {]kn-²o-I-c-W¯nÂ
“tPm\mkv kmÂIv , UmcÂ kmÂIv” F¶nhÀ ]dbp¶p C³^vfp-h³k,
t]mfn-tbm-a-s b-en-änkv F¶nh {][n-tcm-[n-¡p-¶-Xn\v sN¿p¶ Poh-\pÅ
sshdkv Ip¯n-sh-bv¡p-¶Xv , AXv F´v XS-bp-¶-Xn-\mtWm Dt±-y-i n-¡-s ¸-
«n-cn-¡p-¶ -Xv- AtX tcmKw krjv Sn¡pw. ao-knÂko\pw awko\pw FXn-cmb
Ip¯n-s hbv¸v F³k^-sse-än-kn-\v(-X-e-t¨m-dn-\ p-m-Ip¶ tcmKw)- Im-c-W-
am-Ipw. C{Xbpw tZmjI-c-a mb ]²Xn \nÀ_-Ôn-X-a m-¡p-¶-Xns\
t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡p-¶ -h-cpsS Iq«-¯nÂ temIm-tcmKy kwL-S-\bpw. sshZy-
imkv{X Ncn-{X-Im-c³amÀ ]d-bp¶Xv 1918 se ^vfp ]SÀ¶p ]nSn-¯-¯nsâ
ImcWw Ip¯n-sh-bv¸-ÃmsX asäm-¶-Ã. AXv ad-¨ p-s h-bv¡p-¶-Xn\p thn
kv]m\njv C³^vfp-h³k -F¶v {]N-c Ww \evIn.- AXv sam¯-¯nÂ 2
tImSn Poh³ A]-l-c n¨p. Ip-¯n-s hbv]v FSp-¡m-¯ -hÀ¡v Poh-A-]m-bw-C-
Ã.- Hmtcm hÀjhpw djy-bnÂ BhÀ¯n-¨p-h-cp¶ djy³ ^vfq. djy-¡mÀ
{]Xn-tj-[n-¡p-¶nÃ. CS-¡nsS tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ djy-bn-te¡v bm{X-bm-hp¶Xv
sImm-bn-c n-¡mw. {^mt¦m-þ-{]-jy³ bp²-¯nÂ FÃm PÀ½³ ssk\n-
Icpw Ip¯n-shbv¸v FSp-¯n-cp-¶p. Btcm-Ky-hm³am-cm-bn-cp¶ 53,288
ssk\n-IÀ¡v kvtamÄt]mIvkv Dm-bn.- A-[nIw acWhpw The Great
Swine Flu Massacre. ]¶n-IÄ¡v Ip¯n-sh-bv¡p-¶-X n\p thn hnI-kn-
¸n¨ Ip¯n-s hbv¸v, ]n¶nSv a\p-jyÀ¡v \vevI n. A¯-c-¯n-epÅ ^vfp A¶v
\ne-hn-ep-m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.- Ip-d¨v ]¶n-I Ä¡v Ip¯nshbv¸v \evIn. A[nIw
Xma-kn-bmsX Ah ac-W-caSªp. ]¶n hfÀ¯p-¶-hÀ XmXv]cyw Im«m-Xm-
b-t¸mÄ AhÀ a\p-jy-c n-te¡v Xncn-ªp. 13.5 tImSn tUmfÀ \nIp-Xn-Zm-b-
Isâ ]Ww- A-Xn-\p-thn hI-bn-cp-¯n.- Ip-¯n-shbv¸v kuP-\y-ambn
\ÂIn. PdmÄUv t^mÀUv Ip¯n-sh-bv¸\p-Iqe {]N-c-W-¯n\v t\XrXzw
\ÂIn. tPmÀPn-b-bnse Aäve mâ-bnse Disease Control Center H¯m-i -
sNbvXp. tZio-b-] -²Xn-bmbn {]Jym-]n-¨p. FDA bnse sshdkv _yptdm-
bnse tUmIv«À B´Wn tamdnkv AXn-s\-Xn-cmbn cwK¯p h¶p.- D-] -
tbmK£a-amb Swine Flu Ip¯n-shbv¸v \ne-hn-enÃ F¶mWv At±lw
]d-ª-Xv.-A-t±lw ]c-ky-ambn s]mXp-P-\-§-tfmSv ]d-ªp- AXv D]-tbm-K-
{]-Z-a Ã F¶v A±-l-¯n\v Øm\w \jvS-ambn. sa-Un-¡Â Ip¯-I sb kwc-
£n-¡p-¶-Xn\v hmÄ«À t{Im¬ssIäv cwK¯v h¶p. PdmÄUv t^mÀUns\
Xsâ CBS Â Ah-X-c n-¸n¨p. CBS ]n¶oSv hnaÀi-\m-ß-I-amb hmÀ¯ H¶pw
379
\evIn-b-X p-a nÃ. Ip¯n-s h-bv¸nÂ At\Iw hnj-h kvXp¡Ä AS-§n-bn-

cp¶p. sshdÂ t{]m«o³ Awi-§Ä , t^mÀamÂUn-s sl-Uv,- ssX-a-tdm-kÂ
þsaÀ¡p-dn-bpsS hI-t`-Zw,- t]m-fn-tkmÀt_äv ,]ns¶ aäv 80 hkvXp-¡Ä .
tUmIvSÀ tamdnkv \S-¯n-bn-c p¶ Kth-jW ê-§fpw At±lw kp£n-¨n-
cp¶ arK-§fpw \in-¸ n-¡-s ¸-«p. 130 tImSn tUmf-dnsâ \jvS-]-cn-lm-c-¯n\v
Bhiyw DbÀ¶p.- A-t\Iw t]cpsS icocw XfÀ¶pt]mbn.-sa-Un-¡Â Ip-
¯I AXns\ Kmen-b³ _mcn kn³t{Umw- F¶v hfn-¨p. -A-tacn¡³
Iym³kÀ skmssk-än-bnse skan-\ m-dnÂ tUmIvSÀ tdm_À«v knw]vk¬
(d-«v tKÀkv bqWn-thÀknän-bn-se ) -ap-¶-dn-bn¸v \evIn-b-Xv,- ^vfp, -a o-knÂkv,-
aw-kv, t]m-fntbm F¶nhs¡Xn-c mb {]Xn-tcm[ Ip¯n-sh-bv¸p-IÄ a\p-jy-
\nÂ sshdkv krjvSn¡v A\p-I q-e-a mb RNA hfÀ¯p-sa¶pw AXv hÀj-
§Ä Ignbp-t¼mÄ A]-I-S-Im-cn-bm-bn-¯o-cp-s a-¶pw.- AXv eq]kv
,Iym³kÀ, dq-am-änkw ,BÀss{X-änkv F¶n-hbv¡p Imc-W-ambn Xocp-
sa¶pw . CXv Xs¶bmWv AXn\v 50 hÀjw ap³]v e-\nse tUmIvSÀ
slÀ_À«v kvt\m ]d-ª-X v.- lr-Z-b-¯ ntem aäv ico-c -`m-K-§-fntem ASn-
ªpIqSp¶ hkvXp-¡Ä ]n¶nSv lrZ-b-¯n\pw aäpw amc-I -amb \miw
hcp-¯n-sh-bv¡p-¶p. Ip¯n-hbv]v ico-c -¯nÂ ssSw t_mw_v F¶ a«nÂ
{]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. Slow virus t]mse. AXv s]«¶v B{I-aWw \S¯pw.
slÀ_À«v sjÂä³ Xsâ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ Exploitation of Human
Suffering Ip¯n-s h-bv¸p-I-fpsS tZmj hi-§Ä hnh-cn-¡p¶p.
entbm-\mÀUv kvI ose Ata-cn-¡-bnse kÀP³ P\-dÂ. 1955 se

I¬sh³j-\nÂ ]d-ªXv Ipª-p§Ä¡v sImSp-¡p-¶-Xn\v ap³]v Hcp
Ip¯n-s hbv¸pw kpc-£n-X-s a¶v Icp-Xm-\m-hnÃ. \mj-WÂ C³Ìn-äyp-«nse
Pbnwkv jm\³ ]d-ªXv D]-tbm-Kn-¡m¯ Ip¯n-s hbv¸v am{X-a mWv kpc-
£n-X-a m-bXv . tUmIvSÀ hneyw tIm¨v ]d-ªXv F´p-Xs¶ Ip¯n-sh-¨m-
epw s]\n-kn-en³ BbmÂ t]mepw AXv t]mfntbm Dm-I p-¶-Xnsâ
km[yX hÀ²n-¸n-¡pw. -\ nÀ_-ÔnX {][n-tcm[Ip¯n-s hbv¸v F¶Xv
Ipªp-§-fpsS Poh³ _en \evIp-¶-Xn\v Xpey-a m-Wv. IpSn-¡m-\ p-] -tbm-Kn-
¡p¶ shÅ-¯nÂ ^vfqdn³ IeÀ¯p-¶-XmWv asämcp A]-ISw. D]-tbm-
Kn-¡p-¶Xv tkmUnbw ^vfqssd-Uv. Fen hnj-¯nse ASn-Øm\ hkvXp.-
kp-c-£n-X-a-Ãm¯ Af-hnÂ t¢mdn³,- ^vfpdn³, Cubw, aäp-hn-j-h-kvXp-
¡Ä , IpSn-¡p-¶-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ Pe-¯nÂ AS-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
Environmental Protection Agency bpw aäv Kh¬saâv kwL-S-\-Ifpw
^vfqdntUj³ F{X-t¯m-f-apv AXnsâ {]Xym-Lm-X-§Ä Fs´ms¡-
bmWv F¶v ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶-XnÂ \n¶pw Hgnªp \nÂ¡p-¶p.- tdm-s ¡-s ^-
ÃÀ F¶mÂ ^vfqdn-tU-j³ KpW-KW-§Ä ASn-t¨Â¸n-¡p-¶ -Xn-\pÅ {ia-
380
¯n-emWv . Aeq-an-\n-b-¯nsâ kl- D-Xv]-¶-a mb tkmUnbw ^vfqssdUv

]p-a p-XÂt¡ {]iv\ w krjvSn-¡p¶p. Fen-hn-jw ]ns¶ AXohw hnj-
I-c-a m-b-Xn-\mÂ aäv D]-tbm-K-§Ä Ipd-hmW.v tkmUnbw ^vfqssdUv hnL-
Sn-¡m-¯-Xn\mÂ ico-c -¯nÂ ASn-ªp-I q-Sp-¶p. Ata-cn-¡³ s]mXp Btcm-
Ky -h-I p¸v tkmUnbw ^vfqssdUv D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ -Xns\ t{]mÕm-ln-¸ n-¡p-
¶p. Ipdn-¸ SnbnÃmsX In«p¶ hb-dn-f-¡-¯n-\pÅ acp-¶nepw
Aeq-an-\nbw [mcm-f-ambn AS-§n-b ncn¡p¶p. Cereals , Baking Powder Dw
\nÀ½n-¡p-¶-hÀ Aeq-an-\ nbw Atam-Wnbw kÄt^äv [mcm-f-a mbn D]-tbm-
Kn-¡p-¶p. Cake, Mixes Frozen Dough, Self Rising Flour, Processed Foods
F¶n-h -bnepw Aeq-a n-\nbw t^mkvt^äv [mcm-f-ambn AS-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
`£Ww s]mXn-bp-¶-X n\v Aeq-a n-\nbw, Sq¯v s]bvÌv,- Syp-_v, -e-Lp-]m-\o-b-
§Ä Aeq-a n-\nbw ]m{X-¯nÂ, AXv ico-c-¯nse {][m\ `mK-§-fnÂ ASn-
ªp-Iq-Sp-¶p. {]tXy-I n¨pw Xe-t¨m-dnÂ .AÂjn-ta-g vkn\v asämcp ImcWw
Bh-iy-an-Ã. sFÀe-nse BSp-IÄ¡v atbUn hnkva F¶ tcmKw _m[n-
¨p. ( kzm³ lmÀUn 1929 Pq¬. teJ-\ -¯nsâ Xe-s ¡«v, How Scientific
Are Our Doctors. lmÀUn Fgp-Xp-¶p. saUn-kn³ F¶ sXmgnepw AXnse
AwK-§-fpsS a\-Øn-Xnbpw X½nÂ thÀXn-cnhp ImWp-¶nÃ. aäpÅ
sXmgnÂ taJ-e-I -fn-ep-Å-Xn-t\-¡mfpw _p²n \ne-hmcw Ipd-hm-Wv.)- ssh-
Zy-imkv{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp¶ ap{Z,- c-p-]m-¼p-IÄ Hcp ZWvUnÂ Npän-¸n-
Wªv InS-¡p-¶ -X m-Wv.- tdm-s¨kväÀ bqWn-thÀknän AXns\ A[n-I-
sa¶v Iv Hcp-]m¼v am{X-am-¡n-bn-«p-v. CXn-lm-k-¯nse tdma³ ssZh-
amb saÀ¡p-dn-bpsS NnÓ-a mWv Caduceus. AXv \nb-a-ewL\¯nsâbpw
IÅ-¯-c -¯n-s âbpw kqN-I-a m-Wv
BÌ-dp-sS -k-lm-b-t¯msS knwkv 1884 Â NewYork Cancer
Hospital Øm]n-¨ p. 1890 Â AXv sat½m-dn-bÂ tlmkv]n-äÂ F¶pw, Ccp-
]Xmw \qäm-nsâ ]Ip-Xn-tbmsS AXv tÉm B³ sIä-dnwKv F¶pw. 1930
Â tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ ]pXnb sI«nSw hbv¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ Øew \ÂIn.
sI«nSw ]qÀ¯n-bm-b-Xn\p tijw tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ B[n-]Xyw Øm]n-¨p.
1913 Â Ata-c n-¡³ skmsskän t^mÀ Z I¬t{SmÄ Hm^v Iym³kÀ
Øm]n-X-a m-bn. 1913 Ata-c n-¡³ Ncn-{X-¯nse Hcp ]t£ Gähpw {]m[m-
\y-apÅ hÀjw. hcm-\n-cn-¡p¶ temI- a-lm-bp-² -¯n\v ]n³XpW \ÂIp-
¶-Xn\p thn Øm]n¨ sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv, I½yq-WnÌv am\n-s ^-tÌm-
bnÂ \n¶pw ISw sIm tZiob ASn-Øm-\ -¯n-ep-Å Progressive Income
Tax. Iym³kÀ skmssk-än-bpsS Aa-c¯v tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ AtämÀWn-I -
fmb sUs_-thm-bn-kpw, ¹nw]vä-\pw. [\-k -lmbw temd- kvs]Âa³
tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ ût-j\pw sP. ]n. tamÀK-\ pw. 1909 Â C. F¨v. lmcn-
a³ Iym³kÀ ImcWw ac-W-a -S-ªp. tdms¡-s ^-Ã-dn-s \-t¸mse lmcna\pw
tdm¯vjoÂUvknsâ klm-b-¯mÂ hfÀ¶-h-cm-Wv. Iq³ temtb-_nse
jn^v^v hgn. lmcn-a ³ dnkÀ¨v C³Ìn-äyq«v Øm]n-X-a m-bn. Bhv-sdÂ
381
lmcn-a³ cmjv{So-b-¯nÂ {]th-in-¨Xp Imc-W-a mIpw C³Ìn-äyq«v s]s«¶v

Xs¶ \ndp-¯-em-¡n.
AhÀ sat½m-dn-bÂ Bip-] -{Xn-bpsS ]n¶nÂ AWn \nc-¶p. {][m\

klmbw saeok tUmUvPnsâ s^Â]vkv tUmUvPv tImÀ]-td-j³.
AXnsâ A²y-£³ Pbnwkv U¥kv sa-eo-k-bpsS `À¯mhv hnÃyw
tUmUvPv . tIm¸À \nÀ½mW òa³. Pbnwkv U¥kv J\-\-¯n-sâbpw J\--
h-kvXp-¡-fp-sSbpw DS-tbm³. temI-¯nse Gähpw k¼p-jvS-a mb sN¼v
J\n-bpsS Copper & Queen Lodge DS-a . Iyqs_Iv am\-knI Bip-]-{Xn-
bpsS ta[m-hn, kÀP³, tUmIvSÀ Pbnwkv U¥-knsâ aI³. At±-l-
¯nsâ J\n-bnÂ [m-c mfw tdUntbm BIvSohv Bb Pitcheb Lende \nt£-
]-§Ä Is-¯n-b-Xn-s\ -Xp-SÀ¶v a-I ³ Pbnwkv tdUn-b-anÂ BIr-jvS-\m-
bn. Kh¬saâv {]Øm-\-amb _yqtdm Hm^v ssa³kv ambn tNÀ¶v, Pbnw-
kv, \mj-WÂ tdUnbw C³Ìn-äyq«v Øm]n-¨p. Pbnw-knsâ kzImcy
tUmIvSÀ, Pbnwkv Cuhn-§v. sat½m-dn-bÂ Bip-]-{Xn¡v Hcp e£w
tUmfÀ sImSp-¯p. ]Icw \n_-Ô-\ -IÄ 1. tcmK- \nÀ®-b -hn-`mKw
ta[mhn tUmIvSÀ Cuhn-§v. 2. Iym³kÀ am{Xw NnIn-Õn¡-W w. 3. AX-
n\p thn tdUnbw D]-tbm-Kn-¡-Ww. UKvfkv Fń\pw GXn\pw
tdUnbw NnInÕ D]-tbm-Kn-¨p. aIÄ¡v Iym³kÀ NnIn-Õn-¡p-¶-Xn-\v,
]ns¶ Xsâbpw `mcy-bp-sSbpw ]pd-¯v. \yqtbmÀ¡v ssSwkv tdUnbw
NnIn-Õ¡v [mcmfw {]N-c Ww \ÂIn. 1913 Â tdUn-tb-j³ ImcWw
At±lw ac-W-a-S-ªp. UKvf-knsâ A\p-N-c ³ Cuhn§v sat½m-dn-bÂ
Bip-] -{Xn-bnÂ XpSÀ¶p.
Cuhn§v Iym³kÀ _m[-bmÂ ac-W-a-S-ªp. UKvfknsâ
aI\pw A\-´-cm-h-Im-inbpw Bb eqbn-kv, sP.]n. tamÀK³ ]¦m-fn-bpsS
aIÄ s]¤n-knÂksd hnhmlw sNbvXp. s]¤n-bpsS ktlm-Z-cn-a m-c nÂ Hcp-
hsf tPm¬.-sP. a¡vtembv hnhmlw sNbvXp. tPm¬ ]n¶oSv tdms¡-s ^-
Ã-dnsâ \nb-a-hn-ZvKv²-\m-bn. eqbn-kv, \yqtbmÀ¡nse aq¨zÂ sse^nsâ
A²y-£-\m-bn. AXv Hcp tamÀK³ {]Øm-\w. s]¤n-bpsS asämcp
ktlm-Z-c nsb hnhmlw sNbvXXv tIm¬dmUv AsU-t\m-hÀ. bp²m-\-ć
PÀ½-\n-bnse Nm³k-e-dm-bn.
tÉm B³ sIä-dn-§nse {][m-\n-IÄ 1. BÂ{^-Uv. ]n. tÉmB³.
kzmÀ°-\ mb, em`-s¡m-Xn-b-\mb hyh-kmb òa³. 1938 Â P\-dÂ
tamt«mÀknsâ 750,000 Hml-c nIÄ ssIhiw h¨n-cp-¶p. IqSmsX sP.-]n.-
tamÀK³ Ub-d-I vSÀ. 2. NmÄkv sIä-dn§v. tÉm B³ ût-j³
ta[mhn am¶n§v {_u¬. Ub-d-I vSÀ sl³{Sn ûfÀ þ ap³ {Sjdn
sk{I-«-dn. tKmÄUva ³ kmIvkv ]¦m-fn. asämcp Ub-d-IvSÀ tembvUv
Cemw þ saÀ¡v Ub-d-IvSÀ, \mjvhnsÃ _m¦v Ub-d-IvSÀ. asämcp Ub-d-
IvSÀ {^m¦ven³ tem§v þ FIvtkm¬ (ap³]v Ìm³UvÀUv HmbnÂ) Ub-d-
382
IvSÀ. Ata-cn-¡³ ]Kvhmjv Ìob-dn§v I½nän. AXv Øm]n-¨Xv I½yq-

WnÌv A\p-Iqe km¼-¯nI CS-]m-Sp-I m-c ³ sskdkv Cuä³. Cuä³
Hcp tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ A\p-N-c³. ]Kvhm-jns\ \nb-{ń-¡p-¶Xv KGB F¶v
Icp-X-s ¸-Sp-¶p. asämcp Ub-d-IvSÀ tXmakv AIzn-\ mkv aÀ^n þ {]kn-
Uv P\-dÂ tamt«mÀkv. s]]vkntIm Ub-d-IvSÀ. asämcp Ub-d-IvSÀ
FÂtamÀ ]mtäÀk¬ þ sP. ]n. tamÀK³ kl-bm-{Xn-I ³. tamÀK³
Ìm³en Ub-d-IvSÀ. asämcp Ub-d-IvSÀ temd³kv tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ. Ad_v
Ata-cn-¡³ _m¦v Hm^v \yqtbmÀ¡v Ub-d-IvSÀ. asämcp Ub-d-IvSÀ
lmcÄUv j]otcm þ anjn-K¬ bqWn-thÀknän {]kn-U-v. -U-b-d-IvSÀ
tUm sIan-¡Â. Ub-d-IvSÀ t^mÀUv tamt«mÀkv. Ub-d-IvSÀ _m¦v Hm^v
Im\-U. CIA bpsS D]-tZ-iI kan-Xn-bnÂ AwKw. tÉmB³ sIä-dn-
§nsâ Kth-Wn§v t_mUn-bnÂ CXn-\p ap³]p-m-bn-c p-¶-h À. {][m\
Ub-d-I vS-dm-bn-c p-¶Xv eqbnkv kv{Szmkv þ Iq³ temtb_v ]¦m-fn. AXv
tdm¯vjoÂUvknsâ Ata-cn-¡³ {]Øm-\w. tdms¡-s ^-Ã-dnsâ km¼-
¯nI D]-tZ-jvSm-hv. Ub-d-IvSÀ NBC, RCA. BW-thmÀÖ -I-½o-j³ ta[m-
hn. C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v ]mkn-^nIv dnte-j³kv F¶ I½yq-WnÌv {]Øm-\ -
¯n\p tdms¡-s^-Ã-dnsâ ]Ww \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶p. {]n³Ì-Wnse tdms¡-s ^-
ÃÀ _u²nI {]Øm-\ -amb C³Ìn-äyq«v t^mÀ AUvhm³kvUv ÌUn {]kn-
U-v. Ata-c n-¡³ PqX I½n-än-bpsS ^n\m³jyÂ Ub-d-IvSÀ. asämcp
Kth-Wn§v Ub-d-I vSÀ þ tUmtdm¯n ]ot_mUn tUbvhn-k¬. AhÀ
hnhmlw sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶Xv tdms¡-s ^-Ã-dnsâ _Ôp-h mb sl³{Sn
t]msa-tdm-bpsS aI³ {Sq_o tUbvhn-k¬.
sl³{Sn t]ma-tdm-bv, sP. ]n. tamÀKsâ hew ssIbm-b-bn-c p-¶p.
sPssIÂ Zzo]nÂ, sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv cq]o-I -cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ NÀ¨-bnÂ
sk\-äÀ s\Âk¬ BÂ{Un-¨n-t\m-s Sm¸w ]s¦-Sp¯ 5 {]ap-J-c nÂ Hcm-fm-
bn-cp¶p tUbvhn-k¬. s\Âk¬ BÂ{Un-¨nsâ aIsf tPm¬. Un.
tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ Pq\n-bÀ hnhmlw sNbvXp. sdUv t{ImÊv bp² Iu¬kn-
ensâ ta[mhn F¶ \ne-bnÂ 37 tImSn tUmfÀ kwL-Sn-¸ n-¨-XnÂ Hcp
`mKw djy-bnÂ t_mÄsj-hnIv Kh¬saâns\ iàn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-X n\v D]-
tbm-Kn-¨p. aI³ sl³{Sn. ]n tUbvhn-k¬ \mj-WÂ knän _m¦v
ta[mhn Pbnwkv ÌnÂa³ sâ aIÄ B³ ÌnÂa³ s\ hnhmlw sNbvXp.
AXv Ìm³UmÀUv Hmbn-ensâ [\-hn-{Ibw \S-¯n-bn-cp¶ _m¦v. aI³
F¨v. ]n. tUbvh n-k¬, sP. ]n. tamÀK-\nÂ ]¦m-fn. ktlm-Z-c ³ {Sq_o,
cmPys¯ {]apJ Poh-Im-cpWy kwL-S-\- IpSpw-_-¯ nse tUmtdm¯n
]ot_m-Unsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. sP. ]n. tamÀK³ _m¦n§v Øm]\w
Øm]n-¨Xv tPmÀÖv ]ot_m-Un. 1865 Â. ]ot_mUn ût-j³ ]n¶oSv
tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ ût-j-\ mbn amdn. tUmtdm-¯n Ata-cn-¡³ Iym³kÀ
skmssk-än-bp-sS-bpw, tÉm B³ sIä-dn-§n-sâbpw Aa-c-¯p-m-b n-c p-¶p.
AhÀ \nc-h[n XhW Cý kµÀin-¨n-cp-¶p. Xntbm-UÀ dqkvshÂänsâ
CjvS-s¸« Poh-Im-c pWy kwL-S\ þ ]ot_m-Un. Ah-cpsS aI³ F³Un-
t¡m«v ]ot_mUn tUbvhn-k¬, sP. ]n. tamÀK-\ nÂ D¶X DtZym-K-Ø³.
383
hmÀ¯m-h n-X -cW {]Øm-\-§Ä¡v KWy-a mb [\-k-lmbw sN¿p¶

amÀIvÄ ût-j³ {SÌn. sFk-t\m-h -dn-sâ, sk{I-«dn Hm^v sÌbväv
Bbn-c p¶ tPm¬ t^mÌÀ Uyqfkv , ]ot_m-Un-bpsS _Ôp. AXp
sImp Xs¶ tdms¡-s^-Ã-dn-sâbpw _Ôp.
Kth-Wn§v t_mUn ( t_mÀUv Hm^v amt\-tPÀkv ) bnÂ ]n¶oSv h¶-hÀ.
1. FUvh mÀUv _oän. tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ Bip-]-{Xn-bnÂ Ìm^v AwKw 1978
apXÂ. Ata-cn-¡³ Iym³kÀ skmssk-än-bnÂ s^tÃm. 1965 apXÂ
sat½m-dn-b-ense No^v saUn-¡Â Hmô-kÀ.
2. ]oä-À {Inkv]v. tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ ^manen Atkm-kn-tb-ävknÂ amt\-PÀ
C³sh-Ìvsaâvkv.
3. lmcÄUv ^njÀ. FIvtkm¬ A²y-£³.
4. ¢n^vä³ KmÀhn³ JR. FIvtkm¬ {]kn-Uv. knän tImÀ]v, ap¼v \m-
j-WÂ knän _m¦v Bbn-c p¶ knän _m¦v, s]]vkn-tIm, CIzn-ä-_nÄ
sse^v, tPm¬k¬ B³Uv tPm¬k¬ F¶n-h-bpsS Ub-d-IvSÀ
5. eqbn KÀÌv-\À. kvI zn_v {UKvkv {]kn-U-v, Ata-cn-¡³ FIvkv{]Êv
Ub-d-I vSÀ.
6. -FÂtamÀ ]mtäÀk¬. 1935 apXÂ sP.-]n. tamÀK-s\m-¸w. ImÀ\o
F³tUm-hvsaâv t^mÀ CâÀ\m-j-WÂ ]okv {SÌn. ]mtäÀk¬ sâ
`mcym-k-tlm-Z-c ³ BÀXÀ tNmthäv Hcp sP. ]n. tamÀK³ ]¦m-fn.
7. tdm_À«v dqk. {_u¬ {_tZgvkv lmcn-a³ ]¦m-fn. tdmUvkv
kvtImfÀ. sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhnsâ kncm-tI-{µw. t]mÄ thm¡-dns\ ]cn-io-
en-¸n-¨p. ss{Sem-ä-dÂ I½n-j³ Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn\v tdms¡-s ^-Ã-dns\
klm-bn-¨ p. AXnsâ Ub-dIvSÀ.
8. s_t¶m jvanäv. sP. F¨v. hnäv\n C³sh-Ìvsaâv _mt¦Àknsâ
{][m\ ]¦m-fn. P\-dÂ tamt«Àkv Iym³kÀ dnkÀ¨v ût-j³ Ub-d-
IvSÀ. ImÀ\o F³tUm-hvsaâv t^mÀ CâÀ\m-j-WÂ ]okv Ub-d-IvSÀ.
Ata-cn-¡³ Iym³kÀ skmssk-än-bnÂ \n¶pw AhmÀUv t\Sn. AhÀ
]c-kv]cw AhmÀUv \ÂIp-¶p. aI³ s_t¶m Yale bqWn-thÀknän
{]kn-U-v.
9. hnÀPnÂ sjdnÂ. _ms¨ lmÂsk ÌphÀ«v C³sh-Ìvsaâv _m¦n§v
{]kn-U-v.
10. {^m¦v koävkv. C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v kv{Smä-PnIv ÌUokv A²y-£³.
\mj-WÂ Iym³kÀ AUvsshkdn t_mÀUv, tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ ût-j³
F¶n-h -bpsS t_mÀUnÂ. s_ÂPn-b³ Ata-c n-¡³ FPyq-t¡-j-WÂ
ût-j³ t_mÀUn-epw. AXv Øm]n-¨Xv slÀ_À«v lqhÀ.
11. hnÃyw kv\ o¯v. bqWn-b³ ImÀss_-Unsâ {]kn-U-v. tamÀKsâ
sat{Sm-s]m-fn-ä³ sse^v Ub-d-I vSÀ.
12. eqbnkv tXma-kv. tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ C³Ìn-äyq-«nsâ C³sh-Ìvsaâv
Iu¬ kn-eÀ.Yale saUn-¡Â kvIqÄ ta[m-hn. 1973 apXÂ tImÀW-enÂ
saUn-kn³ {]^-kÀ. dm³Uv C³Ìn-äyq«v Ub-d-IvSÀ. tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ
bqWn-thÀkn-än, tPm¬ sska¬ Kps¤³low ût-j³, sa\n-©À
384
ût-j³, eu¬kv s_dn ût-j³, knUv\ n ^mÀ_À Iym³kÀ

C³Ìn-äyq-«v, Bc³ Ub-av ût-j³ F¶n-h -bpsS Ub-d-IvSÀ.
13. hns¡À lmw. tamÀK³ _m¦v, tamÀK³ Kymcân {SÌv F¶n-h-bpsS
sshkv {]kn-U-v.
14. lmÀ]À hpUvh ÀUv. temd³kv tdms¡-s^-Ã-dnsâ ZoÀL-Ime kplr-
¯v.
Ata-cn-¡-bnse Gähpw henb Iym³kÀ skâÀ. Hmtcm t_mÀUv amt\-
Pdpw tdms¡-s ^-Ã-dp-a mbn t\cn«v _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. AXp sImm-bn-cn-
¡Ww tÉmB³ sIä-dn-§nsâ Motto “tImSnIÄ Kth-j-W-¯n-\ v, NnIn-
Õ¡v Hcp Imip t]mepw CÃ.”
t_m_vkväv þ emkvI À t_mÀUnepw , ACS epw tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ kwLw
Xs¶-bm-bn-c p-¶p.
1958 Â Ata-cn-¡³ Iym³kÀ skmssk-änsb \bn-¨n-c p-¶Xpw tdms¡-s ^-
ÃÀ ]nWn-bm-fp-IÄ. BÂ{Ûv. ]n. tÉmB³. a¬tdm dm¯v t_m¬,
Ìm³UmÀUv HmbnÂ {]kn-U-v, tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ ût-j-\nse A¶
tdmk³_ÀK,v tlm^v^va³, tUmW-h³, FdnIv tPm¬Ì³, sSIvkkv
sk\-äÀ dmÂ^v bmÀ_-tdm, tkmjy-ssekvUv saUn-knsâ kz´w I£n,
26 AwK National Panel of Consultants on the Conquest of Cancer cq]o-I -cn-
¨p. A²y-£³ s_t¶m jvanäv. AwK-§Ä temd³kv tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ,
Ata-cn-¡³ Iym³kÀ skmssk-än-bpsS ap³ {]kn-Uv tUmIvSÀ
knUv\n ^mÀ_À.
tÉmB³ sIä-dn§v sâ t_mÀUv- Aw-K-§Ä tdms¡-s^-Ã-dp-ambn t\cn«v
_Ô-s ¸-«n-c n-¡p-¶Xp IqSmsX {]Xn-tcm[ hyh-km-bw, CIA, cmk-hkvXp
hyh-km-bw, acp¶v \nÀ½mW I¼-\n-I-fp-ambn ASp¯ _Ôw ]peÀ¯p-
¶p. amt\-Pn§v t_mÀUnÂ t]cn\pw thn Hcp tUmIvSÀ. aäpÅ-h -
scÃmw _m¦n-§v, C³sh-Ìvsaâv òa-·mÀ. tÉmB³ sIä-dn-§nsâ
ip]mÀi-I-s fÃmw AhÀ¡v h³]n¨ em`-ap-m-¡p-¶-Xn\v thn-bp-Å-Xm-
hp-¶Xv bmZr-Ýn-I-a-Ã. tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ Ip¯-I -bpsS AMA tbmsSm¸w
{]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ {][m\ kwL-S-\-I-fmWv tÉmB³ sIä-dn-§pw, ACS Dw.
1944 Â American Society for the Control of Cancer AXnsâ t]cp amän
ACS F¶m-¡n. AXnsâ \nb-{´Ww Ip{]-kn-²-cmb BÂ_À«v emkvI-
dpw, FÂaÀ t_m_vÌ-vpw. Ata-cn-¡³ PqX I½nän, PqX Xo{h-h mZ kwL-
S-\-bmb Bân Un^-ta-j³ eoKv, F¶n-h-bnÂ Imcy-ambn CS-s]-«n-c p¶p
emkvIÀ. At±-l-¯nsâ ktlm-Zcn ^vtemdo³, \mj-WÂ Iu¬knÂ
Hm^v Pqbnjv hna³, knhnÂ en_À«okv I½nän F¶nh \yqtbmÀ¡nÂ
Øm]n-¨p. asämcp ktlm-Zcn Fäm tdmk³tkmlv³ kb-WnÌv {]Øm-
\-amb l±m-k-bpsS ta[m-h n-bpw. emkvIÀ “B[p-\nI ]cky kt¦-X-§-
fpsS ]nXmhv” F¶-dn-b-s¸-«p. _À\mÀUv _dq-¨v, A¶ tdmk³_ÀKv,
385
tUbvh nUv kÀt\m-^v, eqbnkv kv{Szmkv F¶n-h-cpsS ASp¯ kplr-¯v.

1940 IfpsS BZy L«-¯nÂ XfÀ¶p InS-¶ n-cp¶ ACS s\ emkvI-dpw.
t_m_vÌpw Gsä-Sp¯v GXm\pw amk-§Ä¡p-ÅnÂ tZiob ASn-Øm-\ -
¯nÂ Icp-¯pä {]Øm-\ -am¡n amän. Iym³kÀ NnInÕ tImSn-I-fpsS
hyh-km-b-am-bn. emkvIÀ Bam-ib Iym³kÀ _m[n¨v ac-W-a -S-ªp. acn-
¡p-¶-X n\p ap³]v At±lw BÂ_À«v tacn emkvIÀ ût-j³ Øm]n-
¨p. t_m_vÌnsâ Pohn-X-ho-£Ww F´m-bn-cp¶p F¶v a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶Xv
ACS s\ AbmÄ F§ns\ D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp¶p F¶v a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶-Xn\v
klm-bn-¡p-¶p. t_m_vÌv \nIvk-t\mSv ]d-ªXv “Cu tem-I-¯nÂ cp
Xcw a\p-jyÀ am{Xw. `£n-¡p-¶-hcpw, `£n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-h-cpw.” C¯cw
Nn´-bp-Å a\p-jy³ Poh-I m-c pWy {]hÀ¯\w \S-¯pI F¶p-ÅXv
Akw-`-hyw. 1929 Â ACS sâ {]kn-U-mbn ¢mc³kv enänÂ s\
tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ \nÀt±-in-¨p. ¢mc³kv \v XmXv]cyw F¶mÂ Ata-cn-¡³
_À¯v I¬t{SmÄ eoKv, bqX-t\ky skmssk-än, bqP-\nIvkv
skmsskän F¶n-h-bnse {]hÀ¯-\-a m-bn-cp-¶p. anjn-K¬ bqWn-thÀkn-
än, {]kn-U-pw, lmÀhÀUv bqWn-thÀknän HmhÀko-b-dp-a m-bn-c p¶p
¢mc³kv. ACS, Nne D¶-XÀ hÃ-t¸mgpw H¯p IqSp¶ {]Øm-\-a m-b n.
aYnÂsU, ACS se dkn-Uâv _tbm-f-PnÌv Bbn-c p-¶p.
sNdp-¸-Im-e¯v s_Kn³ F¶, samÊm-Zp-a mbn hfsc ASp¯ _Ô-a p-m-
bn-cp-¶, hyàn-tbm-sSm¸w kb-Wn-Ìv Xo-{h-hmZn kwL-S-\-bnÂ {]hÀ¯n-
¨n-cp-¶p. C{km-tb-enÂ hokvsa³ C³Ìn-äyq-«nÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡p-t¼mÄ
BÀXÀ {Inw s\ ]cn-N-b-s¸-«p. AXnsâ [\n-I-\ mb Ub-d-IvSÀ. kn\nam
temIs¯ {]ap-J ³. BÀXÀ {Inw, aYoÂsUsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. {Inw,
kb-WnÌv kwL-S-\bv¡p thn [\-k-am-l-cWw sN-bvXn-c p-¶p. {]kn-
Uv en³S³ _n. tPm¬k¬ sâ ASp¯ kplr-¯v. C{km-tbÂ Ata-
cn-¡-bpsS U.S.S Liberty sb B{I-a n-¡p-t¼mÄ cp t]cpw sshäv lu-kn-
ep-m-bn-c p-¶p. aäv Ata-c n-¡³ I¸-ep-I sf klm-b-sa-¯n-¡p-¶-XnÂ
\n¶pw sshävlukv hne-¡n. B{I-a Ww XpSÀ¶v \S-¯p-¶-Xn\v C{km-tb-
en\v kuIcyw sNbvX p sImSp-¯p. -AXv Six Day War F¶v Adn-b-s ¸-«p.
C{km-s ben samÊmZv, ]qÀ®-ambpw Ata-cn-¡³ \nIpXn Zmb-Isâ [\-k-
lm-b-¯mÂ \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶p. saYnÂsU {Inw, tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ C³Ìn-äyq«v
Ub-d-I vSÀ. `mcybpw `À¯mhpw Bt{^mþ Ata-cn-¡³ C³Ìn-äyq-«nsâ
Ub-d-I vSÀ. BÀXÀ {Inw \yq-tbmÀ¡nÂ CS-Xp-]-£s¯ klm-bn-¨ n-c p-¶p.
\yqtbmÀ¡v kvIqÄ Hm^v tkmjyÂ dnkÀ¨v, sl³{Sn kv{Soäv
skänÂsaâv, ôÂUv ût-j³ XpS-§n-b-h-sb. se\n³ sâ
kplr¯v BÀa³Uv lm-adnsâ kzImcy A`n-`m-j-I ³. lm-adnsâ Øm]-
\-§-fmb Atbmh _o^v, HmIvkn-UâÂ s]-t{Sm-fnbw F¶n-h-bpsS Ub-d-
386
IvSÀ. sImfw-_nb bqWn-thÀknän t_mÀUv Hm^v {SÌn. en³U³. _n.

tPm¬k¬ ût-j³ Ub-d-IvSÀ. 1976 Â Xs¶ hnaÀi-IÀ {i²n-¨n-cp-
¶Xv ACS sâ t_mÀUv Hm^v Ub-d-IvtS-g vk nÂ 18 t]sc-¦nepw _m¦p-I-fpsS
FIvkn-Iyq-«ohv DtZym-K-Ø-cm-Wv. Kh¬saâv {]Øm-\-a mb \mj-WÂ
Iym³kÀ C³Ìn-äyq«v {]-tbm-K-¯nÂ ACS sâ \nb-{´-W-¯n-em-b n-c p-¶p.
aYnÂsU {Inw ]n¶oSv Ata-c n-¡³ ût-j³ t^mÀ AIDS dnkÀ¨v Â.
AhÀ Fen-k-_Xv sSbvesd D]-tbm-Kn¨v A[nIw [\w kwL-Sn-¸n-¨p.
BZys¯ t_mÀUv AwKw tacn- em-kvI À. tÉmB³ sIä-dn§v Gähpw
{]apJ ^mj-\ -_nÄ Bbn-«pÅ Poh-Im-cpWy {]Øm-\-ambn XpS-cp-¶p.
\mj-WÂ _yqtdm Hm^v Ìm³UmÀUvkv ]d-bp-¶-Xv,
Kth-j-IÀ, {]kn-²o-I-c -W-§-fnÂ \ÂIp¶ hkvXp-X-I-fnÂ A[n-I hpw
D]tbmKyiq\y-a m-sW-¶m-Wv. ImcWw AhÀ F¯n-t¨-cp¶ \nK-a -\-§Ä
icn-bmb coXn-bnÂ F¯n-t¨À¶-Xm-s W-¶-X n\v sXfn-h p-I-fn-Ã. A[n-Im-cn-
IÄ 31 imkv{X cN-bn-X m-¡Ä¡v Ah-cpsS ASn-Øm\ tcJ-IÄ lmP-cm-
¡p-¶-X n-\ pÅ Adn-bn-¸p-IÄ \ÂIn. 21 t]À adp-] Sn \ÂIn. Ah-cpsS
tcJ-IÄ ImWm-\n-Ã, bmZr-Ýn-I-ambn \in-¸ n-¡-s ¸-«p. F¶v. “Sixty
Minutes” F¶ ]cn-]mSn , _p²n-amµyw kw`-hn-¨-h-c nÂ Kl-\-amb Kth-j-
W-§Ä \S¯n F¶v Ah-Im-i-s¸« Kth-j-Isâ IÅ-¯-c-§Ä ]pd¯p
sImp h¶p. t{]m{Km-a n\v t]cv \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶Xv The Facts Were Fiction
F¶m-bn-c p-¶p. AhÀ ]d-bp-¶Xv 30 iX-am-\-t¯mfw Kth-j-W-§fpw
ip² X«n-¸m-sW-¶m-Wv. ACS Kth-j-W-¯ n\v [\-k-lmbw \ÂI-W-s a-¶p-
s-¦nÂ icn-bmb acp¶v Ip ]nSn-¡p-I -bnÃ F¶v FgpXn H¸n«p sImSp-
t¡--Xpv F¶mWv ]d-bp-¶ -Xv. icn-bmb acp¶v Ip ]nSn-¡m-¯n-S-
t¯mfw Imew C¶v 100 anÃy³ tUmfÀ hcp-am\w hÀjw tXmdpw sImp
hcp¶ acp-¶n\v XpS-cp-¶-Xn\v Ign-bpw. Icfpw InUv\nbpw XI-cmdnemhp¶
hkvXp-¡Ä FDA AwKo-Imcw t\Sn hn]-Wn-bnÂ sImp hcp-¶-XnÂ {]ap-
J³ tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ. bqWn-thÀkn-än-Isf Ip¯-I-I Ä \nb-{ń-¡p-¶Xv
{]iv\-§Ä hj-fm-¡p-¶p.
tÉmB³ sIä-dn§v , Iym³kÀ NnIn-Õ¡p th bYmÀ° Kth-j-W-
§Ä H¶pw Xs¶ \S-¯n-bn-«nÃ F¶mWv hnaÀi-IÀ ]d-bp-¶-Xv. tImiw
A[-n-I-cn-¡p-¶-X mWv Iym³kÀ F¶ Ah-cpsS hni-Zo-I-c Ww Xs¶ sXäm-
sW¶v Icp-tXn-bn-c n-¡p-¶p. Hcp hÀjw 7 tImSn tUmf-dnÂ A[nIw
AXn\v \nIpXn clnX ^t-j-\ p-I -fnÂ \n¶v e`n-¡p-¶p. BÂ{Ûv
tÉmB³ ût-j³ DÄs¸-sS. AXm-bXv Ata-cn-¡³ \nIpXn Zmb-I³
387
AXn\v ]Ww \ÂIp¶p F¶v. 130 apgp-h³ kab Kth-j-I À, 345

tUmIvSÀamÀ. F´mWv t\«w. F{Xtbm hÀj-§-fm-bn. ss]³ B¸nÄ
F³ssk-ap-Ifpw sebv{S-bnepw tNÀ¯v Ign-¡p-¶Xv hfsc ê-{]-Z-am-
sW¶v Ahp-Sps¯ Xs¶ Kth-j-I À tUmIvSÀ tembvUv kvtImsb³,
tUmIvSÀ Fen-k-_¯v kvt{Sms¡äv F¶n-hÀ Is-¯n-b-X m-Wv.
tUmIvSÀ “kpbn-Kyq-c ”-bp-tS-X pÄs¸sS A¯cw Kth-j-W-§Ä ]pd¯p
]d-ªXn\v tUmIvSÀ dmÂ^v tamÊv ]pd-¯m-¡-s¸-«p. At±lw cNn¨
]pk-XIw Cancer Syndrome, tÉmB³ sIä-dn-§nse ]e IY-Ifpw
]pd¯p sImp h¶p. t_m_vÌv sâ \nÀt±-i-{]-I mcw 1971 Â \nIvk¬
\mj-WÂ Iym³kÀ \nbaw sImp h¶p. War On Cancer \p thn.
AXv \mj-\ Â Iym³kÀ C³Ìn-äyq-«n\v {]tXyI A[n-I m-c -§Ä \ÂIpw.
ASp¯ 15 hÀj-¯n-\p-ÅnÂ NCI, 10-00 tImSn tUmfÀ ]e-h-g n¡v sNe-hn-«p.
FÃmw D]tbmK-iq-\yw. 1955 Â NCI Iotam-s X-dm¸n {]N-cn-¸ n-¡p-¶ -Xn\v 2.5
tImSn tUmfÀ \o¡n h¨p. 43,000 Â A[nIw t]À \nIvk-tWmSv sebv{S-
bnÂ ]co-£n-¡p-¶-Xn\v -Bh-iy-s¸-«p. NCI tbmSv \nÀt±-i n-¡-W-s a¶v.
s_t¶m jvanäv ]d-ªXv AXv ]co-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ Bsf In«m-\nÃ
F¶m-Wv. AXv D]-tbm-K -iq-\ y-a m-bn-c p-s¶-¦nÂ adp-] Sn adn-¨ m-I p-a m-b n-c p-¶p.
a\p-jy-cnÂ \S-¯nb {Iqc-amb ]co-£-W§-sfm¶pw êw In-Ã. 1982
Â Ae³ tkm¶³ jo³ Fgp-Xn-bXv Watch out : The American Cancer
Society May be Hazardous to Your Health F¶m-Wv. The Politics of
Cancer F¶ ]pkvX-I-¯nsâ cN-bn-Xmhv tUmIvSÀ kmap-hÂ F]vÌo³
]d-bp-¶Xv ACS, Iym³k-dp- m-¡m³ A[nIw km²y-X-bpÅ At\Iw
hkvXp-¡-fpsS D]-tbmKw \nb-{ń-¡p-¶ -Xn\v \S-] Sn ssIs¡m-Åp-¶n-Ã.
Clean Water Act s\ ]n³Xm-§p-¶n-Ã. ssU CussXÂ ÌnÂs_kvt{SmÄ
DES, KÀ`w Ae-kn-t¸m-Im-X n-c n-¡p-¶-X n\p thn \ÂIp-¶p. AXv D]-tbm-
K-{]-Z-hp-a -Ã. , s{_Ìv Iym³kÀ, AXv D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶-h-c psS s]¬a-¡-
fnÂ P\-t\-{µnb Iym³kÀ, ssewKnI Ah-b-h -§-fpsS sshI-eyw, ]ns¶
Ic-fn\v XI-cm-dv. The Cancer Rip offs. By Lee Edson, ]d-bp-¶Xv sshdkv
Kth-j-W-¯nsâ t]cnÂ s_tYkZ-bnse \mj-WÂ C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v
slÂ¯v , \S-¯n¸p sNe-h nsâ 44 % A[-n-Ihpw ]ns¶ 9 % em`hpw
FgpXn hm§p¶p F¶m-Wv. \nIvk¬, Xsâ A\p-N-c ³ tUmIvSÀ {^m¦v
tdmj-dns\ NCI bpsS ta[m-hn-bmbn \nb-a n-¨ p. {^m¦v, Iotam sXdm-¸n-
bmWv Iym³k-dn\v Gähpw \Ã {]Xn-hn[n F¶v {]N-c n-¸n-¨p. NCI bpsS
388
sskt¢m sIan-¡Â hn`m-K -¯nse tUmIvSÀ _ÀIv, Ct¸mÄ \ne-hn-epÅ

NnIn-Õ¡pw ]co-£-W-¯n\pw thn FDA AwKo-I-cn¨ Iotam sXdm-¸ n¡v
D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ FÃm hkvX p-¡fpw hn-j-I -c-hpw, {]Xn-tcm-[ -hy-h-Øsb
XfÀ¯p-¶-Xp-a mWv F¶v hmZn-¨p. IqSmsX Iym³kÀ Dm-Ip-¶-Xn\v Imc-
W-am-hp-I-bpw sN¿pw. tÉmB³ sIä-dn§v Ah-cpsS 70 iX-am\w tcmKn-
IÄ¡pw tdUn-tb-j³ NnInÕ \ÂIp-¶p. Hcp hÀj-t¯¡v 5 e£w
tUmfÀ. Hcp hÀjw 11,000 ikv{X-{In-b-I-fpw., 65,000 tdUn-tb-j³ NnIn-Õ-
bpw. New York Times. July 4, 1979.
1937 Â e³ tlmkv]n-äÂ se {]apJ kÀP³ tUmIvSÀ t]Àkn ^ÀWn-
hÂ \v Iym³kÀ Is-¯n. 1938 s^{_p-hcn 26 \v {_n«ojv saUn-¡Â
tPÀW-enÂ AtZ-Z-l-¯nsâ A\p`h-§Ä hni-Zo-I -cn¨p sImv Fgp-Xn.
“tdUnbw NnInÕ sImpÅ ZmcpW kw`-h-§Ä km[m-c-W-a m-Wv.
AXn\v \ÂIn hcp¶ {]Nm-c Ww Btcm-Ky-h-Ip¸v a{´m-e-b-¯n\v
am\lm\n \ÂIp-¶-X m-Wv. ico-cs¯ \in-¸n-¡p¶ AXn\v CuSm-¡p¶
henb XpI \n£n]vX XmXv]-cy-§Ä¡pw. Rm³ 6 amkw IS¶p t]mb
\cIw Fsâ Gähpw henb i{Xp-hn\p t]mepw Rm³ \nÀt±-in-¡n-Ã.
GXmWv Gä-h pw \Ã NnInÕm ]²-Xn-sb¶v Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶-Xn\p ap³]v
NnIn-Õ-bpsS FÃm hi-§fpw ]cn-tim-[n-¡-W -s a-¶p-ÅXv Fsâ A\p-`-
hs¯ ap³\n-dp-¯n-s ¡m-pÅ At]-£-b m-Wv.” Ipd¨p \mÄ¡Iw
At±lw ac-W-a-S-ªp. At±-l-¯nsâ At]£ ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-«n-Ã.
You Can Fight Cancer And Win F¶ ]pkvX-I -¯nÂ Pbn³
t{_mUnbpw ACS se sshkv {]kn-Uv tlmse_v Dw (1977) sk\-äÀ
lyq_À«v lw{^n, tdUn-tb-j³ NnInÕ sImv ]qÀ®-a mbn Iym³kÀ
t`Z-a mb hyàn F¶v Ah-I m-i-s ¸-«p. 1973 Â At±-l-¯ n\v Iym³k-dp-
s¶v Is-¯n. tdUn-tb-j³ \ÂIn.. ]qÀ®-ambn t`Z-a mbn F¶v hne-
bn-cp-¯-s¸-«p. 1976 Â. At±-l-¯nsâ tUmIvSÀ Um_vs \ PmÀa³ ]d-
ªXv “R§-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ At±lw ]qÀ®-a mbpw t`Z-a m-¡-s¸«p
F¶m-Wv. [New York Times. Oct. 6. 1976]. F¶mÂ NnInÕ XpS-À¶v
sImn-cp-¶p. Ipd¨p Ignªv At±lw NnInÕ \ntj-[n-¨p. Daily News.
Jan 14. 1978 . ]d-ªXv sk\-äÀ Iotam sXdm-¸n-s b- “Bottled Death” F¶v
hnti-jn-¸ n-¨ p F¶m-Wv. t{_mUn-bpsS ]pkvXIw ACS sâ XmXv]-cy-§Ä
kwc-£n-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn-bp-Å -Xm-Wv.
hÀjw tXmdpw \S-¯p¶ amtam-{Km^n kv{XoIÄ¡v F{Xbpw
A]-I-S-I-c-a m-Wv. AXp t]mse Xs¶ A]-I-S-I-c -amWv. mastectomy -
s{_Ìv Iym³kÀ _m[n¨ kvXnI-fpsS ape-IÄ ]qÀ®-ambpw apdn¨p amäp-
¶-Xv. AXohw {Iqchpw D]-tbm-K-iq-\y-hpw. Cw¥-v, {^m³kv, kvIm³Un-
t\-h n-b³ cmPy-§Ä, Im\U F¶n-hn-S-§-fnÂ AXv \ne-hn-en-Ã.
389
Mastectomy sb hna-À-in¨p sImpÅ ]pkv-X -I-amWv Breast Cancer. By.

Rose Kuttner. t_m_vÌv sâ {ia-^ -e-ambn NCI kzbw -`-c-W -{]-Øm-\-a m-bn.
\nIvk-Wp-am-bpÅ ASp¸w klm-b-I -c-a m-bn. AXv ]qÀ®-a mbpw ACS \v
Iogvs¸-«n-c n-¡p-¶p. tUmIvSÀ skknÂ ]nämÀUn\v enwt^ma _m[n-¨n-cn-
¡p¶p F¶v atbm ¢n\nIv hn[n-sb-g p-X n. GXm\pw BgvN-I Ä am{Xw
Bbp-Êp-s -¶pw. tSm¬kn-sse-änkv \o¡w sN¿p¶ ikv{X-{ Inb
AXn\v Imc-W-am-hmw. At±lw “^vfq”hns\ {]nXn-tcm-[n-¡p-¶, _mIvSo-cn-
bsb \in-¸n-¡p¶ Ìt^bvPv ssetk-äv, tkmUnbw _yqss«-tdäv þ
]menepw sh®-bnepw Ip hcp¶ ^män BknUv sImv NnIn-Õn-¨p.
]qÀ®-a mbpw kpJ-s¸-«p. s]s«¶v Iym³kÀ ]n³h-en-ª-XmWv Fs¶m-
s¡-bmWv NCI, ACS hni-Zo-I-c -Ww. Hcp hÀjw 7 tImSn-bn-e-[ nIw tUmfÀ
Kth-j-W-¯n\p sNe-hm-¡p¶ ACS Â s]s«¶v ]n³h-en-bp¶ kw`-h -
§Ä Dm-I p-¶n-Ã. sebv{S-bnÂ hfsc D]-tbm-K-{]-Z-amWv F¶p ]d-ª-Xp-
sImv ]pd-¯m-¡-s¸« tUmIvSÀ dmÂ^v tamÊv ]d-ªXv ACS sâ
]¡Â Iym³kÀ ]qÀ®-ambpw t`Z-a m-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ ]e NnIn-Õ-I-fp-
s¶pw Ah ]qgv¯n hbv¡-s¸-«n-c n-¡p-I-bm-s W¶pw. 1906 apXÂ sa¨-
s¸« êw X¶ Coley NnIn-Õ-bpÄs¸-s S. tamkv ]d-ªXv tÉmB³
sIä-dn-§ns\ Pbnwkv Cuhn§v tdUnbw {SÌv B¡n amän-bn-cn-¡p-I -
bmWv F¶v. tUmIvSÀ hnÃyw tIm¨v Glyoxilide D]-tbm-K-{]-Z-sa¶v Is-
¯n. At±lw cmPyw hn«v t]mtIn h¶p. {]tXyIXcw Blm-c-amWv
{][m-\w. At±-l-¯nsâ k{¼-Zmbw D]-tbm-Kn¨ ]ecpw sshZy-im-kv{X-cw-
K¯p \n¶pw Hgn-hm-¡-s ¸-«p. tUmIvSÀ amIvkv sKÀk¬ Is-¯n-bXv
ico-c-¯nÂ \n¶pw hnjmw-i-§Ä \o¡w sN¿p-¶Xv Iym³kÀ t`Z-a m-¡p-
sa-¶v. ]mIw sN¿m¯ ]g-§-fpw, ]¨-¡-dn-Ifpw ssXcpw Iq«-¯nÂ D¸v
Hgn-h m-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXmÂ ssas{Kbv³ adp-sa-¶pw. At±-l-¯ nsâ ]pkv-
XIw Cancer Therapy.
tUmIvSÀ tdm_À«v. C. en¦³ Bacterioplage k{¼-Zmbw D]-tbm-
Kn¨v sk\-äÀ NmÄkv täm_n-bpsS aIsâ Iym³kÀ ]qÀ®-ambn t`Z-am-
¡n. ]Icw aÊm-¨p-skävkv saUn-¡Â skmssk-än-bnÂ \n¶pw en¦s\
]pd-¯ m-¡n. tSm_n `c-W-Xe At\z-j-W-¯n\v GÀ¸m-Sm-¡n. \oXn-\ ymb
hIp-¸nse PÌnkv _\-UnIväv ^nävkv PdÄUv tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯ n-bXv ]¯p
hÀj-a mbn AMA bpsS {Sj-d-dm-bn-c p¶ tUmIvSÀ sP.-sP. aqÀ sâ {]hÀ¯-
\-§Ä AMA sb KqVm-tem-N-\ -bnÂ ]¦p tNÀ¡p-¶-Xn\v ]cym-]vX-a m-sW-
¶m-Wv. sk\-äÀ tSm_n s]s«¶v lrZ-bm-LmXw aqew ac-W-a-S-ªp.
tdm_À«v en¦³ aÊm-¨p-skävkv saUn-¡Â skmssk-än-s¡-X nsc \nb-a -\-
S-] Sn kzoI-cn-¨ p. s]s«¶v At±-lhpw ac-W-a -S-ªp. CÃn-t\mbn bq-Wn-
thÀkn-än-bpsS sshkv {]kn-U -m-bn-cp¶ tUmIvSÀ B³{Uq sFhn ,
s{I_n-tbm-s k³ F¶ k{¼-Zm-b-¯n-eqsS Iym³kÀ t`Z-am-¡n-b n-c p-¶p.
AMA , sFhn¡v FXnsc \nb-a-\-S-]-Sn-IÄ kzoI-c n-¨p-sh-¦nepw sXfn-bn-¡p-
390
¶-Xn-\m-bn-Ã. tUmIvSÀ ]oäÀ sU amÀt¡mþ slbv\n-a ³ saUn-¡Â

kvIqÄ þ PVY k{¼-Zmbw D]-tbm-Kn¨v 800 e[nIw t]sc kpJ-s¸-Sp-¯n.
Procaine Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone. At±-l-¯nsâ ssek³kv d±m-l-s ¸-«p.
ACS DuÀÖ-kz-e-a mbn t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡p¶ Pap Smear Test F{Xbpw
A]-I-S-I-c-a m-Wv. 40 iX-a m-\-t¯mfw ac-Ww. knK-däv hen-¡p-¶Xv
Iym³k-dn\p Imc-W-a mhpw F¶mWv {]N-c-Ww. ^nÂäÀ ]nSn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv
A]-IS km²yX Ipd-¡p-s a-¶pw. ]pcm-X\ a\p-jyÀ Bbn-c-¡-W-¡n\v
hÀj-§Ä¡p -ap³]v Bcw-`n-¨-X mWv ]pI-h-en. BÀ¡pw Ipg-¸-a pmbn-cp-
¶n-Ã. tUmIvSÀ dn¨ÀUv ]mtÊ þ e-\nse sNÌÀ _oän dnkÀ¨v
C³Ìn-äyq«v þ 20 hÀj-t¯mfw Kth-jWw \S-¯ n. hmbp-h nÂ DW¡n
FSp-¡p¶ ]pI-bne tZmjw sN¿p-¶nÃ F¶v At±lw Is-¯n. Ata-cn-
¡-bn-tebpw CwKvf -n-tebpw sSm_mt¡m hyh-kmbw \nb-{ń-¡p-¶Xv
tdm¯vjoÂUvkv. a[p-c -apÅ ]pI In«p-¶-Xn\p thn CwKvfv 17 iX-
am\w ]©-kmc D]-tbm-Kn-¡pt¼mÄ, Ata-cn¡ 10 iX-am-\w. temI-¯nÂ
Gähpw A[nIw izmk-tImi Iym³kÀ Cw¥-nÂ. knK-d-änse ]©-
kmc \nt¡m-«n³ Id-bp-a mbn tNÀ¶v Iym³k-dn\p Imc-W-am-hp-¶p. hmbp-
hnÂ DW-¡n-s ¸m-Sn-¨-h -bnÂ A§s\ kw`-hn-¡p¶n-Ã. tkmhn-bäv- bq-Wn-
b-\nÂ izmk-tImi Iym³kÀ Is-¯p-¶-Xn\v ]mtÊ¡v Ign-ªn-Ã.
ssN\, Xmbvh m³ F¶n-hn-S-§-fn-epw. PÀ½-\n-bnÂ t_mWnÂ, Pm³sIÀ
¢n\n-¡nÂ, 1936 Â 76,000 Iym³kÀ tcmKn-I sf NnIn-Õn-¨p. 70 iX-a m\w
t]cnepw apgp-h-\m-tbm, `mKn-I-amtbm t`Z-a m-bn. AhÀ D]-tbm-Kn¨
Isophosphamide D]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xn\v NCI X¿m-dm-bn-Ã. ACS Dw. Iym³kÀ
NnIn-Õbv¡v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ hnj-Im-cn-bmb 5Fu hnsâ 50 iX-am\w
t]bväâv ACS ssIhiw h¨ncn-¡p¶ Imcyw AXv dnt¸mÀ«v sNbvX
Esquire amK-ko³ dnt¸mÀ«-dn\v Adn-bn-Ãm-bn-cn-¡mw. AXnsâ ]n³Km-an-
bmb 54 Fu . CXp cpw \nÀ½n-¡p-¶Xv tlm^v^va³ emtdm-¡v. A]-I-S-
I-c-s a¶v kwi-bn-¡p¶ cmk-h-kvXp-¡-fpsS D]-tbmKw \nb-{ń-¡p-¶-Xn\v
ACS apXn-cp-¶n-Ã. {]ap-J -amb ]e cmk-h-kvXp- \nÀ½mW ime-I-f n-sebpw
ta[m-hn-IÄ tÉmB\nse AwK-§-fm-b-Xp-s Im-m-bn-c n-¡mw. 25 hÀjw
NCI bpsS {]kn-²o-I-c -W-¯nsâ ]{Xm-[n-] -cm-bn-cp¶ tPm¬ s_bveÀ ]d-
ªXv Kh¬saânsâ 15 hÀjs¯ Iym³k-dn-s \-Xn-s c-bpÅ {]hÀ¯-\ -
§Ä ac-W-\n-c ¡p Ipd-¨ n-«n-Ã. AXp sImv AXv ]cm-P-b-am-sW¶v hne-
bn-cp-t¯--Xp-v.
1975 se hni-I -e\w shfn-h-m-¡p-¶Xv 1950 s\ At]-£n¨v
Iym³k-dnsâ iX-am-\w Ømbn-bmbn \nÂ¡p¶p F¶m-Wv. NneXv
Xmtg¡p h¶n-«p-v. ac-W-Im-cn-bmb Iotam sXdm¸n IqSp-X Â BÄ¡msc
sIms¶m-Sp-¡p-¶Xp sImm-bn-c n¡mw. ACS ]cm-P-b-sa-¶p-d-¸pÅ NnIn-Õ-
Isf t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡p-¶p. ^vfq hnÂ \n¶pw {]Xn-tcm[w t\Sp-¶ -Xn-\pÅ
Ip¯n-hbv]v 24 amkw {]bm-am-Ip-t¼mÄ sImSp-¡-W-s a-¶p-ÅXv 18 amkw
391
F¶m-¡p-¶Xv ISp¯ {Iqc-X -bm-Wv. ^n³e³Unse Ipªp-§-fnÂ ]co-

£n¨v ê-{]-Z-sa¶v Is¯n F¶mWv Ah-I m-i-h m-Zw. CXn-s\-s bms¡
]n³Xp-W-¡p-¶Xv Kh¬saâpw. FUvhÀUv P¶À (1796 þ 1839) 18 þmw
\qäm-nse acWw hnX-¨- kvtamÄ t]mIvkns\ {]Xn-tcm-[n-¡p-¶-Xn\v
Cow Pox Ip¯nhbv]v hnI-kn-¸n¨p F¶mWv IY. kvtamÄ t]mIvkv
AÃmsXXs¶ Ipdªp XpS-§n-bn-cp-¶p. Cow Pox Ip¯n hbv]v, kvtamÄ
t]mIvkns\ XncnsI sImp h¶p. AXv D]-tbm-Kn¨ Hmtcm hÀjhpw
A\p-`hw hj-fm-bn-s¡m-n-c p-¶p. 1872 Â 44,480 t]À ac-W-a -S-ªp. 1948
Â AXv Cw¥-nÂ \ntcm-[n-¡-s ¸-«p. A{Xbpw \mÄ AXv sIm«n-tLm-jn-
¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶-Xm-Wv. AXv \nc-kn-¨n-cp-¶-hsc Pbn-enÂ AS-¨n-cp-¶p. P¸m³
1872 Â Ip¯n-hbv] v Bcw-`n-¨ p. \nÀ_-Ôn-X-a m-bn. 1892 Â AhnsS 165,774
kvtamÄ t]mIvkv _m[-I-fp-m-bn. 30,000 acWw. P¸m³ AXv XpS-c p-¶p.
ssk\nI \nb-{´-W-¯n-epÅ cmjv{ Sw. tdms¡-s^-Ã-dns\ A\p-k-c n-¡p-
¶p. \nÀ_-ÔnX Ip¯n-hbv] v PÀ½-\n-bn-epw. \mkn `c-W-Im-e¯v 1939 Â
Un^vXo-c n-b-bpsS F®w H¶c e£w. Hcn-¡epw \nÀ_-ÔnX Ip¯n-h -
bv]n\v hg-§m¯ t\mÀth-bnÂ BZy -I m-e-L-«-¯ nÂ 50 Un^vXo-cnb _m[
am{Xw.
\nÀ_-ÔnX Ip¯n-hbv]pÅ cmjv{S-§-fnÂ t]mfntbm 7
Cc-«n-bm-b n. sshZy-i m-kv{X-c w-Ks¯ {]iv\-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v [mcmfw ]T\w
\S-¯nb tamdnkv _oÂ, t]mfntbm {]Xn-tcm-[n-¡p-¶-X n-\ pÅ Ip¯n-h bv]v
ac-W-Im-c nbpw X«n¸pw AÃ F¶v sXfn-bn-¡p-¶-hÀ¡v ]mcn-tXm-jnIw
{]Jym-]n-¨p. Bcpw {]Xn-I-cn-¨n-Ã. 1986 July / August se Health Freedom
News \nco-£n-¨Xv Ip¯n-hbv]v Xe-t¨m-dnsâ XI-cm-dp-a mbn _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-
¡p-¶p- F-¶ m-Wv. DPT Ip¯n-hbv]v \nÀ½m-Xm-¡Äs¡-X nsc tImS-Xn-bnÂ
150 A\ym-b-§Ä. 150 tImSn tUmfÀ \jvS- ]-cn-lmcw Bh-iy-s¸-«p-sImv.
t]mfn-tbm-bpsS Gähpw {]i-kvX-\mb _en-bmSv {^m¦ven³. Un.
dqkvshÂäv. Gsd hÀj-§Ä At±lw hoÂ sN-b-dn-en-c p-¶mWv {]hÀ¯-
\-§Ä \S-¯n-b-Xv. imco-cnI Akz-Ø-X-I Ä Ata-c n-¡³ {]kn-U-n\v
Dm-Im³ ]mSnÃ F¶Xv {][m\ \n_-Ô-\-b m-Wv. F¶mÂ
dqkvshÂänsâ tUmIvSÀ en³Uvs se hnÃywkv km£y-s¸-Sp-¯ n-bXv
dqkvshÂäv imco-cn-I-a mbpw am\-kn-I-a mbpw Btcm-Ky-h m-\ mWv F¶v.
dqkvshÂäv a{ń-k-`-bnÂ hnÃywkn\p thn sk{I«dn Hm^v slÂ¯v
F¶ Iym_n-\ äv ]Zhn krjvSn¡-s¸-«p. 1948 Â tUmIvSÀ km³Un-bÀ
]d-ªXv Ipªp-§Ä A[n-I-a mbn a[pcw {]tXy-In¨v anTmbn Ign-¡p-
¶Xpw t]mfn-tbmbpw X½nÂ t\cn«v _Ô-ap-s-¶m-Wv. AXp t]mse
th\Â¡m-e¯v a[p-c-a pÅ eLp-] m-\o-b-§fpw sFkv{Ioapw Ign-¡p-
¶Xpw. Hcp hÀjw sImv t]mfntbm 90 iX-a m\w Ipd-ªp. eLp-]m-\o-
bw, anTmbn F¶n-h-bpsS \nÀ½m-X m-¡Ä hnÂ]\ hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\p
thn kuP\y hnX-cWw \S-¯n. h³]n¨ {]Nm-c-W-hpw. ASp¯
hÀjw hopw t]mfntbm A[n-I-cn-¨ p. ]n¶oSv tUmIvSÀ km³Un-b-dn-s \-
¡p-dn¨ Bcpw tI«n-« n-Ã. `qan-bnÂ \n¶pw A{]-Xy-£-a mb t]mfntbm
392
tcmK-¯n\v Ct¸mgpw {]Xn-tcm[ Ip¯n-hbv]v \ÂIn-s¡m-n-c ¡p-¶p.

]pXnb Akp-J-§Ä krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn.
^vfqdn³ tNÀ¯ shÅw IpSn-¡p-¶Xv 12 hb-Ên\v Xmsg {]mb-a p-Å-h À¡v
Gähpw \Ã-Xm-sW¶v A`n-{]m-bw. F¶mÂ Fńsâ ASn-Ø m-\ -¯n-emWv
F¶p ]d-bp-¶n-Ã. F¶mÂ Fń-\mWv 12 hb-Ên\p apI-fn-ep-Å-hÀ¡pw
^vfqdn³ tNÀ¯ shÅw F¶pw hni-Zo-I-c -W-an-Ã. Drug Trust \v em`w
Dd¸p hcp-¯p-¶-Xn\p thn. ^vfqdn-tU-j³ ]²Xn XpS-§p¶ ka-b¯v
Ata-cn-¡³ s]mXp-P-\m-tcmKy tI{µ-¯nsâ ta[mhn HmkvI À Cuhn-§v.
]T\w lmÀhÀUv \nba hnZym-e-b-¯nÂ. AXp Ignªv {]kn-²-amb
hmÄkvSoäv \nba hnZ-Kv²À sjÀa³, lyqKvkv UvsshävÂ {]hÀ¯-\ w.
lyqKvkv ]ns¶ kp{]ow tImSXnbnÂ No^v PÌn-kv. Øm]-\-¯nsâ t]cv
Cuhn§v B³Uv lyqKvkv. Cuhn§v tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ ]nWn-bmÄ.
Cuhn§v sÛ-dÂ skIyq-c nän GP³kn AUvan-\ n-kvt{S-ä -dmbn \nb-a n-X -
\m-bn. tZiob ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ ^vfqdn-tU-j³ \S-¯p-¶-X n\v tdms¡-s ^-
ÃÀ {]tXyI XmXv]cyw FSp¯v \nb-an-¨-X v. hnZym-`ym-k-¯nÂ, {]tXy-
In¨pw saUn-¡Â hnZym-`ym-k-¯ nÂ \nb-{´Ww t\S-W-s a¶v {]tXyIw
XmXv]-c y-a p-m-bn-cp¶p tdms¡-s^-Ã-dn-\v. 1948 s^{_p-hcn 17 Â
Kh¬saâvXe saUn-¡Â kvt¡mfÀjn¸v \v Cuhn§v ap³ssI-s¿-Sp-¯p.
AX-n-t\mS\p_-Ôn¨ \nb-{´-W-§Ä¡pw. 1948 amÀ¨ 30. Ip«n-I-fpsS
kt½-f-\-¯nsâ A²y-£-\m-bn. Dt±y-iw, cmjv{S-¯nse bphm-¡sf
_m[n-¡p¶ {]hÀ¯-\-§-fnÂ DÄs¸-Sp¶ Kh¬saâv GP³kn-Isf Iq«n-
tbm-Pn-¸n-¡p-¶ -Xn\v. tZiob ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ Iym³kÀ kwL-S-\-bnepw
Cuhn-§v t\Xr-X z-Øm-\ -¯v. 1948 tabv H¶n-\v, hmjn-§vS-\nÂ National
Health Convention . 800 t]À ]s¦-Sp-¯p. Atacn-¡sb sFIycmjv{S k`-
bpsS temIm-tcm-Ky- kw-L-S-\-bnÂ AwK-am-¡-W-sa¶v {]tabw sFIy-I-
WvtT\. `c-W-Iq-S-¯nsâ \nb-{´-W-¯ nÂ BtcmKy C³jp-d³kn\pw
Cuhn§v ap³ssI-s¿-Sp-¯p. AXm-bXv tkmjy-ssekvUv saUn-kn³.
{^m¦ven³.-Un.dqkvshÂänsâ ac-W-¯n\p tijw [ The Strange Death of
Franklin D. Roosevelt. By. Dr. Emmanuel Josephson ], {Sqa³ A[n-Im-c -
¯nÂ h¶p. Cuhn-§nsâ {]tXy klm-bhpw Iq«n-\v. ]mÀe-saâv AwKw
anÃÀ ]d-ªXv “Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ ^vfqdn-tU-j³ ]²-Xn-bpsS {]apJ
]n³XpW s]mXp-P-\m-tcm-KytI{µw. AXv Cuhn-§-nsâ sÛdÂ skIyq-
cnän GP³kn-bpsS `mKw. Aeq-an-\nbw I¼\n Hm^v Ata-cn-¡-bpsS
ALCOA , òa-amb thX\w ]äp¶ \nb-a-h n-Z-Kv²-\ mWv Cuhn-§v.” hmjn-
§vS³ `c-W-Iq-S-¯n\v IpSn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ shÅw ae-I-fnse \ocp-d-h-I -fnÂ
\n¶pw t\cn-«v. ^vfqdn³ IeÀ¯nb Hä-¯pÅn shÅw t]mepw IpSn-¡p-I -
bnÃ F¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p- A-h-c psS \ne-] mSv. t¢mdn-\ pw ^vfqdn\pw CsÃ¦nepw
shÅ-¯nÂ A]-ISw A[n-I-am-bp-v. Milk Sickness F¶p hnfn-¡-s¸-Sp-
¶Xv shÅ-¯nÂ \n¶pw In«p¶ Akp-J-a m-Wv, hmkvX-h-¯nÂ. cmPy-
¯nsâ FÃm henb \K-c-§-fnepw tkmUnbw ^vfqssdUv D]-I-cWw
393
Øm]n-¡p-¶-X n\v sNbvkv am³l-«³ _m¦v Aan-X-a mbn XmXv]-c y-s a-Sp-¯n-
cp-¶p. Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ ^vfqssdUv ]p-a p-X Ât¡ aen-\ o-I-c Ww krjvSn-
¨n-cp-¶p. cmk hyh-kmb òa-·mcpw CXv A[n-I-a mbn DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
Ata-cn-¡³ A{Kn-IÄN-dÂ t{]mUIvSvkv tImÀ]-td-j³, lq¡À sIan-
¡Â. »m³sj-s ä lq¡À tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ IpSpw-_-¯nÂ\n¶pw hnhmlw
sNbvX-tXm-s S, lq¡À sIan-¡Â, tdms¡-s ^-Ã-dnsâ ]qÀ® \nb-{´-W -
¯n-em-bn. t^mkvt^äv ]md-I-fnÂ \n¶pw hfw \nÀ½n-¡p-t¼mÄ [mcmfw
^vfqssdUv \nÀ½n-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p. Ipd¨v ^vfqssdUv IoS-\ m-in\n \nÀ½n-¡p-
¶-Xn\p thn D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s ¸-«n-c p-¶p. AXv AXohw A]-I-S-I-c -am-b-Xn-
\mÂ Un]mÀ«vsaâv Hm^v A{Kn-IÄ¨À AXv \ntcm-[n-¨p. \ntcm-[-\ -¯ns\
hI h¡msX Ah-in-jvS-§Ä IS-enÂ XÅp-¶p. Hmtcm hÀjhpw Hcp
e£w S¬ ^vfqssdUv A´-co-£-¯nÂ Iecp-¶p. asämcp 5 e£w S¬
shÅ-¯nÂ I-e-cp-¶p. IpSn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ shÅ-¯nÂ IeÀ¯p-¶Xv CXn-
s\Ãmw ]pd-sa. ^vfqssd-Uv, DNA bpsS tISp-] mSv XoÀ¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ
F³sskw {]hÀ¯\w kmh-[m-\-¯n-em-¡p-¶p. t{Imtamtkmw XI-c m-dp-I -
fp-m-¡p-¶p. Iym³k-dn\p Imc-W-a m-¡p-¶p. \yqtdm-{ Sm³kvan-ä-dp-I-fpsS
\nÀ½m-Ws¯ _m[n-¡p-¶p. Xe-t¨m-dnÂ AXv Ipd-bp-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-am-hp-
¶p. ^vfqssdUv ]£m-Lm-X-¯n-\ pw, Xe-t¨mdnse XI-c m-dp-IÄ¡pw Imc-
W-am-hp-¶p. ]ns¶ s]s«-¶p-m-hp¶ kz`mh hyXym-kw, cq£-amb Xe-
th-Z-\, Xe-Np-äÂ, hn{`-aw, izmk-¯nsâ Xmfw sXäÂ, KÀ`Ø inip-
hn\v tISp hcn-I, Iym³kÀ. ^vf qssd-Unsâ tZmj-h-i-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v Kl-
\-amb ]T\w \S-¯nb tUmIvSÀ tPm¬ bnbm-tam-bn-b m-¶n-kv, Uo³
_À¡v F¶n-hÀ CXv ASn-h-c -bn«v ]d-bp-¶p. tPmWnsâ ]pkvXIw
Flouride : The Aging Factor ]d-bp-¶Xv 50,000 Hmfw acWw Hmtcm hÀjhpw
^vfqssd-Unsâ tZmjw ImcWw kw`-hn-¡p-¶p. AXnÂ 20,000 Hmfw
Iym³k-dnÂ \n¶pw. ]Sn-ªm-d³ PÀ½\n 1971 Â ^vfqdn-tU-j³ \ntcm-[n-
¨p. 1973 Â s\XÀem³Uv Dw. F{X-t¯mfw Afhv A\p-h-Z-\ o-b-am-sW¶v
Is-¯p-¶-Xn\v Kl-\-amb ]T-\-§-s fm¶pw \S-¶ n-Ã. ^vfqdn-tU-j³
\S¶ \K-c-§-fnÂ {]mb-a m-b-hÀ¡v InUv\ n, lrZ-b-¯-I-c mdp aqew ac-W-a -
S-bp¶ kwJy hÀ²n-¨p. s]³j³ t]mepÅ B\p-Iq-ey-§Ä A{Xbpw
em`w. ^vfqssd-UpIÄ a\p-jysâ DuÀÖ-kz-eX \in-¸n-¡p-s a¶v tkmhn-
bäv ]T-\ -§Ä Is-¯n-bn-cp-¶p. P\-§sf \nb-{ń-¡p-¶-Xn\pÅ kpK-a -
amb amÀ¤w. BSp-I-s f-t¸mse A\p-k-c -W-bp-Å- D-i n-c n-Ãm¯ P\-X-Xn. A-
[nIw hndfn ]nSn¨ Imf-I-s f sacp-¡p-¶-Xn\v ^vfqssdUv sImSp-¯n-c p-¶p.
hmjn-§vS-\nse FÃm DtZym-K-Ø-·m-c p-sSbpw Akq-bbv¡v Imc-W-amb,
tkm-hn-bäv bqWn-b-\nse KqemKv BÀ¨n s]em-tKm, temI-¯nse
tIm¬k³t{S-j³ Iym¼p-I-fpsS Gähpw henb irwJ-e. AhnsS 1940
apXÂ Ahn-Sps¯ At´-hm-kn-I Ä¡v ^vfqssd-Up-IÄ \ÂIn-bn-c p-¶p.
tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b-\ nse tkzOm-[n-]-Xn-Isft¸mse Ata-cn-¡-bn-tebpw
tkzOm-[n-]-Xn-IÄ P\-§-fpsS k¼qÀ® kaÀ¸Ww B{Kln-¡p-¶p.
Ata-cn-¡sb tkmhn-bäv -h-XvI-c n-¡p-¶-Xn-te-¡pÅ Hcp NphSp hbv]v.
^vfqssdUv tNÀ¯v Sq¯v t]bvÌv sImv Ipªp-§sf H¶n-e-[nIw
394
XhW {_jv sN¿n-¸n-¡pI F¶Xpw Hcp X{´-am-Wv. Ipªp-§Ä Ipd¨p

s]bvÌv DÅn-te¡v Cd-¡m-dp-v. IqSp-XÂ ^vfqssdUpw e`n-¡p-¶Xv
ALCOA bnÂ \n¶v. AXnsâ A²y-£-\ m-bn-c p-¶Xv NmÄkv ]mcn.
American Enterprise Institute F¶ _u²nI {]Øm-\-¯nsâ Ub-d-IvSÀ.
AXn\p ap³]v hnÃyw t{Imw tPmÀÖv. USA - USSR Trade and Economic
Council Ub-d-IvSÀ. A\-h[n {]Xn-tcm[hyh-kmb Øm]-\ -§-fpsS Ub-d-
IvSÀ. AXnsâ {]kn-Uv hnÃyw sd¶À. sjÂ HmbnÂ I¼\n Ub-d-
IvSÀ. tdmXvjoÂUvkv \nb-{´-W-¯n-ep-Å -Xv. asämcp Ub-d-IvS-dm-bn-cp-
¶Xv sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhnsâ t_mÀUv Hm^v KhÀtWgvkv A²y-£-\m-bn-cp-
¶p. Øm\-ta-ä - D-Ss\ ]en-i-\n-c¡v Iq«n. Hmlcn hn]Wn XIÀ¯p.
kvs]jyÂ I½n-j³ Hm¬ tkmjyÂ skIyq-cnän A²y-£³.
Withholding Tax hÀ²n-¸n-¨p. D¶-X -th-X \w ]äp¶ hmÄkv{Soäv
I¬kÄ«âv, tdms¡-s ^-Ã-dn\v Bh-iy-a mb coXn-bnÂ IW-¡p-IÄ X¿m-dm-
¡p-¶-X nÂ hnZ-Kv²³. IqSp-XÂ \nIpXn CuSm-¡p-¶-X n\p thn
tkmjyÂ skIyq-c n-än-bnÂ ]W-a nÃ F¶p ]d-ªp. 220 tImSn tUmfÀ
dnkÀhpw 250 tImSn tUmfÀ K-h¬saânÂ \n¶pw In«m-\ p-m-bn-cp-¶-
t¸mÄ. \mW-b-s ¸-cp¸w 9.6 iX-am-\-a m-s W¶p ]d-ªp, hmkvX-h -¯nÂ 3.5
iX-a m-\ -am-bn-cp-¶-t¸mÄ. \mW-b-s¸-cp-¸-¯n\p ImcWw Xs¶
Kh¬saânsâ sXämb \b§fmbn-cp-¶p. ]n¶oSv sP. ]n. tamÀK³ ]¦m-
fn-bm-bn. 1988 Â P\p-hcn 25 \v, sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv t_mÀUnsâ {]hÀ¯-
\w, [\n-I -cpsS XmXv] -cy-§Ä kwc-£n-¡pI F¶-Xm-sW¶v New Republic
A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«p. CXp hscbpw AXv tNmZyw sN¿-s ¸-«n-Ã. tkmUnbw
^vfqssdUv {]tbm-K-¯nsâ XpS¡w sNbvkv am³l-«³ _m¦v, tdms¡-s ^-
ÃÀ XmXv]-c y-§-fm-Wv. Aeq-a n-\ n-b-¯nsâ AXn-{]-kcw AÂjn-taÀkv
tcmK-¯n\v Imc-W-a m-hp-¶p. Ah-cpsS ]cn-N-c-W-¯n\v 500 tImSn tUmfÀ
Bh-iy-am-Wv. AXn\v C³jp-d³kv ]cn-c £ e`y-a -Ã. tImSn-IÄ sNe-h-
gn¨v ]T-\-§Ä \S-¡p-¶p. ]mc-¼-cyw, sshd-kv, ]cn-ØnXn aen-\o-I-c -Ww,
{]Xn-tcm[ tijn-¡p-d-hv. Aeq-a n-\n-b-¯nsâ Imcyw Bcpw anp-¶n-Ã.
sshZyimkv{X-¯n\v Imc-W-a-dn-bmw. F¶mÂ Adn-bnÃ F¶v \Sn-¡p-¶p.
Ccp-¼v, a¬]m-{X-§-fnÂ Blmcw ]mNIw sNbvXv Ign-¨n-c p-¶-t¸mÄ
AÂjn-taÀkn-s\-¡p-dn¨v tI«n-c p-¶n-Ã. 1920 HmsS Aeq-a n-\nbw ]m{X-§Ä
hym]-I-am-b-tXmsS AÂjn-taÀkpw hs¶-¯n. CÔ-\-a m-bn«v hnd-In\v
]Icw Kymkv, sshZypXn Chbpw Imc-W-a m-bn. ]¨-¡-dn-I Ä, sSmam-täm- F-
¶n-h -bpsS \ndw Aeq-a n-\ nbw ]m{X-§-fnÂ kq£n-¨n-c p-¶mÂ, Ffp¸w
Xs¶ amdpw. Aeq-an-\nbw ]m{Xw \in-¡p-¶-Xn\v tSmamtäm Imc-W-am-hpw.
]e Blm-c -§fpw ]m{X-¯n\v Idp¯ \ndw \ÂIpw. Aeq-a n-\nbw ]m{X-
¯nÂ ]mNIw sN¿p-¶Xv A]-I-S-I -c-amWv . {]tXy-I n¨pw ^vfqssdUv
tNÀ¶ shÅ-¯nÂ. Royal Baking Powder Case F¶ {]kn-²-amb \nb-a -
\-S-] -Sn-bnÂ tUmIvSÀ aIvKzn-K³ ]d-ªXv Aeq-a n-\nbw ]m{X-¯nÂ
shÅw Xnf-¸n-¡p-¶Xv sslt{Um HmIvsskUv hnjw Dm-hp-¶-Xn\v Imc-
395
W-am-hpw. ]¨-¡-dn-IÄ thhn-¡p-¶Xpw sslt{Um HmIvsskUv \nÀ½m-W -

¯n\v Imc-W-a m-h pw. ap« ]pgp-§n-bmÂ t^mkvt^äv hnjw, Cd¨n thhn-
¨mÂ t¢mssdUv hnjw. F´p Xs¶ ]mNIw sNbvXmepw Zl-\ -c-k-§Ä
\nÀho-c y-a m-¡-s ¸-Spw. Akn-tUm-knkn\pw AÄk-dn\pw Imc-W-am-hpw.
Zl-\ -t¡-Sn\v {]Xn-hn[n Aâm-knUv Ign-¡pI F¶-Xm-Wv, AXnÂ A[nIw
Aeq-an-\nbw AS-§n-bn-c n-¡p-¶p. At\I hÀ-jw XpSÀ¨-bmbn Aeq-an-
\nbw ]m{X-¯nÂ ]mNIw sNbvX Blmcw Ign-¡p-¶Xv HmÀ½-¡p-d-hn-\pw,
am\-kn-I -ti-jn-bpsS CSn-hn\pw Imc-W-a m-hpw. {ItaW AÂjo-taÀkv
F¶ Ah-Ø-bnÂ F¯n-t¨-c pw.
1. Buffered Aspirin - Ascription Â 44 mg Hcp Kpfn-I-bnÂ, Cama - 44 mg
F¶ tXmXnÂ Aeq-a n-\ nbw DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p. 2. Antacids Hcp
tUmknÂ - Amphojel Â 174 mg , AlternagelÂ 174 mg, Delcid Â 174
mg, Estomil - M Â 265 mg, Mylanta II Â 116 mg.. AÂjn-taÀkv
tcmKn-I-fnÂ A[n-Ihpw Aâm-knUv D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-hÀ. hb-dn-f-¡-
¯n\v Ipdn-¸-Sn-b n-ÃmsX In«p¶ Essilad Â 370 mg/ ml. Kaopectate
Concentrate Â 290 mg/ml.Â
Aeq-an-\nbw s]m«mkyw kÄt^äv AXv Aeq-an-\nbw amhv F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-
¶p. AXv t_¡n§v ]uU-dnÂ [mcm-f-ambn D]-tbm-K n-¡p-¶p. ]ns¶
¢mcn-ss^-bnwKv jpK-dn-epw. 3 e£w Intem{Kmw tkmUnbw Aeq-an-\nbw
kÄt^-äv C¯-c -¯nÂ D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p.
AIDS Ime-L-«-¯n\p ap³]v a\p-jy³ Slow Virus \v Iogvs¸-«n-
cp-¶-Xmbn tcJ-I-fn-Ã. F¶mÂ Ipc-§p-I-fpsS CS-bnÂ Dm-b n-c p-¶p.
AXv Retroviruses F¶v Adn-b-s ¸-Sp-¶p. Hcp ]t£ Gähpw {]kn-²-\mb
FbvUvkv tcmKn tlmfn-hpUv \S³ tdm¡v lUvk¬. 1976 \v ap¼v AIDS
s\¡p-dn¨v tI«n-« n-Ã. AXv a\pjy \nÀ½n-X-a m-s W¶v Hcp ]£w. AXn-s \-
¡p-dn¨v W.H.O _pÅ-än³, V47, Page 251, 1972 kqN\ \ÂIp-¶p.
Selective Bbn sshd-kn\v {]Xn-tcm-[-ti-jnsb B{I-an-¡p-¶-X n\v km[n-
¡p-tam. t^mÀ«v sU{Sn-¡nse \mj-WÂ C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v slÂ¯v se
ImÄä¬ KmUpkvsI ]d-ªXv “AhnsS USSR Â \n¶pw ssN\-bnÂ
\n¶p-a pÅ I½yq-Wn-Ìp-IÄ imkv{X-Ú-·m-cm-bn«v sXmgnÂ t\m¡p-¶p.
FÃm ]co-£-W-im-e-I-fnepw {]th-i -\-ap-Å-hÀ, AhÀ Ata-cn-¡-¡mÀ¡v
DÅ-Xn-t\-¡mÄ kzm[o-\-ap-Å-h-c m-Wv. ssk\y-¯nsâ ]IÀ¨m-hym[n hn`m-
K-¯nepw hntZin-IÄ [mcm-f-a m-bn-«p-v.” Hcp ]t£ temIm-[n-]-X y-¯n\v
thn-bpÅ Nhn-«p-]-Sn-I -fnÂ H¶m-bn-cn-¡mw. 1976 apXÂ, GI-tZiw 1980
IfpsS BZy-I m-e-L«w hsc AXv kzhÀ¤-t`m-Kn-I -fpsS AkpJw F¶v
hne-bn-cp-¯-s¸-«p. AÃm-¯-hÀ¡v {][m-\-ambpw »Uv _m¦p-IÄ hgn-
bmWv AkpJw ]IÀ¶p In«n-b-Xv. kzhÀ¤-t`m-K n-I-fpsS càw kzoI-c n-¨-
396
hÀ¡v.- A-X ns\ Gay Cancer F¶v hnti-jn-¸n-¨p. Kapsi’s Im³kÀ

AXnsâ Hcp êw Bb-Xp-sIm-v. tUmIvSÀ temd³kv _À«³ ]d-bp-¶Xv
kzhÀ¤-t`mKw AIDS te¡v \bn¡pw F¶m-Wv. At±-l-¯nsâ AtämÀWn
U»yq. F¨v. aqÀ ]d-ªXv ssl{U-P-t\-äUv sImgp-¸p-IÄ {]Xn-tcm-[-
tijnsb XIÀ¡pw F¶pw. AXpw AIDS \v Imc-W-a m-h mw. t]mj-I m-lmcw
hfsc {][m\w Xs¶. P¸m-\ nÂ, sImgp¸v Ipdª Blmcw ioe-am-¡n-b-
h-cnÂ BWh hnIn-c Ww Ipd¨p am{Xw {]iv\-§Ä krjvSn-¨ p. AIDS
_m[n-¡-s ¸«p F¶v a\-Ên-em-¡p¶ kzhÀ¤-t`mKn AXv sshcmKy _p²n-
tbmsS ]IÀ¶p \ÂIp-¶-X n\v {ian-¡p-¶p. kn^n-enkv Xe-t¨m-dns\
_m[n-¡p-¶p. AIDS Dw A§ns\ Xs¶. s]mXp kaqlw F¶v hnfn-
¡s¸Sp¶ [mc-bÂ \n¶v amdn \nÂ¡p¶ kzhÀ¤-t`m-Kn-IÄ aäp-Å, Hä-
s¸«p \nÂ¡p¶ sNdp kwL-S-\-I-sf-t¸mse Xo{h-kz-`mhw {]I-S-a m-¡p-
¶p. Ip{]-kn-²-\mb kzhÀ¤-t`mKn t\Xmhv tdm_À«v jzm_v, F{Xbpw
t]À¡v AXv ]IÀ¶p \ÂI-W-s a¶v Blzm\w sNbvX-Xns\ XpSÀ¶v,
kzhÀ¤-t`m-Kn-I-fpsS tI{µ-§-fmb \yqtbmÀ¡nepw km³{^m³kn-kvtIm-
bnepw cà-Zm\w Cc-«n-bm-b n. tdm¡v lUvkWpw AXp t]mse {]hÀ¯n-
¨n-cp-¶p.- {]-Xym-LmXw Fs´¶v a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶ -Xn-\pÅ ]Iz-X-bn-Ãm¯
So³ GbvPp-Im-cp-ambn At±lw sshcmKy _p²n-tbmsS _Ôw ]peÀ¯n.
Kh¬saâv A[n-IrXÀ ]d-bp-¶Xv kzhÀ¤-t`m-Kn-IÄ, slbvXn-b³kv, Rc-
¼nÂ ab-¡p-a -cp¶v Ip¯n hbv¡p-¶-h À, Idp¯ hÀ¤-¡mÀ F¶n-h -cnÂ
am{Xw AIDS _m[n-¡p¶p F¶m-Wv. Centre for Disease Control - Great
Swine Flu Massacre sâ \mb-IÀ, P\-§sf sXän-²m-c-Wm-P-\-I -amb
t_m[-h-X vI-c-W-¯n-te¡v \bn-¡p-¶p. {]mWn-IÄ AIDS ]c-¯p-¶nÃ F¶-
XmWv AXnÂ H¶v. Npw_-\-¯n-eqsS ]I-cp-¶nÃ F¶Xv asäm¶v. Dan-\o-
cnÂ AIDS sshdkv Dv F¶v k½-X n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. ap¯-Èn-¡-Y -I-
fmWv AhÀ {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. hnÀPo-\n-b-bnse dn¨vtam- n-s e -tUm-IvSÀ
tPm¬ koÂ ]d-ªXv Scientific Disinformation F¶m-Wv. AIDS cà-¯n-
eqsS ]I-cp-¶p. Ata-cn-¡-bnse kÀP³ P\-dÂ tUmIvSÀ Fh-sdäv Iq¸v
a\-¸ qÀÆw AkXyw {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. Fh-d-ä n-s \m¸w {_n«-\nse No^v
saUn-¡Â Hmô-kÀ tUmWÄUv A¡o-k¬, W.H.O Ub-d-IvSÀ P\-dÂ
tUmIvSÀ lm^vU³ ameÀ, \mj-WÂ C³Ìn-äyq-«nse tdm_À«v Kmtem.
tamkvtIm-bn-se -C-h m-t\mhvkvIn C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v sshtdm-f-Pn-bpsS Ub-
d-IvSÀ {]^-kÀ hnIvSÀ jvUmt\m-hv. tdm_À«v Kmtem HIV sb Is-
¯nb imkv{X-Ú³ F¶v Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. Kmtem ]d-bp-¶Xv HIV, AIDS
\v Imc-W-am-hp¶p F¶v. Ktem-bpsS Ip ]nSn-¯¯n\p tijw, NIH,
Kmtem-bpsS kn²m´w sXäm-sW¶v sXfn-bn-¡p¶ Kth-j-W-§Ä¡v
H¶pw Xs¶ ]Ww \ÂIp-¶n-Ã. aäp ]e Kth-j-W-§-fnÂ \n¶pw NIH
hn«p \nÂ¡p-¶p. {]kn-Uv doK³ {]iv\ -]-cnlm-c-¯n-\mbn Special
Presidential Commission on Aids s\ \nb-a n-¨p. AXv cl-ky-ambn tImdw
397
XnI-bm-sX- k-t½-f-\-§Ä \S-¯n. kt½-f-\-¯nsâ hni-Zmw-i§Ä Ipdn-

s¨-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\v \ntcm-[ -\-hpw. AXnsâ ta[mhn AUva ndÂ Pbnwkv
hmävIn³kv. Kmtemsb FXnÀ¯-h -cnÂ {]ap-J³ tUmIvSÀ ]oäÀ
Uyqkvs_ÀKv. _ÀIven-bnse Imen-t^mÀWnb bqWn-thÀkn-än-bnse
sshtdm-fPn {]^-kÀ. \mj-WÂ A¡m-Zan Hm^v kb³k-knse AwKw.
Kmtem-bpsS ]co-£-W-i m-e-bnÂ Xs¶ ]oäÀ Xsâ ]co-£-W-§Ä \S-
¯n. F¯n-t¨-À¶ \nK-a \w, HIV FbvUvkn\p Imc-W-am-hp-¶nÃ F¶m-Wv.
At±-l-¯nsâ Is-¯-ep-IÄ -A-t±lw {]kn-²n-I -cn-¨p. March 1987 Â
Cancer Research F¶ saUn-¡Â tPÀW-enÂ. Kmtem {]Xn-I -cn-¨-tX-bn-Ã.
Kmtem-bp-tSXv Fact or Fiction Kth-j-W -§-fnÂ H¶v. Kmtem-bpsS Kth-j-
W-§-fpsS \nK-a-\-§Ä F¯n-t¨À¶ coXn thfn-hm-¡p¶ tcJ-I Ä Bcpw
Xs¶ Im-Xmbn Adn-h n-Ã. Kmtem AXn-s \-¡p-dn¨v au\w ]men-¡p-¶p.
tUmIvSÀ lmÀsh s_bven. Hcp sshäv lukv kt½-f\w hnfn¨p Iq«n.
Kmtem AXnÂ ]s¦-Sp¯v Xsâ kn²m-´-§Ä hnh-cn¡pw F¶ {]Xo-£ -
bn-t·Â. kt½-f\w s]s«¶v A{]-Xo-£n-X-a mbn d±m-¡-s ¸-«p. tImSn-¡-W -
¡n\v tUmfÀ, Kmtem-bpsS kn²m-´hp-ambn apt¶m«p t]mIp-¶-Xn\v sNe-
h-gn-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p. Kmtemsb FXnÀ¡p-¶-Xn\v klm-b-ta-X p-a n-Ã. Kmtemsb
A\p-Iq-en-¡p-¶-h À¡v BÀ¡pw Xs¶ ]oäÀ Uyqkv_ÀKnsâ tNmZy-
§Ä¡v D¯cw \ÂIp-¶-X n\v Ign-bp-¶n-Ã. The Presidential Committee on
the HIV Virus Epidemic ]oäÀ Uyqkv_ÀKns\ At§-bäw FXnÀ¡p-¶p.
tUmIvSÀ hnÃyw hmÂjv, {]tXy-I n¨pw . AhÀ Ktemsb kwc-£n-¡p-¶-
Xn\v {]Xn-Úm-_-²-cm-Wv. GsX-¦nepw Hcp ImcWw hyà-a mbn Øm]n-¡-
s¸-Sm-¯Xp sImv At\Iw ImcW§Ä {]N-c n-¸ n-¡s¸-Sp-¶p. kn^n-enkv
kv]ntdm-s ¡-sä-bpsS ]pXnb ]Xn-¸mWv Aids F¶p XpS-§n, sl]män-änkv
sshd-knsâ hI-t`Zw F¶p hsc. slÀ]kv hncm-s U-bnse AwK-amb
F]vÌo³ _mÀ sshd-k v. AXv Dan-\o-cn-eqsS ]I-c p-¶p. kissing disease (
tamtWm \yq¢o-bkv ) F¶ ]IÀ¨m-hym-[n-bmbn sNdp-¸-¡m-cnÂ. AXnsâ
A\-´-c- ^-e-§Ä sl]-än-än-kv, ]ns¶ kv] Ât\m-s a-Km-en. AXv tdsbkv
kn³t{Umw, Kmen-b³ _mcn kn³t{Umw, s_Âkv ]mÄkn, \op
\nÂ¡p¶ ]\n, XfÀ¨ F¶n-hbv¡v Imc-W-am-hpw. tUmIvSÀamÀ AXns\
aÄ«n-]nÄ kv¡vf otdmkn-kv, tlmUn-PvIn³kv Unko-kv, eyq¡o-an-b, eq]kv
Fs¶ms¡ sXän-²-cn-¡p-¶p.
Swine Flue (]-¶n-¸ -\n)¡v {]Xn-tcm[ Ip¯n-hbv] v t\Sn-b-hÀ¡v Aids
e£-W-§Ä Dm-Imw. Ah X½nÂ hyà-amb _Ôw \ne \nÂ¡p-¶p-
v. sl]m-än-än-kn\v \ÂIp¶ Ip¯n-h-bv] mWv Imc-W-sa¶pw hmZ-a p-v.
Green Monkey kn²m´w ]d-bp-¶Xv, ( Kh¬saâv AXns\ t{]mÕm-ln-
¸n-¨n-cp-¶p, Centre for Disease Control hgn ) Hcp sNdnb kwLw ]¨-¡p-c -
§-·mÀ a²y B{^n-¡-bnÂ, {Kma§-fnÂ kv{XoIsf ISn-¡p-I tbm
ssewKnI _Ôw ]peÀ¯p-Itbm sNbvXp. B Ipc-§p-I-fnÂ Aids
398
sshdkv Ds-¦nepw AhÀ¡v AX-ns\ {]Xn-tcm-[n-¡p-¶ -Xn-\pÅ

tijnbpw Dv. kv{XoI-fnÂ \n¶pw Ah-cpsS `À¯m-¡-· mÀ¡v. AhÀ
]n¶oSv slbvX n-bn-te-¡v. AhnsS AhÀ B¬th-iy-I -fm-bn. Ata-cn-¡³
kzhÀ¤-t`m-Kn-I Ä¡v thn. AhÀ \yqtbmÀ¡n-te-¡v. ]ns¶
km³{^m³kn-kvtIm-bn-te-bv¡v. hfsc s]s«-¶v. GXm\pw BgvN-IÄ¡-
Iw. Xam-i-¡-Y-I fpw Xam-i -{]-Xn-tcm[ ]²-Xn-I -fpw.
]e {]mWn-Ifpw sshdkv hmln-I -fm-Wv. {]tXy-In¨pw Abroviruses.
Arthpod - borne sshkp-IÄ, 500 Xcw At{_m-ssh-d-kp-Isf Xncn-¨-dn-ªn-
«p-v. aq« {][m\ AIDS sshdkv hml-I -cm-Wv. sImXp-Ip-IÄ, Tsetse,
henb Ddp-¼v, Idp¯ _oänÂkv, Hs¡ FbvUvkv sshdkv hml-I-cm-Wv.
Nne Xcw Ipc-§-·mÀ FbvUvkv hml-I -cm-Wv. F¶mÂ Aids tcmKn-I -fnÂ
]Ip-Xn-tbmfw t]cnÂ am{Xw HIV Ip hcp-¶p. hni-Zo-I-c Ww Kmtem
\ÂIp-¶p-an-Ã.
Kh¬saâv Xe-¯nÂ \S¶p hcp¶, tImSn-¡-W-¡-n\v cq]
sNehp hcp¶ HIV ]cn-tim-[-\ bpw, ]cn-lm-c -sa¶ a«nÂ \ÂIn hcp¶
acp-¶p-Ifpw A\m-h -iy-a m-Wv. At{_m sshdkpw Aids Dw X½nÂ _Ô-ap-
s¶ ]T\w Institute of Tropical Medicine Ah-X-c n-¸ n-¨ -t¸mÄ Centre for
Disease Control sâ k½À±-¯nsâ ê-a mbn, anjn-K¬ bqWn-thÀkn-än-
[\-k-lmbw d±m-¡n. 1986 Â Aug 25 \v Paris Pasteur Institute se {]^-kÀ
gm³ t¢mUv skÀa³ B{^n-¡-bnse {]mWn-I-fnÂ Aids Is-¯n.
sImXp-Ip-IÄ, ]mä, Ddp-¼v, Tsetse F¶n-h-bnÂ. Iym³kÀ hnZ-Kv²-³-a mÀ
NnIn-Õn-¡p¶ Aids tcmKn-IÄ thK-¯nÂ ac-W-a-S-bp-¶p.
lcnX hn¹hw {][m\ kw`-h-a m-bn-c p-¶p. aq¶mw
temI-¯ nsâ ]e `mK¯pw \S¶ ImÀjnI hn¹hw. aq¶mw temIs¯
]Sn-ªm-d³ H¶mw temI-¯n\v XpÃy-a m-¡pI F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p {]Jym-]nX
Dt±y-iw. C¶pw `£y-£maw \ne-\ nÂ¡p-¶p. hnI-kn-X-a -Ãm¯ {]tZ-i-
§Ä F¶-Xn\v AÀ°w NqjWw sN¿-s¸-Sm¯ {]tZ-i-§Ä F¶m-Wv.
Ata-cn-¡³ \nIpXn Zmb-Isâ ]Ww AID F¶ t]cnÂ aäp cmPy-§Ä¡v
\ÂIp-¶Xv hyh-kmb òa-·mÀ¡v KpW-I-c -am-Ip-¶-Xn\v thn-¯-s¶.
AXns\ ]cn-jvI-cn-¨-X m-Wv, hyh-km-b -ò-a -·mcpsS DXv]-¶-§Ä hm§p-¶-
Xn\p thn aäp cmPy-§Ä¡v A´m-c mjv{S _m¦p-IÄ \ÂIp¶ hmbv],
sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv k{¼-Zmbw hgn \nIp-Xn -Zm-b-I ³ Gsä-Sp-¡p-¶p.
temIs¯ \nb-{ń-¡p-¶Xv tdm¯v-joÂUvk v þ tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ kwLmXw.
tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ ]nWn-bmÄ, t\m_-Â k½m\ tPXm-hv, t\mÀa³ t_mÀtem-
Kv, saIvk n-t¡m-b n-te¡v Ab-bv¡-s¸-«p. 1944 Â ]pXnb Xcw hn¯v hnI-
kn-¸ n-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn. 60,000 Xcw tKmX¼v ]cm-KWw sN¿n-¡-s ¸-«p.
A[n-I-ambn cmk-hfw D]-tbm-Kn¨v A-[nI hnfhv t\Sn F¶p-ÅXv hmkvX-
h-am-Wv. cmk-hfw F¶mÂ ss\t{S-äv, s]t{Sm-fnbw XpS-§nb hkvXp-¡Ä.
399
tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ DXv] -¶-§Ä. A[n-I-ambn If\min\n IoS-\ m-in\n D]-tbm-

Kn-¡-s¸-«p. tdms¡-s^-Ã-dn\v hopw em`w. AXnsâ `mc-hpw AID \v .
B[p-\ nI cmk-hfw F¶Xv s]t{Sm-fnbw ASn-Øm-\-am-¡nbpÅ hyh-km-b-
am-Wv. cmw temI alm-bp²w Ignªv kvt^mSI hkvX p \nÀ½m-Xm-
¡Ä, A[n-I-a p-mb ss\t{Säv, “kam-[m\w s]m«n-¸p-d-s ¸-«”- Xn-\mÂ D]-
tbm-K-iq-\y-a m-hptam F¶v `b-¶p. H¶mw temI alm-bp-²w Ignªv A[n-
I-ap-m-bn-cp¶ t¢mdn³, AXv A[nIw sNe-hnÂ Zpcn-X-§fpw ac-Whpw
krjvSn-¡p-¶-X n\p thn \nÀ½n-¨ -Xv, Pe-¯n-te¡v IeÀ¯p-¶-Xn\v Xocp-
am-\-a m-bn. AXp t]mse A[nIw h¶ ss\t{S-äp-IÄ `£y -h-kvXp-¡-fnÂ
IeÀ¯p-¶-Xn\pw. A[nIw BÄ¡mÀ lrZ-bm-LmXw h¶v ac-W-s¸-Sp-¶-
Xn\v Imc-W-am-bn. AXnsâ hni-Zo-I-cWw, IqSp-X Â \mÄ Pohn-¨n-c n-¡p¶
a\p-jyÀ Im³k-dn\pw lrZ-b -kw-_-Ô-amb tcmK-§Ä¡pw ASn-s ¸-Sp¶p
F¶m-Wv. Pohn-X-c o-Xn-bnÂ h¶ amä-§-s f-¡p-dn¨v H¶pw Xs¶ anp-¶n-
Ã. Hcp ka-b¯v tImf-dbpw ssSt^mbvUpw Ata-cn-¡³ \-K-c-§sf
XIÀ¯n-c p-¶p. A¶v AXn\v Imc-W-am-bXv ipNn-X z-an-Ãm-bvabpw, Pe-hn-X -
cWw aen-\-s ¸-«-X p-a m-bn-c p-¶p. t¢mdn³ shÅ-¯nÂ tNÀ¯v ssSt^m-bvUn-
t\bpw tImf-d-tbbpw Xpc¯n F¶v Ah-Imiw D¶-bn-¨p. F¶mÂ Ah
CÃm-b-Xn\v ImcWw t¢mdn³ Bbn-cp-¶n-Ã. \K-c-¯nsâ sXcp-h p-I-fnÂ
IpXn-c-Nm-WIw A[n-I-ambn, AXv Cu¨-I Ä¡pw aäpw hf-c p-¶-Xn-\pw,
Ahsb BIÀjn-¡ - p-¶-Xn\pw Imc-W-a m-b n. ag-b¯v Ah Pem-i-b-§-fn-
se-¯n-t¨À¶p. hymh-km-bnI ]ptcm-K-Xn-tbmsS IpXn-c -IÄ \K-c-§-fnÂ
\n¶pw A{]-Xy£-a m-b-tXmsS Akp-J-§fpw amdn. 1920 IfnÂ. bp²-¯n\v
D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp¶ t¢mdn³ IpSn-¡p-¶-Xn-\ pÅ shÅ-¯nÂ tNÀ¡p-¶Xv
hÀ²n-X-amb lrZ-bm-LmX-§Ä¡v ImcW-am-bn. Blm-c-¯nse sImgp¸pw
shÅ-¯nse t¢mdn\p-a mbn tNÀ¶v ]i amXn-c n-bpÅ hkvXp Dmbn
BÀ«-dn-bnÂ ASnªp IqSn. AXv AYo-tdm-kv¢o-tdm-kn-kn\p Imc-W-am-bn.
cà-tbm-«s¯ XS-ªp. A³Pn\ s]IvtSm-dn-kv, sImtdm-W dn lmÀ«v
Aäm¡v Dm-bn. “ipNnXzw” saUn-¡Â Ip¯-Ibv¡v KpW-{]-Z-a m-bn.
cmw temI alm-bp-²-¯n\p tijw, ss\t{Säv `£y-h-
kvXp-¡-fnÂ tNÀ¯p. If-\m-in-\nbpw IoS-\m-in-\nbpw cmk-h-kvXp-¡fpw
A[-n-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ -X n\v t{]mÕm-l\w e`n-¨p. Irjn, b{´-§sf
B{i-bn-¡p-¶Xv _m¦v hmbv] ¡v Imc-W-a m-bn. sNdp-InS IÀj-IÀ Hgn-hm-
¡-s¸-«p. ImÀjnI Ip¯-I-IÄ \ne-hnÂ h¶p. b{´-§-fnÂ D]-tbm-Kn-
¡p-¶-X n\v Kymskm-eo³. hopw t\«w tdms¡-s ^-Ã-dn-\v. C§s\ DXv]m-
Zn-¸n-¡p¶ `jy-h -kvXp-¡-fnÂ t]mj-Imwiw Ipd-h m-bn-c n-¡p-sa-¶pw,
kqIvjn-¨ p-h -bv¡p-¶-X n\pw hnX-cWw sN¿p-¶-Xn\pw thn Ah ]e-hn[
]cp-h-s ¸-Sp-¯ -ep-IÄ¡pw hnt[-b-a m-I p-¶Xv AXnsâ cmk-] -cn-Wm-a-§Ä¡v
Imc-W-am-hp-sa-¶Xpw saUn-¡Â Ip¯I In-sÃ¶p \Sn-¡p-¶p. sshZy-
im-km{X cwK¯v A\-h[n al-¯mb apt¶-ä-§Ä \S-¶p. \yqtam-Wnb
an¡hmdpw CÃm-X m-bn. £b-tcmKw A]qÀÆw. ikv{X-{In-bm- cwKw hfsc
sa¨-am-bn. {KÙn-I -fpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v IqSpXÂ Adn-hp-m-bn.
400
a²y- h-bkv ]n¶n-Sp-¶-h-cpsS Afhv ap¶-t¯-Xp- t]m-e-X-s¶. Hcp \qäm-

nÂ Hcp amä-h p-a n-Ã. kvtIm«ve³UnÂ AXv-Ip-dªp hcp-¶p. 1893 Â
PÀ½³ A{Kn-IÄ¨-dÂ sIankväv tUmIvSÀ Pqen-bkv sl³s-kÂ At±-l-
¯nsâ ]pkv-X -I-¯nÂ Bread from Stones ]d-ªXv “A[nIw Af-hnÂ
`£y-h-kvXp-¡Ä In«p-¶Xp sImp am{Xw Imcy-a n-Ã. KpW-ta-·bpw Dm-
h-Ww. B[p-\nI cmk-h-f-§Ä [\n-I-\ mb AÑ-t\bpw Zcn-{Z-\mb aI-
t\bpw krjvSn-¡p-¶p.” At±lw AXv ]d-ªXv tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ kwLw
temIw apgp-h³ cmk-h-f-§Ä sImv \nd-bv¡p¶Xn\p ap³]m-Wv. t]mj-
Imwiw Ipdª, cmk-h-kvXp-¡Ä \ndª `£y-h -kvXp-¡Ä ]pXnb Akp-
J-§Ä¡v ASn-Øm-\-a m-hp-¶p. AMA, FDA F¶nh t]mj-Im-lmcw \ndª
Blm-c s¯ t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡p-¶-h sc B{I-an-¡p-Ibpw cmk-hfw D]tbm-
Kn-¡p-¶ -X ns\ t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ ût-
jsâ kz´w I£n, tUmIvSÀ Ae-Ivknkv ImscÂ ]d-ªXv “cmk-
hf§Ä A[nIw AfhnÂ hnfhp Xcp-¶p. F¶mÂ t]mjI aqÃyw
tNmÀ¯n-¡-f-bp-¶p.” seäyqkv Â Ccp-¼nsâ Awiw 50 bqWnäv Dm-bn-
cp-¶Xv Hcp bqWnäv hsc-bm-bn. a®nÂ Ab-Un³ Awiw \in-¨ Xv Hcp
{]tZ-i-amsI tKmbn-äÀ Dm-Ip-¶-Xn\pw. C¶v \ne-hn-epÅ ImÀjnI ]²-
Xn-IÄ¡v XpS¡w Ipdn-¨Xv PÀ½³ ck-X{´ {]^-kÀ tUmIvSÀ PÌkv
thm¬ eo_n-Kv. At±lw ]d-ªXv eh-W-§Ä a®nÂ tNÀ¯v Ah IqSp-
XÂ D]-tbm-Ky-a m-¡p-¶-X n\p thn A¾w IqSn tNÀ¡-W-sa-¶m-Wv.
\¶mbn `£Ww Ign-¡p-¶Xv Btcm-Ky-t¯m-s S-bn-c n-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn-bm-
Wv. C¶p \ne-h n-en-cn-¡
- p¶ Akp-J-§Ä, t]mj-Im-lm-c -¯nsâ Ipd-hnÂ
\n¶p XpS-§p-¶-h-bm-Wv. tUmIvSÀ tPmk^vk¬ ]d-bp-¶Xv ab-kvXo-
\nb {Kmhn-kv, am³K-\o-knsâ Ipdhp sImp-m-I p-¶-h-bm-Wv.
IrjnbnSw X¿m-dm-¡p-¶-Xnsâ t]mcm-bva-I-fmhmw cmk-hfw Bh-i y-a m-¡n-
b-Xv. cmk-hf \nÀ½m-Xm-¡-fnÂ {][m\n Ata-c n-¡³ A{Kn-¡Ä¨-dÂ
Bâv sIan-¡Â I¼-\n. AACC. AX-nsâ Hcp Ub-d-IvSÀ tPm¬ {Sm^m-
sP³. At±lw \yqtbmÀ¡v sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhnsâbpw Ub-d-IvSÀ.
tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v saUn-kntâbpw Ata-cn-¡³ Iym³kÀ
skmssk-än-bp-sSbpw Ub-d-IvSÀ. _m¦v Hm^v \yqtbmÀ¡v {]kn-U-v.
tdm¯vjoÂUv Øm]\w k¬ C³jp-d³knsâ Ub-d-IvSÀ. ]ns¶
tdm¯vjoÂUnsâ \nb-{´-¯n-epÅ At\Iw I¼-\n-I-fpsS Ub-d-I vSÀ.
AACC bpsS t_mÀUnÂ At±-l-t¯m-s Sm¸w tPm¬ t^mÌÀ
Uyqfkv. tPmWnsâ ktlm-Z-c ³ Ae³ CIA ta[m-h n. tPm¬, ImÀ\o
F³tUm-hvsaâv t^mÀ CâÀ\m-j-WÂ ]oknsâ A²y-£³. AXnsâ
{]kn-Uv BÂKÀ lnÊv. tPm¬ bqWn-b³ Xntbm-f-Pn-¡Â skan-\mcn
Ub-d-I vSÀ. 1907 Â slbvKv kam-[m\ kt½-f\w, 1918 Â ]mcokv kam-[m\
kt½-f\w F¶n-h-bnÂ ]s¦Sp-¯p.
cmk-h-f-§Ä kky-§-fnse amwky-¯nsâ Afhp Ipd-¨p.
KWy-am-bn. AXv a®nse s]m«m-kn-b-¯nsâ Afhpw Ipd-¨p. tkmUn-b-
401
ansâ Afhp Iq«n. hyh-Øn-Xn-bnse \njv{In-b-amb s]m«m-knbw Iym³k-

dn\v Imc-W-a m-hp-¶p. A[n-I-amb tkmUn-b-am-bn-cn¡mw cà-k-½À±-¯n\v
Imc-Ww. lrZ-b-an-Sn¸v {Iao-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v s]m«mkyw Bh-iy-am-Wv. cmk-
hfw Ccp-¼nsâ Awis¯ \in-¸n-¡p-¶Xv cà-¡p-d-hn\v Imc-W-am-hmw.
1919 Â temI-¯nse Gähpw henb [m\y Irjn-¡mÀ sam³Sm\ ^man§v
tImÀ]-td-j³. sam³Sm-\-bpsS t_mÀUv \bn-¨n-cp-¶Xv sP. ]n. -
tamÀK³. \yqtbmÀ¡v sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv t_mÀUv se sÛ-dÂ
AUvssh-kdn Iu¬knÂ AwKw. At±-l-t¯m-s Sm¸w tdms¡-s ^-Ã-dnsâ
\mj-WÂ knän _m¦nse Pbnwkv ÌnÂa³. - tdms¡-s^-Ã-dnsâ cv
B¬a-¡Ä A-t±-l-¯nsâ cp s]¬a-¡sf hnhmlw sNbvX p. ]ns¶
Ct¸mÄ tamÀK³ Kmcân {SÌv F¶-dn-b-s ¸-Sp¶ Kymcân {SÌnsâ sshkv
{]knUv {^m³knkv ln³s¢. kntÊm¬. ]ns¶ Ct¸m-gs¯ knän
_m¦v F¶-dn-b-s ¸-Sp¶ tdms¡-s ^-Ã-dnsâ \mj-WÂ knän _m¦nÂ
ebn¨, tamÀKsâ ^Ìv \mj-WÂ _m¦nsâ {]kn-Uv NmÄkv t\mÀ«³.
1972. tkmhn-bäv s{Kbväv s{Kbv³ tdm_-dn. Ata-cn-¡³
\nIpXn Zmb-Isâ sNe-hnÂ 400 tImSn tUmf-dnsâ tKmX¼v tkmhn-bäv
bqWn-b-\ n-te¡v Ab-¨p. AhnsS XpSÀ¶p-h¶ ta· Ipdª Irjn-co-Xn-
IÄ aqe-ap-mb A]-cym-]vXX \nIp-¯p-¶-Xn\v. tdm¯vjoÂUvkpw
lmwt{_m IpSpw-_-hp-ambn ASp-¯n-S-] -g-In-bn-cp¶ ssa¡Â kntUm-W ,
AhÀ DÄs¸-«n-c p¶ kv¼¯nI Xncn-a-dn-I -fnse cl-ky-§Ä Xpd¶p ]d-
ªp. Pbn-enÂ InS-¶p-sIm-v. ssa¡Â kntUmW Pbn-enÂ ac-W-¸-«p.
djy-bnte-¡v tKmX¼v Ibän Ab-¨-Xnsâ kq{X-[m-c -I³ sl³{Sn
InÊn³PÀ. AXn\p ]Icw tkmhn-b-äv, ]Ww \ÂIn-bn-cpt¶m F¶-Xn\v
tcJ-I-fn-Ã. sl³{Sn InÊn³PÀ H¶pw ]d-bp-¶n-Ã.
]pd-¯p-Å-Xn-t\-¡mÄ IqSp-XÂ cmk-h-kvX p-¡Ä ho«n-\ -
I¯v a\p-jyÀ t\cn-tS--X p-v.- A-XnÂ {][m\w s_³ko³. AXv ep¡o-
anb þ càmÀ_p-Z-¯ n\v Imc-W-am-hp-¶p. ]mä XpS-§n-b-hsb AI-äp-¶-
Xn\p thn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ Moth Spray, Moth Balls . AXv ]mcm
ssUt¢mtdm s_³ko³ DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p. en³sU-bv³, t¢mÀsUbv³.
{]mWn-Isf \nb-{ń-¡p-¶-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ -Xv. t¢mtdmt^mw þ
t¢mdn³ tNÀ¯ shÅw loä-dnÂ NqSm-¡p-t¼mÄ Dm-Ip¶
t¢mtdmt^mw AS-¨n« Ipfn-ap-dn-bnÂ \½Ä a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶-X n-t\-¡mÄ amc-
I-amb {]Xym-Lm-X-§Ä¡v Imc-W-am-hpw. asäm¶v t^mÀamÂUn-ssl-Uv.
Im³k-dn-sâ Imcy-§sf Kl-\ -amb ]T-\ -§Ä¡v hnt[-b-\m-¡nb
tUmIvSÀ kmap-hÂ F]v Ìo³ ]d-bp-¶Xv Blm-c -¯n-eq-s S-bmWv
Gähpw A[nIw tZmj-I -c-a mb Ir{Xn-a-amb cmk-h-kvX p-¡Ä DÅnÂ
sNÃp¶Xv F¶m-Wv. Pnw kn_n³k¬ F¯n-t¨À¶ \nK-a\w Hcp Ata-cn-
¡-¡m-c³ Hcp hÀjw 4 Intem cmk-h-kvXp-¡Ä Blm-c -¯n-eqsS DÅn-em-
¡p¶p F¶m-Wv. AXnsâ F{X-sb-¦ nepw Hcwiw ac-W-¯n\v Imc-W-am-hp-
¶p. Blm-c-¯n\v \ndhpw cpNnbpw amÀ±-hhpw aWhpw sImSp-¡p-¶-Xn-
\pw, tISp IqSmsX kwc-£n-¡p-¶ -X n\pw thn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ cmk-h-
402
kvXp-¡-sf-¡p-dn¨v Xs¶-bmWv ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶-X v. Additives,

Preservatives, Deodorants, Moisteners, anti Caking, anti Foaming Agents,
Conditioners, curers, hydrolisers, hydrogenators, drying agents, gases,
extenders, thickeners, Sweeteners, maturers, fortifiers XpS-§n-b -h. 5000 Â
A[nIw hkvX p-¡Ä Blmc-¯nÂ tNÀ¯p hcp-¶p. AXnÂ `qcn-`m-Khpw
AXnsâ tZmj-I -c-a mb ]cn-tim-[-\-IÄ¡v hnt[-am-Im-¯-h. Ah-bpsS
\nb-{´-W-¯n\mbn sImp h¶ Delaney \nbaw ]cn-a n-X-ambn am{Xw
KpWw sN¿p-¶p. `£-W-¯n\v \ndw sImSp-¡p¶ hkvX p-¡Ä Cubw,
t{Iman-bw, BÀsk-\nIv XpS-§n-b-h-bnÂ \n¶pw \nÀ½n-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p. IqSp-
Xepw AXnsâ hnj-I-c -amb ê-§Ä¡v ]cn-tim[n¡s¸-Sp-¶p. ZoÀL-
Ime D]-tbm-K-¯nsâ ê-§Ä Iym³k-dn\v Imc-W-am-bn-¯ o-c p-¶ptm,
A§n-s \-sb-¦nÂ AXp t]mse amc-I-a mb aäv Ah-Ø-IÄ¡v, F¶v ]cn-
tim-[n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ n-Ã. hm\ne ^vtfh-dn-§nsâ {][m\ LS-I-amb Iqam-dn³,
Ic-fnse Iym³k-dn\v Imc-W-am-bn-¯o-c p¶p F¶v 75 hÀjs¯ D]-tbm-K-
¯n\v tij-amWv Is-¯n-b-X v. a[pcw \ÂIp-¶-X n\v D]-tbm-K n-¡p¶
“UÄknÂ’ Ic-fnse Iym³k-dn\v Imc-W-am-hp¶p F¶v Is-¯n-bXv 50
hÀj-§Ä¡v tijw. AB Yellow, OB Yellow F¶nh sh®bv¡v aª-
\ndw \ÂIp-¶-Xn\v D]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. Ahbpw Ic-fnse Iym³kdn\v Imc-
W-amhp-¶p. 1800 IfnÂ Iym³kÀ t`Z-a m-¡p-¶-Xn\v tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ
hnÂ]\ \S-¯nb “an\-dÂ HmbnÂ”, kem-UnÂ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶p. sshä-
an\pw aäv t]mjI hk-Xp-¡fpw BKn-c Ww sN¿p-¶-X nÂ \n¶pw AXv XS-
bp-¶p. 1938 se Food and Drug Cosmetics Act sâ Certified F¶-Xnsâ
AÀ°w, D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ hkvX p¡Ä ip²-amWv F¶p am{Xw. F¶mÂ
AXv a\p-jy-\nÂ F´vv {]Xym-LmXw krjvSn-¡-p¶p F¶v hne-bn-c p-¯-s ¸-
Sp-¶ nÃ. 1957 Â tUmIvSÀ BÀXÀ s\Âk¬ ]d-ªXv A{]-Imcw
kÀ«nss^ sNbvX 13 F®-¯nÂ 10 F®w Iym³k-dn\v Imc-W-ambn F¶m-
Wv. F®-bnÂ am{Xw ebn-¡p¶ \nd-§Ä AXohw hnj-Im-cn-bm-Wv. km[m-
c-W-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ \nd-§Ä 1. Orange No. 1.AXv Fish Pasters,
ImÀ-_-tW-äUv ]m\o-b-§Ä, sPÃn, ]pUvVn§v F¶n-h-bnÂ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-
¶p. (A-ta-c n-¡-bnÂ ]n¶oSv Decertify sNbvX p.) 2. Orange No. 2 AXv
Nokv, amÀK-s sc³, anTm-bn-IÄ, Hmd-©n\v \ndw \ÂIp-¶-Xn\v Hs¡
D]tbmKn¡p-¶p.(A-ta-cn-¡-bnÂ ]n¶oSv Decertify sNbvX p.) 3. Yellow
No. 1 a[pcw tNÀ¯ Blm-c-h-kvXp-¡Ä, kv]K-än, ]mkvX, Baked Goods,
]m\o-b-§Ä F¶n-h-bnÂ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. 4. Yellow No. 3( Yellow AB)
`£-W-¯ n\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ sImgp-¸p-IÄ, amÀK-ssc³, sh®, anTmbn
F¶n-h -bnÂ 5. Yellow No. 4 ( Yellow OB) amÀK-ssc³, sh®, anTmbn
F¶n-h -bnÂ 6. Green No.1- tImÀUn-bÂ, anTm-bn, t_bv¡ dn hkvXp-¡Ä,
eLp ]m\o-b-§Ä, sPÃn, XWp-¸n¨ sUsÊÀ«p-IÄ F¶n-h-bnÂ. 7.
403
Green No. 2 XWp-¸ n¨ sUskÀ«p-IÄ, anTm-bn, sIbv¡v, sPÃn, _nkvI-äv,

tImÀUn-bÂ. 8. Green No. 3 s_bv¡dn km[-\ -§Ä, anTm-bn, sPÃn,
sUsÊÀ«p-I Ä. 9. Blue No. 1- XWp-¸n¨ sUsÊÀ«p-I Ä, sPÃn, ]pÍn-§v,
sFkv{Iow, anTm-bn, sIbv¡v, sFkn-§v.
amÀK-ssc³, sh® F¶n-hbv¡v \ndw sImSp-¡p¶ Yellow AB, Yellow OB

F¶nh Iym³k-dn\v Imc-W-am-hp-¶p. Ah A]-I-S-Im-cn-bmb _oä
\m^vssXÂ Assa³ Â \n¶pw \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. AXohw hnj-Im-cn-b-
Ã. F¶mÂ Iym³k-dp-m-¡p-¶ -X nÂ ap³]³. Orange No. 2 = 0-
ssäemtkm þ 2 þ \m^vtYmÄ, Zl-t\-{µn-b-§-fnÂ t]mfn-]vkv, Iym³kÀ
F¶n-h bv¡v Imc-W-am-hp-¶p. shfp¯ sdm«n þ Xe-t¨m-dns\ tZmj-ambn
_m[n-¡p-¶p. ]mIw hcp-¯p¶ {]{Inb {][m-\-amb t]mjI aqÃy-§sf
tNmÀ¯n-¡-f-bp-¶p. ]n¶oSv AXns\ sshä-an-\p-Ifpw t]mjI hkvXp-
¡fpw tNÀ¯v k¼p-jvSo-I-c n-¡p-¶p. Exotic Chemicals in Food F¶
dnt¸mÀ«v C½m-\p-thÂ I-¹m³, s^ÀUn-\³Uv t{Um^v^v F¶o Kth-j-IÀ
X¿m-dm-¡n. amhp-m-¡p-¶-X n\v D]-tbm-K n-¡p¶ hn¯p-IÄ, sNSn-I Ä¡v
tcmK-_m-[-bp-m-hm-Xn-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\v, saÀIyqdn AsÃ-¦nÂ AXp t]mse-
bpÅ hkvXp-¡Ä D]-tbm-Kn¨ sNSn-bnÂ DXv]m-Zn-¸ n-¨ -h-bm-Wv. sNSn-IÄ
hfÀ¯n-bXv cmk-h-f§Ä D]-tbm-Kn¨ a®n-epw, hn¯p-IÄ s]mSn-¡p-
t¼mÄ, Persulfate, t{_mta-bväv, Atbm-tUbväv, ss\{S-P³ ss{St¢m-ssdUv
F¶o hkvXp-¡Ä tNÀ¯Xpw þ Ah t{]mtÌäv {KÙnsb _m[n-¡p-¶p.
¥qs«³ , kz`m-h-§-sfbpw. ss\{S-P³ HmIvssk-Up-I Ä, t¢mdn³ s]tdm-
Ivssk-Uv, s_³tkm-bnÂ s]tdm-Ivssk-Up-IÄ F¶o »o¨n§v GP-âp-
IÄ, aª \nd-a pÅ Itcm-«n-t\m-bnUv ]nsÜâp-I sf \nd-a n-Ãm-¯-h -bm-¡p-
¶p. D]-t`m-à m-¡Ä¡v Ah-bmWv CjvSw F¶-XmWv \ymbo-I-c-Ww.
IqSp-XÂ \mÄ kq£n-¡p-¶-X n\p thn ]pI sImÅn-¡p¶ {]{In-b-bnÂ
kb-ss\Uv AsÃ-¦ nÂ t¢mdn³ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. boÌv s\m¸w Atam-Wn-
b. amhv arZp-hm-¡p-¶-X n\v an\-dÂ HmbnÂ. tImÄSmÀ IfdpIÄ.
km¡dn\p ]Icw Akv]Àss«w. AXv Xe-t¨m-dns\ tZmj-I-c -ambn _m[n-
¡p-¶p. kq£n¨p hbv¡p-¶-h-bnÂ IoS-§Ä B{I-a Ww \S-¯m-Xn-c n-¡p-
¶-Xn\v tkmUn-bw- ^vfq-s sd-Uv. A\-h[n ]pXnb sIan-¡-ep-I fpw, \nd-¡q-
«p-Ifpw Ct¸mÄ hn]-Wn-bnÂ e`y-a m-Wv. Ah-bpsS tZmj-h-i-§Ä ChnsS
DÄs¸-Sp-t¯--X p-v. ssl{U-P-t\-äUv Hmbnepw AXv Imc-W-am-bn-
¯oÀ¡p¶ lrZ-b-tcm-K-§fpw {]tXyIw {i²-bÀln-¡p-¶p. Ct¸mÄ
tImSn-¡-W-¡n\v Intem sslt{Um-P-t\-äUv F®-bmWv Hmtcm hÀjhpw
D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ ]Ip-Xn-bn-e-[ nIw P\-kw-Jybpw
Fs´-¦nepw Ime-¸ -g-¡-a pÅ Akp-J §Ä A\p-`-hn¨p hcp-¶p. AXnsâ
25 iX-am\w AeÀPn F¶ hn`m-K-¯nÂ. AXnsâ ImcWw Fs´-¦ nepw
404
cmk-hkvXp Ign-¡p-¶-tXm, AXp-a mbn _Ô-s¸«p Pohn-t¡n hcp-¶tXm

BWv . 2.5 tImSn P\-§Ä¡v am\-knI Akzm-Øy-a p-v. Iym³kÀ,
t]in-bpsS timjn-¡Â F¶n-h bpw A[n-I-am-bn-«p-v. 1917 þ 1918 H¶mw
temI alm-bp² Ime¯v ssk\y-¯nÂ tNcp-¶-Xn\v At]-£n¨ 21 iX-
am\w t]sc \nc-kn-¨-t¸mÄ, 1947 þ 1955 cmw temI alm-bp-²-I m-e¯v 52
iX-a m\w t]sc Hgn-hm-¡n. imco-c n-I, am\-kn-I- t]m-cm-bva -I-fmWv Imc-Ww.
30 hÀjw sImv 21 iX-am\w hÀ²-\. F¶mÂ B[p-\nI imkv{Xw Ah-
Im-i -s¸-Sp-¶-Xv, t]mj-Iw, sshZy ]cn-c -£, Blmcw F¶n-h-bnÂ IpXn¨p
Ibäw \S¯n F¶m-Wv. H¶mw temI-a -lm-bp² Ime¯v \n_-Ô-\ -IÄ
ITn-\-a m-bn-cp¶p F¶Xv tNÀ¯v hmbn-¡-Ww. cmw temI alm-bp-Z[
Ime¯v 21 \pw 26 \pw CS¡v {]mb-a p-Å-h-c nÂ 25 iX-am\w t]sc \nc-kn-
¡p-¶-X n\p ImcWw lrZ-b-tcm-K-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p.
sImdn-b-bnÂ h[n-¡-s ¸-« 200 Ata-c n-¡³ ssk\n-I -cnÂ
80 iX-a m\w t]À¡v Xo{h-a mb lrZ-b-tcm-K-§-fp- m-bn-cp-¶p. 1920 Â lrZ-
b -tcm-K-§Ä A]qÀÆ-a m-bn-cp-¶-n-S¯v, 45 \pw 64 \pw CS¡v {]mb-a m-b-h -
cnÂ Ct¸mÄ ac-W-¯nsâ Imc-W-¡m-cnÂ H¶-a m³ lrZ-b-tcm-K-§-fmWv
F¶v tUmIvSÀ tPmÃn-^vs^ 1955 Â A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«p. CXnÂ F{X-t¯mfw
t¢mdn³ IeÀ¯nb shÅw ImcW-am-sW¶v At±lw ]d-ªn-Ã. t¢mdn³,
AYn-tdm-kv¢ n-tdm-kn-kn\p Gähpw {]ap-J-amb ImcWw, F¶v sshZy-im-
kv{X-¯n\v Adn-hp-Å-Xm-Wv. F¶mÂ B Zni-bnÂ ]T\w \S-¶n-«n-Ã.
AsÃ-¦ nÂ shfn-s¸-Sp-¯ n-bn-«n-Ã. DDT AÛpX IoS-\m-in\n F¶v hnti-jn-
¸n-¡-s¸-«p. AXv ico-c-¯nÂ ASnªp IqSp-¶p. tkmUnbw ^vfqssd-Un-
s\-t¸m-se. {]tXy-In¨pw sImgp-¸nÂ. t\m_Â k½m\w t\Snb tUmIvSÀ
Hmt«m hmÀ_ÀKv ]d-ªXv tImi-¯nsâ izk-\ -{]-{In-bsb XS-Ês¸Sp-
¯p¶ GXp hnjhpw A]-cn-lm-cy-amb \mi-¯n-\ pw, ]ns¶ Iym³k-dn\pw
Imc-W-am-hp-¶p. 1947 apXÂ 1956 hsc DDT bpsS DXv]-m-Z\w 4 Cc-«n-b m-bn.
25 tImSn Intem-bnÂ A[n-Iw. Hmtcm hÀj-hpw. ico-c-¯nse sImgp-¸nÂ
ASnªp IqSp¶ DDT ]pd¯p If-bp-¶-Xn\v hÀj§Ä thn hcpw.
a®nÂ tNÀ¡p¶, DDT, 7 hÀjw Ignªv 80 iX-a m-\ hpw \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶-
Xmbn Is-¯n.
Hmtcm hÀjhpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ CS-§-fnÂ AXv A]-I-S-I-c -
amb hn[-¯nÂ Ipanªp IqSp-¶p. Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ AXv \ntcm-[n-¨n-c n-¡p-
¶-Xv, aäp cmjv{S§fn-te¡v Ibän Ab-bv¡p-¶-X n\v sam¬km-tâm¡v XS-
Ê-am-hp-¶n-Ã. asämcp IoS-\m-in-\n, t¢mdn-sU-bv³, DDT bpsS 4 Cc«n
tZmj-I m-c n-bm-Wv. asämcp Iym³kÀ krjvSn-¡p¶ IoS-\m-in\n Bc-ssa-
äv. AXv \nÀ½n-¡p-¶Xv U.S. Rubber. 1951 apXÂ 1958 Â \ntcm-[n-¡-s¸-Sp-
¶Xp hsc hn]p-e-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s ¸-«p. tImgn-I Ä¡pw, I¶p-Im-en-
IÄ¡pw sImSp-¡p¶ Blm-c-¯nepw IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fmbpw D]-tbm-Kn-
¡p¶ BÀk-\n-Iv, `£-W-¯n-eqsS a\pjy-\n-s e-¯p-¶p. skse-\nbw
AS§nb sktem-sskUv F¶ IoS-\m-in\n D]tbm-Kn¨ `£-W-§Ä Ign-
405
¡p-¶Xv enhÀ kntdm-kn-kn\v Imc-W-a m-hpw. \ndw tNÀ¯ t]m]vtIm¬

{]iv\-Im-cn-s b¶p I FDA Red No. 32, Orange 1, Orange 2 F¶n-hsb
Decertify sNbvX p.
^vtfmdnU Hmd-©ns\ kpµ-c-am-¡p-¶-Xn\v Hmd©v 1 F¶ \ndw sImSp-¡p-

¶p. Sn¶n-e-S¨ Hmd©v Pyqknepw CXv A[n-I-a mbn tNÀ¯v hcp-¶p. Hmd-
©m-bn«v hnÂ¡p-¶-Xn\v km[n-¡m¯ Hmd©v, \osc-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-
¡p-¶p. ssl{U-P-t\-j³ FÃm t]mjI aqey-§-tfbpw \in-¸n-¡p-¶p.
AXv `£y hkvX p-¡sf \nÀÖo-h-am-¡p-¶p. sh® hfsc t\cw NqSm-¡n-
bmepw hnj-I-c-a m-hp-¶n-Ã. amÀK-ssc-\ nse ssl{U-P-t\-äUv F® NqSm-¡p-
t¼mÄ hn-j-I-c-a m-h p-¶p. {]apJ Poh-Im-c pWy BtcmKy ût-j-\p-IÄ
C¯cw A]-I -S-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v H¶pw Xs¶ anp-¶n-Ã. AMA ]d-ªXv
Ata-cn-¡-¡m-c psS `£-W -coXn hyXym-k-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xv km¼-¯nI {]Xn-
kÔn krjvSn-¡p-s a-¶m-Wv. Arthritis Foundation ]dbp-¶Xv BÀss{X-
änkv, NnIn-Õ¡v hg-§nÃ F¶m-Wv. Hmtcm hÀjhpw tImSn-¡-W -¡n\v
tUmfÀ kw`-c n-¡p-¶p., NnInÕ Is¯p-¶-Xn\v thn {ian-¡m-s \¶
t]cnÂ. Hcp Akp-J-¯nsâ am{Xw “Ip¯I” ssI¿nÂ h¨n-c n-¡p¶
BÀss{X-änkv ût-j³ 1985 Â 4 tImSn tUmfÀ kw`-cn-¨p. AXnsâ
ktlm-Zc Ip¯I ût-j-\ p-I Ä \mj-WÂ aÄ«n¸nÄ kv¢otdm-knkv
ût-j³, bpssW-äUv skdn-{_Â ]mÄkn ût-j³, eq]kv
ût-j³. 1940 apXÂ 1977 hsc-bpÅ Ime-L-«-¯nÂ Ir{Xna \nd-§-
fpw,-a äpw 10 Cc«n hÀ²n-X-ambn D]-tbm-K n-¡-s ¸-Sp-t¼mÄ, ]g hÀ¤-§fpw
]¨-¡-dn-I fpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv Ip¯s\ CSn-ªp. A[n-I -t\cw F®-
bnÂ hdp-¡p-¶Xpw, Hcn-¡Â D]-tbm-Kn¨ F® hopw hopw D]-tbm-Kn-
¡p-¶Xpw Btcm-Ky-¯n\v tZmj-I -c-a m-Wv. Iym³k-dn\v Imc-W-a m-hp-¶p.
1988 Â hmjn-§vS³ t]mÌv dnt¸mÀ«v sNbv-XXv 60,000 sIan-¡-ep-I Ä D]-
tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-XnÂ 2 iX-a m\w am{Xw hnjmw-i-¯nsâ Afhv ]cn-tim-[n¡-
s¸-«-h-bm-Wv. tImÄa³ a¡mÀ¯n ]d-ªXv IoS-\m-in-\-nIÄs¡-Xn-sc-
bpÅ bp²w, a\p-jy\v FXn-sc-bpÅ bp²-a mbn amdn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
skÂhn³, ame¯ntbm¬, kÀ_³ F¶nh apä-¯pw, tKmÄ^v Ifn-¡p-
¶n-S-¯pw, ]mÀ¡p-I-fnepw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv At\Iw ac-W-§Ä¡v Imc-
W-am-hp-¶p. AXnsâ Imc-W-§Ä dnt¸mÀ«v sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. HmÀKmt\m
t^mkvt^-äp-I Ä AS-§nb IoS-\m-in-\n-IÄ (Durshan) AXohw A]-ISw
hcp¯n hbv¡p-¶p. aossXÂ ImÀs_m-tWäpw ( ficam ) . s]mX-p-hnÂ
Ch-s bms¡ sskt¡m-tkm-a män¡v F¶v hne-bn-c p-¯-s ¸-Sp-¶p. AsÃ-
¦nÂ am\-knI hn{`mń F¶v. hmen-bw, en{_nbw F¶nh NnIn-Õ-bpsS
`mK-a m-Ip-¶p. ImÀ_¬ sS{Smt¢m-s sdUv, ipNo-I -c-W-¯n\p thn
At\I hÀjw D]-tbm-Kn-¨Xv At\Iw t]cpsS ac-W-¯n\v CS-bm-¡n.
406
t^mÀamÂUn-s sl-Uv. Bkv_-kv-tämkv F¶n-h-bpsS D]-tbmKw Ipªp-

§sf ITn-\-ambn _m[n-¡p-¶p. kq¸À amÀ¡-änÂ In«p¶ tImgn-bnÂ 35
iX-a m-\ -¯nepw kmÂtams\Ã _mIvSo-c nb A[n-I-ambn AS-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
]e ac-W-§Ä¡pw Imc-W-am-b-Xv. Hcp hÀjw 1.5 tImSn Intem ssk¢-ta-
bväp-IÄ Blm-c-] -ZmÀ°-§-fnÂ tNÀ¯p hcp-¶p. Abbot Laboratory
bmWv {]apJ \nÀ½m-X m-hv. ImgvNsb kmc-ambn _m[n-¡p-¶p. cà-k-½À±-
¯n-\pÅ acp¶v Xntbm-s skUv D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-h -cnÂ, ssk¢-s a-bväp-IÄ
A[n-I-amb s]m«m-knbw \jvS-¯ n\v Imc-W-a m-h p-¶p. ssk¢-sa-bä v vkv,
Ub-_-änIv acp-¶p-I-fpsS {]h-À ¯\w XS-Ê-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. AXp ImcWw
a[pcw Ipd¨v Ign-¡p-¶-Xn\v \nÀ_-Ôn-X-am-hp-¶p. »mUÀ Iym³k-dn\v
Imc-W-am-hp-¶p. arX-i-cocw tISp IqSmsX kq£n-¡p-¶-Xn\v D]tbm-Kn-
¡p¶ ss_ô-s s\Â, Hmd©n\v \ndw \ÂIp-¶-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
temI-¯ nse Gähpw {]kn-²-amb Blm-c§-fnÂ H¶mWv Pasta. Cäm-en-
b³ `mj-bnÂ Paste F¶v AÀ°w. Pasta bpw Spagetti tKmX¼v Ac¨v
shÅw tNÀ¯p-m-¡p¶ Paste. sse{_-dn-bnÂ AXv “sse{_dn
t]bvÌ”v F¶v Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. Imc-saÂ, A[n-I-a mbn Atam-Wnb
DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p. Ipªp-§-fnÂ AXv am\-knI t]mcm-bva-I Ä krjvSn-¡p-
¶p. sIms¡bv³ DÄs¡m-Åp¶ tImf, lrZ-b-¯nsâ {]hÀ¯\w Xzcn-X -
am-¡p-¶p. Rc-¼p-IÄ¡v Akz-Ø-X-bpw, lrZ-b-¯n\v XfÀ¨bpw Dm-
¡p-¶p. _nb-dnÂ Pn]vkw AS-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. AXv ¹mÌÀ Hm^v ]mcnkv
F¶pw Adn-b-s ¸-Sp-¶p. t]³ DW-¡n-b-XnÂ \n¶pw Dm-¡p¶ tIm¡n-\n-
bÂ, sXfn-¨ -amÀ¶ Nph¶ \ndw \ÂIp-¶-X n\v D]-tbm-K n-¡p-¶p. 1933 Â
BÀXÀ ImsÃäv ]d-ªXv Hmd-©n\v \ndw \ÂIp-¶-X n\v D]-tbm-K n-¡p¶
Violet 1, Cirtus Red 2 F¶nh XoÀ¨-bmbpw Iym³k-dn\v Imc-W-a m-hp-¶p.
tcmKmWp \mi-I m-c n-sb¶ a«nÂ Ah-X -cn-¸n-¡-s¸« slIvkm-t¢m-tdm-ô³
DÄs¡m-Åp¶ DXv]-¶-§Ä s]s«¶v Xs¶ ]n³h-en-¡-s ¸-«p. ^ntkm-s l-
Ivkv, Bip-]-{Xn-bnÂ Znh-khpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. Ipªp-§-fpsS ]pd¯v
]änb-t¸mÄ ac-W-I m-c n-bm-bn. s]®p-§Ä¡pÅ hr¯n-bm-¡p¶
kvt{]bnepw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. Dial tkm¸v, jm¼q, Sq¯v t]bvÌv, ]e
hn[ kv{Xo kuµcy hÀ²I§Ä F¶n-h-bnÂ slk-Ivkm-t¢m-tdm-ô³
A]-I-S-I-c-a mb Af-hnÂ DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p. {]mWn-Isf sImÃp¶ 2, 4, 5 T,
2, 4 D F¶nh \nÀ½n-¡p¶ AtX cmk-h -kvXp-hnÂ \n¶v AXv DXv]m-Zn-¸n-
¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. AXv ac-W-I m-c n-bmb Utbm-I vkn-\ p-a mbn hfsc kmay-ap-Å-
Xm-Wv. AXv a\-Ên-embn 10 hÀjw Ign-ª-Xn\p tijw am{Xta AXns\
hn]-Wn-bnÂ \n¶pw ]pdw XÅp-¶-Xn\v km[n-¨ p-Åq. km[m-c -W-bmbn D]-
tbm-Kn-¡p¶ `£-W-¯n\v \ndw sImSp-¡p¶ Aacm-´v (Red), t_mÀUyq
(Brown), Hmd-©v (Yellow), t{]mko³(Scarlet) FÃmw IÂ¡-cn-bpsS hI-
t`-Z-a mb ss\{S-P\pw s_³ko\pw DÄs¡m-Åp¶ hkvX p-h nÂ \n¶pw.
]m\o-b-§-fpsS \nÀ½m-Xm-¡Ä ISp¯ ]¨ \nd-¯n\p thn, t¢mtdm-
407
t^mw, AsÃ-¦nÂ s_³ko³, Aeq-a n-\n-b-hp-ambn {]Xn-{]-hÀ¯\w \S-¡p-

¶-XnÂ\n¶pw e`n-¡p¶ mapthol (Yellow) Kn\n-{Ko³ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
sS{Sm-ko³ (Yellow) \nÀ½n-¡p-¶Xv Ask-täm-ô³, Ubm-tkm-a o-tY³ Â
{]Xn-{]-hÀ¯\w \S-¯p-¶-XnÂ \n¶m-Wv. AÂ^mÂ^ \Ã `£-W-am-
sW¶v Icp-X-s ¸-Sp-¶p. InUv\ n-tÌm-Wnsâ NnIn-Õbv¡v sea¬ Pyqkv
\Ã-X m-s W¶pw AsÃ¦nÂ Iymcäv Pyqkpw _oäv Pyqkpw tNÀ¯v Ign-
¡p-¶-X pw. {Im³_dn Pyqkv hfsc sa¨-s¸-«-X m-Wv. InUv\n-tÌm¬ NnIn-
Õ-bv¡v. Sn¶n-e-S¨v `£-W -km-[-\-§Ä A[n-I -\mÄ kq£n-¡p-¶-Xn\p
thn A[n-I-a mbn NqSm-¡p-¶Xv ( 130 Un{Kn-bnÂ IqSp-XÂ NqSm-¡p-¶-X v )
F³ssk-ap-Isf \in-¸n-¡p-¶p. F³ssk-a p-IÄ hfÀ¨bv¡v Bh-iy-am-
Wv.
H¶mw temI-a-lm-bp-²-¯ n\p tijw A[nIw h¶ t¢mdn³
Pe-¯nÂ IeÀ¯n. cmw temI-a -lm-bp-²-¯n\p tijw A[nIw h¶
ss\t{Säv `£-W-¯nÂ IeÀ¯n. Ct¸mÄ BWh t_mw_v \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-
XnÂ an¨w hcp¶ hkvXp-¡Ä ASp¯ AÛp-X-I-c-a mb D]-tbm-K -¯n\v D]-
tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. AXv tdUn-tb-j³ D]-tbm-Kn¨v `£Ww tISm-hm-Xn-cn-
¡p-¶ hnZy-bm-Wv. tIm_mÄ«v 60 A¯-c -¯nÂ H¶m-Wv. A§ns\ Hcp D]-
tbmKw Is-¯n-bn-s Ã-¦nÂ Bäw t_mw_v \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xnsâ Ah-
injvSw kwkvI-c n-¡p-¶-Xn\v A[nIw sNehv Bh-i y-a m-Wv. A¯-c-¯nÂ
BZys¯ ]co-£Ww 1957 Â PÀ½-\n-bnÂ. tkmskbvPv \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn\v
D]-tbm-Kn¨ ]e-hy-Ú-\-§Ä tdUn-tb-j\v hnt[-b-a m-¡n. 1958 Â ]Sn-
ªm-d³ PÀ½\n A¯cw hnZy-IÄ \ndp-¯-em-¡n. 1958 Dcp-f-¡n-g §v apf-
¡p-¶Xp XS-bp-¶-X n\v tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b³ AXv D]-tbm-Kn¨p XpS-§n.
1959 Â [m\y-§Ä tISm-Im-sX-bn-c n-¡p-¶-Xn-\ pw. 1960 Â Im\U Dcp-f-¡n-
g§v tISm-ImsX Ccn-¡p-¶-Xn-\v. 1958 Â U.S Food and Drug Cosmetic Act
AXns\ Gsä-Sp-¯p.
tdUn-tb-j³ \ÂIp-¶-Xnsâ \nÀÆ-N\w Additives F¶
hn`m-K-¯nÂ DÄs¸-Sp-¯n. 1968 Â tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ tdUn-tb-j³ hyh-
kmbw Gsä-Sp-¯p. ALPO, Beatrice, Campbell Soup, Del Monte, Gaines
Foods, General Foods, Hormel, Heinz, Hershey, Gerber, MARS, Stoufer,
Welch F¶o I¼-\n-IÄ Iq«p tNÀ¶p. Ah-sbÃmw `£y-hkvX p hy-h -
kmb òa-·mÀ. Ah-tcm-sSm¸w W.R. Grace, Du Pont, Rockwell
International F¶ cmk-hy-h-kmb òa-·m-c pw. {][m\ bqWn-thÀkn-än-I -
fnÂ BÀ`m-S-a mb tIm¬^-d³kp-IÄ kwL-Sn-¸ n-¨p. A\p-Iq-en-¡p-¶-h -
cpsS {]`m-j-W-§Ä GÀ¸m-Sm-¡pw. tPm¬tlm-]vI n³kv bqWn-thÀknän
CXns\ ]n³Xp-W-bv¡p-¶p. MIT ¡p tijw Gähpw henb {]Xn-tcm-[-h -
Ip¸v Icm-dp-Im-c-\ mWv tPm¬ tlm]vIn³kv bqWn-thÀkn-ä - n. Ata-cn-¡³
tk\ ap³]v \S-¯nb tdUn-tb-j³ ]co-£-W-§Ä¡v tami-s¸« ê-amWv
e`n-¨ -Xv. 1987 Â bqtdm-]y³ ]mÀe-saâv AXn-s\-Xn-cmbn thm«p tcJ-s¸-Sp-
408
¯n. Im\U Kh¬saâv tKmX-¼nÂ tdUn-tb-j³ \ÂIp-¶-Xn\v FXn-cm-

bn. {]apJ acp¶v \nÀ½m-Xm-¡-fmb Btºm«v et_m-d-« -do-kv, _mIvsÌÀ
{Smsh-t\mÄ F¶nh Kma tdUn-tb-j³ hnZy , tUm tImWn§v (Dow), P\-
dÂ Ce-I v{Sn-Iv, P\-dÂ ^pUvkv, IBM, IRT tImÀ]-td-j³, saÀ¡v, RCA,
tdm¡vs hÂ CâÀ\m-j-WÂ F¶n-hbv¡v \ÂIn. Im\-U-bnÂ BtcmKy
kpc£m hIp¸n a{ń sPbvIv F¸v, tdUn-tb-j³ A\p-h-Z-\ o-b-am-sW¶v
{]Jym-]n-¨p. F¶mÂ Im\U ]mÀe-s aâpw Cw¥-nse London’s Food
Commission Dw FXn-c m-bn-c p-¶p. Acn-bnÂ tdUn-tb-j³ GÂ]n-¨mÂ
AXv Ign-¡p-¶-hÀ¡v ]näyq-«-dn, ssXtdm-bvUv, lrZ-bw, izmk-tIm-i w,
F¶n-h -bnÂ XI-cmdp kw`-hn-¡pw F¶p Ip. Syqa-dp-I -fpw. Ipªp-
§fnÂ t{Imatkmw XI-cm-dp-IÄ. 1988 s^{_p-h-cn. Kh¬saâv tcJ ]d-
bp-¶Xv “`c-W-IqSw koknbw 137 sFtkm-tSm¸v kmt¦-XnI hnZy {]N-cn-¸n-
¡p-¶-X nÂ XXv]-c -cm-Wv. BWh Ah-i n-jvS-§Ä ip²o-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv,
koknbw \nÀ½n-¡p-¶p. DuÀÖ hIp¸v AXv KpW-{]-Z-a mb Imcy-§Ä¡v
D]-tbm-Kn-¡Ww F¶v B{K-ln-¡p-¶p. koknbw kmt¦-XnI hnZy {]N-cn-
¸n-¡p-¶Xv Ata-cn-¡³ kzImcy taJ-ebv¡v KpW-{]-Z-am-Wv. IqSmsX
BWh Ah-i n-jvS-§Ä \o¡w sN¿p-¶-X n-\ pÅ {]iv\-¯n\v Ipdhp hcp-
¯p-Ibpw sN¿pw.”
1987 Â temI-¯nse Gähpw henb 18 acp¶v \nÀ½mW
I¼-\n-I-fnÂ 11 F®w Ata-cn-¡-bn-epw, 3 F®w kznävkÀe³Un-epw, 2
F®w PÀ½-\n-bn-epw, 2 F®w {_n«-\ n-epw. Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ \nb-{´Ww
tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ, PÀ½-\n-bnse sF.-Pn. ^mÀ_\p-a mbn t¨À¶v. ^mÀ_³,
Ìm³UmÀUv Hmbn-ep-am-bn-t¨À¶v ImÀ«Â cq]o-I -cn-¡p-t¼mÄ PÀ½-\n-
bnse Gähpw henb cmk-hkvXp \nÀ½m-W-im-e. 1930 Â. cmw temI-a -
lm-bp-²-¯n\p tijw AXv Kh¬saâv CS-s ]-SÂ ImcWw 3 B.bn hn`-Pn-
¡-s¸-«p. tImSXn CS-]mSp hgn Ìm³UmÀUv HmbnÂ hn`-Pn-¡-s¸«Xp
t]mse. hn`-P-\ -¯n\p tijhpw \nb-{´Ww ]gb ssII-fnÂ Xs¶.
^mÀ_³ F¶ t]cp amdn. t_bÀþenhÀ Iyqsk-\nÂ, BASF þ epUvh nKv þ
jms^-\nÂ, tlmsIÌv þ {^m¦v^À«n\p kao-]w. ]n¶nÂ {]hÀ¯n-¨ Xv
UnÃ³ doUv C³sh-Ìvsaâv _mt¦Àkv. Htcm¶pw ]gb ^mÀ-_-t\-¡mÄ
hep-Xv. DXv]-¶-§-fnÂ ]Ip-X n-bn-e-[n-Ihpw Ibän Ab-bv¡p-¶p.
temI¯nse Gähpw hepXv saÀ¡v. {]kn-Uv tPm¬
tlmc³. sP. ]n. tamÀK³ ]¦m-fn. tamÀK³ Kymcân {SÌn-sâ-bpw.
_nÂUÀ_ÀKÀ. Hcp Ub-d-I -SÀ tPm¬. än. tImWÀ. sNbvkv am³l-«³
_m¦nsâ Ub-d-IvSÀ. Ata-cn-¡-bnse Hmtcm {]apJ acp¶v \nÀ½mW
Øm]-\hpw tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ AsÃ-¦nÂ tdm¯-joÂUvkp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«n-
cn-¡p-¶p. asämcp Ub-d-I SvÀ tPm¬. sI. a¡n³se. Kh¬saâv tcJ-I-
fnÂ tdm¯vjoÂUvkv _m¦v F¶v tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯nb am\p-^m-I väp-tdÀkv
lmt\m-hÀ _m¦nsâ Ub-d-I vSÀ. tÉmB³ sIä-dn§v Iym³kÀ skâ-
dnsâ Ub-d-IvSÀ. asämcp Ub-d-IvSÀ {^m¦v. än. Iymcn. sP. ]n. tamÀK³
409
]¦m-fn. asämcp Ub-d-I SvÀ tembvUv. kn. Cemw. Ata-cn-¡³ sskIym-

{SnIv Atkm-kn-tb-j³ Ub-d-IvSÀ. BÂ{Ûv. ]n. tÉmB³ ût-j³
Ub-d-I vSÀ. asämcp Ub-d-I vSÀ sdPn-\m-Ä-Uv. F¨v. tPm¬kv. hmÀ«³
kvIqÄ Hm^v sImtaÀkv t_mÀUv Hm^v HmhÀko-tbÀkv A²y-£³.
asämcp Ub-d-I -SÀ t]mÄ. Pn. tdmtPÀkv. Ata-c n-¡³ Iym³kÀ
skmsskän Ub-d-IvSÀ. dm³Uv tImÀ]-td-j³ Ub-d-I vSÀ. A[nIw
t]cpw {]apJ {]Xn-tcm[ ( Defence ) hyh-km-b-§-fp-ambn _Ô-s ¸-
«n-cn-¡p-¶p. {]apJ _m¦p-Ifpw, cmjv{ Sob t\Xm-¡-fpw, acp¶v \nÀ½m-W -
¡-¼-\n-Ifpw CIA bpam-bn«pw _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p.
temI-¯ nse cm-as¯ {]apJ acp¶v \nÀ½m-W-im-e, ¥mIvtkm

tlmÄUn-§vkv. Ub-d-I vSÀ Aen-s Ì-bÀ s{^bnw. tdm¯vjoÂUv {]Øm-
\-amb dntbm, äntâm kn¦v sâ A²y-£³. asämcp tdm¯vjoÂUvkv
{]Øm-\-a mb hnt¡Àknsâ t_mÀUv AwKw. AXv {]apJ kvt^mSI
hkvXp \nÀ½m-W-im-e. asämcp Ub-d-IvSÀ _n. Un. sSbveÀ.
tdm¯vjoÂUv {]Øm-\-a mb sjÂ Hmbn-ensâ A²y-£³. ]ns¶
tembvUvkv _m¦v, {_n«ojv sSen-I -½yq-Wn-t¡-j³kv, tdmbÂ I½nän
Hm^v F³h-b¬saâÂ s]mÃyq-j³ F¶n-h-bpsS A²-y-£³. asämcp
Ub-d-I SvÀ {]^-kÀ. BÀ. Pn. Umsd³tUmÀ^v. Xo{h amÀIvkn-Ìv.
t^mÀUv ût-j³ Ubd-I vSÀ. tdm¯vjoÂUvknsâ ]nWn-bmÄ.
Umsd³tUmÀ^nsâ A`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ, tkm-jy-enkw ]cn-hÀ¯\w sNbvX
]pXnb a\p-jy\v kz´-a mb hyànXzw Dm-hn-Ã. B[p-\nI b{´-a-\ p-jy-
\m-bn-¯o-cpw. 1985, tabv 10 apXÂ 12 hsc \yqtbmÀ¡nÂ h¨p \S¶
_nÂUÀ_ÀKv kt½-f-\-¯nse {]ap-J³.
temI-¯ nse 3þm as¯ {]apJ acp¶v \nÀ½mW ime tlm^v^va³ emdq-
¡v. {]apJ DXv]-¶-§Ä hmen-bw, en{_n-bw.
4. kva n¯v ss¢³ _o¨w. Hcp Ub-d-IvSÀ tUmWÄUv ]n. aIv. sl³{Sn.
bp. F³ se Ata-cn-¡³ Aw_m-k-UÀ. ImÀ\o F³tUm-h vsaâv t^mÀ
CâÀ\m-j-WÂ ]okv, {_q¡n§vkv C³Ìn-äyq-j³, t^mÀUv ût-j³,
Bs{hÂ lmcn-a³ Øm]n¨ cl-ky-kw-L-S\ Unävs ¢ ût-j³ F¶n-
h-bpsS {SÌn. sImt¡m tImf-bpsS Ub-d-IvSÀ. asämcp Ub-d-IvSÀ
Imtcm-en³. sI. tUhn-kv. tPm¬. tlm]vIn³kv Ub-d-IvSÀ. asämcp Ub-
d-IvSÀ B³{Uq. FÂ. eqbn-kv. lmcn-a ³ sâ {]apJ Øm]-\-a mb bqWn-
b³ ]mkn-^nIv sâ A²y-£³. t^mÀUv tamt«mÀ Ub-d-IvSÀ. asämcp
Ub-d-I vSÀ dmÂ^v. F. ]vô^v^À . IBM A²y-£³. skâÀ t^mÀ kv{Sä-
PnIv B³Uv CâÀ\m-j-WÂ ÌUokv A²y-£³. AXv Øm]n-¨Xv Po³
InÀIv ]m{SnIv sâ `À¯m-h v. CIA bnse Fhvtdm¬ InÀIv]m{Sn-Iv.
5. ko_m sKbvKn. 6. ]vss^kÀ. A²y-£³ FUva-v. än. -{]mäv JR .
sNbvkv am³l-«³ _m¦v, P\-dÂ tamt«mÀkv F¶n-h-bpsS Ub-d-IvSÀ.
410
Hcp Ub-d-IvSÀ _mÀ_À tImW-_nÄ. temI _m¦v {]kn-U-v. asämcp

Ub-d-I vSÀ tlmhmÀUv tIm^v^-a³. FIvtkm¬ {]kn-Uv.. asämcp
Ub-d-I vSÀ Pbnw-kv. än. en³. tamkvtIm-bn-te¡v Iq³ temtb_v Bâv
I¼\n A²y-£³ ]oäÀ ]otäÀk¬ t\msSm-¸w. asämcp Ub-d-IvSÀ
tPm¬. BÀ. Hms]Â. \yqtbmÀ¡v sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv _m¦nsâ Ub-d-
IvSÀ. asämcp Ub-d-IvSÀ hmÄ«À hvdnävk¬. knän tImÀ]v A²y-£³.
P\-dÂ Ce-Iv{ SnIv Ub-d-IvSÀ. dm³Uv tImÀ]-td-j³ Ub-d-IvSÀ. asämcp
Ub-d-I vSÀ s{Kbvkv. sP. ^n¸n³sKÀ. tdm¯vj oÂUvkv Øm]-\-amb
am\p-^m-I vä-tdÀkv lmt\m-h-dnsâ D]-tZ-jv Sm-h v. Ata-cn-¡³ Iym³kÀ
skmssk-än-bpsS HmW-ddn t_mÀUv AwKw. asämcp Ub-d-I vSÀ Ìm³en.
H. Cs¡³_-dn. CÃn-t\mbn bqWn-thÀkn-än- {]kn-U-v. ImÀ\o ût-
j³ t^mÀ AUzm³kvsaâv Hm^v So¨n§v {]kn-U-v. Izm¡À Hm«vkv
Ub-d-I vSÀ. AhnsS kl-{]-hÀ¯-I-\mbn {]Xn-tcm[ sk{I-«-dn, {^m¦v
ImÀeq-¨n. sam_oÂ sâ Ub-d-IvSÀ. AhnsS kl-{]-h À¯-I³ sÛ-dÂ
dnkÀhv knÌw t_mÀUv Hm^v KhÀtWÀkv A²y-£³ Ae³
{Ko³kv]m³. asämcp Ub-d-IvSÀ t]mÄ amÀIvkv. tÉmB³ sIä-dn§v
Iym³kÀ skâÀ ta[m-h n. \mj-WÂ C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v slÂ¯v,
\mWÂ Iym³kÀ C³Ìn-äyq-«v, Ata-cn-¡³ Atkm-kn-tb-j³ t^mÀ
Iym³kÀ dnkÀ¨v F¶n-h-bpsS Ub-d-I vSÀ. {]apJ acp¶v \nÀ½m-W- im-e-
I-fnÂ tdms¡-s ^-Ã-dpambn Gähpw ASp¯v \nÂ¡p-¶Xv ]vs s^kÀ
Xs¶-bm-Wv. 7. tlms¡-Ìv. 8. Ata-cn-¡³ tlmw t{]mU-IvSvkv. 9.
Gen enÃn. Gen enÃnbnse Hcp Ub-d-IvSÀ dm³UÄ. F¨v. tXm_n-bm-kv.
{_ä³ hqUvkv I½nän Ub-d-IvSÀ. ImÀ\o C³Ìn-äyq«v Ub-d-IvSÀ.
{]apJ C³sh-Ìvsaâv Øm]\w ]pXv\w ^vkv Ub-d-I vSÀ. asämcp
Ub-d-I vSÀ t¢bvä³ emt^mÀkv. ^pÄss{_äv kvtImfÀ. tdms¡-s ^-Ã-
dnsâ [\-k-lm-b -¯nÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ \mj-WÂ _yqtdm t^mÀ C¡-
tWm-anIv dnkÀ¨v F¶ Øm]-\-¯nsâ Ub-d-I vSÀ. tam³«v s]se-dn³
skmsskän F¶ cl-ky -kw-L-S-\-bpsS {]apJ AwKw.
tdm¯vjoÂUvknsâ kwc-£-W-bnÂ. hnb-¶okv kvI qÄ Hm^v C¡-tWm-
an-Ivkns\ {]Xn-\ n-[o-I -cn-¡p-¶p. {]ap-J hàm-h mbn anÂä³ {ôUva -³.
hmkvX-h-¯nÂ AXv CIA bnse hnÃyw _Ive n \S-¯p¶ I]S heXp ]£
_u²nI {]Øm-\w. asämcp I]S heXp ]£ -_u-²nI {]Øm-\ -amb
Ìm³^ÀUv bqWn-thÀkn-än-bnse lqhÀ C³Ìn-äyq-jsâ {SÌn. AXnsâ
taÂt\m«w tdms¡-s^-Ã-dnsâ km¼-¯nI klm-b-¯nÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶
eoKv t^mÀ C³U-kv{Sn-bÂ sUtam-{Ikn F¶ {]Øm-\ -¯nse Ub-d-
IvSÀamÀ þ knUv\n lq¡v, skbva qÀ amÀ«n³ en]vsk-äv. AXv {]ap-J- t{Sm-
kvIn-bnÌv _u²nI {]Øm\w. asämcp Ub-d-IvSÀ sP. t]mÄ ssesb-äv.
t{jmUÀ _m¦v Ub-d-IvSÀ. U.S - USSR Trade and Economic Council.
USTEC. AXv Ata-cn-¡bpw tkmhn-b-äv bq-Wn-b-\ p-a m-bpÅ CS-] m-Sp-IÄ
Ct¸mgpw cl-ky-am¡n h¨n-c n-¡p-¶p. \nb-a -\-S-]-Sn-I Ä hne-t¸m-hp-¶n-Ã.
t^mÀUv ût-j³ ta[mhn tdmhm³ sKbvYÀ ]d-ªXv Ata-cn-¡³
411
Pohn-X-coXn tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b-\n-teXv t]mse-bm-¡n-¯oÀ¡pI F¶-

XmWv sshäv luknÂ \n¶pw AhÀ¡v e`n-¨n-cn-¡p¶ \nÀt±-iw. At±-l-
t¯m-sSm¸w sXmgnÂ sN¿p¶ FÃm t]cpw CIA bpsS ap³Kman OSS Â
Dm-bn-cp-¶-h-cmWv F¶pw. USTEC se Hcp {][m\n tdm_À«v dqk.
{_u¬ {_tZgvkv lmcn-a³ ]¦m-fn. ss{Sem-ä-dÂ I½n-j³ FIvkn-I yq-
«ohv Hmô-kÀ. aäv USTEC AwK-§Ä temI kb-WnÌv tIm¬{Kkv
ta[m-hn, FUvKÀ t{_m¬^va ³. USTEC sâ Ub-d-IvSÀ hnÃyw thdnän þ
Fen enÃn-bn-tebpw Ub-d-IvSÀ. (sk-{I-«dn Hm^v sImtaÀkv). 10.
A]vtPm¬. Hcp Ub-d-IvSÀ hnÃyw apÂ tlmf-v. t{_m¬^vam³ \nb-
{ń-¡p¶ _m¦v Hm^v tam¬{Sn-bÂ A²y-£³. tamÀK³ Ìm³en ]¦m-
fn. Im\-U-bnse tdm¯vjoÂUv tlmÄUn§v I¼\n {_n³tIm-bpsS
{]kn-U-v. 11. kvI zn_v . A²y-£³ dn¨ÀUv ^ÀtemÀUv. tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ
bqWn-thÀkn-än-bp-s Sbpw tÉmB³ sIä-dn§v Iym³kÀ C³Ìn-äyq-«n-
sâbpw {SÌn. Hcp Ub-d-IvSÀ dn¨ÀUvk¬ UnÂhÀ¯v. tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ
IpSpw-_-¯nsâ km¼-¯nI {SÌn. Iq³ temtb_v B³Uv I¼-\n-bnÂ
]¦m-fn. tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ skâ-dnsâ t_mÀUv A²y-£³. s\Âk¬
tdms¡-s^-Ã-dnsâ CâÀ\m-j-WÂ t_bvknIv F¡-tWman tImÀ]-td-j³
Ub-d-I vSÀ. {InÉÀ, BÀ. F¨v. sabvkn, sImtfm-Wn-bÂ hnÃywkv_ÀKv
Ub-d-I vSÀ þ AXv tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ IpSpw_ kwcw-`w. tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ bqWn-
thÀknän Ub-d-IvSÀ. sbbvÂ tImÀ]-td-j³ Ub-d-IvSÀ. 12. tPm¬k¬
B³Uv tPm¬k¬ þ A²y-£³ Pbnwkv _Às¡. IBM {]qsU³jyÂ
C³jp-d³kv F¶n-h -bpsS Ub-d-I vSÀ. þ {]kn-Uv tUhnUv BÀ.
s¢bÀ. MIT bpsS t_mÀUv AwKw. tamt«m-tdmf Ub-d-IvSÀ. Hcp Ub-d-
IvSÀ hnÃyw. H. s_bv¡À. Ata-cn-¡³ {]kn-U-n-sâ Câ-e n-P ³kv
t_mÀUv AwKw. tZiob kpc£m GP³kn-bpsS I¬kÄ«âv. {]Xn-
tcm[ hIp-¸nse I¬kÄ«âv. tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ bqWn-thÀkn-än, P\-dÂ
tamt«mÀkv, Iym³kÀ dnkÀ¨v ût-j³, tdm_À«v. F. shÂjv
ût-j³ F¶n-h-bpsS {SÌn. 13. km³tUm-kv. 14. {_ntÌmÄ tatbÀkv.
No^v Hm]-td-än§v Hmô-kÀ dn¨ÀUv sKÂ_v. tÉmB³ sIä-dn§v
Iym³kÀ skâÀ A²y-£³. \yqtbmÀ¡v sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv _m¦nsâ
Ub-d-I vSÀ. Ata-cn-¡³ Iu¬knÂ Hm¬ PÀ½\n F¶ clk-ky -kw-L-
S\bnse AwKw. ]Sn-ªm-d³ PÀ½-\n-bnse bYmÀ° Kh¬saâv. CFR
AwKw. Hcp Ub-d-IvSÀ sl³{Sn. F¨v. sl³se JR. P\-dÂ Ce-I v{SnIv
A²y-£³. tdm¯vj oÂUv Øm]-\-§-f mb am\p-^m-Iväp-tdÀkv lmt\m-
hÀ _m¦v, {SÌv F¶n-h-bp-sSbpw A²y-£³. asämcp Ub-d-IvSÀ Pbnw-
kv. Un. tdm_n³k¬ III. sImt¡m tImf A²y-£³. tÉmB³ sIä-
dn§v Iym³kÀ skâ-dnsâ t_mÀUv amt\-PÀ. sImf-kvt{SmÄ Ipd-¡p-¶-
Xn-\pÅ acp¶v sIzkv{Sm³, Ic-fnsâ {]hÀ¯\w XI-c m-dn-em-¡p-¶p. 15.
_o¨mw {Kq¸v. Cw¥-v. {]kn-U-v, {Klmw hnÂIn³kv. {_n«ojv cl-
kym-t\z-jW tk\-bp-ambn ASp¯ _Ôw ]peÀ¯p¶ tImÀt«mÄUv
F¶ XpWn-a nÂ Ub-d-IvSÀ. Hcp Ub-d-IvSÀ Io¯v {]`p. tdmÄkv tdmbvkv
412
Ub-d-I vSÀ. ap³ hntZi Imcym-e-b-¯nse cl-kym-t\z-j-W -hn-`mKw Ub-d-

IvSÀ. asämcp Ub-d-IvSÀ aIv ^mUvko³ {]`p. tdm¯vjoÂUvkv ]nWn-
bmÄ. sjÂ s]t{Sm-fn-bw, tdmÄkv tdmbvkv Ub-d-IvSÀ. “Hmd©v
\mtÊm” Iam³UÀ. Hmd-©nse hnÃy-a ns\ Cw¥-nse cmPm-hm-¡p-¶-Xn\v
krjvSn-¡-s¸-«Xv. ]ns¶ _m¦v Hm^v Cw¥v Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw. 16.
t_bÀ. AXv I«À et_m-d-« -dokv F¶ Øm]\w hnebv¡p hm§n.
t]mfntbm \nÀ½mÀÖ\ Ip¯n-h-bv]nsâ A]-I-S-§-fnÂ \n¶v tdms¡-
s^-Ã-dns\ c£n-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn. A]-I Sw kw`-hn¨ FÃm Ip¯n-h -
bv]p-Ifpw I«À \nÀ½n-¨ -Xm-s W¶v hcp-¯n-¯oÀ¯p. 17. knâvs äIvkv.
{]kn-Upw A²y-£\pw BÂ_À«v t_mthÀkv. Hcp Ub-d-IvSÀ.
amÀ«n³ ImÀ«³. Ae³ B³Uv I¼-\n-bpsS FIvkn-I yq-«ohv sshkv
{]kn-U-v. AXv tasbÀ em³kvI n-bpsS am^nb {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä hgn
t\Snb 50 tImSn tUmfÀ ssIImcyw sNbvXn-c p¶ C³sh-Ìvsaâv {]Øm-
\w. asämcp Ub-d-I vSÀ B³XWn tkmf-a ³. hmÀ_ÀKnsâ saÀIypdn
CâÀ\m-j-W-ensâ A²y-£³. t]mÄthm¡-dn\p tijw sÛ-dÂ
dnkÀhv t_mÀUv Hm^v KhÀtWÀ-knsâ A²y-£³. \ntcm-[n-¡-s ¸« acp-
¶p-I Ä hntZ-i-t¯¡v Ibän Ab¨v A[nIw em`-a p-m-¡n. 18. hmÀWÀ
þ emws_À«v. (A-X nsâ Iogn-ep-Å-XmWv ]mÀ¡v tUhn-kv). {]kn-Uv
saÂhn³ KpUvkv. t^mÀUv ût-j³ s^tÃm. Hcp {]apJ DXv]-¶w
Listerine. 27 iX-am\w BÂ¡-tlmÄ. Hcp Ub-d-IvSÀ, sFÀhn§v
{IntÌmÄ. \ntbm I¬kÀth-äohv {]Øm-\ -¯nse {]ap-J³ þ\nb-{ń-
¡p-¶Xv Po³ InÀIv]m{Sn-¡pw CIA bpw. asämcp UbdIvSÀ t]mÄ dÊÂ ,
tÉmB³ sIä-dn§v Iym³kÀ skâ-À Ub-d-IvSÀ. FUvKÀ kÅn-h³ ,
_m¦v Hm^v \yqtbmÀ¡v Ub-d-IvSÀ. CFR Ub-d-IvSÀ. Knight of Malta
apI-fnÂ Iptd-tbsd Npcn¡n \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p¶ hnh-c -W-a m-Wv. t\cn«pw
AÃm-sXbpw A\-h[n ût-j-\ p-I fpw CXnsâ `mK-a m-Wv. {]ap-J-a m-b-h -
bnÂ NneXv Sn¦À ût-j³, tPm¬ sska¬ Kp¤³low ût-j³,
ssN\ saUn-¡Â t_mÀUv Hm^v \yqtbmÀ¡v, kmap-h Â. F¨v. s{IÊv
]ut-j³. sldn-täbvPv ût-j³, {_n«ojv t^_n-b³ skmssk-än,
tPmÀÖv Su¬ skâÀ t^mÀ kv{Smä-PnIv B³Uv CâÀ\m-j-WÂ ÌUo-
kv, HmÀ-UÀ Hm^v skâv tPm¬ Hm^v Pdq-k tew F¶n-h.
tP¡_v I¹m³ ^n-s\-t¸m-s e, Sn¦À ût-j\pw CIA
{]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v [\-k-lmbw \ÂIp¶ cl-ky-kw-L-S-\. Sn¦À
ût-j³ sk{I-«-dn, sdbva v {_nä³lmw. ITT bpsS P\-dÂ
Iu¬skÂ. PÀ½³ {]hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS \nb-{´Ww _mc³ IpÀ«v thm¬
jvtdmUÀ þ lnäe-dnsâ kzImcy _m¦À. {_nä³ lmw, ITT, s_Â sSÂ,
_ÂPn-b³ CâÀ\mj-WÂ, Ìm³UmÀUv Ce-Iv{SnIv, Ìm³UmÀUv
temd³kv, PÀ½\n lmÀhÀUv tem kvIqÄ, emkmÀUv t{^ckv F¶n-h -
bnÂ sshkv {]kn-U-v, ]¦mfn F¶o \ne-I-fnÂ.
413
CâÀ\m-j-WÂ C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v kv{Smä-PnIv ÌUo-kv,

_ptÅm¡v ^v, Gjy ûtj³, {^©v C³Ìn-äyq«v, sImUm-¡v,
t{]mIvS-À B³Uv Kmw_nÄ, sam¬km-tâm, sÌÀen§v {U¤vkv- F¶o
{]Øm-\-§Ä tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ, tdm¯vjoÂUvkv iàn-I-fp-ambn ASp¯
_Ôw ]peÀ¯p-¶p. CuÌva³ sImUm¡v sÌÀen§v {U¤vk v s\ hm§n-
sb-Sp-¯p. sNbvkv am³l-«³ _m¦nsâ ]qÀ® DS-a -Ø-X-bn-epÅ sNbvkv
en¦³ ^Ìv _m¦v sâ klm-b-t¯m-sS. sImUm¡n-sâ A²y-£³ tIbv
hnävtamÀþ sNbvkv am³l-«³ _m¦v, sNbvkv am³l-«³ \mj-WÂ
tImÀ]-td-j³ F¶n-h -bpsS Ub-d-IvSÀ. sImUm-¡nsâ aäv Ub-d-IvSÀ
NmÄkv U¦³. tlmhmÀUv bqWn-thÀkn-än, tem kvI qÄ ta[m-hn. 32
Un{Kn tabvk¬. {]Xn-tcm[ hyh-km-b- Øm-] \w TRW Ub-d-IvSÀ.
sÌÀen-§nsâ t_mÀUnÂ t{]mIvSÀ B³Uv Kmw_nÄ A²y-£³ tPm¬
kvsabvÂ, P\-dÂ tamt«mÀknsâ Ub-IvSÀ. ]ns¶ sam¬kmtâm A²y-
£³ dn¨ÀUv atlm-\n, sat{Sm-s ]m-fn-ä³ sse^v C³jp-d³kv I¼\n
Ub-d-I vSÀ, Pn. Un. knbÀse Ub-d-I vSÀ. sam¬km-tâm-bpsS {]kn-Uv
GÄ lmÀ_n-k¬ JR. ap³ CIA DtZym-K -Ø³, Pn.Un. knbÀse A²y-
£³, saâÂ slÂ¯v Atkm-kn-tb-j³ {]kn-U-v. sam¬km-tâm-
bpsS Ub-d-IvSÀ tUmWÄUv ImcÄ, hmÀ«³ kvI qÄ Hm^v _nkn-s \Êv
ta[m-hn. sam¬km-tâm-bpsS asämcp Ub-d-IvSÀ hnÃyw d¡pÄ jmkv.
ap³ Ata-cn-¡³ sU]yq«n AtämÀWn P\-dÂ. \oXn-\ymb hIp¸v Akn-
Ìâv AtämÀWn P\-dÂ. ]cn-ØnXn kwc-£W kwL-S\ AUvan-\n-kvt{S-
äÀ. FBI Ub-d-IvSÀ. asämcp Ub-d-I vSÀ Ìm³kvôÂUv SÀWÀ. ap³
CIA Ub-d-IvSÀ. \mtäm Iam³UÀ C³ No^v. _m¦v Hm^v Ata-cn¡
Ub-d-I vSÀ. asämcp Ub-d-IvSÀ tPm¬ lm³en. ap³ sam¬kmtâm
A²y-£³, knän _m¦v, knän tImÀ]v F¶n-h -bpsS Ub-d-IvSÀ. asämcp
Ub-d-I vSÀ gm³ tasb-À. UNICEF, WHO F¶n-h -bpsS Ub-d-IvSÀ. asämcp
Ub-d-I vSÀ tPm¬. Fkv. doUv. knän _m¦v A²y-£³. ^nen]v tamdn-kv,
dÊÂ skbvPv ût-j³, tÉmB³ sIä-dn§v Iym³kÀ skâÀ F¶n-
h-bpsS Ub-d-IvSÀ. acn-e³Uv bqWn-thÀknän Nm³k-eÀ. hmjn-MvS³
bqWn-thÀkn-än-bpsS {SÌn. Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ \ntcm-[n¨ DDT Ib-äp-a-Xn-bn-
eqsS sam¬kmtâm A[nIw em`-a p-m-¡p-¶p. {]tXy-In¨pw emän³
Ata-cn-¡-bn-te¡pw Gjy-bn-te-¡pw.
Dow Chemical. Hcp Ub-d-I vSÀ ImÄ sKÀÌm-s¡À. Cuä³
tImÀ]td-j-sâbpw Ub-d-IvSÀ. sskdkv Cuä³, tdms¡-s ^-Ã-dnsâ
A\p-N-c³. ]Kvhmjv tIm¬^-d³kp t]mse-bpÅ tkmhn-bäv A\p-Iqe
{]hÀ¯-\-§-fnÂ ZoÀL-Imew DÄ-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. AXnsâ \nb-{´Ww KGB .
asämcp Ub-d-IvSÀ t]mÄ aIv {Ims¡³. ans\-tkm-«-bnse sÛ-dÂ
dnkÀhv _m¦nsâ [\-X -Xz-im-kv{X-P-vR³. asämcp Ub-d-IvSÀ lmcÄUv
j]o-tcm. BÂ{Ûv ]n. tÉmB³ ût-j³ Ub-d-IvSÀ. anjn-K¬
414
bqWn-thÀknän {]kn-U-v. t^mÀUv tamt«mÀ Ub-d-IvSÀ. j]otcm ap³

CIA DtZym-K-Ø³. Ct¸mÄ Dow IpSpw-_-¯nÂ \n¶v Bcp-an-Ã .
Dupont sâ ap³ Ub-d-I vSÀ tUmWÄUvk¬ {_u¬. \yqtbmÀ¡v
sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv _m¦nsâ Ub-d-IvSÀ.
Abbot Laboratories. FIvkn-Iyq-«ohv I½nän A²y-£³ BÀXÀ
dmkvayq-sk³. Ìm³UmÀUv HmbnÂ Ub-d-I vSÀ. jn¡mtKm bqWn-
thÀknän {SÌn. Hcp Ub-d-IvSÀ ^nen]v kpeo-ä. tdm¯vjoÂUv ]nWn-
bmÄ. cmw temI-a-lm-bp-²-¯n\p tijw FÃm {_n«ojv {][m-\-a -{ń-bp-
sSbpw D]-tZ-jv Sm-hv.
Unilever. ta[m-hn-bmbn äm³hÀ¯nse lv {]`p. Unävs¢ ût-
j³ A²y-£³. AXv Ata-c n-¡-bp-s Sbpw Cw¥-n-sâbpw a²y-hÀ¯n-
bmbn {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ cl-ky -kw-L-S-\. IBM Ub-d-I vSÀ. sNbvkv
am³l-«³ _m¦v Ub-d-IvSÀ.
acp¶v \nÀ½mW hyhkm-b-¯nsâ Ncn{Xw F¶pw X«n-¸ n-tâ-Xm-
bn-cp-¶p. hnh-c-an-Ãm¯ a\p-jy-cpsS `bs¯ apX-se-Sp-¯v, ac-W-¯n-
sâbpw Akp-J-§-fp-sSbpw t]cnÂ hnI-kn-¡p¶ {]Øm-\w. Ignª
4000 hÀjs¯ Ncn{Xw ]cn-tim-[ n-¨ mÂ an¡-hmdpw NnIn-Õ -Ifpw KpW-
t¯-¡m-tfsd tZmj-a mWv sNbvXn-«p-Å-Xv. IÂ¡-cn-bpsS SmdnÂ \n¶pw
DXv] m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶-s X´pw lrZ-bs¯ tZmj-ambn _m[n-¡p-¶-X m-Wv.
t¢mtdm-ssa-sk-än³ AÛp-X-I-c -amb acp¶v F¶v hmgv¯-s ¸-«p. AXv D]-
tbm-Kn¨ Ipªp-§Ä¡v ept¡-anb _m[n-¨p. t¢mtdm-ssa-sk-än³ D]-
tbm-Kn-¨Xp aqe-a p-mb A¹m-ÌnIv A\o-a n-b-bnÂ 75 iX-am-\hpw amc-I-am-
Wv. dnIvä-dnsâ ]pkvXIw Pills, Pesticides And Profit Â ]d-bp-¶Xv
Velsicol F¶ I¼\n 1300 S¬, t^mkvshÂ(-s e-]vtäm-t^mkv) F¶
sIan-¡Â, EPA bpsS A\p-a-Xn-bn-ÃmsX \nÀ½n¨v IbäpaXn sNbvXp.
\mUo- hy-h-kvYbv¡v AXohw tZmjw sN¿p-¶-X mWv AXv.
tdm¯vjoÂUv, tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ {à-W- ]-Y -¯nÂ hcp¶ {]Øm-\w. TRIS
Ipªp-§-fpsS hkv{X-¯nÂ tNÀ¡p-¶Xv Xo]n-Sn-¯-a p-m-hp-t¼mÄ
AhÀ¡v c£ \ÂIpw F¶m-bn-c p¶p {]N-c -Ww. 10 hÀjw D]-tbm-Kn¨
tijw AXv \ntcm-[n-¨p. 1977 Â 24 e£w hkv{X-§Ä aq¶mw temI-
t¯bv¡v Ibän Ab-¨p. 1977 Â ssUss]-do³ \ntcm-[n-¡-s ¸-«p.
shfp¯ càm-Wp-¡-fpsS {]hÀ¯-\s¯ tZmj-I -c-a mbn _m[n¡pw
F¶Xp sImv. ]n¶oSv AXv emän³ Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ hnä-gn-¨p. Aao-
_nb ImcWw Dm-h p¶ hb-dn-f¡w NnIn-Õn-¡p-¶-Xn\v ko_ sKbvKn-
bpsS t¢mIzn-t\mÄ. AXv \mUo-hy-h-Øsb XI-c m-dn-em-¡p-¶p. 700
P¸m³ImÀ ac-W-a-S-ªp. 11,000 t]À¡v ImgvN XI-c m-dn-em-bn. Bkv] n-cn³
t]mse F¶v Ah-Im-i-a p-¶-bn¨v Aan-t\m-ss]-do³, ssUss]-do³. AXv
hnfÀ¨bv¡v Imc-W-a m-bn. \ntcm-[n-¡-s¸-«p. emän³ Ata-c n-¡-bnepw
415
Gjy-bnepw ]ns¶bpw D]tbmKn¡p¶p. t¢mtdm-s ^-\n-t¡mÄ þ t¢mtdm-

ssa-sk-än³ AXv emän³ Ata-cn-¡bnepw Gjy-bnepw D]-tbm-Kn¨p hcp-
¶p. Akv]mÀs«bvw Xe-t¨m-dn\v £X-taÂ]n-¡pw. Ct¸mgpw D]-tbm-K-
¯n-ep- - v. tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ ût-j³ Ub-d-I vSÀ {^m¦vkv {]`p Ub-d-IvS-
dm-bn-«pÅ _ptdmkv shÂ¡w AZT FbvUvkn\v \Ã-Xm-s W¶v {]N-cn-¸n-
¡p-¶p. ASn-Øm-\-an-Ãm-s X. tlm^v^va³ emtdm-jnsâ {]apJ DXv] -¶w,
hmen-bw. Hm]nbw t]mep-Å-Xv. asäm¶v amäp-se-b³ v , AXv Iym³kÀ
NnIn-Õbv¡v D]-tbm-K n-¡p-¶p. cà-{km-hw, eq¡o-a n-b, F¶n-hbv¡v Imc-
W-am-hp-¶p. kam-ć sshZyw. C¯cw acp-¶p-I-fnÂ GsX-¦ nepw H¶v
\ÂIp-I-bm-sW-¦ nÂ AXp-ambn _Ô-s ¸« FÃm-hcpw Pohn-X-I mew apgp-
h\pw XS-¦-enÂ Ign-tbn hcpw. emtdm-jnsâ saUn-¡Â Ub-d-IvSÀ
tUmIvSÀ {_qÊv saÍv ]d-bp-¶Xv “kam-ć NnInÕ {]tbm-Kn-¡p¶ a-
cp¶pIÄ ]cn-tim-[n-¡-s ¸-«-h -tbm, imkv{Xo-b-ambn sXfn-bn-¡-s ¸-«-h tbm
AÃ. tdmjnsâ DXv]-¶-§Ä KpW-ta-·bpw {]hÀ¯-\-£-a -Xbpw Dd¸p
Xcp-¶p. R§Ä sshZy-im-kv{X-cw-Ks¯ X«n-¸ n-s\-X nsc AWn \nc¡p-
¶p.” F¶mÂ Ata-c n-¡³ Kh¬saânse Office of Technology
Assessment ]d-bp-¶Xv hn]-Wn-bnÂ e`y-am-bn-«pÅ, 95 iX-a m\w acp-¶p-
Ifpw D]tbm-K-{]-Z-am-sW¶v sXfn-bn-¡-s¸-«-h-b-Ã. AXp t]mse Xs¶
asämcp Øm]-\-amWv kvan¯v ss¢w _o¨w. Ah-cpsS {][m\ DXv]¶w
sUIvs k-{Un³.- ]ns¶ sUIvkm-anÂ. DW-Àhpw Dt¯-P\hpw Xcp¶ A]-
I-S-I m-c n-IÄ. asämcp DXv]¶w sktem-{In³. A\-h[n ac-W-§-fpÄs¸sS
[mcmfw \nb-a -\-S-]-Sn-IÄ¡p hnt[-b-a m-bn. tImf³ Iym³k-dnsâ NnIn-
Õbv¡v \ÂIn hcp¶ HutZym-Kn-I-a mbn AwKo-I -cn¨ AXohw hnj-Im-cn-
bmb acp-¶mWv 5FU . {]apJ saUn-¡Â tPÀW-ep-IÄ ]d-bp-¶Xv AXv
D]-tbmK iq\y-sa-¶m-Wv. Ata-c n-¡³ Iym³kÀ skmsskän AXnsâ
DXv] m-Z\ Ah-Im-i-¯nÂ 50 iX-a m\w ssI¿-S¡n h¨n-c n-¡p-¶p. Btcm-
Ky-apÅ Ipªp-§sf, Btcm-Ky-an-Ãm¯ Ipªp-§-fpsS \ne-h m-c -¯n-te¡v
sImp hcp-¶-Xn\p thn, Btcm-Kym-h-Ø-sb, DuÀÖ-kz-e-Xsb
Attention Deficit Disorder, Hyper Activity Disorder F¶p hnfn¨v Ritalin
\ÂIn sacp-¡p-¶p. kvIqÄ A[n-I r-XÀ AXv \nÀ_-Ôn-X-a m-¡p-¶-X n-s \-
Xnsc At\Iw \nb-a -\-S-]-Sn-I Ä \S¶p hcp-¶p. lq¡À sIan-¡-ensâ
{][m\ DXv]-¶-§-fnÂ H¶v en³sUbv³ (Km-sa-en³ þ 20). Xe-t¨m-dn\v
XI-c m-dv, ept¡-a nb F¶n-h bv¡v Imc-W-a m-hp-¶p. IoS-\ m-in-\n-bmbn
en³sUbv³ D]-tbm-Kn¨p hcp-¶p. `£-W-im-e-I -fn-eÂ AXv [mcm-f-ambn
D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. Blmc-¯nÂ IeÀ¶v tZmjw sN¿p-sa¶v sXfn-bn-¡-
s¸-«-Xm-Wv F¶n-c p-¶m-epw. lq¡À Hcp tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ _Ô-apÅ Øm]-
\w. kam-\ -am-b, sjÂ sIan-¡-ensâ DXv] ¶w hmt]m¬ þ 3. amwkw
]mI-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ Øe-§-fnÂ D]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ ]mSp-Å-X Ã F¶v IÀi-\-
amb hn-e-¡p-Å-X m-Wv. AXv `£-W-im-e-I-fnÂ D]-tbm-Kn¨p hcp-¶p. Dd-
§p¶ apdn-bnÂ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv AXohw A]-I-S-I-c w. Ata-cn-¡³
s]mXp BtcmKy hIp-¸nsâ ap¶-dn-bn-¸m-W-Xv. ]cm-Yn-tbm¬, ame-¯n-
416
tbm¬ F¶o IoS-\ m-in-\n-Ifpw A]-I-S-Im-cn-IÄ F¶p sXfnªp Ign-ª-

Xm-Wv. F¶mÂ hn]p-e-a mbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸«p hcp-¶p. Pn. Un. knbÀse
DXv]-¶-§Ä AtUm-I vtSm¬, ^vfmsKÂ F¶nh Iym³k-dn\v Imc-W-am-hp-
¶p.
acp¶v hyh-kmb òa-·mÀ Øm]n¨ Council of Agricultural Science and
Technology ]ns¶ Institute of Food Technology F¶nh `£-W-¯nsâ
A[n-I-amb kzmZn\v thn tNÀ¯p hcp¶ hkvX p-¡Ä Iym³k-dn\v F{X-
t¯mfw Imc-W-a m-h p¶p F¶pÅ hkvXpX ad¨p hbv¡p-¶p. sIt^m-hÀ
lmcnÊv I½nän 1959 þ 1960 Â Is-¯n-bXv Nne DXv]m-Z-IÀ, sjdn§v DZm-
l-cWw, 1200 iX-am\w em`-sa-Sp-¡p-t¼mÄ {]Un-tkm¬ t]mep-Åh 10,000
apXÂ 20,000 iXam\w hsc em`-sa-Sp-¡p¶p F¶m-Wv. Kh¬saâv \nÀt±-
is¯ XpSÀ¶v hne Ipd-¨-t¸mÄ D]tbmKw hÀ²n-¸n¨v \jvSw \nI-¯n.
kvIznºnsâ, cà-k -½À±-¯n-\p-Å acp¶v Capoten Hcp hÀjw \qdv tImSn
tUmf-dnsâ hnÂ]\ \S-¯p-¶p. 4000 tImSn cq]. Hä DXv]-¶-¯nÂ
\n¶v. saÀ¡n-sâ, cà-k-½À±-¯n-\ pÅ acp¶v Veston 80 tImSn tUmf-
dnsâ hnÂ]-\-bpw. 3200 tImSn cq]. 1987 Â kn³sSIvkv F¶ I¼-\n-
bpsS BsI hnÂ]\ 1100 tImSn tUmfÀ. AXnsâ 53 iX-am\w t\mt{]m-
kn³, A^m-t{]mIvkv F¶o cv DXv]-¶-§Ä am{Xw.
Dope Inc. temI ab¡p-a-cp¶v hym]m-cw. AXv XpS-§n-bXv e³
BØm-\-am-¡n-bpÅ Hcp sNdnb kwLw km¼-¯nI CS-]m-Sp-ImÀ. AhÀ
Ata-cn-¡³ cl-kym-t\z-jW tk\ Bcw-`n-¨p. AXv Office of Strategic
Services F¶v Adn-b-s¸-«p. cmw temI-a-lm-bp-²-Im-e-L-«-¯nÂ.
{_n«ojv cl-kym-t\z-jW hn`m-K-¯ nsâ taÂt\m-«-¯nÂ. AXv ]n¶oSv
{Sqa³ \ndp-¯-em-¡n-b-t¸mÄ sÌbväv Un¸mÀ«vsaânsâ IognÂ s]cp-amä
kn²m-´-¯ n\p taÂ Kth-jWw \S-¯p¶ kwL-S\ F¶ a«nÂ
{]hÀ¯n-¨p. t\XrXzw Fhvtdm¬ InÀIv]m{Sn-¡v. `mcy Po³ InÀIv]m{Sn-
Iv, tdms¡-s ^-Ã-dnsâ [\-k-lm-b-¯ n-epÅ t{SmSvkvIn-bnäv kwL-S\bpsS
Ub-d-I vSÀ. AXv eoKv t^mÀ C³U-kv{Sn-bÂ sUtam-{Ikn F¶v Adn-b-
s¸-«p. I½yq-WnÌv hncp² F¶v {]i-kvX-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Ìmen³ ]nWnbm-fp-
IÄ saIvkn-t¡m-bnÂ h¨v t{SmSvkvI nsb h[n-¨p. 1940 Â. InÀIv]m{SnIv
kwLw ]n¶oSv CIA F¶ a«nÂ ]p\ÀP-\ n-¨ p. t\Xr-Øm-\¯v Ae³
Uyqf-kv. jvtdmUÀ _m¦nsâ ]¦m-fn. lnäve -dnsâ kzImcy ]W-an-S-]mSv
ssIImcyw sNbvX _m¦v. ktlm-Z-c³ tPm¬ t^mÌÀ Uyqf-kv, {]kn-
Uv sFk-t\m-h-dn\p IognÂ sÌbväv sk{I-«-dn. CIA bpsS {][m\
{]hÀ¯\w ab-¡p-a-c p¶v IÅ-¡-S-¯v. hgn Im«n {_n«ojv Câ-en-P³kv.
AXv SIS. 30 hÀjw Ata-cn-¡³ ssk\y-¯nÂ Special Forces {]iw-
kmÀl-amb tkh\w \S-¯nb se^vä-\ âv tIW-Â t_m {Knävkv, ab-¡p-a -
cp¶v IÅ-¡-S¯v ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cp¶ House Foreign Affairs
417
Committee ap³]msI shfn-s ¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cp-¶p. 1987 Â 900 S¬ sltdm-

bn\pw Hm]n-bhpw Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ F¯n-t¨cpw F¶v. Gjy-bnse Gähpw
henb ab-¡p-a-c p¶v hym]mcn Jq³km-bp-ambn ]e XhW {Knäkv IqSn-
¡m-g vN -\ -S-¯ n-bn-cp-¶p. Jq³km CIA bpsS ]¦v shfn-s ¸-Sp-¯n. 1965
apXÂ 1975 hsc emthm-knse CIA ta[mhnbmbncp-¶ Xntbm-UÀ
jms¢bpsS t]cv {]tXyIw ]cm-aÀin-¨p. sX¡p-In-g-¡³ Gjy-bnse
Gähpw henb ab-¡p-a -cp¶v IÅ-¡-S-¯p-I m-c ³ amthm tk l§v ambn
jm¡vs e ASp¯v {]hÀ¯n-¨n-cp-¶p. asämcp kl-{]-hÀ¯-I³
kmâvtdmkv {Sm^n-¡m³sä. am^nb-bp-ambn hfsc \mfs¯ _Ôw
]peÀ¯n-bn-cp¶ hyàn.
Imkvt{Smsb D·q-e\w sN¿p-¶-Xn\v tasbÀ em³kvIn, {Sm^n-
¡msâ sb Npa-X-e-s ¸-Sp-¯ n. {iaw s]mfnªp F¶mWv {]Nm-c Ww.
F¶mÂ [mc-W-bmbn F¶-Xn-\mWv A[n-Ihpw km²y-X. F¶mÂ IrXy-
amb sXfn-hp-I-fn-Ã. Jq³km sh-fn-s ¸-Sp-¯nb asämcp t]cv dn¨ÀUv
BÀan-äm-jv. ]n¶oSv dn¨ÀUv, _mt¦m-¡nse Ata-cn-¡³ Fw_-Ên-bn-
te¡v amdn. AhnsS ^mÀ CuÌv s{Sbn-Un§v tImÀ]-td-j³ Øm]n-¨p.
]n¶oSv doK³, BÀan-äm-jns\ {]Xn-tcm-[ -h-I p-¸ nÂ D] sk{I-«-dn-b m-bn,
A´m-c mjv{S kpc£m Npa-Xe \ÂIn. tae-[n-Imcn {]Xn-tcm-[ -sk-{I-«dn,
Imkv]À ho³_ÀKÀ. BÀan-äm-jnsâ Ncn{Xw Adn-bm-\n-S-b mb hyh-km-b-
{]-ap-J³ tdmÊv s]tdm, sshävlu-kn-se¯n ap³ CIA ta[mhn tPmÀPv
_pjn\v ]cmXn \ÂIn. _pjv At±-ls¯ FBI ta[mhn hnÃyw sh_vÌ-
dnsâ ]¡-te¡v Ab-¨p. F¶mÂ ]cmXn ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-«n-Ã. sh_vÌÀ
]n¶oSv CIA ta[m-hn-bm-b n.
CIA \S-¯nb ab-¡p-a-c p¶v ]co-£-W-§Ä Project Bluebird,
Artichoke, MKUltra, MKDelta XpS-§n-b-h -bnÂ 139 acp-¶p-IÄ ]co-£n-¡-
s¸-«p. LSD kvtImt]m-em-ssa³, tkmUnbw AanämÄ, t¢mdÂ sslt{Uäv
þ Knock Out, sIms¡-bv³, tamÀô³, sltdm-bn³ XpS-§n-b-h .
CIA _Ô-apÅ tUmIvSÀ BÂ-_À«v tlm^v^va³, tUmIvSÀ
Xntam¯n enb-dn, tUmIvSÀ dn¨mÀUv BÂs]À«v, tUmIvSÀ knUv\n
tKm«veo_v F¶n-hÀ {Iqc-a mb ]co-£-W-§Ä¡v t]cp tI«-h-c m-Wv. CIA
ab-¡p-a-c p¶v ]co-£-W-¯nÂ Gähpw {]ap-J-amb MK Ultra bpsS tcJ-
IÄ FÃmw CIA ta[mhn dn¨ÀUv slwknsâ \nÀt±-i-{]-I mcw \in-¸n-¡-
s¸-«p. CIA ab-¡p-a -cp¶v CS-] m-Sp-I-fp-ambn _Ô-ap- m-b n-c p¶ tPm¬.
F^v. sI¶Un h[w sXfn-bn-¡-s¸-Sm-Xn-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn 40 t]À A]-I-
S-§-fnepw B{I-a -W-§-fnepw h[n-¡-s ¸-«p.
Gähpw {Iqc-a mb ]co-£-W-§Ä¡v {]kn-²-\m-bXv
tUmIvSÀ Cuh³ Ima-dq¬. 1943 Â ]pXnb at\m-tcmK tI{µw XpS-§p-¶-
Xn\p th [\-k-lmbw tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ ût-j-\nÂ \n¶v e`n-¨p.
418
Ae³ sat½m-dn-bÂ C³Ìn-äyq«v. tam³{Sn-bÂ se aIvK nÂ bqWn-thÀkn-

än-bpsS `mK-a mb tdmbÂ hnIvtSm-dn-b³ Bip-]-{Xn-bpsS IognÂ. MK
Ultra bpsS `mK-a mbn tKm«veo_v hgn Hcp tImSn tUmfÀ Ima-dq-Wn-\v. 1953
Â. a\-Ênsâ LS\ amäp¶ ]co-£-W§Ä¡v Ima-dq¬ kaÀ¸n-X-\m-
sW¶v sXfn-bn-¡-s¸-«X - n-\mÂ. AXn-\mÂ Xs¶ a\-Ênsâ taÂ kzm[o\w
t\Sp-¶ -Xn-\pÅ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡mbn {]tXyIw \ÂI-s¸-«-XmWv AXv.
A¶p hsc Adn-b-s ¸-«-XnÂ ht¨-ä-hp-w òI-c -amb sskIym-{SnIv ]co-£-W -
§Ä Ima-dq-Wn-tâ-X m-bn-cp-¶p. Depatterning, Psychic Driving F¶nh
Ima-dq-Wnsâ Ip-]n-Sn-¯ §fm-bn-cp-¶p. A¶v {]Nm-c -¯n-ep-m-bn-cp¶
Electro Convulsive Therapy ECT bpw A[n-I -amb tXmXnÂ ab-¡p-a -cp¶pw
Hcp-a n¨v \ÂIn-bn-«mWv Depatterning \S-¯p-¶ -X v. At\Iw hÀj-§Ä, A]-
I-S-I -c-s a¶v Iv hne-¡-s¸-«n-cp¶ ECT ]n¶oSv hopw D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸«p
XpS-§n. AXn\v hnt[-b-am-b-hÀ AXns\ Gähpw `bm-\Iw F¶v hnti-
jn-¸n-¡p-¶p. ECT ac-W-Im-c-W-a m-hp¶ hn[-¯nÂ A]-I -S-I-c -am-Wv. AXv
Znhkw aq¶v {]mhiyw BhÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. BZyw Depatterning \v ab-¡p-a -
cp¶v am{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶p. 30 Znh-k-t¯m-fw. AXn\v Sleep Therapy
F¶mWv hnti-j-Ww. ]n¶oSv ]e acp-¶p-IÄ Hcp-a n¨v \ÂIn. Thorazine,
Nembutal, Seconal, Vernona, Phenergam F¶n-h . AXnsâ ^-e-a mbn Dd-
§n-¡n-S-¡p¶ Bfns\ Fgp-t¶Â]n¨v ECT \ÂIpw. Znh-khw cv aq¶v
{]mhiyw. aäpÅ tUmIvSÀamÀ \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶-Xnsâ 20, 30 Cc«n iàn-
bnÂ. a\pjy³ Aedn hnfn-¡p-¶Xv ImWp-¶Xv Ima-dq-Wn\v kt´mjw
\ÂIn-bn-c p-¶n-cn-¡-W w. ASp¯ L«-¯nÂ I®pw ImXpw AS¨v , s]«n-bn-
em-¡n 30 Znh-k-t¯m-fw. ASp¯ L«w Psychic Driving. sdt¡mÀUv
sNbvX ktµiw ]e {]miyw tIÄ¸n-¡p-I . CIA Bh-iy-¯n\v [\-k-
lmbw \ÂIn t{]mÕm-ln-¸n¨p sImn-cp-¶p. Ima-dq¬ bqWn-thÀknän
Hm^v e\nÂ hnZym-`ymkw sNbvXn-cp-¶p. AhnsS \n¶m-IWw C¯cw
Bi-b-§-fpsS XpS¡w e`n-¨-Xv. Hcp ]t£ GsX-¦ nepw Cult Â \n¶m-bn-
cn¡mw. Ima-dq¬ It\-Un-b³ sskIym-{SnIv Atkm-kn-tb-j³, Ata-cn-
¡³ sskIym{SnIv Atkm-kn-tb-j³ F¶n-h-bpsS A²y-£-\ m-bn. temI
sskIym-{SnIv Atkm-kn-tb-jsâ kvYm]I A²y£-\pw.
Ima-dq-Wnsâ Ime-L-«-¯nÂ CIA kz´w \nebv¡v thsd ]co-£-W-§Ä
\S-¯p-¶p-m-bn-cp-¶p
C¶v acp¶v hn]-Wn-bnÂ sImp hcp-¶-Xn\v 3 L«w ]co-£-W-§Ä
Bh-iy-am-Wv. Phase I,II,III. Phase I Â Btcm-Ky-a pÅ Ipd¨p t]cnÂ ]co-
£n-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶Xv . hnjIm-c n-b-sÃ¶v ImÂ cp hÀj-t¯mfw k¶-²-
cmb a\p-jy-c nÂ ]co-£n-¡p-¶Xv Phase II. Phase III bnÂ 3000 hsc
BÄ¡m-c nÂ 3 hÀjw hsc. Phase II sâ ASn-Øm-\ -¯nÂ am{X-amWv
419
Phase III te¡v IS-¡p-¶ -Xv. s]mXp-hnÂ AXv {]Xn-I-c-W-ti-jn-bn-Ãm-¯-h -

cnÂ am{Xw \S-¯-s ¸-Sp-¶p. Phase II an¡-hmdpw hnZym-e-b-§-fnÂ, Bip-]-
{XnI-fnÂ, at\m-tcmK tI{µ-§-fnÂ Hs¡ cl-ky-ambn \S-¯-s¸-Sp-¶p.
F¶mÂ Gähpw {]nb-s¸-«Xv Pbn-ep-I-fnÂ Ign-bp¶ Ipä-hm-fn-I-fm-Wv.
PÀ½³ tUmIvSÀamÀ ]ecpw C¯cw Ipä-Ir-Xy§Ä¡v h[n¡s¸«p.
Ct¸mÄ AhÀ¡v Øm\-¡-b-ähpw [\-em-`-hpw. AMA AXnÂ k½Xw
\ÂIp-¶p. ]e-t¸mgpw _emÂ¡m-c-a m-bn. AsÃ-¦nÂ cl-ky-a m-bn.
Ata-cn¡ Hcp {_n«ojv tImf-\ n-bm-Wv. tdms¡-s ^-Ã-dns\ \nb-
{ń-¡p-¶Xv tdm¯vj oÂUvkpw. \h-tem-I-{I-a-¯nsâ hàm-¡Ä
\ÂIp¶ cv Øm\mÀ°n-I-fnÂ Hcmsf sXc-s ª-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\v Ata-cn-
¡³ P\-Xbv¡v kzmX-{ý-ap-v. AhÀ Zn\w {]Xn-s b-t¶mWw \nb-{ń-
¡p¶ Hml-cn-h n-] -Wn-bnÂ \nt£-] n-¡p-¶ -X-n-\pw. sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv _m¦v,
_m¦v Hm^v Cw¥-n\p am{Xw Iogvs ¸-«n-c n-¡p-¶p. Im-\-Ubpw AXp
t]mse Xs¶. AhnsS tdmbÂ _m¦v Hm^v Im\-U.
tdm¯vjoÂUvknsâ ]nWn-bmÄ t{_m¬^va ³kv. s_Âkvs_ÀKvkv.
do¨va ³kv.
tdms¡-s^-Ã-dnsâ 5 B¬a-¡-fnÂ 3 t]À Zpcq-l-km-l-N-c y-¯nÂ h[n-¡-

s¸-«p.
1. tPm¬. Un tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ JR Acn-tkm-W-bnÂ äIvk-Wnse C³Ìn-äyq-
j-\nÂ. arX-tZlw [rXn-bnÂ adhp sNbvXp.
2. tPm¬. Un. tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ III \nKq-V-amb A]-I-S-¯nÂ. hoSn-\-Sp-¯v.
\yqtbmÀ¡nÂ.
3. s\Âk¬ tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ Hcp sSen-h n-j³ {]hÀ¯-I sâ I¿nÂ
InS¶p acn-¨p. ]n¶oSv Adn-ªXv AtX kabw asämcp sSen-hn-j³
{]hÀ¯-Isâ I¿nÂ InS¶pw AtX s\Âk¬ ac-W-a-Sªp F¶v.
sImfw-_nb ab-¡p-a-c p¶v am^n-b-bp-am-bpÅ km¼-¯n-I -{]-iv\-§-fmWv
ImcWw. \qdp-I-W-¡n\v tImSn-I-fpsS CS-] m-Sv.
hn³t{Xm]v tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ Xsâ Idp¯ hÀ¤-¡m-c³ kplr-¯nsâ

I¿nÂ InS-¶pw.
tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ IpSpw_w tkmhn-b-äv bq-W n-b-\ nse {]Ya IpSpw_w F¶v
hnti-jn-¸ n-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p. tdms¡-s^-Ã-dnsâ hfÀ¨bv¡v XpS-¡-an-«Xv
tdm¯vjoÂUvknsâ Ata-c n-¡-bnse _m¦p-I -fn-sem-¶mb \mj-WÂ
knän _m-¦nsâ klm-b-t¯m-sS. sP. ]n. tamÀK-\ n-eqsS Ata-cn-¡-bnse
sdbnÂ tdmUp-I-fpsS 95 iX-am-\hpw tdm¯vjoÂUnsâ \nb-{´-W-¯n-em-
bn-cp-¶p. tkmjy-en-k¯nsâ hàm-¡Ä tdms¡-s^-Ã-dns\ ITn-\- lr-Z-b-
\mb Iym-]n-ä-enÌv F¶v hnti-jn-¸n-¨n-c p¶ AtX ka-b¯p Xs¶ I½yq-
420
WnÌv {]Øm-\-¯nsâ {]apJ km¼-¯nI ZmXmhpw tdms¡-s^ÃÀ Xs¶-

bm-bn-c p-¶p. Ata-cn-¡³ CâÀ\m-j-WÂ I¼-\ n-bn-eq-s S. Iym]nä-en-Ì v
F¶ ]gn {][m-\-a mbpw tdms¡-s ^-Ã-dpw, tamÀK\pw t\sc. bYmÀ°
Iym]n-ä-en-kväv tdm¯vjoÂUvknsâ t]cp Xs¶ Bcpw ]d-bp-¶n-Ã. 1912
Unkw-_À 16 se {Sq¯v amK-kn³ ]d-ªXv tdm¯vjoÂUvknsâ {]apJ
]nWn-bmÄ jn^v^v F¶m-Wv. Ìm³UmÀUv Hmbn-ensâ km¼-¯nI Imcy-
§Ä¡v taÂt\m«w \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶Xv jn^v^v B-bn-cp-¶p Gsd-¡mew.
]e {]Xn-k-Ô-n-I fpw XcWw sNbvX v 1913 Â tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ
ût-j³ `c-W-L-S\, ]mÀe-saânÂ ]mÊm-¡n-sb-Sp-¯p. AtX hÀjw,
sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv \nb-ahpw BZmb\n-I pXn \nb-a-hpw. tPmÀÖv sI¶s\
djy-bn-te¡v, hn¹-h -¯n\v ]n³XpW \ÂIp-¶-Xn\v jn^v^v GÀ¸m-Sm-¡n.
cmw temI alm-bp-²-¯n\v tijw UnÃ³ doUv C³sh-Ìvsaâv I¼-\n-

bpsS ]¦mfn P\-dÂ hnÃyw s{Ubv]À PÀ½-\n-bpsS km¼-¯n-I - Imcy
ta[mhn Bbn. Bbp[ hXvI -c-W-¯n\v PÀ½-\ n¡v 10 tImSn tUmfÀ kw`-
cn¨p \ÂIn-bXv UnÃ³ doUv. s\XÀe³Uvknse _À\mÀUv cmP-I p-a m-c ³
1930 IfpsS BZy-Im-e¯v PÀ½³ SS Â AwK-a m-bn. sF.-Pn. bpsS \nb-{´-
W-¯n-epÅ lmÀ_³ _nÂU-dnepw Farben Bilder . bp²m-\ćw AXoh
cl-ky- kz-`m-h-a pÅ \b-cq-]o-I-c-W- kwLw cq]o-I-c n-¨-t¸mÄ AXn\v
_nÂUÀ_ÀKv kwLw F¶v t]cn-«p. he-Xp-]£ {]Øm\w F¶v Adn-b-
s¸-Sp¶ tPm¬ _nÀ¨v skmssk-än-bpsS {]hÀ¯-\hpw tdms¡-s ^-Ã-
dnsâ \nb-{´-W -¯nÂ Xs¶. AXnsâ Øm]-I ³ tdm_À«v shÂjv, 32
Un{Kn tabvk¬. JBS sâ {]apJ AwK-§-sfÃmw CFR Â \n¶v. JBS s\
shÅ ]qip-¶-Xn\v CIA bnse hnÃyw _Ivse, cq£-a mb B{I-aWw \S-
¯n. At±-l-¯nsâ {]kn-²o-I-c-W-a mb National Review hneq-sS.
IrXy-amb IW-¡p-I -fnÃ F¦nepw GI-tZiw 7 tImSn cmk- h-
kvXp-¡Ä D]-tbm-K-¯n-ep-v. Io-S\ - m-in-\n-IÄ 40,000, tUmIvS-dpsS Ipdn-
¸Sn Bh-iy-ap-ÅXv 205,000 acp-¶p-IÄ. A§ns\ BsI 7 tImSn. Ch D]-
tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xn\v \ymbo-I-c-W-a mbn arK-§-fnÂ \S-¯p¶ ê-§-fpw.
]cn-kc aen-\o-I-c-W-¯nsâ bYmÀ° ImcWw CXp Xs¶-bm-Wv. \qdp-I -
W-¡n\v ]cn-tim-[-\-I-s fÃmw ASn-Øm-\ -c-ln-Xw. tUmIvSÀ {_qkv
Gbvwkv. Imen-t^mÀWnb bqWn-thÀkn-än-bnÂ \mjWÂ C³Ìnäyq«v
Hm^v F³h-b¬saâÂ slÂ¯v kb³kkv skâÀ Ub-d-IvSÀ, ]d-bp-
¶Xv Fen-bnepw Nps-en-bnepw Htc cmk-hkvXp hncp-²-êw ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-
¡p-¶p. At¸mÄ a\p-jy-\ nÂ AXv F{]-I mcw \ymbo-I-cn-¡m-\m-hpw.
ss{S FX-t\mÄ Assa³, s]Àt¢mtdm FXn-eo³ F¶n-h. ipNo-I-c n-¡p-¶-
Xn\p thn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ cmk-h-kvXp-¡Ä F¶mÂ A]-I-S-I-c w.
]©-km-c bv¡p ]Icw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ kmJvJ-dn³ Iym³k-dn\p Imc-W-am-
hp-¶p. Imen-t^mÀWn-b-bnÂ AXv \nb-{ń-X-a m-Wv. CuPn-]väp-ImÀ¡v
421
hÀ¤-§Ä X½n-epÅ hyXymkw Adn-hp-m-bn-cp-¶p. Bbn-c-¡-W -¡n\v

hÀj-§Ä¡p ap³]v. AhÀ ^dthmamÀ¡v Blmcw \ÂIp-¶-Xn\p
ap³]v Fen-IÄ¡m-bn-cp-¶nÃ AXv \ÂIn-bn-c p-¶Xv adn¨v AXv ]mNIw
sNbvXn-cp-¶-hÀ¡m-bn-cp-¶p.
C¶v \ne-hn-epÅ imkv{Xw sI«p-I-Y-bm-Wv Science is Fiction.
sIan-¡Â km{am-Pyw. s]t{Smfnbw km{amPyw, ^mÀ-a-kyq-«n-¡Â km{am-
Pyw, `£y-hkvX p hyh-km-bw, Kth-j-W-{]-Øm-\-§Ä, BtcmKy c£m
Øm]-\-§Ä, ssk\yw, Kh¬saâv, ]ns¶ ]cn-ØnXn kwc-£W {]Øm-
\-§Ä FÃmw tNÀ¶v H¯p Ifn-¡p-¶p.
Ip¯n-h-bv] n-\pÅ acp¶v \nÀ½n-¡p¶ coXn- A-Xohw \nIr-jvS-
am-Wv. BZy L«-¯nÂ tcmKm-Wp-¡sf tiJ-cn-¡p-¶p. AXnsâ hocyw
Ipd-¡p-¶ -Xn\v AXv ar-K-tIm-i-§-fn-eqsS At\Iw XhW IS¯n hnSp-¶p.
aoknÂkv sshd-kv {`qWm-h-Ø -bn-epÅ Chick, eqsS, t]mfnsbm sshd-kv,
Ipc-§p-IfpsS InUv\n-bn-eq-sS, dps_Ã sshdkv KÀ`-On-{ Z-¯n-eqsS e`n¨
a\pjy Ipªnsâ Ah-b-h-§-fn-eq-sS. AX-ns\ tdUn-tb-j³, cmk-h-
kvXp-¡Ä, Xm]w F¶nh {]tbm-Kn¨v \nÀho-c y-a m-¡p-¶-X mWv ASp¯ \S-] -
Sn. ]n¶oSv AXns\ Icp-¯p-Å-X m-¡p-¶-Xn\v Bân-_-tbm-«n-¡p-IÄ, acp-
¶p-I Ä, hnj-I-c-amb AWp-\m-in-\n-IÄ, \ntbm-ssa-kn³, kv{S]vtäm-ssa-
kn³, tkmUnbw t¢mssd-Uv, tkmUnbw sslt{Um-I vssk-Uv, Aep-an-
\nbw sslt{UmIvs skUv, Aeq-a n-\nbw sslt{Um t¢mssd-Uv, tkmÀ_n-
tämÄ, sslt{Um-s sekvUv Pem-än³, t^mÀamÂUn-ssl-Uv, ssXa-tdm-
kÂ(-saÀIyq-dn-bpsS hI-t`-Zw) F¶nh D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
Aeq-an-\n-bw, t^mÀamÂUn-ssl-Uv, saÀIyqdn F¶nh AXohw
hnj-I-c-a m-sW¶v sXfn-bn-¡-s ¸-«-X m-Wv. hfsc hfsc sNdnb Af-hnÂ
Ch Iym³k-dn\v Imc-W-am-Ip-¶p, Xe-t¨m-dnsâ \mi-¯n-\pw. Ah
Ipªp-§Ä¡pÅ Ip¯n-h -bv]nÂ AS-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
arK-tIm-i
- §fneqsS IS-¯ n-h n-Sp-t¼mÄ Ah-bpsS RNA, DNA ,
Ip¯n-h-bv] nÂ IS¶p IqSp-¶p. AXv ico-c -¯n-te¡v t\cn«v Ip¯n hbv-
¡p-¶Xv ico-c-¯nsâ P\n-XI LS-\sb amän-¯oÀ¡mw. Ip¯n-h-bv]p-
IÄ sNIp-¯m³ tkh-bpsS a{´-hm-Z-¯nsâ B[p-\nI cq]w. arK-§sf
_en \ÂIn Ah-bpsS Ah-b-h-§Ä ]mIw sNbvXv D]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. 21
þmw \qäm-nse {`m´-· m-c mb imkv{XÚ·m-c psS t{]X NnIn-Õ.
Ipªp-§Ä AXn\v _en-bm-Sm-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p. a\p-jy\p taÂ IS¶p Ibäw
\S-¯p¶ ]co-£-W-§Ä.
\nÀ_-ÔnX Ip¯n-hbv] v \oXn \ntj-[n-¡p-¶p. AXn\v H¯mi
\ÂIp-¶-Xn\v `c-W-Iq-S-¯n\v A[n-I-m-c-a n-Ã.
DPT : A Shot in the Dark. By. Coulter And Fisher ]ns¶ Vaccination,
Social Violence And Criminality. By. Harris. L. Coulter F¶o ]pkvX -I-
§Ä, hÀ²n¨p hcp¶ Ipä-Ir-X y-§Ä¡v Imc-W-ambn Ip¯n-h-bv]ns\
422
{]Xn-jvTn-¡p-¶p. C¶v F³k-^ -sse-änkv F¶ Xe-t¨m-dns\ _m[n-¡p¶

Ah-Øbv¡v ImcWw Ip¯n-hbv]p Xs¶bmsW¶pw. IqÄ«-dn\v
\yqtbmÀ¡nÂ \n¶v tUmIvS-tdäv t\Sn-s¡m-Sp¯ {]_Ôw Political and
Social Aspects of Nineteenth Century Medicne in the U.S : The Formation
of AMA And its Struggle with the Homeopathic And Electic Physicians.
Bkvß, Hm«n-kw, Ub-s _-än-kv, Aan-X-h-®w, _p²n-am-µyw, aZy-]m-\m-
kàn FÃmw A[n-I-a mbn Gdn hcp-¶-X nsâ {][m\ ImcWw Ip¯n-h-bv]p-
I-fpw, cmk-h-kvX p-¡-fpamWv.
Fascism in Medicine F¶ ]T-\-¯nÂ Kmcn \Ä IrXy-a mb \nco-£-
W-§Ä \S-¯p-¶p. A[nIw tUmIvSÀamÀ, A[nIw Bip-]-{Xn-IÄ,
A[nIw acp-¶p-I Ä F¶nh A[nIw Btcm-Ky-apÅ P\s¯ krjvSn-¡p-
¶n-Ã. Hcp eIjw tImSn tUmf-dn-e-[nIw Iym³kÀ ]cn-c-£bv¡p thn
sNe-hn«p Ign-ªp. 5000 tImSn tUmf-dn-e-[nIw Kth-j-W -¯n\p thn-
bpw. CXp hsc Hcp Iym³kÀ tcmKn-s b-t¸mepw NnIn-Õn¨p t`Z-a m-¡p-¶-
Xn\v Ign-ªn-«n-Ã. Hmtcm hÀjhpw Iym³kÀ ImcWw acn-¡p¶ tcmKn-I -
fpsS F®w hÀ²n¨p hcp-¶p. AXnÂ ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw Iym³kÀ NnIn-
Õbv¡v \ÂIp¶ acp-¶p-IÄ, {]Xn-tcm[ tijnsb \in-¸ n-¡p-¶Xp sIm-
p-m-Ip¶ aäv tcmK-§Ä Imc-Ww. Nne \nÊm-c -s¸« Iym³k-dp-I Ä þ
Hcp ]t£ \nÀh-N-\-¯nsâ ]n³_-e-¯nÂ Iym³kÀ Bbn hymJym-\n-¡-
s¸-Sp-¶h þ t`Z-am-¡p-¶-Xn\v km[n-¡p-¶p-v. Hcp tImSn-bn-e-[nIw a\p-
jyÀ Iym³kÀ ImcWw ac-W-s ¸«p Ign-ªp. Bcpw in£n-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶n-Ã.
A[nIw ]mcn-tXm-jn-Iw, kvYm\-¡-bäw Hs¡-bmWv {]Xn-^-ew. tUmIvSÀ
temd³kv _À«sâ Ip ]nSn-¯ §Ä D]-tbm-K-{]-Z-sa¶v Iv AaÀ¨
sN¿-s¸-«p. BÀ«-dn-bnse XS-Ê-§Ä \o¡w sN¿p¶ Chelation NnIn-
Õbpw AXp t]mse Xs¶. sshZy-im-kv{X-cwKw ^mknÌv Nn´m-KXn
h¨p ]peÀ¯p-¶p. AhÀ ]d-bp-¶-X-n\v FXn-c m-b-sXÃmw sXäv. AXp
sImp Xs¶ \in-¸n-¡-s¸-tS-Xpw.
Krebiozin NnInÕ Iym³k-dn\v ê-{]-Z-s a¶v Is-¯nb Ime-L-« -
¯nse Gähpw {]ap-J-\mb tUmIvSÀ B³{Uq sFhn, AXns\ ]n³Xm-
§n-s b¶ Hä Imc-W-¯mÂ X«n-¸p-Im-c-s\¶v {]N-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-«p. {I_n-tbm-
kn³ \in-¸n-¡s¸-«p.
temI-¯ nse Gähpw em`-I-c-a mb hyh-kmbw A\-[n-I rX ab-¡p-a -cp¶v
hym]m-cw. sXm«p-Xmsg \nb-a-hn-t[-b-amb acp¶v hym]m-c -hpw. AXv
\nÊmc Imc-W-§Ä¡v at\m-tcmK NnIn-Õ-bv¡pÅ acp¶v \ÂIp-¶p.
s]mXp-P\w {]Xn-I -cn-¡m-¯-X mWv {]iv\-§-fpsS aqeImcWw. Hmtcm
cq£-amb {]iv\-§-tfmSpw Ac iX-a m\w P\-§Ä am{Xw {]Xn-I -cn-¡p-¶p.
_m¡n-bp-Å-hÀ kzmÀ°Xbn-te¡v DÄh-en-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p. bp²-¯n\p
t]mIp-¶-Xnsâ bYmÀ° Dt±yiw ssk\n-IÀ¡v Adn-bnÃ F¶Xp t]mse
423
Atem-¸Xn , em`-¯ n\p thn \S-¯p¶ hyh-km-b-a m-s W¶v A[nIw

tUmIvSÀamÀ¡pw Adn-bn-Ã.
“saUn-¡Â ImÀ«Â, D¶-X- X-e-¯nÂ, P\-§sf klm-bn-¡p-¶-
Xn\p thn-bp-Å-X -Ã, Ahsc t{Zmln-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn, Ahsc timjn-
¸n-¡p-¶-X n\p thn, Ahsc \in-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn-bp-Å-X m-Wv. Fsâ
DtZym-K-¯nsâ `mK-ambn, B{^n-¡-bnÂ D¶X ]Z-hn-bn-ep- m-bn-cp¶ Hcp
hyàn-bp-ambn Rm³ ZoÀL- kw-`m-jWw \S-¯n. At±-l-¯n\v
AsXms¡ Adn-hp-mbn-c p¶p F¶v Ft¶mSp ]d-ªp. temIm-tcmKy
kwL-S\ P\-kwJy Ipd-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn-bp-Å - ap¶Wn {]Øm-\am-sW-
¶pw.” þ tPm¬ dm¸t¸mÀ«v. kam-\-a mb Bibw ]peÀ¯p¶p sP. U»n-
bp. tlmUvPv.
“lrZb ikv{X-{In-bbv¡v hnt[-b-cmb cv e£w t]sc, lmÀhÀUnÂ
]T-\- hn-t[-b-c m-¡n-b-XnÂ, ikv{X-{In-bbv¡v hnt[-b-cm-Im-¯-h -cnÂ \n¶pw
Fs´-¦nepw sa¨w, AXn\v hnt[-b-a m-b -h-cnÂ Is-¯n-bn-Ã. saUn-¡Â
Ip¯-I , D¶-X - X-e-¯nÂ, em`-a p-m-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn am{Xw \ne-\nÂ¡p-
¶p.” - Gangsters In Medicine. By. Thomas Smith
“1935 se s]Ãm{K kw`-h w. cp hÀj-¯n-\Iw e£-¡-W-¡n\p t]À ac-
W-a-S-ªp. AXn\p tijw Ata-c n-¡³ BtcmKy hIp¸v \S-] Sn
ssIs¡m-p. AXnsâ Ub-d-IvS-dn\v Adn-hp-m-bn-cp-¶-XmWv \nbm-kn³
A`mhw s]Ãm-{Kbv¡v Imc-W-am-hp¶p F¶v. \S-]Sn FSp-¡m³ Xma-kn-¨ -
Xn\p ImcWw Zcn-{Z-cmb Idp¯ hÀ¤-¡m-sc-bmWv AXv _m[n-¨ Xv
F¶XpsImv.” - A History of U.S Secret Human Experimentation.
“Adn-hns\ \nb-{ń-¡pI F¶mÂ a\-Êns\ Iogvs¸-Sp-¯pI F¶m-XmWv”
- Un¡v k«vs^³.
“akvXnjvI {]£mf\w sN¿-s¸-«-hÀ AXns\ \ymbo-I-c n-¡pw. AhÀ¡v
Ft´m al-¯ m-bXv e`y-ambn F¶ a«nÂ.” - The Battle for Your Mind :
Brainwashing Techniques Being Used on The Public. By. Dick Sutphen
“apJyLSIw AZr-iy-X-bm-Wv. {]Nm-c -W-the {]Xy-£am-bmÂ AXnsâ
Icp¯v \in-¡pw. AXv {]Nm-c W the-b-Ã, adn¨v kmam\y _p²n-bm-Wv,
s]mXp-hnÂ AwKo-I m-c -ap-Å-Xm-Wv F¶v hcp-¯n-¯oÀ¡p-¶-X mWv IqSp-XÂ
Imcy-£-a w.” - War On Truth : The Secret Battle for the American Mind .
By John Stauber
“Medical Research AXohw Icp-¯pÅ ]Zw. P\-§-fnÂ \n¶pw ]Ww
Ih-c p-¶-X n\v kp\nÝnX-amb amÀ¤w. \nIpXn hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-¶Xp hgn.
cmjv{So-b-¡mÀ A[nIw ]Ww CuSm-¡p-¶-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ X{´-a m-Wv,
424
IqSp-XÂ Kth-j-W-¯n-\ v, IqSp-X Â ]Ww Bh-iy-apv F¶p-Å-Xv.” - The

CIA, Mind Control And Children. By John Rappapport.
^vfqssd-Uv. a\pjy\v Adn-bm-h p-¶-XnÂ Gähpw amc-I-amb cmk-h-kvXp.
BWh t_mw_nse {][m\ LS-Iw. tI{µ \mUo-hyq-l-¯n\v F{Xbpw
A]-ISw krjvSn-¡p-hm³ Ign-hp-Å-Xv. AXn-s \-¡p-dn-¨pÅ hnh-c-§Ä
ad¨p hbv¡-s ¸-«n-c n-¡p-¶p. tZiob kpc£bv¡mbn F¶m-Wv, {]N-cn-¸n-
¡-s¸-Sp¶ Imc-Ww.
t^mÀ«v sU{Sn¡nse ssPhm-bp[ Kth-jW tI{µ-¯nse sshdkv
hn`m-K-¯nsâ t]cp amän {Û-dnIv Iym³kÀ dnkÀ¨v ^kn-en-äokv F¶m-
¡n. \mj-WÂ Iym³kÀ C³Ìn-äyq-«nsâ IognÂ. Ata-cn-¡³ \mhn-I-
tk-\ -bpsS taÂt\m-«-¯nÂ Iym³k-dp-m-¡p¶ sshdkv \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-
Xn\p thn. {]Xn-tcm-[-a n-Ãm¯ sshd-kns\ Chn-sS-bmWv thÀXn-c n-¨-Xv.
AXv ]n¶oSv HTLV - Human T- Cell Leukhemia Virus F¶v Adn-b-s¸-«p.
1987 Â {]Xn-tcm[ hIp¸v k½-Xn-¨-Xm-Wv, ssPh hkvXp-¡-fpsS hnI-k-
\hpw Kth-j-Whpw \ntcm-[n-¡-s¸-«-Xm-s W-¦nepw 127 tI{µ-§-fnepw bqWn-
thÀkn-än-I-fnepw AXv XpS-cp¶p F¶-Xv. 1994 Â sk\-äÀ tPm¬. Un.
tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ dnt¸mÀ«nÂ ]d-ªXv Ignª 50 hÀj-¯n-\n-Sbv¡v e£-¡-
W-¡n\v ssk\n-I -cpsS taÂ {]Xn-tcm[ hIp¸v a\-]qÀÆw ]e hn[ ]co-£ -
W-§Ä \S-¯n-bn-cp-¶p, A]-I-S-I-c-a mb hkvX p-¡Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¨ v, aÌÀUv
Kymkv, s\Àhv Kymkv, Asbm-ssW-kn§v tdUn-tb-j³, sskt¡m- sI-an-
¡Âkv, KÄ^v bp²-¯nÂ D]-tbm-Kn¨ acp-¶p-IÄ F¶n-h.
B[p-\ nI sshZy-i mkv{Xw Ah-Im-i -s¸-Sp-¶Xv KpWw tZmj-t¯-¡m-
tf-sd-bm-s W-¶m-Wv. hmkvX-h-¯nÂ KpWw tUmIvSÀ¡pw tZmjw tcmKn-
¡p-a m-Wv. þ lmcnkv IqÄ«À. [ The Vaccine Guide : Making an Informed
Choice By. DR. Randall Neustaedter ]
A´m-c mjv{S {]i-kvXn-bpÅ Iptd-tbsd imkv{X-PvR·mÀ ]d-bp-¶Xv AIDS
sshd-kv, ssPhm-bp[ Kth-j-IÀ hnI-kn-¸n-¨-Xm-sW-¶pw, Ata-cn-¡³
s]mXp-P-\ m-tcmKy hn`mKw USPHS temIm-tcmKy kwL-S-\-bpsS WHO klm-
b-t¯msS AXns\ hym]n-¸ n¨p F¶p-am-Wv. WHO bpsS BZy-I me sshdkv
Kth-j-W- ]-²-Xn-bnÂ `mK-am-bn-cp¶p Centre for Disease Control, (CDC),
National Cancer Institute (NCI). 1960 Ifnepw 1970 IfpsS BZy-Im-e-¯nepw
^mÀa-kyq-«n-¡Â, _mIvSo-cn-tbm-fPn¡Â, sshdÂ do GPâp-I - -fpsS
Ip¯I ZmXm-hm-bn-cp¶pWHO . National Institute of Health sâ `mK-amb
NCI, WHO sâ {]apJ hnX-c-W-¡m-cmbn {]hÀ¯n-¨ n-c p-¶p, 1960 IfpsS
Ah-km-\-Im-e-¯v. 1968 Â WHO 35 cmjv{S-§-fn-embn 120 ]co--£-W-im-e-
IÄ¡v kmt¦-XnI D]-tZ-jv Sm-¡-tfbpw, sshdkv LS-I -§-tfbpw
Prototype Virus Strains \ÂInbn-c p-¶p. 1969 Â 120 F¶p-ÅXv 592 Bbn
425
amdn. AXnÂ Gähpw sa¨-s¸« 4 F®w . NCI, CDC DÄs¸-sS, 2,514

sshdkv Xcn-¼p-IÄ (Strains), 1888 ]co-£Wm-Sn-Ø m-\-¯n-epÅ Ip¯n-h -
bv]p-IÄ, 100 Cell Cutlure km¼n-fp-IÄ 1969 Â hnX-cWw sNbvX p. 1970 Â
70,000 thÀXn-c n-¡-s ¸« sshd-kp-IÄ þ isolations Is-¯n.
AIDS sshd-kns\ Xncn-¨-dnª tdm_À«v Kmtem, NCI bpsS `mK-amb
Cell Tumor Biology Laboratory bpsS ta[m-hn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. AXv {]Xn-tcm-[-
hy-h-Øsb XIÀ¡p¶ sshd-kp-Isf¡pdn¨p am{Xw Kth-jWw \S-¯n-
bn-cp-¶p. 1984 Â Is¯n F¶v Kmtem ]d-bp-¶p-s -¦nepw 1971 Â Xs¶
AIDS sshdkv \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw Kmtem-bpsS ]co-
£-W-ime {]m]vXn t\Sn-bn-cp-¶p. enä³ C³U-kv{Sokv -þssk\nI Icm-dp-
IÄ Gsä-Sp-¡p¶ {]Øm-\w. AXnsâ Iogn-epÅ enä³ _tbm-s \-än-
Ivkp-ambn Kmtem ASp¯ _Ôw ]peÀ¯n-bn-c p-¶p. enä³ _tbm-s \-
änIvkv F¶Xv Hcp {]apJ ssPhm-bp[ \nÀ½mW IcmÀ {]Øm-\w. Ah-
cp-am-bn-t¨À¶v, “ept¡-a n-b, kÀt¡m-a, icocw timjn¨p t]mIp¶ Akp-
J-§Ä” F¶nh krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ knan-b³ (Ip-c-§v) sshd-kp-IÄ,
Kmtem \nÀ½n-¨n-cp-¶p. AIDS tcmKn-I-fnÂ ImW-s¸-Sp¶ Akp-J-§Ä
\nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ kmt¦-XnI anIhpw t\Sn-bn-cp-¶p. AXv Kmtem 1970
Â \mtäm imkv{X-Ú-³ -amÀ¡v ssIam-dn.
tUmIvSÀ tdm_À«v kvs{S¡À Xd-¸n¨v ]d-bp-¶Xv ssk\nI Bh-iy-
¯n-\v, P\-kwJy Ipd-¡p-¶-Xn\v Icp-X n-¡q«n \nÀ½n-¡-s ¸-«-h -bm-sW-¶pw,
]¨-¡p-c-§³ kn²m-´hpw, Patient Zero Theory bpw ip² Akw-_-Ô-am-
sW-¶p-am-Wv.
Iym³kÀ sshdkv kwLm-X-¯nÂ tUmIvSÀ Kmsem-tbm-sSm¸w Dm-
bn-cp-¶-hÀ eqIv sam¬Sm-án-bÀ,(Pasteur Institute) tUmWÄUv {^m³kn-
kv (CDC), ]oäÀ Uyqkv_ÀKv (Im-en-t^mÀWnb bqWn-thÀkn-än) amIvkv
FsÊIvkv (lmÀhÀUv).
BZy-Ime sl¸-än-änkv þB Ip¯n-hbv]v hnI-kn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn HIV
- 1\p kam-\ -amb SIV hml-I-c mb Nn¼m³kn-Isf D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶p. AXv
1973 þ 1974 Ime-L-«-¯nÂ \yqtbmÀ¡v \K-c-¯nepw, a²y B{^n-¡-bnepw
]cn-tim-[n-¨n-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ AIDS a\pjy \nÀ½n-X-am-Wv F¶-X mWv IqSp-
XÂ bpàn `{Zw.
1960 apXÂ kzhÀK-t`m-Kn-I-fpsS kwL-S-\-I-s fbpw a\p-jym-h-Imi kwL-S-
\-I-tfbpw Atacn-¡-bnepw hntZ-i¯pw t\m«-a n-«n-cp-¶p. Idp¯ hÀ¤-¡m-
cpsS hn¹hw XS-bp-¶-Xn\p thnbmbn-c p-¶p. AXnsâ taÂt\m«w FBI,
CIA F¶n-h-¡v. aq¶mw temI-cm-Py§Ä iàn {]m]n-¡p-¶Xv XS-bp-I, ASn-
b-ń-c-a mbn P\-kwJym hÀ²-\ hv XS-bpI F¶-X m-bn-c p¶p e£yw. [
426
Emerging Viruses : Aids & Ebola - Nature, Accident or Intentional. By.

Leonard Horowitz]
FbvUvkv acp-¶p-I-fpsS Gähpw henb ZmXm¡Ä Merck, Sharp, Dohme
(MSD). tPmk^v Imen-^mt\m MSD bpambn ASp¯ _Ôw ]peÀ¯p-¶p.
Imen-^mt\m {ZpX-K-Xn-bnÂ hÀ²n¨p hcp¶ P\-kwJym hfÀ¨ XS-bp-¶-
XnÂ {]tXyI XmXv]cyw {]I-Sn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶p. Ata-cn-¡³ cl-kym-t\z-jW
hn`m-K-hp-a mbn ASp¯p \nÂ¡p¶ USAID bnÂ \n¶pw a²y B{^n-¡-
bnÂ sl¸-än-änkv B Ip¯n-h -bv]nsâ ]T\§Ä¡v saÀ¡n\v [\-k-lmbw
t\Sn-s¡mSp-¯Xv Imen-^ m-t\m.
Ipc-§-·m-cnÂ am{Xw ]cn-t- im-[ n¨, Poh-\pÅ AsÃ-¦nÂ AÀ²
\nÀho-c y-a m-¡nb sshdkv AS-§nb Ip¯n-hbv]v 1969 Â \ymtbmÀ¡v
knän »Uv _m¦nsâ klm-b-t¯msS \yqtbmÀ¡v bqWn-thÀknän saUn-
¡Â skâÀ sâ `mK-a mb ssPhm-bp[ Icm-dp-I mÀ a\p-jy-\ nÂ ]co-£n-
¨p. A¯cw sshd-kp-IÄ hnI-kn-¸n-¨Xv Nn¼m³kn-I-fnÂ. Hcp ]t£
aäv At\Iw Akp-J-§Ä¡p Imc-W-a m-I p¶ AWp-¡sf DÄs¡m-n-cp-
¶-h.
]co-£-W-§Ä¡mbn ssk\y-¯nsâ 18 {]apJ ssPhm-bp[
Icm-dp-ImÀ _tbm-s\-än-Ivkv, lmsÉ-ä³ Dow Chemicals XpS-§n-b-h,
Kmtemsb klm-bn-¨n-cp-¶p. 20 cmjv{S-§-fnÂ USAID, CDC, WHO, MSD
F¶n-h -bpsS klm-b-t¯msS {]Xn-tcm[ Ip¯n-hbv]v Bkq-{XWw sNbvX-
Xnsâ ]n¶nÂ PmXn, hÀ¤, tZiob XmXv] cyw F¶n-h-bm-bn-cp¶p F¶v
{]apJ kÀ¡mÀ ivkv{XÚ-·mÀ Xs¶ ]d-bp-¶p. USPHS \nÀ½n¨ amc-I -
amb hnjw CIA kzoI-cn¨v t^mÀ«v sU{Sn-¡nÂ F¯n-¨n-cp-¶p. a\pjy\p
taÂ ]co-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw, cl-ky- {]-hÀ¯-\ -§Ä¡pw thn. A[n-
Ihpw A\p-aXn t\Sm-sX-bmWv C¯cw ]co-£-W-§Ä \S-¯ n-bn-cp-¶-Xv.
\mkn bp² Ipä-h m-fn-I -fmb , “ac-W-¯nsâ amemJ” F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶
tPmk^v sa³sKse, entbm-\nse Iim-¸p-Im-c³ ¢mhpkv _mÀ_n,
hmÄ«À dmhp-^v^v, SS sâ k©-c n-¡p¶ Kymkv sNbvw-_-dnsâ
taÂt\m«apm-bn-c p¶ s{Û-dnIv jvsh³Uv F¶n-hÀ, Ipä-hn-Nm-c-W-
bnÂ \n¶pw c£ t\Sp-¶-X n\v CIA bnÂ tNÀ¶p. do¡v dnkÀ¨v C³Ìn-äyq-
«nÂ sshdkp sImp-m-hp¶ Akp-J-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v Kth-jWw \S-¯n-
bn-cp¶ FdnIv t{Sm_pw. t{]mPIvSv t]bv] À ¢n]v sâ Xe-h³ P\-dÂ
t_mfn-§v, sl³{Sn InÊn³PÀ F¶n-hÀ sImp h¶ 2000 Hmfw \mkn-
IÄ Ata-c n-¡³ ssk\nI þ saUn-¡Â þ hymh-km-bnI þ kwLm-X -
¯nse D¶-X-c m-bn-¯oÀ¶p. MMIC \mkn cl-kym-t\z-jW hn`m-K-¯n-
sâbpw lnäve-dnsâ SS sâbpw ]n¶nse iàn-tI-{µ-§Ä sKlvse³
HmÀK-s s\-tk-j³, ]ns¶ saÀ¡v MERCK kwLm-X w. sKlvse³ HmÀK-
427
ss\-tk-jsâ \ng-embn XpS-§nb CIA hÀKo-b-X-bnÂ shfp¯ hÀ¤-

¯nsâ taÂt¡m-bva-bnÂ A[n-jvT n-X-am-bn-cp-¶p.
knb-sd-bnÂ {]kn-Uv sam_p-«p-hnsâ H¯m-i-tbmsS CIA bpsS
t\Xr-X z-¯nÂ, t]mÀ¨p-Ko-kv, {^©v, sX¡³ B{^n-¡³ t]mcm-fn-IÄ
Xmh-f-a p-d-¸n-¨p. NATO kJyw Iq«n-\v. 1975 Â sam_p«p NATO ¡v FXn-cm-
bn. AdÌpw ]pd-¯m-¡-epw. 1976 Â knb-d-bnse 55 {Kma-§-fnÂ Ft_mf
s]m«n-¸ p-d-s¸-«p. Ip¯n-h-bv]v e`n-¨n-cp-¶-hÀ BZyw ac-W-a -S-ªp. NATO,
\mkn _Ô-apÅ ]Sn-ªm-d³ PÀ½-\n-bnse I¼\n Orbital Transport Und
Raketen Aktiengessell Schaft OTRAG, sam_p«p F¶n-h À cl-ky-[m-c-W-
bnÂ F¯n-t¨À¶p. knb-d-bnÂ 260,000 kvIzbÀ Intem-ao-äÀ OTRAG \v
]m«-a mbn \ÂIn. AhnsS 760,000 P\-kw-Jy. Ft_mf ]SÀ¶-Xpw, The
AIDS Highway bpw ASp¯p Xs¶. OTRAG se D¶-X-cnÂ \mkn imkv{X-
Ú-³ tUmIvSÀ IqÀ«v. F¨v. Un_v-kv, dn¨ÀUv tKmws]À«vkv, ep«vkv
Xntem sIbvkÀ XpS-§n-b-hÀ. CIA / NATO A[n-\ n-thi tI{µ-§-fntem,
AXn-\-Spt¯m BWv amÀ_ÀKv, Ft_m-f, sdÌ³, AIDS XpS-§n-b-h-bpsS
Bcw-`w. Iym³k-dn\p ImcWw sshd-km-s W¶v {]N-c n-¸n-¨Xv ssPhm-bp[
hnI-k\ hn`mKw , sshdkv ]co-£-W-§Ä¡v ad-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-¨p, .
sshZy-imkv{Xw F¶ t]cnÂ NCI `bm-\-I -amb ]co-£-W§Ä \S-¯n.
A¯cw Iym³kÀ sshdkv ]co-£-W-§Ä \S-¯n-bn-cp¶
slbvkÂdWnsâ doÌ¬ sshdkv, enä³ _tbm-s \-än-Ivknse sshd-km-
bn-cp¶p Ipc-§-·m-cnÂ ]co-£n-¨-Xv. amÀ_ÀKv sshd-knsâ Dd-hn-Sw -en-
ä³ _tbm-s\-än-Ivknse tUmIvSÀ tPm¬ em³U³. amÀ_ÀKv sshdkv
a\pjy \nÀ½n-X -am-sW¶v NCI bpsS knanb³ hnZ-KvZ-[³ tUmIvSÀ
skbva qÀ ImÄ«À.
tÉmB³ ût-j³, Planned - Parenthood, F¶-nh World
Population New York \v P\-kwJym \nb-{´W ]T-\-§Ä¡v [\-k-
lmbw \ÂIn.
MSD bpsS t]mfntbm Ip¯n-h-bv] p-I Ä, ]n¶oSv sl]m-än-änkv þ B Ip¯n-
hbv]pw Poh-\ pÅ knan-b³ seân- ssh-d-kp-IÄ DÄs¡m-n-cp-¶p. AXv
]ns¶ ]Xn-äm-p-I -tfmfw a\p-jy-\nÂ Iym³k-dn\v Imc-W-a m-bn-¯oÀ¶p
F¶p Icp-X-s ¸-Sp-¶p. Ipc-§³am-c nÂ \n-¶pÅ sshd-kp-IÄ Ct¸mgpw
Ip¯n-h-bv¸ n-eqsS a\p-jy-cn-te¡v ]IÀ¶p -\-evI-s¸-«p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶p.
a\p-jyÀ FÃm-t]cpw -Iym³k-dn\pw aä-\-h[n Akp-J-§Ä¡pw ASn-s ¸-Sm-
\pÅ km²yX G-s d-bm-Wv. a\p-jyÀ sXän-²-c n-¡-s¸Sp¯s¸-«p-s Im-t-
bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
Emerging Viruses : Aids & Ebola F¶ ]pkvX-I -¯nsâ cN-bn-Xmhv
Leonard Horowitz Bap-J-am-bn«p ]d-bp-¶Xv This book is painfully
428
nonfiction - The story is true, the characters, Scientific and Political are
real, Secondary references have been checked and authenticated. F¶m-Wv.
Though many people may wish to deny the implications of this work, the
truth is truth.
{]Xn-tcm[ hIp¸pw HIV bpsS hnI-k -\hpw X½n-epÅ _Ôw At\z-jn-¨n-
cp¶p sSUv kvs{S¡À. At±-l-¯nsâ ktlm-Z-c³ tdm_À«v ks{S-¡-dn-
t\m-s Sm-¸w. 1988 HmKÌv 11 \v kz´w hk-Xn-bnÂ shSn-tbäp acn¨ \ne-
bnÂ ImW-s¸-«p. Xsâ \nK-a -\-§Ä AwKo-I-c n-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶nÃ F¶-XnÂ
AXohw Jn¶-\m-bn-c p-¶p. Bß-l-Xy-bm-sW¶v HutZym-KnI `mjyw.
AXn\vv km²yX-bnÃ F¶v kml-N-cy-s¯-fn-hp-IÄ. CÃn-t\mbn {]Xn-\n[n
U¥kv l^v^v, kvs{S¡-dnsâ \nK-a -\-§Ä icn-bm-sW¶v iàn-bmbn
hmZn-¨n-cp-¶p. At\Iw A`n-ap-J-§Ä. hÃ-t¸mgpw sNdnb tXmXnÂ ab-
¡p-a -cp¶v D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶p. 1988 sk]väw-_À 22 \v A[n-I -amb Af-hnÂ
sIms¡bv\ pw sltdm-bn\pw DÅnÂ sN¶v ac-W-a-S-ªp. HutZym-KnI
`mjyw lrZ-bm-Lm-Xw. kvs {S¡À kwi-bn-¡p-¶p.
tUmIvSÀ kvs {S¡À At±-l-¯nsâ \nK-a-\-§-fn-te¡v F¯n-t¨-cp-
¶Xv hnh-cm-h-Imi \nb-a-a p-]-tbm-Kn¨v HutZym-KnI tcJ-IÄ tiJ-cn¨v \S-
¯nb ]T-\-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯n-em-Wv. 1969 Â {]Xn-tcm[ hIp¸v
kÀ¡mÀ [\-k-lm-b-t¯msS {]Xn-tcm[ tijn \in-¸ n-¡p¶ AWp-¡sf
bp²-¯nÂ D]-tbm-Kn-t¡--X n\v thn hnI-kn-¸n-¨n-c p-¶-X n-s\-¡p-dn-¨pÅ
tcJ-IÄ. 1977 Â WHO, B{^n-¡-bnÂ \K-c-hm-kn-I -fpsS CS-bnÂ hn]p-e-
amb tXmXnÂ hkq-c n-s¡-Xnsc F¶ a«nÂ Ip¯n-hbv] v \S-¯n-b n-c p-¶p.
]¨-¡p-c§p hgn-bmWv AIDS h¶-s X-¦nÂ \K-c -hm-kn-IÄ¡n-S-bn-e-Ã, DÄ{]-
tZ-i-§-fnse ]nÜn-IÄ¡n-S-bn-e m-bn-c p-¶p AIDS -Im-W-s ¸-tS- n-bn-cp-¶-Xv.
{][m-\-ambpw Idp¯ hÀ¤-¡mÀ¡n-S-bnÂ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ -X n\p thn
hnI-kn-¸n-¨-Xm-bn-cp¶p AXv. 1979 Â AIDS IeÀ¯nb hkqcn Ip¯n-hbv]v
10 tImSn Idp¯ hÀ¤-¡mÀ¡v WHO \ÂIp-I-bp-m-bn. P\-kwJy Ipd-
¡pI F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p Dt±-iw. 1978 Â 2000 e[nIw shfp¯ hÀ¤-¡m-cmb
kzhÀ¤-t`m-Kn-I-fpsS CS-bn-epw, sl¸-än-änkv þ B Ip¯n-h -bv]nÂ IeÀ¯n.
AXnsâ t\XrXzw USPH \v. AXv \ÂIn-bXv \yqtbmÀ¡v,
km³{^m³knkvtIm, temkv Gbv©ekv, skbvâv eqbn, lqÌ³, jn¡m-
tKm . Ahn-S-§-fn-emWv Ct¸mÄ Gähpw A[nIw AIDS Dw AXp
sImpÅ ac-W-hpw.
WHO ]d-bp-¶-X v- hkq-cn-¡pw, sl¸-än-än-kn\pw DÅ {]Xn-tcm-[- Ip-
¯n-hbv]v FSp-¡p-¶Xv BPo-h-\m´w {]Xn-tcm[w Dd¸v \Â-Ip-¶n-Ã. 4þ 5
hÀjw Ign-bp-t¼mÄ AXnsâ iàn £bn¨p XpS-§pw. Iptd \mÄ Ign-
bp-t¼mÄ km[m-cW \ÂIp-¶-Xnsâ 5 apXÂ 10 Cc«n hsc iàn-bpÅ
Ip¯n hbv]v \ÂtIn hcpw. AXnsâ iàn F{X \mÄ \ne \nÂ¡p-
sa¶pw Adn-bnÃ F¶m-Wv.
429
1970. Small Pox Eradication Program. Ip¯n-hbv]v \nÀ½n-¨ Xv

Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ. Antisera bnÂ \n¶v. sI\n-b, FtXym-]y, Kn\n-b,
tImwtKm, dphm³U XpS-§nb B{^n-¡³ cmPy-§Ä¡v kuP-\y-ambn
\ÂIn. tImwtKm ]n¶oSv knbmdm F¶-dn-b-s¸-«p. klm-d¡v sX¡p-`m-K-
¯pÅ FÃm B{^n-¡³ cmjv{S-§Ä¡pw Bh-iy-a mb hkvXp-¡Ä DXv]m-
Zn-¸n-¡p-¶-X n\v {]m]vXn-bp-m-bn-cp¶p knb-d-¡v. knbmdm B{^n-¡-bnse
FbvUvknsâ tI{µw. A¶s¯ sNehv 1.5 tImSn tUmfÀ. C¶v AXv 8
tImSn tUmf-dnÂ A[nIw hcp-am-bn-cp-¶p. AXv hln-¨ Xv Ata-c n-¡bpw
aäv Nne Kh¬saâp-I-fpw. Dt±yiw ip²-a-sÃ¶v hyàw. asämcp hiw
Ip¯n-hbv]v \S-¯nb ]e cm-jv{S-§-fnepw hkqcn (Small Pox) hopw
s]m«n-¸ p-d-s¸-«p. WHO Xs¶ k½-Xn-¡p-¶-X mWv AXv.
t^mÀ«v sU{Sn-I v, Hcp ]t£ temI-¯nse Gähpw hen-b,
Gähpw anI¨ ssPhm-bp[ ]co-£-W-tI-{µw. 300 imkv{X-Ú-·mÀ. 140
kq£-a mWp hnZ-Kv²À. AXnÂ 40 t]À tUmIvS-tdäv t\Sn-b-hÀ. 150
hnZvK v²À. AhÀ ]e taJ-e-I-fnÂ \n¶v. KWn-X-imkv{Xw apXÂ kky-Pm-
e-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v Adnhv t\Sn-b-hÀ hsc, 1000 t¯mfw t]À klm-bn-I-fm-bn.
1230 G¡À Øe-¯v, 450 sI«n-S-§Ä. AhnsS 9 e£w Fen-I Ä, 50,000
Kn\n-¸-¶n-IÄ, 2500 apb-ep-IÄ, 4000 Ipc-§-·mÀ ]ns¶ IpXn-c-IÄ, BSpw
I¶p-Im-en-Ifpw Hs¡ hÀjw tXmdpw ]e hn[ ]co-£-W-§Ä¡v D]-tbm-
Kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. 1969 Â Hcp hÀjs¯ sNehv 3 tImSn tUmfÀ. Ct¸m-
gs¯ aqey-¯nÂ 20 tImSn-tbmfw tUmfÀ. Science for Destruction.
AXnsâ 25 þmw hmÀjnI BtLm-j-§-fnÂ ]s¦-Sp-¡msX \n¶ imkv{X-
Ú-·mÀ Fort Detrick is not a Respectable Scientific Institution, Fort
Detrick Scientists are prostitutes, Want to get sick ? consult your local
physician at Fort Detrick F¶n-§s\ FgpXn {][m\ Ihm-S-¯nÂ {]Xn-
tj[w tcJ-s ¸-Sp-¯ n. lmÀhÀUnse Kth-j-I³ “amÀ¡v ]vämjvs\”
]dªXv Ahn-Sps¯ Kth-jWw Ad-¸p-f-h m-¡p-¶-h-bm-sW¶pw At±-l-
¯nsâ t]cv t^mÀ«v sU{Sn-¡n-t\mSv tNÀ¯v D].-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ -Xn-t\mSv
XmXv]-c y-a nÃ F¶p-am-Wv. C³Uym\ bqWn-thÀkn-än-bnse ssat{Im-_ -
tbm-fPn {]^-kÀ Uo³ s{^bvkÀ ]d-ªXv Ce-Iv{SnIv Itk-c -bpsS Ip-
]n-Sn¯w BtLm-jn-¡p-¶-X n\v XpÃy-a mWv AsX-¶v. Ata-cn-¡³ C³kvän-
äyq«v Hm^v _tbm-f-Pn-¡Â kb³k-knse AIBS tUm-I vSÀ tPm¬ Ae\pw
kwLhpw ]d-ªXv Poh-im-kv{X-¯nÂ apgp-In-bn-c n-¡p¶ AIBS C¯cw
]cn-]m-Sn-b nÂ ]s¦-Sp-¡p-¶Xv HuNn-Xy-aÃ F¶m-Wv. XpS¡w apXÂ
AXnsâ Xocp-am-\-§-s f-Sp-¯ n-cp¶ sNdnb kwLw BÄ¡mÀ am{X-amWv
ssPhm-bp[ {]hÀ¯-\-§-s f-¡p-dn¨ Adn-hp--m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. AXnÂ
{][m\n tPmÀÖv. U»yq. saÀ¡v. MERCK {]apJ acp¶v \nÀ½mW I¼-
\n. sl¸-än-änkv B Ip¯n hbv]v cwKs¯ {]ap-J³. kzhÀ¤-t`m-Kn-I -
430
fpsS CS-bn-epÅ sl¸-än-änkv B sb¡p-dn-¨pÅ ]T\w MERCK sâ [\- k-

lm-b-t¯m-s S-bmWv \S-¶-Xv. MSD dnkÀ¨v et_m-d-«-do-kv.
tdm_À«v Kmtembpw kwLhpw 1984 Â FbvUvkn\p Imc-W-am-
hp¶ sshd-kns\ Is¯n F¶-XmWv HutZym-KnI `mjyw. F¶mÂ 1970
Â AhÀ FbvUvkv sshd-kv krjvSn¨p F¶-XmWv IqSp-X Â hmkvX-h w.
imkv-{X-temIw Kmtemsb F¶pw hniz-kvX-X-bn-Ãm-¯, \nKq-V-X -bm-À ¶
hyàn-bmbn IW-¡m-¡n-bn-c p-¶p. FbvU vk n\p kam-\-amb A\-h[n
sshd-kp-IÄ 1970 IfnÂ Kmtembpw kwLhpw hnI-kn-¸ n-¨n-cp-¶p. ep¡o-
an-b, Iym³kÀ F¶n-hbv¡p Imc-W-a m-h p¶ F³sskw - RNA -
Dependant DNA - Polymerase , 1970 IfnÂ Kmtembpw kwLhpw hnI-kn-¸n-
¨n-cp-¶p. AtXm-sSm¸w L- Asparaginase Synthetase F¶ F³ssk-ans\
XS-bp-¶Xv , NnIn-Õbv¡v hg-§m¯ eq¡o-a n-b-bv¡pw Iym³k-dn\pw Imc--
W-am-Ip-sa¶pw Is-¯n-bn-cp-¶p.
1960 Ifnepw 1970 Ifnepw Kmtembpw kwLhpw At\Iw ssPhm-bp[ Icm-

dp-Im-cp-ambn _Ô-s ¸«p {]hÀ¯n-¨n-c p-¶p. enä³ C³Ukv{Sokv AXnsâ
\nb-{´-W-¯n-ep- m-bn-cp¶ _tbm-s\-änIvkv dnkÀ¨v et_m-d-«-dokv
]ns¶ jn¡mtKm sSIvkkv , hnÀPo-\ n-b, Imen-t^mÀWn-b, sbbvÂ,
\yqtbmÀ¡v bqWn-thÀkn-än-IÄ ]ns¶ tImdÂ sKbv_nÄknse anbman
.bq-Wn-thÀkn-än, s_tY-k-Z-bnse slÀWÀ B³Uv I¼\n XpS-§n-b-h.
Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ kzhÀ¤-t`m-Kn-I-fpsS CS-bnÂ am{Xw AIDS A[n-I-ambn
Ip hcp-¶p. aäpÅ cmPy-§-fnÂ FÃm-¯cw BÄ¡m-cpsS CS-bnepw
Hcp t]mse.
Ata-c n-¡-b nÂ t^mÀ«v sU{Sn-Iv,. {^m³knÂ ]mkv¨À C³kvän-
äyq«v, Cw¥-nÂ t]mÀt«m¬ Uu¬, djy-bnÂ Chm-t\m^vkvIn C³Ìn-
äyq«v, P¸m-\nÂ tSmtIym C³Ìn-äyq«v FÃmw ssPhm-bp[ hnI-k-\-¯nÂ
apgp-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
“AIDS sâ bYmÀ° Imc-W-§-fmb ]«n-Wn, amen-\yw, hnj-I-c -amb Ip¯n-
h-bv]p-IÄ XpS-§n-b-h sb ad¨p hbv¡p-¶-X n\pw P\-kw-Jysb \in-¸ n-¡p-
¶-Xn-\pÅ {]hÀ¯-\ -§-fpsS ad F¶ \ne-bnepw {]N-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp¶
sI«p-I-Y-bmWv AIDS \v HIV am{X-amWv ImcWw F¶-Xv.” - AIDS Inc. By.
John Rappapport.
Iym³kÀ NnIn-Õbv¡ \ÂIn ê-{]-Z-aÃ F¶v I AZT Ct¸mÄ AIDS
NnIn-Õbv¡v \ÂIn hcp-¶p. AXv aÖsb \in-¸n-¡p¶p. {]Xn-tcm[
tijnsb XIÀ¡p-¶p. Poh-I m-c pWy {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä \S-¯p¶p F¶v
Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sp¶ UN/ WHO F¶nh C¯cw sI«p-I-Y -IÄ {]N-cn-¸ n-¡p-¶-
Xn\v H¯mi \ÂIp-¶p.
431
B{^n-¡-bnepw Gjy-bnepw hn]p-e-amb tXmXnÂ \S¯n hcp¶

Depopulation {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v ad-bmbn, Ah-bnÂ \n¶pw {i² Xncn¨p
hnSp-¶-Xn\v HIV sb D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. AIDS Dm-Ip-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-§Ä
]e-Xm-Wv. F¶mÂ HIV bnte¡v AXp Npcp-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. sl]-än-
änkv B Ip¯n-hbv]v \S-¯nb Nne `mK-§-fnÂ AIDS A[n-I -ambn Ip
hcp-¶p. ]¨-¡p-c -§³ kn²m´w {]N-cn-¸n-¡p¶Xv B {]tZ-i-§-fnÂ `mhn-
bnÂ Icp-Xn-¡q«n \S-¸n-em-¡p¶ \c-lXy AIDS aqew kw`-h n¨ kzm`m-hnI
ac-W-§Ä BWv F¶v Nnń-¡p-¶-Xn\v P\-§-fpsS a\-Êns\ ]mI-s¸-Sp-
¯p-¶p.
HIV FbvUvkn\v Imc-W-a m-Ip-¶nÃ F¶v sXfn-bn¨ tUmIvSÀ ]oäÀ
Uyqkv_ÀKn-s\m¸w {]ap-J-cmb 300 Â ]cw imkv{X-Ú-c pv.
HIV FbvU vkn\v Imc-W-am-hp¶p F¶v Kmtem-tbm-s Sm¸w Ah-Im-i -s¸«
eyqIv sam³Sm-án-bÀ 1989 Â shfn-s¸-Sp-¯n-bXv AIDS tcmKn-I -fnÂ
ImWp¶ e£-W-§Ä krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn ià-a Ã HIV F¶m-Wv.
HIV H«pw Xs¶ ivàn DÂs¡m-Åp-¶n-Ã. 500 Hmfw {]apJ imkv{X-
Ú³amÀ At±-l-t¯mSp tbmPn-¡p-¶p.
The Deadly Deception, The Proof That Sex and HIV Absolutely Do
Not Cause Aids F¶ ]pkvX-I-¯nsâ cN-bn-X mhv tUmIvSÀ tdm_À«v.
C.hnÂ\À Hcp sSen-h n-j³ ]cn-]m-Sn-bnÂ kz´w ico-c-¯nÂ HIV Ip¯n
h¨p. Aids : The Good News is That HIV Doesn’t Cause it, The Bad News
is Recreational Drugs And Medical Treatments Like AZT Do F¶ ]pkvX-I-
¯nsâ cN-bn-Xm-¡Ä ]oäÀ Uyqkv_ÀKv, tPm¬ bnbm-a p-bo-b m-¶nkv
F¶n-h cpw AtX A`n-{]m-bs¯ ]n³Xm-§p-¶p. ab-¡p-a-c p-¶nsâ hÀ²n-
X-amb D]-tbmKw {]apJ Imc-W-§-fnÂ HH-¶m-Wv. AZT HcmÄs¡-¦ nepw
AÂ]-sa-¦nepw Bizkw \ÂIn F¶-X n\v sXfn-hn-Ã. AXnsâ \nÀ½m-Xm-
¡Ä \h-tem-I-{I-a -¯nse {][m\n tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ. t^mÀ«v sU{Sn¡nepw
AXp t]mse 100 IW-¡n\v ]co-£W tI{µ-§-fnÂ \S¶p hcp¶ P\-
kwJy \in-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ {]hÀ¯-\-§fpw tNÀ¯p ht¡--Xm-Wv.
^mkn-k-¯n\v IqSp-XÂ A\p-tbm-Py-a mb t]cv tImÀ]-td-änkw
F¶m-Wv. ImcWw AXv `c-W-Iq-S-¯ n-sâbpw hyh-km-b-i-àn-bp-sSbpw
H¯p-tN-c -emWv. þ s_\otªm aptÊm-fn\n
tPm¬ dm¸-t¸mÀ«v ]d-bp-¶Xv 8 IoS-\m-in\n \nÀ½m-Xm-¡-tfbpw Ah-cpsS
DXv]-¶-§-tfbpw _ln-jvI-cn-¡-W-sa-¶mWv Gähpw Ipd-ª-]-£w.
AhÀ `£y-hn-f-I-fn-t·Â P\n-X I hnZy {]tbm-Kn-¡p¶p F¶XmWv
{][m\ Imc-W-§-fn-sem-¶v. AXv IqSp-XÂ If-\m-i n-\ n-Isf Xm§p-¶-Xn\v
iàn \ÂIpw F¶-X mWv Ah-cpsS \ym-bo-I-c -W-§-fn-sem-¶v. AXv a®n-
t\-bpw, \½psS ico-c-t¯bpw hnj-I-c -am-b -cm-k-h-kvXp-¡Ä sImv \nd-
432
bv¡pw. Ah-cpsS em`w hÀ²n-¸n-¡pw. \½Ä hnjw F¶p Icp-Xp-¶h

Ah-cpsS Poh-\m-Wv. [\n-I³ hopw [\n-I -\m-h p-¶p, Zcn-{ Z³ hopw
Zcn-{Z-\pw. kÀ¡mcnÂ kzm[o-\a - p-ÅXpsImv AhÀ¡v A\p-I q-e-amb
hn[n Dm-h p-¶p, \nb-a-§-fpw. AhÀ Hcp ]t£ ]d-tª¡pw A´-c o-£ -
¯nÂ \ne \nÂ¡p¶ sshd-kp-Isf \in-¸n-¡p-¶-X n\v Ah-c psS cmk -hn-
j-§Ä iq\ym-Im-i-¯nÂ hnXdWw F¶v. AXv Hcp ]t£ AwKo-I-cn-¡-
s¸-s «¶v hcmw. Xmen-tUm-s saUv Ct¸mÄ FbvU vkv tcmKn-I-fnÂ ]co-
£n¨p hc-p-¶p. 1. Uyq t]mv 141,000 t]À sXmgn-se-Sp-¡p-¶p. 3500 tImSn
tUmfÀ hnÂ]-\. 1999 Â,. sUem-sh-bÀ F¶ Øe-¯v. Ata-cn-¡-bnse
Gähpw A[nIw hnäp hch.v Uyq t]mn-s\-¡p-dn¨v Kl-\ambn hnh-cn-
¡p¶ ]pk-vXIw Du pont Dynasty : Behind the Nylon Curtain . By
Gerard Colby. sUem-sh-b-dnse 60 iX-am\w P\§fpw {]Xy-£-amtbm
AÃm-sXtbm Uyq t]mn\v thn tXmgnÂ sN¿p-¶p. IpSpw-_mw-K-§Ä
CIA Ub-d-IvSÀamÀ. kp{]ow tImSXn PUvPn 7 t]À. {]Xn-tcm[ hIp¸v
F¶n-h n-S-§-fnÂ km¶n²yw Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. Ata-cn-¡sb bp²-§-f-te¡v
\bn-¨n-cp-¶-h-c nÂ {][m-\n. sUem-s h-b-dnÂ BW-h-\ n-e-b-¯nÂ Salem
Nuclear Power Plant ]¦mfn. tImÄ_n ]d-bp-¶Xv Uyq t]mv BW-
thmÀÖ-¯nÂ KmVambn DÄs¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. Kh¬saân\p thn Bäw-
t_mw-_v, ssl{U-P³ t_mw_v \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-XnÂ {][-m-\ n. ss{Sänbw
Bbp[w \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn-bpÅ ¹qt«m-Wnbw F¶n-h-bpsS,. cmPy-
¯nse GI ip²o-I-c W tI{µw. Kh¬saânsâ Gähpw henb BWh
Icm-dp-Im-cnÂ H¶v. Uyq t]mv kwLm-X-¯ nÂ s]Sp¶ Conoco
Continental Oil, _rl-¯ mb bptd-\ nbw \nt£-]-¯nsâ DS-a -Øcpw,
ip²o-I -c-W -im-e-bpsS DS-a-Ø-cp-a m-Wv. BW-thm-À Ö- am-en-\y-§Ä aqe-
ap-m-I p¶ {]iv\-§Ä¡v AXp sImp Xs¶ D¯-c -hm-Zn-bpw. AXv
`qansb F{Xbpw B]-¯n-te¡v \bn-¡p-¶p.
Uyqt]m-nsâ thZ-\-kw-lmcn ssU ss]-tdm¬ At\Iw ac-W-
§Ä¡v Imc-Wam-bn. cà-¯nsâ LS-\-s b-am-än-¯ oÀ¡p-¶p. FtUm
em_vkv \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-X v. emän³ Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ AXv Ct¸mgpw hnäp hcp-
¶p.
1980 se Uyq t]mv IpSw-_-¯nsâ k¼¯v 21,000 tImSn tUmfÀ. Ah-
cpsS XpWn-an-ÃnÂ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ Ass{Item ss\ss{SÂ Iym³k-dn\p
Imc-W-am-hp-¶p. Ir{Xna dºÀ Dm-¡p-¶-Xn\pw AXv D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
AXv D]-tbm-Kn¨v \nÀ½n-¡p¶ ¹mÌnIv ]m{X-§Ä A]-I -S-¯n\v
ImcWamhp-¶p. 120,000 sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ e£-¡-W-¡n\v D]-t`m-àm-¡Ä
AXn\v hnt[b-c m-h p-¶p. temIs¯ sIan-¡-sse-kv sNbvX {]apJ
{]Øm-\w. tImÄ_o-bpsS ]pkvXIw Ncn{Xw F¶v Fgp-X n-¯-Åp-¶-Xn\v
km[n-¡pw. F¶mÂ ZoÀL-Im-e -{]-X ym-Lm-X -§Ä Ct¸m-gp-w XpS-c p-¶p.
1988 Â Hmtkm¬ ]mfn¡v A]-I-S-apm-¡p-sa¶v sXfn-bn-¡-s ¸« t¢mtdm
433
^vfqtdm ImÀ_¬kv CFC bpsS \nÀ½mWw \nÀ¯-em-¡p-s a¶v {]Jym-

]n¨ Uyqt]mv AXv XpSÀ¶p. ]Icw hn]-Wn-bnÂ F¯n¨ CFC bnÂ
\n¶pw \nÀ½n¨ HFC þ134 A F¶ hkvXp hnj-I-c-a mb ImÀ_¬ sS{Sm-
t¢m-ssdUv ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-¡p-¶p. ]²Xn XXvImew CFC bpsS DXv]m-Z\w XpS-
cp-¶-Xn\v Xs¶-bmWv 2030 hsc-s b-¦nepw. AXv hnI-knX cmPy-§-fnÂ
DXv] m-Z\w \nÀ¯n-s b-¦nepw . Boycott Quarterly - Beth Borrows
1985 þ 1995 Â Uyq t]mv tKmh-bnÂ ss\tem¬ ^mIvSdn Øm]n-¨p.
kpc£n-X Xzw hm¡mÂ Gän-cp¶p F¦nepw \jvS- ]-cn-lmcw {]mtZ-in-I -
ambn¯oÀ¯p-sIm-Å-W-sa¶ Icm-dn-t·Â. amen\yw A]-I-S-I-c-a m-sW¶v
Iv kwL-Sn-¸n-¡-s¸« {]t£m-`-¯nÂ 25 hb-Êp-I m-c ³ t]meoknsâ
shSn-tbäp ac-W-a-S-ªp. ]n¶oSv ^mISvdn a{Zm-Ên-te¡v amän. Ata-cn-¡-
bnÂ Gähpw IqSp-XÂ amen\yw krjvSn-¡p-¶Xv Uyq t]mv Xs¶-bm-Wv.
1989 Â AXv BsI 1650 e£w Intem amen-\y-§Ä ]pd¯p hn«p. Ct¸mÄ
AXv AXnsâ amen-\ y-§Ä Bg-ta-dnb InS-§p-I-fnÂ \nt£-]n-¡p-¶p.
AXnsâ {]Xym-Lm-X-§Ä Adn-h m-bn-¯p-S-§n-bn-«n-Ã. IpSn-sh-Å-¯nÂ
hnjmwiw Ip hcp¶ A\-h[n kw`-h -§Ä CXnsâ {]Xym-LmXw
Bhmw. PmIv tUmbvÂ 1991 aÄ«n \mj-WÂ tamWn-äÀ.
Uyq t]m-nsâ {]apJ DXv] ¶w Hucodan. Npa-\ n-hm-c nWn. Physicians
Desk Reference PDR ]d-bp-¶Xv AXv ioew krjvSn-t¨¡mw, acp-¶n-t\mSv
Bk-àn, a\-Ên\v aµ-X, Ae-k-X, XfÀ¨, OÀ±nÂ, izmk-tIm-i- {]-hÀ¯-
\-§Ä¡v amµyw, kz`m-h - hy-Xn-bm\w F¶n-h bv¡v Imc-W-am-hmw.
Percocet , Percodan thZ\-kw-lm-c n-IÄ, Revia aZy-]m-\- ioew amäp-¶-
Xn\v, Sinemet ]mÀ¡n³k¬kv\v, Symmetral C³^vfp-h³k A
sshdkn\v FÃmw AXohw A]-I-S-Im-cn-IÄ. AXv BX-a-l-Xym- t{]-c-W-
bpÄs¸sS ]e AXohw k¦oÀ®-a mb A]-I-S-§Ä¡v Imc-W-a m-hp-¶p.
Pohm-] mbw kw`-h n-¡m-hp¶ NMS F¶ \mUo- hyhØ XI-c m-dpIÄ
DÄs¸-sS.
Du pont, Merck F¶nh acp¶v Kth-j-W-¯nÂ ]¦m-fn-I-fm-Wv. ho«n-
\p-ÅnÂ D]-tbm-Kn¨ ^wKkv \min-\n-IÄ AhÀ¡v I®p-I-fn-Ãm¯ Ipªv
P\n-¡p-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-a mbn F¶v 1996 Â Ata-cn-¡³ IpSpw-_w.
[Multinational Monitor].
2. Dow Chemicals. 58,000 t]À sXmgnÂ sN¿p-¶p. hnÂ]\ 2000 tImSn
tUmfÀ. Ata-c n-¡-b nÂ anjn-K¬ Â BØm-\w. hnbäv\mw bp²-¯nÂ
D]-tbm-Kn¨ GPâv Hmd©v, \m¸mw F¶n-h-bpsS \nÀ½m-Xm¡Ä. knen-
t¡m¬ s{_Ìv Cw¹mâv sâ {]apJ \nÀ½m-Xm-¡Ä. At\Iw tImSn
tUmf-dn\v \.-jvS-]-c n-lmc hyh-lm-c-§Ä t\cn-Sp-¶p. Dow Elanco F¶
I¼-\n-bnÂ Gen enÃn-bpsS ]¦m-fn. AXv Ata-cn-¡-bnse Gädzpw henb,
434
IoS- \m-i n-\ n-I fpw ^wKkv \min-\n-Ifpw \nÀ½n-¡p¶ Øm]-\ w. Dow
bpsS ]¦mfn Gen enÃn bpsS DXv]-¶-a mWv Tebuthiuron. If-\m-in-\n.
AXv a®ns\ \in-¸ n-¡p-¶p. `mhn-bnÂ B a®nÂ Hcp sNSnbpw hf-cp-I-
bn-Ã. Ct¸mÄ AXv Utbm-Ivkn³ AS-§n-bn-cp¶ GPâv Hmd©v \nÀ½n-
¡p-¶nÃ. F¶mÂ {Ko³]okv ]d-bp-¶Xv Dow DXv]-¶-§-fmb IoS-\m-in-\n-
IÄ, P.V.C, Solvents, F¶nh temI-¯nÂ DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡-s ¸-Sp¶ Dioxin
sâ òa-amb `mKw DÄs¡m-Åp¶p F¶m-Wv. Marrion Merrell Dow (MMD)
F¶ {]apJ acp¶v DXv]m-Z-\ -{]-Øm\w Dow bpsS DS-a-Ø -X-bn-ep-Å-Xm-
Wv. MMD bpsS DXv]-¶-§Ä AXohw hnj-I-c -am-Wv. Cardigen cà-k -
½À±-¯n\pw s\©p thZ-\bv¡pw lrZbw \ne¨p t]mIp-¶-Xn\pw Imc-W-
am-hmw. KÀ`w km²y-a m-¡p-¶-Xn\v Hmh-dn-s b {]hÀ¯-\-£aam¡p-¶-XmWv
Clomid. ]mÀiz-ê-§Ä, enhÀ, s{_kvdv, InUv\n Iym³kÀ XpS§n Xe-
t¨m-dn-\ p-m-Ip¶ £Xw apXÂ A\-h-[n.
Clomid Ign¨ A½-am-cnÂ P\n-¡p¶ Ipªp-§-fnÂ càmÀ_p-Zw, Dbcw
Ipd-bp-I, _p²n-a m-µ yw, ssXtdmbvUv SyqaÀ XpS§n At\Iw A]-I -S-§Ä.
sImf-kvt{SmÄ Ipd-b-¡p-¶-Xn\v . Lorelco. AXv D]-tbm-Kn¨v Ipd-ª Xv 6
amk-sa-¦nepw Ign-ª-p am{Xw kv{XoIÄ KÀ`w [cn-¡m³ ]mSp-Åq. cà-
¡p-dhv XpS§n At\Iw A]-I-S-§Ä. am\-knI ]ncn-ap-dp-¡-¯n\v
t\mÀ{]m-a n³. BX-a -l-Xy¡v Imc-Wam-hp-¶-X n\mÂ AXohw A]-I-S-I-c -
sa¶v PDR. cà-¯nÂ ]©-km-c -bpsS Afhv IqSp-Itbm Ipd-bp-I tbm
sN¿pw. lmÀ«v t»m¡v, ]£m-Lm-Xw, s]s«-¶pÅ ac-Ww, D·m-Zw,
aÖ¡p XI-cmdv A§ns\ At\Iw A]-I-S-§Ä.
\nÀ½m-Xm-¡Ä AhIm-i -s¸-Sp-¶Xp t]mep-Å -Kp-W-§Ä CÃ F¶p-ÅXv
Hcp Imcyw. ]ns¶ C¯cw ]e-h n[ cmk -h-kvXp-¡Ä k¦-e\w sN¿p-
t¼mÄ Dm-hp¶ A]-I -Sw. aäv A]-I -S-c -ln-X -amb hnj-I-c-a-Ãm¯ amÀ¤-
§Ä e`y-am-Wv.
Rifadin. Bân _tbm-«nI. v £b-tcmK NnInXvkbv¡v. tIm¬SmIväv
se³knsâ \ndw amdp-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-a m-hp-¶p. Ic-fnsâ {]hÀ¯-\-¯nÂ
sshIeyw krjvSn-¡p-¶p. Fem³tIm bpsS DXv]¶w sl]m-cn-³ tkmUn-
bw. càw I« ]nSn-¡mXn-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v. ]¶n-bpsS Zl-t\-{µn-b-¯nÂ
\n¶pw. ico-c -¯nsâ GXp `mK¯pw cà-{kmhw krjvSn-¡p-¶p. Xncp-
¯m-\m-hm¯ hn[-¯ nÂ cà-¯nse ¹mävseävkv IqSn-t¨-cp-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-
am-hp-¶p. cà-[-a-\n-IÄ hnp Iodp-¶-Xn\pw ]£m-LmX-¯ n\pw Hcp
]t£ ac-W-¯n\pw Imc-W-am-hp-¶p. enÃn-bpsS NSAID non Steroidal Anti
Inflammatory drug - Nalfon.. Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ Hmtcm hÀjhpw NSAID sâ
D]-tbmKw ImcWw 8,000 t]À ac-W-a -S-bp-¶p. 80,000 t]À Bip-]-{Xn-bnÂ
BIp-¶p. enÃn-bpsS {]apJ DXv] -¶-amWv Prozac . Bß-lXym t{]c-I -
435
amb Wonder Drug. ssU CussXÂ ÌnÂ_-kvt{SmÄ. Ir{Xna Cukv{S-

P³. {_Ìv, t{]m-tÌäv F¶n-hn-S-§-fnse Iym³k-dn-\v. PDR ]d-bp-¶Xv
Cukv{S-P³ ]e hn[ Iym³kÀ krjvSn-¡p¶p F¶v. ]ns¶ aª-¸n¯w
XpS§n At\Iw A]-I-S-§Ä¡pw.
\yq-tbmÀ¡v \K-c-¯nse Inform Inc 1995 Â ]pd-¯n-
d¡nb ]T\w Toxics Watch. 10,840 I¼-\n-I-fnÂ Gähpw {]ap-J-amb 20
F®-¯ns\¡pdn-¨m-Wv. AXnÂ Dow 6þmw Øm\-¯v. Dow ]pd-¯p-hn-
Sp¶ hnj-I -c-amb Iym³kÀ krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-am-b, Hmtkm¬
\mi-¯n\v Imc-W-a mb cmk-h-kvXp-¡Ä. AXv 1992 Â 2500 e£w Intem
National Coalition Against Misuse of Pesticides se kq-k³ Iq¸À ]d-
ªXv Dow bpsS DXv] ¶w Dursban AXohw A]-I-S-Imcn F¶m-Wv.
Ip«n-I-fnÂ kz`m-h- am-ä-¯ n-\p-hsc AXv Imc-W-a m-hp¶p F¶v. The
Pesticides Action Network ]d-ªn-cp-¶Xv AhÀ 1980Â {]kn-²o-I-c n¨
Dirty Dozen se 3 F®-sa-¦nepw Dow DXv¸-¶-a mWv F¶v. AXnÂ H¶v
DBCP. \ndp-¯-e m-¡p-¶-Xn\v \nÀt±-i n-¡-s ¸-«n-c p-¶Xv. AhÀ ]n¶oSv Dole
tImÀ¸-td-j\v hnäp-h-cp-¶p. tImÌ-dn-¡-b nÂ hmg-I r-jn-bnÂ D]-tbm-Kn-¡-
s¸-Sp-¶p. AXv {]Xyp-X v¸m-Z-\- ti-jnsb \in-¸n-¡p-¶p. Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ
\ntcm-[n-¡-s ¸« Dow bpsS DXv¸-¶-§Ä Gallant, Verdict, Gauntlet, Tridal
F¶nh B{^n-¡, emän³ Ata-cn-¡, a²y Ata-cn-¡, Gjy F¶n-hn-S-§-
fnÂ D]-tb-K-¯ n-ep-v.
Cu {]Øm-\-§-s fÃmw ASn-a pSn hnj-I-c-a mWv. Poison is Poison.
3. Monsanto. 45,000 t]À sXmgnÂ sN¿p-¶p. hnÂ]\ 800 tImSn
tUmfÀ. AXnsâ DXv]¶w duv A]v. temI¯nÂ Gähpw A[nIw
hnä-hn-bp¶ If-\m-in-\n. {]apJ acp¶v \nÀ½mW I¼\n-bmb Pn. Un.
knbÀse, sam¬km-tâm-bpsS DS-a -Ø-X-bn-ep-Å-X m-Wv. ¹mÌn-¡v, sdkn³,
dºÀ, teml-h-kvXp-¡Ä F¶nh \nÀ½n-¡p¶ Øm]-\ -§-fpw.
{]apJ DXv]-¶-§Ä Nutra Sweet ( Equal )P\n-X I amäw hcp-¯nb
Bovine Growth Harmone BGH. Nutra sweet-þA-kv]Àss«w, AÔ-X, Npg-en,
HmÀ½-£-bw, tIma,-a-cWw F¶n-hbv¡v Imc-W-am-hp-¶p. ]©-km-c-tb-
¡mÄ 200 Cc«n a[p-c-ap-Å-Xv. AXv cà-¯n-te¡v s]s«¶v Xs¶ BKn-
cWw sN¿-s ¸-«v, 8 Hmfw hkvXp-¡Ä DXv¸m-Zn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-am-hp-
¶p. AXnÂ H¶v aossXÂ BÂ¡-tlmÄ Iym³kÀ krjvSn-¡p-¶-XnÂ
{]ap-J-a mb t^mÀamÂUn-ssl-Uv. sIm¡-tIm-f, s]]vkn, Ip«n-IÄ¡pÅ
ssSse-t\mÄ Kpfn-I-I Ä, ^vfn³tÌm¬ sâ Ip«p-IÄ¡pÅ sshä-an-\p-
IÄ, hmbv\mäw Ipd-¡p-¶ -Xn-\ pÅ DXv¸-¶-§Ä, aoä-mayq-knÂ jpKÀ
{ô, hvdn¥n-bpsS FIvkv{Sm-jp-KÀ{ô Kw, sItÃm-Knsâ HmÄ {_m³, Szn³
436
em_nsâ IznIv ^nIvkv ]uUÀ, ImÂkn-sse-äv F¶n-h bnÂ tNcphbmWv -

Nutra Sweet .
Akv]Àss«w kz`mh hyXn-bm-\-¯n\v Imc-W-a m-hp-¶p. aä-t\Iw
A]-I-S-§Ä¡pw. Ralph G. Walton (Biological Psychology 1993). Ata-cn-
¡³ thyma-tk-\-bpsS {]kn-²o-I-c Ww Flying Safety ss]e-äp-amÀ¡,v
Akv]Àss«w Npg-en-bpÄs¸sS ]e hn[ {]iv\ §Ä¡v Imc-W-a m-h p¶p
F¶v ap¶-dn-bn¸v \ÂIp-¶p.
AsXms¡ aªp-a-e-bpsS Xp¼p am{Xw.
IqSp-XÂ ]mep-Xv] m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶ -Xn\p thn ]ip-¡-fnÂ BGH Ip¯n
hbv¡p-¶p. bqtdm-¸nÂ AXv \ntcm-[n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. 2000 hsc-s b-¦nepw. 93
iX-a m\w ]ip hfÀ¯Â tI{µ-§fpw Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ AXv D]tbm-Kn-¡p-
¶-Xn\v aSn-¡p-¶p. AXv ]ip-¡sf tcmKm-Xp-c -am-¡p-¶p. AXn\v I«n-tb-
dnb Bân _tbm-«n-¡p-IÄ \ÂtIn hcp-¶p. AXv ]menÂ {]Xy-£ -
s¸Sp-¶p. BGH hnapàw F¶v {]kn-²-s¸-Sp¶ DXv]-¶-§-fpsS I¼-\n-
IÄ¡v FXnsc \nb-a -\-S-]-Sn-IÄ¡v sam¬kmtâm apXn-c p-¶p. \nb-a -h-
Ip¸v au\w ]men-¡p-¶p. BGH t]mepÅ tImi- h-fÀ¨sb Xzcn-X-s¸-Sp-
¯p¶ tlmÀtam-Wp-I Ä s{_Ìv Iym³k-dn\pw Ipªp-§-fpsS P·-ssh-
Iey-§Ä¡pw Imc-W-am-hp-¶p. Pesticides Action Network sam¬km-tâm-
bpsS ]cm-Y n-tbm¬ Gähpw A]-I-S-Im-c n-sb¶v hn[n-sb-gp-Xp-¶p. temI-
¯nse IoS-\m-in\n aqe-apÅ hnj-hym-]-\ -¯nsâ ]IpXn AXn\v Ah-Im-
is¸-«-Xm-Wv. a²y Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ 80 iX-a m-\-¯n\pw. 1986 Â AXv DXv]m-
Z\w \nÀ¯-em-¡n. Zqc-hym-]I ê-§Ä \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶p. If-\m-in\n
_yq«m-t¢mÀ, hntZ-i-c m-Py-§-fnÂ amsj-sä, emw_mÌv F¶o t]cp-I-fnÂ
hnäp-h-cp-¶p. B´-c nI {KÙn-I-fpsS `mc- hy-Xn-bm\w akvX n-jvI-¯nsâ
hep-¸-¯nÂ hcp¶ Ipdhv . AÀPâo-\, {_koÂ, ssN\, Cý, ^nen-
¸o³kv, Xmbvhm³, Xmbve³Uv sh\n-kp-the F¶nhn-S-§fnÂ hym]-I-
ambn D]-tbm-K-¯n-ep-v.
emtÊm, Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ Gähpw A[nIw hnÂ¡-s¸-Sp¶ If-\m-in-\n.
tIm¬, tkmb-_o³kv F¶o Irjn¡v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. Iym³-k-dn\v
Imc-W-am-hp-¶p.
_tbm sSIvt\m-fPn hn¹-hs¯ \bn-¡p-¶Xv sam¬km-tâm. tkmbm
-_o-\ nÂ P\n-X I hnZy {]tbm-Kn¨v A[nIw duv A]v s\ {]Xn-tcm-[n-
¡p¶Xn\pÅ tijn-bp- m-¡p-¶Xv tkmbm -_o-\n-s \m¸w A[nIw duv
A]v `£-W-¯nÂ F¯n-t¨-c p-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-am-hpw.
IqSp-XÂ \mÄ tISm-hm-sX-bn-cn-¡p¶ Flavr Savr sSmamtäm DXv]m-Zn-
¸n-¡p¶ Calgene F¶ I¼-\ n-bpsS 49.9% sam¬km-tâm-bpsS DS-a-Ø-X-
bn-em-Wv. AXv 12 tImSn tUmfÀ _tbm-s SIv Kth-j-W-¯n\p thn sNe-
h-gn-¡p-¶p. Poh-\pÅ hkvXp-¡-fpsS taÂ Ah-Imiw Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn\v
437
{ian-¡p¶ I¼-\n-I-fp-s Sbpw bqWn-thÀkn-än-I -fp-sSbpw ap³]-·m-cnÂ

{]ap-J³ sam¬kmtâm-s b¶v The Foundation on Economic Trends F¶
hmjn-§vS-\nse Øm]\w hne-bn-c p-¯p-¶p. A]-I-S-I-c-a mb, Iym³k-dn\p
Imc-W-am-hp¶ hkvXp-¡Ä Ibän Ab-bv¡p-¶-XnÂ {]ap-J³ sam¬km-
tâm sb¶v Foundation for Advancements in Science And Education A`n-
{]m-b-s ¸-Sp-¶p.
P\n-XI hyXn-bm\w hcp-¯nb `£-W-] -ZmÀ°-§-fpsS ZoÀL-Ime
{]Xym-LmXw CXp hsc hne-bn-cp-¯-s ¸-«n-«n-Ã. AXv kpc£n-X-a m-sW¶v
Ata-cn-¡³ FDA Duln-s ¨-Sp-¡pw. ASn-Øm-\-a n-Ãm-sX.
4. t_bÀ 5. Cw]o-c n-bÂ sIan-¡Â C³U-kv{So-kv, 6. tlm¡vkvddv 7.
tdm¬ ]qeo³ 8. t\mhmÀ«n-kv.
Ch BZys¯ 3 F®¯nsâ bqtdm-]y³ ]¦m-fn-IÄ. 8 F®-¯nÂ
Gähpw hepXv t_bÀ. t_bÀ, Rhone Poulene, tlm¡vkvä,v
t\mhmÀ«okv F¶nh Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ acp¶v \nÀ½m-W- I-¼-\n-IÄ F¶
\ne-bnÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p.
FÃmw P\n-XI hnZy-bnÂ apgp-In-bn-c n-¡p-¶p. IqSp-XÂ IoS-\m-in-\n-Ifpw
If-\ m-in-\n-I fpw t\cn-Sp-¶ -Xn-\ pÅ Icp-¯mÀÖn-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn.
sF. Pn. ^mÀ_³ 3 Bbn hn`-Pn-¡-s¸-«p. sskt¡m¬ B F¶ hnj-hm-
XIw \nÀ½n-¨-Xn\pw AXp-] tbm-Kn¨v At\Iw t]sc h[n-¨-Xn\pw At\Iw
^mÀ_³ DtZym-K -ØÀ ac-W-in£ t\Sn. Gähpw \o XShp in£ 7
hÀjw t\Sn-bXv {^nävskÀ aobÀ. in£ Ignªv ]pd-¯n-d§nb
{^nävs kÀ aosbÀ, 3 Â H¶mb t_b-dnsâ A²y-£-\m-bn.
Hormone Replacement Therapy

acp¶v \nÀ½mW I¼-\n-IÄ Hormone Replacement Therapy F¶p ]d-bp-
¶Xv . hmkvX-h-¯nÂ Horse Urine Therapy bmWv. ]d-bp-¶Xv tUmIvSÀ
hvssdäv. AXn-Â AS-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶- cm-k-h-kvX p-¡Ä F{Xbpw A]-I-S-I-c -
am-Wv. C{X-bpw t]À¡v am{Xw s{_Ìvv Iym³kÀ Dm-Ip¶p F¶Xv
AÛpXw Xs¶.
Ct¸mÄ D]-tbm-K-¯n-en-c n-¡p¶ kv{XoIÄ¡m-bpÅ HRT bnse
tlmÀtam¬, a\pjy ico-c-¯nse tlmÀtam-Wp-a mbn bmsXmcp kmayhpw
]peÀ¯p-¶n-Ã. AXv a\p-jy-i-co-c-¯nÂ Ct¶mfw In-«n-Ãm¯ X·m-{X-
IÄ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. Gädzpw {]ap-J-amb HRT, IpXn-c-bpsS aq{X-
¯nÂ\n-s ¶-Sp-¡p¶ IpXnc tlmÀtam¬ DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p. {]Ir-Xn-¡p- hn-
cp-²-am-bh ico-c-¯nÂ sNÃp-t¼mÄ A]-ISw Dd-¸v..
438
Prempro, AXv Womens Health Initiative ]co-£n-¨ -Xm-Wv. AXv cv

hyXykvX acp-¶pIÄ tNÀ¶-Xm-Wv. Premarin þA-X nÂ {][m-\-ambn
Equilin F¶ IpXnc tlmÀtam¬ AS-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. a\pjy
Cukv{S-P-t\-¡mÄ 1000 aS§v ià-amWv AXv. AXv Iym³k-dn\v
km²y-X- G-äp¶p. F¶mÂ Gähpw A[nIw hnÂ¡-s¸-Sp¶ acp¶v
AXm-Wv. Prempro bnse cm-a s¯ LSIw Provera. AXv t{]mP-Ì -
tdm¬ AÃ. AXv 1940 Â hnI-kn-¸n¨ Ir{Xna X·m-{X. AXv lrZ-b-¯n\v
F{Xbpw lm\n-I-cw. Prempro am{X-a Ã {]iv-\-¡m-c³. aäv 25 e[nIw HRT
DXv]-¶-§Ä FDA A\p-a Xn t\Sn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. a\pjy Cukv{S-P³ F¶Xv
At\Iw X·m-{X-I-fpsS k¦-c -am-Wv. AXnÂ {][m-\ n-I Ä Estriol, Estrone,
Estradiol. AXv \nÝnX A\p-]m-X-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶nÃ F¦nÂ A]-I-S-a m-Wv .
{_Ìv Iym³kdpÅ kv{XoI-fnÂ Estriol Ipdhpw Estradiol A[n-I-h-
am-bn-cn-¡pw. ]e HRT acp-¶p-I-fnepw Estradiol A[n-I -am-Wv.
tPmW-¯ m³, ss{häv, sshZy-im-kv{X-¯nÂ _ncp-Zw 1965 Â lmÀhÀUv

bqWn-thÀkn-än-bnÂ \n¶v. ]ns¶ anjn-K¬ bqWn-thÀkn-än-bnÂ \n¶v
1965 Â M. D.At\Iw kwL-S-\-I -fnÂ AwKw.
Provera F¶Xv Medroxy Progesterone. HRT F¶-Xn-t\-¡mÄ A\p-
tbm-Py-amb t]cv HUEMT F¶m-Wv. Horse Urine Estrogem And Medroxy
Progesterone Therapy. ssN\-bnÂ s]¬Ip-«n-I-fpsS aq{Xw iq²o-I-c n¨v
]¨n-e-a-cp-¶p-IÄ tNÀ¯v cmÚn-¡pw, B¬Ip-«n-I-fpsS aq{Xw ip²o-I -
cn¨v ]¨n-e-a -cp-¶p-I Ä tNÀ¯v cmPm-hn\pw \ÂIn-bn-c p-¶p. \qäm-p-
IÄ¡p ap³]v. IpXn-c -a q-{X-t¯-¡mÄ sa¨w.
AXv {]m_-ey-¯nÂ hcp-¶Xp hsc 10 % Estrone, 10 % Estradiol, 80
% Estriol (Triple Estrogen), AXv t{]mP-k-ä-tdm¬, sStÌm-Ìn-tdm¬
F¶nh tNÀ¯v.
tPmW-¯ m³ ss{häv sâ {]nb-s¸« Hä-a qen s]m«m-knbw Atbm-s sUUv.
AXv A[n-I -am-bmÂ ssXtdm-Uns\ tZmj-I-c-a mbn _m[n-¡p-sa-¶-Xn-\mÂ
kq£n¨v D]-tbm-Kn-t¡-m-Xm-Wv. sa¨-s ¸« Bân _tbm-«n-Iv. »mUÀ
tcmKm-Wp-_m-[¡v Ipd-¨p-IqSn kpc-£n-X-a mb D- Mannose, At±lw
ip]mÀi sN¿p-¶p. s]®p-§Ä¡p-m-hp¶ ss^t{_m knÌnIv s{_Ìv
Unko-kv. F{X ITn-\-am-bmepw Atbm-Un³ XnI¨pw ê-{]-Z-s a-¶v. Hmh-dn-
bnse knÌn\pw Iptd-tb-sd.
439
Atbm-Un-\pw, Atbm-ssU-Un\pw F®-IÄ, sImgp-¸p-IÄ, sagpIv F¶n-

hsb Dcp-¡n-¡-f-bp-¶ -Xn-\pÅ Ign-hp-v. Atbm-ssUUv 120 mg, Niacin
15 mg F¶nh AS-§nb Kpfn-I, BÀ«dn AS-bp-¶-XnÂ \n¶pw c£
\ÂIp-¶p. AYo-tdm-kv¢ o-tdm-kn-kv. 4 XpÅn s]m«m-knbw Atbm-
ssUUpw \nbm-kn³ AS-§nb B -Complex Dw.
t{_mss¦-än-kv, Fw^n-ko-a . F¶n-hbv¡v s]m«m-knbw t¢mssd-Un-s\m¸w
XpÃy Af-hnÂ DMSO tNÀ¡p-¶Xv sa¨-am-bn-cn-¡pw.
BtKm-f-Xm-]\w
C¶v {]N-cn-¸n-¡s¸-Sp¶ kn²m´w X«n-¸m-Wv. Xm]-\-¯nsâ ImcWw a\p-
jysâ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä aqe-a p-mIp¶ ImÀ_¬ ssUHmIvs skUv CO2
t]mse-bpÅ Green House hmX-I-§Ä AXv krjvSn-¡p¶p F¶p-Å-Xn\v
sXfn-hn-Ã. 6.5 e£w hÀjs¯ Ncn{Xw sXfn-bn-¡p-¶Xv Xm]w hÀ²n-¨ -
Xn\p tijw BWv CO2 hÀ²n-¡p-¶-Xv. CO2 hÀ²-\-h n\v tij-aÃ Xm]w
hÀ²n-¡p-¶-Xv. ISÂ NqSm-b-Xn\p tijw BWv CO2 hÀ²n-¡p-¶Xv. \ocm-
hn, CO2 hnt\-¡mÄ {]m[m\yw DÅ Green House hmX-I-a m-Wv. `mhn-
bnse Xm]\w sam¯-ambpw I¼yq-«-dnÂ \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-«-h-bm-Wv. \ocm-hn-
bpsS {]m[m-\ ys¯ IW-¡n-se-Sp-¡msX . 1940 þ 1975 Ime-L-«-¯nÂ
kw`hn¨ ioXo-I-c-W-s¯-¡p-dn¨ I¼yq-«À H¶pw anp-¶n-Ã. Xm]-\-
¯nsâ LS-\-s b-¡p-dn¨pw. I¼yq-«À , Xm]\w {]h-Nn-¡p-t¼mÄ
AâmÀ«n¡ XWp-¡p-I-bm-Wv. I¼yq-«À , D]-cn-X-e-t¯-¡mÄ A[nIw
Xm]w A´-co-£-¯nsâ a²y-`m-K¯v kw`-hn¡pw F¶v ]d-bp-t¼mÄ kw`-
hn-¡p-¶Xv t\sc adn-¨m-Wv. [ The Great Global Warming Swindle. By. S.
Fred Singer ]
kqcysâ {]hÀ¯-\-§-fnse hyXn-N-e-\ -§-f mImw Xm]-\ -¯nsâ hyXn-N-e-
\-§Ä¡v Imc-W-am-hp-¶-Xv. Ct¸m-g s¯ Xm]\w Hcp ]t£ kzm`m-hnI
{]{In-b-bpsS `mK-am-Imw. 1400 þ 1850 AD Little Ice Age F¶v hnti-jn-¸n-
¡s¸-Sp-¶p. ITn-\-a mb ssiXyhpw XWp¯ th\epw bqtdm-¸ n\p k½m-\n-
¨p. hnfhv \in-¨ p. ]«n-Wn-bpw, tcmK-§fpw Zo\-X-I-fpw. C¶s¯
Xm]\w Bkm-[m-c -W-sa¶v {]N-cn-¸ n-¡s¸-Sp-¶p. Imem-h-Ø -bn-ep-m-
hp¶ hyXm-bm-\-§-fpsS Ncn{Xw AhÀ Ah-K-Wn-¡p-¶p.
Xm]-\-¯nsâ ImcWw kzm`m-hn-I-am-sW-¦ nÂ \ap¡v A[n-I-s am¶pw
sN¿m-\n-Ã. AØn-c-a mb kqcysâ {]hÀ¯-\ s¯ \ap¡v XS-bm-\m-hn-Ã.
C¶v Xm]\w t\cn-tS-p-¶ -Xn\v \nÀt±-in-¡-s¸-Sp¶ ]²-Xn-I-s fÃmw A{]-
kvà-a m-Wv. D]-tbm-K-iq-\y-am-Wv. Aan-X-a mb sNe-th-dn-b-Xm-Wv.
440
BI-am\apff DXv] m-Z-\-¯ns\ Fs´-¦nepw coXn-bnÂ tZmj-I -c-

ambn _m[n-¡p-sa-¶-Xn\v Xm]\w Imc-W-a m-hp-s a¶v sXfn-shm¶pw Xs¶-bn-
Ã.
10,000 hÀj§Ä¡p ap³]v sFkv Ime-L«w apXÂ IS-ensâ \ne DbÀ¶p
sImn-cn-¡p-¶p. lrkz-Ime Xm] hyXn-bm\w KpW-sa¶pw sN¿n-Ã.
Xm]\w hcp-am\w hÀ²n-¸ n-¡p-s a-¶pw PohnX \ne-hmcw DbÀ¯p-sa¶pw
At\Iw [\-X -Xz- im-kv{X-Ú-\va mÀ hmZn-¡p-¶p. Ct¸m-gpÅ Xm]-\ne
D¯-a-a m-s W¶v Fńsâ ASn-Ø m-\-¯n-emWv \½Ä Duln-¡p-¶-Xv.
A´-co-£- Xm-]-\ -¯nsâ Ncn{Xw adn-¨ mWv sXfnhp \ÂIp-¶-X v.
{]iv\-a-Ãm-¯Xv ]cn-l-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v \½Ä Fń-\mWv ZpÀe-`-amb hn`-
h-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-X v, temIw A`n-a p-Jo-I-c n-¡p¶ bYmÀ° {]iv\-§-
fnÂ þ hni-¸v, tcmK-§Ä, a\p-jym-h -Imi ewJ-\ w, òI-c-h m-Zw, BW-h -
bp²w þ \n¶v Hfn--t¨m-Sp-¶ -Xv. kzm`m-hn-I \mi-\-jvS-§sf A`n-a p-Jo-I -cn-
¡p-¶-X n\v \½Ä X¿m-dm-tWm. a\pjy Ipes¯ XpS¨p \o¡p¶Xn\p
tijnbpÅ tcmKmWp hym]-\-§sf t\cn-Sp-¶ -X n\v \½Ä X¿m-dm-tWm.
BÀ`m-S-I-c-a mb {]iv\-]-c n-lm-c -¯ns\ ]n³Xp-S-cp-¶-Xn-\mWv cmjv{ So-b-
¡mÀ¡pw D¶-XÀ¡pw XmXv]-c yw. bYmÀ° {]iv\-§-fnÂ \n¶pw amdn
\nÂ¡p-¶-X n-\pw. `b-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ {]h-N-\ -§Ä, D¶-X-sc¶v Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶-
h-cnÂ \n¶v hcp-¶Xv \nÀ`m-Ky-I -c-am-Wv. Ignª \qäm-nÂ kw`-hn-¨Xp
t]mse, A´-c o£ Xm]w ap³]v \ne- \n-¶n-c p¶ Xm] -\n-e-bn-te¡v Xncn¨p
h¶Xpt]mse hcn-I-bm-s W-¦nÂ sI«p -I-Y-IÄ HSp-§pw. 1998 \p tijw
Xm]w hÀ²n-¨n-«n-Ã.
S.Fred Singer.A´-co£ DuÀÖ-X {´ imkv{X-Ú³. Independant
Institute Â Kth-j-I ³. hnÀPo-\ nb bqWn-thÀkn-än-bnÂ Enviornment
Sciences {]^-kÀ. Ata-cn-¡³ Weather Satellite Service kvYm]I Ub-d-
IvSÀ. At±-l-¯nsâ ]pkv-XIw. Hot Talk, Cold Science : Global
Warming’s Unfinished Debate.
sFIym-c-jv{S-k-`-bpsS Intergovernment Panel on Climate Change IPCC,
BtKm-f-X m-] \ hmNm-tSm-]-§sf \ymbo-I-cn-¡p-¶p. 1996 se IPCC bpsS
800 t]bvPv dnt¸mÀ«v The Science of Climate Change Ahy-à-ambn-«m-
sW¦nepw Nne kwi-b-§Ä {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-t¼mÄ, {]kvXpX dnt¸mÀ«nsâ
Npcp¡w kwi-b-§sf DÄs¡m-Åp-¶n-Ã. AXv dnt¸mÀ«v X¿m-dm-¡p-¶-
XnÂ ]s¦-Sp¯ 2000 imkv{X-PvR-·mÀ FÃm t]cpw BtKmf Xm]-\ s¯
\ymbo-I-c n-¡p¶p F¶ sXämb {]XoXn P\n-¸n-¡p¶p. Global Climate
Treaty bpsS {]Jym-]nX Dt±yiw A´-co£ hyh-Øn-Xn-bnÂ A]-I-S-I-c -
amb IS-¶p-I-bäw Hgn-hm-¡pI F¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ F´mWv A]-I -
S-I-c -amb IS-¶p-I-b-äw F¶-Xn\v am\-ZWvU§-fn-Ã. a\p-jysâ {]hÀ¯-
\-§Ä A´-c o-£s¯ F§n-s \, F{X-t¯mfw _m[n-¡p¶p F¶-Xn\v
441
sXfn-hp-I-fp-an-Ã. Ignª \qäm-nÂ 0.5 Un{Kn Iv NqSv hÀ²n¨p

F¶Xv hmkvX-h-amWv F¶mÂ AXv 1940 \v ap³]m-Wv. a\p-jysâ CS-s]-S-
ep-IÄ sImv CO2 A[n-I-a mbn A´-c o-£-¯ nÂ IeÀ¶Xv 1940 \v tij-
hpw. CO2 sâ Af-h-\p-k-c n¨v Xm]-\ ne amdp-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-am-hptam F¶v
Adn-bn-Ã. aäp LS-I-§Ä F´p am{Xw {]Xn-I-c-W-§Ä krjvSn¡pw
F¶v imkv{X-Ú-· mÀ ]Tn¨v XpS-§p-¶ -tX-bp-Åp. 1980 \v tijw Xm]-\n-e-
AÂ]w Iv CSn-ªn-«p-v- F-¶mWv D]-{K-l-§fpw aäv kt¦-X-§fpw
shfn-hm-¡p-¶-Xv.
General Circulation Models GCM aäv LS-I -§-s f-s bm¶pw ]cn-K-Wn-
¡p-¶n-Ã. D]-{K-l-§Ä tiJ-cn¨ hnh-c-§-fpw, Ahbpw GCM \nK-a -\-
§fpw X½n-epÅ Aćw H¶pw IPCC Summary bnÂ DÄs¡m-f-fn-¨ n-«n-Ã.
Imem-h -Øm-\nco£ tI{µ-§fpsS kao] {]tZ-i ¯v P\-kw-Jym- hÀ²-\ -
hp-m-bXp sImv Xm]w A[n-I-a m-b-X ns\ Urban Heat Island UHI Effect
F¶p hnfn-¡p-¶p. AXnsâ Effect Ign-¨pÅ Xm]w IW-¡n-se-Sp-¯mÂ
Ignª \qäm-nÂ Ata-c n-¡-bnepw bq-tdm-¸nepw Gähpw A[nIw NqSv
tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bXv 1940 emWv. D]-{K-l -]-T-\ hpw \ne-hn-epÅ apJym-[mcm
]T-\hpw X½n-epÅ Aćw I¼yq-«À {]h-N-\-§sf kwibZrjvSn-tbmsS
ho£n-¡p-¶-Xn\v ]cym-]vXamWv. A´-c-¯n\p ImcWw F´p-X-s ¶-b-
mbmepw GCM {]h-N-\-§Ä hniz-mky-X-bpÄs¡m-Åp-¶n-Ã. ]e GCM {]h-
N-\-§fpw X½nÂ 300 iX-a m\w hsc A´-c-a p-v.
GCM hàm-¡Ä Xs¶ At\Iw KpW-§fpw kw`-hn-¡p-sa¶v Xm]-\ s¯
hne-bn-cp-¯p-t¼mÄ ]d-bp-¶p. sNSn-I-fpsS hfÀ¨sb klm-bn-¡pw, aªv
Ipd-ªv, IqSp-XÂ ssZÀLy-ta-dn-b, Irjn sN¿p-¶-Xn\v A\p-Iqe Ime-L-
«w, IqSp-XÂ Db-c -¯n-epÅ `qhn-`m-K-§Ä Irjn¡v e`y-amhpw F¶pw.
`qan-bpsS CtIz-ädpw {[ph§fpw X½nÂ Xm] hyXymkw Ipd-bp-sa-¶-Xn-
\mÂ CSn sh«p-¶-X nsâ Afhpw BLm-Xhpw Ipd-bpw F¶ sa¨-hp-a p-v.
Ignª 50 hÀj-¯nÂ ITn-\-a mb CSn-sh«v hÀ²n-¨n-«n-Ã. IS-ensâ \ne
Db-c-p-s a-¶pÅ hmZ-hpw sXäm-Im-\m-Wn-S. Xm]w IqSp-¶-Xn-\-\ p-kn-c ¨v
_mjv] o-I-c Ww IqSp-XÂ \S-¡p-sa-¶p-Å-Xn-\mÂ. AXv AâmÀ«n-¡-bn-
sebpw {Ko³em³Un-tebpw sFkv ]mfn-IÄ hf-c p-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-am-hmw.
DuÀÖ-h y-b-¯nÂ Ipdhp hcp-¯p-¶-X n\p ]Icw IS-enÂ sNSn-IÄ
hfÀ¯p-¶Xv IqSp-XÂ CO2 BKn-cWw sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-\v Im-c -W-am-hpw.
AXn\v klm-b-I -c-a mb hfw IS-enÂ \nt£-]n-¡pI hgn. AXm-bn-cn¡pw
sa¨-s¸« êw \ÂIp-¶-Xv. IS-ense Xcnip {]tZ-i-§-fnÂ aÕyw
hfÀ¯p-¶-Xn\p km[n¡pw F¶ sa¨-hp-ap-v. hnI-kzc cmjv{S-§Ä¡v
AXv XoÀ¨-bmbpw KpWw sN¿pw.
1. kÀ BÀXÀ ¢mÀ¡v. imkv{X-PvR³. 2001 : A Space Odyssey F¶
IrXn-bpsS cN-bn-X m-h v. 2. dn¨ÀUv en³Uvsk³, {]^-kÀ. Metearology
442
and Oceanography MIT 3. sk\-äÀ {^m¦v apÀtImhvkvIn A²y-£³

Committee on Energy and Natural Resources 4. {Û-dnIv koävkv. ap³
{]kn-Uv \mj-WÂ- A-¡m-Uan Hm^v kb³k-kv. 5. tdm_À«v
t_mfn§v JR Ub-d-I vSÀ . Hmôkv Hm^v ss¢atäm-fPn Acn-tkmW
sÌbväv bqWn-thÀknän 6. tXmakv sjÃn§v , {]^-kÀ [\-X-Xz-imkv{X
hn`mKw acn-emâv bqWnthÀknän 7. hnÃyw \osd³s_ÀKv . Ub-d-IvSÀ
kv{In¸vkv C³kvän-äyq-j³ Hm^vv Hmjym-t\m-{K^n 8. kmÃn _men
bq\mkv . tPymXn-im-kv{X-Ú³. skâÀ t^mÀ Bkvt{Sm ^nkn-Ivkv,
lmÀhÀUv kvan¯vtkmWn-b³ \nco-£W tI{µw. sU]yq«n Ub-d-IvSÀ,
auv hnÂk¬ \nco-£-W-tI{µw. 9. hnÃyw t{K, {]^-kÀ. Atmospheric
Sciences tImf-dmtUm kvtäbväv bqWn-thÀknän 10. tdmPÀ ]oÂsI
{]^-kÀ. Atmospheric Sciences tImf-dmtUm kvtäbväv bqWn-
thÀknän 11. hnÃyw I®n-§vJ mw AFL - C 10 bnÂ [\-X-Xz-im-kv{X-
PvR³ . 12. hnÃyw lm¸À. DuÀÖ -X {´ {]^-kÀ. {]n³kvä¬ bqWn-
thÀknän Ata-cn-¡³ DuÀÖ- a-{´m-e-b-¯nse ap³ DuÀÖ Ub-d-
IvSÀ. 13. lyqKv FÂ tkbvÊÀ. imkv{X-Ú³ Atmospheric and
Geopolitical Sciences , E.O. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 14.
dn¨mÀUv s{Ibv³, \mj-WÂ A¡m-Uan Hm^v kb³kkv AwKw. 15.
tXmakv tkmshÂ. ko\o-bÀ s^tÃm, lqhÀ C³Ìn-äyq-j³.
Ìm³^ÀUv bqWn-thÀknän XpS§n At\Iw {]ap-J À s{Ûv kn§sd
]n³Xm-§p-¶p.
Imem-hØm\nb-{´Ww (Weather Modification )
ASp¯ Ime-¯p-mb Npg-en-¡m-äp-I-fnÂ ]eXpw {]tXyI kz`mh

sshNn-{Xy-§Ä DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p. Ah Occult _Ô-¯ nsâ e£-W-§Ä
{]I-S-a m-¡p-¶p. D¶-X -Øm-\o-b-cmb Occultist DIÄ, cl-ky-am-b, \ho-\-
§-fmb kmt¦-XnI hnZyIÄ D]-tbm-Kn-¨v, krjv Sn-¡p-¶-h-bmWv ]e
Npg-en-¡m-äp-I-fpw. AXn\v \ÂIp¶ t]cp-IÄ Occult ktµiw kqNn-¸n-
¡p-¶-X n\v ap³Iq«n Xocp-a m-\n-¡-s ¸-«-X m-Wv. [ Barbara Aho, The Occult
Signature of the Hurricanes ]
s{Sh³ dmh³kv t{Im^väv Xsâ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ The Spear of Destiny,
]ns¶ kv_náyq {_k-k³kvI n Xsâ 1970 se ]pkvXIw Between Two
Ages Â \b-§-fpsS {][m\ `mK-am-bn, ]pXnb Bbp-[-a mbn Imem-hØm
\nb-{´Ww D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp-sa¶v {]Jym-]n-¨p.
443
“{]apJ cmjv{S-§-fpsS Xe-h-·mÀ¡v, kmt¦-XnI hnZy, cl-ky-amb bp²w

\S-¯p-¶-Xn-\pÅ X{´-§Ä {]Zm\w sN¿pw. AXohw \yq\]£w
kpc£m tk\ am{Xw AtX-¡p-dn¨v Adn-ªn-c n-¡pw. Imem-hØ
hyXymkw hcp-¯p-¶-Xn-\pÅ X{´-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¨v, \op \nÂ¡p¶
hcÄ¨-bpw, sImSp-¦ mäpw krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn\v km[n-¡pw.”
1997 Â {]Xn-tcm[ sk{I-«dn hnÃyw tIml³ ]d-ªXv “CseIvt{Sm
amsáänIv Bbp-[-§Ä A´-co-£-¯ns\ \nb-{ń-¡p-¶-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn¨p
hcp¶p F¶m-Wv. : Imem-h-Øsb amän-¯oÀ¡p-¶-Xn-\v, `qN-e-\ -§-fpw,
Aán-] ÀÆ-X hpw krjvSn-¡p-¶-X n\v CeIvt{Sm amsá-änIv Xcw-K-§Ä D]-
tbm-Kn-¡p¶ ]mcn-Ø n-XnI Xo{h-hmZw D]-tbm-Kn-¯ n-ep-v. hmkvX -h-am-bn-
«pw.”
tKmÀU³. sP. F^v. aIvtUm-WÄUv, UCLA bn-Â Institute of Geophysics
And Planetary Physics Â Atkm-kn-tbäv Ub-d-I-SÀ. en³U³
tPm¬k¬ sâ imkv{X D]-tZ-iI kanXn {]kn-Uv. CFR AwKw. 1968
se Xsâ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ Unless Peace Comes : A Scientific Forecast Hcp
A²ymbw How to Wreck the Enviornment Â ]d-ªXv Npg-en-¡mäv
\nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ ]co-£-W-§Ä ]ptcm-K-an¨p hcp¶p F¶m-Wv.
\nb-{ń-X -amb sImSp-¦ mäv FXn-c m-fn-Isf `b-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-
¡mw. Project Stormfury. 1962 \pw 1983 \pw CSbv¡v Ata-cn-¡³ \mhnI
tk\, Ata-cn-¡³ Weather Bureau, National Science Foundation Npg-en-
¡m-äns\ \nb-{ń-¡p¶ ]co-£-W-§-fnÂ GÀs¸-«n-cp¶p : Kh¬saâv
{]Øm-\-§-fpsS (Im-em-h-Ø-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«) kzImcy hXvI-c-W-amWv
AXv \ndp-¯-em-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ Imc-W-am-bn, Aäve mânIv Hmjym-t\m-{Km-
^nIv B³Uv saän-tbm-tdm-sfm-Pn-¡Â et_m-d-«-dn-bnse se Hurricance
Research Division se Un¡v CuÌva³ ]d-ªXv ]pXnb kmt¦-XnI
hnZy-IÄ Ic-K-X-a m-bXpw Project Stormfury \ndp-¯-em-¡p-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-am-
bn. National Weather Service, Federal Reserve Bank, Atomic Energy
Commission, National Science Foundation FÃmw kzImcy taJ-e-bnÂ
{]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv. ]qÀ-®-ambpw \nb-{´-W-§-fn-Ãm-sX. F¶mÂ,- P-
\X Icp-X p-¶Xv Ah-s bms¡ Kh¬saâv {]Øm-\-§-f mWv F¶pw.
Npg-en-¡m-äns\ \nb-{ń-¡p-¶ -X n-\ pÅ tijn hoSp-IÄ \in-¸ n-¡p-¶ -
Xn\pw, P\-Xsb sIms¶m-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\pw , Disaster -Industry bpsS em`-
¯n\p thnbpw National Emergency aqe-a p-m-hp¶ A[n-Im-c-¯n\p
thnbpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn-bm-Wv.
444
1970 Â U.S. Weather Bureau bpsS t]cv , National Weather Service

F¶m¡n amäp-I bpw Ah-bpsS kzImcy hXvI-cWw kam-c w-`n-¡p-I bpw
sNbvXp. _nÂ ¢nâsâ Ime¯v DuÀÖ-kz-e-a m-bn-c p¶ ]co-£-W-§Ä¡v
]n¶oSv thKX hÀ²n-¸n-¨ p.
2005 Â Imem-hØm \nb-{´Wwþ Weather Modification _nÂ
]mÀ-e-saânÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-«p. Senate Bill S. 517. Weather
Modifciation Research and Technology Transfer Authorisation Act. Npg-en-
¡m-änsâ t]cpw hnh-c-§fpw National Hurricane Centre Â e`y-a m-Wv.
At\Iw Npg-en-¡m-äp-IÄ Merovingian \ma-§Ä DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p. satdm-
hn³Kn-b-\p-I-s f-¡p-dn¨v hni-Z-a mbn Holy Blood, Holy Grail F¶
]pkvXIw {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶p.
{]kn-Uv Øm\mÀ°n tPm¬ sIdn. bqtdm-¸ nse FÃm {]`p IpSpw-
_-§-fp-ambpw cà-_-Ô-apÅ hyàn. Ivan The Terrible DÄs¸-s S. P\-
dÂ hmjn-§vS-t\-¡mfpw cmP-Ip-Spw-_-¯nse AwK-a mWv tPm¬ sIdn
F¶v _À¡v se Peerage sâ Kth-j-Ww. sIdn PqX-\ m-Wv. satdm-hn³Kn-
b³ PqX-·mÀ IrkvXp-a-X s¯ XIÀ¡p-¶-Xn\v Iq«-t¯msS aXw amdn
tdma³ It¯m-en¡ aX-¯nÂ \pgªp Ib-dn. Kohn F¶m-bn-c p¶p
bYmÀ° \maw. CÃyq-a n-\ män Kohn F¶ t]cn\p ]Icw sIdn F¶p
amän, hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp-¯-X m-Wv. sNt¡m-tÉm-hm-Iy-bnÂ \n¶pw aÊm-¨p-s k-
ävknÂ IpSn-tb-dnb PqX IpSpw_w [Texe Marrs. Power of Prophecy].
{_n«\pw Ata-cn-¡bpw
{_n«\pw Ata-cn-¡bpw P¸ms\ km¼-¯n-I-ambn hoÀ¸p-ap-«n-¨ Xp ImcWw

\nÀ½mWime-bm-bn-cp¶ P¸m³ F¶ Zzo]v Akw-kvIrX km[-\-§Ä e`y-
am-hmsX he-ªp. Ata-c n-¡sb P¸m\v FXncmbn bp²-¯n\v t{]cn¸n-
¡p¶ Xc-¯nÂ ähn-tÌm¡v P¸m³ hncp² {]Nm-c-W-the \S¯n .
tSmtIym- K-h¬saâv t]Ä lmÀ_À B{I-a n-¡p-¶-X n\v k¶-²X {]I-Sn-¸n-
¡p-¶Xp hsc dqkvshÂäv `c-W-IqSw H¯p-XoÀ¸n\v k¶-²-am-bn-Ã.
dqkvshÂäv ]kn-^n-¡nse \mhnI tk\sb km³Un-tb-tKm-bnÂ \n¶pw
t]Ä lmÀ_-dn-te¡v amän-b-Xn\v Hcp ASn-Ø m-\-a p-m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.- P-¸m\v
B{I-a -W-¯n\v kuI-cy-sam-c p¡n sImSp-¡pI F¶-X-ÃmsX. kam-\-amb
kw`h hnIm-k-a m-Wv Cdm¡v B{I-a Ww. XÀ¡-a ä sXfn-hp-IÄ e`y-am-bn-
cp¶p AhnsS Iq«lXy¡v DX-Ip¶ Bbp-[-§Ä Dm-bn-c p-¶nÃ F¶v.
km¼-¯nI D]-tcm-[-§Ä Cdm¡ns\ ]qÀ®-ambpw XIÀ¯n-c p-¶p.- C-dm¡v
445
bp²-¯nsâ 2005 HIvtSm-_À hsc-bpÅ Nehv 55,000 tImSn tUmfÀ. 10

e£w Cd-m¡n-IÄ ac-W-a-Sªp. 2000 Ata-cn-¡³ ssk\n-Icpw. acn¨ Cdm-
¡n-I -fnÂ A[n-Ihpw km[m-c W P\-§Ä. acW ImcWw `£Ww shÅw
acp-¶p-IÄ Ch e`y-a m-bn-c p-¶nÃ F¶Xv. AXn\v ImcWw U.N D]-tcm[w.
AXv \S-¸ n-em-¡p¶-Xn\p thn U.N AXnsâ XXz-§Ä Dt]-£n-¨p. a\p-
jy\v Ah³ AÀln-¡p¶ Kh¬saâv e`yamhpw þ sl³{Sn t^mÀUv.
ähn-tÌm-¡nse apXnÀ¶ ssk¡n-bm-{ Sn-Ìv Bbn-cp¶ s{Ûv -F-s adn ]d-bp-
¶Xv òXn P\-I-a mb kmaq-lnI amä-§Ä¡v hen-sbmcp hn`mKw P\-§Ä
hnt[-b-am-hp-t¼mÄ `qcn-`mKw P\-§fpw 3 L«-§-fn-eqsS IS¶p t]mIp¶p
F¶m-Wv.
1. ap{Zm-h mIyw apg-¡p-I. amä-¯n-s \-Xn-c mbn . {]iv\-§Ä¡v ImcWw
hyà-a -Ã. AXv krjvSn¨ iàn B{K-ln-¡p-¶ -Xp-hsc AXv XpScpw
2. sNdnb kwL-§Ä cq]o-I -cn-¡-s¸«v AXv {]iv\-§fnÂ \n\n¶pw
X§sf c£n-¡p-¶-X n\v {ian-¡p¶p. Ct¸mgpw {]iv\-¯nsâ ImcWw
hyà-a -Ã.
3. {]iv\-¯nÂ \n¶p-apÅ Hfn-t¨m-«w. AXv a\p-jys\ hnc-àn-bn-te¡pw
{i²- X-¶nÂ Xs¶ tI{µo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-te¡pw \bn-¡pw.
Fsadn ]d-bp-¶Xv Ignª 50 hÀj¯n-te-s d-bmbn \S¶p hcp¶
a\-È mkv{X ( Applied Social ) ]co-£-W-§-fpsS ê-§Ä tiJ-cn-¡-s¸«p
h¨n-cn-¡p¶p F¶m-Wv. Ìm³^ÀUv bqWn-thÀknän t]mepÅ _p²n
Pohn {]Øm-\ -§-fnse I¼yq-«-dp-I -fnÂ . i{Xp cmPy-§-fnse P\-X-X n-I-fn-
t·Â {]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ X{´-§Ä kz´w P\-§-fpsS taepw {]tbm-Kn-¡p-
¶p.- tPmÀÖv Kme]v Ata-c n-¡³ C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v ]»nIv H]o-\n-bÀ
Øm]n¨p. 1936 Â {_o«ojv C³Ìnäyq«v Hm^v ]»nIv H]o-\ n-b\pw.
s]mXpP\m-`n-{]m-b- cq-]o-I-c W taJ-e-bnÂ Gähpw {]ap-J-amb Øm]\w
Committee on National Morale AXv bp²-¯n\v ]n³XpW t\Sp-¶-Xn\p
thn cq]o-I-cn-¡-s ¸-«p. kmaq-lnI \nb-{´Ww km[y-am-¡pI F¶-Xm-bn-
cp¶p asämcp Dt±iw. CIA bpsS MK- Ultra, LSD ]co-£-W-§Ä¡v
t\XrXzw \ÂInb {KnKdn s_bvä-k¬ XpS-§n-b-hÀ AwK-§fpw.
MKultra F¶Xv Atacn¡-bnÂ AanX ssewKn-I-X bpw tdm¡v kwKo-X w,
ab-¡p-a-c p¶v F¶nh km[m-c-W-a m-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn krjvSn-¡-s¸-«-Xv.
I½n-än-bpsS {][m\ ZuXy-§-fnÂ H¶v PÀ½-\n-bpsS taÂ F§ns\ a\-
im-kv{Xbp²w km[y-a m¡mw F¶-Xpw.
knÜv t{^mbn-Uv, PÀ½-\n-bnÂ \n¶v e-\nÂ h¶-Xn\p tijw
ähn-tÌm¡v ¢n\n-¡n-em-bn-c p¶p {]hÀ¯-\w. AhnsSXs¶-bmWv At±-l-
¯nsâ acp-a-I³ FUvhÀUv s_Às\bvkv {]hÀ¯n-¨Xpw. Iq«
akvXnjvI {]£m-f-\-¯nsâ tI{µ-ambn Cw¥v amdp-I-bp-mbn. cmw
temI alm-bp-²-Im-e¯v {_n«ojv ssk\y-¯nsâ a\-Èm-kv{X- bp-²-a p-d-
bpsS BØm\w ähn-tÌm-¡v. ]n¶oSv MI 6 F¶-dn-b-s¸« {_n«ojv
446
kvs]jyÂ Hm]-td-j³ FIvkn-I yq-«n-h n-eqsS Ata-c n-¡³ tk\¡v

a\Èmkv{X- bp-²-ap-d-I -fnÂ AXv \nÀt±iw \ÂIn hcp¶p. bp²-¯n\p
tijw ähn-tÌm¡v World Federation of Mental Health ssI¿-S¡n. IpÀ«v
sehn³ Ata-c n-¡-bn-s e¯n lmÀhÀUv ssk¡-tfm-Pn-¡Â ¢n\nIv Øm]n-
X-am-¡p-¶-Xn\v t\XrXzw \ÂIn. ]ns¶ bqWn-thÀÌn Hm^v anjn-K-WnÂ
C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v tkmjyÂ dnkÀ¨v. cmw temI alm-bp²w Ah-km-\n-
¸n-¡p-¶-X n\p thn ähn-tÌm¡v PÀ½³ P\-X-bpsS taÂ bp²w {]Jym-
]n-¨p.
cp temI alm-bp-²-§fpw ImcWw e£-¡-W-¡n\v shfp¯
hÀ¤-¡m-c mb bphm-¡Ä sImÃ-s¸-«p. H¶mw temI alm-bp-²-¯nÂ
djy¡v 90 e£w bphm-¡sf \jvS-ambn. bp²-¯nsâ A[nI `mKhpw
cmjv{S krjvSn-¡v DX-Ip¶ bphm-¡sfXs¶ D]-tbm-Kn-¡Ww F¶-X-bn-
cp¶p Xocp-am\w. bph-P-\-§sf \in-¸n-¡pI F¶Xv {][m-\-a mbpw
Dt±yiw Xs¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
hmkvX-hhpw {]N-c n-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ -Xp-ambn hnZqc _Ôw t]mep-ap-

m-hm-dnÃ. 1913 Â PÀ½-\n-bnse ssIkÀ hnÂslw cm-a s\ {Iqc\pw
bp²-s¡m-Xn-b-\p-ambn Nn{Xo-I -cn-¨p. tdm¯v joÂUvknsâ _Ôp
t\mÀ¯v¢n^v , am²yaòa³ shÃn-§-S³ lukns\ PÀ½³ hncp² {]Nm-
cW the-b¡v D]-tbm-K n-¨ p. hnÂslw cm-a³ Ip{]kn-²-amb sh\o-
knse »m¡v KyqÄ^v IpSpw-_mwKw hnIvtSm-dnb cmÚn-bpsS _Ôp-hm-bn-
cp-¶n«pIqSn ASn-Øm-\-an-Ãm¯ hmÀ¯-IÄ {]N-cn-¸n-¡-s ¸«p. 1940 Â
NÀ¨nÂ , lnäve-dns\ {`m´³ F¶p {]N-cn-¸n¨p. Ak-Xy-s a¶v Adn-ªp-
sImv Xs¶. t\mÀ¯v¢n^v , hnÂlw cm-a s\ bqtdm-¸nse {`m´-\mb
\mb F¶v {]N-c n-¸n-¨Xp t]mse. At±-l-¯ n\v Bdmw Xc-¯nÂ ]Tn¡p¶
Ip«n-bpsS _p²n am{X-sa-bpÅq F¶pw. 1990 Â Xmen-_m-s \-¡p-dn¨pw kam-
\-amb coXn-bnÂ {]Nm-c Ww Agn-¨p-hn«p. s]«¶v FhnsS \n¶v _n³
emZ³ {]Xy-£-\mbn . Xmen-_m³ kXy-a mbpw \ne-h n-eptm? H¶pw
XoÀ¨-bnÃ. Ipªp-§-fpsS Ah-b-h-§Ä apdn¨p amäpI , KÀ`n-W-n-I-fpsS
hbdp Ip¯n Ipªns\ Xd-bnÂ ASn-¡pI, Iq« _em-X v¡mcw \S-¯pI,
P\-§sf Iq«-s¡me \S-¯pI F¶n-§s\ hmkvX-h-h p-a mbn bmsXmcp
_Ô-h p-a n-Ãm¯ IY-I Ä ]S¨p hnSpI. H¶mw temI alm-bp²w XpS-§p-
¶-Xn\v sXm«p ap³]m-Wv hnÂk¬ sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv _m¦v \ne-hnÂ
sImp hcp-¶-Xv. AXnÃmsX bp²w km²yambncp-¶n-Ã.
hmkvX-h -am-bn«pw 1912 apXÂ 1925 hsc-bpÅ Ime-L-« -¯nse
\qdm-bncw tcJ-I Ä ]cn-tim-[n¨ kÀ lmcÄUv \nt¡mÄk¬ A`n-{ ]m-b-
s¸-«Xv ssIk-dnsâ Imcy-¯nÂ {]N-c n-¸n-¡-s¸-«Xpw hmkvX-hhp-ambn
bmsXmcp _Ô-hp-anÃ. F¶m-Wv. kam\amWv k±mw -lp-ssk³ sâ
Imcyhpw. 30,000 IpÀZp-Isf k±mw hnj-hm-XIw D]-tbm-Kn¨v h[n¨p
F¶mWv {]N-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-«Xv. F¶mÂ k±m-ansâ ]¡Â A¯cw Bbp[w
447
Dm-bn-cp-¶nÃ. t^mkvPo³ hmXIw. Cdm¡v Cdm³ bp²-¯nÂ. F¶mÂ

Cdmsâ ]¡Â AXp-m-bn-cp-¶p. Ata-cn-¡³ anen-ädn tImtfPv Hm^v
hmÀ ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn¨ dnt¸mÀ«nÂ k±m-a ns\ ]n¶oSv Ipä-h n-a p-à-\ m-¡n-bn-
cp¶p. sXfnhpI-fn-ÃmsX Xs¶ P\-§Ä Icp-Xp-¶Xv AÂJm-bnZ Fs¶mcp
kwL-S\ hmkvX-h-¯nÂ \ne-hn-eps¶pw AhÀ A^vKm-\n-Øm-\nÂ
Xmhfw XoÀ¯n-c n-¡p¶p F¶pw. 9/11 se B{I-a -W-¯nÂ ]s¦-Sp-¯-XnÂ
Bcpw Xs¶ A^-v-Km-\ n-I -fÃ F¶Xv {]iv\-a -Ã.
hq{Uq hnÂk¬ Ipd¨v BSp-Isf sshäv lukv ]pc-bn-
S-¯ nÂ hfÀ¯n-bn-cp-¶p. Ah At±-ls¯ Ata-cn-¡³ P\-Xsb HmÀ½n-
¸n-¨n-cp¶p F¶mWv At±lw ]dªXv. PÀ½³ ssk\yw 20 s_ÂPnbw
s]¬Ip-«n-Isf s]mXp-Ø-e¯v h¨v Hmtcm s]¬Ip«n-tbbpw Npcp-§n-bXv
A©p-t]À _emÂ¡mcw sNbvXp F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p Hcp IY. aäp-Å-hÀ
IqSn \n¶v t{]mÕm-ln-¸ n¡pIbpw. {_n«sâ sNe-h nÂ Hcp kwLw Ata-
cn-¡-bnÂ ]cy-S\w \S¯n {]kvX pX IY hnh-c n¨p . hnÂk¬ Ahsc
sshäv luknÂ kzoI-c n-¨ p. F¶mÂ Ata-c n-¡³ A`n-`m-j-I ³ ¢mc³kv
Umtcm {^m³knepw s_ÂPn-b-anepw t]mbn, ]{X-¯nÂ ]ckyw \ÂIn .
{]Xn-êw {]Jym-]n-¨p. F¶mÂ sXfn-hp-IÄ In«n-bn-Ã.
hniz-kvX-\mb {]kn-²-\mb Ncn-{X-Im-c ³ hnkvIuv
Pbnwkv ss{_kv s\-sImv hymP-amb {]k-X m-h -§Ä t\Sn. F¶mÂ
bp²m-\ -ćw Ncn-{X-I m-c -·mÀ AXns\ hni-I -e-\-¯n\v hnt[-b-a m-¡p-¶-
Xn\p thn At\z-jn-¨-t¸mÄ ^b-ep-IÄ A{]-Xy-£-a m-b-Xmbn Is-¯n.
Cdm-¡ns\ B{I-an-¡p-¶-Xn\v \ymbo-I-c-W-a mbn {]N-c n-¸n-¨n-cp¶ IY Hcp
s]¬ Ip«n-bpsS ZrIvkm£n hnh-c-W-a mWv. Sn.-hn-bnÂ {]Xy-£-s¸«v
BIp«n ]d-ªXv Cdm¡n ssk\n-IÀ ]n©p Ipªp-§sf Bip-]-{Xn-bnÂ
C³Iyp-t_-ä-dnÂ \n¶v hen-s ¨-Sp¯v \ne-s ¯-dnªp F¶mWv. CXp ]d-bp-
t¼mÄ AhÄ Ic-bp-¶p-m-bn-cp¶p AXv hmÀ-¯¡v hniz-k -\obX
\ÂIn . F¶mÂ lnÂä³ Bâv t\msekv F¶ “”]cky, am²ya””
{]Øm\w \S-¯nb \mS-I-am-bn-cp¶p AXv. Ipsshäv Aw_m-k-UÀ
lnÂä³ \v 6 e£w tUmfÀ \ÂIn. s]¬Ip«n hmjn-§vS-\nse Ipsshäv
Aw_m-k-U-dpsS aIÄ. AÂ k_mlv IpSpw-_mwKw. ko\o-bÀ _pjv
Ahsf ap³]v ]cn-N-b-s ¸-«n-c p-¶p. 16 hb-Êp-m-bn-cp¶ s]¬ -I p-«nsb.
lnÂä³ ähn-tÌm-¡p-ambn hfsc ASp¯ _Ôw ]peÀ¯p-¶p.
s]¬Ip«n-bpsS t]cv \cnX AÂ k_ml.v bp² ka-b¯v \cnX Ipssh-
än-ep-m-bn-c p-¶nÃ. AhÄ hmjn-§v-S\n-em-bn-cp-¶p. Aw_m-k-U-dnsâ hk-
Xn-bnÂ . \cn-X-bpsS {]I-S\w hn]p-e-amb coX-nbnÂ D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s ¸«p.
Atacn-¡³ P\X bp²-¯n\v A\p-Iq-e-a mbn. _pjv ]d-ªXv anUnÂ
CuÌns\ kpc-£n-X-a m-¡p-¶-Xn\v “kmUw” kZmw -lp-ssks\ Cdm-¡nÂ
\¶pw Xpc-t¯--Xpv F¶mWv. hnÂk¬ ap³]v Ata-cn-¡³
ssk\ys¯ {^m³knte¡v NmIm³ hn«Xv P\m-b¯ `c-W-IqSw `qan-bnÂ
kp£n-X-a m-I p-¶-Xn\p thn-bmWv. AÑ³ _pjv Xsâ F® òa-·m-cmb
kplr-¯p-¡-fpsS t\«-¯n-\p-thn k±m-ans\ òI-c-\m-¡p¶ {]Nm-cWw
448
Bcw-`n-¨p. 1913 Â ssIk-dn-s \-Xnsc F¶-t]mse AXv êw Ip.

]n¶oSv {]iv\w AÂ JmbnZ Bbn.
{]^-kÀ hnÃyw em³KÀ ]d-ªXv H¶mw temI alm-bp-²-
¯nÂ acWw Hcp tImSn. cp tImSn P\-§Ä¡v imco-cn-I-a mbn A]-I-S-
§Ä kw`-h n-¨ p. djy¡v am{Xw 90 e£w acWw. Ah-c psS ssk\y¯nsâ
75 iX-am\w \in-¨p. sNehv 35,000 tImSn tUmfÀ GI-tZiw . CXnÂ a\p-
jy- a-\ -Ên\pw kaq-l-¯n\pw GÂ¡p¶ BLmXw DÂs¸-Sp-¶n-Ã.
C³Uym-\-bnÂ Chm³kvhnsÃ kÀh-I -em-i m-e-bnse Ncn{X
A²ym-]-I-\ m-bn-c p¶ {]^-kÀ tUmIvSÀ Pbnwkv em¡ve³ a¢n-tbmSv Fgp-
Xn-bXv skbvâv eqbn-bnÂ Rm³ Fsâ IpSpw-_-t¯msSm¸w t]mbn
GXm\pw BgvN-I Ä¡p ap³]v. ssk\n-I-c psS kva rXnaWvU-]-¯nÂ. hfsc
hep-¸-a pÅ aXn-¸ p-f-hm-¡p¶ sI«nSw . 1936 Â dqkvshÂäv H¶mw temI
alm-bp-²-¯nÂ ac-W-a-Sª 1075 ssk\nIÀ¡p-thn AXv kaÀ¸n-¨p.
sI«n-S-¯nsâ kuµcyw thZ-\ -bp-f-hm-¡p-¶p. samskbv¡pw amÀ_nfpw
IÃnÂ sIm¯nb {]Xn-a-Ifpw AXnsâ a²y-¯nÂ Idp¯ {Kmss\äv. ac-
W-s¸« \qdp IW-¡n\v ssk\n-I-cpsS t]cp-IÄ AXn-t·Â sIm¯n-bn-cn-
¡p¶p. hcn-h-c n-bm-bn.
R§Ä kµÀi\w \S-¯nb Znhkw aä-Y n-X n-IÄ D-
bn-cp-¶n-Ã. AhnSw iq\y-a m-bn-c p-s ¶-¦nepw, hSn-s hm¯ , bqWnt^mw
[cn¨, 86 hÀjw ap³]v AIse \mSp-I-fn-te¡v {]ikvX-a mb bp²-¯n\v
skbvâv eqbn-bnÂ \n¶pw ]pd-s ¸« bph ssk\n-I cpsS Bßm-¡fpw
i_vZhpw , a§nb apJ-§fpw Ahn-S-a msI \nd-ªn-cp-¶p. kz´w ho«n-
te¡v Hcn-¡epw XncnsI h¶p tNcm¯ B¬Ip-«n-I Ä. Cdm-¡nse cà-cq-
£n-X-a mb bp²-¯ nÂ ]s¦-Sp-¡p¶ F{Xtbm ssk\n-IÀ Hcn-¡epw
XncnsI h¶ptNcp-¶n-Ã. kz´w ho«n-te¡v. Rm³ kvtIm«ve³Uv, -
{^m³kv,- Cw-¥-v,- Im-\-U, \yq koe³Uv F¶n-hn-S-§-fn-sÃÃmw
kvarXnaWvU-] -§Ä kµÀin-¨p. FÃmw H¶p Xs¶. bp²-§Ä Ah-km-\n-
¸n-¡p-¶-X n\p thn-bpÅ bp²w. H¶mw temI alm-bp²w A§n-s\-bmWv
hnti-jn-¸ n-¡-s ¸-«Xv. \Ã Imc-W-§Ä¡p thn sN¿p¶ bp²w. a\p-jyÀ
kt´m-j-]qÀÆw ]¦p-sImp. AhÀ hnNm-c n-¨ Xv AhÀ sa¨-s¸« temIw
sI«n-¸-Sp-¡p-¶ -Xn\p thn ]cn-{i-a n-¡pIbmsW-¶m-Wv.
ASp¯ \mec hÀj-¡mew Hmtcm Znh-khpw 5500 t]À
acn¨p hoWp. Htcm \nan-jhpw 4 t]À. Hcp tImSn a\p-jyÀ sam¯-¯nÂ.
bp²w ]pXnb Xe-a p-dsb \in-¸n¨p. Hcn-¡epw \S-¡m³ ]mSn-Ãm-bn-cp¶
bp²w . ac-W-a-Sª ssk\n-I -cpsS Bßm-¡Ä Fs¶ th«-bm-Sp-¶p.- sk-\-
äÀ Imt_m«v temUvPv , eoKv Hm^v t\j³kv Øm]n-X-am-¡p-¶-Xns\ cq£-
ambn FXnÀ¯p. AXv Ata-c n-¡-bpsS kzmX-{ýs¯ \in-¸n¡pw F¶-Xn-
\m-em-Wv. F¶mÂ {]Nm-cW the-¡mÀ AXn\p ]Icw sFIy-c m-jv{S-k`,
bpssW-äUv t\j³kv A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX Øm]n-¨p. amÌÀ tabvk¬
{Sqa³ Ata-cn-¡³ P\-Xsb h©n-¨p. C¶v P\-§sf h©n-¡p¶ {]N-c-W-
th-e¡v XpW-bmbn Ata-cn-¡-bnse Gähpw {]apJ Sn.-hn.-Nm-\ Â t^mIvkv
\yqkv (Fox News).
449
bqtdm¸v, ]k-^n-Iv,- skÀ_n-b,- A-^vKm-\n-Øm³, Cdm¡v F¶n-hn-S-§-fnse

bp² `qan-b nÂ\n¶v acWaS-ª-h À Aedn hnfn-¡p¶p AhÀ ac-W-a-S-
ªXv anXnjvI {]£m-f\w hnP-bn-¨-Xp-s Impw {]Nm-c -W-the B[n-]Xyw
t\Sn-b-Xp-sIm-p-am-sW¶v AhÀ hnXp-¼p-¶p.
XI-c p-¶-X n\p thn krjvSn-¡-s¸« km¼-¯nI hyh-
ØnXn XI-cp-I-X s¶ sN¿pw . C¶v \ne-hn-en-cn-¡p¶ [\-X-Xz-imkv{X
kn²m´§Ä X«n-¸ m-s W¶v Icp-Xp-¶-XnÂ A]m-I-X-bnÃ. temI cmjv{ So-b-
¯nÂ tPm¬ dmhvenwKv dokv Ign-ªmÂ Gähpw {]Xym-Lm-X-§Ä
krjvSn-¨Xv FUvhÀUv s_ÀsWbvkpw IpÀ«vs ehn\pw. A[nIw ]cm-a Àin-
¡-s]-SmsX t]mIp¶ hyàn hnÃn ap³sk³s_ÀKv. B[p-\ nI Ime-L-« -
¯nse Hgn-hm-¡m-\ m-hm¯ At±-l-¯nsâ {]N-c-W-the kn²m-´-§Ä
amÊv I½yq-Wn-t¡-j-\nÂ AXohw {]m[m-\y-ap-Å-Xm-Wv.- sdm-a -t\mhv `c-W-
Iq-Ss¯ A«n-a -d-n-¨-Xn\p tijw t_mÄj-hn-¡p-Isf If-¦-c -ln-X -am-¡n-bXv
aq³sk³s_ÀKv. s_ÀsWbvkpw sehn\pw {]tbm-K-h-Xv¡-cn¨ Bi-b-
§Ä¡v cq]w \ÂIn-bXv aq³sk³s_ÀKv. thmÄK {]tZis¯ 2.5 tImSn
IÀj-I À Zmcn{Zyw aqew ac-W-a -S-ª-t¸mÄ AXnsâ Zpjvt]-cnÂ \n¶pw
c£-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶ -Xn\v se\nÂ aq³sk³s_ÀKn-s\-bmWv B{i-bn-¨-Xv.
Ata-cn-¡-bnse slÀ_À«v lqh-dnâ Ata-cn-¡³ dneo^v HmÀK-s s\-tk-j-
\nÂ \n¶v am{X-aÃ aäp amÀ¤-¯n-eq-s Sbpw klmbw e`n-¡p-¶p-s ¶v
hcp¯n-¯oÀ¡p-¶-Xn\v aq³sk³s_-À Kv t^mdn³ I½nän t^mÀ Z HmÀK-
ss\-tk-j³ Hm^v hÀ¡À doeo^v F¶ IS-emkp {]Øm\w X«n-Iq-«n.
amUw sImtfm³Sn Women’s Liberation Movement sâ
kmYm-]I free love sâ USSR se hàmhv sâ XXz-im-kv{X-§-fmWv -1973
Â Ata-c n-¡³ kp{]ow -tIm-S-Xn-bnÂ Abortion Brief F¶ a«nÂ Ah-X-cn-
¡-s¸-«-Xv. t_mÄj-hnIv I½n-ÊmÀ Bbn-c p¶ sImtfm³Sn hnhm-l-¯ n\pw
IpSpw-_ -k-{¼-Zm-b-¯ n\pw FXn-c m-bn-c p-¶p. Ah-cpsS sân-\nkw F¶
Bibw I½yq-WnÌv am\n-s ^-tÌm-bnÂ \n¶pw ISw sImp. MI 6 GPâv
Bbn-c p¶ tPmÀÖv HmÀshÂ, aq³sk³s_ÀKnsâ Bi-b-§Ä hni-Z-
ambn ]Tn-¨n-c p-¶p.- HmÀsh-Ãnsâ Gd-dhpw {]i-kvX-a mb Bibw
aq³sk³s_ÀKnÂ \n¶pw ISw sIm-XmWv. “Ak-Xy-§sf kXy-sa¶pw
sIme-] m-X-I s¯ _lp-am-\yam¡n-¯oÀ¡p-¶-Xn\pw, ip² hmbp-hn\v
ISp¸w ( Solidity) Ds¶pff {]Xn-cq]w \ÂIp-¶-Xn-\pw -thn krjvSn-
¡-s¸-«-XmWv cmjv{Sob `mj”. ap³sk³s_ÀKv ]d-ª-Xv. “FÃm hmÀ-¯-
Ifpw Ahm-kvX-h -amWv FÃm {]Nm-c-W-§fpw hmÀ¯ F¶ a«nÂ Ah-X-cn-
¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.” HmÀshÂ sâ 1984, temI Kh¬saâv F¶ Bibw {]N-
cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th-n.
tPmÀÖv _pjnsâ \b-§Ä cq]n-I-cn-¡p-¶Xv \ntbm -
I¬kÀth-än-hvkv. AXnsâ Øm]-I³ sFÀhn§v {IntÌmÄ At±lw
450
entbm¬ t{SmSvkvI n-bpsS Bcm-[-I\pw. ähn-tÌm¡v h©-\-bpsS Black

Hole krjvSn-¨ p. AXv MIT , Ìm³^ÀUv dnkÀ¨v, hmÀ«³ kvIqÄ Hm^v
CI-tWm-a nIvkv XpS-§n-b-hsb sam¯-a mbpw I¿-S-¡n. dm³Uv tImÀ]-td-
j³, ähn-tÌm-¡nsâ t\cn-«pÅ \nb-{´-W-¯n-em-Wv. AXv BW-thmÀP-\-
b-§Ä Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶p.- CIA ¡p-thn \qdp-I-W-¡n\v ]²-Xn-IÄ \S-¸n-em-
¡p¶p. Mind Control taJ-e-bnÂ ]e hn[- aX kwL-S-\ -Ifpw dm³Uv sâ
D]-t`m-à m-¡-fm-Wv. tPmÀÖvSu¬ kÀÆ-I-em-i me ASn-a pSn
ähntÌm¡nsâ \nÀ½n-X n-bmW.v hntZi \bcq]o-I-c-W-¯nÂ AXv {]ap-J-
amb ]¦v hln-¡p-¶p. cl-kym-t\z-jW kwL-S-\-I-fnÂ {]ap-J -am-bh ähn-
tÌm-¡nsâ tkh-\s¯ B{i-bn-¡p¶p.
CIA - Central Intelligence Agency

FBI - Federal Bureau of Investigation
DIA - Defense Department Intelligence Agency
NRO - National Reconnaissance office
ONI -Office of Naval Intelligence
TIS - Treasury Intelligence Service
DRA - Drug Enforcement Agency
SDIS - Sate department Intelligence Service
Idp¯ {]`p-¡-·mÀ Black Nobility F¶Xv Idp¯ hÀ¤-¡msc
kqNn-¸ n-¡p-¶ n-Ã. 500 hÀj-¯n-te-d-b mbn \ne-\nÂ¡p¶ [\nI IpSpw-_ -
§Ä. 300 se {]ap-JÀ. \½psS Ipªp-§-fpsS Nn´m-] -²-Xn-hsc Xocp-am-\n-
¡p-¶Xv ähn-tÌm-¡mWv. tImSn-¡-W-¡n\v P\-§Ä ähn-tÌm¡v Fs¶mcp
{]Øm\w \ne-hn-epv F¶p t]mepw a\-Ên-em-¡msX Phn-¡p-¶p.
sdbv\mÀUv tlbv{Un-¡nsâ ap³ PÀ½³ cl-kym-t\z-jW {]Øm-\s¯
Gsä-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\v tdms¡-s ^-Ã-dns\ klm-bn-¨ -Xn\p ]Icw
tdms¡s^ÃÀ ähn-tÌm-¡n\v hopw [\-k-lmbw \ÂIn. \mkn
tlbv{Un-¡nsâ {]Øm-\-s ¯bpw BÄ¡m-scbpw AXp-t]mse tdms¡-
s^-ÃÀ Gsä-Sp-¯p. AXv Ct¸mÄ CâÀt]mÄ F¶-dn-b-s ¸-Sp-¶p.- B-h iyw
Ignªv Dt]£n¡pI F¶-XmWv ähn-tÌm-¡nsâ \bw. sFk-t\m-h -dn-
s\bpw AhÀ Dt]-£n¨p. AXp-sImmhWw At±lw ssk\nI hyh-
kmb kwLm-X -¯nsâ A]-I-S-s ¯-¡p-dn¨v ]n¶oSv kwkm-cn-¨-Xv.-
IpÀ«v sehn³ PÀ½-\ n-bnÂ P\n-¨p. P\-kwJym \nb-{´-W-¯n-
\pÅ ]co-£-W-§Ä- Kh¬saânsâ Adn-hn-Â-s ¸-«Xp sImv Cw¥-n-
te¡v HmSn-t¸mbn. AhnsS apt¶ -]-cn-N-b-ap-m-bn-c p¶ tUm.-do-kn-s\m¸w
ähn-tÌm-¡nÂ. KÄ^v bp²-¯nÂ Ipssh-änse Ata-cn-¡³ Fw_-kn-
bnse Dt±ym-K-Ø -·mÀ¡v Ft¸mÄ thW-s a-¦ nepw \m«n-te¡v t]mIp-¶-Xn\v
kml-N-cy-ap-mbn-c p-¶n«pw Ata-c n-¡³ sÌbväv Unv-]mÀ«vsaâv Ahsc
AXn\v A\p-h -Zn-¨n-Ã.- Ip-ssh-änÂ AhÀ _µn-I-fm-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶p F¶v
{]N-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-thn. hmkvX-h-¯nÂ AhÀ Ata-cn-¡-bpsS Xs¶
451
_µn-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p. t]Ä lmÀ_-dn-s \-t¸mse krjvSn-¡-s ¸« {]iv\w .

cmjv{Ss¯ tNÀ¯p \ndp-¯p¶ _Ô-§Ä \in-¸n¡p-¶-XnÂ AXv
{]tXyI {i²-sN-ep-¯-¶p.
_oänÂknse Bcpw Xs¶ kwKoX hnZ-Kv²-c-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. Ahsc \nc-´-c -
ambn DuXn s]cp-¸ n¨v hep-X m-¡n-sb-Sp-¯-X m-bn-c p-¶p. 98 iX-am\w P\-
§fpw Icp-Xp-¶Xv hn]p-e-amb KqVm-tem-N\ Akm-²y-a mWv F¶m-Wv.
AXn\p ]pdta am²y-a -§fpw A¯cw KqVm-tem-N\ Akm²yw F¶v {]N-
cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. U»yq.BÀ _tbm¬ Gsd \mÄ hmÀ«³ kv¡qÄ Hm^v C¡-
tWm-anIvkv ta[m-hn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. AXn\nsS kzX-{´-hym-]mcw ]ns¶
sIbv\o-jy³ [\-X-Xz-imkv{Xw F¶nh A`y-kn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ
P¸m³, P\-dÂ aIv BÀX-dnsâ amÀ¤w ]n³XpSÀ¶p. hmÀ«³ X«n-¸-Ã.
km¼-¯nI hyh-kvX nXn XIÀ¡p¶ ähn-tÌm¡v k{¼-Zmbw. {ioaXn
lmcn-a³ BWv ¢nâs\ sXc-sª-Sp-¡p-¶Xpw sshäv lukv hsc F¯n-
¨Xpw. \mj-WÂ s{Sbv-\n§v et_m-d-« -dn-bnÂ Ata-cn-¡³ \mhnI tk\,
sÌbväv Un¸mÀ«vsaâv, knhnÂ kÀÆokv I½o-j³, thyma-tk\ F¶n-h -
bnse Dt±ym-K-Ø-·mÀ¡v ähn-tÌm¡v k{¼-Zm-b-¯nÂ ]cn-io-e\w \ÂIn.
kwLÀjw Df-h m-Ip¶ kml-N-c y-§sf F§ns\ t\cnSmw F¶-XnÂ.
\nIp-Xn-Zm-b-Isâ ]Ww sImv, lmcn-a ³ FtÌ-änÂ. MK-Ultra bpsS
taÂ t\m«w BÂUkv lIvkn-en¡pw ]ns¶ _À«vd³Uv dÊ-en\pw. Ah-
cpsS òXn P\-I-a mb ab-¡p-a-c p¶p ]co-£Ww \S-¯n-bn-cp-¶Xv
Ìm³^ÀUv dnkÀ¨v, aIvKnÂ bqWn-thÀknän, s_sY-kvZ \m-h nI Bip-
]{Xn XpS-§nb tI{µ-§-fnÂ.
HmÀshÂ At±-l-¯nsâ shfn-s¸-Sp-¯-ep-I Ä km¦Â]nIw
F¶ a«nÂ Ah-X-c n-¸n¨p. \nba \S-] -Sn-I-fnÂ s]SmXn-c n-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn.
At±lw djy-sb-¡p-dn¨v kwkm-c n-¡p¶p F¶mWv hmb-\-¡mÀ Icp-Xp-
¶Xv. F¶mÂ {_n«³ Xs¶-bmWv Dt±y-in-¡s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶Xv NÀ¨n-ensâ
B{I-a -tWm-Õp-I -amb hyànXzw ähn-tÌm¡v \nÀ½n¨p \ÂIn-b-X mWv.
At±-l-¯nsâ bYmÀ° kz`mhw shfn-s ¸-Sp-¯-s¸-«n-« nÃ. C¶pw PÀ½-\n-
bnÂ s{Ukvs U³ B{I-a n-¡-s¸-«-Xn\v \ymbo-I-c Ww e`y-a -Ã. s{Ukvs U-
\nÂ \S-¯nb t_mw_m-{I-aWw lntcm-jn-a -bnÂ BW-h -t_mw_v B{I-a -
W-¯nÂ h[n-¡-s¸-«-Xn-t\-¡mfpw Poh³ A]-l-cn-¨ p.- dokvsâ ]co-£-W -
§Ä sXfn-bn-¨-X mWv am\-knI Btcm-Ky-apÅ P\-§sf Iq«-ambn at\m-
tcm-Kn-I -fm¡n amämw F¶-X v. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA) ]cn-
ØnXn kwc-£W kanXn F¶ òI-cs\ krjvSn-¨Xv ähn-tÌm-¡v. ähn-
tÌm¡v Xs¶-bmWv ]cn-ØXn {]iv\-§Ä Fs´m-s ¡-sb¶v Xocp-am-\n-
¡p¶Xv ]n¶oSv Ahsb EPA sb GÂ¸n-¡p-¶p.
sXc-s ª-Sp¸pw hmkvX -h-¯nÂ {]l-k-\-a mWv. P\-§Ä¡v
AhÀ¡v CjvS-a p-Å-h sc sXc-s ª-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\v kzmX-{ý-anÃ. ap³Iq«n
Xocp-am-\n-¡-s¸« Øm\mÀ°n-I -fnÂ Hcmsf sXc-sª-Sp-t¡-n-h-c p¶p.
AhÀ 300 sâ BÄ¡mÀ Xs¶-bm-bn-c n-¡pw. bp²-¯nÂ {]tbm-Kn-¡-s ¸-
452
Sp¶ Bbp-[-§-fnÂ H¶mWv `£y hkvXp-¡Ä. Imem-hØ hyXn-bm\w

t]mse asäm¶v. A´m-c mjv{S `£y-h-kXp Ip¯-I-IÄ DXv]m-Z-\hpw hnX-
c-Whpw Npcp¡w. AXnsâ A\ćê-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v ]Tn-¡p-¶-Xn\v
tUmÀhn³ ImÀ«vhvs sdävs\ Npa-X-e-s ¸-Sp¯n. ]n¶oSv tdmWÄUv
ens¸À«ns\ hnZym-`ym-k-¯nsâ taÂ \nb-{´Ww GÀs¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\pw.
At±lw cmjv{Sm-XnÀ¯n-IÄ CÃm-Xm-¡p-¶-Xn-\p- thn k¦c hnhmlw
{]mÕm-ln-¸ n¨p. ]ucm-h -Imi \nb-a -§fpw ]qÀ®-a mbpw dokvs âbpw en-
s¸À«nâbpw krjvSn-bmWv. AXn\p thn aq¶v {]Øm-\-§Ä krjvSn-¡-
s¸-«p.
The Science Policy Research Centre ( SPRC )

The Institutte for social Research ( ISR )
The National Training Laboratories ( NTL )
NTL 20 e£w AwK-§-f pÅ \mj-WÂ FPyq-t¡-j³ Atkm-kn-tb-jsâ

\nb-{´Ww Gsä-Sp-¯p. AXp-hgn Ata-cn-¡-bnse sam¯w hZym-`ym-k-¯n-
t·epw. AXnepw {][m\w NASA bpsS \nb-{´Ww ähn-tÌm¡v Gsä-Sp-
¯-X m-Wv. NASA -bpsS {]hÀ¯\w DS-\ Sn \ndp-¯n-h -¡Ww F¶ \nÀt±-i-
ap-mbn. AXv 9 hÀj-t¯¡v NASA {]hÀ¯\ cln-X-am-hp-¶-Xn\v Imc-
W-ambn. tkmhn-b-än\v , XpÃy-X-bnÂ F¯nt¨-cp-¶-Xn\p th kabw.
ähn-tÌm-¡nsâ Gähpw {][m\ {]Øm-\ -§-fnÂ H¶mWv Bkvs]³
C³Ìn-äyq-«v.
At\Iw hÀj-§Ä AXv tdm_À«v B³tUÀkWp
Iognepw. At±lw akvXnjvI {]£m-f-\-¯n\p {]ap-J -amb jn¡msKm
bqWn-thÀÌn-bnÂ \n¶pw. cmP-`-c Ww Ata-cn-¡¡v Gähpw A\p-tbmPyw
F¶v Bkvs ]³ ]d-bp¶p. tPm¬ s\kv_näv {]apJ hyh-km-bn-I-fpsS
CS-b nÂ cmP `c-W-amWv \ÃXv F¶v apd- sX-ämsX. B³tUÀk¬ sâ
A\p-bm-bn-I -fm-bn-cp¶p amÀK-cäv Xm¨À ]ns¶ tPmÀÖv _pjv. ]cn-ØnXn
{]iv\-§Ä B³tUÀk-¬sâ iàn t{imXm-Êp-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p. At±-l-
¯nsâ Aan-X-amb k¼-¯nsâ Hcp `mKw A¯cw Imcy-§Ä¡p thn
hn\n-tbm-Kn-¨n-c p¶p F¦nepw ^nen¸v cmP-Ip-am-c³ , Fen-k-_¯v cmÚn
DÄs¸sS temI-s ¯-¼m-Sp-\ n¶pw [\-k-lmbw e`n-¨ n-c p-¶p. Friends of the
Earth F¶ Xo{h-hmZ ]cn-ØnXn {]km-Ym\w B³tUÀk¬ cq]w \ÂIn-
b-Xm-Wv. ]ns¶ United Nations Conference on Environment
AtX kabw B³tUÀk¬ ARCO bpsS {]kn-Uâv
Dw CEO bpamWv. Atlantic Richfield company. AXnsâ t_mÀUv AwK-§Ä
þ Pm¡v tIm¬th. tkmjy-enÌv CâÀ\m-j-WÂ Ub-d-IvSÀ, t^mÀUv
ût-j³ Ub-d-IvSÀ cpw Ata-cn-¡³ hncp-²- {]-Øm-\-§Ä. skâÀ
t^mÀ sNbv©vs â Ub-d-IvSÀ. Hcp ähn-tÌm¡v {]Øm\w. ^nen]v
lmhven. lmhven B³Uv slbvÂ F¶ {]Øm-\-¯nsâ A²y-£³. AXv
453
{Sm³kv Ata-cn¡ F¶ I¼-\n-bp-a mbn tNÀ¶v {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶p. AXv

IpSpw-_-h n-c p², KÀ`-On-{ Z-¯n\v A\p-I qe, kzhÀ¤ kwt`m-K-¯n\v A\p-
Iqe, ab-¡p-a -cp¶v A\p-I qe kn\n-a -IÄ \nÀ½n-¡p¶p. lmhven , _m¦v
Hm^v Ata-c n-¡-bp-a mbn _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. AXv Centre for the Study of
Democratic Institutions \v [\-k -lmbw \ÂIp¶p. CSDI F¶Xv Hcp ähn-
tÌm¡v {]Øm\w, AXv ab-¡p-a -cp¶v \nba hnt[-b-am-¡p-¶ -Xn\pw D]-
tbmKw {]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡p-¶-X n\pw thn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. tUmIvSÀ
tPmsbÂ t^mÀ«v. {_n«ojv ]uc³. e³ H_vkÀhÀ Zn\-] -{X-¯nsâ
t_mÀUnÂ Ub-d-I vSÀ. aäp cv Ub-d-IvSÀ tUbvhnUv BÌÀ ]ns¶
RIIA bnse Ub-d-IvSÀ amÀ¡v tSÀWÀ
Royal Institute of International Affairs. AXv CFR s\ ktlm-Zc
Øm]-\-a mbn Øm]n¨p. CFR F¶Xv {]tbm-K-¯nÂ a²y-X -e Ata-cn-¡³
clky Kh¬saâv. 300 sâ {][m\ {]hÀ¯\ imJ. ens¸À«v Øm]n¨ 3
{]Øm-\-§fpw Kh¬saâv [\-k-lmbw t\Sp¶p. ]Sn-ª m-d³
kwkvI rXn XIÀ¡pI F¶-XmWv AXnsâ Npa-Xe. {ItaW Ata-cn-¡-
bpsS ASnØm-\ s¯ XIÀ¡pI. RIIA e-\nÂ \n¶pw Adn-bn-¸p-IÄ
tamÀK\v e`n-¡p-¶p. AXv \nÀt±i¯nsâ cq]-¯nÂ Ata-c n-¡³ sÌbväv
sk{I-«-dn¡v ssIam-dp¶p. Bkvs]³ C³Ìn-äyq-«nse \h-Im-e-L« New
Age tI{µ-§Ä¡v IBM, AT&T F¶nh [mcm-f-ambn [\ klmbw \ÂIp-
¶p. IBM, AT&T F¶nh akvXnjvI {]£m-f\w, s]cp-a mä \nb-{´-Ww, -
[ym\w, _lmbn aXw, sk³ _p²nkw Reverse Psychology F¶n-§s\
IpSpw_w XIÀ¡p-¶-Xn\v D]-bp-à-a mb ]²-Xn-IÄ¡v ]n³XpW \ÂIp-
¶p.
CâÀt]mÄ AXv tUbvhnUv tdms¡s^Ã-dnsâ kzImcy cl-
kym-t\-jW tk\. AXv {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶Xv kÀ¡mÀ hkvXp-hnepw.
Kh¬saâv kwc-£-W-bnÂ. AXv Ata-c n-¡-bnse \nba hncp-²-amb
{]Øm\w. AXnse AwK-§sf Ata-c n-¡³ Kh¬saânsâ A\p-hm-Z-an-
ÃmsX hnhn[ tZiob Kh¬saâpIÄ \nb-an-¡p-¶p. AwK-§-s f Ata-cn-
¡³ sk\-än\p ap³]msI shfn-s ¸-Sp-¯p-¶n-Ã. AXv ab-¡p-a -cp¶v hym]m-
c-¯nÂ apgp-In-bn-cn-¡p¶p. U.N AXn\v \nco-£-I³ F¶ ]Zhn \ÂIn.
U.N N«-§Ä¡v hncp-² -am-bn.
kvIpfp-I-fnÂ \S-¡p¶ shSn-hbv]v A[n-Ihpw akvXnjvI
{]£m-f\w sN¿-s¸« Ipd-¨p-t]sc {i²m-]qÀÆw sXc-sª-Sp¯v Ahsc
A]-I-S-Im-cn-I-fmb, a\-Ênsâ LS\ amäp¶ t{]mkmIv, AZT , dnäm-en³
XpS-§nb acp-¶p-IÄ¡v ASn-a -I-fm¡n krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. ¢n]v In³sIÂ,
Hmdn-K-Wnse bphmhv amXm-]n-Xm-¡sf shSn-h-¨ -Xn\p tij-a mWv kvIqfnÂ
shSn-hbv]v \S-¯nbXv. In³sIÂ ]d-ªXv AbmÄ A{]-Imcw sN¿-W-
sa¶v i_vZ-§Ä tI«p F¶m-Wv. F¶mÂ BÀ¡pw sXfn-b-¡p-¶-Xn\v
km²y-a Ã, CIA akvXnjvI {]£m-f\ ]co-£-W-§Ä In³sIÂ\p-taÂ \S-
454
¯n-bn-c p¶p. 14 hÀjw CIA bnÂ {]hÀ¯n¨ hnIvSÀ amÀ-s jän F¶mÂ
A¯cw ]co-£-W-§Ä hmkvX-h-a m-s W¶v ØoI-cn-¡p-¶p.
\qäm-p-I -fmbn {_n«ojv cmP-`-cWw B`n-Nm-c-{In-b-bpsS
BØm-\-amWv. Occultism Metaphsical Mysticism and Mind Control.
CuÌv Cým- I-¼\n ]n¶oSv AXv {_n«ojv CuÌv Cým-I-¼\n
(BEIC)Bbn-cp¶p bYmÀ° 300. Ah-cpsS ]n³ X-e-a p-d-¡mÀ C¶v
temIs¯ \nb-{ń-¡p-¶p. ab¡p acp-¶m-bn-c p¶p {][m-\ -h n-] -W\
hkvXp. C¶pw AXpXs¶. BhvsdÂ lmcn-a ³ sâ amXmhv Race Eugenics
]co-£-W-§Ä¡pw Mind control ]co-£-W-§Ä¡pw [mcmf-ambn ]Ww
\ÂIn. Reverse Psychology bpsS `mK-a mbn Idp¯ hÀ¤-¡mÀ shfp¯
hÀ¤-¡m-s c-¡mfpw DbÀ¶ _p²n-bp-Å-h-c m-s W¶v {]N-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-«p.
]co-£-W-§Ä \S-¶Xv 1914 apXÂ tImÄUv kv{]n§v lmÀ_À
\yqtbmÀ¡nÂ. PÀ½³ imkv{X-Ú-·msc AXnÂ ]s¦Sp-¸n¨p.
PÀ½³ImÀ XncnsI lnäve-dnsâ IognÂ AXv {]tbm-K-¯nÂ hcp¯n.
dqkvshÂäv ähn-tÌm¡v DXv]-¶-a mWv. At±lw bp²-¯n-\p-thn X¿m-
sd-Sp-¡p-t¼mÄ kam-[m-\ -s¯-¡p-dn¨v kwkm-cn¡pw. ImÀ«dpw _pjpw `c-
W-LS\m hncp-²-amb Ipä-Ir-Xy-§Ä sNbvX n«v AsXÃmw Ata-c n-¡³ P\-
X-bpsS \·¡m-s W¶v hni-Zo-I-cn¡pw. ImÀ«-dpsS ktlm-Zcn {]kn-²bmb
a{´-hm-Zn-\n-bm-bn-cp-¶p. ImÀ«À Cc« hyàn-X z-¯nsâ BÄcq]w.
{InkvX ym\n F¶v kzbw hnti-jn-¸n-¡p-t¼mgpw tkmjy-enÌv I½yq-WnÌv
Bi-b-§Ä \S¸n-em¡n. ImÀ«sd ]mI-s ¸-Sp-¯ nb ähn-tÌm-¡nse
tUmIvSÀ ]oäÀ t_m¬, ähn-tÌm-¡nse AUva n-dÂ sslsa³ dnt¡m-h -
dnsâ IogÂ ]cn-io-e\w t\Sn-bn-c p¶p. ImÀ«sd BZyw sXc-sª-Sp-¯Xv
tdm¯vjoÂUvkv. tbmKyX BZÀi-§-fnÂ \n¶pw amdn \S-¡p-¶ -X n\v aSn-
bn-Ãm¯, \nÀt±-i-§Ä¡v hg-§p¶ {]tXyI ]cn-io-e-\-¯n\v A\p-tbm-
Pyamb hyànXzw. AXp-t]mse asämcp hyàn-Xz-a mWv tPm¬ t^mÌÀ
Uyqfkv. sNIp-¯m³ tkh-I³ CÃyq-a n-\män At\Iw B`n-Nm-c-{ Inb
kwL-§-fnse AwKw.
“\½Ä \h temI {Iaw L«w L«-ambn AhcpsS þ Ata-c n-¡³ P\-X-

bpsS aq¡n\p Xmsg \nÀ½n¡pw. AXv Xmsg \n¶pw apI-fn-te¡v sI«n- D-
bÀt¯--X p-v. adn-¨Ã. kzmX{ýs¯ L«w L«-a mbn \in-¸n¨v \h-
temI {Iaw krjvSn-¡p-¶Xv ap¶nÂ \n¶pÅ B{I-a-W-t¯-¡mÄ ê-{]-Z-
amWv ”- dn¨ÀUv KmÀUv\À. {]apJ Ata-c n-¡³ tkmjy-enÌv, Iu¬knÂ
Hm¬ t^mdn³ dntej³knsâ {]kn-²o-I-c -W-amb t^mdn³ A^-tbÀkv
Apr.1974.
1994 Â Ata-c n¡³ ]mÀe-saânÂ 87 iX-\maw tkmjy-
en-Ìp-I fmbn-cp-¶p. Ata-cn-¡³ `c-W-Iq-S-¯nÂ hnhn-[- X-e-§-fnÂ 3 e£w
tkmjy-en-Ìp-I fpw. tkmjy-enkw {]I-S-a mb A{Iaw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶nÃ.
455
F¶mÂ AXv a\p-jy- a-\-Ên-\p-ta-epÅ IS-¶p-I -b-ä-a mWv. se\n³ ]d-

ªXv [rXn-bn-epÅ tkmjy-en-k-a mWv I½yq-Wnkw F¶mWv. kmh-Im-i -
¯n-epÅ [rXn-b mWv t^_n-b³ tkmjy-enkw. AXv aäv tkmjy-enÌv
]mÀ«n-I Ä F¶-h-Im-i -s¸-Sp¶ {]Øm-\ -§-fp-ambn hyXym-k-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p.-
\n-§Ä Hcp I½yq-Wn-Ìnsâ taÂ apdnhv GÂ¸n¡p-t¼mÄ, tkmjy-en-
Ìnsâ ico-c -¯nÂ \n¶pw càw han-¡p¶p. Ata-cn-¡-bnepw {_n«-\ nepw
I]-S -{]-h m-N-I -·mÀ \h-temI {Ia-¯n\v thn ]cn-{i-a n-¡p-¶p. C¯cw
tkmjy-enÌv ]ptcm-ln-X ³amÀ kam-[m-\hpw a\p-jy-Xzhpw s]mXp \·-
¡mbn hnfw-_cw sN¿p-¶p.
Ah-cpsS Imcy-km-[y¯n\mbn AhÀ kmh-Imiw HXp-¡-
¯nÂ Imcy-§Ä \o¡p-¶p. km-h-Imiw . FXnÀ¸ns\ t\cn-Sm³ Icp-¯n-
Ãm-¯-X p-s Imv. t^_n-b³ tkmjy-enkw t^_n-b³ skmssk-än-
bnÂ\n¶v XpS-§p¶p . Ah ImÄ amÀIn-knsâ I½yq-WnÌv am\n-s ^tÌm
DÄs¡m-Åp¶p. Ethical Society of Culture Â \n¶mWv tkmjy-enkw
Bcw-`n¨X.v AXn-\ p-a p³]v AXv Fellowship of New Life F¶-dn-b-s¸-«n-cp-
¶p. \yqtbmÀ¡nÂ sh_v At±-l-¯nsâ `mcy -_n-bm-{ Snkv F¶n-h-cmWv
t^_n-b³ skmssk-änsb XpS¡w apXÂ \bn-¨ n-c p-¶Xv. s^tÃm-jn-¸ nse
AwK-§Ä A[n-Ihpw B\o-s_-kâv AwK-a m-bn-c p¶ Xntbm-k-^n-¡Â
skmssk-än-bp-ambn _Ô-apÅ {ôta-bvk-Wp-I -fm-bn-cp¶p. Xntbm-k-^n-
¡Â skmsskän B`n-Nm-c-{In-b-bnÂ hniz-kn-¨n-cp¶p. Øm-]n-¨Xv amUw
»hm-ävkvIn. tkmjy-enkw A[n-Imc tI{µo-I -cWw \S-¯p-¶p. P\-§Ä
B iàn¡v ]qÀ®-a mbn hnt[-b-c m-bn-c n-t¡--Xp-v. t^_n-b³
tkmjyenÌv hn¹hw A{I-am-k-à-amb t_mÄj-hnIv hn¹-h-t¯-¡mÄ
hn]p-ehpw ià-h p-a m-bn-c p¶p F¶v sXfnbpw. {]apJ hàm-¡-fnÂ
_À\mUvjmbpw tPm¬ tabv\mÀUv sIbv³ kpw. Hmtcm cmjv{S¯n-
sâbpw k¼Zv hyh-Øsb XIÀ¯v Ahsb Welfare State B¡n amäp-
¶-Xn-eqsS am{Xta tkmjy-enÌv B[n-]Xyw \ne-hnÂ hcp-I-bpÅq F¶v
AhÀ a\-Ên-em¡n. tkmjy-enkw F¶mÂ CSXv AÃ- F¶pw
amÀIvknkw AÃ F¶pw AhÀ {]N-c n-¸ n-¨ p. \nb-{´Ww ^m_n-b³
skmssk-än -e--\ nÂ \n¶pw. jm k-a q-l-¯nse D¶-X -·m-cp-ambn am{Xw
CS-s ]-«p. t^_n-b³ tkmjy-enkw XpS-§n-bXv slK-en-sâbpw skbvâv
tXmakv AIzn-\m-kn-sâbpw XXz-im-kv{X§Ä X½n-epÅ kwtÇ-j -W-¯n-\p-
thn . hnZym-`ym-ks¯ tkmjy-en-kw {]N-cn-¸n-t¡-p-¶-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-
t¡-p-¶-X m-sW¶v New life sâ t\Xmhv FUvhÀUv ]okv Xocp-a m-\n¨p.
hnIvtSm-dn-b³ Cw¥-nÂ cmjv{Sob t\Xm-¡-·mÀ s]mXp-hn-
Zym-`ymkw t\Sn-b-h -cm-bncn¡-W w F¶v \n_-Ô-\-bp-m-bn-cp-¶n«pw Hu]-
Nm-cnI hnZym-`ym-k-an-Ãm-Xn-cp¶ t^_n-b³ tkmjy-en-Ìp-IÄ Ah-cpsS
ZuXyw \nd-thän. dqkvshÂäv sâ \yq UoÂ X¿m-dm-¡n-bXv tkmjy-enÌv
ÌphÀ«v sNbvkv, sI¶-Un-bpsS \yq t{^m³Sn-bÀ X¿m-dm-¡n-bXv tkmjy-
enÌv sl³{Sn hms-ebvkv, tPm¬k¬sâ s{Kbväv skmsskän X¿m-dm-
¡nbv tkmjy-enÌv {Klmw- hm-Ãkv
456
jmbpw amÀIvkpw tkmjy-en-k-¯nÂ h¶p tNÀ¶Xv

Ime hnfw-_-a n-ÃmsXbmWv. cp-t]cpw {_n«ojv ayqknbw Ønc-ambn
kµÀin-¨ n-c p¶p. amÀIvknsâ aIÄ Feo-\-dns\ jm kvt\ln-¨n-c p¶p
F¦nepw amÀIvkns\ Adnbp-I-tb-bnÃ F¶mWv jm ]d-ªn-cp-¶Xv.
amÀIvknsâ “”ap¶-Wn- tkm-jy-enÌv“” Bbn-cp¶p jm F¶-X m-bn-c n-¡Ww
hmkvXhw. I½yqWnkw AXnsâ Xo{h Bi-b-§Ä {]N-c n-¸n-¡p-¶-X n-\ p -
thn krjvSn¨ ap¶-Wn -{]-Ø m-\ -amWv tkmjy-enkw F¶-X m-bn-c n-¡Ww
hmkvX-hw. amcvIk v v BÄam-dm«w \¯n-b-XmWv jm. I½yq-Wnkw BÄam-
dm«w \S-¯ n-b-XmWv tkmjy-en-kw. t^_n-bs\ {]Xn-\n[oI-c n¨v jm, 1864
Â tkmjy-enÌv CâÀ\m-j-W-enÂ ]¦p-sIm-p. tkmjy-enÌvv CâÀ\mj-
WÂ F¶Xv amÀIvknsâ krjvSn. tkmjy-enkw F¶mÂ XpÃy-Xbpw
kzX{ýhpw F¶Ã adn¨v {Ia-a m-bpÅ ASn-a -¯-a m-Wv.
BÄam-dm«w \S-¯nb asämcp amÀIvknÌv knUv\n -s h_v.
_À«-d³Uv dÊÂ At±-l-s¯-¡p-dn¨v ]d-ªXv km{am-Py-¯nsâ Kpa-
Ø³ F¶v. knUv\nbpw ]d-ªn-cp-¶Xv AbmÄ amÀIvk ns\ In-«nÃ
F¶mWv. F¶mÂ kml-N-c y-s¯-fn-hp-IÄ ]d-bp-¶Xv Ønc-ambn Ip
ap«n-bn-c p¶p F¶pw . knUv\n -, _n-bm-{ Snkv t]m«À F¶ [\nI h\n-Xsb
hnhmlw sNbvX p. jm hnhmlw sNbvX Xpw AXohw [\n-I-bmb h\n-
Xsb. ImÄ amÀIvkpw AX-pt]mse Xs¶. t^_n-b³ skmssk-än-bpsS
XXz-im-kv{X-§fpw I½yqWnÌv am\n-s ^-tÌm-bnse Bi-b-§fpw kam-\-am-
Wv.- jm-bpsS Bcm[y ]pcp-j-\m-bn-cp¶p lnäveÀ. 1890 IfnÂ _nbm-{ Sokv
sh_v dmUn-¡Â sân-\nkw ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶-X n\v Bcw-`n¨p. ]ns¶ ^m_n-
b³ KthjW ]²Xn hnI-kn-¸n¨p. AXv ]n¶oSv PÌnkv eqbn
{_m³Uokv D]tbm-Kn¨p. {_m³Uokv {_o^v F¶v Adn-b-s¸«p. FXn-cm-
fn-Isf \nÀho-cy-am-¡p¶ Af-hnÂ Kth-jW {]_-Ô-§Ä krjvSn-¡-
s¸«p. \nb-a-§Ä ]men-¡msX krjvSn-¡-s ¸«h. knUv\nbpw jmbpw X§-
fpsS {]Øm\w D¶-X À¡p thn am{X-a p-ÅXv F¶ a«nÂ {]hÀ¯n-¨p.
]Whpw kzm[o-\ hpw CÃm-¯-h-cpsS _lp-P-\- {]-Ø m-\-t¯mSv AhÀ¡v
XmXv]-c y-a nÃmbncp¶p. AXn-\p-thn AhÀ HmIvkv^ÀU,v sIbvw{_nUvPv
kÀÆ-I -em-imeIfnÂ {]hÀ¯\w tI{µo-I-cn¨p. AhnsS \n¶pw D¶-X -
amb sXmgn-ep-I-fnÂ GÀs¸-Sp-¶-hÀ ^m_n-b³ Bi-b-§Ä , ]cn-jvImcw
F¶-\n-e-bnÂ {]N-cn-¸n¡pw F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p IW-¡p-¡q-«Â. A[n-I m-c -
Øm-\-§-fnÂ tkmjy-en-Ìp-Isf Øm]n-¡pI F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p t^_n-b³
]²Xn. t^_n-b³ BÀXÀ sl³tUÀk¬, {_n«ojv hntZ-i-Im-cy-a{ń
1929 þ t_mÄj-hnIv `c-W-I q-S-¯ n\v AwKo-Imcw e`n-¡p-¶ -Xn\p thn ]cn-
{i-an-¨n-cp¶p. ]Xn-hp-t]mse t^_n-b³ tkmjy-enÌv {]Øm-\ hpw XpS-§n-
bXv Cw¥-nÂ Xs¶. KmÂ s{_bv¯v, shÂkv, _À«vd³Uv dÊÂ XpS-
§nb {]ap-JÀ kPo-h-ambn. Ata-c n-¡-bnse cmjv{Sob KXn-hn-K-Xn-IÄ \nb-
{ń-¡p-¶ -X -c-¯nÂ t^_n-b³ ià-ambn. {]^-kÀ emkvIn Ata-cn-¡-bn-
ep-m-bn-c p¶ 30 hÀj-¡m-e-¯n-\nsS , t^_n-b³ Bi-b-§Ä F{X-a m{Xw
Bg-¯nÂ hnZym-`ymk -ta-J-e-bnepw `c-W-Iq-S-¯ nepw ]SÀ¶n-cp¶p F¶v
A[n-I-amcpw a\-Ên-em-¡n-bnÃ. emkvIn XpS-§n-h ¨ ]²Xn kmaqly
457
kpcm£m ( Social Insurance ) ]²-Xn-bm-bn-c p¶p. ]n¶oSv {]ap-J-scÃmw

ähn-tÌm¡v C³Ìn-äyq-«nÂ ]cn-io-e\w t\Sn. {][m\ {]Øm-\-§-fnÂ
\pgªp Ib-d-p-¶ -Xn-\pÅ ]²Xn krjvSn-¨ Xv Xm\m-s W¶v knUv\n Ah-Im-
i-s¸-«n-cp¶p F¦nepw 1952 Â AXv Xsâ krjvSn-bm-sW¶v, tkmhn-bäv
hntZ-i-Imcy Hmô-knÂ Xm³ X¿m-dm-¡nb ]²-Xn-bm-sW¶v tIWÂ
s_msKm-s e-t]mhv ]dªp. \ne-hnencn¡p¶ hyh-Øn-Xn-bnÂ \n¶pw amdn
]pXp-Xmbn tkmjy-enÌv Bib§-fn-te¡v t]mIp-¶Xv Reforms F¶v
hymJym-\n-¡-s¸-«p. ]cn-jvI-c-W-§Ä FÃmw \Ã-Xn\p thn F¶pw
e³ kvI pÄ Hm^v C¡-tWm-anIvkv , tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ
ût-j³ [\-k-lmbw e`y-a mbtXmsS {]hÀ¯\w hn]p-e-a m-¡n.
¢nâ³ Xsâ ap³Km-a n-Isf At]-£n¨v IqSp-XÂ hocy-t¯msS t^_n-b³
Bi-b-§Ä \S-¸nÂ hcp¯n. lmcÄUv emkvIn-bpsS klm-b-t¯m-sS-
bmWv tPm¬ tabv\ mÀUv sIbv³ kv hfÀ¶Xv. F¨v.-Pn.-s hÂkv,
emkvInsb hnti-jn-¸ n-¨ Xv Cu \qäm-nse Gähpw henb kmaq-lnI
_p²n-Pohn F¶mWv. amÀIvknÌv Bbn-c p¶ emkvIn ,PqX-· m-c psS ]me-
kvXo³ cmjv{S-¯n\p thn hmZn-¨p-. hn-tZ-i-I m-c y -sk-{I-«dn s_hn³
F¶mÂ XoÀ¯pw FXn-c m-bn-c p-¶p.
h©-\m-]-c-a mb {]hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS amXrIm ]pcp-j-\mb
GwKÂknsâ ]pkvXIw Origin of Family KÀ`-On{Zw kzhÀ¤-kw-t`mKw
]ns¶ tamfn-bmÀUv ]{Sojy t{jmUÀ, Feo-\À kvanÂ F¶n-h-cpsS
Women’s Lib F¶n-h-bpsS ASn-Øm\ {KÙ-a mbn. amÀIvknsâ aIÄ
Feo-\dpw kplr¯v FUvhÀUv BhvenwKpw Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ kµÀi\w
\S¯n. AhÀ {]N-cn-¸n¨ D¯-c -hm-Zn-Xz-an-Ã m¯ kz{´-a mb kvt\lw F¶
Bibw cq£-amb FXnÀ¸n\v Imc-W-a mbn. hnÂk¬sâ ]pkvXIw The
New Freedom þ hkvX -h-¯nÂ AXv cNn¨Xv tkmjy-enÌv hnÃyw _n
slbvÂ . apX-em-fn-¯s¯ hnaÀin-¡p¶Xm-bn-cp-¶p. km[m-cW a\p-jy\v
FXncv F¶-X p-s Imv , Ata-c n¡ ap³s]-§p-a p-m-bn-«n-Ãm¯ A`n-
hr²nbpw hymh-km-bnI ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw Bkz-Zn-¨n-cp¶ ka-b¯v k¼-Zv
hy-h-ØnXn apc-Sn-¨n-cn-¡p-I-bm-sW¶ ASn-Ø m-a -\n-Ãm¯ hne-bn-c p-¯-emWv
hnÂk¬ \S¯n-bXv. hyh-Øn-Xn-bpsS ]ptcmKXn-¡p-thn “hn¹-hm-ß-I-
amb” ]cn-jvIm-c-§Ä sImp h¶p. hmkvX-h -¯nÂ tkmjy-enkw \S-¸n-
em-¡p-¶Xn\p thn-bpÅ ]²-Xn-I-fm-bn-cp¶p. \mi-Im-cn-bmb iàn-IÄ
{]hÀ¯n¨p XpS-§n-bXv AÚ-cmb Ata-cn-¡-¡mÀ a\-Ên-em-¡n-bn-Ã.
kzX-{´-h ym-]mcw F¶Xv {_n«ojv DXv]-¶§Ä Ata-
cn-¡sb ASn-t¨Â¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-thn BUw -kva n¯v hn`m-h\ sNbvX- X-
«n¸v ]²Xn. Ata-c n-¡³ DXv]-¶-§Ä {_n«-\nÂ F¯n-t¨-c p-¶Xv XS-bp-
Ibpw sN¿p-¶-X n\v. am²y-a-§sf \nb-{ń-¡p-¶Xp hgn , Ata-cn¡³
P\X Ah-c psS PohnX \ne-h m-c-¯n-te¡v F¯n-t¨À¶Xv kzX-{´- hym-]m-
c-¯nsâ KpW-^ -e-am-Wv . F¶v hn]p-e-amb coXn-bnÂ {]-N-cn-¡-s ¸«p.
F¶mÂ hm-kvXhw adn-¨ m-bn-c p¶p. 1848 Â amÀIvkv kzX{´ hym]m-c-s¯-
458
¡p-dn¨v ]d-ªn-«p- m-bn-cp-¶p. Ata-cn-¡³ k¼-Zvhy-h-Øsb XÀ¡p-¶-

Xn\v BZy-a mbn AwKo-Imcw \ÂIn-bXv BUw kvan¯v. Cd-¡p-a Xn Np¦w
\ndp-¯-em¡n AXn\p ]Icw òa-a mb BZmb \nIpXn GÀ-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bm-
bn-cp¶p BZys¯ \S-] -Sn. Cd-¡p-a Xn Np¦-¯n-s \-Xn-sc-bpÅ {]t£m`w
Bcw-`n-¨Xv {_n«-\nÂ t^_n-b³ tkmjy-en-Ìp-IÄ. AhÀ tdmbÂ C³Ìn-
äyq«v Hm^v CâÀ\mj-Wensâ \nb-{´-W-¯nÂ. Cd-¡p-a Xn Np¦w Pohn-X -
sN-e-hp-IÄ hÀ²n-¸n¨p F¶pÅ hmZw ASn-Ø m\ cln-X-a m-bn-c p¶p.
F¶mÂ {]apJ Zn\]-{X-§Ä A¯cw hmÀ¯-IÄ {]map-J y-t¯msS {]N-
cn-¸n¨p. e³ C¡-tWm-a nÌpw City of London _mt¦Àknsâ DS-a-Ø-X-
bn-epÅ aäp {]kn-²o-I-c -W-§fpw ]¦p-tNÀ¶p.
1929 Â BÀXÀ sl³tUÀk¬, t_mÄj-h nIv `c-W-
Iq-Ss¯ AwKo-I -cn-¨p. \nb-am-\p-kr-X-amb Kh¬saâv F¶ a«nÂ. Ata-cn-
¡-bnÂ D¶X Øm\-§-fnÂ {]Xn-jvTn-¨n-cp¶ tkmjy-en-Ìp-I -fpw Ata-cn-
¡¡v FXnsc Xncn-ªp. FUvhÀUv am³sUÂ lukv ]pd-ta¡v bmYm-
Øn-Xn-I³ F¶ apJwaqSn-b-Wn-ªn-c p¶p F¦nepw hmkvX-h-¯nÂ hncp-²-
am-bn-cp-¶p. hq{Uq hnÂk¬ Ata-cn-¡³ Øm\mÀ°n , F¶mÂ C¥-
nÂ \nÀ½n-¨Xv. hnÂk¬sâ ASp¯ kl-{]-hÀ¯-I À {]ap-J-cmb
A\mÀ¡n-Ìp-I fpw tkmjy-en-Ìp-I fpw. eqbn Un.-{_m³Unk,v sênIvkv
{^¦v^À«À, hmÄ«À en]v-a³, _À\mUv _dq-¨ v, knUv\ n lmanÂä³,
^vtfmd³kv sIÃn, FUvh ÀUv am³UÂ lukv. dqkvshÂänsâ A½-
bpsS ASp¯ kplr-¯m-bncp¶ lukv \yqtbmÀ¡v KhÀW-dm-bn-cp¶
dqkvshÂänsâ hoSnsâ hfsc ASp-¯m-bn-c p¶p Xmakw. CS-¡nsS Ip--
ap«n dqkvshÂän\v D]-tZiw \ÂIm-dp- -bn-c p-¶p.
Ata-c n-¡³ knhnÂ en_À«okv bqWn-b³ .
kv{XoIfnse kv{XoXzw \in-¸ n-¡p-¶-XnÂ {]apJ {]Øm\w. kv{XoI-fpsS
Ah-Im-i-§Ä F¶ ad D]-tbm-Kn¨v ACLU hnsâ {][m-\ -ZuXyw
lmÀhÀUv \nba A²ym-]-IÀ ]n³Xp-W-bv¡p¶ Dt±yi ip²n-bpÅ ]cn-
jv¡-cW hmZn-I-fmb tkmjy-enÌv _p²n-Pohn t\Xp-Xzs¯ kwc-£n-¡pI
F¶Xpw. Ata-cn-¡³ klm-N-c y-§Ä¡v A\p-kr-X-a mbn t^_n-b³
tkmjy-enÌv Bi-b-§Ä cq]-amäw \S¯n. AXv Prohibiting Poverty F¶
]pkvX-I-¯nÂ s{]tÌm-Wnb amÀ«n³ {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p¶p. Health Care
Reform, Social Security Act, National Health Reform Hs¡ F{]-Imcw
a\p-jys\ \nb-{ń-¡p-¶-X n\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸Smw F¶Xv hyà-am¡pw.
eoKv t^mÀ C³U-kv{Sn-bÂ sUtam-{Ikn LID AXn\v ]n³Xp-W-b mbn.
{]kn-Uâv ¢nâs\ hnti-jn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv One term president F¶mWv. cp
{]mhiyw {]kn-Uâv BIm-sa-¶n-cns¡ AXn\v Ign-bm-s X- t]m-b-Xp-sImv.
¢nâsâ `c-W-Im-e¯v Gähpw A[nIw BZmb \nIpXn GÀs¸-Sp-¯-s ¸-«p.
LID bpsS ap³Kman Inter Collegiate Socialist Sociey (ISS) bqWn-
thÀkn-än-I-fnÂ tkmjy-enkw {]N-c n-¸ n-¡p-¶ -Xn\v ASn-¯-d-bn-«p. 1905 Â
s]¡vpâ `j-W-i m-e-bnÂ Ata-c n-¡³ t^_n-b³ tkmjy-enÌv skmssk-
459
än-bpsS kt½-f\w \S-¶p. cl-ky-ambn. 25 hÀj-§Ä AXv cl-ky-ambn

XpSÀ¶p. LID, ISS F¶nh {_n«ojv t^_n-b³ skmssk-än-bpsS Ata-cn-
¡³ BØm\w. Ata-c n-¡sb Iog-S-¡p-¶-Xn\v tkmjy-en-Ìp-I Ä t\cn«
{][m\ {]iv\ -§Ä IpSpw-_-§-fnse sI«p-dp¸pw ò-a m-I m-c -amb
hnkvXoÀ®hpw ià-a mb aX sshhn-[yhpw. tkmjy-enÌv {]^-tkÀamsc
{]kn-Uânsâ D]-tZ-jvSm-¡-fmbn \nb-an-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p {][m-\- X{´w.
tkmjy-enkw km[m-c W P\-§Ä¡p thn \ne-\ n-¡p¶p F¶v AIm-i -
s¸-Sp-t¼mÄ tkmjy-enÌv F¶-h-Im-i-s¸-Sp¶ D¶-XÀ A[n-Imc _Ô-
§Ä apX-s e-Sp¯v [\n-I-cmbn. dqkvs hÂänsâ `mcy kmd- Un-emt\m.
Unemt\m IpSpw_w [\n-I-cm-bXp Hm]nbw hym]m-c -¯nÂ \n¶v. _À\mUv
_dq¨v H¶mw temI alm-bp-²s¯ XpSÀ¶p- mb sN¼nsâ A[n-I -amb
Bh-iy-I-X-bnÂ \n¶v. km[m-c-W-¡mÀ {^m³knse Ipgn-am-S-§-fnÂ sNfn-
bnepw cà-¯nepw ]pXªv acn-¡p-I -bm-bn-c p-¶p.
Ata-c n-¡³ sXmgnÂ kwc-£-W-¯n-\p-thn hnÂk¬
sImp h¶ ]cn-jvIm-c-§Ä 1.5 tImSn P\-§-fpsS sXmgnÂ \jvS-am-hp-¶-
Xn\v Imc-W-a m-bn. tdmbÂ C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v CâÀ\m-j-WÂ A^-
tbÀknsâ Ata-cn-¡³ imJ, C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v CâÀ\m-j-WÂ A^-
tbgvkv F¶-dn-b-s¸«p. 1921 apXÂ AXv Iu¬knÂ Hm¬ t^mdn³ dnte-
j³kv F¶v Adn-b-s¸«p. AXnsâ {][m\ ZuXy-§-fnÂ H¶v `cWw \nba
\nÀ½mWw \nb-a -]m-e\w F¶nh X½nÂ \ne-\nÂ¡p¶ A[n-Imc AXnÀ
hc-¼p-Isf CÃm-Xm-¡pI F¶-X v.
lnä-e-dn\v km¼-¯nI klmbw \ÂIn-bXv tkmjy-
enÌv sa³sUÂtkm³ sâ _m¦v BwÌÀUmw-, t{jm-UÀ _m¦v e³
]ns¶ {^m¦v^À«v , \yqtbmÀ¡v. AXnsâ taÂt\m«w kÅn-h³ B³Uv
t{ImwshÂ , AXnsâ {][m\ ]¦mfn Ip{]-kn-²-a mb Uqsfkv IpSpw-_ -
¯nse Ae³ Uyqfkv. hnÂk-s \-t¸mse Xs¶ A[n-Imc {`m´-\m-bn-
cp¶p F{_lmw en¦³. C¶v FIvkn-Iyq-«ohv HmÀtUÀkv F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶
s{]m¢-ta-j³kv Abn-cp¶p `c-W-L-S-\ sb adn IS-¡p-¶ -X n\v en¦³ D]-
tbm-Kn-¨n-c p-¶-X v.
Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ \ne-hn-ep-ÅXv D¶X Xe-¯n-epÅ kam-´-c -
amb tkmjy-enÌv Kh¬saâv. AXv CFR F¶-dn-b-s ¸-Sp¶p. Øm]n-¨ Xv
BÀ¨v tkmjy-enÌv FUvhÀUv am³sUÂ lukv, hmÄ«À en]va³ F¶n-
hÀ. e-\nse RIIA bpsS \nÀt±-i-a-\ p-k-c n¨v. I½yq-Wn-Ìp-I fpw tkmjy-en-
Ìp-I fpw X½n-epÅ XÀ¡-§Ä h©-\m-]-c-a mWv. Adn-hn-Ãm¯ P\-§-fpsS
ap¶nÂ \S-¯p¶ \mSIw. {]kn-Uâv _nÂ¢nâ³ inip-h-[s¯ \ymbo-I -
cn-¡p-¶p.- ¢nâ³ KÀ`-On-{ Zs¯ ]n³Xm-§p¶p. \Ã tkmjy-en-Ì n-s \-
t¸mse. lmcÄUv emkvIn-bpsS `mcy t^_n-b³ tkmjy-enÌv Cw¥-nÂ
KÀ`-On-{ Z- ¢n-\n-¡p-IÄ Øm]n-¨ -Xm-Wv, A¯cw ¢n\n-¡p-IÄ¡v XpS-¡-an-
«Xv. AhÀ I½yq-WnÌv I½n-ÊmÀ Ae-Ivkm³{U sImtfm³sS-bpsS Bi-
b-§Ä ]n³Xp-ScpI-bm-bn-c p-¶p.(One World Order: Socialist Dictatorship
By John Coleman)
460
Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ hnZym-`ymk taJe sam¯-a mbpw

tkmjy-en-Ìp-I fpsS \nb-{´-W-¯ n-em-Wv. sbbvÂ, lmÀhÀUv, sImfw-_nb
XpS§n At\Iw kÀÆ-I -em-im-e-IÄ tkmjy-en-Ìp-I Ä t\cn«v \nb-{ń-¡p-
¶p. Cw¥-nÂ t^_n-b³ tkmjy-en-Ìp-IÄ HmIvkv^ÀUpw sIbnw-
{_nUvPpw D]-tbm-K n-¡p-¶-Xp-t]mse . Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ Ch tkmjy-en-Ìp-I-
fpsS D¶X hnZym-`ymk {]Øm-\ -§-fmWv . Finishing School. AhnsS
{_n«ojv ^m_n-b-\n-k-hp-ambn Bg-¯n-epÅ _Ôw Im¯p kq£n-¡p¶
D¶X Xe A²ym-]-Isc hmÀs¯-Sp-¡p-¶p. CSXp ]£ tkmjy-enÌv
A²ym-]-IÀ I¬kÀth-äohv Bi-b-§Ä ]peÀ¯p¶ hnZymÀ°n-IÄ¡v
, t^_n-b³ tkmjy-enÌv Bi-b-§-fp-a mbn hntbm-Pn-¡p¶ hnZymÀ°n-
IÄ¡v hnP-bn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ amÀ¡v s{KbvUv \ÂIp-¶n-Ã. `b-¶n«v c£n-Xm-
¡fpw ]cm-Xn-s¸-Sp-¶nÃ. Ata-c n-¡³ hnZym-`ym-ks¯ tkmjy-enks¸Sp-
¯p-¶-Xnsâ Npa-Xe t^_n-b³ skmsskän tPm¬ Unshsb GÂ¸n-¨p.
sImfw-_nb kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bnse XXz-imkv{X A²ym]I³. ]ptcm-K-a \
tkmjy-enÌv hnZym-`ym-k-¯nsâ ]nXm-h mbn tPm¬ Unsh IW-¡m-¡-s ¸-
Sp¶p. Unsh LID sâ {]kn-Uâm-bn-cp¶p. P\-dÂ FPyq-t¡-j³
t_mÀUnsâ klm-b-¯n-epÅ amÀIvknÌv en_-d-enÌv hnZym-`ym-k-¯nsâ
BØm-\-amb en¦³ kvIqÄ Hm^v Sot¨Àkv tImfPnÂ ]Tn-¸n-¡p-t¼mÄ
Unsh,- tkm-jy-enÌv hàm-¡-fpsS {i²-bnÂs¸«p. AhnsS h¨v Unsh
s\Âk¬ BÂ{Un¨v , tUhnUv tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ F¶-h-c p-a mbn ]cn-N-b-
¯n-embn. Unsh ]d-ªn-cp¶Xv tUhnUv sam¯ambpw tkmjy-enÌv
F¶mWv. Unsh 15 amÀIvknÌv ap¶-Wn {]Øm-\ -§-fnÂ AwK-a m-bn-c p¶p.
GXm\pw hÀj-§Ä¡p tijw tUhnUv At±-ls¯ \yqtbmÀ¡nsâ
KhÀWdpw ]n¶oSv CFR AwKhpw B¡n.
H«p-an-¡-hcpw D¶-X-\n-bn-epÅ tkmjy-en-Ìp-I-fm-bn-c n-¡p-
t¼mÄ Xs¶ {ôta-bvk-Wn-epw D¶X Øm\-§Ä I¿m-fp¶p. PÌnkv
U¥kv, {^m¦v,- aÀ^n,- hn-Ãyw.-sP.-s{_-¶³ F¶n-hÀ DZm-l-c Ww. tImSXn,
hnZym-e-b-§-fnÂ aX-] -T\w XSªp F¦nepw tabvtkm-WnIv tkmjy-en-Ìp-
IÄ Ah-cpsS Bi-b-§Ä ]mTy-]-²-X n-bnÂ DÄs¸-Sp-¯p-¶-XnÂ hnP-bn-
¨p. AXn-\p-thn {ian-¨-XnÂ {][m\n {^m¦ven³ U»yp ]mtäÀk¬.
“hnZym-`ymk Imcy-§-fnÂ ^m_n-b³ CÃyq-a n-\ män, _th-dn-b³ CÃyq-an-\n-
k-¯nsâ ]mX ]n³Xp-S-c p-¶p. 18þmw \qäm-nse \ns¡mfmbv {]tLm-jn-¨n-
cp-¶Xv, kvIqfnsâ t_mÀUnÂ Øm\-§Ä ssI¿-S-¡n-bXp ImcWw
^m_n-b³ tkmjy-en-Ìp-IÄ¡v Ah-cpsS hnZym-`ymk Bi-b-§Ä Øm]n-
s¨-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\v Ignªp”. eqbn -a-Iv^m-U³.
t^_n-b-\p-IÄ Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sp-¶Xv Ah-c psS ]£¯v
_nj-¸p-amÀ Ds-¶mWv. AXnsâ Xe-¸¯v _nj¸v slUvew. BZy-Ime
^m_n-b³. AhÀ hnZym-`ymk kwL-§Ä cq]o-I-cn-¡p-¶p. \gvkdn Xe-
¯nÂ. hfsc Ipªv tkmjy-en-Ìp-Isf hmÀs¯-Sp-¡p-¶-X n\p thn.
¢nâ³ Kh-À Wdm-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ Xsâ tkmjy-enÌv KhÀtWÀkv kvIqÄ
C¯-c-¯nÂ cq]-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xm-Wv. \ne-hn-epÅ kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-I -fnÂ
461
Universities Socialist Socities Øm]n-¨-XmWv Gähpw {][m-\- Np-h-Sp-

hbv]v. Ah-cpsS Gähpw A`n-am-\-I-c -amb hfÀ¨ e³ kvIqÄ Hm^v
F¡-tWm-anIvkv ]ns¶ s]mfn-än-¡Â kb³kv -þ e³ bqWn-thÀkn-än-
bnÂ Øm]n-¨ Xpw. Ahn-Sp¯ {][m\ A²ym-] -I-cnÂ HcmÄ lmcÄUv
emkvIn. kmaq-lnI ]mTw, kmaqly imkv{X-§Ä F¶-nhsb tkmjy-
ssekv sN¿pI F¶-XmWv \mj-WÂ FPyq-t¡-j³ AtÊmkn-tb-jsâ
{][m\ e£yw.
hnZym-`ym-k-¯sâ sNehv hÀ²n-¸ n-¡pI hgn `mhn-bnÂ
cmjv{Ss¯ \nb-{ń-¡p-¶Xn\v {XmWn-bp-Å-h -cpsS F®w Ipd-b¡ v pI
F¶-XmWv Hcp {][m\ X{´w. AXnsâ X{´w tPm¬ tabv\mÀUv
sIbv³kv hI. hnZym-`ymkw aqew _u²nI \ne-hmcw CSn¨p Xmgv-¯pI
F¶-XmWv apJy Dt±y-iw. icm-i cn ]uc-·msc krjvSn-¡pI F¶Xpw.
F¶mÂ _p²n-tbsd-bpÅ tkmjy-enÌv Nmbvhp-Å-hÀ¡v tdmUvkv
kvtImfÀjn¸v GÀs¸-Sp¯n HmIvk v^ÀUnÂ D¶X hnZym-`ym-k-¯ n\v Ab-
¡p-¶-X n\pw {i²n-¡p¶p. tkmjy-enÌv hnZym-`ymk Bi-b-§Ä \S-¸n-em-
¡p-¶-X n\v kml-N-cy-sam-cp-¡p-h m³ AhÀ tkmjy-enÌpw {ôtabvkWp-
amb bqtKm em^m-sbsä »m¡ns\ kp{]ow tImSXnbnÂ {]Xn-jvTn-¨p.
tkmjy-enÌp amXr-I-bn-epÅ hnZym-`ymkw Øm]n-¡p-¶Xn-\p-thn ]cn-
{i-an-¨n-cp¶ kmap-h Â D³«Àta-bÀ, tjmôÂUv, Kp¶mÀ anÀZmÂ, PÌn-
kp-a m-c mb GÄ hmsd³, eqbn {_m³Unkv ]ns¶ dqkvshÂäv
^vtfmsd³kv sIÃn (b-YmÀ° \maw shjvs\-sh-ävk vIn) F¶n-h-cp-ambn
ASp-¸-¯n-em-bn-cp¶p PÌnkv »m¡v.
_nbm-{ Sn-kn-sâbpw knUv\n sh_vs âbpw cN-\-IÄ
Ft¸mgpw tabvk-W-dn-bpsS hnZym-`ym-k- ho-£-W-hp-ambn ]qÀ®-a mbpw
tbmPn-¨p-t]m-I p-¶hbmWv. Ata-cn-¡³ hnZym-`ymkw \nb{ń¡p¶Xv ähn-
tÌm¡v C³Ìn-äyq«v e³. `c-W-L-S-\-sb-¡p-dn¨v ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶n-Ã. `c-W-
L-S\ F¶mÂ sÛ-dÂ Kh¬saânÂ \n¶pw kwc-£Ww \ÂIp¶
ASn-Øm\ hyh-Øn-X n-b m-Wv. \nb-{´-W-§-fn-sÃ-¦ nÂ cm£-ko-bX
{]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-XnÂ aSn-bn-Ãm¯ tPmÀÖv _pjv, _nÂ ¢nâ³ F¶n-h -
cnÂ \n¶pw kwc-£Ww \ÂIp-¶Xv. hnZym-`ymk k{¼-Zm-b-¯nse A]m-I -
X-IÄ kn-\n-a, tdm¡v kwKo-Xw, F¶n-h-bn-te¡v bph-P-\-X sb hgn-X n-c n¨v
hnSp¶p. temI-¯nse Gä-hpw -{Iq-c -\mb a\p-jy³ Bsc¶v tNmZn-¨ mÂ
kwi-b-te-i-at\y D¯w In«p-¶Xv lnäveÀ F¶mWv. F¶mÂ lnäveÀ
\in-¸n-¨-X nsâ ]¯v Cc«n Poh³ \in-¸n¨ Ìmen³ A[nIw ]cm-aÀin-¡-
s¸-Sp-¶ n-Ã.- bp-h-P-\-§-fpsS Bcm[y ]pcp-j³amÀ alm-·m-cmb hyàn-I -
fÃ, adn¨v ab¡p acp¶n\v ASn-a-I -fmb t]m]v kwKo-X -Ú-cm-Wv. amÀIvkv
F¶ \maw FÃm-hÀ¡pw kp]-c n-Nn-X-am-Wv. F¶mÂ amÀIvkv Fń\p
thn \ne-s Imp F¶v A[nIw Adn-bn-Ã.
tdms¡s^ÃÀ ût-j\pw ImÀ\n-û-t-
j\pw amÀK-cäv aoUv þ \c-hwi imkv{X-Ú, -sd³knkv ensIÀ«v F¶n-h -
cpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ, \ne-hn-en-c n-¡p¶ hnZym-`ymk k{¼-Zm-b-s¯-¡p-dn¨v
]T\w \S-¯p-¶-Xn\v [\-k-lmbw \ÂIn. AXnsâ ê-ambn krjvSn-¡-s ¸-
462
«-XmWv 40 e£w AwK-§-fpÅ \mj-WÂ s{Sbv\ n§v et_m-d-«-dokv.

AXnsâ Hcp A\p-_Ô kwL-S\ \mj-WÂ FPyq-t¡-j³ Atkm-kn-tb-
j³. ähn-tÌm¡v C³Ìn-äyq«v, Gähpw {]ap-J-c mb tkmjy-en-Ìp-I-fpsS
t\cn-«pÅ \nb-{´-W-¯n-e mWv. AXv {_n«ojv {ôta-bvk-W-dn-bp-ambn
hfsc tNÀ¶v {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p.
]pXn-b -h n-Zym-`ymk k{¼-Zmbw OBE Outcome
Based Education F¶v Adn-b-s ¸-Sp¶p. AXv ]c-¼-cm-KX amXr-I-bn-epÅ
Ipw_-Po-hn-Xs¯ XÅn-¸-d-bp-¶p. amÀIvkv , sImtfm³«n, s_s_Â,
GwKÂkv F¶n-h-c psS Bi-b-§Ä Xs¶-bmWv. _me Ipä-I r-Xy-§Ä¡v
OBE If-sam-c p-¡p-¶p. OBE bpsS DÛ-h-¯nsâ ASn-Øm\w 1986
curriculum se ( ]ns¶ ab-¡p-a -cp¶v ASn-abpw AXv Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ hn]p-
e-am-¡p-¶-Xn\v ap³]-ń-bnÂ \n¶-h -\p-amb ) BÂUkv lIvknen-bpsS
]pkvXIw Brave New World. AXnÂ lIvknen ]d-bp-¶Xv k¼q-À ®amb
tZmj-c -ln-X-amb temIw F¶Xv IpSpw-_-§-fn-Ãm¯ , c£n-Xm-¡Ä
CÃm¯ Ipªp-§Ä DÅ, Ipªp-§-fpsS kwc-£Ww `c-W-IqSw Gsä-Sp-
¡p¶, Ipªp-§ - Ä `cW IqS-t¯mSv am{Xw Iqdv ]peÀ¯p¶ hyh-ØnXn
F¶-Xm-Wv. lIvkven A¯cw Bi-b-§Ä ISw hm§n-bXv amUw
sImtfm³«n bpsS Communism and the Family bnÂ \n¶pw. Ipªp-§Ä
]co-£-W-im-e-bnÂ P\n-¡pw. Ahsc ]e X«p-I-fn-epÅ _p²n-ti-jn-
bpÅhcmbn-«m-bn-cn¡pw P\n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. {]mb-am-hp-t¼mÄ AhÀ¡v ]e
Xcw sXmg-n-ep-I Ä ASna temI-¯nÂ GÂ¸n-¡-s¸-Spw.
1890 Â knUv\n sh_v, amÀ¯- _n-bm-{Snkv t]m«-dns\.
]cn-N-b-ambn. _nbm-{Snkv imco-cn-I-a mbpw, km¼-¯n-I -ambpw D¶-Xn-bnÂ.
knUv\n Dbcw Ipdªv I®S h¨v sNdnb a\p-jy³ km¼-¯nI tijn -
H«pw Xs¶-bnÃ. D¶X Ipe PmX-\mb tPmk^v Nmw_Àsebv³, _nbm-{ Sn-
knsâ kvt\lw \nc-kn-¨p.- {_n-« ojv `c-W-Iq-S-¯ nÂ Xmtg-¡n-S-bn-epÅ
sXmgn-enÂ GÀs¸-«n-c n-¡p-I-bm-bn-c p¶p knUv\n. 1898 Â _nb-{Snkpw
`À¯mhpw 3 BgvN \op-\n¶ Ata-c n-¡³ kµÀi\w \S-¯n. D¶-X-·m-
cp-ambn am{Xw IqSn-¡mgvN . ]n¶oSpÅ Ime-L-«-¯nÂ tkmjy-enÌv
t_mÄj-hnIv t\Xm-¡-·m-c psS ssien kam-\-am-bn-cp-¶p. _nbm-{ Sn-knsâ
{]bvXv\-¯nsâ ê-ambn [\-X-Xz-imkv{Xw ,imkv{Xw F¶ \ne-bnÂ ]cn-K-
Wn-¡-s ¸-«p. e³ bqWn-thgvÌn-bnse tdmbÂ I½n-j³ AXn-\ pÅ Xocp-
am-\-sa-Sp-¯p. Ah-cpsS hnhmlw A[n-Ihpw tkmjy-en-k-¯n-\p-th-n-
bpÅ kwhn-[m\w am{X-a m-bn-cp-¶p. ImgvN¡v kaÀ¸n-X -cmb Z¼-Xn-IÄ.
AXv kv{XoIsf cmjv{So-b -¯n-te¡v kmaq-lnI Bh-i y-§-fn-te¡v
BIÀjn-¡p-¶-Xn\v thn D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸«p. AXv dmUn-¡Â sân-\n-k-
¯n\v XpS-¡-a n«p. t^_n-b³ skmssk-än-bnÂ \n¶pw t^_n-b³ \yqkv
1891 apXÂ {]kn²o-I-cn¨p. _nbm-{ Sn-knsâ sNe-hnÂ. {Iqtjhv Hcn-¡epw
Zcn-{Z-tcm-s Sm¸w CS-s ]-«n-c p-¶nÃ. At±-l-¯nsâ kplr-¯p-¡Ä Cä-en-bnÂ
BKvs\Ãn, Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ. _nbm-{Snkv Ah-cpsS
{]hÀ¯\w HmIvkv^ÀUnse [\nI hnZymÀ°n-I-fpsS CS-bnÂ. _nbm-
463
{Snkv ]W-n-s¸«v t^_n-b³ tkmjykne-¯n-te¡v sImp h¶XmWv

hmÄ«À en]va³. _nbm-{Sn-knsâ kplr¯v jmÀseäv s]bv³, _À\m-
Uvjm-bpsS `mcy , asämcp kplr¯v ]tae lmcn-a ³. _nbm-{Snkpw
knUv\nbpw Hcn-¡epw AdÌv sN¿-s ¸-«n-c p-¶n-Ã. ]n¶nÂ ià-a mb asäm-
cmÄ Dm-bn-c p-t¶-¡mw. _nbm-{ Snkv “{]`zn” F¶-dn-b-s¸«p XpS-§n. kÀ
Ìmt^mÀUv {In]vkvsâ `mcy aäv D¶-X-c mb kv{XoIÄ Hs¡ dmUn-¡Â
sân-\ n-k-¯n-te¡v. _nbm-{ Snkv F¶pw t_mÄ-j-hn-¡p-I sf ]n³-X p-W¨p.
kÀ hnÃyw s_sh-dnUvPpw AXp t]mepÅ aäv D¶-X-·m-c p-ambpw _Ôw
\ne-\n-dp-¯n. s_h-dnUvPv ]²Xn ]¶oSv Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ tkmjyÂ skIyq-
cnän F¶ t]cnÂ Adn-b-s¸«p 1943 Â _nbm-{Snkv ac-W-a-S-ª-t¸mÄ
Ahsc shÌv an³ÌÀ ]Ån-bnÂ AS¡w sNbvXp.
hnhml hncp² IpSpw_ hncp-²- dm-Un-¡Â sân-\nÌv
amUw Ae-Im-km³{U sImtfm³«n. _nbm-{ Snkv CS-¡nsS tamkvtIm-bnÂ
t]mbn-cp-¶p. sImtfm³Snsb In-cp¶p F¶-X n\v tcJ-I fnÃ. Ata-cn-¡³
]mÀe-s aâv tcJ-IÄ ]d-bp-¶Xv sImtfm³«n tkmhn-bäv bqWn-bsâ
t\mÀsh-bnse a{ń. 8 `À¯m-¡-· mÀ . PÀ½³ tkmjy-en-Ìv {]t£m-`-Im-
cn. temI hn¹h {]Øm-\-¯nÂ 28 hÀjw. saIvkn-t¡m-bnÂ tkmhn-bäv
bqWn-b³ Aw_m-Ê-UÀ. Ata-cn-¡-bnse {]apJ I½yq-WnÌv epUvhnKv
temdnsâ A\p-Nc. temI¯nse kzX{´ kvt\l-¯nsâ Gähpw henb
hàm-hv. Ipªp-§sf tZi-h-X vI-cn-¡Ww F¶v Xo{h-a mbn hmZn-¨n-c p¶p
Nationalization of Children. GwKÂknsâ Origin of family sb¡mfpw
AXn -Xo-{h-a mbn. C¶p hsc cNn-¡-s¸-«n-«p-Å-XnÂ ht¨-ähpw Xo{h-ambn
IpSpw_-t¯bpw hnhm-l-t¯bpw FXnÀ¡p¶ ]pkvX Iw sImtfm³«n-
bpsS Communism and the Family. sImtfm³«nbpsS kzX{´ kvt\-l-
¯nsâ hàm-¡Ä Hut±ym-Kn-I -ambn International League of Peace and
Freedom F¶-dn-b-s ¸«p. t]cv ]e {]mhiyw amä-s¸-«p. Bibw amdn-bn-Ã.
]n¶oSv AhÀ Adn-b-s¸-«Xv National League of Women voters F¶pw
National Abortion Rights League F¶pw Prochoice Advocates F¶pw.
P\n-¡p-¶-Xn\p ap³¼v Ipªns\ h[n-¡m³ Xocp-am-\-s a-Sp-¡p-¶ -Xn-\pÅ
AhImiap-Å-hÀ.
t_mÄj-h n-k-s ¯-¡p-dn¨v HmhÀa³ I½nän ]d-ªXv
“kv{XoIsfbpw Ipªp-§-s fbpw Kh¬saâns\ B{i-bn-¡p-¶-Xn\v
kml-N-cy-sam-c p-¡pI F¶-Xn\mWv” djy-bnse t_mÄjhn-¡p-IÄ {ian-
¡p-¶Xv. kzm`mhn-I -amb {]IrXn Z¯-a mb Ipªp-§sf kwc-£n-¡Ww
F¶pÅ Nn´sb AhÀ XIÀ¡p¶p . At_mÀj³ ¢n\n-¡p-IÄ Øm]n-
¡p-¶-X n\v _nbm-{Sn-kn\pw Iq«À¡pw km[n-¨n-Ã. lmÀÂUv emkvIn-bpsS
`mcy , BZy-a mbn tkmjy-enÌv kaq-l-¯nse {]ap-J amb P\\ \nb-{´W
tI{µw Øm]n-s¨-Sp-¯p.
e-\ nse en_-dÂ ]mÀ«n _Ô-§-fn-eqsS B\n- s_-kân\v
, _nbm-{Snkv shºns\ \Ã-h®w ]cn-N-b-a p--bn-cp-¶p.- amUw »h-ävkvIn-
464
bpsS ]n³Kman . Ah-cpsS Xntbm-k-^n-¡Â skmssk-än-bpsS t\XrXzw

B\n-s_-kâ v Gsä-Sp¯p . AXnsâ hIv-Xm-¡Ä e-\ nse [\n-Icpw
{]i-kvXcpw. KKK ¢mÀs«-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸« tImþ-sa-b-k-W-dn-bpsS
t\XrXzw s_kân-\m-bn-cp¶p. Ata-cn-¡-bnse KKK bpambn _Ô-s¸-« -
XÃ. ]mcn-knse {Km³Uv Hmdn-bâv \b³ kntÌÀkv temUvPv imJ-bp-
tSbpw t\Xr-Ø m\w. AhÀ tkm-jyÂ sUtam-{Ikn {]N-c -n¸n¨p. sImn-
cn-¡p-t¼mgpw ]mcnkv temUvPnsâ \nb-{´-W-¯ n-em-bn-c p¶p. AhÀ
s_kân\v sshkv {]kn-Uâv Hm^v Z kp{]ow Iu¬knÂ ]ns¶ {Km³Uv
amÌÀ Hm^v Z kp{]ow Iu¬knÂ t^mÀ {_n«³ F¶o ]Z-hn-IÄ \ÂIn.
{ôta-bvk-Wdn, Xntbm-k^n, s^tÃm-jn]v Hm^v s^bvXvkv
F¶nh H¶m-bn-¯o-cp-¶p.
s_kân-s \-t¸mse F¨v.-Pn. shÂkv, sFs\kv anÂtlm-fv
F¶n-h cpw KKK ¢mÀs«-bnse AwK-§fmbn-c p¶p. tebv_À, en_-dÂ
]mÀ«n-I Ä¡v thm«v t\Sp-¶-Xn\v kv{XohmZ {]Øm-\ -§Ä D]-I-c n-¡p-sa¶v
_nbm-{ Snkv a\-Ên-em-¡n-bn-cp-¶p. s_kâv Ah-c psS hfÀ¨bv¡v ]qÀ®-
ambpw »hm-ävkvI-tbmSv IS-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶p. »hm-ävkvIn, slÀ_À«v
_qtdm-kn-t\mSpw . [\n-I-cmb IpSpw-_ -a -ln-a-bp-Å-h-c psS , cmjv{Sob
kzm[o-\-a p-Å-h -cpsS ¢ºv Society for Physical Research eqsS-bmWv
_qtdmkv, »hm-ävkvI nsb hfÀ¯n-bXv. AXnse AwK-§-fm-bn-c p¶p F¨v.-
Pn.-shÂkv, tIm\Â tUmbvÂ ]n¶oSv kÀ BÀXÀ tIm\Â tUmbvÂ
F¶-dn-b-s ¸«p. shÂkv, »h-ävkvIn-sb-¡p-dn¨v ]d-ªXv temI-¯nse
Gähpw Im]-Sy-¡m-c n-bmb X«n-¸ p-I m-c n-bmb Imcy-km²y {]m]vXn-bpÅ
hyàn-I-fnÂ HcmÄ. Cä-en-bnse temUvPnse t\Xmhv aÊo-\ n-bmWv »h-
ävkvInsb ImÀs_m-\mcn tabvk-W-dn-bn-te¡v {]th-i\w \ÂIn-bXv.
{ôta-bvk¬ hn¹-h-Im-cn-I-fmb hnIvSÀ ,anKÂ ,dnbmhven F¶n-hÀ
»hävkvInsb A[nIw kzm[o-\ n-¨ p.
kv{XobpsS Ah-Im-i-§Ä kwc-£n-¡m-s\¶ a«nÂ cq]w sIm tkmjy-

enÌv ap¶Wn {]Øm-\-§-fnÂ Nne-Xv.
P\dÂ s^sU-td-j³ Hm^v hnsa³kv ¢_vkv

\mj-WÂ tIm¬{Kkv Hm^v atZÀkv & t]câv Sot¨Àkv Atkm-kntb-
j³
\mj-WÂ eoKv Hm^v hnsa³ thmt«Àkv
\mj-WÂ sÛ-td-j³ Hm^v _nkn-s \Êv B³Uv {]^j-WÂ hnsa³
{InÌy³ sSws]-s d³kv bqWn-b³
Atkm-kn-tb-j³ Hm^v bqWn-th-g vÌn hnsa³
\mj-WÂ Iu¬knÂ Hm^v Pyqbnjv hnsa³
465
eoKv Hm^v hnsa³ thmt«Àkv

\mj-WÂ I¬kyq-taÀkv eoKv,
hnsa³kv s{SbvUv bqWn-b³ eoKv
hnsa³kv CâÀ\m-j-WÂ eoKv
tKÄkv s{^ven skmsskän Ata-cn-¡.
Xsâ hnZym-`ymk _nÃn\p thn {]kn-Uâv ImÀ«À,
sImtfm³«n-bpsS ]pkvXIw Communsim And The Family GI-t±iw
sam¯-ambn ISw sImp. \mW-bs-¯ aqey-i q-\ y-a m-¡p-¶Xp Xs¶-bmWv
kaq-l-¯ nsâ ASn-¯-dsb A«n-a-dn-¡p-¶ -Xn-\ pÅ kq£va-a mb amÀ¤w.
AXv FÃm clkym-ß-I-a mb km¼-¯nI iàn-I-tfbpw \io-I-c -W-¯nsâ
`mK¯v AWn\n-c-¯p¶p. AXv {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ coXn e£-¯nÂ
HcmÄ¡p-t]mepw hni-I-e\w sN¿p-¶-Xn\pw km²y-a -Ã.
A[n-I -cW kn²m-´-¯nsâ D]-Úm-Xmhv sIbv³kv F¶v
hnti-jn-¸ n-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p-s-¦nepw AXv bYmÀ°-¯nÂ At±-l-¯nsâ
injy³ BÀ F^v Im³ \v Ah-Im-i-s¸-«-XmWv. 1934 Â t^_n-b³
tkmjy-en-Ìp-I Ä sIbv³kns\ Ata-cn-¡-bn-te¡v Ab¨p. km¼-¯nI
XIÀ¨-bnÂ \n¶v Ic-I-b-dp-¶-X n\v A[n-I-a mbn sNe-hm-¡pI F¶-XmWv
sIbv³knsâ kn²m-´w. sIbv³kv AXy-[nIw Bcm-[-\ -tbmsS ]cn-K-Wn-
¡-s¸«p. F¶mÂ sIbv³knsâ {]h-N\w 85 iX-a m\hpw icn-bm-bn-cp-¶n-
Ã. IS-emkp ]Ww A[n-Icn-¡p-sa¶ kn²m´w sIbv³kv {]ikvXam¡n.
{]^-kÀ amÀjÂ, {]^-kÀ ]ojp F¶n-h-cpsS IognÂ {]tXyI ]cn-io-
e\w \S-¯n-bn«pw hfsc Xmgv¶ \ne-hmcw t\Sn-bmWv sIbv³kv hnZym-
`ymkw ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡n-bX.v 1911 sIbv³kv “C¡-tWm-anIv tPÀW-ensâ”
]{Xm[n]-cmbn. Hcp hÀj-¯n\p tijw t^_n-b³ skmssk-än-bpsS
tdmbÂ C¡-tWm-a nIv skmssk-än-bpsS sk{I-«-dnbpw. bpàn `{Z-X-bn-Ãm-
Xn-cp-¶n«pw sIbv³knsâ kn²m-´-§sf A´m-cmjv{S _m¦Àamcpw ]Sn-
ªm-d³ temI-¯nse D¶X cmjv{So-b-¡mcpw AwKo-I -cn-¨p. AXohw [\n-
I-\m-bn-cp-¶ ]nXm-h nsâ ]n´p-Wbpw AwKo-Imcw e`n-¡p¶Xn\v Imc-W-am-
bn-cp-¶n-cn¡mw. IMF Øm]n-X-am-¡p-¶ -XnÂ sIbv³kv {]apJ ]¦v hln-¨p.
IMF sN¿p¶Xv Ata-cn-¡³ ]Ww A[n-I -ambn {]IrXn hn`-h-§-fpÅ
cmjv{S-§Ä¡v hmbv] \ÂIpI F¶-Xm-Wv. Ahn-Sps¯ {]IrXn hn`-h -
§Ä sImÅ-b-Sn-¡p-I bpw, tZiob AXnÀ hc-¼p-IÄ CÃm-Xm-¡p-I bpw
sN¿pI F¶-XmWv IMF sâ e£yw. tdmtU-jy, ^nen-¸o³kv, AwtKm-f ,
{_koÂ F¶nh \Ã DZm-l-c -W-§-fmWv. tIWÂ am³UÂ lukv ,
hmÄ«À en]va³, P\-dÂ s]Àjn§v F¶n-h-c p-a m-bpÅ _Ôw sIbv³kn\v
{]m[m\yw t\Sn-s ¡m-Sp-¯p. lmcn tlm-]vIn³kp-ambn tNÀ¶v ]¶oSv CFR
sâ cq]o-I-c-W-¯nÂ `mK-a mbn. BZyw Institute of Ineternational Affairs
F¶m-bn-c p-¶p. bYmÀ°-¯nÂ AXv t^_n-b³ skmssk-än-bpsS imJ-
bm-Wv. Ata-c n-¡³ Hut±ym-KnI tcJ-IÄ ]d-bp-¶Xv sIbv³knsâ
]pkvXIw The Economic Consequences of Peace Ata-cn-¡sb AØn-c-
s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\pw amÀIvkn Ìv Bi-b-§Ä {]N-c n-¸n-¡p-¶ -X n\pw thn-bp-
466
Å-Xm-Wv. New Deal sâ [\-X Xz ASn-¯ d sIbv³knsâ hI . AXv

{]tbm-K-¯nÂ hcp-¯n-bmÂ GXv cmjv{S-¯n-s â k¼Zv hyh-Ø-sbbpw
XIÀ¡mw. sIbv³kv Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ F¯n-t¨-cp¶-Xn\p ap³]v
\yqtbmÀ¡v ssSwknÂ apgp-h³ t]Pv ]ckyw \ÂIn-bn-c p-¶p. 1933 Dec. 31
\v. {]knUâv dqkvshÂän\v Hcp Xpd¶ I¯v F¶ a«nÂ. Ata-cn-¡³
km¼-¯nI hnZ-Kv²À¡v XnI¨pw A\y-a mb Bi-b-§Ä \ndª I¯v.
sIbv³kv Deficit Spending sâ {]apJ hàmhv. k¦oÀ®amb ]Zm-h-en-
Ifpw aäpw , hnZ-Kv²À ssIImcyw sN¿s« F¶ a\-Øn-Xn-bnÂ P\-§sf
sImv tNÀ¯p. \yqtbmÀ¡nse Foreign Policy Association Â
sIbv³kpw {^m¦v^À«dpw AXnsâ Øm]-I³ t]mÄ Fw hmÀ_ÀKpw
_Ô-s ¸-«n-c p¶p F¶-Xn-\mÂ eqbn aIv^m-U³ sIbv³ knsâ kn²m-´-
§sf FXnÀ¯p. aIv^m-U³, sl³{Sn F.-hm-Ã-kn-s\bpw FXnÀ¯p.
sl³{Snsb \nb-an-¨Xv dqkvshÂäv. s]ÀIn³knsâ A`yÀ°-\-bn³ taÂ
ImÀjnI sk{I-«-dn-bmbn. aIv^m-U³ ]d-ªXv sl³{Sn \yqtbmÀ¡v
t^mdn³ t]mfnkn Atkm-kn-tb-jsâ kwc-£-W-bn-epÅ {ôUw ¹m\n§v
{Kq¸v F¶ hn[z-w-kI kwL-S-\-bnse AwK-a m-Wv F¶m-Wv. tamkkv C{km-
tbÂ ko^v ]d-ªXv \½psS ]²Xn-IÄ Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ F§ns\ {]mtbm-
Kn-I-a m-hp¶p F¶v kmh-Imiw a\-Ên-em¡mw F¶mWv. ko^v sâ DS-a-Ø-
X-bn-ep-Å-XmWv {_n«ojv amÀIvkv B³Uv kvs ]³kÀ hym]mc irwJ-
ebpw. A]vä³ kn³s¢-bÀ Ata-cn-¡³ t^_n-b³ eoKnsâ Øm]-I³ ,
s^tÃm-jn¸v Hm^v s^bvXvkns\ Imcy-a mbn ]n³Xp-W-¨p. s^tÃm-jn]vs â
{]kn-²o-I -c-W-§Ä {_n«-\nÂ FÃm I½yq-WnÌv ]pkvX-I-im-e-I-fnepw
hnÂ]\ \S-¯n-bn-cp¶p. ]Sn-ªm-d³ bqtdm¸v Ata-c n¡ F¶nhnS-§-
fnepw. AXnsâ BZy temI kt½-f\w jn¡m-tKm-bnÂ. 1933 Â kwLm-SI
Pbv³ BZwkv. {][m\ {]mkw-K-I³ _nj-] v tam³SvtKmsadn {_u¬.
I½yq-WnÌv hÀt¡Àkv dneo-^ nsâ tZiob A²y-£³. ]ns¶ 50 Â
A[nIw I½yq-WnÌv ap¶Wn kwL-S-\-I-fnÂ AwK-h pw.
{_u¬ Teaching of Marx for Boys and Girls F¶Xp
IqSmsX 17 ]pkvX-I-§Ä Ipªp-§Ä¡p-thn FgpXn. ssewKn-I-Xsb
kw_-Ôn¨v hn]p-e-ambn {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. cho-{µ-\ m-Y -Sm-tKmdpw
Ipªp-§Ä¡v ssewKnI hnZym-`ymkw \ÂI-W-s a¶v ià-ambn hmZn¨ncp-
¶p. At±lw I½yq-WnÌv A\p-Iqe {]Øm\w Cý-bnÂ Øm]n-¡p-
Ibpw sNbvXp. s^tÃm-jn-¸nse FÃm AwK-§fpw {ôta-bvk-Wp-I-fm-b-
cp¶p F¶v ]n¶oSv Is¯n. {ôta-bvk-Wp-IÄ ]mcn-knse eoKv Hm^v
t\j³kv tIm¬^-d³knÂ Hcp ap¶Wn ad krjvSn-¨n-cp¶p. AXv eoKv
Hm^v t\j³kv bqWnb³ F¶-dn-b-s¸-«p. AXv eoKv Hm^v t\j³kn\v
B²ym-ßnI ASn-¯d krjv Sn-¡p-¶-Xn-\ p-thn F¶mWv Ah-Im-i-s¸-«n-cp-
¶Xv. bpssW-ä-Uv t\-j³knsâ aX-]-c-a mb {]hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS
taÂt\m«w hln-¡p¶ World Council of Churches sâ LS\ B²ym-ßn-
I-X-bpsS bYmÀ°yw shfn-s¸-Sp-¯pw. s^tÃm-jn-]v Xn-c n¨v hcp¶p F¶v.
467
WCC ap³]v Federal Council of churches F¶m-bn-cp¶p. Ata-cn-¡³

knhnÂ en_À«okv bqWn-b³ WCC sb ]n³Xp-W-bv¡p-¶p. aX-§-fpsS
Iq«m-bva-bmWv WCC e£y-an-Sp-¶-Xv. AXv aX-§-fpsS standardisation
F¶pw hne-bn-cp-¯mw. Xntbm-k-^nbpw {ôta-bvk-W-dnbpw {]tbm-K-¯nÂ
H¶p Xs¶-bm-Wv. s^tÃm-jn-¸ nsâ iàn tI{µ-amb _lmbn aXw Ah-
bpsS Bi-b-§Ä DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p. »hävkvI n _lmbn aXs¯ ]qÀ®-
ambpw ]n³Xp-W-¨n-cp-¶p. H¶mw temI alm-bp-²-¯\p sXm«p ap³]v
Fellowship of Faiths kb-Wn-k-¯nÂ tNÀ¶p. ]ns¶ eoKv Hm^v
t\j³knepw. ]ns¶ HmIvkv^ÀUv {Kq¸v F¶-dn-b-s ¸«p. ASp¯ cq]w
tamdÂ do BÀa-saâv. cmw temI alm-bp-²-¯n-\ p-tijw sFIy-cmjv{S
k`-bpsS cq]o-I-c -W-¯nÂ Imcy-amb ]¦p-h-ln-¨ p. Ata-cn-¡-bpsS
cmjv{Sob Pohn-X-¯nÂ ià-a mb kzm[o\w sNep-¯p¶ tkmjy-enÌv
kwL-S-\-IÄ.
Americans Association of university professors

Americans Civil Liberties Union
Americans for Democratic Action
Committee for Economic Development
Hull House (Center for radical feminism)
National Council of Women
The League of Industrial Democracy
Social Democrats USA
Institute for Policy Studies
NATO political wing
Club of Rome
Cini foundation
Cambridge Policy Studies Institute
Committee for Democratic Majority
Lucius trust
New Democratic Coalition
War Resisters League
Aspen Institute
National Organization for Women
Stanford Research
aX-hn-izm-k-§-fpsS Iq«-mbva -bpsS Hcp {]hÀ¯\w
ku¯v B{^n-¡-bnÂ {]I-S-am-Wv. {ôta-bvk-Wp-I-fpsS ]n³Xp-W-tbmsS
D¶-X-\ mb ap³ KGB tIWÂ Bbn-c p-¶ tPm tÉmthm-bpsS IognÂ I½yq-
468
WnÌv `cWw \S-¸n-em-¡n. tPm tÉm-thm-bpsS ap¶Wn A\p-bmbn

s\Âk¬ at-e-bpw.
kzX{´ hym]mcw Gähpw hn\m-i-Im-c n-bmb kn²m´w.
{_n«ojv CuÌv Cý -I-¼\n. kzX{´ hym]mcw GÀs¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\v {ian-
¨Xv Ata-cn-¡³ hn¹-h-¯nsâ {][m\ Imc-W-§-fnÂ H¶v. {^©v hn¹hw
F¶v ]d-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xpw kzX-{´- hym-] m-c s¯ XpSÀ¶v Dmb A{Iaw
Xs¶-bm-Wv.
kzX-{´-h ym-] mcw F¶Xv {Ia _²-Xsb \ntj-[n-¡-em-Wv. Cg apdn-
bm¯ {]hÀ¯\ £a-sa¶v sXfn-bn-¡-s¸« \b-§-fpsS \nt£-[-a mWv.
lrkz-Ie hyàn-KX XmXv]-c y-§-fpsS kzmÀ°-amb {Iaw sXänb Ah-k-
c-¯nsâ hnP-b-a mWv. Ømbn-bmb sam¯-amb kpc£ AXv ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-
¶nÃ þ tPmk^v Nmws_Àsebv³ The Case Agaist Free Trade.
kzX{ámbn \ne-\nÂ¡-W-sa-¶p-s -¦nÂ cmjv{Sw AXnsâ
B´-c nI hn]-Wnsb kwc-£n-t¡--Xpv. ]pdsa \n¶pÅ BtKmf
hmWn-Pys¯ B{i-bn-¡msX . B´-c nIambn hyh-kmbhXv¡-cWw \S-
¶Xv Ata-cn-¡sb Icp-¯pä cmjv{S-a m-¡n. B´-c nI hn]Wn hntZ-i-I p-¯-
IÄ¡v ASn-b-dhp h¡p-¶Xv cmjv{S-¯nsâ hyàn-X zs¯ \in-¸n¡pw. Cd-
¡p-a Xn Np¦w CÃm-sX-bm-¡p-¶Xv . hfsc A[nIw Ipd-¡p-¶Xv A]-ISw
hcp-¯n-h-¡pw. Cw¥- nÂ \n¶pÅ hkvXp-¡-fpsS taÂ GÀs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-
cp¶ Np¦w Ipd-¡p-¶-Xn\v F{_lmw en¦³ hnk-½n-¨Xv At±-l-¯nsâ
h[-¯n\v Hcp {][m-\-I m-c-W-ambn IW-¡m-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. AXn\v ]n¶nÂ
Cw¥-nse {][m\ a{ń _³P-a n³ Un{km-tb-enbpw. 1873 Â City of
London ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-Imcpw Ah-cpsS hmÄkv{So-än se Iq«-mfn-Ifpw
tNÀ¶v Ir{Xn-a-a mbn krjvSn-¨-XmWv km¼-¯nI XIÀ¨. AXv \op
\n¶Xv ImÀjnI hr¯nsb kmc-ambn _m[n-¨p.
Treaty F¶Xv \nbaw. AXns\ Ft¸mÄ thW-s a-¦nepw ]mÀe-
saân\v ]n³h-en-¡m-hp-¶-tX-bp-Åq. ( Law of Nations by Vattel ) . Treaty
DÄ¡m-¼n-Ãm-¯-X mWv AXp-sImv Xs¶ U.N, GATT (WTO) FÃmw AÀ°
iq\y-a m-Wv. The Case Against Socialism: A hand book for conservative
speakers , \nb-a-§Ä \S-¸n-em-¡n-s b-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-thn tkmjy-en-Ìp-IÄ
\S-¯p¶ X{´-§Ä hnh-c n-¡p-¶p. kzX-{´-hym]mcw F¶ sI«p-IY C¶v
\Ã-X m-s W¶ a«nÂ P\-§Ä Ip hcp-¶p. F¶mÂ H¶pw cpw temI
alm-bp-²-¯nÂ h[n-¡-s¸-«-h-tc-¡mÄ hfsc A[nIw t]À sXämb,
Ir{Xn-a -amb km¼-¯nI \b-§Ä aqe-apÅ km¼-¯nI XIÀ¨-bpsS ê-
ambn ac-W-a-S-ªp.
sFIycmjv{S-k-`-bpsS IcSp tcJ X¿m-dm-¡n-bXv entbm
sdmkvthmÄkvIn, samsfm-t«mhv F¶ cv djy³ ]uc-·mcpw BÂKÀ
lnÊv F¶ Ata-cn-¡³ tkmjy-enÌv ]uc\pw. `c-W-L-S\ tkmjy-enÌv
amXr-I-bn-ep-Å-XmWv. t^_n-b³ skmssk-än-bp-sSbpw AXnsâ Ata-cn-
¡³ _Ôp-¡Ä¡pw henb hnP-b-a m-W-Xv. 1848 se I½yq-WnÌv am\n-s ^-
469
kvtäm-bp-ambn tNÀ¶p t]mIp-¶-XmWv AXv. tkmjy-enÌv, I½yq-WnÌv

F¶v {]I-S-a mbn shfn-s ¸-Sp-¯n-bncp-s¶-¦nÂ AXv FXnÀ¡-s¸-Sp-am-bn-cp-
¶p. AXp-s Imv kam-[m\w F¶v {]N-c n-¸n-¡-s¸«p. kam[m\w F¶
hm¡v Kh¬saâv tcJ-I -fnÂ FhnsS Imepw AXv I½yq-WnÌv tkmjy-
enÌv BsW¶v Icp-tXXm-Wv. U.N bp²-¯nÂ ]s¦-Sp-¡p-¶p.
hfsc ASp¯ ka-b¯v sÛdÂ dnk-ÀÆv t_mÀUv Hä-s¸«,
]c-¼-c -bmb Ir{Xn-a-§Ä¡v Ata-cn-¡³ hyh-km-bs¯ _en-bm-Sm-¡n.
AXv bqtdm-]y³ [\-a n-S-]m-Sp-I mÀ¡p thn. AXv Hml-cn- hn-]Wn XI-cp-¶-
Xn\pw hymh-kmb amµyw h¶p-tN-cp-¶-Xn\pw Imc-W-ambn. Xncn-a-dn-I Ä XpS-
§n-bXv 1929 s^{_p-h-c n-bnÂ. sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv t_mÀUv ta[m-hnbpw,
_m¦v Hm^v Cw¥-nsâ KhÀWdpw ChnsS h¨v \S-¯nb NÀ¨-IÄ¡p-
tijw. hnjbw {_n«-\nse km¼-¯nI kml-N-cy-§-fpsS ]cn-Xm-]-I-c-amb
Ah-Øbpw Ah-cpsS\mW-b-¯nsâþ]uv sÌÀen§vþhneXIÀ¶Xpw (
Congressional records, house, June 16 1930 )
{_n«\pw {^m³kpw 300 tImSn tUmfÀ Ata-cn-¡³ Hml-cn-
bnÂ \nt£-]n-¨p. 1929 amÀ¨nÂ sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv \yqtbmÀ¡v ]c-ky-{]-
Ømh-\- ]pd-s ¸-Sp-h n-¨ p. \nt£-]-I sc `b-s¸-Sp¯p¶Xn-\ p-thn amÀ¨nÂ
Xs¶ sNdnb Akz-ØX krjvSn-¨p. 1929 HmKÌnÂ {_n«ojv, {^©v
\nt£-]-I À Ipdª hne¡v Ata-cn-¡³ Hml-cn-IÄ hnäp XpS-§n. Ata-
cn-¡³ _m¦ÀamcpsS klm-b-t¯m-s S. HIvtSm-_dnÂ XIÀ¨ ]qÀ®-a mbn.
1929 se XIÀ¨bv¡pw amµy-¯n\pw ImcWw sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv _m¦p-IÄ
Xs¶. hntZi klmbw kzoI-c n-¡p-¶Xv A]-I Sw £Wn¨p hcp-¯-em-Wv.
AXv kzoI-cn-¡p¶ cmjv{Sw AØn-c-a mhpw, B cmjv{S-¯nse {]IrXn
hn`h-§Ä sImÅ-b-Sn-¡-s¸Spw AhÀ cmjvSob Imcy§Ä¡mbn D]-tbm-
Kn-¡-s¸-Spw. kza-\-Êm-s e-b-Ãm-X pÅ Zmky-hr-¯n, ASn-a¯w . hntZi
klmbw F¶Xv NXn-bmWv. h©-\-bm-Wv. hntZi klmbw F¶Xv
tkmjy-enkw {]mhÀ¯n-I-am-Ip-¶-Xm-Wv.
AIDS amc-I-a mb tcmKmWp. Ir{Xn-a -ambn \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-«Xv. A[n-I-apÅ
P\-kw-Jysb \in-¸ n-¡p-¶-Xn\v aäp amcI tcmKm-Wp-¡Ä \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-«p-h -
cp-¶p. knbd entbm-W nÂ AXn-\pÅ ]co-£-W-§Ä \S¶p hcp-¶p.
emÊm -ssh-dkv, aoUn-b- hnkv\ ayq«âv sshd-kv. kv] m\njv ^vfqhn-s\-Xn-
t\-¡mÄ 100 aS§v ià-am-Wh. ]ns¶ asäm¶v Ft_m-f. apgp-h³ t]cv
Ft_mf skbvÀ. AX-nt·-epÅ ]co-£Ww Ata-cn-¡³ ssk\nI sshZy-
imkv{X Kth-jW C³Ìn-äyq-«nÂ. aäp amc-I -amb sshd-kp-Ifpw . P\-
kwJym \nb-{´Ww {]ap-J -amb Hcp ImcWw am{Xw. AØn-cX krjvSn-
¡I F¶-X mWv asämcp {]apJ Imc-Ww. P\-§-fpsS a\-ÊnÂ `bw \nd-
¡p-I .
{_«ojv Ata-c n-¡³ K-h¬saâp-I-fmWv temI-¯nÂ Gähpw
Agn-aXn \nd-ªXv ( Diplomacy by Deception By John Doleman ).
sFIy cmjv{Sk` F§ns\ krjvSn-¡-s ¸«p F¶Xv “am\y-X-bn-eqsS h©-
\”-bpsS Gähpw \Ã DZm-l-c Ww. GI temI Kh¬saâv krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn-
470
\pÅ {ia-¯nsâ `mK-ambn , ]mcokv kam-[m-\ -tIm¬^-d³knÂ thgvkm-

enkv DS-¼Sn. AXnsâ krjvSn-bmb eoKv Hm^vt\j³kv {]mtbm-Kn-I-a m-hm-
¯-X p-s Imv AXp Xs¶ asämcp t]cnÂ bpssW-äUv t\j³kv þ
sFIy cmjv{S-k-`.
1919 P\p-hcn 18 Â {^m³knÂ thgvkm-enkv kam-[m\
tIm¬^-d³-knÂ 70 t]À ]s¦-Sp-¯p. A´mcvjv{S _m¦Àamsc {]Xn-\n-[o-
I-cn¨v. 27 cmjv-{S-§-fnÂ \n¶v. kt½-f\w PÀ½-\nsb càw Duän sImÃp-
¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn-¨ m-bn-c p¶p. bp²-N-cn-{X-Im-c³ Ae³ {_qKÀ ]d-ªXv ac-W-
a-Sª Hmtcm-ssk-\n-I\pw, A´m-c mjv{S _m¦ÀamÀ¡v 10,000 tUmfÀ
hoXw em`w t\Sn-s¡m-Sp¯p. kt½-f\w A´m-cmjv{S _m¦Àam-c psS ]Ww
kp£n-X-a m-¡p-¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn-¨m-bn-c p-¶p.
Treaty kzX-{´-a mb hyàn-X z-apÅ cmjv{S-hp-am-bn«p
thWw Dm-th-Xv. sFIy-c m-jv{S-k ` A§-ns\-bpÅ cmjv{S-a-Ãm-¯-Xp-
sImv Treaty \nba km[y-X-bp-Å-X Ã. Treaty F¶Xv \nbaw am{X-amWv
AXn\v `c-W-L-S-\sb [n¡-cn-¡p-¶ n\v km²y-a-Ã. cmjv{S-¯ nsâ hyàn-
Xzhpw kpc-£bpw A]-I-S-s ¸-Sp-¯p¶ coXn-bnÂ AXn\v \ne-s Im-Åp-¶-
Xn\v km[y-a-Ã. 1920 Â eoKv Hm^v t\j³kv DS-¼Sn , k`-bnÂ \nc-kn-¡-
s¸«p. {]kn-Uâv hnÂk¬ A\p-I q-e-am-bn-cp¶p F¦nepw . 1945 Â U.N N«-
¡qSv X¿m-dmb DSs\ eoKv Hm^v t\j³kv ]ncn¨p hn«p. eoKv Hm^v
t\j³knsâ kz¯p-¡Ä , {][m-\ -ambpw H¶mw temI-a -lm-bp-²-¯n\p
tijw PÀ½-\ n-bÂ \n¶v e`¨ ]Whpw kwJy-I -£n-IÄ Ata-cn-¡¡v
sImSp-¡m-\p-m-bn-c p¶ ]Whpw U.N sâ t]cn-te¡v amän. tImSn-¡-W -
¡n\v tUmfÀ. 1932 Dec. 15 bp² hmbv] Bcpw sam¯-a mbn XncnsI \ÂIn-
bn-Ã. Gähpw A[nIw hmbv]- F-Sp-¯n-cp¶ {_n«\pw. Ata-cn-¡¡v [\ -\-
jvShpw ]ns¶ ssk\n-I-scbpw \jvS-ambn. bp²Ime _m[y-X-IÄ Xncn-¨-S-
¡p-¶-X n\p th IS-¸-{X-§Äþ War Reparation Bonds, Ata-cn-¡³ hn]-
W-n-bnÂ hnä-g n-¨p.- F¨v .Pn.-shÂkv Xsâ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ After democracy
bnÂ GI temI Kh¬saâv, A´m-c mjv{S \mW-b\n[n , _m¦v Hm^v
CâÀ\mj-WÂ skänÂsaâvkv F¶n-h -b-neqsS Øm]n-t¡--X m-W¶v
FSp¯v ]d-ªn-c p-¶p. km¼-¯nI hyh-ØnXn Øm]n-¡-s¸«p Ign-ªmÂ
cmjv{Sob kmaq-lnI hyh-Øn-Xn-IÄ Øm]n-¡-s ¸-Sp-s a-¶pw. `c-W-L-S-
\sb \in-¸ n-¡p-¶-Xn-t\-¡mÄ {]mtbm-KnIw AXns\ \nÊm-c-h-Xv¡-c n-¡p-
¶-Xm-Wv. t^_n-b³ skmsskän 1920 Â X¿m-dm-¡nb tkmjy-enÌv am\n-
s^tÌm AXn\p thn D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp¶p. {]kn-Uân\v ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-
¡p-¶-X n\v A[n-I m-c -an-Ãm¯ Executive Orders AXn-\p-thn D]-tbm-Kn-¡-
s¸-Sp¶p U.N \v kz´-a mbn cmjv{ S-a n-Ã. AXv \yqtbmÀ¡nÂ tdms¡-s ^-
ÃÀsâ sI«n-S-¯nÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶p. U.N F¶mÂ thcp-I-fn-Ãm¯ H¨v,
]cm-¶-t`m-Pn.
471
temI Ncn-{X-¯nÂ sh\o-kn-\pÅ Øm\w a\-]qÀÆw ad-¨p-h-bv¡-

s¸Sp¶p. Ah-cpsS CS-s ]-S-ep-Ifpw. 1600 Dec. 31 \v Cw¥ojv CuÌv Cý-
I-¼\n Øm]n-X-am-bn. ]n¶oSv AXv {_n«ojv CuÌv Cý- I-¼\n BEIC
F¶m-bn. 1582 Â {_n«o-jp-ImÀ Cý-bnÂ h¶p XpS-§nb \mÄ apXÂ
kq^n-Isf D]-tbm-Kn¨v apÉo-§-tfbpw kn¡p-Im-scbpw X½nÂ AI-äp-¶-
Xn\v {ian-¨n-cp-¶p. apKÄ N{I-hÀ¯n-a mÀ BEIC sb \nIpXnbnÂ \n¶pw Hg-
nhm¡n. 1756 Bb-t¸m-tg¡pw ss¢hv {]`p, _wKmÄ, _\m-d-kv,- _o-lmÀ
F¶n-h n-S-§fnse I©mhv Irjn-bpsS \nb-{´Ww ssI¡-em¡n. 1785 Bb-
t¸m-tg¡pw I©mhv hym]m-c-¯nsâ ]qÀ® \nb-{´Ww hmd³ slbvÌn-
§vk nsâ \nb-{´-W-¯nÂ. 1896 Â hnIvtSm-dnb cmÚnsb Cý-bpsS
N{I-hÀ¯n-\n-bmbn Ah-tcm-[n-¨ p. AtX hÀjw 20 e£w Xmgv¶ PmXn-
¡mÀ ]«-Wn-aqew ac-W-a -Sªp. Cý-bnse {_n«ojv `c-W-Im-e¯v BsI
60 e£w Xmgv¶ PmXn-¡mÀ ]«n-Wn-a qew ac-W-a-S-ªp. ku¯v B{^n-¡-
bnÂ CXn-t\mSv kam-\-a mb kw`-h-§Ä \S-¶-tX-bn-Ã. temI-¯nÂ
Gähpw A[nIw kzÀ® \nt£-]-a pÅ {]tZiw F¶ \ne¡v {_n«\v
ku¯v B{^n-¡-tbm-Sm-bn-cp¶p IqSp-X Â {]nbw. tdm¯vjoÂUvknsâ
A\p-bmbn , t_mb-dp-I -sfbpw Ah-c psS ]n³X-e-ap-d-¡m-scbpw X½nÂ
AI-äp-¶-Xn\v thm«p sN¿m\pÅ Ah-Imiw F¶-t]-c nÂ {]t£m`w
kwL-Sn-¸n-¨p. ]n¶-Wn-bnÂ e-\nÂ \n¶v BÂ{Ûv anÂ\dpw. 25,000
t_msbÀ kv{XoIfpw Ipªp-§-fp-a-S¡w ac-W-a-S-ªp. Ipä-h m-fnbpw NXn-
b\pw, ò-I-c-h m-Zn-bp-a mb s\Âk¬ at-esb am²ya sN¶m-b¡ v Ä
\mb-I-s\-¶ -a -«nÂ {]IoÀ¯n¨v {]N-cn-¸n¨p. ku¯v B{^n-¡¡v FXnsc
tamkvtIm Aev]w am{Xw AXn-{Iaw Im«n. {][m-\ n-IÄ hmjn-§vS\pw e-
\pw.
t^_n-b³ tkmjy-enÌv tPmÀÖv _À\m-Uvjm-bpsS sh¸m«n

^vtfmsd³kv ^mÀ. a{´-hm-Zn\n. Golden Dawn AwKw. AXv Xntbm-k-^n-
¡Â skmssk-än-bpsS hn`mKw Xs¶. »hävkvIn acW aS-ªt¸mÄ
B\n-_-kâv Xotbm-k^n {]Øm-\ -¯nsâ Xe-¸¯p h¶p.
tXmakv F¨v.-l-Ivknen-bpsS sNdp-a -¡Ä BÂUkv lIvkvenbpw Pqen-
b³ lIvkv enbpw . United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural
Organisation UNESCO Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn\v Pqen-b³ lIvkven Imcy-amb ]¦v
hln-¨p. Pqen-b³ þ {_n«ojv imkv{X-Ú³, _p²n-Pohn. s]³kn-en³,
DDT, Pe ip²o-I-c W kwhn-[m\w F¶o imkv{X apt¶-ä-§sf Pqen-b³
CcpXe aqÀ¨-bpÅ hmÄ F¶\ne-bnÂ Ip.
BIS _m¦v Hm^v CâÀ\mj-WÂ skänÂsaâvkv A²y-£³

{^nävkv ep«vhoeÀ, Pqen-b³ lIvkvensbt¸mse P\-kwJy Ipd-t¡-p-
¶Xv Ah-iy-s a¶ ]£-¡m-c -\m-Wv. AtX A`n-{]mbw Xs¶-bmWv temI
472
_m¦v IMF F¶nh¡pw. cpw kzImcy _m¦p-IÄ. Hmlcn I¿-S¡n h¨n-cn-

¡p-¶Xv tdmXvjoÂUvkv, tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ ISpw-_-¡mÀ. 1944 Â UN sâ
]n³Xp-W-tbmsS s{_ä³hpUvknÂ \yqlmw-]vsj-bdnÂ krjvSn-¡-s¸-«h.
]²Xn X¿m-dm-¡n-bXv tPm¬ tabv\mÀUv sIbv³ kpw Ata-c n-¡³ {Sjdn
Akn-Ìâv sk{I-«dn lmcn sUIvÌÀ sshäpw. CFR AwKw. IMF Â Ata-cn-
¡-bpsS FIvkn-Iyq-«ohv Ub-d-IvSÀ. ]n¶oSv hmjn-§vS-\nse tkmhn-bäv
Nmc iywJ-e-bnse AwKw -F¶v sXfn-ªp. sIbv³kv, t^_n-b³ tkmjy-
enÌv. temI _m¦nsâ {]kn-Uâm-bn-c p¶ tdm_À«v aIv\-am-cbpw CtX
A`n-{]mbw ]peÀ¯p-¶p.
WWF- World Wild life Fund. Øm]-nX-a m-¡n-b-Xv ^n-en¸v cmP-Ip-am-
c³. Cw¥-nse cmÚn Fen-k -_¯v II sâ `À-¯ mhv. amtam-Zok ap§n-
bXv ^nen]v _msä³_ÀKv F¶ t]cnÂ. lukv Hm^v HmÄsU³_ÀKvs e
AwKw , slsÊ ImÊÂ se ImÄ em³Uv{Kbvh v Gjym-änIv {_Z-d³sâ
{Km³Uv amÌ-dnsâ sNdp-a-Isâ sNdp-a-I³. tPmÀÖv cm-a³, djy-bnse
ImX-do³ Z s{Kbväv, {]jy-bnse cmPmhv s{Ûn-dnIv H¶m-a³ F¶n-h -
cpsS _Ôp. ^nen]v cmP-Ip-am-c³ ]d-ªXv C\n-sbmcp P·w km[y-am-
hpsa¦nÂ kwlm-c n-bmb sshdkv Bbn P\n-¨ n«v A[n-I-a pÅ P\-kw-
Jysb \in-¸n-¡p-sa¶mWv . WWF Ubd-IvSÀ tUmIvSÀ BÀs\-jn-tbmävkv
WWF se kÀ ]o-äÀ ktIm«v WWF sâ ap³ sshkv {]kn-Uâv tXmakv
ehvtPmbv FÃm t]cpw AtX A`n-{]m-b-¡m-c m-Wv.
ähn-tÌm¡v C³Ìn-äyq-«nsâ ]²-Xn-IÄ {^¦v^À«v C³Ìn-
äyq«v t^mÀ tkmjyÂ dnkÀ¨v AsÃ-¦nÂ {^m¦v^À«v kvIqÄ se PÀ½³
imkv{X-P-R-·m-cpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS XpSÀ¨-bmWv. AXv t{^mb-nUnsâ
Nn´m ]²-Xn-bnÂ \n¶pw hnI-kn-¸ n¨ kwkv¡m-c -s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ ]T-\-
¯nepw hna-À i-\-¯nepw - tI{µoI-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. km{¼-Zm-bnI
k·mÀKw F¶mÂ ssewKnI tNmZ-\ -I-fpsS Akzm-`m-hn-I-amb ASn-¨ -
aÀ¯-emWv, . AXv Ipªp \mfp-I-fnÂ ASn-t¨-ev] n-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶ -h-bm-Wv.
Sigmund Freud and the Jewish Mystical Tradition F¶ IrXn-bnÂ
tUbvh nUv _Im³ ]d-bp-¶Xv, t{^mbvUv Hcp hymP- j-_m-¯n-b-\mWv
F¶m-Wv. eyqdn-bm-\nIv I_m-e-sb-¡pdn¨v At±-l-t¯mSv ]d-ª-t¸mÄ
At±lw AXns\ This is gold F¶mWv hnti-jn-¸n-¨-Xv. t{^mbn-Unsâ
]pkvX-I-¯nÂ ( Moses and Monotheism ) ]d-bp-¶Xv CuPn-]vänse
^dthm amcpsS Imcy-§-fn-se-¶-t]mse AK-a y-K-a\w ( Incest ) AXnÂ
GÀs¸-Sp-¶ -h-\ p-taÂ ssZhk-a m-\ -amb _lp-a m-\yX t\Sn-s¡m-Sp-¡p-¶p.
_Im³ ]d-bp-¶Xv t{^mbvUv j_-Xmbn skhn-bpsS A\p-bmbn F¶m-Wv.
{^m¦v^À«v kvI qÄ ]d-bp-¶Xv s]mXp -am-²y-a-§Ä ,
hncàn krjvSn-¡p-¶ -Xp hgn {]Xn-I-cW tijn \in-¸ n-¡p-¶-Xn\v D]-tbm-
Kn¡mw F¶m-Wv. Brainwashing: How the British Use the Media for Mass
Psychological Warfare Â thmÄ^v ]d-bp-¶Xv “ähn-tÌm-¡nsâ ]T-\-
473
¯nÂ \n¶pw Hcp ss]im-NnI kn²m´w DS-se-Sp-¯p.- ò-I-c-X sb D]-tbm-

Kn¨v a\p-jys\ Ipªp-§-fp-tSXv t]mse hnt[-b-X z-a pÅ am\-kn-I- A-h-
Ø-bn-te¡v sImv t]mIp-¶-Xn\v km[n-¡pw. bpàn- Nn-´sb aen-\-s¸-Sp-
¯n, Ahsâ ]e- hn-[-a mb kml-N-cy-§-tfmSpw Dt¯-P-I-§-tfmSpw DÅ
sshIm-cnI {]Xn-I-c-W-§Ä {]h-Nn-¡p-¶-Xn\v km²y-am-Ipw. BImw-j-
bpsS Af-h ns\ \nb-{ń-¡p-¶Xp hgn kam-\-a mb {]Xn-I-c-W-§Ä henb
kwLw a\p-jy-c psS taÂ krjvSn-¡p-¶-X n\v Ign-bpw. -A-§ns\ ähn-tÌm-
¡ns\ Npa-X-e-s¸-Sp-¯nb [\- i-àn-I -fpsS CjvS-¯ n-\-\p-k-cn¨v a\p-jy-
cpsS kz`mhw \nb-{ń-¡p-¶-X n\pw cq]-h-XvI -cn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw km[n-¡pw.
{^m¦v^À«v kvI qÄ Kth-j-IÀ Ata-c n-¡-bn-te¡v
BØm\w amän-b-t¸mÄ AhÀ \yqtbmÀ¡nÂ sImfw-_nb kÀÆ-I-em-im-
e-bnÂ, AhnsS AhÀ {]n³Ì¬ kÀÆ-I -em-i m-e-bnÂ tdUn-tbm- dn-k À¨v
C³Ìn-äyq-«p-ambpw _Ô-s¸«v {]hÀ¯n-¨p. duv sSbv_nÄ {]hÀ¯-\-§-
fpsS tI{µw HmIvkv^ÀUv kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bnÂ HmÄ tkmÄkv tImtf-PnÂ
þCw-¥-nÂ, {]n³Ì¬ kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bnÂ C³Ìn-äyq«v t^mÀ
AUzm³kvUv ÌUn-þ-AXv tdms¡-^n-Ã-dn-sâbpw ImÀ\n- û-t-j³kn-
sâbpw hnZy-`ym-k -ssk-²m-ń-I³ F{_lmw ^vfIvkv\À Øm]n-¨-XvþA-
ta-cn-¡³ {]hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS tI{µ-a m-bn. _À«vd³Uv dÊÂ {^m¦v^À«v
kvIqfnsâ hàm-h m-bn-c p-¶p. dÊÂ Xsâ ]pkvXIw The Impact of
Science on Society bnÂ ]d-bp¶p. “ico-c -im-kv{Xw, a\-i mkv{Xw F¶o
imkv{Xob kt¦-X-§Ä- C-\ nbpw hnI-kn-t¡- -Xpv. cv {]K-Û-cmb
hyàn-IÄ ]mhvtemhpw t{^mbnUpw AXnsâ ASn-Øm\w krjvSn¨p Ign-
ªp. AhÀ X½nÂ sshcp-²y-a p-s ¶v Rm³ Icp-Xp-¶n-Ã. BÄ¡q« a\-
im-kv{X-a mWv cmjv{So-b-a mbn Gähpw {]m[m-\y-ta-dnb hnjbw F¶v Rm³
Icp-Xp-¶p. B[p-\nI {]Nm-cW coXn-IÄ AXnsâ {]m[m\yw hÀ²n-¸ n-¡p-
¶p. AXnÂ Gähpw {][m\w hnZym-`ymkw Xs¶. aXw Hcp ]¦p-h -ln-¡p-
¶p. F¦nepw AXnsâ {]m[m\yw Ipd-ªp-h-cp-¶p. am²y-a-§Ä kn\n-a,
tdUntbm F¶n-h-bpsS Hs¡ {]m[m\yw Gdn-h-c p-¶p. Ime-{I-taW
BÀ¡pw Ghscbpw F´p Imcy-¯n\pw Iogvs¸-Sp¯mw þ AhÀ Cfw Xe-
ap-dsb e£y-an-Sp-I -bm-s W-¦nÂ AhÀ¡v AXn-\pÅ ]Whpw ]n³Xp-
Wbpw `c-W-IqSw \ÂIpIbmsW-¦nÂ.”
a\p-jy-a -\-Êns\ kzm[o-\ n-¡p-¶-Xn\v kwKo-X-¯n-\pÅ
tijn ]p apXÂ Xs¶ D]-tbm-K-s ¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cp-¶p. B`n-Nmc {Inb-I -
fnÂ. BÂUkv lIvkven Xsâ ]pkv-XI-¯nÂ The Devils of Loudun
1952 Â ]d-bp-¶p. “A[n-I-t\cw kwKo-X-¯n\pw Xmf-ta-f-§Ä¡pw hnt[-b-
cm¡pIbm-s W-¦nÂ FÃm XXz-im-kv{X-Ú-· mcpw arKo-b-amb tNjvS-Ifpw
Iq¡n-h n-fnbpw \S-¯p-¶Xp ImWm-\mIpw. Hcp kwLw a\p-jysc kwL-Sn-
¸n-¡p-I . D¨-¯n-epÅ kwKo-X-¯n\pw iI-Xn-tb-dnb shfn-¨-¯n\pw
Ahsc hnt[-b-c m-¡pI. Ipd¨p \nan-j-§ÄsImv \n§Ä¡v Ahsc
_p²n-ip-\y-cmb \nIr-jvS-c mbn amäp-¶ -Xn\v km[n-¡pw. CXn-\ p- ap³s]m-cn-
474
¡epw hfsc¡pd¨v t]À¡v C{Xbpw A[nIw t]sc a-·mcpw {`m´-

·mcpw Ipä-hm-fn-Ifpw B¡n-¯oÀ¡p-¶ -Xn\v Ignªncp-¶nÃ.”
Xntbm-tUmÀ AtUm-sWm-bpsS t\Xr-X z-¯nÂ \S¶
tdUntbm dnkÀ¨v t{]m{Kmw F¯n-t¨À¶ \nK-a\w tdUntbm AXnsâ
Øncw t{imXm-¡sf Nn´m-iq-\ycpw {i²m-i q-\ ycpw B¡n-¯oÀ¡p¶p
F¶m-Wv. anjn-K¬ kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bpsS C³Ìn-äyq«v t^mÀ tkm-jyÂ
dnkÀ¨n-\p -thn X¿m-dm-¡nb dnt¸mÀ«nÂ t]mÄ lnÀjv , AtUm-tWm-
bpsS tdUntbm dnkÀ¨v ]²-Xn-sb-¡p-dn¨v ]cm-a Àin-¨p. lnÀjnsâ A`n-
{]m-b-¯nÂ bp²m-\ -ćw Øm]n-X-am-¡nb lnäv ]tcbvUv , s]mXp-am-²y-a -
§sf \nIrjvS kwkv¡mcw krjvSn-¡p¶ ]²-Xn-bm¡n¯oÀ¯p. kn\na,
kwKoXw, ]pkvX-I-§Ä, ^mj³ F¶o apJy-[mcm kwkvImc-§Ä
ap³Iq«n Xocp-a m-\n-¡-s ¸-«-X n-\ -\p-k-cn¨v krjvSn-¡-s¸-«-Xm-Wv.
tdUntbm dnkÀ¨v t{]mP-IvSnsâ Ub-d-IvSÀ t]mÄ
sebvtkÀkvs^ÂUv. C³U-kv{Sn-bÂ sskt¡m-f-P n-bnÂ tUmIvS-tdäv
t\Snb hyàn. At±-l-¯nsâ `mcy slÀ«v slÀtkmKv, CIA bpsS
thmbvkv Hm^v Ata-cn-¡-bpsS BZys¯ dnkÀ¨v Ub-d-IvSÀ . ]n¶o-Sv,
dm³Uv tImÀ]-td-j³ t_mÀUv A²y-£-\m-bn. sImfw-_nb t{_mUvIm-
ÌnwKv knÌ-¯nsâ CBS sâ ta[m-hnbpw. CBS sâ Øm]-I\pw No^v
FIyn-I yq-«ohv Hmô-kdpw Bbn-cp-¶Xv hnÃyw s]bven þ cl-kym-t\z-jW
hnZ-Kv²³. CFR AwKw Ae³ Uyqf-knsâ \nÀt±i {]Imcw s]bven CIA
GPâp-Isf CBS \pthn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xn\v \nb-an-¨p. Operation
Mockingbird F¶ ]²-Xn¡p thn. AXv Øm]n-¨Xv 1948 Â Office of
Policy Co-ordination OPC bpsS `mK-ambn. AXnsâ Ub-d-IvSÀ {^m¦v
sshkv\ v ³ . Dt±yiw Ata-cn-¡-bne hmÀ¯m {]Øm-\-§-tfbpw ]{X
{]hÀ¯-I-tcbpw Nmc-·mcmbpw, {]Nm-c -W-the {]hÀ¯-I-cmbpw D]-tbm-
Kn-¡pI . Ae³ Uyqfkv CIA bnÂ A[n-I hpw sFhn -eoKvÂ hnZym`ymkw
t\Sn-b-h-s c-s ¡mv \nd¨p. {]tXy-In¨pw Yale Â \n¶pw. , kvIÄ B³Uv
t_m¬kv sl³{Sn eyqkv , tdms¡-s^-Ã-dnsâ ]Ww sImv Iptd-tbsd
{]kn-²o-I -c-W-§Ä Bcw-`n-¨p. Life, time, fortune, house and home, sports
illustrated . tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ, tImÄkv {_tZÀknsâ Look amK-ko\pw Iptd
Zn\-] -{X-§fpw XpS-§p-¶-Xn\v ]Ww \ÂIn. ]ns¶ dm³Uw lukv, \yq
lukv amK-ko³kv ( AXv \yqtbmÀ¡À, ]tcbvUv, ¥maÀ,- thmKv F¶n-h -
bpÄs¸-Sp-¶Xv ) . F-¶nh \nb-{ń-¨n-cp¶ kmw \yqlu-kn\pw ]Ww
\ÂIn. bqPn³ -ta-bÀ CFR Øm]-I mw-K-§-fnÂ HcmÄ ]s¶ temI -_m-
¦nsâ BZy {]kn-Uâv . hmjn-§vS-¬ t]mÌv, \yqkv ho¡v, ho¡ven aäp
{]kn-²o-I -c-W-§Ä Hs¡ hm§n. kn\na hyh-kmbw , tlmfn-h p-Uv,
tdUntbm F¶n-hsb \nb-{ń-¡p-¶Xv selva³kv, tKmÄUva ³ km-Ivkv,
Iq³ tem-tb-_v, hmÀ_ÀKvkv F¶n-hÀ. hnÃyw s]bven ]d-ªXv sSen-hn-
475
j³ tKm_vÄkns\ Ih-¨p-h-¡p-¶-X n-\ pÅ km[yX krjvSn¨p F¶mWv.

Capability to out - gobbles , gobbles.
MK - Ultra F¶p-ÅXv BLm-Xs¯ ASn-Ø m-\-a m-¡n-bpÅ
t{]m{Km-an§v X{´-§-fmWv. AXv Multiple Personality Disorder ( MPD)
AYhm Dissosiative Identity Disorder ( DiD ) krjvSn-¡p-¶ -Xn\v thn
Icp-Xn-¡q-«n. GÂ¸n-¡p¶ BLm-X-§Ä. Project Monarch F¶Xv AXn\p
Iogn-epÅ ]e ]²-Xn-I-fnÂ H¶v. 1960 IfnÂ Ata-cn-¡³ ssk\yw XpS-§n-
h-¨Xv. CIA, NASA ]ns¶ aäv GP³kn-I Ä F¶nh DÄs¸-«Xv. ln]v-t\m-
«nkw, ]oV\w, Ce-Iv{SnIv tjm¡v, ab-¡p-a-c p¶v F¶n-h-bm-Wv amÀ¤-§Ä.
F´pw sN¿p-¶-Xn\v X¿m-sd-Sp-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn. sNIp-¯m³ tkh-
bnepw aäpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ amÀ¤-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶p.
ähn-tÌm¡v C³Ìn-äyq-«nsâ a\-Êns\ Iog-S-¡p¶ ]²-
Xn-I-fnÂ Gähpw Ip{]-kn-²-a m-bXv sUmWÄUv Cuh³ sIbva-tdm¬ \S-
¯nb {Iqc-X-I -fm-Wv. \mkn Dt±ym-K-Ø³ dptUmÄ^v slÊnsâ am\knI
kzmØyw hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶-Xn\v ähn-tÌm¡v sIbva-tdm-Wns\ Npa-X-e-s¸-Sp-
¯n. ]n¶oSv \yqsdw-_ÀKv bp² Ipä hnNm-c -W-bnÂ samgn-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶-
Xn\p thn. 1943 Â tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ ût-j³ Øm]n-X-a m-¡n-b-X mWv
Ae³ sat½m-dn-bÂ C³Ìn-äyq«v. tam³{Sn-b-enÂ aIvKnÂ bqWn-
thÀknänbnÂ . AXnsâ sskIym{Sn hn`mKw Xe-h-\mbn sIbva-tdm¬.
CIA tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ ût-j³ , It\-Un-b³ ssk\yw F¶n-h-bpsS
taÂt\m-«-¯nÂ sIbva-tdm¬ aÀ±-\ -¯n-e-[n-jvTn-X-a mb tNmZyw sN¿Â,
akvXnjvI {]£m-f\w F¶nhbnÂ ]co-£-W-§Ä \S-¯ n-bn-c p-¶p. sIbva -
tdm-Wnsâ AXohw cq£amb CeIv{SnIv tjm¡v, ab-¡p-a-c p-¶nsâ kzm[o-
\-X-bn-epÅ akvXnjvI {]£m-f\w F¶nh CIA bpsS MK Ultra ]co-£-W -
§-fnÂ AXohw {]i-kvX-a m-Wv. World Federation of Mental Health (
WFMH ) sâ It\-Un-b³ imJ Øm]n-¨Xv sIbva-tdm¬ WFMH sâ Xe-
h³ ähn-tÌm¡v C³Ìn-äyq-« nsâ ta[mhn {_ntK-Un-bÀ P\-dÂ dmhven-Mv
dokv. 1984 Â dokns\ WFMH Xe-h-\mbn \nb-an-¨Xv sam³SmKp t\mÀa³.
temI-¯ nse a\-imkv{X tkh-\-§Ä \S-¯p-¶-Xn\p thn. WFMH
Øm]n-¨Xv sFIy cmjv{S k`-bpsS temIm-tcmKy kwL-S-\ -bp-sSbpw
Unesco bpsSbpw \nÀt±-i-¯n\ptaÂ. dokpw Unesco bpw X½n-epÅ CS-
]m-Sp-IÄ \nb{ń¨ncp-¶Xv AXnsâ Øm]I sk{I-«dn P\-depw bqP-
\nIvkv hàm-hp-am-bn-cp-¶ Pqen-b³ lIvkvenbpw. Unesco kmaqly
imkv{X tam[mhn tUmIvSÀ Hmt«m ss¢³_ÀKv Dw. ähn-tÌm-¡p-ambn
_Ô-s ¸« a\-im-kv{X-P-R³, Ata-c n-¡³ \ot{Km-bpsS hÀ¤ob kzm`mh
sshNn-{X-y§-s f-¡p-dn¨v Kth-jWw \S-¯nbn-cp-¶p.
WFMH Dw ähn-tÌm¡pw Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ LSD hnX-cWw \S-
¯n-bn-c p-¶p. AtIz-dn-b³ KqVm-tem-N-\-bpsS `mK-a m-b n. BÂUkv
476
lIvkvenbpw Ae³ Uyqfkpw hgn. LSD hnI-kn-¸n-¨Xv km³tUmkv F¶

kznÊv I¼-\n. DS-a-Ø³ Fkv.-Pn.-h mÀ_ÀKv. sF.-Pn.-^À_sâ ]¦mfn. M.K.
Ultra XpS-§nb Ime¯v CIA bpsS Xe-h-\m-bn-cp¶ Ae³ Uyqfkv ,
km³tUmkv Kth-jWw \S-¡p¶ Ime¯v kznä-kÀe-³-UnÂ s_Às\-
bnse OSS ta[m-hn-hn-bm-bn-cp¶p. OSS Â At±-l-¯nsâ IognÂ Pbnwkv
hmÀ_ÀKpw ]ns¶ bqWn-thÀknän Hm^v jn¡m-tKm-bpsS {]kn-Uâv
tdm_À«v abv\mÀUv lävNn³kv.
“tdm¡v kwKo-X -¯nsâ e£yw Xe-a p-d-IÄ X½n-epÅ AIew
hÀ²n-¸ n-¡pI AXp-hgn c£n-Xm-¡-s fbpw Ipªp-§-s fbpw X½nÂ AI-
äp-I. bph-P-\-§sf hn¹-h-¯n\p thn X¿m-dm-¡pI”- t]mÄ ImâÀ ({]-
kn² Kmb-I ³)
bp² hncp² {]Øm\w “kzX-{´- kvt\l” {]Øm-\-¯n\v
cmk-Xz-c-I-a mbn. _À«-d³Uv dÊÂ GI temI Kh¬saâv Øm]n-¡p-¶-
Xn-te¡v bp²hncp² {]Øm\w AYhm t_mw_v \ntcm-[\w 1950 Â Bcw-
`n-¨p. dÊn-ensâ kam-[m\ ût-jsâ imJ C³Ìn-äyq«v t^mÀ
t]mfnkn ÌUokv Øm]n-¡p-¶ -Xn\v \yqtbmÀ¡v _m¦p-IÄ [\-k-lmbw
\ÂIn. IPS sâ Øm]I t\Xm-¡-fnÂ HcmÄ Pbnwkv hmÀ_ÀKv. bp²-hn-
cp² {]Øm-\-amb ÌpUâvkv t^mÀ sUsam-{Im-änIv skmsskän , IPS
sâ taÂ t\m«-¯nepw km¼¯nI klm-b-¯n-ep-am-Wv.
kwL-SnX IpäIr-Xy- am-^ nb , bp²-hn-cp²
{]Øm-\-¡mÀ¡v ab¡p acp¶v \ÂIn. 1960 IfnÂ AtIz-dn-b³ KqVm-tem-
N-\-bnÂ am^n-b-bpsS `mKw GtIm-]n-¸n-¨ n-c p-¶Xv lävNn³kv. 28þmw hb-
ÊnÂ lävNn³kv Yale Law School Xe-h-\mbn. AhnsS Institute of
Human Relations sâ hàm-hmbn. kvIÄ B³Uv t_m¬kv cl-ky -kw-
L-S\ Øm]n¨ Yale sâ GI-temI Kh¬saâv {]Nm-cW {]Øm\w. Xma-
kn-bmsX jn¡mtKm kÀÆ-I-e-mim-e-bpsS {]kn-Uâpw . skâÀ t^mÀ Z
ÌUn Hm^v sUmsam-{Im-änIv C³Ìn-äyqj³ ( CSDI )Imen-t^mÀWnb,
km³X-_mÀ_-d-bnÂ lävNn³kv Øm]n-¨ -Xn\v [\-km-lmbw {][m-\-
ambpw kwL-SnX Ipä-Ir-Xy -irw-J-e-bnÂ \n¶v. BÂUkv lIvkven,
tXma-kv a³ sâ aIÄ Fen-k-_-¯v a³ ]ns¶ aäp ]e tdmUvkv
kvtImfÀamscbpw lävNn³kv CSDI bnÂ \nb-a n-¨p. Ah-scms¡ apt¶-
Xs¶ jn¡mtKm kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bnÂ Dmbn-c p-¶-h-c m-Wv. CSDI bpsS
hcp-a m-\-¯nsâ {][m-\-s ¸« cv Dd-hn-S-§Ä ^v Hm^v ^vkv, _ÀWo
tIm¬s^ÂUvknsâ IOS sâ \nIpXn clnX {]Øm\w ]ns¶ s\hm-Z-
bnse ]mÀhn³ tUm³a-³ I¼-\n-bpsS ap¶Wn {]Øm-\ -amb ]mÀhn³
ût-j³. sUÊÀ«v C³, Aem-Un³, Uyq¬ F¶n-h-bpsS \nb-{´Ww
IOS \pw ]mÀhn³ tUm³a-\p-a m-bn-c p-¶p. FÃmw tasbÀ em³kvIn-bpsS
ss{Iw kn³Un-t¡-äp-ambn _Ô-a pÅ emkv thKmkv NqXm« tI{µ-§Ä.
477
Npcp-¡-¯nÂ LSD lmjnjv, acn-Pp-hm\ F¶n-h-bpsS hnX-c -W-¯nsâ

I®n-bm-bn-c p¶p IOS, ]mÀhn³ F¶nh. 1960 IfnÂ.
AtIz-dn-b³ KqVm-tem-N-\-bn-eqsS k·mÀ¤hpw aä-\-h[n
hyXn-N-e-\-§-fn-eqsS a\p-jysâ Nn´sb kzm[-\n¨v If-¦-s¸-Sp-¯pI am{X-
aÃ GI-tem-I-a-X -sa¶ hyhØnXnbnte¡v F¯n-t¨-cp-¶-Xn\v thn GI-
temI {]Øm-\-§Ä Cults \ne-hnÂ hcp-¯pI F¶-Xp-amWv e£yw.
AXn\p thn-bpÅ amÀ¤w ]cn-ØnXn {]Øm-\-h pw. AXn\p thn Bkv-
s]³ C³Ìn-äyq«nsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ U.N, ¢_v Hm^v tdmw, ähn-tÌm¡v
]ns¶ aä-t\Iw duv sSbv_nÄ kwL-S-\ -I-fn-eqsS BW-thmÀÖs¯
ap³\n-dp-¯n-bpÅ {]Nm-c -W-th-e-IÄ. tdms¡-s ^-Ã-dn-s âbpw kuZn-bp-
sSbpw A[o-\-X -bn-epÅ F® hyh-km-b-§Ä¡v AXv òj-Wn-bmWv
F¶p-Å-Xp-s Imv. F¶mÂ AhÀ {]N-cn-¸n-¨Xv ]cn-Øn-X n¡v tZmj-a m-bXv
F¶-Xp-sIm-m-s W-¶m-Wv. AhÀ hyh-kmb hXv¡-c-W-¯n\v FXn-c mbpw
hfÀ¨¡v \nb-{´Ww thW-sa¶pw DÅ -a -«nÂ {]Nm-cWw \S-¯n.
Ata-c n-¡³ F® òa³ tdm_À«v H.-B³tUÀk¬
CXnsâsbms¡ tI{µ-Øm-\¯.v At±-l-¯ nsâ AävemânIv dn¨vôÂUv
HmbnÂ I¼\n AävemânIv dn¨vôÂUv ût-j-\n-eqsS tImSn-¡-W -
¡n\v tUmfÀ Xnc-s ª-Sp-¡-s ¸« Nne kwL-S-\ -IÄ¡v BW-thmÀÖs¯
FXnÀ¡p-¶-Xn-\p-thn \ÂIn. AXn\p thn Bkvs]³ C³Ìn-äyq«v
t^mÀ lyqa-\n-ÌnIv ÌUokv D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸«p. Bkvs]³ C³Ìn-äyq«v
Øm]n-X-a m-¡n-bXv BÂUkv lIvkve nbpw tdm_À«v abv\mÀUv
lävNn³kpw. PÀ½³ XXz-Nn-´-I³ t^mÌv F¶ cN-\-bpsS IÀ¯mhv
sKbvsY-bpsS 200þmw P·-Zn-\ -¯nÂ At±-l-¯nsâ HmÀ½-¡m-bn«v F¶
t]cnÂ.
tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ IpSpw-_-¯nsâ ap³ssI-¿nÂ Hutd-en-tbm -
s]¡n, Ae-I vkm-À In§v F¶n-h-c psS kl-I-c-W-t¯msS Øm]n¨
¢_v-Hm^v tdmw F¶ ]²-Xn-¡p-th-nbpw tdm_À«v B³tUÀk³
[mcmfw ]Ww \ÂIn. Cä-en-bnÂ s_Ãm-Pntbm F¶ tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ
]nWnbmÄ Øm]n-¨-X mWv ¢_v Hm^v tdmw. 1972 Â ¢_v Hm^v tdmapw
AXnsâ Ata-cn-¡³ LS-I hpw Ah-cpsS Ip{]-kn-²-amb Limits to Growth
F¶ {]kn-²o-I-c -W-¯n\v A[n-I-a mb {]Nm-c Ww \ÂIn. MIT bnÂ \S-¯n-
sb¶p ]d-b-s ¸-Sp¶ Kth-j-W-¯nsâ ]n³Xp-W-tbmsS AXv , `qansb
]mcn-Øn-XnI \i-oI-c -W-¯nÂ \n¶pw kwc-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\ p-thn hyh-
kmb hXv¡-c Ww \ndp-¯n-h-t¡- -X pv F¶ \nK-a-\-¯n-se-¯n-t¨À¶p.
_À«vd³Uv dÊÂsâ Bcm-[-I³ t]mÄ FÂdn¨v FgpXnb Population
Bomb F¶ IrXn krjvSn¨ òXnsb Zpcp-]-tbm-K -s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bm-bn-c p-¶p
AhÀ. t]mÄ, Ìm³^ÀUnÂ ico-c-i m-kv{X-Ú³. 1968 Â amÂ¯q-knsâ
B-i b-§sf hn]q-eo-I-cn¨psImv. AXnÂ At±lw Iym³k-dn-s\bpw
P\-kw-Jy-bpsS AXn hÀ²-\-h n-t\bpw Xmc-X-a y-s ¸-Sp-¯ n. FÂdnNv
]dªXv “\½Ä e£-W-§sf NnIn-Õn-¡p-¶-Xn\p ]Icw Iym³k-dns\
478
apdn¨v amtä--X pv . AXn\v {Iqchpw lrZ-b-iq-\y-hp-a mb \S-]-Sn-IÄ

Bh-iy-ambn hcmw”. Iq«-¯nÂ `£y-h -kvXp-¡-tfm-s Sm¸w KÀ` \nb-{´W
cmk-h-kvXp-¡Ä tNÀ¡- -Xp-s¶pw FÂdn¨v ]d-ªp.
{]kvXpX {]Øm-\-¯nsâ Aa-c ¯v Bkvs]³ C³Ìn-äyq-
«nsâ Ub-d-IvSÀ audnkv kvt{Sm§v. U.N sâ BtKmf iàn tI{µw
kvt{Sm§ns\ Hgn-hm-¡p-¶-Xn\v km[n-¡m¯ a\p-jy³ F¶v hne-bn-c p-¯p-
¶p. World Future Society tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ ût-j³, Bkvs ]³ C³Ìn-
äyq«v. ¢_v Hm^v tdmw F¶n-h -bnse {][m\n. ]n¶oSv U.N sk{I-«-dn -tIm-^ n
-A-¶³ sâ {][m\ D]-tZ-jvSmhv , temI _m¦v {]kn-Uâv Pbnwkv
thmÄs^³k³ sâ {][m\ DtZ-jv Smh.v Earth Counicl sâ A²y-£³,
World Resource Institute sâ A²y-£³, Council of the World Economic
Foum sâ kl A²y-£³. sSm-tbm-«-bpsS A´m-c mjv{ S D]-tZ-i-I -k-anXn
AwKw. Golden Dawn ta[mhn, A´m-c mjv{S ab-¡p-a-c p¶v kwL-S-\-bpsS
\S-¯n-¸p-Im-c³, {_n«ojv cl-kym-t\z-j-W- tk-\ -bnse apXnÀ¶ Dt±ym-K-
Ø³, Planetary Citizens Øm]-I mw-K-§-fnÂ HcmÄ. AXnÂ Iq«n-\p-ÅXv
s\XÀe³Uvknse cmÚn -Pq-en-bm-\, -kÀ FUva v lnemcn, sse\kv
t]mfn§v, entbm-\ÀUv s_¬Ìo³, tPm¬ A]vs sU¡v, ]oäÀ koKÀ,
sFkIv Akn-tamhv XpS-§n-b-hÀ . ¹ms\-ä-dn- kn-än-k¬kv sFIy-cmjv{S
k`-bpsS hn]p-eo-I-c-W-¯n-\p -thn \ne-sIm-Åp¶p. tUmWÄUv
sIbvkv At±lw Benkv s_bven-bpsS injy³, ap³ UN I¬kÄ«âv
Øm]n-¨-Xm-Wv PC. AXnsâ {]kn-Uâm-bn-cp-¶Xv CFR AwKw t\mÀa³
Ikn³kv.
Earth At Omega bnÂ sIbvkv ]d-bp-¶Xv “U.N BØm-\¯v CS-
¡nsS [ym\yw IqSm-dp-v. [ym\w \bn-¡p-¶Xv kÀ Nn³tambv. AbmÄ ]d-
bp-¶Xv U.N ssZh-¯nsâ sXcsR-Sp-¡-s¸« D]-I-c-W-a mWv” F¶m-Wv.
New Age XXz-Nn-´-I³ hnÃyw sFÀhn³ tXmw]vk¬ , en³Un-
kv^mÀs\ skâÀ sâ t_mÀUv Â Ub-d-IvSÀ. ^n\m³kv. MIT bntebpw
sskdm-Iyqkv bqWn-thÀkn-än-bn-tebpw lypam\n-äokv {]^-kÀ. kzX{´
cmjv{Sw, kzImcy kz¯v kzX{´ -hyàn F¶n-h-bpsS Ime-L«w
Ignªp F¶mWv tXmw]vk¬ A`n-{]m-b-s ¸-Sp-¶Xv. ]pXnb cmjv{Sobw
F¶Xv `qansb hmgn-¡p¶ XXz-im-kv{X-§-fnÂ ASn-Øm-\-a m-bn-«p-ÅXpw
F¶pw. enÂUn-kv^mÀs\ skâÀ ØnXn-s N-¿p-¶Xv am³l-«-\nse
skbvâv tPm¬ F¸n-kvtIm-¸Â I¯o-{Uen\pÅnÂ. tPml-ss\äv hn`mKw
{ôta-bvk¬kv Bcm-[n-¡p¶ Bcm-[-\m-e-bw. AXns\ ]n³Xp-W-¡p-¶Xv
enÃn F³tUmhvsaâv, tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ {_tZgvkv ^v, tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ
ût-j³.. eqknkv {SÌv Øm]n¨ temple of understanding AtX
Øe¯p Xs¶ Øn sN¿p-¶p . AXv Benkv s_bven-bpsS thÄUv
KpUvhnÂ \nb-{ń-¡p¶ {]Øm-\ w. 1960 Â. AXv U.N sâ B²ym-ßnI
479
ho`m-K-ambn {]hÀ¯n¡p¶p. AXnsâ Øm]I kwc-£n-X m-¡Ä tPm¬.-

Un. tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ 4þmwa³, {]Xn-tcm[ sk{I-«dn tdm_À«v aIv\ -amc,
Planned parenthood Øm]-I amÀKcäv km³sKÀ, IBM {]kn-Uâv tXmakv
sP.-hm-«vk¬, tkmjy-enÌv ]mÀ«n eoUÀ t\mÀa³ tXmakv, Feo-\À
dqkvshÂäv , Time Life {]kn-Uâv Pbnwkv F. ens\³ XpS-§n-b-h À.
Temple of Undrestanding sFIy-cm-jv{S-k-`-bpsS sk{I-t«-dn-b-äp-ambn
ASp¯v {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶p.. World Council of Churches, World Conference
on Religion and Peace , World Parliamnet of Religions F¶n-h-bp-ambn
tNÀ¶v Interfaith Movement s\ t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡p-I bpw sN¿p-¶p.
_lmbn {]Øm-\-¯nepw audnkv kvt{Sm§v AwK-a mWv.
AXnsâ A´m-c mjv{S BØm\w C{km-tb-enÂ. slbv^-tbmSp tNÀ¶v
AXv U.N Â ià-a mb kzm[o\w sNep-¯p-¶p. 1945 apXÂ AXv U.N ambn
tNÀ¶v {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. 1948 Â _lmbn Hcp Kh¬saâv CXc {]Øm-\ -
ambn AwKo-I-cn-¡-s¸«p. 1970 U.N Â CI-tWm-anIv B³Uv tkmjyÂ
Iu¬kn-ep-ambn tNÀ¶v {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ D]-tZ-iI {]Øm\w F¶ ]Zhn
e`y-a mbn. ]ns¶ U.N sâ Children’s Fund , UNICEF, WHO bpambpw U.N
]cn-ØnXn ]²Xn UNEP bpambpw aä-t\Iw aX , ]cn-ØXn kmaq-lnI
{]Øm-\-§-fp-a mbpw tNÀ¶v {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p.
1978 Â kuZn Bbp[ hym]mcn AUv\³ Jtjm-Kn-
bnÂ \n¶pw 2 ejw G¡-dnÂ ØnXn sN¿p¶ sImf-dmtUm em³Uv
B³Uv ImänÂ I¼\n, kvt{Sm§v hm§n-bn-c p-¶p. AXn\v _¡ F¶p
t]À. BZyw kvt{Sm§n-t\m-s Sm¸w tNÀ¶Xv Bkvs]³ C³Ìn-äyq«v,
en³Un-kv^mÀs\ Atkm-kn-tb-j-³. Ct¸mÄ AhnsS [mcmfw k\ym-kn -
Øm-]-\-§Ä B{i-a-§Ä, thZnIv t£{X-§Ä, Ata-cn-¡-bnse jmam³,
lnµp- t£-{X-§Ä, kn¤p-dmäv sk³ _p²nÌv tI{µ-§Ä F¶n-h-bpv.
\Po_v lem_n AhnsS CÉm-anIv kn¤p-dmäv ]WnXp Ign-ªp. \Po_v
CFR AwKw, ]m³ Ata-c n-¡³ sâ ap³ A²y-£³, tPmÀZ³ cmÚn-bpsS
AÑ³, AhÀ {ôta-bvk¬ lpssk³ cmPm-hnsâ `mcy.
1970 Â kwL-Sn-¸n¨ Technology : Social Goals and Cultural
Options Bkvs]³ C³Ìn-äyq«v sâ {][m\ hnP-b-§-fnÂ H¶v . AXv 1972
Â tÌm¡vtlm-a nÂ h¨p \S¶ U.N. Earth Summit \v hgn sXfn¨p.
AXnsâ A²y-£³ audnkv kvt{Sm§v. InÊn³PÀ F® ZuÀe`yw krjvSn-
¨-t¸mÄ, BW-h -hn-cp² {]Nm-c W thebv¡v A\p-tbm-Py-a mb kml-Ncyw
\ne-hnÂ hcp-¯p-¶-Xn\v If-sam-cp-¡n-bn-c p-¶p. [\-k-lmbw {][m-\-a mbpw
Aä-emânIv dn¨vôÂUv HmbnÂ I¼-\n-bnÂ \n¶pw.
aq¶mw temI alm-bp²w apÉo-§sf \in-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-
\p- th-n-bp-ÅXmWv. {][m-\-a mbpw. AXn-\pÅ X¿msd-Sp-¸ p-I Ä _n³
emZ³ cwK¯p hcp-¶-Xn\pw 25 hÀjw ap³]v, Bb-s¯mÅ sJmsa-
bv\nsb Cdm-\ nÂ {]Xn-jvT n-¡p-¶-XnÂ \n¶pw XpS-§n. {][m-\ -k-lm-bn-
480
IÄ kuZn Atd-_ybpw apÉow {_ZÀlpUpw. kwkvIr-Xn-I-fpsS kwL-

«\w {]kn²-am-bXv kmap-hÂ l³Sn-§vS³ AtX t]cnÂ Xs¶ ]pkvXIw
{]kn-²o-I cn-¨-tXm-s S-b mWv. F¶mÂ 1990 Â {]n³Ì-WnÂ \nbÀ CutÌ¬
ÌUo-knse {]^-kÀ _À\mÀUv eqbnkv, Aäve mânIv a³Xven-bnÂ Fgp-
Xnb teJ-\ -¯n-emWv A§n-s\-sbmcp {]tbmKw BZy-ambn \S-¯n-bXv.
l³Sn-§v-S\pw 3 hÀjw ap³]v. temI apÉow P\-kw-J y-bpsS hfsc sNdn-
sbmcp Awiw am{X-amWv apÉow {_ZÀlpUnsâ hàm-¡Ä. 1955 Â AhÀ
sIbvtdm-bnÂ \n¶pw e-\n-te¡pw ]n¶oSv P\o-h-bn-te¡pw X§-fpsS
BØm\w amäp-I-bp-mbn. Ahn-Sp-§-fnse iIvXn tI{µ-§-fp-a mbn AXn-
\pÅ _Ôw AXv sXfn-bn-¡p-¶p.- sI-bvtdmbnÂ AXnsâ t\Xmhv
skbvZv ca-Zm³, C{k-tben cl-kym-t\z-jW hn`m-K-hp-ambn ASp¯
_Ôw ]peÀ¯n-bn-cp¶p F¶v ]gn-tI-«n-c p-¶p. BWh hyh-km-b-¯nsâ
t]cnÂ¯s¶-bmWv Cdm-\nÂ jmsb ]pd-¯m¡nbXv. AtIz-dn-b³ KqVm-
tem-N-\ -bnse {KnKdn s_bvävk-Wnsâ aIÄ tacn ImX-dn³ s_bvävk¬
sSlvdm-\nÂ Zmamhm³Zv tImf-PnÂ ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶p-m-bn-cp¶p. AhÀ bph-
P-\-§-fpsS CS-bnÂ BWh hyh-km-b-¯ n-s\-X n-c mb {]N-c Ww \S¯n.
“jm”bv¡p FXn-sc-bpÅ hn¹hw \bn-¨Xv {^^-kÀ Aen- j-cn-bmXn.
At±-lhpw ]nXmhv AJm- ap-l-½Zv XJn jcn-bm-Xnbpw {ôta-bvk¬kv.
]mcn-knepw sSlvdm-\n-ep-ambn jcn-bmXn , hn¹hw aqÀOn-¸ n-¡p-¶ -Xn-\pÅ
{]hÀ¯-\-§Ä \S-¯n. Cdm-\nse bqWn-thÀkn-än-I-fnse ]e A²y-] -
Icpw jcn-bm-X n-tbm-sSm¸w tNÀ¶vp. At±lw Cdm-\nÂ ajm-ZnÂ Centre for
the Propagation of lslamic Truth F¶ {]Øm\w XpS§n. jcn-bmXn Cdm-\n-
b³ hnZymÀ°n-I Ä¡v gm§v t]mÄ kmÀs{X, {^mâvkv ^m\³, BÂ_À«v
Imap, gmJv s_ÀIyq, eqbn amÊnt\ym³ F¶n-h-c psS IrXn-IÄ ]cn-
Nbs¸Sp¯n. aqe-[\ hncp² FIvkn-Ì³jyenÌv hàm-¡Ä. ¢_v Hm^v
tdmap-a mbn _Ô-s¸« t{kmX-Êp-I-fnÂ \n¶v [\ -k-lmbw e-`n-¨ n-c p-¶-h À.
CÉm-a-Ã -a-dn¨v \oXvsj-bpsS A\p-bm-bn-I -fm-bn-cp¶ Cu XXz-NnÍcmWv
B[p-\ nI òI-c-h m-Z-¯n\v ASn-¯d ]mIn-bXv. AhÀ Nn´-I À am{X-am-bn-cp-
¶nÃ F¶v AhÀ \nb-{ń-¨n-cp¶ ]e hn[ kwL-S-\-IÄ sXfn-bn-¡p-¶p.
CÃyq-an-\män hfÀ¯nhn« {]Nm-c W the-¡mÀ IqSn-bm-bn-cp-¶p AhÀ. B
I®n-bnse Hcp {]ap-J-\m-bn-cp-¶p. PÀ½³ XXz-Nn-´-I³ amÀ«n³ slbvs U-
¤À. At±lw ]tcm-£-a mbn tPbv¡_v t_mbvsa-bmÂ kzm[o-\n-¡-s¸-«n-cp-
¶p. eyqdn-bm-\nIv Iºm-e-bnepw. sl¤-ensâ kplr¯pw {ôta-bvk-
Wpambncp¶ s{Û-dnIv sjÃnwKv hgn slbvsU-¤À A{I-am-k-à-amb
hn¹hw t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¨p.
Bb-s¯mÅ sJmsa-b\ v nsb hfÀ¯n-bXv {][m-\-a mbpw BBC bpsS {]Nm-
cW X{´-§Ä. hmjn-§vS³ t]mÌv ]d-ªXv Cdmsâ Gähpw {]apJ
i{Xp BBC F¶mWv.
A^vKm³ bp²w apXÂ CIA ]m¡n-Øm\n cl-kym-t\z-jW
hn`mKw ISI bpambn kl-I-cn-¨n-cp-¶p. apPm-ln-±o³ t]mcm-fn-I sf kwL-Sn-
¸n-¡p-¶-X nÂ. ISI Øm]n-X-am-bXv 1948 Â. {_n«ojv cl-kym-t\z-jW tk\
481
MI6 Dt±ym-K-Ø³ tPmk^v ImtYm¬ sâ taÂt\m-«-¯ nÂ. ]n¶o-Sn-¶p-

hsc ISI bpw MI6 Dw ASp¯ _Ôw ]peÀ¯p¶p. ISI bpsS iàn `qt«m-
bpsS Imew hsc hfÀ¶p sImncncp¶p. `qt«m {_n«-\p-a mbn AI-e - p-¶-
Xn\v ImcW-ambn. `qt«m ssk\nI ta[m-h n-bmbn \nb-a n-¨ - knb, `qt«msb
]pd-¯ m¡n. ISI ta[mhn Kpemw Pem-\n-J m³ sâ klm-b-t¯msS. Pb-
enÂh¨v `qt«m Fgp-X nb HmÀ½-¡p-dn-¸p-I-fnÂ sl³{Sn -In-Ên³PÀ At±-
ls¯ ò£-Wn-s ¸-Sp-¯ n-bXv hnh-cn-¡p-¶p. “\ns¶ R§Ä aäp-Å-h À¡v
Hcp ]mT-am¡pw” A^vKm-\nse apPm-ln-±o³ t]mcm-fn-IÄ¡v CIA ]Ww
\ÂIn-bn-c p-¶Xv BCCI hgn-bm-bn-c p-¶p.
Ncn-{Xhpw kam-Im-enI kw`-h-§fpw cmPm-¡-·m-scbpw
{][m\ a{ń-a m-scbpw cmjv{S-§-sfbpw \mb-I-Øm-\¯v {]Xn-jvTn-¡p-¶p.
hnZym-e-b-§-fnÂ ]Tn-¸ n-¡p-¶Xpw am²y-a-§-fnepw ]pkvX-I-§-fnepw
A§s\ Xs¶-bm-Wv. \ap¡v Bsc-bmWv Fń-s\-bmWv hniz-kn-¡m-\m-hp-
¶-Xv. FÃmw Hcp Xpd¶ ]pkvXIw F¶ a«nÂ Kh¬saâv ]d-bp-¶-Xns\
hniz-kn-¡p-¶Xv Ffp-¸-a mWv. Ignª GXm\pw ]Xn-äm-p-Ifnse kw`-h -
hn-Im-k-§Ä hne-bn-c p-¯n-bmÂ hmkvXhw a\-Ên-emhpw. BcmWn òI-c -
hm-Zn-IÄ FhnsS \n¶mWv AhÀ s]s«¶v {]Xy-£-a m-bXv FÃm-s b-t¸mgpw
AhÀ F§n-s \-bmWv hnP-bn-¡p-¶Xv. òI-cm-{I-a -W-§sf hni-I-e\w
sNbvXmÂ Ah GI-temI Kh¬saâv Øm]n-¡p-¶-X n-\pÅ \S-]-Sn-I-fpsS
`mK-a mWv F¶v a\-Ên-emhpw. AXn\v Ft¸mgpw Hcp Nn«bpw {Ia-hp-a pv.
Häs¸« ss]im-Nn-I-a mb kw`-h -§Ä AÃ Xs¶. GI temI Kh¬saâv
kÀÆ a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw XmXv]-cy-§Ä kwc-£n-¡p-¶-X n-\ mtWm AtXm
GXm\pw Nne hyàn-I-fpsS XmXv]-c y-§Ä am{Xw kwc-£n-¡p-¶ -Xn-\pÅ
tXm. C¯cw kw`-h-§Ä AXohw cl-kym-ß-I-ambn Bkq-{XWw sN¿p-
¶-Xn-\mÂ, Poh³ ]W-b-s ¸-Sp-¯ nbpw kXym-t\z-jWw \S-¯p¶ Ipd¨p
a\p-jyÀ¡v Ah Ipsd-sbms¡ sXfn-bn-¡p-¶-X n\v km[n-¨n-«p-s-¦ nepw
Iptd-sbms¡ kml-N-cy-s¯-fn-h p-Isf B{i-bn-t¡- -Xp-v.
t\Xm-¡-·m-cnÂ Gähpw BZÀi -ip-²n-bpÅhÀ¡p- t]mepw
H«pw kwi-b-a n-ÃmsX \S-¯-s ¸-Sp¶ , sXmgn-em-fnhÀ¤ I½yq-WnÌv Bi-b-
§-fnÂ A[n-jvTn-X-a mb kw`-h-§Ä t]mepw Ft¸mgpw ]Wm-[n-]-X y-¯n\v
XmXv]-c y-a pÅ, ]Wm-[n-] Xyw \nÀt±-in-¡p¶ amÀ¤-¯nÂ AXv A\p-h -Zn-
¡p¶ AXn-cp-IÄ¡p-ÅnÂ \n¶v am{Xw {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶p. cmjv{Sob t\Xm-
¡-·mÀ an¡-hmdpw Xs¶ hni-kvX-cÃ F¶v hne-bn-c p-¯-s ¸-Sp-t¼mÄ Xs¶
Kh¬saâv P\-§-fpsS XmXv]cyw kwc-£n-¡p-¶-X nÂ _²-{i-²-cmWv
F¶-XmWv \nK-a-\w. \ymb- bp-à-a mb , ià-a mb kam-[m-\-¯n\p thn-
bpÅ , kl-I-c-W-¯n-e-[n-jvT n-X-amb Kh¬saâv F¶v. F®-¸m-S-§-
sfbpw hmXI ss]]v sse-\p-I-sfbpw Npän-¸-än-bmWv hn¹-h-§fpw bp²-
§fpw \S-¡p-¶Xv F¶Xv bmZrÝnIaÃ F¶p-I-c p-X n-bmÂ , Ahbv¡p
{]tNm-Z\w \ÂIp-¶-h À Ahsb kwc-£n-¨p-sImv Ah-c psS {]hÀ¯-\ -
§Ä \S-¯p-¶Xv F´p-sIm- mWv. Ah-bnÂ ]s¦-Sp-¡p-¶-h-c psS ac-W-
§Ä¡v Ahsb \bn-¡p-¶-hÀ F{X-t¯mfw D¯chmZn-I -fm-Wv.
482
Ata-cn-¡-bpsS Øm]I ]nXm-¡-·mÀ 56 t]cnÂ 53 t]cpw

amÌÀ tabvk-Wp-IÄ. hmjn-§-S\pw eobpw sSw¹À tabvk-Wp-IÄ.
{^¦ven³ Hcp sSw¹À, tdmkn-{Iq-kn-b³, s{^©v {Km³Uv Hmdn-bâv
tabvk¬. s_³P-an³ {^m¦ven³ s]³knÂth\n-b-bnse tdmkn-{Iq-kn-
b¬ sabvk¬ sâ t{]mhn³jyÂ {Km³Uv amÌÀ. Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ
t_bvI -Wnsâ XXz-§Ä¡v ASn-Øm-\-a m-bpÅ Aämenânkv Øm]n-¡p-¶-
Xn\v Cw¥ojv {ôta-bvk-W-dn-bpsS ]²-Xn-IÄ hyà-a mbn Adn-bp-a m-bn-
cp¶ hyàn. tXmakv Pt^ÀkWpw, tPm¬ BUwkpw tdmkn-{Iq-kn-b-\p-
Ifpw {ôta-bvk-Wp-I fpw. t_mÌ³ So ]mÀ«n¡v XpS-¡-a n« tPmk^v
hmd³, t]mÄ dnhn-sbsd, kmap-h Â BUwkv FÃm-hcpw skbvâv
B³{Uq- im-J-bnse sSw¹mÀ tabvk-Wp-IÄ. tPmÀÖv hmjn-§vS³ sSw¹À
{Km³Uv tabvk¬, At±-l-¯ nsâ P\-dÂamscÃmw sSw¹-dp-IÄ. amÀIzn-
Un -e-^m-s b-sXbpw sSw¹À. Ata-c n-¡³ `c-W-L-S\ tabvk¬ `c-W-L-S-\ -
tbmSv AXoh kmayw ]peÀ¯p-¶Xv. hmjn-§vS³ D.C cp]-IÂ]\
sN¿vXncn-¡p-¶Xv tabvk¬ AS-b m-f-§Ä DÄs¡m-Åp¶ hmkvXp- hn-Zym-
cp-]-a m-Xr-I-bnÂ. FÃm Kh¬saâv aµn-c-§fpw A{]-I mcw Xs¶. Ata-cn-
¡-bpsS Hut±ym-KnI ap{Zbpw A§n-s\-Xs¶. kzmX{ý {]Jym-]\w H¸p
h¨Xn-\ p-tijw {^m¦ven³, BUwkv, Pt^Àk¬ F¶n-hÀ {^m³knÂ
BUw hotjm-¸ ns\ kµÀin¨v D]-tZiw tXSn. km¼-¯nI ssk\nI
Imcy-§-fnepw.
hotjm]v F¶mÂ tdm¯vj oÂUvknsâ ]nWn-bm-fpw .
tdm¯vjoÂUvknsâ k¼¯v 2004 Â GI-tZiw 100 e£w tImSn tUmfÀ.
2004 Â _nÂ sKbväk v nsâ kz¯v 3200 tImSn tUmfÀ am{Xw. Ata-cn-¡³
`c-W-L-S\ temI-am-I-am\w hym]n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xp-hgn {ôta-bvk-Wdn AXnsâ
ImgvN-¸m-Sn-epÅ `c-W-IqSw Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ {ia-¯n-em-Wv. Ìmen³
Hcp tdmkn-{Iq-kn-b³ amÀ«n-\nÌv {ôta-bvk¬. 1900 Â Ìmen³ tPmÀPn-b-
bnÂ tPmÀÖv KpÀZvPo-^n-t\m-s Sm¸w Hcp hÀj-t¯mfw Xma-kn-¨ n-c p¶p.
At±lw Sn_-ä³ B`n-Nm-c-{Inb A²ym-]-I\pw. KpÀZvPo^v Ìmens\
amÀ«n-\nÌv {ôta-bvk-W-dn-bnÂ AwK-am¡n. tdmkn-{Iq-kn-b³ amÀ«n-\ nkw,
{]bdn Hm^v ktbm-Wnsâ ap¶Wn kwL-S-\bpw. sI¶Un h[w At\z-
jn¨ hmd³ 330 {ôta-bvk¬. Iment^mÀWn-b-bnse {Km³Uv temUvPnse
{Km³Uv amÌÀ.
amÀjÂ ]²-Xn- bYmÀ°-¯nÂ X¿m-dm-¡n-bXv \nba hnZ-
Kv²³ NmÄkv Fw kvt]mt^mÀUv. At±-l-¯nsâ sk{I-«-dn-bpsS ]Z-hn-
bnÂ tUbvhnUv tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ. ]Sn-ªm-d³ bqtdm-]nsâ ]p\À \nÀ½m-W -
s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-Å-Xv. {Sqa³ ]²Xn F¶p t]cn-Sm-\m-bn-cp¶p BZys¯ Xocp-
am-\w. ]n¶oSv FÃm hn`m-K-§-fp-s Sbpw ]n³XpW t\Sp-¶-Xn\v thn
bp² ka-b¯v tk\m ta[m-h n-b m-bn-c p¶ P\-dÂ amÀj-ensâ t]cnÂ.
At±lw lmÀhÀUv bqWn-thÀkn-än-bnÂ AXv {]Im-i\w sNbvX p.
Operation Barbarossa bnÂ am{Xw 5 tImSn P\-§Ä ac-W-a-Sªp
( The Axis and the Allies). djy-bnÂ. cmw temI-a-lm-bp-²-¯ nÂ 4
483
tImSn (2 tImSn djy-¡m-c pÄs¸sS) acWw. tÌms^³_ÀKnse Icp-Xn-

tbmsS acW kwJy hopw DbÀ¶p. GI-t±iw 3 tImSn. hopw. BsI
12 tImSn.
Bäw-t_mw_v hnI-kn-¸n-¨Xv tdms¡-s^-Ã-dnsâ jn¡mtKm
bqWn-thÀkn-än-bnÂ. AXn\v F³dnt¡m s^Àan¡v tdms¡-s^-Ã-dnsâ [\-
k-lmbhpw. AXv Rockefeller Financed the Atomic Bomb F¶v Adn-b-
s¸«p. P¸m-s\-Xnsc AXv 1945 Pqsse 17 \pw 24 \pw CS¡v {]tbm-Kn-¡Ww
F¶v {Sqa³ Xocp-am-\n¨p. Imem-hØ A\p-Iq-e-a m-b-ep-S³ t_mw_v
hÀjn-¡Ww F¶v Pqsse 24 \v bp² hn`mKw ta[mhn P\-dÂ kv]mävk\ v v
\nÀt±iw e`n-¨ p.
1964 HIvtSm-_-dnÂ \S¶ kw`h hnIm-k-§Ä I½yq-Wn-
Ìp-I Ä tdms¡-s ^-Ã-dnsâ ]nWn-bm-fp-IÄ F¶ {]XoXn krjvSn-¡p-¶p.-
sN-bvkv am³l-«³ _m¦nsâ {]kn-Uâv CFR t_mÀUv A²y-£³, tkmhn-
bäv bqWn-b-\ nÂ F¯n-t¨À¶p. B kabw \nInX {Iqtjhv Ah[n Znh-
k-§Ä BtLm-jn-¡p-¶-Xn\v »m¡vko-bnse dntkmÀ«n-em-b n-c p-¶p.
tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ s{Iwen-\nÂ \n¶v Xncn-s I-t]mbn GXm\pw Znh-k-§Ä¡p
tijw {Iqtj-hns\ s{Iwen-\nte¡v hnfn-¸ n¨v Øm\-`r-jvS-\ m-¡n. {Iqtjhv
USSR se I½yq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n-bpsS A\n-tj[y t\Xmhpw tkmhn-bäv
Kh¬saânse tkzOm-[n-] Xnbpw . A§n-s\-bpÅ {Iqtj-hns\ ]pd-¯m-
¡p-¶-X n-\ pÅ A[n-I mcw BÀ¡m-Wp-ÅXv. tUhnUv tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ
tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b-\nÂ sN¶Xv Xsâ Dt±ym-K-Øs\ ]ncn¨p hnSp-¶-Xn-\m-
bn-cpt¶m ? bYmÀ° A[n-Imcw asä-hn-sS-sb-¦nepamtWm. ]p«n\pw
A§ns\ Xs¶-bmtWm ?
Prieure De Sion. temI-¯nse FÃm cl-ky-kw-L-S-\-I -tfbpw
\nb-{ń-¡p-¶p. [ The Merovingian Dynasty - Satanic Blood Line of the
Anti Christ & False Prophet ].
1864 Â {]kn-²-\mb {ôta-bvk¬ jm§v sl³{Sn Uyq\âv Red Cross
Øm]n-¨p. At±-l-¯nsâ hnem-khpw {]nbdn Un kntbm-Wnsâ hnem-
khpw H¶p-X-s¶-bm-b n-c p-¶p. 110 Rue, Henri Dunant, 92700 Colombes,
Paris. Red Cross F¶Xv hmkvX-h-¯nÂ Rosy Cross AsÃ-¦ nÂ Rose
Croix . {]nbdn Un kntbm-W nsâ tdmkn-{Iq-kn-b³ NnÓw. Npg-en-¡mäv
t]mepÅ AXym-ln-X-§Äs¡¶ t]cnÂ Red Cross tiJ-c n-¡p¶ [\w
ZpcnXw A\p-`-hn-¡p-¶-hÀ¡v F¯n-t- ¨cp-¶nÃ F¶p-ÅXv AXpsImp -
Xs¶ AXn-i-b-a-Ã. 1860 Â tdm¯vjoÂUvkv Alliance Israelite
Universelle AIU Øm]n-¨ p. temI PqX-· m-c psS tI{µ BØm-\ w.
AXnsâ {]kn-Uv AtUmÄ^v {Inayq-h nsâ A`n-{]m-b-¯ nÂ, AXnsâ
Dt±yiyw, FÃm aX-§-fnepw \pg-ªp-I-b-dpI F¶-Xpw. FÃm cmPy-§-fn-
te¡pw \pgªpI-b-dnbXp t]mse. tdm¯vjoÂUvknsâ kplr¯v ,
484
AIU bp hnsâ t_mÀUv kt½-f-\-¯n-te-¡v sl³{Sn Uyq\âns\ £Wn¨p

hcp-¯n-bXv {Inayq . AXv ]n¶oSv Red Cross Bbn amdn. 1865 se XpÀ¡n
tPÀWÂ Turkish Hasdic ]d-bp-¶-Xv, Red Cross sâ BZy-I me {]hÀ¯-\ -
§Ä tdm¯vjoÂUv t\cn«v \S-¯n-bn-cp¶p F¶m-Wv. {^m³knÂ. -
1875 Â sl³{Sn Uyq\âv, e-\nÂ Palastine Colonisation Society
Øm]n-¨p. F¶mÂ BtKm-f-X-e-¯nÂ tdm¯vj oÂU-vkn-\p-thn
{]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶Xv Red Cross. Poh-Im-cp-Wy-{]-hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS ad-hnÂ.
djysb \in-¸n¨v, I½yq-WnÌv tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b³
Øm]n-¡pI F¶p-ÅXv Ata-cn-¡³ CÃyq-a n-\m-än-bpsS ]²-X n-bm-b n-c p-¶p.
cmjv-{S-§sf \in-¸n¨v \h-tem-I-{Iaw sI«n-¸-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn.
AXnsâ Xmhfw 120 t{_mUv th, \yqtbmÀ¡v. lmcn-a ³ sâ Hmô-knÂ.
AXn\p thn tPmÀÖv sI\³ \ntbm-Kn-¡-s¸-«p.
Ata-c n-¡-b nÂ \n¶v djy-bn-te¡p t]mb Red Cross anj³
sâ Dt±yiw kmÀ N{I-hÀ¯nsb A«n-a-dn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ kml-N-c y-sam-cp-
¡pI F¶-Xpw. At±-l-s¯bpw IpSpw-_-s ¯bpw e£-¡-W-¡n\v cmPy-
kvt\-ln-I -fmb djy-¡m-scbpw sIms¶m-Sp-¡pI F¶-Xn\p thn. AXv
bp² \o¡-am-bn-cp¶p F¶v sI\m³ \v Adn-hp-Å-Xm-b n-c p-¶p. At±-l-
¯nsâ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ Russia Leaves the War ]d-bp-¶-Xv, hnÃyw
t_mbvkv tXmw]vk¬ sâ A\p-bmbn tImÀtW-e n-bkv sIsÃ-lÀ ]d-ªn-
cp-¶Xv “]mhw ]nSn¨ _nÃnwKvkv þ At±-lw Icp-Xn-bn-c p-¶Xv, djybn-te¡v
Xncn¨ ZpcnXmizmk kwL¯nse imkv{X hn`m-K-¯nsâ ta[m-hn-bm-W v
Xms\-¶m-bn-cp¶p” F¶v. At±lw shdpw apJw aqSn am{Xambncp¶p
F¶pw. Red Cross anj³ sam¯-a mbpw apJw aqSn am{X-am-bn-cp-¶p. Red
Cross Hcp X«n¸p {]Øm-\w Xs¶.
Red Cross anj-\nse cm-a ³ sdbva v tdm_n³kv The
Decision to Intervene : Soviet American Relationship Â ]d-ªXv “Rm³
hnÃyw t_mbvkv tXmw]vk¬sâ ]cn-Nm-c-I ³. R§Ä h¶n-cn-¡p-¶Xv
hmÄkv{So-ä- n\p thn djy Iogvs¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\p thn.”
BâWn. sP. lnÂUÀ ]d-ªXv “I½yq-Wnkw F¶Xv P\-§Ä _m¦n§v
D¶-Xsc Xpc-¯p-¶-Xn\p thn krjvSn-¨ -X-Ã. AXv _m¦n§v D¶-XÀ P\-
§sf Xpc-¯p-¶-X n\pw ASn-a -I-fm-¡p-¶-Xn\pw thn krjvSn-¨-X m-Wv.
I½yq-Wnkw tamkvtIm-bnÂ \n¶pw \S-¸nÂ hcp-¯p-¶-X -Ã. _oPnw-Kv,
lhm\ F¶n-hn-S-§-fnÂ \n¶pw AÃ. AXv e³, \yqtbmÀ¡v, hmjn-
§vS³ D.C F¶n-hn-S-§-fnÂ \n¶pw \nb-{ń-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p.”
485
1917 Â sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv _m¦v Hm^v \yqtbmÀ¡v, 120 t{_mUvth-bn-em-

bncp¶p. I½yq-Wn-Ìv, \mkn {]Øm-\-§Ä¡v [\-k-lmbw \ÂIp-¶-Xn\p
thn. Ahn-sS-bmWv Skull& Bones AwKw ]nbsd tPbv, \yqtbmÀ¡v
sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhnsâ BZys¯ A²y-£-\m-b-Xv.
1991 se Wildlands Project F¶-Xv, Ata-c n-¡-bnse 4 Â 3
`mKw `qanbpw {]Ir-X n-h n-`-h-§fpw Kh¬saâv \nb-{´-W-¯nÂ sImp
hcp-¶-Xn-\pÅ ]²-Xn-bm-Wv. {]Ir-Xn-kw-c-£Ww F¶Xv AXn-\pÅ ad
am{Xw. sFIy-cmjv{S k`-bpsS ssPh- ssh-hn²yw I¬sh³j\v ASn-¯-
d-bm-bXv Wildlands Project Xs¶-bm-Wv. UNESCO bpsS t\Xr-X z-¯nÂ
Man and Biosphere Program, 411 {]tZi§Ä, 90 cmjv{S-§-fn-embn
Biosphere Reserve ssPh-kw-c-£nX taJ-e-bmbn {]Jym-]n-¡-s¸«p Ign-
ªp. P\-§sf Ahn-S-§-fnÂ \n¶v amän ]mÀ¸n-¡p-¶ -X n\p thn,
FEMA, Homeland Security bpam-bn-t¨À¶v {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. Federal
Emergency And Management Agency. AXym-lnX {]tZ-i-§Ä Gsä-Sp-
¡p-I , \nb-a-§sf XmXvIm-en-I-a mbn \ndp-¯-em-¡p-I, sam¯w P\-X-
sbbpw XS-¦-enÂ hbv¡p-I, AXv hmdâv IqSmsX, hnNm-cW IqSm-s X,
hkvXp ssIt¿-dp-I, `£-W-km-[-\ -§Ä XSªp hbv¡p-I, KXm-K-X-k u-I-
cy-§Ä \ndp-¯-em-¡p-I , `c-W-L-S-\-bv¡pw, Ah-Im-i -§Ä¡pw D]-cn-
bmbn \S-]-Sn-IÄ kzoI-c n-¡pI F¶n-hbv¡v FEMA A[n-I m-c -s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p.
Wildlands Project ambn kl-I-cn-¡m¯ Ata-cn-¡³
]uc-·msc Hcp ]t£ t\cn-Sp-¶Xv U.N sâ \nb-{´-W-¯nÂ slbvXn-bnÂ
sImp-h-¶n-cn-¡p¶ ssN\okv ssk\n-I-c m-bn-c n-¡mw.
486
{]^-kÀ ImcÄ JznKven
tdmUvkv kvtImfÀjn¸v Øm]n-X-am¡nbXv skknÂ tdmUvkv. At±-l-

¯nsâ 7þmwas¯ k½-Xn-Zm-\-¯n-eqsS. AXn\p ap³]v 5 k½-Xn-Zm-\ ¸{X-
§-fn-eqsS tdmUvkv Xsâ k¼¯v Hcp c-lky kwL-S\- kr-jvSn-¡p-¶-
Xn\p thn \o¡n h¨p. AXnsâ Dt±yi e£y-§Ä {_n«ojv km{am-Py-
¯nsâ kwc-£-Whpw hnI-k-\hpw. tdmUvkpw At±-l-¯nsâ hniz-kvX³
anÂ\À {]`phpw tNÀ¶mWv AXv krjvSn-¨Xv. AXn\v clky lkvX-Zm\w
{]tXyI thj-hn-[m\w A§ns\ H¶pw Xs¶-bn-Ã. AXnse AwK-§Ä
hfsc ASp¯v Adn-bp-¶-h -cmWv. anÂt\Àkv InâÀKmÀs«³, duv
sSbv_nÄ {Kq¸v, tdmUvkv Iq«w, säwkv Iq«w, HmÄ tkmÄkv kwLw,
ss¢hvsU³ kwLw, anÂ\À {Kq¸v F¶n-§s\ Adn-b-s ¸-Sp-¶p. AXnsâ
kt½-f-\-§Ä cl-ky-am-Wv. ]pdsa \ns¶m-cp- hy-àn¡v AXns\¡pdn¨v
Fgp-Xp-¶-Xn\v Ign-bn-Ã. AXnsâ AI-¯-f-§-fnÂ _Ô-a p-Å-h À¡p- am{Xw
Ig-n-bp-¶-Xm-Wv AXv. {i²n-t¡-p¶ CS-§-fnÂ {i²n-¡p-¶ -h À¡v
F¶mÂ AXn-\pÅ sXfn-hp-I Ä e`y-a m-Wv. (Anglo American Establishment
By Carrol Quigley )
1891 Â aq¶p-t]-cpsS cl-ky -k-t½-f\w \S-¶p-
sk-knÂ tdmUvkv, hneyw .än ÌoUv Gähpw {]apJ-\mb ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-
I³, sdPn-\mÄUv _men-tbmÄ s{_äv þ ]n¶oSv CjÀ {]`p F¶dnb-s ¸«p,
hnIvtSm-dnb cmÚn-bpsS kplr¯pw clkyw kq£n-¸ p-I m-c \pw ]n¶oSv
FUvhÀUv Ggma³ cmPm-hn-tâbpw tPmÀÖv A©m-a³ cmPm-hn-tâbpw
Gähpw kzm[o-\ -apÅ D]-tZ-jv Smhv. kt½-f-\-¯nsâ Dt±yiw cl-ky-kw-
L-S\ cq]w sImSp-¡p-¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨v AXnse AwK-§Ä Bcm-bn-c n-¡Ww
F¶-Xns\¡pdn-¨ v. Hcp t\Xmhv, Iosg aq¶p-t]À DÄs¸-Sp¶ the Society of
the Elect. AXn\p shfn-bnÂ The Association of Helpers. t\Xmhv
tdmUvkv. IognÂ anÂ\À , s{_äv, ÌoUv AXv C¶pw \ne\nÂ¡p-¶p. 1902
487
apXÂ 1925 hsc t\Xmhv anÂ\À ]ns¶ ^nen¸v sIÀ (tem-Yn-bm³ {]`p) ,
eb-WÂ IÀ«nkv. 1925 apXev 1940 hsc t\Xmhv sIÀ 1940\p tijw
tdm_À«v sl³{Sn {_m³Uv. kwL-S\ {][m-\-a mbpw {]Nm-c-W-th-e-bn-eqsS
{]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. 1899 þ 1902 se t_msbÀ bp²-¯n\p ]nd-InÂ {]hÀ¯n-
¨Xv AXm-bn-cp¶p. tdmUvkv {SÌv Øm]n¨v \S-¯n-h-c p¶p. 1906 þ 1910 Â
AXv bqWn-b³ Hm^v ku¯v B{^n¡ Øm]n-X-a m-¡n. HmÄ tkmÄkv,
_men-tbmÄ \yqtIm-fPv F¶o HmIvkv^ÀUv kÀÆ-I-em-im-bnse tImfPp-
I-fnÂ Gähpw {]apJ iàn. The Times sâ \nb-{´Ww 50 hÀj-¯n-te-
sd-bmbn. {_n«ojv tIma¬shÂ¯v Hm^v t\j³kv F¶ Bibw \ne-
hnÂ sImp-h-¶p. 1917 þ 1919 Ime-L-« -¯nÂ {_n«ojv {][m-\-a{ń
tembvUv tPmÀPnsâ bp²-Im-cy -taÂt\m«w, eoKv Hm^v t\-j³kv cq]o-I -
cn-¡p-¶-XnÂ {][m\ ]¦v. tdmbÂ C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v -CâÀ\mj-WÂ A^-
tbÀkv Øm]n-¨p. Ct¸mgpw \nb-{ń-¡p¶p . 1917 þ 1945 Ime-L-«-§-fnÂ
sFÀe³Uv, ]me-kvXo³ Cý F¶o cmjv{S-§-tfm-SpÅ \b§fnÂ {]ap-
J-amb Øm\w. 1920 þ 1940 Ime-L-¯nÂ PÀ½-\ n-bp-a m-bpÅ kl-I -cW
\b-§-fnÂ {]ap-J-Øm\w. t_mbÀ bp²w apXÂ {_n«ojv km{am-Py-
¯nsâ Ncn-{Xhpw hntZ-i -\-bhpw cNn-¡p-¶-X nÂ {]ap-J-Øm-\w.
AwK-§Ä amdn- amdn h¶p F¦nepw kwL-S-\-bpsS
kz`mhw t\Xm-h n-s â-Xp- Xs¶ . tdmUvkv acn-¡p-t¼mÄ Xsâ k¼¯v
anÂ\-dns\ GÂ¸n-¨p. 1938 HmsS {_n«-\ nse Gähpw ià-amb cmjv{Sob
iàn. tdmUvkv {SÌv, _oäv {SÌv . kÀ As_-s _-bven, BÌÀ . {]ap-J-
{_n-«ojv _m¦p-IÄ . {][m-\-a mbpw ekmÀUv {_tZgvkv, \ôÂUv XpS-§n-
b-h-cpsS km¼-¯nI klmbw e`y-am-bn-cp-¶p. anÂ\-dpsS Gähpw
ASp¯ kplr¯v BÀ\ÄUv tSmbn³_n. 1915 Â At±-l-¯nsâ acp-a -I³
BÀ\ÄUv sP. tSmbn³_n {_n«ojv KhÀ¬saâv kÀÆo-knÂ tNÀ¶p.
]n¶oSv RIIA bnepw. bp²¯n\p-tijw tSmbn³_n-bpsS A`n-{]mbw Hcp
a\p-jysâ Gähpw {]Y-a-amb ISa `cW IqSs¯ tkhn-¡pI F¶-Xm-Wv.
kwL-S-\-bpsS sam¯-a mb Npa-Xe tdm¯vjoÂUvkn\v.
1917 se _mÂt^mÀ {]Jym-]\w ]d-bp-¶Xv, PqX-·mÀ¡p thn ]me-kvXo-
\nÂ cmjv{Sw Øm]n-¡p-¶ -X n\v {_n«³ ]qÀ® ]n³XpW \ÂIp-¶-Xn\v
A\p-Iq-e-amWv F¶m-Wv. AXv anÂ\À {]Jym-]\w F¶mWv Adn-b-s ¸-tS-
n-bn-c p-¶-X v. bp²- Iym-_n-\ -änÂ AXns\ {]ap-J -ambn ]n³Xp-W-¨Xpw
{]Jym-]-\ -¯nsâ cq]w X¿m-dm-¡n-bXpw anÂ\-d-mWv. ]me-kvX o³ cq]o-I-c -
W-¯nsâ XpSÀ¶pÅ kw`h hnIm-k-§-fpsS taÂt\m«w `c-W-Iq-S-¯n-\m-
bn-cp-¶p. anÂ\À kwL-¯n\v `c-W-I q-S-¯ n-\ p-ta-epÅ kzm[o\w AXn
iàhpw. anÂ\À kwLw kb-WnÌv A\p-I qe at\m-`mhw ]peÀ¯-nbn-cp-
¶p. Hcn-¡epw skssa-änIv hncp-²-am-bn-cp-¶nÃ. Hcn-¡epw Ad_v A\p-Iq-
e-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.
tdmbÂ C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v CâÀ\m-j-WÂ A^-tbÀkv
F¶mÂ anÂ\À kwL-¯nsâ krjvSn-bm-Wv. XpSÀ¨-bmbn \nb-{ń-¡p-
¶Xpw anÂ\À kwLw Xs¶. RIIA F¶mÂ duv sSbv_n-fnsâ \nb-am-\p-
krX k´-Xn. XpS-¡-¯ nÂ [\-k-lmbw kÀ As_-s_bven. {]Nm-cWw
488
NÀ¨m-kwLw {]kn-²o-I-cWw F¶nh hgn. Nn´-Isc kzm[o\n¡pI F¶-

XmWv Dt±y-iw. _p²n-P o-h n-I sf kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶-Xn\v duv sSbv_nfpw
henb kwL-§sf kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶ -X n\v RIIA bpw. bYmÀ° Øm]-I³
ensbm-WÂ IÀ«nkv . AXv At\I hÀj-§Ä ad¨p hbv¡-s¸«p 1919 Â
{_n«ojv Ata-cn-¡³ hnZ-Kv²-cpsS kt½-f-\-¯nÂ RIIA \ne-hnÂ h¶p.
tdm_À«v skknÂ sâ \nÀt±-i-{]-Imcw Ata-c n-¡³ {]Xn-\n[n P\-dÂ
ämkvs IÀ »nkv A²y-£-\ mbn. {_n«ojv {]Xn-\ n-[n-IÄ sam¯-a mbpw
anÂ\À kwL-¯nÂ \n¶p-Xs¶. Ata-cn-¡³ {]Xn-\n-[nIÄ sam¯-a mbpw
sP.-]n. tamÀK³ ]nWn-bm-fp-IÄ. anÂ\À kwLw tamÀK\pw ImÀ\o
{SÌpambn ASp¯ _Ôw ]peÀ¯n-bn-c p-¶p- . F¶pw. A´m-c m-jv{S- km-¼-
¯n-I -ap-X-em-fn¯ Iq«p-sI«v. anÂ\À kwL-¯nse {_m³Uv, lns¨³kv
F¶n-h À A´m-c mjv{S ]W-an-S-] m-Sp-ImÀ Xs¶-bm-bn-cp¶p. AXn\pw ]pdsa
anÂ\dpw. e-\nÂ A´m-cm-jv{ S- N-cn-{X-s¯¡pdn¨pff , Ìoh³k¬
A²y-£-\m-bpÅ {]Øm\w Øm]n-¨Xv aäp hnj-b-§-fnepw aäp Øe-
§-fnepw kam\ {]km-Ym-\-§Ä¡v cq]w \ÂIp-¶-X n\v {]tNm-Z-\ -am-bn.
C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v C³À\mj-WÂ A^-tbÀkpw,
C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v ]mkn-^nIv dnte-j³kpw tNÀ¶v {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶p. IPR
8 cmPy-§-fnÂ \n¶v {]Xn-\n-[n-I sf DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p. U.K ]ns¶ AXnsâ
A[o-\-X-bn-epÅ 3 {]tZ-i -§Ä F¶n-hn-S-§-fnse {]Xn-\n-[n-IÄ anÂ\À
kwL-hp-a mbn hfsc ASp¯v {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-h -cmWv. 1939 Â {_n«ojv
A[o-\-X-bn-epÅ IPR Ahn-S-§-fnse IIA bpambn ebn-¨p. AXn-\p- ap-t¶-
Xs¶ Cu cp kwL-S-\-I -fn-tebpw Dt±ym-K-Ø-·mÀ an¡-hmdpw Htc
BÄ¡mÀ Xs¶-bmWv. AhÀ anÂ\À kwL-¯nse BÄ¡mÀ. Ata-cn-¡-
bnÂ eb\w Dm-bn-Ã. IIA bpw CFR Dw X½nÂ. F¶mÂ cp kwL-S-\ -
Ifpw sP.-] n.-tamÀK\pw A´m-cm-jv{S -_m-¦Àam-cp-sSbpw \nb-{´-W-¯n-
emWv. {][m-\n -s Ptdmw Un.-{Ko³ . tdms¡-s ^-Ãdpw tamÀK-\p-ambn hfsc
ASp-¸-a pÅ _m¦À, hfsc \mÄ lmÀhÀUv kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bpsS sk{I-
«dn.
Cu kwL-S-\-IÄ X½n-epÅ ASp¸w Ah-cpsS
{]hÀ¯-\-§-fnÂ \n¶pw hyà-a m-Wv. entbm-WÂ IÀ«nkv. sFhn-k¬
Fkv. aIm-Uw F¶nhÀ 1938 Â \S-¯nb ]cn-tim-[-\m -]-c y-S\w AXmWv
shfn-hm-¡p-¶-Xv. Hmkvt{S-enb, \yqko-e³Uv, Im\U F¶n-hn-S-§-fnse IIR
sâ BØm-\§Ä kµÀin-¡p-Ibpw {]n³Ì³ se IPR sâ ]mkn-^nIv
Iu¬knÂ kt½-f-\ -¯nÂ ]s¦-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]ns¶ AhÀ
]ncnªv IÀ«nkv \yqtbmÀ¡nÂ CFR sâ hncp-¶n\pw ImÀ\o-û-tj³
kµÀin-¡p-¶-Xn\pw t]mb-t¸mÄ aImUw hmjn-Mw-KvS-\nÂ ImÀ\o
F³tUm-hvsaâpw {_qIn§vkv C³Ìn-äyq-j\pw kµÀin-¨p.
RIIA bpsS _u²nI kzm[o\w tIma¬shÂ¯n\v ]pd-
¯pÅ cmjv{S-§-fn-te¡pw sNep-¯p-¶-Xn\v anÂ\À kwL-¯n\v AXohw
kzm[o-\-a p-m-bn-cp¶ eoKv Hm^v t\j³kv hgn km[n-¨p. eoKv Hm^v
489
t\j³kn\v cp hn`m-K-§-fp-v- 1) The International Committee on

Intellectual Co operation ( ICIC )Hcp D]-tZ-i-I-k-a n-X n. 2) The International
Institute of Intellectul Co operation ( IIIC ) þ Xe-Øm\w ]mcn-knÂ. AXv
FIvknIyq«nhv hn`m-K w. -A-´m-c m-jv{S -I-½n-än-bnÂ hnhn[ cmjv{S-§-fnÂ
\n¶v 20 AwK-§Ä. Øm]n-X-a m-¡n-bXv {^©v Kh¬saâv. F¶n«v eoKv
Hm^v t\-j³kns\ FÂ¸n-¨p. Ub-d-IvSÀ Ft¸mgpw {^m³kp-Im-c³.
1931 apXÂ 1939 hsc Cýsb ICIC bnÂ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-c n-¨Xv kÀth-¸Ån
cm[m-IrjvW³ 1931 Â At±lw IÂ¡« kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bnÂ XXz-
imkv{X A²y-]-I-\ m-bn-c p-¶p. 1931 Â At±-ls¯ knight Bbn {]Jym-]n-
¨p. 1936 Â HmIvkv^ÀUnÂ Ing-¡³ aX-§fpw F¯nIvkpw A²ym-] -I³.
1944 Â HmÄ tkmÄkv tImf-PnÂ s^tÃm Bbn.
1928 apXÂ s_Àen-\nÂ {]^-kÀ kn½Àa³ IIIC
bpsS- Io-g nÂ hmÀjnI duv sS-bv_nÄ NÀ¨-IÄ \S-¯n. AXv Adn-b-s ¸-
«Xv International Studies Conferences ISC F¶v. A´m-cmjv{S {]iv\-
§fn³taÂ hnhn[ cmjv{S-§-fpsS ImgvN-¸mSv Adn-bpI F¶-Xm-bn-c p¶p
e£yw. 25 kwL-S-\-I Ä tNÀ¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. ISC. 20 F®w tImHmÀUn-t\-
än§v I½-än-I Ä. ]ns¶ 1) slbvKnÂ The Academy of International Law
2) The Europen Centre of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
3) Geneva School of International Studies 4) P\o-h-bnÂ Graduate
Institute of International Studies 5) Institute of Pacific Relations.
{_n«ojv tIma¬shÂ¯nÂ \n¶pÅ tImHmÀUn-t\-
än§v I½än-I -fn-t·Â anÂ\À kwLw AXohw kzm[o\w sNep-¯p-¶p.-
I-½nänbnse AwK-§sf Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶Xv 4 kwL-S-\-I Ä 1)RIIA 2)
London School of Economics And Political Science 3) A_-dnävkv ssh¯v
se bqWn-thÀknän . tImfÖv Hm^v shbvÂknse Department of
International Politics 4) HmIvkv^ÀUnÂ International Relations -
Montague Burton Chair AXv A[n-Ihpw anÂ\À kwLmwK§sf sImv
\nd-ªn-c n-¡p-¶p.
1930 IfnÂ anÂ\À kwLw A`-bmÀ°n-IfpsS Imcy-¯nÂ
XmXv]cyw ImWn¨p XpS-§n. 1930 þ 1938 Â sNs¡m-tÉm-hm-Iy³
A`bmÀ°nIfpsS taÂt\m«-a p-m-bn-cp¶ {_«ojv GPâv tÌm]v
t^mÀUv. anÂ\À kwL-¯nse AwKw. 1938 Â A\u-t±ym-Kn-I-a mbn hntZ-i-
Im-c ym-e-b-hp-ambn kl-I-c n-¨ p. Hcp hÀjw-I-gnªv bp²-am-cw-`n-¨-t¸m-Ä
AXv Hut±ym-K-I-a m-¡n. jm¯w-lukv - RIIA BØm\w - hntZ-i - Im-cym-e-
b-¯nsâ Kth-jW hn`m-K-am-bn. C³Ìn-äyq-«nÂ BÌÀ {]`p-h nsâ IognÂ
490
tämbn³_n-bpsS taÂt\m«-¯nÂ entbm-WÂ IÀ«n-knsâ klm-b-

t¯msS {]tXyI hn`mKw XpS-§n. AXv ]n¶oSv HmIvkv^ÀUn-te¡v þ
_mÃn-tbmÄ, HmÄ tkmÄkv, tdmUvkv lukv F¶n-hn-S-§-fnÂ. AXv
t^mdnÂ dnkÀ¨v Bâv {]Êv kÀÆokv FRPS F¶-dn-b-s¸«p. 1942 Â FRPS
Kh¬saâv sâ hntZ-i -Im-cym-e-b-¯nsâ Iogo-epÅ Political
Intelligence Department ambn ebn-¸n¨p. AXv ]n¶oSv Research departmet
of the ministry Bbn-¯oÀ¶p. tämbn³_n Ub-d-I vSdpw kn½Àa³
sU]yq«n Ub-d-I vSdpw.
Cý hfsc {][-m-\-a mb XmXv]cyw DWÀ¯nb cmjv{S-
am-bn-cp¶p. 1919 se Government of India Act. ASn-apSn anÂ\À kwL-
¯nsâ krjvSn-X-s¶-bm-bn-cp¶p 20-þmw \qäm- nse cmjv{Sob `c-W-L-S\m
Ncn{Xw XpSÀ¨bmb At\z-j-W §Ä DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p. hnhn[ I½n-än-Ifpw
I½n-j-\p-Ifpw \S-¯n-bXv. ]ns¶ sNdnb \nba \nÀ½m-W-§fpw. Ch-bnÂ
anÂ\À kwLw {]ap-J-a mb ]¦v hln-¨p. Hmtcm I½n-än-bnepw I½n-j-
\nepw anÂ\À kwL-¯nsâ Gähpw {]ap-J-\mb Hmcm-sf-¦nepw Dm-bn-cp-
¶p.
1. A[n-Imc hntI-{µo-I-c-W-¯n-\m-bpÅ tdmbÂ I½n-j³ 1907 þ 1909.
BsI 5 AwK-§Ä. anÂ\À kwL-¯nÂ \n¶pw U»yq.-FÂ.-ln-s ¨³kv
2. s]mXp-a-c m-a -¯n-\ m-bpÅ tdmbÂ I½n-j³. 1912 þ 1915 BsI 9 AwK-
§Ä
anÂ\À kwL-¯nÂ \n¶pw F¨v F.-FÂ ^njÀ. aäv {_n«ojv AwK-
§Ä _mc³, sFÉn-§vS³, kÀ hmse³-ssä³ NntdmÄ
3 {^mss©knsb kw_-Ôn¨ `c-W-L-S\m t`-Z-K-Xn-¡p-th-n-bpÅ
Kh¬saâv Hm^v Cým- I-½n-än. 1919. BsI 4 AwK-§Ä anÂ\À kwL-
¯nÂ \n¶v amÂ¡w slbven.
4. Npa-X-e-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ `c-W-L-S-\ m -t`-Z-K-Xn-¡p -th-n-bpÅ
Kh¬saâv Hm^v Cým -I -½nän. 1919. BsI 4 AwK-§Ä. anÂ\À kwL-
¯nÂ \n¶v dn¨ÀUv ôYmw A²y-£-\m-bn.
5 tPmbnâv skeIvSv I½nän Hm¬ Kh¬saâv Hm^v Cým -_nÂ. 1919.
BsI 14 AwK-§Ä. anÂ\À kwL-¯nÂ \n¶v skÂ_¬ {]`p A²y-
£³, U_yp.-Pn.-F. Hmwkvss_ tKmÀ, aäv {_n«ojv AwK-§Ä -= anÂ\À
{]`p, sFÉn-§ä v ³ {]`p , sl³{Sn s{IbvIv At±-l-¯nsâ ]p{X³
anÂ\À kwL-¯nse AwKw.
6. Cýsb kw_-Ôn-¡p¶ B`y-´-c - Im-cy-§Ä¡p thn-bpÅ I½nän.
1919. BsI 8 AwK-§Ä. anÂ\À kwL-¯nÂ \n¶pw Hmwkvss_- tKmÀ þ
lmÀse-Iv {]-`p.
7 DbÀ¶ Kh¬saâv tkh-\-§Ä¡m-bpÅ tdmbÂ I½n-j³. 1923 /1924.
BsI 5 AwK-§-Ä . anÂ\À kwL-¯nÂ \n¶pw sdPn-\mÀUv Ip¹³Uv.
]ns¶ aäp {_n«ojv AwKw ^sclmw se eo {]`p A²y-£³.
8. Cý³ \nba I½n-j³. 1927 þ 1930. BsI 7 AwK-§Ä. anÂ\À kwL-
¯nÂ \n¶pw kÀ tPm¬ sska¬ þ A²y-j³.
491
9. Cý³ {^mss©kn I½nän. 1931 þ 1932. BsI 8 AwK-§Ä. anÂ\À

kwL-¯nÂ \n¶pw temYn-bm³ {]`p þ A²y-£³. aäv {_n«ojv AwKw
Us^-dn³ {]`p þ At±-l-¯nsâ ktlm-Z-c ³ s_bvknÂ »m¡v hqUv
{]`p anÂ\À kwL-¯nse AwKw.
10. 1930 þ1932 Ime-L-«-¯nÂ \S¶ 3 Cý³ duv sSbv_nÄ kt½-f-\-
§Ä anÂ\À kwL-¯sâ B[n-] -Xy-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p. slmsbÀ sska¬,
temYn-bm³, sFÀhn³, lmen-^mIvkv, djv{_qIv hnÃywkv XpS-§nbhÀ.
11 Cý³ `c-W-L-S\m t`Z-K-Xn-¡p-th--bpÅ tPmbnâv skeIvSv I½n-än.
1933. anÂ\À kwL-¯nÂ \n¶pw kÀ kmap-hÂ slmsbÀ, kÀ.tPm¬
sska¬, temYnbm³ {]`p , ImâÀ_-dn-bnse BÀ¨v _nj-¸v em§v,
HmsÌ³ Nmws_Àsebv³, bqsÌbvkv s]Àkn {]`p, kmen-kv_-dn -{ ]-`p.
skäve m³Uv {]`p, sseä³ {]`p, s]³jÀÌv se lmÀUnwsK {]`p.
12. {In¸vkv anj³. 1942. BsI 4 AwK-§Ä. anÂ\À kwL-¯nÂ \n¶pw
sdPn-\ÄUv Iq¹³Uv. At±lw XncnsI F¯nb DSs\ anj-s \-¡p-dn¨v
B[n-Im-c n-I-amb {KÙw cNn¨p.
1892 se The Indian Councils Act (1) ]¦m-fn¯ hyh-ØnXn \ne-hnÂ
sImp h¶p. Nne {]tXyI Cý³ kwL-§-fnÂ \n¶pw kwL-S-\-I -fnÂ
\n¶pw Iu¬-kn-ep-I -fn-te-¡pÅ A\u-t±ym-KnI ]Z-h n-I -fnte¡v sXc-
sª-Sp-¸n\v Øm\mÀ°nXzw \ÂIp-¶-Xn\v KhÀWÀamsc A[n-Im-c-s ¸-
Sp¯n 2) PmXn ASn-Ø m-\-¯nÂ ]¦m-fn¯w Dd-¸p-h-c p-¯n. CXv ]nÂ¡m-
e¯v kzbw `c-W-¯n\pw hn`-P-\-¯n\pw ASn-¯ -d-bm-bn.
P\m-b¯ `cW kwhn-[m\ ( Democracy ) ¯n\v cv LS-
I-§-fpv 1)-`q-cn-]£w `cWw \S-¯p-s a¶pw 2) AtX kabw \yq\-]-£ -
¯nsâ Ah-Im-i-§Ä kwc-£n-¡-s ¸-Sp-s a¶pw. 1931 se _m¦n§v
XIÀ¨bv¡v \mW-b-¨p-cp-¡-¯n\v Imc-W-a mb _m¦v Hm^v Cw¥-nsâ \b-
§-fm-bn-cp¶p ImcWw. kzÀ®w A[n-I-amb Af-hnÂ Cw¥-n\p ]pd-
t¯¡v IS-¯ n-bXpw. anÂ\À kwLw AXnÂ Imcy-a mb ]¦p-h -ln-¨p. C.-
BÀ ]ot¡m¡v _m¦v Hm^v Cw¥-nâbpw _mcn§v {_tZ-gvkn-sebpw Ub-
d-IvSÀ . tdm_À«v {_m³Uv, tXmakv sl³{Sn {_m³Uv, BUw amcnkv (kÀ
hnÃyw amcn-Ênsâ aI³) FÃmw ekmÀUv B³Uv {_tZgvkv. tdm_À«v
{_m³Uv tembvUvkv _m¦n-sâbpw Ub-d-IvSÀ. skÂ_¬ {]`p
tembvUvkv _m¦nsâ Ub-d-IvSÀ. epKmÀUv {]`p _mÀs¢bvkv _m¦nsâ
Ub-d-I vSÀ . BÌÀ þ lmw t{_mkv _m¦nsâ Ub-d-I vSÀ. tKmsj³ {]`p
shÌva n³ÌÀ _m¦nsâ Ub-d-I vSÀ. Umhvkv ]²Xn dplvÀs\ Hgn-¸n-¡Â,
AXv Xs¶-bmWv aÂ\À kwLw B{K-ln-¨n-c p-¶-X v.
eoKv Hm^v t\-j³kn\v P\-k-½nXn t\Sp-¶-X n\v anÂ\À kwLw
cq]o-I-cn¨ kwL-S-\-bmWv eoKv Hm^v t\-j³kv bqWn-b³. Gähpw
{][m\n tdm_À«v skknÂ {]`p. {][m-\ -ambpw AhÀ duv sSbv_n-fn-
s\bpw The Times s\bpw AXn\p thn D]-tbm-Kn-¨p.
{_n«ojv P\-X sb `b-s ¸-Sp-¯p-¶ -Xn\p thn {_n«ojv
Kh¬saâv, lnäve À {_n«s\ B{I-an-t¨-¡p-sa¶pw, PÀ½³ thyma-tk\
492
BImi¯p \n¶pw hnj-h m-X Iw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-sa¶pw {]N-cn-¸n¨v AXnÂ

\n¶pw c£-t\-Sp-¶-Xn-\p -th Ih-N-§fpw s]mXp Øe-§-fnÂ InS-§p-
Ifpw XoÀ¯p. PÀ½³ ssk\nI iànsb DuXn-s¸-c p-¸ n¨v Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p.
jmw_Àsebv³sâ t\Xr-X z-¯nÂ anÂ\À kwL-¯nsâ ]qÀ®- ]n³Xp-W -
tbm-sS. PÀ½³ bp²- a-{´m-e-b-¯ nÂ \n¶pw ]nSn-s ¨-Sp¯ tcJ-IÄ Ah-
cpsS bYmÀ° ssk\nI iàn -sh-fn-s¸-Sp¯n. Ata-cn-¡³ tk\-bnse
tabvPÀ P\-dÂ kn.-F-^v. tdm_n³k¬ AXn-s\-¡p-dn-¨ pÅ dnt¸mÀ«v
Foreign Logistical Organisations and Methods F¶- t]cnÂ {]kn-²o-I -cn-
¨p. hn³Ì³ NÀ¨nÂ Xsâ bp²Ime kvacW-I -fnÂ DuXn-s ¸-c p-¸ n¨ Xc-
¯nÂ Xs¶-bmWv Imcy-§Ä Ah-X-c n-¸ n-¡p-¶-Xv. PÀ½³ tcJ-IÄ ]nSn-s ¨-
Sp-¯ n«v cp hÀj-¯n-e-[n-I w- I-gnªn«mWv NÀ¨nÂ Xsâ kvac-W-IÄ
Fgp-Xn-b-s X-¦nepw. sNs¡m-tÉm-h m-I y-tbm-SpÅ \b-§Ä bp²-¯n-te¡v
\bn-¡p-I - -bm-sW-¦nÂ lnä-ve-dn-s \bpw ASp¯ A\p-bm-bn-I-sebpw \in-¸n-
¡p-¶-X n\v Nne D¶X ssk\n-tIm-t±ym-K-Ø³amÀ Xocp-am-\-a mbn. 1938
sk]väw-_À 28 Bbn-c p-¶p. \nÝ-bn-¡-s ¸« Znhkw. Ah-km\ \nanjw
Xocp-am-\-¯n\v amä-ap-m-bn. AXv ]ns¶ 1944 Pqsse 20 \v {]mtbm-K-
¯nÂ h¶p. anÂ\À kwL-¯nse ]ecpw KqVm-tem-N-\-bnÂ ]s¦-Sp-¯-
h-cm-bn-cp-¶p. tdmUvkv kvtImfÀ slÂap¯v thm¬ tamÂsI, anÂ\À
kwL-¯nse AwKhpw KqVm-tem-N-\-¡m-cpsS t\Xmhpw. asäm-cmÄ
BUw thm¬ t{Smävkp tkmÄkv. anÂ\À kwL-¯nse AwKw. tdmUvkv
kvtImfÀ. C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v ]mkn-^nIv dnte-j³kp-a mbn \nc-ćw _Ô-
s¸-«n-cp-¶p.
493
òI-c-hmZw.CÉmw.CÃyq-an-\män
]Sn-ªm-d³ km{amPyXz iàn-I-fpsS e£yw t\Sp-¶ -Xn\p thn krjvSn-

¡-s¸-«-XmWv CÉm-anIv òIc kwL-S-\ -IÄ. Ah ]Sn-ªm-d³ A[n-Imc
tI{µ-§-fp-a mbn B`n-Nm-c -{In-b-I -fnÂ GÀs¸«n-cn-¡p-¶ clky kwL-
§fpambn I®n-tNÀ¡-s ¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. _m_n-tem-WnÂ I_me Øm]n-X-am-
¡p-¶Xp apXÂ _nkn. 6þmw \qäm-p-a p-XÂ B_Ôw \ne-\n¶p hcp¶p.
temIm-[n-]-X y-¯ n-\p-thn AXv a{´-hm-Zhpw h©-\ bpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
( Iluminati and Terrorism By David Livingstone )
1776 Â BUw hntjm]v CÃyq-a n-\män F¶ clky kwL-S\ Øm]n-¨p.

1784 Â AXv Kh¬saânsâ {i²-bnÂs¸-«-Xp- Im-cWw AaÀ¨-s N-¿-s ¸-«p.
hotjm]v ]d-ªn-cp-¶Xv “Rm³ FÃm- km-²y-X-I fpw ap³Iq-«n-¡m-Wp-¶p.
]nSn-¡-s¸-«mÂ Hcp hÀj-¯n-\Iw ]qÀÆm-[nIw iàn-tbmsS XncnsI
hcpw.”
CÃyq-an-\män F¶Xv kuI-c y-{]-Z-amb Hcp ]Zw am{X-a m-Wv.
temIm-[n-]-X y-¯\p thn ]cn-{i-an-¡p-¶-hsc kqNn-¸ n-¡p-¶ -Xn\v. I½nän
Hm^v 300 F¶p ]d-bp-¶-Xp-t]mse. AXv hmkvX-h-¯nÂ _n.-kn.6-þmw \qäm-
nÂ PqX {]Øm-\ -amb I_me, _m_n-tem-Wn-b-bnÂ XpS-§n-bXp
apXÂ \ne-hnepv. ]n¶oSv C¶p hsc ]e ]cn-jv¡m-c-§Ä. Imgv¨-¸m-
Snepw {]hÀ¯n-bnepw. C¶v AXns\ \bn-¡p-¶Xv bqtdm-¸nse _m¦n§v
{]`p IpSpw-_-§Ä. AXv temIamI-a m\w ]SÀ¶p InS-¡p-¶p. aäp cmjv{S-
§-fpsS km¼-¯ nI kmwkvI m-c nI Imcy-§-fnÂ CS-s]-Sp-¶p. \nb-{ń-¡p-
¶p. kam-ć `c-W-IqSw. \nb-a-]-c-a mb hyh-km-b-§fnepw , A\-[n-IrX
494
hym]m-c-§-fnepw. At[m-temI {]hÀ¯n-bnepw DÄs¸«p hcp-¶p. \nb-

{´Ww AhÀ¡p- Xs¶. kaq-l-¯nÂ FÃm-¯cw Ak-·mÀKn-I-X-Ifpw
sImÅ-cp-Xm-bva-I fpw t{]mÕ-ln-¸n-¡pI kaq-ls¯ tNÀ¯p hbv¡p¶
_Ô-§sf \in-¸n-¡p-I. bp²w krjvSn-¡pI, hmbv]-bn-eqsS cmjv{S-§sf
ASn-a-I -fm-¡p-I . Hmlcn hn]-W-n-bn-eqsS km[m-c W P\-§-fpsS k¼¯v
X«n-s b-Sp-¡pI. BtKmf km¼-¯nI {]£p_v²-X-IÄ krjvSn-¡pI. hn]p-
e-amb tXmXnÂ. \nb-a -hn-cp-²-a mb Bbp-[-hym-] mcw ab-¡p-a -cp¶v
hym]mcw hy`n-Nmcw. AXnsâ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä temI-¯nse Gähpw {]ap-
J-amb cl-kym-\z-jW kwL-S- -\-I-fmb CIA, MI6 samÊmZv F¶nh-bp-
ambpw {]ap-J -a m-^nb kwL-§-fp-a mbpw P¸m-\ nse bm¡q-k, Gjy³
{SbmUvkv, _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. {ôta-bvk¬kv , ltc IrjvW, aqWokv,
IrkvXy³ apÉnw Xo{h-h m-Zw, òI-c-h mZw FÃmw Ah-c p-a mbn _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-
¡p-¶p.
AhÀ \h-temI {Ia-¯n\p thn {ian-¨p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶p.
]Sn-ªm-d³ P\-Xsb CÉm-an-s\-Xn-sc- Xn-c n¨p hnSp-¶-Xn\v CÉm-a ns\ òIc
kwL-S-\-bmbn Nn{Xo-I-c n-t¡--Xp-v. CÃyq-an-\ män aX-§Ä¡v FXn-c mWv.
F¶mÂ \nco-iz-c-hm-Z-a Ã adn¨v sNIp-¯m³ tkh-bmWv AXv ]Icw h¡p-
¶Xv. {^©v hn¹-hhpw Ata-c n-¡³ hn¹-h hpw a\p-jysâ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS
\mgn-I-¡m-Ãmbn {]IoÀ¯n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. AÔ-h n-izm-k-§-fnÂ \n¶pw aX-
¯nÂ \n¶p-apÅ tamN\w. kzmX-{ý-¯nsâ hnPbw. F¶mÂ Ah- cpw
Icp-Xn-Iq«n X¿m-dm-¡-s¸« A«n-a-dn-IÄ am{X-am-bn-cp-¶p. CÃyq-an-\m-änbpsS
t\Xr-X z-¯nÂ. AXn\p tijw AhÀ \nÀ_-ÔnX hnZym-`ymkw F¶
Bibw sImp-h¶p. {^m³knÂ amÀIznkv sU sIm¬tUmÀsk , PÀ½-
\n-bnÂ tPmlm³ ^nIvs ä, Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ tXmakv Pt^Àk¬. CÃyq-an-
\män AwKw PÀ½³ {]^-kÀ tPmÀÖv slKÂ Ncn-{Xs¯ kzmX-{ý-
¯nsâ ]ptcm-KXn F¶v hymJym-\n-¨p. I_m-e-bm-bn-cp-¶p. ASn-Ø m\w.
a\p-jy³ ssZh-am-bn-¯o-c p¶ {]{Inb. Ncn{Xw kmam\y hnZym-`ymkw
F¶ t]cnÂ Ncn-{X-¯nsâ slK-en-bÂ hymJym\w kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-I -fnÂ
\S-¸ n-em-¡n. P\-dÂ t_mÀUv Hm^v FPyq-t¡-j³ AXv tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ
{]Øm\w ]ns¶ ImÀ\o- û-t-j³ t^mÀ Z AUvhm³kvs aâv Hm^v
So¨n§v.
The Tax Exempt Foundations F¶ IrXn-bpsS cN-bn-Xmhv
hnÃyw F¨v aIv CÂlm\n shfn-s ¸-Sp-¯ p-¶Xv Ah-cpsS kt½-f-\-¯nsâ
tcJ-I-Ä ]d-bp-¶Xv Ah-c psS kz´w \ne-bnÂ a\p-jys\ kaq-ls¯
sam¯-ambn DS¨p hmÀ¡p-¶-Xn\v bp²-amWv Gähpw kp\n-Ýn-X-amb
aÀ¤w F¶m-Wv. AXn\p thn AhÀ H¶mw temI alm-bp²w krjvSn-¨p.
bp²-¯n-\p-tijw hnZym-`ymkw \nb-{ń-t¡-p-¶Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv -F¶v
AhÀ a\-Ên-em¡n . AXn\v thn Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-h-tcmSv
Ah-cpsS Bhiy{]Im-c -apÅ Ncn{Xw \nÀ½n¨v {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-hm³ Bh-iy-
s¸-«p.
tI{µo-I-cn-¡-s¸« A[n-Imc iàn¡v D]-tbm-Ky-amb coXn-
bnÂ hnZym-`ymkw cmbn hn`-Pn-¡-s¸-«p. ip²imkv{Xw. AXv ssk\nI
495
hyh-kmb kwL-¯n-\p-th-n. ]ns¶ kmaqly imkv{Xw, \c-hwi

imkv{Xw, a\:imkv{Xw Ah a\pjy kz`m-hs¯ a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶ -X n\pw
\nb-{ń-¡p-¶ -Xn-\p-thn. `cW IqS-¯nsâ taÂt\m«-¯nÂ Ncn{Xw
sam¯-ambn Xncp¯n Fgp-Xn-bXv Ata-cn¡ bp²-¯nÂ ]s¦-Sp-¯ -Xns\
\ymbo-I-c n-¡p-Ibpw kmaqly imkv{X-¯nepw aäpw Ata-cn¡ F¶
Bibw hnim-e-a mb Ømbn-bmb AÀ°-¯nÂ \ymbo-I-c n-¡-s ¸-Sp-I bpw
sNbvXp. Universities and Capitalist State. By Clyde Barrow. I_me PqX-
{]-Øm-\-a m-s W¶v hcp-¯n-¯oÀ¡p-¶p.
Ipcnip bp²-¯nsâ Ime-§-fnÂ CuPn-]vänse sIbvtdm-
bnÂ \ne-\ n-¶n-c p¶ Ckvam-bn-e-k-¯nsâ A\p-bm-bn-I-fp-ambn I_me
Iq«p-sI-«p-m-¡n. Ckva m-bn-en-Isf kvtIm«ve³Un-te¡v IS-¯n. AhnsS
AhÀ kvtIm«n-jv ssdäv {ôta-bvk-W-dn¡v XpS-¡-a n«p. 18-þmw \qäm- nÂ.
CuPn-] vänÂ {ôta-bvk-W-dn¡v XpS-¡-an-Sp-¶-X n\pw Imc-W-ambn. AhnsS
CÃyq-an-\m-än-bpsS cm-a¯ {]hÀ¯\ tI{µw. Cu CÉm-a nIv I]S
kwL-§-fnÂ \n¶m-Wv ]Sn-ªm-d³ iàn-IÄ CÉm-anI òI-c-hmZw
hfÀ¯n-s b-Sp-¯-Xv.
PqZm-bn-k-¯ nsâ hIt`Z-a bn 6þmw \qämnÂ I_me cq]o-
Ir-X-ambn. AXv a{´-h m-Zhpw tPmXn-jhpw DÄs¡m-n-cp-¶p. _mÂ ]ns¶
ktlm-Zcn AÌmÀs« ChÀ Cc-«-IÄ. AhÀ X½nÂ hnhmlw Ign-¨p. AXp-
sImv Ahsc cp t]À F¶Xn\p]Icw Hä hyàn AXpw
Androgynous Trans-Sexual kv{Xobpw ]pcn-j\pw IqSn-t¨À¶, F¶ \ne-
bnÂ hne-bn-cp-¯-s¸-«p. AXn\v ho\kv AS-bmfw. AXnsâ e¯o³ \maw
eqkn-^ À.
]pcmX\ Pagan Cc« iàn-IfnÂ hniz-kn-¨p. ssZhhpw
]nimNpw. ]nim-Nns\ {]oXn-s ¸-Sp-¯ m³ AhÀ Ipªp-§sf Ipcp-Xn- sIm-
Sp-¯p. Aan-X-a mbn aZy-]n¨v hfsc D¨-¯nepÅ kwKo-X-¯ nsâ ]Ým-¯-e-
¯nÂ. AXn-\p-tijw ssewKnI _Ôhpw. A¯cw a{´-hn-[n-IÄ ]n¶oSv
Mysteries F¶-dn-b-s ¸-«p.
_m_n-tem-WnÂ Pagan kzm[o-\-X-bnÂ \n¶v ]pd-¯p-h-cp-¶-
Xn\v hnap-JX Im«nb PqX-·mÀ a{´-hmZw Ah-cpsS hniz-mk-¯nsâ `mK-
am¡n. PqZm-bn-k-¯nÂ a{´-h mZw \njn-[-a m-s W¶v Dd-¸p- m-bn-cp¶ AhÀ
C{km-tb-ensâ ssZhs¯ ]pd-¯m¡n ]Icw _mÂ -D-a mbn XmZmßyw
{]m]n¨ eqkn-^-dns\ Bcm-[n-¨p. Ah-c psS hnap-JX ad¨ph¡p-¶-Xn\v
Ah-cpsS ad-¨ p-h-bv¡-s¸« hnizmkw Ah-c psS aX-¯nsâ hoi-Zo-I-cWw
F¶-a-«nÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n¨p. AXmWv ]n¶oSv I_me F¶-dn-b-s¸-«-Xv. PqX-a -
X-¯nÂ \n¶pw Bibw ISw hm§n. anin-lm-¡p thn temIs¯ X¿m-
dm-¡p¶p F¶v AhÀ ]dbp-s a¦nepw AhÀ I]-S-a mbn aninlm F¶v
hnti-jn-¸ n-¡p¶ , Ah-cpsS B`n-Nmc {Inb-IÄ AwKo-I-c n-¡p¶ PqX -a -
Xs¯ \nc-kn¨ AhÀ Ah-c psS t\Xm-hns\ {]Xn-jvTn-¡p-¶-X n-\ pÅ X¿m-
sd-Sp-¸n-em-Wv.
496
]Sn-ªm-d³ kwkvI r-X n-bpsS Gähpw {]ap-J-\m-b -X-Xz-Nn-´-I -

\mbn t¹täm hmgv¯-s¸-Sp-¶p. F¶mÂ AXnÂ Ig-¼n-Ã. CÃyq-an-\män
DuXn-s¸-c p-¸ n¨ {]Xn-Omb am{X-am-W-Xv. t¹täm-bpsS IrXn The Republic
CÃyq-an-\m-än-bpsS ^mknÌv ]²-X n-I Ä¡v ASn-Øm-\-ambn. AXv hnhm-l-
¯n-s âbpw IpSpw_-¯n-sâbpw \ncm-I-c Ww Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p. \nÀ_ÔnX
hnZym-`ymkw, `c-W-Iq-S-¯ nsâ taÂt\m«-¯nÂ bqP-\nIvkv \S-¸ n-em-¡p-
¶Xv, h©-\ m-] -c-amb {]Nm-c-W-the \S-{]n-em-¡p-¶Xv FÃmw. FÃm- kv{Xo-
Ifpw FÃm -]p-cp-j-s âbpw `mcy-am-cm-bn-cn¡pw. Hcp ]pcp-j-t\m-s Sm¸w
Ønc-a mbn Bcp-anÃ. Ipªp-§Ä¡v amXm-]n-X m-¡-·m-tcm-s Sm¸w Pohn-¡p-
¶-Xn-\pÅ Ah-Im-i -ap-m-bn-c n-¡n-Ã. amXm-]n-X-m¡-·mÀ¡v Ah-cpsS
Ipªp-§sf Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶-Xn\v Ign-bn-Ã. Xncn¨pw. Gähpw sa¨-s¸« ]pcp-
j³ Gähpw sa¨-s¸« kv{Xobp-ambn CW-tN-c p-¶-X p-h -gn sa¨-s¸« Xe-a p-d-
Isf krjvSn-¡p-¶ -Xn\v Ignbpw. sshI-ey-t¯msS P\n-¡p¶ Ipªp-
§sf cl-ky-a mbn \in-¸n-t¡- -Xp-v. a-ämcpw Adn-bnÃ Ipªn\v F´p-
kw-`hn¨p F¶v. \nÀ_-ÔnX hnZym-`ym-k-¯n-s â Dt±yiw aXm-] n-X -¡-fnÂ
\n¶v Ipªp-§sf AI-äpI `c-W-Iq-S-¯nsâ CjvS{]Imcw akvXnjvI
{]£m-f\w \S-¯pI F¶-s Xm-s ¡-bm-Wv.
t¹täm-bpsS injy³ Acn-tÌm-« nÂ, Ae-Ivkm-À N{I-hÀ¯n-bpsS Kpcp-
hm-bn-c p-¶p. Ae-Ivkm--dpsS Ime-L«w slsÃ-\n-ÌnIv Ime-L«w F¶v
Adn-b-s ¸-Sp-¶p. {Ko¡v Im_-en-ÌnIv kwkvI mcw saUn-ä-td-\n-b³ `qJ-
WvU-¯nÂ hym]n-¡p-¶-Xn\v AXv Imc-W-am-bn. {Ko¡p-Imcpw PqX-· mcpw
X½nÂ _Ôw XpS-§p-¶Xv B Ime-L-«-¯ n-em-Wv. tdma³ k{am-Py-¯nse
Gähpw {]_-e-a mb Cult an{X-bnkw. ]n¶oSv \qäm-p-I-tfmfw CÃyq-an-\m-
än-bpsS kncm-tI{µw an{X-bnkw Xs¶. BZy Ime-§-fnÂ IrkvXy³
Bcm-[-\m-e-b-§sf XIÀ¡p-¶-Xn-\ pÅ KqVm-tem-N-\-bpsS `mK-a mbncp¶p.
an{Xm-bnkw. Ah-c psS ]n³X-e-a p-d-¡m-cnÂ HcmÄ tIm¬-Ì m³ssä³,
an{Xm-bn-k-¯nsâ hI t`Z-a mbn It¯m-en-¡ -a Xw \ne-hnÂ sImp-h-¶p.
AXv tbiphpw Dying God F¶ Cult Dw X½n-epÅ kwtbm-P-\-¯nÂ
\n¶v . \ne-h n-ep-m-bn-cp¶ IrkvXy³ Bcm-[-\ m- {I-a-§-fnÂ \n¶pw hyXy-
kvX-ambn. AXv ]n¶oSv CÉm-anÂ \pg-ªp Ibdn Ckvam-bn-ep-IÄ F¶
hn`mKw Øm]n-¨ p. AXnÂ \n¶v BZys¯ òI-chmZ irw-Je \nhnÂ
h¶p. sIme-] m-X -In-IÄ Assassins . Ipcnip bp²-¯nsâ Ime-L-«-¯nÂ
Ahcpw Knights Templar Ifpw X½n-epÅ _Ô-¯ nÂ \n¶v kvtI«ojv
ssdäv {ôta-bvk-Wdn \ne-hnÂ h¶p. IrkvXy³ Ah[n Zn\-§-fnÂ A[n-
Ihpw Pagan Ah[n Zn\-§Ä Xs¶-bm-Wv..
1250 F.-Un. bnÂ a³Kp-Jmsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ awtKm-fp-IÄ
Assassin Isf \in-¸n-¨p. -\ n-km-dn-I -fnse cp hpcp² iàn-IÄ F¶mÂ
c£-s¸-«p. sNdnb hn`mKw 18-þmw\qäm-tmsS \in-¨ p. BK- Jm³ sâ
t\Xr-X z-¯n-epÅ {]_e hn`mKw 1840 Â Cdm-\nÂ \n¶pw Cý-bn-te¡v
c£-s¸-«p. AhÀ Ct¸mgpw kndnb Cdm³ at²y-j-bnepw sX¡³ Gjy-
497
bnepw \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶p. Gähpw iàw Cý-bnepw ]m¡n-Øm-\ nepw.

AhÀ tJmPmkv F¶v Adn-b-s ¸-Sp-¶p.
kvs]bn-\ nÂ 15þmw \qä-nÂ adm-t\m-IÄ hymP PqX-·mÀ (Crypto
Jews) Bepw{_mtUmkv F¶- {InkvXy³ LSIw krjvSn-¨p. krjvSmhv
BUw hotjm]v. CÃyq-a n-\män Ip ]nSn-¡p-I-bÃ adn¨v ]pXp¡n ]pXp-cq-
]-¯nÂ Ah-X-c n-¸n-¡p-I -bm-bn-c p-¶p. sNdp-¸ -¯nÂ Ctá-jykv etbm-f -
Bepw{_mtUm-knÂ AwK-am-bn-cp¶p. Xsâ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v ad-s b-¶ -
h®w AbmÄ tdma³ It¯m-en-¡ -h n-`m-K-¯nÂ ]¦p-s Imp. kvs]bn-
\nÂ \n¶pw PqX-·msc ]pd-¯m-¡p-¶-Xn\v Hcp hÀjw ap³]v 1491 Â [\n-I-
cmb adm-t\m-I-fpsS aI-\ mbn etbmf P\n-¨p. AbmÄ tdmante¡v Xmakw
amdp-Ibpw AhnsS Order of Jesus ]n¶oSv Ip{]-kn-²-a mb Pkyq«vkv F¶
{]Øm\w Øm]n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1540 Â t]m]v t]mÄ aq¶m-a ³
AXn\v AwKo-Imcw \ÂIn. etbmf hn]p-e-a mb coXn-bnÂ Nmc kwL-S\
AXn-\mbn cq]o-I-c n-¨ p. FXnÀ¡p-¶-hsc \in-¸n-¡pI F¶-Xmbncp¶p
coXn.
Pkyq«vkv ]n¶oSv tdma³ It¯m-en¡ hn`m-K¯nsâ B{I-a W tk\-bm-

bn- amdp-Ibpw ]n¶oSv cl-kym-t\z-jW hn`m-K-a mbn¯o-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
AhÀ Ckvam-b-en-I-fpsS amXrI ]n³XpÀ¶p . AhÀ {]Xn\n[-m\w
sN¿p¶ aX-¯ns\ Xs¶ \in-¸n-¡p¶ coXn-bnÂ. “”kam-[m-\-¯ nÂ Ign-
ªn-cp¶ kaq-l-§Ä X½nÂ Akq-bbpw hntcm-[hpw krjvSn-t¡- p-¶-
Xn\v \n§Ä¡v ]co-i o-e\w e`n¨p Ign-ªp. kzX-{´hpw kar-²-hp-amb
cmjv{S-§-fnÂ hn¹-h-§fpw B`y-ć bp²-§fpw krjv Sn¨v tNmc-¸ pg Hgp-
¡p-¶-X n\pw. bp²w \S-¯p-¶ -h-c n-Â Hcp hiw tNcp-Ibpw adp-h-i¯v
\nÂ¡p¶ Pkyq«v ktlm-Z-c -\p-ambn cl-ky-a mbn CS-s -]-Sp-I bpw sN¿p-
¶Xp hgn, Ań-a-ambn ]Ån- am-{X-am-bn-cn-¡Ww t\«-ap- m-¡p-¶Xv. ]c-ky-
ambn , \n§Ä {]hÀ¯n¨p hcp¶ \ne-]m-Sp-I sf XÅn-¸-d-tb--Xp-a pv.
\n§Ä AXv kam-[-\-¯n-\p-th-n-s b¶ a«n-em-bn-cn-¡Ww sNt¿-Xv.
e£yw amÀKs¯ km[q-I-cn-¡p-¶p.”” (P-kyq-«p-If - psS cl-ky -{]-Xn-Ú-
bnÂ \n¶v) -. Pq-X-·m-cpsS {][m\ Xmh-f-§-fnÂ H¶m-bn-cp¶p CuPn-]väv.-
t\m-ÌnIv BNm-c -§-fp-sSbpw . slsÃ-\n-ÌnIv Ime-L«w apXÂ, ^m¯n-an-
Uv se- C-kvam-bn-en-I-fpsS Imew apXÂ. CÉm-anI Xo{h-h m-Z-¯nsâ
krjvSn-tbm-sS CÃyq-a n-\m-än-bpsS Cjv S -Xm-h-f-§-fnÂ CuPn]väv H¶m-Ip-
¶-Xn-\pÅ Imc-Whpw AXp-X-s¶-bmWv . Ct¸mgpw.
BUw hotjm-¸nsâ ASp¯ A\p-bmbn _mc³
thm¬ \ns¤ At±-ls¯ hnti-jn-¸ n-¨Xv thjw amdnb Pkyq«v F¶mWv.
To Eliminate the Opiate F¶ IrXn-bnÂ amÀhn³ BânÂa³ ]d-bp-¶Xv
tdm¯vjoÂUv km{am-Py-¯nsâ Øm]-I³ hntjm-¸ n-t\mSv {^m¦nÌv Bi-
b-§Ä kzoI-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v Bh-iy-s ¸-«p. ]n¶oSv CÃyqan-\ mänsb km¼-
¯n-I-a mbn ]n³Xp-W-¡p-I bpw sNbvXp. tabÀ BwjÂ Ata-cn-¡³
498
{]t£m-`s¯ AaÀ¨-sN-¿p-¶-Xn\v {Û-dn-¡nsâ `mcy-bpsS acp-a -I³

tPmÀÖv cmPmhv aq¶ms\ klm-bn-¡p-¶ -Xn\v slÊn-b³ tbm[m-¡sf
GÀ¸m-Sm-¡n. 1785 Â s{Û-dnIv cm-a³ ac-W-a-S-ª-t¸mÄ At±-l-
¯nsâ A\-´-cm-h-Imin ImÄ sâ ktlm-Z-c ³ hnÃyw H³]-Xm-a msâ taÂ
]qÀ® kzm[o\w t\Sp-¶-Xn\v tdm¯vjoÂUn\v km[n-¨ p.
Ce-IvSÀ hnÃyw H³]-X m-a ³ AXohw [\n-I-\ m-bn-c p-¶p.
1773 Â tabÀ tdm¯vjoÂUv aäv 12 [\n-Icpw kzm[o-\-X-bp-Å-h -cp-amb
hyàn-Isf \h-temIw sI«n-¸-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn tNÀ¯p-h-¨ p. BUw
hotjm-¸ns\ CÃyq-an-\män Øm]n-¡p-¶ -Xn\v GÂ¸n-¨p. 1773 Â t]m]v
s¢aâv Pkyq-«p-Isf AaÀ¨ sNbvXp. hotjm]v PqX-\m-bn-cps¶¦nepw
hnZym-`ymkw Pkyq-«p-I-fpsS Iogn-em-bn-cp-¶p. 1776 Â hotjm]v Order of
Perfectibilists Øm]n-¨p. ]n¶oSv AXv CÃyq-a n-\m-än F¶-d-n-b-s ¸-«p. ASn-
Øm-\-a mbn \ho-I-cn-¡-s¸-tS-Xv cmP-Ip-Spw-_hpw ]Ånbpw {]`p-Xz-hp-
amWv F¶m-bn-cp-¶p ho-tjm-¸ nsâ A`n-{]mbw. ]e {]ap-J -{ô-ta-bvk-Wp-
Ifpw CÃyq-an-\m-än-bnÂ tNÀ¶p. _¬kvhn-¡nse s^ÀUn-\ mâv {]`p-
hns\t¸mepÅhÀ. 1784 Â lm]vkv_ÀK-kns\ A«n-a -d-n¡p-¶-X n-\ pÅ {iaw
]pd-¯ m-b-Xn-s\-X p-SÀ¶v _th-dn-b³ Kh¬saâv CÃyq-an-\m-änsb AaÀ¨
sNbvXp. AXns\ XpSÀ¶v bqtdm-¸nepw CuPn-] vänepw cv tI{µ-§-fn-
embn {ôta-bvk-Wdn B`n-Nmc {Inb-bnÂ ASn-Øm-\-a mbn {]hÀ¯n-¨p.
AhnsS \n¶pw B[p-\nI clky kwL-S-\-IÄ hnI-kn-¨p. anUnÂ
CuÌnepw . CÉm-anI Xo{h-hmZ kwL-S-\-IÄ F¶ hymtP\ kwkvIr-Xn-I -
fpsS kwL-«\w krjvSn-¡p-¶ -Xn\p thn. {^©v hn¹-h-¯n\v ]n¶nÂ
{]hÀ¯n¨ {]ap-JÀ andm-_p-tIm¬tUmÀsk, tdmsj³^qt¡m. FÃm-t]-
cpw -{Km³Uv Hmdn-bâvs â D¶X A[n-Im-cn-IÄ. andm_p CÃyq-an-\män
AwKw. 1782 Â {Km³Uv tabvk-Wp-I-fpsS I¬sh³j-\nÂ ]s¦-Sp-¯p.
slsÊ ImÊnÂ hnÂslwkv _mZnÂ. AhÀ `cW IqS-¯n-s\-X nsc òI-c -
hmZw {]tbm-Kn-¡Ww F¶ Bi-b-¡m-c m-bn-c p-¶p. {ôta-bvk¬ XXz§Ä
ka-Xzw, kzX-{ýw, kmtlm-Zcyw F¶m-bn-cp¶p ap{Zm-hmIyw. hn¹-h-Im-cn-
I-fnÂ A[n-Ihpw tabvk-Wp-IÄ. AhÀ tabvk¬ AS-bm-f-§fpw
`mjbpw D]-tbm-Kn-¨p.
Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ kzm{ý- {]-Jym]-\ -¯nÂ H¸p-h¨ 56
t]cnÂ 6 t]À am{Xw tabvk-Wp-Ifmbn-cp-¶n-Ã. -Atacn¡³ `c-W-L-S\
{ôta-bvk-Wdn Bi-b-§Ä ISw sImXpw {^©v hn¹-h-¯nÂ \n¶v
{]tNm-Z\w DÄs¡m-Xpw. kzmX{ýw F¶mÂ IrkvXy³ -B-Nm-c-
§fnÂ \n¶v kzmX{ýw. hmjn§v S\pw Pt^Àk\pw sUsam-{Im-änIv
]mÀ«n-bpsS Øm]-IÀ. cp-t]cpw Asebv³ sU{_näm-s-\bpsS {]ap-J-
]n³Km-an-IÄ. AXp-sIm-p-X s¶ Adn-a m-¯o-bnse tPmk-^nsâ ]n³Km-an-
IÄ. cp t]cpw hotjm-¸nsâ Xo{h A\p-bm-bn-IÄ. Pt^Àk³
hotjm¸n-s\-¡p-dn¨v ]d-ªXv DuÀÖvkv-h-e-\mb Poh-I m-c pWy {]hÀ¯-
I³ F¶mWv. hmjn-§vS³ DC F¶ \K-c -¯nsâ cq]amXrI X¿mdm¡n-b-
Xp -Xs¶ {ôta-bvkWpw BÀ¡n-sS-Iväp-amb ]nbsd NmÄkv FÂ
499
F³^msâ . A©p-hm-epÅ \£-{X-¯nsâ amXr-I-bnÂ. kzmX-{ý-¯n\p

tijw an¡-hmdpw FÃm Ata-c n-¡³ {]kn-Uâp-amcpw 330 {ôta-bvk¬
(G-ähpw D¶-X-]-Zhn 330 ). \yq Cw¥-nÂ Øm]n-X-amb kvtIm«njv
ssdäv {ôta-bvk-W-d-nbn-te¡v CÃyq-a n-\ m-änsb IS-¯n-hn-Sp-¶ -Xv.
I½yq-WnÌv eoKv BZyw eoKv Hm^v Z PÌv F¶v
Adn-b-s ¸-«n-c p-¶p. ]co-jy³ Hu«vemkv eoKnsâ krjvSn. AXm-Is« CÃyq-an-
\män Øm]n-X-a m-¡nb s{^©v tPbvs ¡m-_n³kv F¶ hn¹-h-{]-Øm-\ -
¯nÂ \n¶pw cq]w sIm-Xpw. amÀIvkvs â t]cnÂ {]kn-²o-I-c n¨ I½yq-
WnÌv am\n-s ^tÌm ¢nâ³ dqkvshÂänsâ The Science of Government
Founded on Natural Law bnÂ \n¶pw ISw sIm-X pw. AXv hotjm-¸nsâ
XXz-§Ä Xs¶bm-Wv. B Im-e-L-« -¯nÂ \ne-hn-epÅ cl-ky kwLS-\ -I-
fpsS AtX e£yw Xs¶-bmWv X§Ä¡pap-ÅXv F¶mWv GwKÂkv ]d-
ªXv. To Eliminate Opiate Â B³änÂam³ ]d-bp-¶Xv, amÀIvkv j_m-Xn-
b³ F¶m-Wv. At±-l -¯nsâ AÑ³ sl³{Sn¨v j_m-X n-b-\n-k-¯n-te¡v
tNÀ¶n-cp-¶p. History of the Jews. F¶ IrXn-bnÂ t]mÄ tPm¬k¬ ]d-
bp-¶Xv amÀ-Ivknsâ Ncn{X kn²m´w Kmk-bnse \Ym³sâ saÊn-bm-\nIv
Ime-L-«-¯nse Im_en-ÌnIv km²m-´-§-fp-s S-a mbn kmay-a p-Å-XmWv
F¶m-Wv. \Ym³ j_-¯mbn skhn-bpsS D]-tZ-jvSmhv.. amÀIvknsâ Ncn-
{X-¯nsâ XXz-imkv{Xw slK-ensâ kzm[o-\ -X-bn-eqsS eyqdn-b m-\ nIv I_m-
e-bnÂ \n¶pw ISw sIm-Xm-Wv. {^©v hn¹hw aäv hn¹-h-§Ä¡v t{]c-I -
ambn. kwtbm-PnX PÀ½\n kwtbm-P nX Cäen F¶o Bi-b-§Ä {]_-e-
ambn. Cä-en-bnse hn¹hw t]m]v ]bkv 9þmwasâ ]mem-b-\ -¯nÂ Iem-in-
¨p. Kyqsks¸ aÊo\n Cä-ensb kwtbm-Pn-¸n-¨p. 1860 Â aÊo\n am^nb
cq]o-Ir-X-am¡n. 1834 Â CÃyq-an-\ m-än-bpsS Xe-h³. 1830 Â hotjm]v ac-W-
a-S-ª-Xns\ XpSÀ¶v cl-ky hn-¹h {]Øm-\-a mb ImÀs_m-\m-cn-bnse
AwKw.
1870Â aÊo\n , ]mtaÀÌ³ {]`pþ Cw¥-v, PÀ½-\n-bnse _nkva mÀ¡v
, BÂ_À«v ss]¡v F¶n-hÀ 3 temI alm-bp-²-§Ä¡p thn ]²Xn
X¿m-dm-¡n. FÃm-t]cpw 330 tabvk-Wp-IÄ. kvtIm«njv ssdäv. 3þmw temI
alm-bp²w CÉm-a n-s\-X nsc. AXn-\ p-thn temIamI-a m-\-a pÅ hnhn[
hn`mKw {ôta-bvkWp-I sf kwL-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v Xocp-a m-\-am-bn. Gähpw
apI-fnÂ ]tÃ-Un-bw- ssdäv. ]taÀÌ¬ hnIvtSm-dnb cmÚn-bpsS hntZ-i-
Imcy sk{I-«-dn. 1848 þ- 1858 Ime-L-« -¯nÂ. {][m-\ -a{ńbpw. ssN\-bp-am-
bpÅ Hm]nbw bp²w \S-¡p¶ Ime-L-«-¯nÂ t]mÀ¨p-Ko-kn-s \bpw U¨n-
t\bpw ]n³ XÅn {_n«³ Ip¯-I -t\-Sn. 1830 Â temI-¯nÂ Gähpw hcp-
am-\-a p-m-¡p¶ hkvXp-hmbn Hm]nbw. ssN\-bnÂ Hm]nbw hnX-c-W-¯n\v
{_n«³ {]mtZ-inI Ipä-h mfn kwLw {Sbm-Uvkns\ Npa-X-e-s¸-Sp-¯n.
tlm§v tIm§v {_n«ojv A[o-\ -X-bnÂ hcp-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-am-bXv Hm]nbw
hym]m-chpw AXn-s\-X pÀ¶pÅ kw`-h-h n-I m-k-§fpw.
500
BÂ_À«v ss]Iv. P\\w 1809Â. hnZym-`ymkw

lmÀhÀUnÂ. ssk\y-¯nÂ {_ntK-Un-bÀ P\-dÂ. hmjn-§vS³ DC bnÂ
P\-dÂ ]Z-h n-bn-epÅ hyàn-bpsS GI kvamcIw BÂ_À«v ss]¡vsâXp
am{Xw. -Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite Freemasonry bpsS Øm]ImwKw ,
Ku Klux Klan sâ DbÀ¶ t\Xmhv. Cä-en-bnÂ kp{]ow Iu¬kn-ensâ
t\Xmhv aÊo\n. e-\nÂ ]mtaÀÌ³. _Àen-\ nÂ _nkva mÀ¡v. temI-am-I -
am\w 23 D]-Iu¬kn-ep-IÄ Øm]n-¨p. hmjn-§vS³ (hS-¡³ Ata-c n-¡)-
tam³sS hoUntbm (sX-¡³ Ata-cn-¡) s\bv]nÄkv (bq-tdm-¸v) IÂ¡-«(-
G-jy) audo-jy-kv(-B-{^n¡) F¶o 5 F®w DÄs¸sS. Ah CÃyq-av\m-än-
bpsS clky BØm-\-§-fmbn XpS-c p-¶p. C¶pw.
HmKÌv 15 1871 Â ss]¡v aÊo-\ n¡v Fgp-Xnb I¯nÂ
3 temI alm-bp-²-§sf¡pdn¨pw Ah-bpsS amÀ¤-§-s f-¡p-dn¨pw {]Xn-]m-
Zn-¡p-¶p. Pawns in the Game. By William Guy Carr. ( It\-Un-b³ \mhn-I-
tk-\ -bnÂ cl-kym-t\z-jW Dt±ym-K-Ø³ ) aq¶mw temI alm-bp-²-¯n\p
tijw \nln-en-Ìp-I -sfbpw òI-c-h m-Zn-I-sfbpw \nco-iz-c-h m-Zn-I-sfbpw Agn-
¨p-hn«v cà-cq-£n-X-amb A«n-a dn krjvSn-¡p-s a¶pw. \nln-enkw BZy-ambn
j_-¯mbn skhnbpw tPbv¡-_v {^m¦pw tNÀ¶v cq]w \ÂInb XXz-im-
kv{Xw. ]n¶oSv anJm-bnÂ _Ip-\ n³ AXns\ kzoI-cn¨p. _Ip-\n³ {Km³Uv
Hmdn-bâv {ôta-bvk¬. hotjm-¸nsâ injy³.- Xo-{h- sN-Ip-¯m³ tkh-
I³. 1842 Â djy -h n« _Ip-\ n³ ]mcn-knÂ amÀIv-kp-ambn ASp-¸ -¯n-e mbn.
1848 Â {^©v hn¹-h-¯nÂ ]¦p-sImp. ]c-ky-amb \nco-iz-c-hmZn.
hnhmlw kzIm-c y-kz¯v aX kwL-S-\ -IÄ F¶n-h ¡v FXncv. cmjv{Sob
e£y-§Ä t\Sp-¶ -Xn\v A{Iaw D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-s a¶ \nln-en-k-¯ nsâ Bi-
b-§-fnÂ \n¶mWv 20 þmw \qä-nse Xo{h-hmZw ]nd-hn-sb-Sp-¯-Xv. AXv
]n¶oSv CÃyq-a n-\ m-än-bpsS \nb-{´-W-¯n-epÅ CÉm-anI Xo{h-h m-Zn-IÄ
ISw sImp. \nln-en-k-¯ nsâ XXz-imkv{Xw aX, cmjv{Sob A[n-Im-c-§-
tfbpw XÅn-¡-fp-bp¶p. k·mÀ¤-§-tfbpw. Ah-sbÃmw kzmX-{ý-¯n\v
hncp²-sa-¶pÅXp-s Im-v.
CÉm-a n-s \-Xnsc 3þmwtemI -a-lm-bp²w CÃyq-an-\män
CuPn-] vänsâ klm-b-t¯msS \S¯pw. AXn\v klm-bnbmbn kuZn
Atd_y. AXn-\pÅ Bib ]n³XpW hlm-_nkw . AXv C¶v kuZn
Atd_y F¶-dn-b-s ¸-Sp¶ Atd-_y-bnÂ CÃyqan-\män krjvSn-¨Xv. 18þmw
\qäm-nÂ. AXv Ad_v hwiw-Psc XpÀ¡n-I-fp-a mbn hn`-P n-¸ n¨v \ndp-¯p-
¶-Xn\v {_n«o-jp-ImÀ D]-tbm-Kn-¨p. Hmt«m-a ³ km{am-Pys¯, CÉmw hnizm-
kn-I sf D]-tbm-Kn¨v AI¯p \n¶pw XIÀ¯p .H-cp -a pÉow asämcp apÉo-
ans\ h[n-¡p-¶Xv A\p-h -Z-\o-b-a -Ã. AXp-sImv PnlmZv F¶-t]-cnÂ
]pXnb hymJym\w krjvSn-¨p. AXv hlm-_nkw F¶-dn-b-s¸-«p. Øm]n-¨ Xv
{_n«ojv ]nWn-bmÄ apl-½ Zv A_vZpÄ hlm-_v. P\\w kuZn Atd-_y-
bnÂ \P-ZnÂ. [\nI h\n-Xsb hnlmlw Ign-¨p. {_«o-jp-Im-cp-ambn
ASp-¯Xv hyXn-bm-\-§Ä¡v Imc-W-ambn (The Two Faces of lslam By
Stephen Schwartz ]ns¶ Mir at at Harramin By Ayyub Sabri Pasha, The
501
Memoirs of Mr. Hempher: A British Spy to the Middle East ) hlm-_nsâ

{_o«ojv Iq«p-s I-«n-s \-¡p-dn¨v {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶p. AXv Spiegel F¶ PÀ½³
]{X-¯nepw asämcp {^©v ]{X-¯nepw {]kn-²o-I-c n-¨ n-c p-¶p. slws^-
dnsâ {][m-\- Npa-X e Hmt«m-a ³ km{am-Pys¯ F§ns\ XIÀ¡mw. F¶-
Xn\v ]gpXv Ip ]nSn-¡pI F¶Xpw. CÉ-anI òI-c-h m-Z-¯nsâ BNm-
cy³ C_v³ X-bvan-b. At±l¯nsâ Bi-b-§Ä DÄs¡mv hlm_v ]d-
ªXv kv{XoI-sfbpw Ipªp-§-sfbpw ASn-a-I -fm-¡p-¶-XnÂ A]m-I -X-
bnÃ F¶m-Wv. C_v³ Xbva nb apÉo-§-fpsS GI-s sZ-hm-cm-[m-\ -bnÂ\n-
¶pÅ hyXn-N-e\w ITn-\-a mbn FXnÀ¯p. AXp-sIm-m-IWw CÉm-ans\
ip²o-I -cn-¡p-¶-X n-\ pÅ ]cn-{i-a -ambn AXv hne-bn-cp-¯-s¸-«p. A_vZpÄ
hlm_v AXns\ Xo{h-X-bnÂ F¯n-¨p.
kuZn IpSpw_w CÃyqan\män. PqX³. XpÀ¡n-bnse Uo³sasb-t¸mse.
C_v³ kuZv PqX-\ -sW¶v- a\-Ên-em-¡nb apl-½Zv kmsJÀ AXv {]kn-²o-
I-c- n-¨-X n\v h[n-¡-s¸-«p. kmsJÀ ]d-bp-¶Xv 15-þmw \qäm-nÂ _kvd-bnÂ
\n¶v PqX- hym-]mcn tamÀsU-Nmbv Atd-_y-bn-te¡v IqSn-tb-dn.- Z-c n-b-bnÂ
Xma-k-a mbn. AhnsS Atd-_y³ PmXn-¡m-cmb A\n-k-bnÂs¸«-Xm-sW¶v
Ah-Im-i-s¸-«p. AhnsS aÀI³ _n³ Zcnb F¶ t]cv kzoI-c n-¨ p. Ipssh-
änse k_lv IpSpw-_hpw A\nk PmXn-bnÂs¸«Xp Xs¶. AhÀ PqX-
·mÀ \nÀ_-ÔnX aX ]cn-hÀ¯\w ImcWw CÉmw Bb-Xm-Wv. bqtdm-]y³
a{´-hmZ hÀ¤-¯nsâ Dd-h nSw A\nk PmXn-bmWv F¶v sPdÄUv
KmÀUv\À ]d-bp-¶p. KmÀUv\À , Aen-ÌÀ {Iu-en-bpsS kplr¯pw tImþ
{ôta-bvkWpw. AXv B\n-_-kâv Øm]n¨ AØn-c-a mb ôta-bvk-W-dn.
AXv kv{XoIÄ¡v 33o \ÂIp¶p. KmÀUv\À C{Zokv jmbpsS kplr¯pw
A²ym-]-I\pw. jm Ip{]-kn-²-\mb a{´-hmZn At±-l-¯nsâ kq^n-k-s¯-
¡p-dn-¨pÅ ]pkvXIw hmkvX-h-¯nÂ eqkn-s^-d-\n-k-amWv. ]e- ]-c m-P-b-
§Ä¡pw ]mem-b-\ -§Ä¡pw tijw hlm-_n-IÄ dnbmZv BØm-\-a m-¡n.
{_n«-\p-am-bn«v ASp-¯p. H¶mw temI alm-bp-²-¯n\p tijw Hmt«m-a ³
km{am-Pys¯ XIÀ¡p-¶-X n\v ]Sn-ªm-d³ iàn-IÄ¡v Iq«p-\n-¶p. F®-
bpsS taÂ Ip¯-I- t\Sn . AXv CÃyq-an-\m-än-bnse {]apJ IpSpw_w.
tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ, tdm¯vjoÂUvknsâ ]nWn-bmÄ. Cu _Ô-§-fn-eqsS
20þmw\qäm-nse CÃyq-a n-\ män KqVm-tem-N-\-bnÂ tI{µ-Øm-\¯v kuZn-
IÄ. Ah-c psS hnI-e-amb CÉmw hymJym\w CÉm-a nI Xo{h-hm-Z-¯n\v
ASn-¯ -d-bm-hp-¶p. km¼-¯nI klm-bhpw. CÃyq-an-\m-än-bpsS tI{µ-
Øm\w e³. km¼-¯nI `c-W-IqSw, knän Hm^v e-\nÂ. C¶v CÃyq-
an-\m-än-bpsS Gähpw apI-fnÂ Fen-k-_¯v cmP-Rn. C¶v {_n«ojv cmP-
Ip-Spw-_hpw PqX-·mcpw X½nÂ ]e-X-c ¯nÂ ASp¯v _Ô-s ¸-«n-c n-¡p-¶-
Xn-\mÂ cmP-I p-Spw-_-¯ns\ _m[n-¡m-¯-X-c-¯nÂ PqX-·msc D]-{Z-hn-
¡pI km²y-a-Ã. cmÚn {ôta-bvk-W-dn-bpsSbpw HmÀUÀ Hm^v
KmÀ«Àsâbpw Gähpw D¶XkmYm-\-¯m-Wv. temI-ta-bvk-W-dn-bpsS c£-
IÀ¯m-hmWv HÀUÀ Hm^v KmÀ«À F¶Xv . tPm¬ tImÄa³ ]d-bp-¶Xv
Knights of Garter, D¶-X -cpsS D¶-XÀ AhÀ cmÚn-bpsS Her Mejesty’s
502
Most Venerable Order of St. John of Jerusalem sâ Gähpw {][m-\n-IÄ.

djy-bnÂ entbm- tSmÄtÌmbvbpsS ap¯-Ñ ³ t]ymäÀ tämÄtÌmbv CXnse
I®n-bm-Wv. FtXym-] y-bnÂ \n¶pw djy-bnÂ h¶ K\n-_Ä. 1705 Â
{]Øm-\-¯nÂ AwK-a m-bn. {^m³kn-em-bn-cp-¶-t¸mÄ CÃyq-a n-\ män XXz-im-
kv{X-Im-c-·mÀ ZnsZtdm, tam³sS-kvIyq-, thmÄ«-bÀ F¶n-h-cp-ambn
ASp¯p. K\n-_Ä sâ cmw `mcy-bnse aI³ Hkn]v. Hkn-¸nsâ aIÄ
\tZjvZ. Ae-I vkm-À ]pjvIn³ sâ A½.
CÃyq-a n-\män kp{]ow Iu¬kn-ensâ Aa-c¯v
tdm¯vjoÂUvkv. tUbvh nUv {U¡v Baron Edmond de Rothschild F¶
IrXnbnÂ ]d-bp-¶Xv {^m³knse FÃm _m¦Àam-cp-sS-bpw -BsI k¼¯v
15 tImSn {^m¦vkv Bbn-cp-¶-t¸mÄ , cmPm-hnsâ k¼¯v 80 tImSn
{^m¦vkv Bbn-c p-¶-t¸mÄ , tdm¯vj oÂUvknsâ k¼¯v 50 tImSn
{^m¦vkv Bbn-cp¶p F¶m-Wv. hnb¶ `c-W-Iq-S-¯nsâ klm-b-t¯msS
eoKv Hm^v t\j³kn\p kam-\-a mb {]Øm\w temIm-[n-]-Xy-¯n-\p-thn
Øm]n-¡p-¶-X n-\pÅ tdm¯vjoÂUvknsâ {iaw kmÀ Ae-Im-km-À
H¶m-a³ ]cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-¯n. \Ym³ tdm¯vjoÂUvkn\p-mb ]I 1917 se
kmÀ Ae-I vkm--dn-s \bpw IpSpw-_s¯ sam¯-ambpw \in-¸n¨ hn¹-h-
¯nÂ Iem-in-¨p. Ata-c n-¡sb X§-fpsS km¼-¯ nI A[o-\ -X-bnÂ
sImp-h-cp-¶-Xnsâ Npa-Xe tPbv¡-_v jn-^ ns\ tdm¯vjoÂUv
GÂ¸n¨p. jn^v Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ Iq³ temtb_v Â ]¦mfnbmbn. temtb-
_nsâ aIÄ sXtc-Êsb hnhmlw Ign-¨ p. B`y-ć bp²-¯n\p tijw
jn^v , tPm¬ Un tdms¡-s ^-Ã-dnsâ Ìm³UmÀUv HmbnÂ, FUvhÀUv
lmcn-a³ sâ sdbnÂ tdmUv km{amPyw ImÀ\o-bpsS Dcp¡v hymh-kmb
km{aPyw F¶n-h¡v km¼-¯nI klmbw \ÂIn. ]ns¶ sP.-]n.
tamÀKs\t¸m-epÅ _m¦Àam-cp-a mbn e³ , ]mcnkv aäp cmjv{S-§-fnÂ
Hs¡ ]¦m-fn¯ hyh-Ø-bnÂ tdm¯vj oÂUv DS-¼Sn sNbvXp.- tdm-s¡-
s^-Ãdpw {][m-\-s¸« CÃyq-a n-\män IpSpw-_-¯n-te-X m-Wv. Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ
F¯n-t¨-cp-¶-Xn\p ap³]v adm-t\m-I-fmb AhÀ Hmt«m-a³ XpÀ¡n ]ns¶
{^m³kv F¶n-hn-S-§-fn-em-bn-c p-¶p.
CÉm-a nsâbp-ÅnÂ cl-ky-a mbn \pg-ªp-I-bdn AXns\
]Sn-ªm-dp-a mbn kwLÀj-¯nÂ GÀs¸-Sp-¶-X n\v If-sam-c p-¡p-¶Xv hgn
BÂ_À«v ss]Iv hn`m-h\w sNbvX 3þmw temI alm-bp²w km[n-X-a m-Ip-
sa-¶mWv IW-¡p-Iq-«Â. AXn-\p-thn anUnÂ CuÌnÂ kvtIm«njv
ssdäv {ôta-bvk-Wdn {]Nm-c -¯n-em-¡n. AwK-§sf tNÀ¯v ]ns¶ AhÀ
]cn-jvI-c W IÀ¯m-¡-fm-bn-¯o-À ¶p. apÉow kaq-ls¯ hgn -sX-än¨v
Xo{h-hm-Z-¯n-te¡v F¯n-¡p-I.
AXv 1820 Â Øm]n-X-amb HmIvkv^ÀUv {]Øm\w F¶v
Adn-b-s ¸-Sp-¶p. kvtIm«njv ssääv {ôta-bvk-W-dn-bpsS IognÂ
HmIvkv^ÀUv kÀÆ-I-em-im-e, Bw¥n-¡³ ]Ån, e³ bqWn-thÀkn-än-
bnse In§vkv tImfPv F¶n-h-bpsS taÂ t\m«-¯nÂ Hcp kwLw k¶-²-
tk\m {]hÀ¯-Isc \ntbm-Kn-¡p-I. {]hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ tI{µw CuPn]väv
Xs¶.- Im-¥n-tbmkvt{Sm Øm]nXam¡nb CuPn-]vjy³ {ôta-bvk-W-dnsb
503
D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-I .- Cu-Pn-]vänsâ {]tXyI {]m[m\yw Fs´-¶mÂ kvtIm-«njv

ssdäv {ôsa-bvk¬IÄþ kzbw Icp-Xn-bn-cp¶Xv AhÀ ]c-¼-c m-KX
t\mÌnIv BNm-c -¯nsâ Ah-Im-in-IÄ F¶m-Wv.- ^m-¯ n-anUv Ckvam-bn-en-
I-fpsS {Km³Uv temUvPv hgn.
HmIvkv^ÀUv {]Øm-\-¯nsâ {]ap-J -{]-mtbm-P-IÀ
]tÃ-Unbw ssdänse ]mtaÀÌ³ {]`p, -{]-[m-\-a{ń _³P-an³ Un{km-tb-
en, FUvhÀUv _pÄhÀ sseä³.- F-UvhÀUv- -, Gjym-änIv {_Z-d-\nÂ
\n¶pw hnI-kn-X -amb tdmkn-{Iq-kn-b-\n-k-¯nsâ imJ-bmb CwKvfojv
tdmkn-{Iq-kn-b³knsâ t\Xm-hv. HmIvkv^ÀUv {]Øm-\-¯ns\ Pkyq-«p-
Ifpw ]n³Xp-W-¨ n-c p-¶p.
{_n«ojv cmP-Ip-Spw-_hpw Ah-cpsS {]ap-J-c mb {][m-\-a-{ń-a mcpw
aäpw. _³P-a n³ Un{km-tb-en, {ôta-bvk-W-dn-bpsS {Km³Uv amÌ-dpw,
Order of the Garter sâ Knight Dw . At±lw tImWnMvkv_n F¶ cN-\ -
bnse kntUm-Wnb F¶ IYm-]m-{X-¯n-eqsS shfn-s ¸-Sp-¯ n-bn-cp-¶-Xv-þ-en-
tbm-WÂ Un tdm¯vj oÂUns\¡pdn-¨ v-þ-Xn-c -io-e¡v ]n¶nÂ CÃm-¯-hÀ
Icp-Xp-¶-XnÂ \n¶pw hfsc hyXy-kvX-a mb BÄ¡m-cmWv bYmÀYambn
temIs¯ \bn-¡p-¶Xv F¶m-Wv.- _³P-an³ Un{km-tben ]mÀe-saânÂ
]d-ªXv “bqtdm-¸ nsâ A[n-I-`mKw Cä-en-bp-s Sbpw {^m³kn-sâbpw `qcn-
`mKw PÀ½-\n-bpsS `qcn-`m-K w, aäp cmjv{S-§Ä F¶n-h n-S-§-fnÂ `qan-bpsS
apI-fnÂ , sdbnÂ tdmUv F¶ t]mse cl-ky -kw-L-S-\-I-fpsS irwJe
\ne-\nÂ¡p-¶p. AhÀ hyh-Øm-]n-X-amb Kh¬saân\v FXn-c m-Wv.”
_pÄhÀ sse-ä³, {_n«sâ sImtfm-Wn-bÂ Hmô-kv,-

C³Uy Hmôkv F¶n-h-bpsS ta[m-hn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. -sF-knkv, Hkn-dnkv
B`n-Nm-c -{In-b- kw-L-§-fnse {]hÀ¯-I\pw. At±lw Last Days of
Pompeii, The Coming Race, Zanoni F¶n-h -bpsS cN-bn-Xm-hmWv. AXnÂ
\mkn- hw-iob kn²m-´-¯nsâ ASn-¯ d ]mIn. ]ns¶ tPm¬ dkvI nsâ
{]n dm-s^-s seäv {_ZÀlp-Uv, _À«vd³Uv dÊÂsâ saäm-^n-kn-¡Â
skmssk-än, BÂUkv lIvÉn-bpsS tKmÄU³ Um³, amUw »hm-
ävkvIn-bpsS Xntbm-k-^n-¡Â skmsskän F¶n-h-bpsS Imc-W-h-c m-bn.
CuPn-]vänÂ CÉm-ans\ \ho-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\p
thn-s b¶ a«nÂ cq]o-I-cn¨ kem-^n -{]-Ø m-\ -¯n-eqsSbmWv
HmIvkv^ÀUv {]Øm\w {]hÀ¯n-¨-Xv. C¶pw kem-^ n- am-XrI A\p-
hÀ¯n¨p hcp-¶p. B{I-a n-¡p-¶-X n\v Imc-W-sam-cp¡n sImSp-¡pI F¶-
XmWv {][m\ X{´w. F®-bpsS Dd-h n-S-§Ä kwc-£n-¡p-¶ -Xn-\p-th-n.
kqbkv I\m-ense {_n«sâ XmXv]-cy-§Ä kwc-£n-¡p-¶-X n-\p-thn
kem-^n-I Ä \nbp-à-c m-bn. CuPn-]vänÂ Ckvam-bn-en-s\-X n-c mbn {]t£m`w
Cf-¡n-hn-Sp-¶-X n\v {_n«o-jp-I mÀ D]-tbm-K n-¨ Xv kem^n {]Øm-\-¯nsâ
Øm]-I³ PamÂ D±n³ AÂ A^vJm\n. AhÀ A^vJ m-\nsb CuPn-
]vänÂ am{X-aÃ anUnÂ CuÌnÂ BI-a m\w Ah-c psS B`n-Nm-c-{Iob hn]p-
504
e-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-X n\v D]-tbm-Kn-¨ p. A^vJm-\n-bpsS {_n«ojv cl-kym-t\z-jW

hn`mKw ]nW-bm-fmbn 40 hÀj-¡mew {]hÀ¯n-¨ n-c p¶, At±-ls¯ \bn-
¨n-cp-¶ {_n«ojv CÉm-anIv hnZ-Kv²À hnÂs{Ûv kvImsh³ »³«v, ]ns¶
FUvhÀUv Pn.-{_u¬. {_u¬ 19þmw \qä-nse {_n«-\nse {]apJ Hmdn-b-
â-enÌv. At±-l-¯nsâ A\pbmbn-I-fnÂ {]ap-JÀ þ sIbv{_nUvPv kÀÆ-I-
em-im-e-bnÂ Hmdn-bâ-enÌv hn`m-K-¯nse lmcn A_v±pÅ , skbvâv
tPm¬ _n.-^nÂ_n. ^nÂ_n , hnlm_n {]Ø-\-¯nse {_n«ojv Câ-en-
P³kv hnZ-Kv²³. t]Àjy-bnepw anUnÂ CuÌnepw {ôta-bvk-Wdn
Øm]n-¡p-¶-X n\v \nbp-à-\mbn. A^vJm\n {][m\ ]nWn-bmfpw. A^vJm-
\n-bpsS BZy-Ime Ncn{Xw Ahy-à-a m-Wv. A^vJm\n bYmÀ°-¯nÂ PqX-
\m-sW¶v Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶p. Cdm-\n-b³ jnbm-bm-s W¶pw asäm-c p -]-£-a p-v.
]c-¼-c m-KX CÉ-anI ]cn-jvIÀ¯m-s h-¶-t¸mÄ Xs¶ _lmbn aX-¯n-
sâbpw hàm-hmbn. AXv HmIvkv^ÀUv {]Øm-\-¯nsâ BZys¯ tcJ-
s¸-Sp-¯-s ¸« ]²-Xn. CÃyq-an-\m-än-bpsS GI-temI Kh¬saânsâ {][m\
{]Øm\w. _lm -DÅ Øm]n-X-am-¡n-bXv. _lm -D-Å-bpsS bYmÀ° t]cv
anÀk slmskbv³ Aen- \q-dn.- _lm DÅbpsS AÀ°w ssZh-¯nsâ
al-Xzw. GI-temI Kh¬saâv GI-temI hnizm-k -¯n-eq-sS. 1852 Â
s]Àjy-bnse jmsb h[n-¡p-¶-Xn\v {ian-¨Xp ImcWw _lmbn aXw ASn-
¨-aÀ¯-s¸-«p.- _m-KvZm-Zn-te¡pw CuÌm³_qfn-te¡pw IS¶ AhÀ ]n¶oSv
kvtIm«njv ssdäv {ôta-bvk-W-dnbmbpw AXp-t]mse Cý, Hmt«m-a ³
km{am-Pyw, djy, B{^n-¡, F¶n-hn-S-§-fn-te¡v hym]n¨v aäv {]Øm-\-§-
fp-ambpw tNÀ¶v {]hÀ¯n-¨p.( Robert Dreyfuss )
Ckva m-bn-e n-I -sf-t¸mse , P\-§Ä¡v aXw Bh-iy-am-
sW¶pw D¶-XÀ¡v AX-n\p-] -Icw \nco-iz-c -hm-Z-amWv Bh-iy-sa¶pw
A^vJm\n hniz-kn-¨p.( Nikki R Keddie ) A^vJm\n ]c-¼-c m-KX CÉmw
F¶v \Sn-¨n-cp-¶p -F-¦nepw hnizm-kn- B-bn-c p-¶-tX-bn-Ã. ( Lutfi Juma,
Dr.Shibli Shummayyil ). Cdm\p ]pd¯v BZy-a mbn A^vJm\n k©-c n-¡p-
¶Xv Cý-bn-te-¡m-Wv. _lmbn , {_n«ojv {ôta-bvk-Wdn Cý-bnÂ
BØm-\-ap-d-¸n-¨n-cp-¶ kq^n F¶n-h-bp-ambn A^vLm-\n-Øm-\nse Xma-k-
Im-e¯v A^vJm\n, ASp¯ _Ôw ]peÀ¯n. Cý-bn-te-¡pÅ bm{X-I-
fnÂ At±lw PamÂ D±n³ Fs^³Un F¶ \maw kzoI-cn-¨ p. ]ns¶
Ckvam-bn-en-I-fpsS t\Xmhv BKm -Jm³ s\ kµÀin-¨p. 1871 Â CuPn-
]vänse {][m-\ -a{ń apkvX-^- dn-b mZv ]mj-bpsS kwc-£-W-bnÂ
A^vJm\n sIbvtdm-bnÂ F¯n. AÂ AkÀ se apÉow bqWn-th-gvkn-än-
bnÂ A²y-m]-Is\¶ \n-e-bnÂ . ]pd-ta¡v bmYm-Øn-XnI apÉow. PqX-ta-
J-e-bn-te¡v Xmakw amdn, Ad_v tabvtkm-WnIv kwL-S-\ -cq-]o-I-cn-¨p.
CJvhm³ AÂ k-^ -h -Jp-Ã³ AÂ h-^. 10-þmw \qäm- nÂ \ne-h n-ep-m-
bn-cp-¶ Ckvam-bnen kwL-S-\-bpsS AtX- \m-aw.
dnbm-Zv ]m-j-bp-s Sbpw {_n«ojv Fw_-Ên-bp-s Sbpw klm-b-
t¯msS {ôta-bvk-W-dn-bpsS kvtIm«njv ssääv {Km³Uv Hmdn-bâv
temUvPv imJ-IÄ Øm]n-X-a m-¡n. {][m-\ -ambpw kndnb, XpÀ¡n,- t]Àjy
505
F¶n-h n-S-§-fnÂ. ]n¶oSv bph -{]-hÀ¯-I-tcbpw Fgp-¯p-Im-scbpw

{]Øm-\-¯nÂ sImp-h-¶p. kem-^n-bpsS t\Xmhv apl-½Zv A_vZp
h^vUv F¶ CuPn-]vjy³ \mj-W-enÌv ]mÀ«n-bpsS Øm]-I³, {ôta-
bvk-¬, kmZv ]mj kmJvepÂ F¶n-hsc. A^-vJm-\n-bpsS ASp-¯ A\p-
N-c-· m-c nÂ HcmÄ Pbnw-kv k\p-h. P\\w sIbvtdm-bnÂ. {]ap-J -amb Cä-
men-b³ PqX -Ip-Spw-_ -¯nÂ. PqX-\mbn hfÀ¯-s¸-«p. cmP- Ip-Spw-_ -
¯nsâ D]-tZ-jvSm-hm-bn. Cä-en-bnÂ ]T\ Ime-¯v Kyq-s k-s¸- a-Êo-\n-
bpsS Bi-b-§-fnÂ BIr-jvS-\m-bn. {^m³kn-te¡v ]mem-b\w sNbvX
k\ph, At±-l-¯ nsâ Iq«p-I m-c n- en-Znb ]mjvtImhv . cp-t]cpw sle-\
»hävkvInbpsS kplr-¯p-¡Ä. 1856 Â aÊo\n , »-hävkvInsb
ImÀs_m\m-cn-bnÂ tNÀ¯p. Ah-c psS {]ap-J-§-fmb cN-\-IÄ ISIS
Unvieled, The Secret Doctrine. 1875 Â Ah-cpsS Bi-b -{]-Nm-c -W-¯n-\p-
thn , Xntbm-k -^n-¡Â skmsskän Øm]n-¨p. Xntbm-k-^n-¡Â
skmssk-än-bpsS {]kn-Uâv sl³{Sn- ÌoÂ HmÂt¡m«v, sshkv {]kn-Uâv
tPmÀÖv F¨v s^Â. cpt]cpw {ôta-bvk-Wp-IÄ. BZy-Ime AwK-§-
fnÂ BÂ_À«v ss]¡pw. »h-ävkvInbpw A^vJm\nbpw X½nÂ In-cp-
¶p F¶v kml-N-c y-s ¯-fn-hp-IÄ. “”k\p-hbpw ]mjvtIm-hp-ambpw cp-
t]À¡pw _Ôw Dm-bn-cp-¶Xpw. 1857 epw 1858 epw cp-t]cpw Cý-bnÂ
Dm-bn-cp-¶Xpw. 1879 Â »h-ävkvInbpw HmÂt¡m«pw Cý-bnÂ hcp-
t¼mÄ A^vJm-\ nbpw Cý-bnÂ. 1882 Â Cý-bnÂ \n¶pw ]mco-kn-te-¡v
t]mb A^vJ - m\n 1884 hsc AhnsS. B hÀjw »h-ävkvInbpw ]mcn-
knÂ””. t]mÄ tPm¬k¬ F¶ Kth-j-I³ ]d-bp-¶Xv A^vJm-\n-bnÂ
\n¶pw ISw sIm Ckvam-bnen Bi-b-§Ä »hävkvIn Ah-cpsS ]pkvX-
I-¯nÂ {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p¶p F¶v . »h-ävkvIn-bpsS Bi-b-§Ä Golden
Dawn F¶ clky kwL-S-\ -bpsS cq]o-I-c -W-¯n\v Imc-W-a mbn. AXn\v
klm-b-am-bXv A^vJ m-\ n-bpsS CuPn-] vjy³ {ôta-bvk-Wdn _Ô-§Ä.
1872 apXÂ CuPn-] vjy³ {ôta-bvk-Wdn Ancient and Primitive Rite F¶v
Adn-b-s ¸«p. AXnsâ Xe-h³ John Yarker, »mh-ävkvIn-bpsS kplr¯v .
bmÀIÀ ]mco-knÂ, ]mkvIÂ »shÀen dm³tUmÄ^vs\ ]cn-N-b-¸«p.
B{^n-¡³ þ Ata-c n-¡³ B`n-Nmc{Inb hnZ-Kv²³. dm³tUmÄ^nsâ
kplr-¯p-¡-fnÂ _pÄhÀ sseä\pw. 1873 Â dm³tUmÄ^nsâ kplr¯v
ImÄ sIÂ\À CuPn-]vjy³ {ôta-bvk-W-dn-bnse AwKw. AhnsS ImÄ
sIÂ\À, Abnb Ako-kns\ ]cn-N-b-s¸-«p. Ako-knsâ Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-
t]cv amIvkv Xntbm¬ . t]mf-nse hmgvkm-bnse {^m¦nÌv LS-I-¯nsâ
t\Xmhv dm_n _nwÌo³sâ aI³. amIvkv Xntbm¬ »h-ävkvIn-bp-ambn
tNÀ¶v {]hÀ¯n-¨p. cp-t]cpw ]utemkv saä-tam-Wnsâ injyÀ.
]utemkv, »h-ävkvInsb Hermetic Brotherhood of Light \v ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-
¯n.
A^vJm\n CuPn]väv hn« tijw apl-½Zv A_vZp
{_n«ojv \nb-{´-W -¯n-epÅ CuPn-]vjy³ Kh¬saâv {]kn-²o-I-cWw
506
Journal Officiel sâ apJy -]-{Xm-[n-]-cmbn. At±-l-¯nsâ IognÂ h^vZv

\mj-W-enÌv ]mÀ«n-bpsS Øm]-I³ kmZv kmJpÂ. {ô-ta-bvk¬. A_vZp
hfsc hniz-kvX-cmb injy-· msc {_n«ojv cl-kym-t\z-jW Dt±ym-K-Ø-
·mÀ¡v ]cn-N-b-s ¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cp-¶p. 1888 apXÂ 1905 Â ac-W-a-S-bp-¶-Xp-hsc
A_vZp Ønc-a mbn t{ImaÀ {]`phns\ kµÀin-¨n-c p¶p. AÂ AkÀ bqWn-
thÀÌn- \-S-¯p-¶-Xnsâ apgp-h³ Npa-X-ebpw GÂ¸n-¡-s ¸-«p. CuPn-
]vänse hen-b -a p-^vX n-bmbn t{ImaÀ A_vZp-h ns\ Ah-tcm-[n-¨p. A_vZp
A§n-s \ -C-É-mansâ {][m\ \nb-a-]-c-amb A[n-Im-c nbpw AtX kabw
CuPn-] vänse bpsW-äUv temUvPnsâ tabvtkm-WnIv {Km³Uv amÌdpw.
t{ImaÀ Cw¥-nse _mcn§v _m¦n§v IpSpw-_ -¯nse {][m-\ -AwKw.
AhÀ Cýbnepw ssN\-bnepw Hm]nbw hym]m-c-¯nÂ \n¶pw A[nIw
k¼m-Zn¨p.- km-em^n {]Øm\hpw hlm-_n- {]-Ø m-\ hpw ]n¶oSv kuZn-
bnse {ôta-bvk¬ apl-½Zv dmjnZv dnZ- ap-Jm-ńcw [mc-W-bn-em-bn.
CÃyq-an-\m-än-bneqsS 20-þmw\qäm-nse ]²-X n-IÄ
kem-^n-I sf [mcm-f-ambn B{i-bn-¨p.- A-h -cpsS Ifn-¸m-h-bmb kuZn Atd-
_ybpw. kuZn ]n¶oSv kem^n òIc hmZ-¯nsâ ]n³Xp-W-¡m-c m-bn.
temI-¯ ns\ tdms¡-s ^-Ã-dnsâ \nb-{´-W-¯ n-epÅ F®-bnÂtaÂ B{i-
bn-¸n-¡p-¶-X n\v kuZn {][m-\-] ¦v hln-¨ p. AXv \S-¸nÂ hcp-¯p-¶-Xn\v
{][m-\- ]n-Wn-bmÄ hn³Ì³ NÀ¨nÂ. At±lw kvs ]³kÀ IpSpw-_ -
¯nÂs¸«-Xm-bn-c p-s¶-¦nepw kvs]³kÀ F¶v D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-c p-¶n-Ã.-NÀ¨n-
ensâ A½ sP¶n -s Ptdmw Ata-cn-¡³ PqX tImSo-iz-c³ entbm-\mÀUv
sPtdm-a nsâ aIÄ.
hn³kvä³ NÀ¨nÂ kvtIm«n-jvs sääv {ôta-
bvk¬, ]n¶oSv HmÀUÀ Hm^v Z KmÀ«-dnsâ Kinght Bbn. Ancient Order
of Druids sâ AwKhpw. SRIA bpsS Øm]-I³ shâvhÀ¯v enänÂ
Øm]n¨-Xv. NÀ¨nÂ D]-tbm-K n-¨ n-c p¶ V for victory F¶ NnÓw Aen-Ì -
bÀ {Iuen-bp-a mbn _Ô-s¸-X mWv. Pbnwkv t_mnsâ krjvSmhv Cbm³
^vfan-§nsâ A`yÀ°\ {]Imcw {Iuen- \mkn AÔ-h n-i zm-k-§-fpsS
AIw s]cp-fp-IÄ NÀ¨-en\v ]IÀ¶p \ÂIn . V F¶ NnÓ-¯n\v , \mkn
kzkvX n-I-bpsS kqcy -tX-P-Êns\ \in-¸n-¡m-\mhpw F¶ `bs¯ apX-s e-
Sp-¡p-¶-X n-\p -thn V AS-bmfw t^mt«m FSp-¡p-t¼m-s gÃmw {]I-S-am-
¡Ww F¶v {Iuen NÀ¨n-ens\ D]-tZ-in-¨p.
H¶mw temI alm-bp²w WWI F®-bpsS taÂ B[n-
]Xyw Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn-bm-bn-c p-¶p. BÀ¨v Uyq¡v {^m³knkv
s^ÀUn-\ m³Uns\ h[n-¨-Xn\v ]Icw ho«p-¶-X nÂ \n¶mWv WWI XpS-§n-
bXv F¶mWv Hut±ym-KnI `mjyw. F¶mÂ WWI XpS-§p-¶-Xn\p thn-
bmWv At±-ls¯ h[n-¨Xv F¶-X mWv bmYmÀ°yw. h[w \S-¸n-em-¡n-bXv
skÀ_n-b³ òI-c-kw-L-S\ Black Hand. {ôtabvW-dn-bp-ambn _Ô-ap-
ÅXv. Hmkvt{Sm lwtK-dn-b³ km{amPyw skÀ_n-b-bpsS taÂ bp²w
Bcw-`n-¨p. WWI Hut±ym-Kn-I-a mbn Bcw-`n-¨p. s^ÀUn-\m-³Uns\ h[n-¡p-
507
¶-Xn-\pÅ Xocp-a m-\-s a-Sp-¯Xv 1912 Â bqtdm-]y³ {ôta-bvk-W-dn-bnse

D¶-XÀ.
CÃyq-a n-\ m-än-bpsS ]nWn-bmÄ hq{Uq -hnÂk¬ Ata-cn-
¡sb WWI Â DÄs¸-Sp¯n. hnÂk¬ sâ kplr¯pw a\-km£n kq£n-
¸p-Im-c \pw tIWÂ FUvhÀUv am³UÂ lukv. tdm¯vjoÂUnsâ A\p-
N-c³. tIW-ensâ Bi-b-§Ä . L«w L«-a mbn DbÀ¯n-s ¡mp hcp¶
BZmb \nIpXn, sk³{SÂ _m¦v , tI{µ-K-h¬saânsâ IognÂ cl-kym-
t\z-j-W-tk\, eoKv Hm^v t\-j³kv. tIWÂ ]d-bp-¶Xv “]²Xn Ah-X-cn-
¸n-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶Xv H¶p-I nÂ eoKv, AsÃ-¦ nÂ bp²w XpS-cpI F¶- a-«n-
emWv. Ata-cn¡ atä-sXmcp cmjv{S-t¯m-Sp-sam¸w am{Xw km{am-Py-¯n\p
IognÂ.”
lukv , t\mhÂ F¶ a«nÂ cNn¨ ^nen]v {Up F¶
]pkvXIw ImÄ amÀIvkv hn`m-h\w sNbvX tkmjy-enkw F¶ Bibw
{]N-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn-bm-b n-c p-¶p. AXv {]kn-²-s¸-Sp-¯n-bXv B.W.
Huebsch sâ t]cnÂ. ^nen¸v {UphnÂ ]d-ª n-cp¶ Øm]-\-§-fnÂ H¶v
sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv k{¼-Zmbw. \mkn-Ifpw kem-^n-I fpw 20þmw \qäm-nÂ
CÃyq-an-\m-än-bpsS ]²Xn \S-¸nÂ hcp-¯p-¶-Xn\p thn ]cn-{i-an-¨p. Hä-
s¡-«mbn. òI-c-h mZw {]mhÀ¯n-I-am-¡p-¶-X nÂ. thgvkm-enkv DS-¼-Sn-bnÂ
ITn-\-a mb hyh-Ø-IÄ DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cp-¶Xv lnä-e-dn\v hfcp¶-Xn-\pÅ
kml-N-cy-sam-c p-¡n. _m¦v Hm^v Cw¥-nsâ A²y-£³ sam³SmKp
t\mÀa³ 1933 apXÂ 1939 hsc PmÂaÀ jm-¡ns\ \nc-ćw kµÀin-¨n-
cp¶p. jm¡v PÀ½-\n-bnse [\-Imcy a{ń. tdmUvkvs â duv sSbv_nÄ
AwKw. \mkn `c-W-I q-S-¯nsâ ]²-Xn-IÄ hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶-Xn\pw lnäve -
dnsâ {][m-\ -k-lm-bn-I-fmb tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ, hmÀ_ÀKvkv, lmcn-a³ F¶n-
h-cp-a mbn {]hÀ¯-\ -§Ä GtIm-]n-¸n-¡p-¶ -Xn\pw. sF.-Pn.-^mÀ_\pw
\yqtPÀkn-bnse tdms¡-s^-Ã-dnsâ Ìm³UmÀUv Hmbnepw, {]hÀ¯n-bnÂ
Hä {]km-Y m\w Xs¶-bmWv. \qd-p -I-W-¡n\v Cartel CS-]m-Sp-I-fn-eqsS.
\mkn ]mÀ«n ASn-a pSn B`n-N m-c -{In-b-bnÂ ap§nb kwL-S-\. -\ m-kn-bpsS
cq]oI-cWw {Iuen-bpsS O.T.O F¶ {]Øm-\hpw PÀ½-\n-bnse XyqÄ
sKsÊÂ jm^väv Dw X½n-epÅ kwtbm-P-\-¯nÂ \n¶mWv. XyqÄ
cq]hXv¡-cn-¨-XnÂ {][m\n dptUmÄ^v thm¬ skt_m-sä³ t{Um^v.
_pÄhÀ sseä³, »hmävkvIn F¶n-h-cpsS Bib§Ä [mcm-f-ambn ISw
sImp. XyqÄ skmsskän cq]o-I-cn¨ cmjv{So-b -]mÀ«n PÀa³
hÀt¡gvkv ]mÀ«n. ]n¶oSv AXv t]cp-amän \mj-WÂ tkmjy-enÌv PÀ½³
hÀt¡gvkv ]mÀ«n AY-h m -\mkn ]mÀ«n F¶mbn. sl³{Sn¨v lnweÀ XyqÄ
skmssk-än- AwKw SS sâ Xe-h³ . »m¡v amPn-¡p-Im-c ³.
\mkn-Ifpw kem-^n-Ifpw kwtbm-Pn-X-ambn
Ckvam-bn-en-I-fpsS , a\-Êns\ Iog-S-¡p¶ ]pcm-X\ X{´-§Ä ]p\-cp-²-
cn¨p. AXv òI-c-sc- kr-jvSn-¡p-¶-X n\p thn. kwL-S-\ -bpsS t]cv
Muslim Brotherhood. A^vJm-\n-bpsS Bi-b-§Ä ]¦p-s Imv taÂ¯-«n-
508
epÅ t\Xm-¡Ä CÊmw kn²m-´-§Ä h©n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-thn am{Xw D]-

tbm-Kn-¡pw. Ah-cpsS bYmÀ° hnizmkw Ckvam-bnen F¶ t\mÌnIv
IÄ«vÂ am{X-a m-Wv.- A-Xn-eqsS AhÀ ]Sn-ªm-d³ kam\ Nn´m-KXn¡mcp-
ambn Ncn{Xw ]¦p-h -¡p-¶p. Hostage to Khomeini tdm_À«v {Ubv^kv ]d-
bp-¶Xv apÉow {_ZÀlpUv e-\nÂ \nÀ-½n-¡-s¸-«-Xm-Wv. D½ F¶ CÉm-
anIv kaqlw Øm]n-X-a m-bXp apXÂ AXv CÉm-ans\ \in-¸n¨p hcp-¶p.
CJvh³ AÂ apÉoaw, apÉow {_ZÀlpUv Hut±ym-KnI ambn CuPn-]vänÂ
Øm]n-X-a mbn. 1929Â {_n«ojv GPâv lk³ AÂ _¶ F¶ kq^n
k\ym-kn-bmÂ. C¶v apÉow {_ZÀlpUvsâ XW-enÂ A\-h[n kq^n,
kp¶n, jnb òIc {]Øm-\-§Ä {]hÀ¯n¨p hcp-¶p.
apÉow {_ZÀlp-Unsâ Øm]-I³ lÊ³ AÂ _¶.
{ô-ta-bvk¬. 1930 Â lnäveÀ A[n-Im-c-¯nÂ h¶-t¸mÄ At±lw AÂ
_-¶-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸«p. _¶bpw aäw-K-§fpw {_n«ojv \o¡-s¯-¡p-dn¨v
Adn-bp-¶ -Xn\pw, CuPn-]vänÂ {_n«ojv B[n-] Xyw Ipd-¡p-¶ -X n\pw
thn, \mkn ssk\nI Câ-en-P³kv hn`m-K-¯nÂ \ntbm-K n-¡-s ¸-«p.-
\mkn “{_u¬ Ip¸mbw” hn`m-K-t¯mSv X\n¡v AXn-bmb aXn-¸m-bn-c p¶p
F¶v ]d-ªn-c p-¶ -_¶ Xsâ tk\sb ^mknkväv amXr-I-bnÂ X¿m-dm-
¡n. {]I-S-ambn ^mknkväv kzm`mhw ]peÀ¯n-bn-cp¶ Young Egypt ambn
_¶-bpsS kwL-S\ tNÀ¶v {]hÀ¯n-¨p. AXv Øm]n-¨ Xv A`n-`m-j-I-\m-
bn-cp¶ Al-½Zv lpskbv³. lnäve-dnsâ ]mÀ«n-bpsS amXr-I-bnÂ. ]¨
\nd-¯n-epÅ jÀ«v. \mkn A`n-h mZyw AtX-] -Sn. \mkn ap{Zm-hm-Iy-§Ä -A -
tX-] -Sn. ]n¶oSv AXnÂ \n¶v cv CuPn-] vjy³ {]kn-Uâp-amÀ. PamÂ
A³hÀ kmZ¯v. \mk-nI-fp-s Sbpw _¶-bp-s Sbpw a²yhÀ¯n-bmbn \n¶
lÖv Ban³ AÂ lpskbv\n Ppdp-k-te-anse {Km³Uv ap^vXn-bmbn. 1941
Â Cdm-¡nÂ \mkn A\p-I qe {]t£m-`-¯n\v lpskbv\n klm-bw -
\ÂIn. {_n«o-jp-ImÀ AXns\ AaÀ¨ sN¿p-¶-Xn\v {ian-¨-Xn\p tijw
kndn-b³ tkmjyÂ \mj-W-enÌv ]mÀ«n AYhm kndn-b³ \mkn ]mÀ«n
Cdm-¡nÂ \S-¯ nb \mkn A\p-Iqe {]t£m-`-¯ n\pw lpskbv\n ]n³Xp-
W -\ÂIn. IqsS k±m-a nsâ A½m-h ³ ssJcmf- XpÄ^ . kndn-b-bnepw
Cdm-¡nepw _m¯v ]mÀ«n cq]n-I-c n¨ kndn-b³ \mkn ]mÀ«n. \mkn PÀ½-
\n-bpsS ]cm-P-bs¯ XpSÀ¶v lp-kbv\n CuPn-]vänÂ F¯n-t¨À¶p.
]n³Xp-SÀ¶v \mkn tk\m-\n-I fpw. AtUmÄ^v sF¡va³ sâ Iogp-t±ym-K-
Ø³ Iym]vä³ Atembv {_®À DÄs¸sS. ]n¶oSv {_®À kndn-b³
Kh¬saânsâ kpc£m D]-tZ-jvSm-h m-bn.
\mkn-I -fp-ambn kl-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v CuPn-]väp-Imsc
klm-bn-¨ n-c p-¶Xv CIA. Ae³ Uyqf-knsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ . 330 {ôta-
bvk¬. Knight Templar. CFR sâ Øm]-I³. tdms¡-s ^-Ã-dnsâ _Ôp.
tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ ût-j³, ImÀ\o F³tUm-hvs aâv t^mÀ C³À\m-j-
WÂ ]okv F¶n-h-bpsS t_mÀUv A²y-£³. CIA bnÂ tNcp-¶-Xn\p
ap³]v Ae³ e-\nÂ sP.-sl³{Sn t{jm-SÀ _m¦v Ub-d-I vSÀ. \mkn
PÀ½-\nsb klm-bn-¡p-¶-Xn\v sam³SmKp t\mÀas\ klm-bn-¡p-¶-XnÂ
509
apJy ]¦p hln¨ _m¦v. PÀ½-\nsb t{Zmln-¡p¶ Xc-¯nÂ thgvkm-enkv

DS-¼Sn X¿m-dm-¡n-bXv AÃ³ sâ ktlm-Z-c ³ tPm¬ t^mÌÀ Uyqfkv.
cp ktlm-Z-c-· mcpw tNÀ¶v lnävesd-¡v , A[n-Im-c-¯nÂ hcp-¶-Xn\v
CÃyq-an-\män _m¦Àam-c psS ]n³XpW {]Jym-]n-¨p. kÅn-h³ B³Uv
t{ImwshÂ F¶ \nba hnZKv² {]Øm-\-¯nÂ ]¦m-fn-I Ä F¶ \ne-
bnÂ Ae\pw tPm¬ t^mÌdpw sF.-Pn. ^mÀ_-s\bpw {]Xn-\n-[n-I-co-¨p.
duv sSbv_nÄ krjvSn-bmb OSS - Office of Strategic Services USA
]n¶oSv CIA Bbn-¯oÀ¶p. OSS Â Dmbncp¶ Ae³ CIA ta[m-hnbpw.
1938 Â {^m¦ven³ dqkvshÂäv {_n«ojv {][m\ a{ń-bp-ambn GÀs¸«
clky IcmÀ Ata-cn-¡sb {_n«\v ASn-b-dhv h¨p. Ata-c n-¡³ \b-§Ä
{_n«sâ Special Operations Executive \v hnt[-b-a m-bn-c n-¡p-s a-¶-Xm-bn-
cp¶p IcmÀ. OSS Øm-] n-X-am-¡p-¶-X n\p ap³]v dqkvshÂäv P\-dÂ
tUmtWm-hs\ e-\n-te¡v Ab¨p, MI 6 sâ A\p-a-Xn-¡p-thn.
OSS,CIA FÃmw ähn-tÌm¡v \nÀt±-i-§Ä¡v hnt[-b-a mbn am{Xw. Ata-cn-
¡-bpsS t\À¡pÅ P\-hn-Imcw hgn-Xn-c n¨p hnSp-¶-X n\v ]änb t\Xm-hns\
CIA At\z-jn-¨n-c p¶p. AXv The Search for Muslim Billy Graham F¶v
hnti-jn-¸ n-¡-s ¸-«p. (The Game Player. By. Miles Copeland ap³ CIA Dt±ym-
K-Ø³)
PamÂ A_vZp³ \mÊÀ CuPn-]vänsâ cl-kym-
t\zjW hn`mKw Imcy£-a -am-¡p-¶-Xn\v CIA bpsS klmbw Bhiy-s¸-« -
t¸mÄ Nmc-hr-¯n-bnepw ssk\nI Imcy-§-fnepw hnZ-Kv²-c mb 100 \mkn
Dt±ym-K-Øsc CuPn-]vjy³ t]meo-kns\ ]cn-io-en-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v \e-In.
1950 IfpsS a²y-¯nÂ. cmw temI alm-bp²w Ahkm\n-¡p-¶-Xn\p
sXm«p ap³]v PÀ½-\n-bnse {]apJ cl-kym-t\zjW Dt±ym-K-Ø³
do³lmÀUv sKlve³ Ata-c n-¡-bn-te¡v IqSn-tbdn. USSR se cl-kym-
t\zj hn`m-K-hp-ambn sKlve\p-m-bn-cp¶ _Ôw apX-se-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\v
At±-ls¯ \mkn-I-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸-S-¯ n. ]n¶oSv AhÀ OSS epw ]ns¶
CIA bnepw sKlvse³ HmÀK-ss\-tk-j³ F¶ t]cnÂ {]hÀ¯n-¨ p.- Pq-X -
·msc \in-¸n-¡p-¶ -X nÂ {][m\ ]¦p hln-¨Xv 4000 t]c-S-§p¶
sKlvse³ kwLw.
510
C³Ìn-äyq«v t^mÀ t]mfnkn

ÌUokvþ Institute for Policy Studies
21 CSXp]£ I½yqWnÌv A\pIqe kwLS\IfnÂ {][m\n . 1982 Â Ub-

d-IvSÀamÀ sPdan dn^vIn³, U¥kv {^bvkÀ, amÀIkv dmkvIn³, hnÃyw
I¬Ìv-eÀ . jzmävk³ _ÀKv, dnI-\m-än, Un HmÀkn\n XpS-§nb »m¡v
s\m_n-en-än-I-fpsS [\-k-lm-bw. eoKv t^mÀ C³U-kv{Sn-bÂ sUtam-
{Ikn, sIbnw-{_nUvPv t]mfnkn ÌUo-kv- C³Ìn-äyq«v, Bân Uo^-ta-j³
eoKv ADL , Ata-c n-¡³ FâÀss{]-kv C³Ìn-äyq«v, lqhÀ C³Ìn-äyq«v,
hmÀ sdkn-tÌÀkv eoKv Xp-S-§nb kwL-S-\ -I-fp-a mbn kl-I-c-Ww. Ah-
sbÃmw CFR, tkmjy-en-kväv CâÀ\m-j-WÂ F¶n-h-bpsS ap¶Wn
{]Øm-\-§Ä.
IPS s\ ià-ambn ]n³Xp-W-¨-h À ssa¡Â t\mhmIv, Po³
{InIv]m{Sn-Iv, bqPn³ tdmtÌm-h v, sFÀhn³ kphmÂ ( ADL ) sebv³
InÀIvem³Uv, tPbv sehvtÌm¬, s_³ hm-«³_ÀKv, FÂtam kpwhmÄ«v,
anUvPv sUIvSÀ, tkmÄ sNbvIn³, \mäv ho³_ÀKv, knUv\n lq¡v,
511
entbm sNÀsW, tP¡_v t¢a³, tdm¬ sUem-kv, tPmÀÖv aIv Kth¬,

XpS-§n-b-hÀ. t\mhmIv ]n¶oSv It¯m-en¡ ssZh-im-kv{X-Ú-\m-bn.
InÀIv] m{Sn-I v, kpwhmÄ«v F¶n-h-s cm-gnsI FÃm t]cpw BZyw kqNn-¸n¨
CS-X p-] £ kwL-S-\-I -fnÂ {]apJ t_mÀUv AwK-§Ä. FXnsâ H¶n-s e-
¦n-epw.
CSXp ]£ tkmjy-en-Ìv, t^_n-b-\n-Ìv, I½yq-Wn-Ìv.
C¶v AXv hfsc henb kwL-S-\-bm-Wv. Xosc sNdp-
Xmb kwL-S-\-bnÂ \n¶pw C{X-t¯mfw hf-c-W-sa-¶p-s-¦nÂ [\-k-
lmbw IqSntb Xocq. [mcm-fw. 1960 apXÂ AXv A[n-I-ambn e`n-¨ n-c p-¶p.
I½yq-Wnkw acn-¨n-«n-Ã. AXnsâ t]cnÂ amäw h¶n-«pv F¶p am{Xw.
1959 Â tdmbÂ C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v CâÀ\m-j-WÂ A^-tbÀkv sâ \nÀt±-
im-\ p-k-c Ww “en_-d-enkw” cmjv{Sob {]Øm-\ -ambn Øm]n-¡-s ¸-«p. cl-
ky-a m-bn. [ IPS Revisited . By. John Coleman]. IPS Atacn¡pbpsS
B`yć hntZiImcy \b§sf KmUambn kzm[o\n¨p.
1959 Â, tUhnUv tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ, tÌ¬ IpSpw_w, dq_n³
ût-j³ ]ns¶ {_q¡n§vkv C³Ìn-äyq-«v, lqhÀ C³Ìn-äyq-«v,
Ìm³^ÀUv dnkÀ¨v C³Ìn-äyq«v F¶n-hn-S-§-fnÂ \n¶pÅ imkv{X-Ú-
·mÀ, _p²n-Po-hn-IÄ F¶n-h -cpsS ]n³Xp-W-tbmsS “en_-dÂ ]²-X n”¡v
XpS-¡-a m-bn. NneÀ ähn-tÌm¡v C³Ìn-äyq-«nÂ ]cn-io-e\w t\Sn-b-h-cm-bn-
cp-¶p. amÀIkv dmkvIn³ Xp-S-§n-b-hÀ. At±lw tPmÀÖv _³Un-bpsS
klm-bn. tPmÀPv aIv Kth-Wn-sâ-bpw. `c-W-L-S-\sb A\p-k-c n-¡m¯
National Security Council se apgp-h³ kab AwKw. aIv tPmÀÖv
_³Un, dmkvInsâ Gähpw Xo{h-amb Bi-b-§Ä \ne-hnÂ sImp
hcp-¶-Xn\v klm-bn-¨ p. NSC Ata-cn-¡sb kwc-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-t\-¡mfpw
A´m-c mjv{S tkmjy-en-ks¯ kwc-£n-¡p-¶-X n\p thn-bp-Å -Xm-bn-cp-
¶p. NSC Øm]n-¡-s ¸-«-Xnsâ {][m\ Dt±yiw ]e hntZ-i- cm-Py-§Ä¡p
thn cl-kym-t\z-jWw \S-¯p-I F¶-Xn\m-bn-cp-¶p. {]tXy-I n¨pw
{_n«³, C{km-tbÂ, tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b³. IPS Â tNÀ¶ _p²n-Po-hn-I-
fnÂ {][m-\ n-IÄ tUhnUv dok-va³, dn¨ÀUv _mÀ\-äv, BÀXÀ hmkvtIm,
ssa¡Â aIv tIm_n, ImÄ slÊv, tdm_À«v _Àen§v Jmw, amÀIkv
dmkvIn³. [\klmbw {]tXyIn¨pw dnhÀsskUv NÀ¨v, tÌ¬ ^manen
ûtj³, kmaphÂ dq_n³ ^v.
“en_-dÂ ]²-Xn” X¿m-dm-¡nb {]_Ôw Bh-iy-s ¸-«Xv
Ata-cn¡ _Àen-\nÂ \n¶pw ]n·m-dp-I, GI]£o-b-a mbn BW-h -]-co-
£Ww \ndp¯n h¡p-I, D]tbmK iq\yhpw, A]ISImcnbpamb ( NATO
) \mtämbpsS ssk\oI hn`mK¯n\v Atacn¡ \evInhcp¶ klmbw
\ndp¯em¡pI ,{]kn-Uv {Sqa³, t]mÌvUm-a nÂ A\p-h-Zn¨ D]-{K-l-
512
cmPy§-fpsS \nb-{´Ww XpS-cp-¶-Xn\v USSR s\ A\p-h-Zn-¡pI XpS-§n-b-

h-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
1961 Â dmkvIn\pw _mÀ\äpw ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-t¼mÄ,
_mÀ\äv Ata-c n-¡³ Bbp[ \nb-{´W \ntcm-[\ kwL-¯nsâ
cmjv{Sob Kth-jW hn`mKw sU]yq«n Ub-d-IvS-dm-bn-c p-¶p. 1963 Â AhÀ
IPS Øm]n-¨p. AXns\ ISpw]nSp¯anÃm¯ ]WvUnXamcpsS
KthjWtI{µw F¶v hnfn¨p. ]n¶oSv \nIpXn clnX ût-j-\m-¡n.
IPS Â AwK-a m-Ip-¶-Xn\v ap³]v Xs¶ BÀXÀ hmkvtIm, Xsâ hn] vf h
kwL-S\ cq]o-I-cn-¨n-c p-¶p. Peace Research Institute
Ata-c n-¡³ kaq-l-¯nÂ amä-§Ä hcp-
¯p-¶-Xn\p thn, hmkvtIm {]tbm-Kn-¨n-cp¶ kam-[m\w F¶Xv kÀKm-
ßI {Ia-{`wiw krjvSn-¡pI. A{Iaw krjvSn-¡p¶p F¶ Imc-W-¯mÂ
At\Iw XhW Ad-Ìn-em-bn. A{Iamkàhpw {IaanÃm¯Xpamb
s]cpamä¯n\pw A{Iaw t{]mÕmln¸n¨Xn\pw . {]kwKw KpWw sN¿n-Ã.
{]hÀ¯-\-a mWv Bh-iyw. \nIpXn k{¼-Zm-b-¯ n\v FXn-c m-bn-c p-¶p.
hn¹h¯n\pÅ ]²Xn X¿mdmt¡Xpw kwLSn¸nt¡Xpw ]n³hen
t¡Xpw tImSXnbneqsSbÃ adn¨v Poh³ ]Wb
s¸Sp¯nbn«mhWw.1968 Â tämw tlbvU³, tImdm- hoÊv F¶nhcp-am-bn-
t¨À¶v Days of Rage tcmj-¯nsâ \mfp-IÄ F¶ sUtam-{Imäv
I¬sh³j³ \S-¯n. Aºo tlm^va ³, ]oäÀ hoÊv F¶n-h-cp-am-bn-
t¨À¶v sXcp-hn-te¡v. hmjn§vS³ DC A¶phtc¡pw In«pÅXnÂ
h¨v Gähpw _rl¯mb hnbäv\mw bp²-hn-cp² dmen kwL-Sn-¸ n-¡p-¶-
XnÂ ap³]nÂ. IPS \p thn SDS se sd¶o tU-hnkpambn-t¨À¶v
{]_Ôw X¿mdm-¡n. A Proposal for the Formation of Liberation,
Collective Brigades for the Disruption of Washington. {][m\
Xocpam\§fnÂ NneXv (a) ]mÀesaâv AwK§sf hnbäv\mw bp²s¯
\ymboIcn¡p¶ ImcW§Ä hniZoIcn¡p¶Xn\v \nÀ_v[n¡pI. (b) CIA,
s]âK¬ F¶nhbnte¡pÅ hgn D]tcm[n¡pI (c)hnbäv\mw bp²s¯
]n³XpW¡cpsX¶v ssk\ys¯ t_m[ hXv¡ cn¡pI.
hnbäv\mw bp²hncp² {]t£m`§Ä¡v t\XrXzw
\evInbXv lt\mbn Pbv³ t^m F¶ a«nemWv {]NmcWw. bYmÀ°
¯nÂ NcSphen¨Xv IPSsâ Øm]I\pw apJy kwLmSI\pamb dn¨ÀUv
_mÀ\äv. Atacn¡bnse {][m\ I½yqWnÌv kwLS\bmb \mjWÂ
temtbckv KnÂUnse AwKw IqSnbmbncp¶p _mÀ\äv.
hnbäv\mant\mSpÅ Atacn¡³ \b§fpsS A`n`mjI
I½nänbpsS \nb{´Ww _mÀ\än\pw .asämcwKw .]oäÀ hokv ChcpsS
513
Xo£Wamb {]XnIcW§fmWv s]mXpP\m`n{]mbw F¶v I]Sambn

hnebncp¯n bp²¯nÂ\n¶pw HutZymKnI A\paXnbnÃmsX
]n³amdp¶Xn\v \nIvkW\v XpWbmbXv. s]mXpP\m`n{]mbs¯
Zpcp]tbmKs¸Sp¯pI F¶Xv Atacn¡³ {]knUpamcpsS
s]mXp\bhpw. i{Xp B{Ian¡p¶p F¶v hymPambn {]Ncn¸n¨v
Atacn¡³ P\Xsb bq²¯nte¡v \bn¨Xn\ptijw,
bp²s¡mXnb³amcmb Atacn¡³ P\X F¶v hcp¯n¯oÀ¡pI.
A§ns\ Atacn¡³ `cW LS\ A«nadn¡pI.
ku¯v B{^n-¡-b nÂ \mj-WÂ tIm¬{K-kn-t\bpw
ANC, s\Âk¬ at-e-s bbpw A[n-Im-c -¯n-te-än-bXpw IPS. Un
s¢À¡v, t_mY F¶n-h-c psS klm-b-t¯m-sS. [\-k-lmbw {][m-\-a mbpw
Stern Family Fund, Samuel Rubin Fund, Rockefeller Brothers Foundation
XpS-§n-b-hÀ.
kwL-SnX aXw hln¨ ]¦v KW-\o-b-am-Wv. Riverside
Church, Reverend William Sloan Coffin, National Council of Churches,
World Council of Churhes, _nÃn {Klmw F¶n-b-s ¸-Sp¶ _nÃn {^m¦vkv
F¶n-h À hnbäv\mw bp²-¯nÂ CS-s]-«p. ku¯v B{^n-¡-bnÂ tlmf-
nse, bq{S¡v Â \n¶pÅ JkmÀ hwi-P³, losÊ³hnävkv F¶
]ptcm-ln-Xsâ aI³, Dutch Reformed Church DRC Â {]^-kÀ
tlbv³ kv F¶v Adn-b-s ¸-«p. ku¯v B{^n-¡-bnÂ shÅ-¡msc GtIm-
]n-¸n-¨Xv DRC . hÀ¤-h n-`-P\w km²yam-¡n-b-Xnsâ ASn-¯-d-bpw DRC.
Faick sâ IPS ]²-Xn-bv¡-\p-k-cn¨v, DRC bpsS \nb-{´Ww t\Snb
slbv³kv hÀ¤-hn-`-P\w ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡n.
IPS {][m-\-a mbpw kmap-hÂ dq_n³ ût-j-t\mSv SRF
IS-s ¸-«n-c n-¡p-¶p. kmap-h Â dq_n³. djy-bnÂ \n¶pw h¶ JkmÀ.
BÀa³Uv l½m-dnsâ kplr-¯v. kuµ-c y-hÀ²I I¼-\n¡v Faberge
F¶ t]cp \ÂIn. ImÄ. Pn. ^m_ÀsK, djy³ N{I-hÀ¯n sdmam-t\mhv
IpSpw-_-¯nsâ B`-c Ww \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-hÀ. temI-{]-i -kvXÀ. SRF sâ
Hmôkv . UN aµn-c -¯n\v FXnÀh-iw. \yqtbmÀ¡nÂ. Hmôkv Xncn-¨ -dn-
bp-¶-Xn\v AS-bm-f-§Ä {]ZÀin-¸n-¨n-«n-Ã. ^nen]v sÌw, ]oäÀ hoÊv, ]oä-
dnsâ `mcy tImd. tImd, kmap-hÂ dq_nsâ aIÄ. 1968 apXÂ tkmjy-
enÌv CâÀ\m-j-W-en\v [\-k-lmbw SRF Â \n¶v. \nb-{´-W-hpw.
Pqen-bkv tdmk³hmÄUv û-t-j³ JRF òa-amb
km¼-¯nI klmbw \ÂIn. kb-WnÌv hn¹-h-I m-c n-I Ä IPS s\ klm-bn-
¡p-¶-X n\v kZm k¶-²-c m-bn-c p-¶p. sÌw, `mcy, ]oäÀ, `mcy FÃm-t]cpw
kaÀ¸nX kb-Wn-Ìv- I½yq-WnÌpIÄ. sÌw sâ A½m-h³ BÂ{^-Uv,
t_mÄsj-hnIv ]nWn-bmÄ.
514
IPS s\ km¼-¯n-I-ambn klm-bn-¡p-¶ -XnÂ {]ap-J-c mb aäp-Å-h À.

1. The Funding Exchange. KÄ^v B³Uv shtÌ¬, Uyqt]m-v, IBM,
]nÂkv s_dn F¶n-hÀ AXn\v [\-k-lmbw \ÂIp-¶p. ANC sb [mcm-f-
ambn klm-bn-¨n-cp-¶p. P\dÂ amákv ame³, dotem^v tabÀ, t_mYm,
sU¢À¡v F¶nhÀ A[nIambn [\klmbw t\Sn.
2. tÌ¬ ^v, I½yqWnÌv A\pIqe kbWnÌv IpSpw_w, At\Iw
cmPy§fnÂ I½yqWnk¯n\v klmbw \evIn. ap³]v \mjWÂ
Iu¬knÂ Hm^v NÀ¨kv , thÄUv Iu¬knÂ Hm^v NÀ¨kv
F¶nhbnÂ D¶X ]Zhnbnencp¶ tUhnUv lÀ, tÌ¬ ^nsâ
\nb{´Ww
3. The DJB Foundation Um\n-tbÂ. sP. t_¬Ìo³. acn-¡p-t¼mÄ e£-

¡-W-¡n\v tUmfÀ IPS \p thn \ÂIn-bn-c p-¶p. a\p-jysâ Gähpw
henb i{Xp-h mb Ata-c n-¡¡v FXnsc D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn.
I½yq-WnÌv Kh¬saâp-Isf Ah-tcm-[ n-¡p-¶-Xn\v e£-¡-W-¡n\v
tUmfÀ samkmw-_n-¡v, AwtKm-f, tdmtU-jy, ku¯v B{^n¡ F¶n-h n-S-
§-fn-te¡v Hgp-In.
4. The Rabinowitz Foundation. eqbn, PqZm-bnkw {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\p
thn Øm]n-¨Xv, acp-a-I³ hnIvSÀ dm_n-t\m-h nävkv AXns\
Imkvt{Smsb klm-bn-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn D]-tbm-Kn-¨p. ]ns¶ FÃm-bn-
S¯pw I½yq-WnÌv tkmjy-enÌv Bi-b-§Ä {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-X n-\pw.
tkmhn-bäv Nmc-·mÀ BÂKÀ lnÊv, PqUn¯v tIm¹³Uv F¶n-hsc kwc-
£n¨ \nb-a-hn-Z-Kv²À Rabinowitz Boudin And Standard Â AwK-amWv
hnIvSÀ. 1960 apXÂ AhÀ Imkvt{Smsb kwc£n¡p¶p.
I½yq-Wn-k-¯nsâ ap¶Wn {]Øm-\-a mb National Lawyers
Guild sâ A²y-£³. _uUnsâ aIÄ Im¯n, Ip{]-kn²
“Weatherman” t_mw_À. ]n¶oSv ANC ¡v t_mw_n-§nÂ ]cn-io-e\w
\ÂIn. s\Âk¬ at-e¡v [\-k-lmbw e`y-a m-bn-c p-¶-Xnsâ Dd-h n-Sw.
`mcy Adn-b-s¸-«n-cp-¶Xv Necklace ate F¶v. s]t{SmÄ \nd¨ SbÀ Po-
h-\pÅ a\pjysâ Igp-¯nÂ AWn-bn¨v Xo sImfp¯n Bkz-Zn-¨ n-c p-¶-h À.
A\p-bm-bn-I Ä AÀ²-]-«n-W n-bnepw apgp-¸ -«n-Wn-bnepw Ign-ªn-c p-¶-t¸mÄ
BUw-_-c -Po-hnXw \bn-¨ n-c p-¶-h À. se\n³, amÀIvkv F¶n-h-cpsS Pohn-X -
co-Xn-bnÂ \n¶pw ]Tn-s ¨-Sp-¯ -Xm-I-Ww.
IPS s\bpw AXnsâ IognÂ, {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ skâÀ t^mÀ
CâÀ\mj-WÂ t]mfn-kn, skâÀ t^mÀ \mj-WÂ ÌUokv F¶n-hsb
klm-bn-¨ n-c p¶ aäv {]Øm-\-§Ä þ sP. tdmUv\n aIv-BÀXÀ ût-j³
515
, t^mÀUv ûtj³, ARCA ût-j³, t¹t_m-bv ût-j³,

Pm³kv ût-j³, amcn sdbvt\mÄUvkv _m_vtIm¡v ût-j³,
ss_sUbvÂ ût-j³, \yq thÄUv ût-j³, jem³ ût-
j³. klmbw tamkvtImbnÂ \n¶Ã. Atacn¡³ hntZi \bw
\nb{ń¡p¶Xv IPS hàm¡sf D¶X ]ZhnbnÂ {]XnjvTn¨psImv.
Ata-cn-¡-bpsS hntZi \b-§sf IPS kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶Xv {]ap-J-a mbpw
skâÀ t^mÀ \mj-WÂ skIyq-cnäv ÌUo-kv, I½nän t^mÀ \mj-WÂ
skIyq-cnän ÌUo-kv, skâÀ t^mÀ Un^³kv C³^Àta-j³
F¶nhbneqsS . ap³ Kh¬saâv DtZym-K-Øsc IPS Â tNÀ¡pI
F¶Xv \b-¯nsâ `mK-a m-Wv. ap³ CIA Ub-d-IvSÀ hnÃyw tImÄ_n, ap³
U.N Aw_m-k-UÀ tUm¬ aIv sl³{Sn. ap³ ssk\nI sk{I-«dn Ìm³en
dntkmÀ, AUvan-dÂ tämw tUhn-kv, ap³ {]Xn-tcm[ hIp¸v Akn-Ìâv
sk{I-«dn hnÃyw tIm^va ³ ap³ {]Xn-tcm[ sk{I-« dn ¢mÀ¡v
¢n^vt^mÀUv. ]mÀ-e-s aâw-K-a m-bn-c n-¡p-t¼mÄ Xs¶ tämw lmÀIn³.
aXw Imcy-a mb ]n³XpW \ÂIn. tkmjy-enÌv
I½yq-WnÌv ]ptcm-ln-X-· mÀ. ku¯v B{^n-¡-bnÂ. AhÀ “]WvUn-X-cp-
sSbpw {]hÀ¯-I-cp-sSbpw, `c-W-a m-ä-¯n\p thn-bpÅ kwLmXw”
F¶v Adn-b-s¸-«p. AXnÂ DÄs¸-«n-c p-¶Xv sIbvw{_oUvPv C³Ìn-äyq-«v,
]kn-^nIv \yqkv kÀÆo-kv, C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v ktX¬ ÌUo-kv, C³Ìn-
äyq«v t^mÀ hnsa³kv ÌUo-kv, ût-j³ t^mÀ \mj-WÂ t{]m{K-kv,
thÄUv ]okv tabvt¡Àkv, Nnen I½nän Hm¬ lyqa³ ssdävkv, Ata-cn-
¡³kv t^mÀ sUsam-{Im-änIv B£³, dnh-ÀsskUv NÀ¨v Unkv BÀa-
saâv t{]m{Kmw, AÀ_³ _nj]vkv Hm^v F]n-kvtIm-¸Â NÀ¨v. FÃmw
SRF Â \n¶v òamb [\-k-lmbw \ÂIn.
CSXp]Ij ^m_nb\nÌpIÄ “_nj¸v “ “]ptcmlnX³” F¶
hymtP\ AXns\ \bn¨p.
dnhÀsskUv NÀ¨nsâ \ncmbp²oIcW ]²XnbpsS
Xe¸¯v tImd hoÊv . AXnsâ {]hÀ¯\w Bcm[\meb§tfbpw
A\p_Ô Øm]\§sfbpw Npän¸änbmbncp¶p. AhbnÂ \pgªp
Ibdn AwK§sf tkmjyenÌv {]hÀ¯cm¡pI F¶Xmbncp¶p Dt±yiw.
tImd hoÊv ]dªncp¶Xv tkmhnbäpIsf¡pdn¨pÅ `bw
CÃmsXbm¡pI F¶Xv {][m\ {]hÀ¯\amWv F¶mWv. 20 e£w
A^vJm³ A`bmÀ°nIÄ ]pdw cmPy-§-fn-te¡v ]mem-b\w sNbvX p F¶v
]Sn-ªm-d³ clkymt\zjW kwLS\IÄ XoÀ¯pw Dd¸n¨t¸mÄ IPS
hàmhv dn¨ÀUv _mÀ\äv A^vKm\nØm\nÂ Bbp[ Iem]w F¶Xv
XnI¨pw AhmkvXhhpw, tkmhnbäv òjWn \ne\nev¡p¶nÃ
F¶pamWv ]dªXv. IPS kn²m´§fnÂ am{Xw HXp§n¶nÃ . t\cn«pÅ
{]hÀ¯\hpw.
516
60 IfnÂ CSXp]£¯v Fs´¦nepw {]hÀ¯\w

\S¡p¶ps¦nÂ IPS AXnÂ ]¦mfnIfmbncp¶p. ]ucmhImiw,
Idp¯h\v A[nImcw . kÀÆIemime ]cnjvIcWw, bp²hncp²
{]t£m`§Ä, P\§fnte¡v Cd§ns¨¶v t_m[hXv¡cWw, kuP\y
hnZymeb§Ä, {]Xntcm[ kqN\, FÃmänepw Hcp hn[¯nesÃ¦nÂ
asämcp hn[¯nÂ IPS DÄs¸ Sp¶p. bmYmØnXnI {]Øm\w F¶p
IcpXs¸Sp¶ sldntäbvPv ûtj³ t]mepÅ {]Øm\§fpsStaepw
kzm[o\w ]peÀ¯p¶p.
ss]im-Nn-I-cmb “_nj]v ” Späp , “sdh-dv” Ae³ _okm¡v . “D]tZin
þ{]hNI³” . A¯c¡mÀ Ønc-a mbn \b-] -c-a mb Xocp-am-\-§Ä FSp-
¡p¶ Xe-¯n-epÅ Dt±ym-K-Øsc Ønc-a mbn kµÀin-¡p-¶p. Bcm-[-\me-
b-§-fnÂ AhÀ {ZqX-KXnbnepÅ hyXn-bm-\-§Ä {]mhÀ¯n-I-am-¡p-¶p.
IPS- {]kn-²o-I-c -W-amWv SOUJOURNERS
_nÃn {Klm-a n-s\-t¸m-ep-Å Chm³P-en-¡Â, cmjv{Snb ]ptcm-ln-X-·m-

scbpw, NCC, WCC F¶n-h-bpsS Iogn-epÅ apJym-[mcm s{]m«-Ìâv, It¯m-
en¡ Bcm-[-\m-e-b -§Ä F¶n-h-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-a p-Å-X m-Wv. 1980 IfnÂ IPS
_nÃn {Klmw, s{Iwen³ kµÀin-¡p-¶-Xn\v hgn-s bm-cp-¡n. XncnsI hcp¶
hgn e-\nÂ hnfn¨p tNÀ¯ ]{X kt½-f-\-¯nÂ {Klmw ]d-ªXv
AhnsS bm{X sN¿p-¶-Xn\v XSÊ§t-fXpanÃ, Fhn-tSbpw t]mIp¶Xn\v
km[n¨p F¶m-Wv.
CutÌ¬ en_-dÂ FÌm-»nj saânse k¼-¯pw, kzm[o-\hpw
DÅ-hÀ ]s¦-Sp-¯, dnhÀsskUv NÀ¨v \nb-{ń¨ Ccp-X e aqÀ¨-bpÅ
B{I-a Ww (aX, km¼-¯n-I) ku¯v B{^n-¡bv¡v t\sc . 1977 Â
tPmÀPv _qjnsâ kl-]m-T nbpw kvI Ä B³Uv t_m¬knse AwK-
hpamb hnÃyw tÉmB³ tIm^n³, dnhÀsskUnsâ Ub-d-IvS-dm-bn .
sl³{Sn FtaÀk¬ t^mkvUn-¡n\v tijw.
\yqtbmÀ¡nse ]Sn-ªm-d³ `mK¯v lUvk¬ \Znsb A`n-ap-Jo-I -
cn¨v sXm«p-c pan \nev¡p-¶p. dnhÀsskUv NÀ¨pw \mj-WÂ Iu¬knÂ
Hm^v NÀ¨nsâ Hmô-kp-Ifpw . CXv cpw Xpc¦w hgn _Ôn-¡-s¸-«n-cn-
¡p-¶p. dnhÀssk-Unsâ t_mÀUnÂ NCC bpsS 40 t]sc-¦nepw DÄs¸-Sp-
¶p. 100 t]sc-¦nepw HutZym-KnI AwK-§fpw . sXm«-Sp¯ Xs¶ bqWn-
b³ Xntbm-f-Pn-¡Â skan-\m-cn-bpw.
temI-am-I-am-\-a pÅ amÀIvknÌv kwL-S-\-I-fnse Xo{h ]£-
¡mÀ ]s¦-Sp¯ knwt]m-kn-b-a nÂ IPS sâ \yqtbmÀ¡v ssSwkv kl
]{Xm-[n-]À tämw hn¡-dns\ dnhÀsskUv NÀ¨nsâ sNe-hnÂ ]s¦-Sp-¸n-¨p.
517
dnhÀssk-Uv, hnÃyw tÉmB³ tIm^n sâ kl-{]-hÀ¯-IÀ XnI¨pw

{InkvX p-a X hncp-²-c p-a mbn AXohw ASp-¸-¯ n-em-bn-c p-¶p.
hn¡-dns\ ]n³Xp-W-¨p-s Imv TASS {]Xn-\n[n sFtKmÀ Ctá-jyhv.
dh-dv tIm^n³ dnhÀ sskUnÂ hcp-¶-Xn\p apt¶ tImd- hoÊv, dnhÀ
sskUnsâ tdUntbm WRVR-FM Â ]ä-n¡q-Sn-bn-cp-¶p. NCC bpsS ASp-
¡Â Hmôkpw . AhnsS \n¶pw AhÀ hS-¡³ hnb-äv\m-ap-ImÀ¡v
]n³XpW \ÂIn. Ata-cn-¡³ kwL-S-\-I-fn-eqsS Xo{h CSXp ]£w hnP-b-
¯nsâ D¶-X n-bn-te-¡v.
tIm^n-³ Xma-kn-bmsX tImd-bp-a mbn KmV-a mbn ASp-¯p.
At±-l-¯ nsâ {]Øm-h\IÄ FÃmw “tImdbpw Rm\pw” F¶ kwÚ
DÄsImp. dnhÀssk-Unsâ AI-¯-f-§-fnÂ kzmX-{ý-a p-m-bn-cp¶ aäp-
Å-hÀ tImd-bpsS `À¯mhv ]oäÀ, amÀIkv dmkvIn³, dn¨ÀUv _mÀ\äv .
{InkvXy³ kwL-S-\-I-fpsS Xe-¸ ¯v 4 PqX³amÀ. IPS sâ anIhv . tkmjy-
enÌv Bbn-c p¶ _mÀ\äv 1957 þÂ IrkvXp-a Xw kzoI-cn-¨n-cp-¶p. 1978 þÂ
At±lw World Peace Makers Øm]n-¨p. tlmfnse bp{S-Ivänse
{InkvXy³ Øm]-\ -§-fnÂ \n¶pw {]tNm-Z\w DÄsIm-n-«mWv F¶v
_mÀ\äv . bqs{SIväv hfsc \mfmbn tkmjy-enÌv hn¹h {InkvXym\n anj-
W-dn-a m-c psS Xmh-f-am-bn-cp-¶p. AhÀ I½yq-Wnkw B[n-] Xyw t\Sp-¶-Xn\v
{ian-¨ n-c p¶ FÃm cmPy-§-fnepw DuÀÖkze-am-bn-cp-¶p. ku¯v B{^n-¡,
\n¡m-cKz-, sX¡³ sImdn-b, ^nen-¸o³kv XpS§n At\Iw cmPy-§-fnÂ .
Cu anj-W-dn-a mÀ KGB tIWÂ tPm tÉmthmbpsS `mcy dq¯v ^Ìn-\pw,
amÀIvknÌv ZANU, ZAPU , AwtKmf-bntebpw samkmw-_n-¡n-tebpw
amÀIvknÌv `c-W-Iq-S-§Ä¡pw klmbw \evI n. tIm^n³ Chn-S-§-fnse
t\Xm-¡-· msc dnhÀssk-UnÂ kzoI-c n-¨n-«p-v.
dnhÀsskUpw IPS Dw ANC, SWAPO, KGB F¶nhbv¡pthn [\
kam-l-cWw \S-¯n. samkmw-_n-¡nÂ amÀIvknÌv Kh¬saâns\ Ah-tcm-
[n-¡p-¶-X n\v tPm tÉmthm 80 tImSn cq] ssI¸-än.
Pqsse 1982 Â dnhÀsskUpw IPS Dw tNÀ¶v ANC, MPLA
apKmt_-bpsS kwL-S\ F¶n-h -bpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-I -fpsS kt½-f\w hnfn¨p
tNÀ¯p. ku¯v B{^n-¡-bnse A¸mÀ¯nUv `c-W-Iq-S-¯n-s \-Xn-s c-bpÅ
{]t£m-`-¯n\v ]n³XpW t\Sp-¶-X n-s \-¡p-dn-¨v.
1979 –Â dnhÀssk-UnÂ \n¶pÅ {]hÀ¯\w Xo{h-am-bn. IPS
AhcpsS World Peace Council sâ B`napJy-¯nÂ ANC bpsS B ka-
bs¯ {]knv Hen-hÀ ämwt_m, SWAPO-(South West African Peoples
Organisation) -bpsS t\Xmhv kmw \p³tPm F¶n-hsc “sX¡³ B{^n-¡-
bnse kzmX{ý {]t£m-`-§Ä¡p thn-bpÅ t]mcm-«-§Ä¡v ]n³XpW
518
\evIp¶Xn\pÅ kt½-f-\-¯n-te¡v £Wn-¨ p. Xo{h-amb A{Iaw {]tLm-

jn-¡p-¶-hsc temI-k-am-[m\ kwL-S\ kzoI-c n-¨p.
tIm^n\pw hoÊpw Ft¸mgpw cp hi¯pw Nmªp-\ n-¶p.
tIm^n³ {]mÀ°\tbmsS tbmKw Bcw-`n-¡p-Ibpw Ahn-s S-bpÅ I½yq-
Wn-Ìp-I-tfmSv “ssZhw” F¶ hm¡v D]-tbm-Kn-¨-X n\v £a tNmZn-¡p-I bpw
sN¿pI ]Xn-h m-bn-c p-¶p. apgp-h³ [\-k-lm-bhpw Atacn¡³ I½yq-WnÌv
]mÀ«n A²y£³ sl³{Sn hn³Ì³ hI.
“sX¡³ B{^n-¡-tbm-SpÅ Ata-c n-¡-³ \bw” F¶ knwt]m-
b-¯n-te¡v IPS , hmjn-§vS-\ nse tkmhn-bäv Fw_-kn-bpsS D¶X DtZym-
K-ØÀ ]mthÂ ]mhvtemhv , hvfmUn-anÀ kvt{Sm¡n³ F¶n-hsc £Wn-¨p.
1984 HmKÌv 16.
hntZi Imcy a{ń t_mY 33 Sn{Kn tabvk¬ CFR sâ in¦nSn
]Ww sImSp¯v IPS I½yp-WnÌv hIvXmhpw hn¹-h-Im-cn-bp-a mb _nj]v
sUkvtamv änäp-hn-s \, I]S ]ptcm-ln-Xs\ sImfw-_nb bqWn-thÀkn-
än-bnse kmap-hÂ dq_n³ A²y-£-\mbn Ah-tcm-[n-¨p. ]oäÀ hokv 160
tImSn cq] Samuel Rubin Chair Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn\v \evI n-bn-c p¶p.
km³U-\n-Ìm-kn-t\-bpw, ^nUÂ Imkvt{Smtbbpw ]n³Xp-W¨ IPS {]Øm-
\-§fmb Office on Africa, {Sm³kv B³Uv ktX¬ B{^n¡ kt¸mÀ«v
I½n-än, Ata-c n-¡³ I½nän Hm¬ B{^n¡ F¶n-h -bpsS sX¡³ B{^n-
¡³ \b-§Ä cq]o-I-c n-¡p-¶-XnÂ hmjn-§vSs\ kzm[o-\n¨p. IPS s\
klm-bn-¡p-¶-Xn\v tämw hn¡-À , ]pen-ÌÀ k½m\ tPXmhv. BâWn eqbn-
kv, ^vtfmd eqbnkv F¶ Fgp-¯p-ImÀ DÄs¸-Sp¶ kwLw Iq«-¯nÂ
\mj-WÂ ]_vfnIv tdUn-tbm.
ût-j³ Hm^v \mj-WÂ t{]m{Kkv Mother Jones Earth
News Øm]n-¨p. ]ns¶ AÀ_³ _nj]vkv Hm^v F]vkvtIm-¸Â NÀ¨pw.
F¸n-kvtIm-¸Â Bcm-[-\m-e-b-§fnÂ tkmjy-enÌv en_-td-j³ Xntbm-f-
Pnbpw CS-Xp-]£ Bi-b-§fpw {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-¶ -Xn\p thn. he-Xp-]£
_u²nI {]Øm-\-§-sf¶v t]mXpsh Icp-X-s ¸-Sp¶ sldn-täPv ût-
j³, HF, t]mep-Å-h-bpsS taÂ IPS Imcy-amb kzm[o\w sNep-¯p-¶p.
HF hmkvX-h-¯-nÂ \nb-{ń-¨ n-c p-¶Xv t^_n-b\n-Ìp-Ifpw tkmjy-en-Ìp-I-
fp-amWv. ]oäÀ hnt¡Àkv lmÄ s\t¸m-ep-Å-h À. 2003 Â.
]mÀesaâns\ adnIS¡p¶Xn\v Atacn¡³ {]knUpamÀ¡v XpWbmbn
AXohw \nb{ńX ]{X kt½f\§fpw kpe`yamb sSenhnj³
_Ô§fpw bp²hnImcw Cf¡n hnSp¶Xn\v IPS apXseSp¯p. bq²
{]Jym]\anÃmsX bp²¯n\p t]mIp¶Xn\v {]m]vXn \evI n. ]ns¶
519
bp²¯ns\Xncmbn \Sn¨v Ccp Iq«tcbpw Zpcp]tbmKs¸Sp¯n. bp²

hncp² {]t£m`w hmjn§v S\nÂ Bfn¡¯p¶Xp hsc ssaembv
Iq«¡pcnXnsb¡pdn¨v hnhc§Ä ]qgv¯n hbv¡s¸«p. ]n¶oSv _mÀ\äpw
hS¡³ hnbäv\ mw {]knUv ^mw hmw tUm§pw, AXv, \yqtbmÀ¡v
ssSwkvse slÀjv \v tNmÀ¯ns¡mSp¯p. lyqhnÂ 500 Hmfw sX¡³
hnbäv\mapImsc I½yqWnÌpIÄ shSnh¨p sImÃpIbpw Poht\msS
Ipgn¨p aqSpIbpw sNbvXp. _pjpw Iq«cpw Poht\msS Ipgn¨ aqSnb 12,000
Cdm¡n `S·msc¡pdn¨v slÀjv \ni_vZX ]men¨p. _pjnsâ Iq«mfnIÄ
sN\n, tImfn³ ]ÆÂ, jzmÀ«vkv tIm^v . bp²w Ignªv hS¡³
hnbäm\mapImÀ Xpd¶p Xs¶ k½Xn¨XmWv Atacn¡³ sSenhnj³,
\yqtbmÀ¡v ssSwkv, hmjn§v S³ t]mÌv, ssSw, \yqkv ho¡v F¶nhbpsS
klmbanÃmsX AhÀ¡v bp²w Pbn¡p¶Xn\v km[n¡pambncp¶nÃ
F¶v. Atacn¡³ hnbäv\ mw bp² hncp² {]NmcWw v IPS sâ
t\XrXz¯nembncp¶p. 1969þÂ IPS Â \n¶pÅ k½À±w
kln¡m\mhmsX 24 ]mÀesaâv AwK§fpw sk\äÀamcpw clkyambn
kt½fn¡pIbpw AhcpsS ]n³XpW IPS \v \evIpIbpapmbn. AXnÂ
amÀIv lmävôÂUv, ]ns¶ sk\äÀ tPmÀPv aIvKth¬. aIvK thWnsâ
sXc-sª-Sp¸p {]N-cWw apJy-ambpw IPS sâ taÂt\m«¯nembncp¶p.
aIvKthWpw lmäv ôÂUpw “bp²w Ahkm\n¸n¡pI” F¶ t`ZKXn
“{]Xntcm[ BhiyI X” _nÃnÂ DÄs¸Sp¯n. AXv ]mÀesaânÂ
]cmPbs¸Sp¯s¸«p. F¶mÂ kÀ¡mcnsâ Hcp hn`mKw
bp²¯ns\XncmsW¶v tcJ krjvSn¡s¸«p.
dn¨ÀUv s^bv¡v . ]n¶oSv Cdm\nse jmsbbpw {]knUv amÀt¡m

knt\bpw A«nadn¡p¶Xn\v ]²Xn X¿mdm¡nb hyàn ss^bv¡nsâ
t\XrXz¯nÂ IPS, MIA-POW bpsS \nb{´Ww ssItbdn. s]mXphnÂ
Adnb s¸Sm¯ Hcp {]Øm\w s]mXpP\ {]t£m`w
kwLSn¸n¡psa¶pw AXv Atacn¡sb hnbäm\mw bp²¯nÂ \n¶pw
]n³Xncnbp¶Xn\v \nÀ_Ôn¡psa¶pw Bcpw IcpXnbncp¶nÃ.
ku¯v B{^n¡bnepw AtX kwLw
Atacn¡nbse “h©Icmb Bcm[\meb§Ä” Gähpw
IncmXamb `cWIqSw Øm]n¡p¶Xn\v t\XrXzw \evIn. tlmfnse
bqs{SIvänse Jkmdnb³ ]ptcmlnX³ losÊÂhnävknsâ aI³, U¨v
dnt^mwUv NÀ¨nÂ {]^kÀ slbv³kv F¶ hymtP\ \pgªp Ibdn.
AXns\ ASnapSn DS¨p XIÀ¯p. AXv sX¡³ B{^n¡bnÂ
shÅ¡mcpsS Bcm[\mebw . hÀ¤obXbpsS BØm\w. s^bv¡v
A\h[n XhW slbv³kns\ kµÀin¨p. se\n\pw t{SmSvkvI nbpw
520
hmÄkv{Soänt\bpw BÂ{Ûv anÂ\À {]`phnt\bpw B{ibn¨Xp

t]mse, IPS kmaphÂ dq_n³ ûjs\ A[nIambn B{ibn¨ncp¶p.
CFR
Council On Foreign Relations
CFR CSXpw heXpw cmjv{So-b-[ m-c -IÄ DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p. [ The Occult
Conspiracy. By. Michael Howard ] CÃyq-an-\m-än-bpsS Ata-c n-¡³ imJ.
Cw¥-nÂ tdmbÂ C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v CâÀ\m-j-WÂ A^-tbÀkv. cmw
temI alm-bp-²-¯n\p tijw- U.N eqsS A´m-c mjv{S Xe-¯nÂ tkm-jy-
enkw \ne-h nÂ hcp-¯p¶-Xn\p thn ]cn-{i-a n-¡p-¶p.
CFR sâ ap¶Wn {]Øm-\-§-f nÂ H¶mWv Freedom House.
Centre of Religious Freedom Øm]n-¨Xv 1943 Â sh³sUÂ hnÂsI, Fen-
\À dqskzÂäv. temI Kh¬saâv Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn. {]tXy-
In¨pw U.N Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn. FH t_mÀUv AwK-§-fnÂ A[nIw
t]cpw CFR Â \n¶v. 1997 Â National Forum Foundation {ôUw luknÂ
ebn-¨p. t_mÀUv Hm^v Ub-d-IvtSÀkv þ t_mÀUv A²y-£, t_msä
_mthm temÀUv { CFR, Bilderberg }, Ah-cpsS `À¯mhv hn³Ì¬
temÀUv {ap³ CFR A²y-£³, ss{Sem-ä-dÂ, _nÂUÀ_ÀKv Skull and
Bones } , amIvkv Fw. Imws]Âa³ { CFR, Ata-c n-¡³ C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v
]okv D] A²y-£³}, entbm sNÀsW { CFR, lUvk¬ C³Ìn-äyq«v
Øm]-Imw-Kw, CâÀ\m-j-WÂ sdkvIyq Øm]-ImwKw þ AXv
_pJmdnss\äv, ^mknÌv {]hÀ¯-\ -§Ä¡pÅ CIA {]Øm-\w. _v\mbv
_vdnXv}, amÀ¡v ]maÀ { CFR }, sI¶-¯v. FÂ. BsUÂa³ {CFR}, A{U-
bn³ Icm«v \n¡n {CFR } {Skvä - n-I-fmbn kv_náyq {_k-kn³kvIn,
tamÀ«³ A{_m-tam-hn-ävkv, kmap-hÂ. ]n.l³«n-§vä³, Po³ InÀIv]m{Sn-
¡v, t]mÄ thmÄt^mhnävkv, B³{Uq bwKv. XpS-§n-b-hÀ. FÃm t]cpw
CFR.
1854 \p tijw temÀUv IpSpw-_-¯nse 6 AwK-§-sf¦nepw Skull
& Bones Â.
[ Covert Cadre : Inside The Institute for Policy Studies ]. National Council
of Churches sâ t\Xr-X z-¯nÂ B³{Uq bwKv kwL-Sn-¸n¨ ]²-Xn-bmWv
Church and Government. ]n³Xp-W-bmbn t^mÀUv ût-j³.
Kh¬saâp-ambn IqSp-XÂ ]¦m-fn¯w Dd¸p hcp-¯p-¶-X n\p thn. 1983
521
Â t^_n-b³ skmssk-än-bnse tUmIvSÀ hmÄ«À tdmj³ t_mjv ]d-

ªXv tkmjy-en-kw, aX-¯nsâ klm-b-t¯m-sS-am-{Xta \ne-hnÂ hcn-I-
bpÅp F¶m-Wv. GI-temI Kh¬saâv Øm]n-¡p-¶ -Xn-\pÅ tdms¡-s ^-
ÃÀ ]²-Xn¡v F{Xbpw {][m-\-s ¸-«-XmWv \mj-WÂ Iu¬knÂ Hm^v
NÀ¨-kv (Unholly Alliances . By. James Wardner). tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ kz´w
XmXv]-c y-§-fpsS apt¶-ä -¯n-\mbn Ata-cn-¡-bnse The Federal Council of
Churhces of Christ s\ D]-tbm-Kn-¨p. A´m-c mjv{ S NÀ¨v F¶ Bibw
AXn\p thn {]N-c n-¸n-¡-s¸-«p. FIyq-a-\ n-k-¯n\v XpS-¡-a m-bXv A§n-
s\-bm-Wv. Liberal Ecumenical Protestantism sâ {][m\ km¼-¯nI
klmbn tdms¡-s^-Ã-dpw.
Federal Council of Chruches FCC se AwK-§-fmb 3 CFR AwK-§Ä.
1. hmÄ«À hm³ InÀIv. FCC sk{I-«-dn. tIm¬^-d³knse UN Ata-cn-
¡³ {]Xn-\n[n I¬kÄ«âv.
2. sl³{Sn. ]n. hm³Uyqk³. knÌ-a m-änIv Xntbm-fPn {]^-kÀ. bq-Wn-
b³ Xntbm-f-Pn-¡Â skan-\ mcn {]kn-U-v þ AXv Hcp tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ
{]Øm-\w.
3. do³tlmÄUv \oZpÀ. Ass¹Uv {InÌym-\nän {]^-kÀ. bqWn-b³
Xntbm-f-Pn-¡Â skan-\mcn ta[m-hn.
FCC At\Iw \mÄ tPm¬ t^mÌÀ Uyqf-knsâ \nb-{´-W-¯n-e m-bn-
cp-¶p. tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ ]nWn-bmÄ. At\Iw hÀj-§Ä, H¶p-InÂ
Uyqfkv AsÃ-¦nÂ tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ Bbn-cp¶p FCC bpsS apJy -ImÀ½n-
I³. 1950 Â t]cp-amän \mj-WÂ Iu¬knÂ Hm^v NÀ¨kv F¶m-¡n.
NCC. Uyqfkv sFk-t\m-hdnsâ sk{I-«-dn. Xd-¡-Ãn-«Xv sFk-t\m-h À.
tdms¡-s^-Ã-dnsâ dnhÀsskUv NÀ¨v NCC bpsS ASp-¯v. Xpc¦w hgn
cpw _Ôn-¡-s ¸-«n-c n-¡p-¶p.
FH Hcp CFR ap¶Wn {]Øm-\ w. AXns\ ]n³Xm-§p-¶Xv FH sâ aX-kzm-
X-{ý-¯n\p thn {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ LS-Iw. AXv tdma³ It¯m-en¡
Øm]-\-a mb tPmÀÖvSu¬ bqWn-thÀkn-än-bnÂ . FH . {ôUw lukv.
Ch-bp-sS-sbÃmw {]hÀ¯-\-¯n\v ASn-Øm\w slK-en-b³ XXz-
§Ä Xs¶. {]iv\ w krjvSn-¡Â, {]iv\-¯ns\ FXnÀ¡p-I, {]iv\-¯n\v
]cn-lmcw ImWp-I. AXv tUm¬ aIv AÂhm-\n-bpsS ]pkvXIw The
New World Order : The Countdown to Armageddon hni-Z-a mbn {]Xn-]m-Zn-
¡p-¶p.
t\mw tNmwkvIn
522
AÑ³ djy-bnÂ \n¶pw Ata-c n-¡-bn-te¡v IpSn-tb-dnb Jkm-dn-b³

PqX³. temI-¯nse Gähpw henb [\nI IpSpw_w tdm¯vjoÂUvkv.
Jkm-dn-b³ PqX³. ImÄamÀIvknsâ `mcym-_ -\-[p-¡Ä. _m¦v Hm^v Cw¥-
v, Ata-cn-¡³ sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv XpS§n temI-¯nse FÃm sk³{SÂ
_m¦p-I-s fbpw \nb-{ń-¡p-¶Xv tdm¯vjoÂUvkv. tdms¡-s^-Ã-dpw,
tamÀK\pw FÃmw tdm¯vjoÂUvkns\ B{i-bn-¡p-¶p. {_n«ojv CuÌv
Cým I¼-\nsb \nb-{ń-¨n-cp-¶-Xpw, temI kzÀ® hym]mcw Ct¸mÄ
\nb-{ń-¡p-¶Xpw tdm¯vjoÂUvkv. Hcp ]t£ temIs¯ \nb-{ń-¡p¶
IpSpw-_w.
tNmwkvIn C¶p-h sc tdm¯vjoÂUvkns\ Hcn-¡Ât¸mepw
hnaÀin-¨n-«n-Ã. \h-tem-I-{I-a-¯nsâ, GI-tem-I- K-h¬saânsâ Øm]-\-
¯n\v {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶ kwL-¯nsâ Xe-h³ tdm¯vj oÂUvkv. F¶mÂ
tNmwkvIn¡v AtX-¡p-dn¨v H¶pw ]d-bm-\n-Ã.
{Iqc\pw hÀ® shdn-b-\ p-a mb _À«vd³Uv dÊ-ensâ Bcm-[-I -
\mWv tNmwkvIn. temI-¯nse 90 iX-a m\w a\p-jycpw D]-tbm-K-i q-\y-
cmb Xoä-¸-m-c -§-fm-sW¶pw , Ahsc {]tXyI hÀ¤s¯ \in-¸n-¡m³-
Ign-hpÅ ssPhm-bp-[-{]-tbmKw XpS§n ]e hn[-a mÀ¤-§-fp-]-tbm-Kn¨v
F{Xbpw s]s«¶v \in-¸ n-t¡-Xv D¶X Ipe-Pm-X-c mb shfp-¯-h À¤-¡m-
cpsS \ne-\nÂ¸n\v Ah-iy-sa¶v hmZn-¡p¶ bqP-\nIvkv hmZ-¡m-cpsS Xe-
h-\mWv dÊÂ. XnI¨pw shdp-¡-s¸-tS hyàn. F¶mÂ tNmwkvIn-
bpsS Bcm[y ]pcp-j³. tNmwkvIn CIA ]nWn-bmÄ F¶ hne-bn-cp-¯Â
sXäm-Wv. AXv At±-ls¯ CIgvX-em-Wv. tNmwkvIn {_n«ojv Cân-en-
P³kv ]nWn-bmÄ F¶-XmWv IqSp-XÂ icn. Ata-cn-¡-s b¶ cmjv{Ss¯
tdm¯vjoÂUvknsâ IognÂ GI-temI Kh¬saânÂ tNÀ¡pI F¶-Xm-
bn-cn¡Ww {]Ya ZuXyw.
C{km-tb-ens\ s]mXp-h nÂ Ipä-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xmbn `mhn-¡p-sa-
¦nepw Xo{h kb-WnÌv Nmbvhv {]I-S-am-Wv. Ata-cn-¡sb \nb-{ń-¡p-¶Xv
C{km-tbÂ Xs¶-bm-Wv. C{km-tb-ens\ ]qÀ®-ambpw ]n³Xp-W-¡m-¯-
hÀ Ata-cn-¡³ {]knU-m-hp-¶-Xn\v km²y-X-bnÃ Xs¶. sXc-sª-Sp-
¸n\v ap³]v Pdq-ktew t]mÌv \S-¯nb kÀtÆ-bnÂ _cm¡v H_ma ]d-
ªXv “C{km-tbÂ Ata-cn-¡-bpsS Gähpw hniz-kvX-\mb kplr-¯v.
anUnÂ CuÌnse GI P\m-[n-]Xy cmPyw. anUnÂ CuÌnÂ kam-[m\w
sImp hcn-I, apÉow cmjv{S-§-fnÂ ]cn-hÀ¯\w \S-¸ n-em-¡pI XpS§n
At\Iw taJ-e-I-fnÂ Ata-c n-¡bpw C{km-tbepw Hcp-a n¨v {]hÀ¯n-t¡-
-Xp-v.” Fs¶m-s ¡-bm-Wv. aIvsI-bv³, lnecn ¢nâ³, F¶n-hcpw
kam\ A`n-{]m-b-ap-Å-h-c m-Wv.
523
9þ11 HutZym-K nI `mjyw icn-bm-s W¶v tNmwkvIn hmZn-¡p-¶p.

FXnÀ hmZ-hp-a mbn \qdv IW-¡n\v D¶-XÀ, hnZ-Kv²À. CFR, CIA, ss{Sem-ä-
dÂ, _nÂUÀ_ÀKv Ch-sbms¡ AÀ°-iq-\y-amb kwL-S-\-I -fm-sW-
¶mWv tNmwkvI n hmZn-¡p-¶-Xv. F¶mÂ e`y-amb sXfn-hp-IÄ adn¨v
kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. tPm¬. F^v. sI¶-Un-bpsS sIme-]m-XIw HmkvhÄUv
_mly-t{]-c -W-I-fn-ÃmsX \S-¯n-b-Xm-sW¶ HutZym-KnI `mjyw tNmwkvIn
icn hbv¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ {]kvXpX kw`-h-¯nsâ ]n¶nÂ {]hÀ¯n-¨ -h-
sc¶v FXnÀ`mKw Btcm-]n-¨-h-c nÂ A[nIw t]cpw “kuI-cymÀ°w” h[n-
¡-s¸-«Xpw, Bß-lXy sNbvXXpw, A]-I-S-§-fnÂs¸-«Xpw tNmwkvIn
Imcy-am-¡p-¶n-Ã.
bYmÀ° CSXp ]£-¡msc hgn sXän-¡p-¶-X nÂ {]ap-J-\ mWv Left
gate Keeper tNmwkvI n .
C³Ìn-äyq«v t^mÀ t]mfnkn ÌUo-knÂ IPS apXnÀ¶ D]-tZ-jv Sm-hmWv
tNmwkvIn. IPS ]ns¶ tNmwkvIn-bpsS kl-bm-{Xn-IÀ Ban KpUva³ (sU-
tam-{Ikn \u), skUv amK-ko³, t{]m{K-ko-hv, t\j³ F¶n-h bv¡v [\-k-
lmbw e`n-¡p-¶Xv tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ ût-j³, t^mÀUv ût-j³,
aIv-BÀXÀ ût-j³, ImÀ\o F³tUm-hvsaâv F¶n-h-bnÂ \n¶v.
9þ11 Â Ipäw Btcm-]n-¡-s ¸« 19 t]cnÂ 12 t]À ac-W-s¸-«p.
AXnÂ ]ecpw Ata-c n-¡³ thyma-tk\m tI{µ-§-fnepw, CIA _Ô-apÅ
tlm^v^va³ thyma-tI-{µ-¯nepw ]cn-io-e\w t\Sn-b-h-cm-Wv. aX-Xo-{h-hm-Zn-
I-sf¶v hymJym-\ n-¡-s ¸-«-hÀ At[m-temI kz`m-h - ssh-i njvSy-§Ä {]I-Sn-
¸n-¨n-cp-¶-h-c mbn-c p-¶p. [mcmfw ]Ww, \áXm {]ZÀi\ tI{µ-§Ä
kµÀi-\w, Aan-X- a-Zy-]m-\ w, sIms¡bv³ D]-tbm-Kw, ab-¡p-a-c p¶v am^n-
b-bp-ambn _Ôw. Ata-cn-¡³ thyma-tk\m tI{µ-¯nÂ ]cn-io-e\w
t\Snb apl-½Zv Aä, CIA ¡v thn ab-¡p-a-cp¶v IS-¯n-bn-cp-¶p. Ah-
scÃmw hnam-\ -¯m-h-f-¯nÂ \S-¡p¶ hoUn-tbm-Zr-iy-§Ä e`y-a m-Wv,
F¶mÂ hnam-\-¯nÂ Ibdn F¶-Xn\v sXfn-hn-Ã. [ Daniel . L. Abrahamson
].
GI-tem-I - \m-W-bw, _m¦v, ssk\yw F¶n-hbv¡p thn-bpÅ {]hÀ¯-
\-¯n-emWv _nÂUÀ_ÀK,v F¶v BBC A`n-{]m-b-s ¸-«n-c p-¶p. sÛ-dÂ
dnkÀhv k{¼-Zm-b-s ¯-¡p-dn¨v , {^mIv-j-WÂ _m¦n§v hyh-Øn-Xn-sb-¡p-
dn¨v, ]en-i-h y-h -ØnXn k¼-Zv hy-h-Øsb XIÀ¡p-¶-Xn-s \-¡p-dn¨v
tNmwkvIn \ni-_vZ-\m-Wv.
MK Ultra, Project Paper Clip, MK Artichoke, MK Naomi, Monarch Project
F¶n-h -sb-¡p-dn¨v tNmwkvIn AÚX \Sn-¡p-¶p.
524
1946 Â {Sqa³ , \mkn DtZym-K-Ø -·m-scbpw imkv{XÚ-·m-scbpw {]Nm-c-

W-th-e-¡m-s cbpw Ata-c n-¡-bn-te¡v IS-¯n-bXv Project Paper Clip F¶-dn-
b-s¸-Sp-¶p. lnä-ve-dnsâ cl-kym-t\z-jW hn`mKw ta[mhn do³lmÀUv
sKlvse³, ¢mhpkv _mÀ_n, tamÀ«n³ t_mÀa³, bqsk^v sa³tKse
XpS-§n-b-hÀ. h¯n-¡msâ klm-b-t¯m-s S. 5000 Â A[nIw t]À.
ab-¡p-a-c p-¶v, ln]vt\m-«n-kw, Ce-Ivt{Sm-am-ssá-änIv Xcw-K-§Ä, ]o-V\w
F¶n-h -bneqsS a\-Êns\ sacp-¡p¶ ]²-Xn-bm-bn-cp¶p MK Ultra.
bqsk^v sa³sK-s e-bpsS \mkn ]co-£-W-im-e-bnÂ hfÀ¶ C¯cw
{`m´³ Bi-b-§-fmWv ]n¶oSv knUv\ n tKm«veo_v, tPm¬ enÃn, jqsk
sUÂKm-tUm, Cush³ Ima-tdm¬ F¶n-hÀ¡v Bth-i-a m-b-X v. cmjv{Sob
sIme-] m-X-I -§Ä¡v thn a\p-jysc hmÀs¯-Sp-¡pI F¶-Xmbn-c p¶p
AXnÂ Hcp {][m\ {]hÀ¯-\w.
{_n«ojv Câ-en-P³kv irwJ-e-bmb _À«vd³Uv dÊÂ ]okv ût-j-
\nse AwK-am-bn-cp¶p FUzÀUv skbvZv. {]apJ kl-{]-hÀ¯-IÀ
seentbm _mtÊm, sI³ tIm«-kv, bqtKm-tÉmhv hna-X³, hvemUn-a nÀ
sUUn-PoÀ.
{]mb-a m-Im¯ Ipªp-§sf hy`n-Nm-c w, ssewKnI ASn-a-¯w, sNIp-¯m³
tkh, sIme-] m-XIw F¶n-hbv¡p thn ]mI-s¸-Sp-¯pI F¶-Xn-te¡v
Bbn-c -¡-W-¡n\v Ipªp-§sf tKm«veo-_pw, ImadqWpw X¿m-dm-¡n.
Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ \n¶pw, hntZ-i¯p \n¶pw CXn\p thn Ipªp-§sf
X«n-s b-Sp-¯p. òXn-P-\-I -amb \S-] -Sn-I-fn-eqsS ]mI-s ¸-Sp-¯n. XS-hnÂ¡-gn-
bp-¶-h-tcbpw, am\-kn-I -tcm-K n-I -tfbpw D]-tbm-K -s¸-Sp-¯n. [Fritz
Springmeier]
1988 Â sshkv {]kn-Uv _pjns\ 15 hbÊp {]mb-a pÅ B¬th-iy-
IÄ, sshävlu-knÂ kµÀin-¨ n-c p-¶p. ZrIvkm£n s{IbvKv kvs]³kÀ
h[n-¡-s¸-«p. ssewKnI ASna kwLm-X-s¯-¡p-dn¨v John De Camp sâ
]pkvXIw The Franklin Coverup IqSp-XÂ hnhcw \ÂIpw.
sNIp-¯m³ tkh-tbm-S-\ p-_-Ôn¨ ]oV\w, _me-ssew-KnI
]oV\w F¶n-hbpsS sXfn-hp-IÄ hmjn-§Sv -\nÂ IÌw-kvI mÀ Is-Sp-
¯Xv The Finders shfn-s ¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.
CIA bpsS ap¶Wn {]Øm\w Dyncorp hÀjw tXmdpw 2 e£-
¯n-e-[nIw kv{XoI-tfbpw Ipªp-§-tfbpw ssewKnI ASn-a-I-fm-¡p-¶-
Xn\p thn IS-¯p-¶p. ASn-a-hym-]m-c-hpw. tImwtKm-bnepw _mÄI³kn-
epw ssewKn-I -hym-]m-c-¯n\v H¯mi \ÂIp-¶Xv U.N kam-[m-\-tk\.
tNmwkvIn CsXm¶pw Adn-bp-¶n-Ã.
tUmIvSÀ sUÂKmtUm ]qÀ®-X -bn-se-¯n-¨ , sNdp-¸-¡mÀ¡v
LSD \ÂIn, Xe-t¨m-dnÂ sshZyp-Xm-Lm-X-taÂ]n-¡p¶ hnZy MK U ltra
525
bpsS `mK-a m-Wv. MK Naomi, MK Artichoke F¶nh Ata-cn-¡³ P\-X¡p

taÂ Xs¶ P\nXI hyXn-bm\w hcp-¯nb sshd-kp-I-tfbpw, Pohn-I-
tfbpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ ]²-X n-bm-Wv. BW-hm-bp-[-§fpw, tdUn-tb-j\pw.
ssk\n-I-cpsS taepw , am\-kn-I-ssh-I-ey-a p-Å-h-c psS taepw. {`qWm-h -
Ø-bn-epÅ Ipªns\ F§ns\ _m[n¡pw F¶-dn-bp-¶-Xn\v KÀ`n-Wn-I -
fpsS taepw. Ch-sbm¶pw Xs¶ tNmwkvIn¡v hnj-b-a m-hp-¶n-Ã.
^vfqssd-Uv, am\-knI ]ncn-a p-dp-¡-¯n\v \ÂIp¶ t{]mkm-Iv,
tkmtfm-^väv, ]mIvknÂ Ah-bpsS \nÀ½m-Xm-¡-fmb tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ
kplr-¯p-¡Ä saÀ¡v, Gen- enÃn, Ahsb \nb-{ń-¡p¶ Ata-cn-¡³
saUn-¡Â Atkm-kn-tb-j³, saÀ¡p-dnbpw Xe-t¨m-dnse £X-§fpw,
AsÍ-dmÂ, dnäm-en³ FÃm-än-t\bpw tNmwkvIn Ah-K-Wn-¡p-¶p.
tNmwkvIn iàn Ipd-ª-hsc am{Xw B{I-a n-¡p-¶p. \nb-{ńX cmjv{Sob
kwhm-Z-¯nÂ {i² tI{µo-I-c n-¡p-¶p.
¢_v Hm^v tdmw, WWF, kntbd ¢_v, {Ko³ ]okv F¶o “hymP”
Poh-Im-cpWy ip²n-bpÅ {]Øm-\ -§Ä P\-kwJy Npcp-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn
\ne sImÅp-¶p. tNmwkvI n-bpw.
(k-b-Wnkw F¶ {]Øm-\-¯n\v cq]w \ÂIn-bXv Xntbm-UÀ slÀkÂ.
XpS¡w apXÂ tdm¯vjoÂUvknsâ kwc-£-W-¯nÂ)
AIDS, Cancer XpS§n At\Iw amc-I-amb sshd-kp-Ifpw ssPhm-bp[ ]co-
£-W-§fpw tNmwkvIn¡v hg-§p-¶n-Ã. F® \nt£-]-s ¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ
HutZym-KnI `mjyw tNmZyw sN¿msX, tNmwkvIn, Hgp-¡³ a«nÂ adp-] Sn
]d-bp-¶p.
Project for the New American Century. PNAC. sb¡p-dn¨v tNmwkvIn
AÚ-\m-Wv. kb-Wn-Ìp-IÄ DÄs¸-«Xp sImm-hmw. thm«v F®p¶
b{´-¯nse Xncn-a-dn-IÄ 2000 epw 2004 \pw, \S-¶n-«p-s-¦nÂ Xs¶ Imcy-
am-¡m-\ nÃ F¶-X mWv tNmwkvIn-bpsS A`n{]m-bw.
Ata-c n-¡-s b¶ cmjv{Sw XI-c-W-s a¶pw, UN \p IognÂ
temI Kh¬saâv hc-W-sa-¶pw. hmÄkv{Soäv _m¦ÀamÀ hmÀs¯-Sp¯
“I½yq-WnÌv” Bi-b-§Ä temI _m¦v, temI Kh¬saâv, kzImcy
kz¯nsâ \ncm-I-c-Ww, F¶nh tNmwkvInbpw CjvSs¸-Sp-¶p. Xe-h³
tdm¯vjoÂUvkv BbXp sImmImw. temI tImS-Xn-bpw. amÀIvknsâ
Bi-b-§Ä tNmwkvInbpw Gäv ]nSn-¡p-¶p.
U.N \p thn \ne sImXpsImv 2004 Â \yqtbmÀ¡nÂ U.N
Correspondents Association Club Â Award of Excellence \ÂIn BZ-cn-¨p.
AXn\p ap³]v tKmÀ_-t¨-h n\v AXv e`n-¨n-cp-¶p.
526
tNmwkvIn UNESCO bpsS Icp-¯-\ mb hàm-hm-Wv. 1948 Â ta[mhn Pqen-

b³ lIvkven ]d-ªXv UNESCO temI Kh¬saân\p thn \ne
sImÅp¶p F¶m-Wv.
tNmwkvInsb AÔambn ]n³XpS-c p-¶-h À, kzbw ASn-a -¯-¯n-
te¡v \S-¶ -Sp-¡p-I-bm-Wv.
Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶, C{km-tb-en\p thn {]hÀ¯n-
¡p-¶, NcSp hen-¡p-¶ kwL-S-\-Ifpw aäv kam\ kwL-S-\-Ifpw X½nÂ
iàn-bnepw, kzm[o-\ -¯nepw hyXym-k-s am-¶p-a nÃ F¶mWv tNmwkvIn-
bpsS \ne-]m-Sv. A§n-s\-bÃ F¶v e³ dnhyq Hm^v _pIvkv {]kn-²o-I -
cn¨ ]T\w ]d-bp-¶p. The Israel Lobby And U.S. Foeign Policy F¶-X m-bn-
cp¶p Xe-s ¡-«v. jn¡mtKm bqWn-thÀkn-än-bnse {]^-kÀ tPm¬
anbÀjo-a À, lmÀhÀUv bqWn-thÀkn-än-bnse sI¶Un kvIqÄ Hm^v
Kh¬saânÂ \n¶pw ]pd-¯m-¡-s ¸« hnZym-`ymk hn`mKw ta[mhn {]^-
kÀ Ìo^³ hmÄ«v F¶n-h À X¿m-dm-¡n-b-Xv.
Ignª 40 hÀj-¯n-\n-Sbv¡v HutZym-Kn-I -ambn am{Xw AhÀ
10,000 tImSn tUmfÀ C{km-tb-en\p thn t\Sp-sb-Sp-¯p. 150 t]À apgp-
h³ ka-bhpw C¯cw Imcy-§Ä¡mbn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. American
Israel Public Affairs Committee F¶ t]cnÂ. AIPAC. klm-b-¯n\p ADL,
B’nai B’rith, American Jewish Committee XpS§n-b-hbpw. At\Iw A\p-
Iqe \nb-a§Ä Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw, km¼-¯n-I-s R-cp¡w ià-am-bn-cp-¶-
t¸mÄ t]mepw. aämÀ¡pw Ign-bm-¯-XmWv AXv. tNmwkvIn AXn-
s\m¶pw {]m[m\yw \ÂIp-¶n-Ã.
Ip¯n-hbv]v
dps_Ã sshd-kns\ _e-lo-\-a m-¡p-¶-Xn\v KÀ`-On{Zw \S-¯n- e-`n-¡p¶

a\pjy-Ip-ªnsâ ico-c-¯n-eqsS IS-¯n-h n-Sp-¶p. KÀ`-On-{Z-¯nsâ F®w
hÀ²n-¡p-¶-Xnsâ Hcp- {][m\ ImcWw CXm-Imw.
Ip¯n-h -bv]nsâ klm-b-a n-ÃmsX Xs¶ 1850 þ 1940 Ime-L-«-¯nÂ
inip-tcm-K-§Ä 90 iX-a m\w Iv Ipd-ªn-c p-¶p. _yqt_m-WnIv t¹bvKv,
kvImÀseäv ô^À, £bw FÃmw Ip¯n-h -bv]n-ÃmsX Xs¶ Ipd-ªn-cp-
¶p. Ip¯n-hbv]v \ÂIm-X n-c p¶ cmPy-§-fnÂ \ns¶Ãmw t]mfn-tbm, hkq-
527
cn, Un^vXo-cnb F¶o tcmK-§Ä A{]-Xy-£-a mbn-cp-¶p. Ip¯n-hbv]v

\ÂIn-bn-c p¶ cmjv{S-§sf At]-£n¨v A[nIw thK-X-bnÂ Xs¶.
sa³sUÂtkm¬, jo_vs \À F¶n-h-cpsS ]T-\w- AXv sXfn-bn-¡p-¶p.
ipNn-Xzhpw t]mj-I m-lm-c-hp-a m-bn-c p¶p Imc-W-§Ä. DPT : A Shot in the
Dark F¶ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ ]d-bp-¶Xv DPT Ip¯n-h-bv]p-IÄ, izk-\ -{]-
{In-bsb \nb-{ń-¡p-¶, \s«-Ãn\p ]pdIp hi-¯pÅ hmKkv Rc-¼ns\
DPT Ip¯n-hbv]v _m[n-¡p¶p F¶m-Wv. 1979 se UCLA bnse ]T\w ]d-
bp-¶Xv Hmtcm hÀjhpw DPT Ip¯n-h-bv] nsâ t\cn-«pÅ {]Xym-LmXw
F¶ \ne-bnÂ 1000 Ipªp-§-s f-¦ nepw ac-W-a-S-bp¶p F¶m-Wv. F¶mÂ
AXnsâ ImcWw SIDS F¶mWv tcJ-s ¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xv. 1974 se ]pkvXIw
tUmIvSÀ Imtem-sI-cn-t\m-knsâ Every Second Child ]d-bp-¶Xv
“Hmkv{S-en-b-bnÂ t]mj-Im-lmcw e`y-a -Ãm-Xn-cp¶ {]tZ-i-§-fnÂ
Ip¯n-hbv]v e`n-¨n-cp¶ Ipªp-§-fnÂ ]Ip-Xnbpw ac-W-a -S-ªn-cp¶p”
F¶m-Wv. tUmIvSÀ jo_vs\-dnsâ ]pkvXIw Vaccinations : The Medical
Assault on the Immune System - 100 Years of Orthodox Research Shows
that Vaccines Represent a Medical Assualt on the Immune System ]d-bp-
¶Xv Ipªp-§-fnÂ {]tbm-Kn-¡p¶ {]Xn-tcm-[ -{]-h À¯-\-§Ä DÄs¸-s S,
t]mXp-hnÂ {]Xn-tcm[ \S-]-Sn-I Ä ]IÀ¨m-hym-[n-I Ä XS-bp-¶nÃ F¶p
am{X-a-Ã, Ah IqSp-XÂ Zpcn-X-§Ä¡pw, ac-W-§Ä¡pw Imc-W-a m-hp-¶p.
sshZy-im-kv{X- {]-tbm-K-§-fnÂ h¨v Gähpw A]-I-S-I-c w. William
Douglas At±-l-¯ nsâ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ Vaccines : Are they Really Safe
And Effective (1980) ]d-bp-¶Xv hnhn[ ssewKn-I -]-¦m-fn-I-fp-mbn-cp¶
]pcp-j-·mÀ¡v am{Xw sl]-än-änkv B Ip¯n-hbv] v \S-¯n. 1984 Â AXnÂ
60 iX-am\w t]À¡pw AIDS Ds¶v Is-¯n. Adn-ªp-sImp Xs¶
Vs 40 (Simian Immuno Deficiency Virus) IeÀ¯n-b-Xm-bn-cp¶p Ip¯n-h -
bv]p-IÄ FÃmw Xs¶. AtXm-s Sm¸w Bovine Retrovirus Ifpw . \mUo-kw-
_-Ô-a mb Akp-J-§Ä (Nervous System Disorders) s]mXpsh B6 sâ
B`m-h-hpw, AÄk-dn\v ImcWw t^mfnIv Bkn-Unsâ `mhhpw, hfÀ¨m
apc-Sn-¸v, apSn \c-¡Â F¶nh ]mtâm-sX-\ nIv Bkn-Unsâ B`m-h -hpw,
am\-kn-I- Ak-½À±w AIm-c -W-am-bp-m-h p-¶Xv _tbm-«nsâ A`m-h-hp-am-
sW¶pw hne-bn-c p-¯-s ¸-Sp-¶p.
GtXmcp tlmÀtamWnsâ Xmf-{Iaw \in-¡p-¶Xpw Iym³k-dn\p
Imc-W-am-hmw. t]mj-Im-lmcw Hcp {][m\ LS-I-am-Wv. C¶s¯ Blmc-
¯nÂ sshä-a n-\ p-I fpw eh-W-§fpw Ipd-hm-bXv Iym³k-dp-m-Ip-¶-Xn\v
{][m\ Imc-W-am-Wv. [Nutrition Rudiments in Cancer. By. Dr. Stewart M
Jones].
528
Iym³kÀ ico-c-¯nsâ ]e `mK-§-fn-te¡v ]SÀ¶p-]n-Sn-¡p-¶-

Xns\ saäm-Ìm-ä nIv Iym³kÀ F¶p ]d-bp-¶p. A¯cw At\Iw Ah-
Ø-IÄ¡v ]cn-lmcw Vitamin B17 \ÂIn F¶v tUmIvSÀ ^nen¸v
_n³skÂ Xsâ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ Alive and Well ]d-bp-¶p. AXp-t]mse
asäm¶v tUmIvSÀ dn¨ÀUvkv¬ sâ ]pkvX-I w Laetrile Case Histories.
tdms¡-s^-Ã-dnsâ X{´-§Ä hnh-cn-¡p¶ ]pk-X Iw . tPm¬ ^venâv sâ
God’s Gold : The Story of Rockefeller and His Times. Bbn-c-¡-W -¡n\v
hkvXp-¡Ä F®-bnÂ ( petrol ) \n¶pw DXv] m-Zn-¸n-¡mw. Ah-bnÂ ]eXpw
acp¶v \nÀ½m-W-¯n\pw, ]pIbne ]mI-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-X n\pw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-
¶p.
{_n«ojv Cý 1942 þ 1945
Ìmen³ Ds{I-bn-\nÂ krjvSn¨ ]«n-Wn-bnÂ 70 e£w t]À ac-W-a-S-ªp.

AsX-¡p-dn¨v s]mXp-hnÂ Adn-hp-Å-Xm-Wv. kam-\-a mb \bw {_n«³,
sFÀe³UnÂ \S-¸ n-em-¡n-bXv A[nIw Adn-b-s ¸-Sp-¶ n-Ã. AXv
sFÀe³Uns\ XIÀ¡p-¶-Xn\p thn. an¡-h mdpw H«pw Xs¶ Adn-b-s ¸-
Sm-¯-X mWv {_n«³ Cý-bnÂ \S-¸ n-em-¡nb kam-\-a mb \b-§Ä. hcÄ¨
Cý-bnÂ ]e-t¸mgpw Zmcn-{ Zy-¯ n\v Imc-W-a m-bn-«p-v. {_n«ojv `c-W-
¯nsâ hc-thmsS AXnsâ ImTn\yw hÀ²n-¨p. Cým-¡m-c-\mb Fw.
Aemw-KoÀ AtX-¡p-dn¨v ]d-bp-¶Xv “tImf-\n- hm-gvN-¡m-e¯n\p ap³]v
A\p-`-hn-¨-X n-t\-¡mÄ hfsc A[nIw ITn-\ -ambn, hn]p-e-a m-bn, IqSp-XÂ
BhÀ¯n¨v AXv tImf-\n-hm-g vN-¡m-e¯v Cý A\p-`-hn-¨p. apK-f-·m-cpsS
Ime-¯p-m-bn-cp-¶-Xnepw A[nIw . {_n«ojv `c-W-I m-e-¯n\p ap³Im-e-§-
fnÂ Dm-bn-c p-¶-Xnepw A[nIw Zmcn-{Zyhpw ac-Whpw , hyà-a mb `c-W-
{I-ahpw ta·-tb-dnb KXm-KX k{¼-Zm-bhpw \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ {_n«ojv Cý-
bnÂ \ne-hn-ep-m-bn-c p-¶p. Imem-h Øm hyXn-bm-\-§Ä¡-¸ pdw `£-W -
h-kvXp- hym-]m-cn-IÄ \S-¯n-bn-c p¶ Icn-©-´bpw ]qgv¯n-hbv]pw Imc-W-
§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. Kh¬saânsâ A\m-Ø-bpw, `£W- h-kvXp¡fpsS Ib-
äp-a-Xnbpw , AXv `£y-£ maw \ne-\n-¶n-c p-¶-t¸mÄt¸mepw XpSÀ¶n-cp-¶Xv
Imc-W-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p.” {Bangladesh. By. Mohieddin Alangir, Bangladesh
Institute of Development Studies, Dacca 1978}
B Ime-L-«-¯ nse `jy-hn-f-I -fpsS tI{µ-am-bn-cp¶ _wKm-
fnÂ AXnsâ aqÀ²\yw 1770 Â. 1765 Â . Cý ssIt¿-dnb {_n«ojv AXv
t\cn-Sp-¶-Xn\v X¿m-dm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. 1 tImSn ac-W-¯n\v AXv Imc-W-am-bn.
{_n«ojv CuÌv Cý I¼\n AXv t\cn-Sp-¶-Xn\v Hcn-¡Â t]mepw ]cn-{i-an-
529
¨n-cp-¶p-an-Ã. AhÀ `jy hkvXp-¡Ä Ibän Ab-¡p¶-X nepw aäv coXn-

bnÂ em`w t\Sp-¶ -Xn\pw am{Xw {i²n-¨ p. AXv ]«nWn krjvSn-¡p-¶-
Xn\pw kml-N-cy-§Ä hj-fm-¡p-¶-X n\pw Imc-W-am-bn. {Famine in South
India. By Mohiuddin Alangir} 1947 Â {_n«ojv Cý hn«v t]mIp-¶-Xn-\n-
Sbv¡v A¯cw , ]«nWn krjvSn¨ 30 kw`-h-§Ä Dm-bn. cp \qäm-
p-IÄ¡p-ÅnÂ _wKmÄ, Zmcn-{ Zy-¯ nsâ tI{µ-a mbn amdn. {The Famines
of the World: Past and Present ]ns¶ The History and Economics of
Indian Famines By. A.Loveday} 182 hÀj-¯n-\n-S-¡p-mb C¯cw kw`-
h-§Ä¡v Imc-W-§Ä ]e-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. AXnÂ tImSn-¡-W-¡n\v P\-§Ä
ac-W-a-S-ªp. ]c-¼-cm-K-X -amb Cý³ kmaqly hyh-Øn-Xnsb
XIÀ¯Xv {][m\ Imc-W-§-fnÂ H¶m-Wv. \mSp-hm-gn-IÄ Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc
X§-fpsS P\-§-fpsS Imcy-§Ä t\m¡n-bn-c p-¶p. {_n«pjpImÀ am³sN-
ÌÀ Iym¸-nä-enkw ]Icw h¨p. kzX-{´-hym-] mcw \ne-hnÂh-¶p. ITn-\-
amb injIÄ \S-¸n-em-¡n. sNdp-I nS IÀj-I sc XIÀ¡p-¶-X m-bn-c p-¶p.
[\n-I³ A[nIw {Iqc\pw Zcn-{Z³ A[nIw \nÊ-lm-b-\p-am-bn-¯oÀ¶p.
am³sN-ÌÀ Iym¸n-ä-enkw `cWw \S-¯p-¶-hÀ hn]-Wn-bnÂ CS-s]-Sm-dp-
m-bn-c p-¶n-Ã. ASn-¡-Sn-bpÅ ]«n-Wn-bpw- hn-] -Wn-b nÂ CS-s]-Sp-¶-Xn\v
Ahsc t{]cn-¸n-¨ n-Ã. Xm§p-hn-e, Cf-h p-I Ä, Kh¬saâv klm-b-t¯m-sS-
bpÅ `£-W-h-kvX p-¡-fpsS CS-] m-Sp-I-IÄ H¶pw Dm-bn-Ã. [Prosperity
And Misery in Western Bengal. By Paul.R. Greenough ]ns¶ Classical
Political Economy and British Policy in India. By. Ambirajan]
P\-kwJy hÀ²-\hv IqSp-X Â {]iv\-§Ä¡v Imc-W-am-bn.
1942 \pw 1945 \pw CSbv¡v Gähpw henb tXmXnÂ Zmcn{Zyw s]m«n-¸p-d-s ¸-
«p. C¶v Ipd¨v Cý-bnepw Ipd¨v _w¥m-tZ-inepw ØnXn sN¿p¶ {_Ò-
]p{X þ KwtKiv þ sUÂä {]tZ-i-¯v. {]Xn-Iq-e-a mb kml-N-cy-§Ä¡v
]pdta thsdbpw Imc-W-§Ä Dm-bn-cp-¶p. AaÀXym -s k³ ]d-ªXv
AXv ]qÀ®-ambpw krjvSn-¡-s ¸-«-X m-Wv, `£y-£ maw hmkvX-h-¯nÂ Dm-
bn-cp-¶nÃ F¶v. [ Poverty and Famines. By. Amartiya Sen ]ns¶ How
Sen’s Theory can Cause Famines . By. Peter Bowbirck ]ns¶ A
Refutation of Prof . Sen’s Theory of Famines. By. Peter Bowbrick ]ns¶
Fact, Theory and the Nobel Prize. By. Peter Bowbrick ]
50 e£-t¯mfw t]cpsS ac-W-¯n\v Imc-W-amb AXym-ln-X-¯nsâ Imc-
W-§Ä
1. 1940 apXÂ PÀ½-\n-bp-ambn bp²-¯ n\p X¿m-s d-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn
A[nI DuÀÖhpw hn`-h-§fpw sNe-h-gn-¡-s¸-«p. kmaqly Ac-£n-XXzw
\ne\n¶ncp¶Xv A{I-am-k-à-amb {]t£m-`-§Ä¡v Imc-W-am-bn. _wKm-
fnsâ X{´-{]-[m-\-a mb `qan-imkv{Xw P¸m\v A\p- Iq-e-am-hp-sa-¶p-Å-
Xn-\mÂ {_n«³ AhnsS IÀi\ \nb-{´-W-§Ä GÀs¸-Sp-¯n.
530
ssk\ys¯ GÀ¸m-Sm-¡n. `vIjy-km-[ -\-§Ä IhÀs¶-Sp-¡p-¶-Xnepw,

_emÂ¡m-c -¯nepw {_n«ojv ssk\yw DÄs¸-«p.
2. Cýbnte¡v `£y-h-kvX p-¡Ä Ibän Ab-¨n-cp¶ _Àa 1940 Â
P¸msâ A[o-\-X-bn-em-bn.
3. 1941 Â Hcp hÀj-t¯bv¡v {_n«\v _wKm-fn\v taepÅ A[o-i Xzw
\jvS-am-bn. ISÂamÀ¤-apÅ KXm-KXw XIÀ¶p. _wKm-fnÂ \n¶pÅ
NWw XpS-§n-bh Ib-äp-a -Xn, `£y-h -kvXp-¡-fpsS Cd-¡p-aXn Ch
XIÀ¶p.
4. _wKm-fnÂ A`-bmÀ°n-I Ä A[n-I -ambn h¶p tNÀ¶n-cp-¶p. P¸m³
ssIt¿dnb {_n«ojv tImf-\nbnÂ \n¶p-Å-h À. Ahsc \K-c-§-fnÂ
DÄs¡m-Åp-¶-Xn\v Ign-bm-¯-X p-s Imv {Kma-§-fnse Iym¼p-I-fn-te¡v
amän. Kh¬saâv A[n-I-a mbn `£y-h-kvXp-¡Ä hm§n-bn- cp-¶Xv hne-
¡-bäw cq£-a m-¡n.
5. Pm¸-\okv A[n-\n-th-i -¯ns\ sNdp-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ ap³ Icp-X-s e-
t¶mWw sNdp-In-S- t_m-«p-IÄ Ip sI«n-bXv ao³ ]nSn¯w Akm-²y-am-
¡n.
6. ssk\n-I m-h -iy-§Ä¡p thn `qan ]nSn-s¨-Sp-¯p. At\Iw t]À
Ai-c-Wcm-bn.
7. kzmX-{ýk-a -cs¯ £oWn-¸n-¡p-¶ -Xn\pw, `£-W-h-kvXp-¡Ä ZpÀe-`-
am-¡p-¶-X n\pw thn _wKm-fn-te¡v `£Ww sImp-h-c p-¶Xv \ntcm-[n-
¡-s¸-«p. Rice Denial Scheme P¸m³Imsc Dt±y-in-¨p-Å-X mbn-cp¶p, {][m-
\-am-bpw.
þ K-h¬saâv `£y-h -kvXp-¡Ä hm§n-¡q-«n.
þ AXv hne-¡-b-ä-¯ n\v Imc-W-am-bn.
þ ]qgv¯n-h bv]pw Icn-©-´bpw km[m-c-W-a m-b n.
þ F´p kml-N-cy-¯nepw ssk\y-¯n\v `£-W-ZuÀe`yw t\cn-Sm³ ]mSp-
Å-XÃ F¶-Xm-bn- cp¶p \ne-] m-Sv.
þ ]Ww A[n-I-ambn \nÀ½n-¨Xv, hne-¡-bäw cq£-am-¡n.
þ Npg-en-¡m-äv, shÅ-s ¸m-¡-¯n\pw AXv hnf-\m-i-¯n\pw Imc-W-a m-bn.
At\Iw a\p- jycpw I¶p-I m-en-I fpw Ns¯m-Sp-§n. Ahsb Zln-¸n-
¡p-¶-Xn\v amÀ¤-a n-Ãm-X n-c p-¶Xv Ah Noª-fn-bp-¶-X n\pw AXv tImf-dbpw
aäv ]IÀ¨m-hym-[n-I Ä¡pw Imc-W-am-bn.
þ ASn-b-ń-c- \-S-]-Sn-IÄ H¶pw Xs¶ ssIs¡m-n-Ã.
[Starvation Amidst Plenty : The Making of Famine in Bengal. By. Fugata
Bos]
Ignª 15 hÀj-¯n-\n-S-¡p-Å-XnÂ Gähpw Ipdª `£y-h kvXp e`yX
\ne-hn-ep-m-bn-cp-¶p. 1942 þ 1944 Ime-L-«-¯nÂ [ The Bengal Famine of
1943 : Re Examining the Data. By. O. Goswami ]
531
[ British Greed, Grain Exports And Callous Indifference, 1943 Famine in

Bengal India, in the “Irish people”. Nov 14. 1998 ]
[ War, Nutrition and Genocide. By. Jan Philipp Reemtsma ]ns¶
Calculated Murders : The German Economical And Extermination Policy in
White Russia 1941 to 1944 . By. J. Philipp. R ]
{ Wolfgang Pfitzner sâ ]T\-¯nÂ \n¶v }
AaÀXy sk³. t\m_Â k½m-\w. ]«nWn
AaÀXy -sk-¶n\v [\-X-Xz-im-kv{X-¯nÂ t\m-_Âk-½m\w e`n-¨ Xv ]«n-

Wn-s b-¡pdn-¨pÅ At±l-¯nsâ ]T-\ -¯n-\m-Wv. Poverty and Famines
F¶-XpÄs¸-sS-bpÅ ]e-] p-kvX-I-¯nepw At±lw Ah-Im-i-s¸-«Xv `£y-
h-kvXp-¡-fnÂ s]s«-¶p-m-hp¶ CSn-hv þ hcÄ¨, shÅ-s ¸m¡w XpS-§nb
Imc-W-§-fmÂ þ ]«n-Wn¡v Imc-W-a m-hp-¶nÃ F¶m-Wv. adn¨v A[nIw
`£y-h-kvXp-¡Ä e`y-am-bn-cn-¡p-Ibpw P\-X-Xn-bpsS Hcp hn`mKw adp hn`m-
K-t¯-¡mÄ `£Ww D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-t¼mÄ ]«nWn Dm-hp-¶p.
ImcWw \mW-b-s ¸-c p-¸ -hpw, bp²-Ime A`n-h r-¯nbpw Hs¡-bm-Imw,
F¶pw. CXv hmkvX-h-am-sW-¦nÂ hnX-c -W-k-{¼-Zmbw \nb-{ń-¡pI am{Xw
aXn-bmhpw ]cn-lm-c -¯n-\ v.
BUw -kv-a n¯v XpS§n 200 hÀj-§Ä¡p ap³]v Cw¥ojv Nn´-IÀ
Øm]n¨ Demand Based Approach Xs¶-bmWv sk¶pw ]d-bp-¶-Xv.
AhÀ apt¶m«p h¨ ]cn-lm-c -§Ä Xs¶-bmWv sk¶pw ]d-bp-¶-X v. AXv
hn\m-i-I-c-s a¶v sXfn-bn-¡-s ¸-«-Xm-Wv. tdj³ k{¼-Zm-bw, ]mh-s¸-« -
hÀ¡pÅ [\-k-lmbw Hs¡ kml-Ncyw hj-fm-¡pI am{X-a mWv sNbvX-
Xv. BsI `£y-e-`yX Bh-i y-¯n\v aXn-bm-hnÃ F¦nÂ. CXp hsc
Bcpw Xs¶ Supply Only kn²m´w apt¶m«p h¨n-«n-Ã. AXm-bXv `£y-h-
kvXp-¡Ä e`y-am-bn-cn-¡p-Ibpw Hcp hn`mKw AXv hm§p-¶-X n\v {]m]vX-a -
Ãm-Xn-cn-¡p-I bpw sN¿p¶ Ah-Ø. sk³ AXns\ \ymbo-I -cn-¡p-¶p.
Food Availability Decline Doctrine DNn-X-a Ã F¶p hnfn-¨ v. 1943 se _wKm-
fnse ]«nWn DZm-l-c-W-a mbn Nqn-¡m-«p-I bpw sNbvXp.
sk³ Xsâ `mKw \ymbo-I -cn-¡p-¶-X n\v Ak-X y-a mb hnh-c -
§Ä \ÂIp-¶p. ]pXp-Xm-bn- bp-²-km-a -{Kn-I-Ä \nÀ½n-¡p¶ hyh-km-b-§-
fnÂ GÀs¸« Cým-¡m-cmb Zcn-{ZÀ A[nIw hcp-a m\w e`y-a m-bXv, A[nIw
`£Ww D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ -Xn\v Imc-W-ambn F¶pw AXv aäv P\-§sf ]«n-
Wn-bn-te¡v \bn¨p F¶pw. Hcp e£w P\-§Ä A{]-Imcw Hcp AhØ
532
krjvSn-¡-W-sa-¶p-s -¦ nÂ ap³]v Ign-¨n-cp-¶-Xnsâ 60 apXÂ 100 Cc«n

`£Ww hsc Ign-t¡- -Xp-v. Hmtcm Znh-khpw 3 amk-t¯-¡pÅ `£-
Ww. 1942 epw 1944 epw A§ns\ Dm-bn-Ã. 1943 Â am{Xw kw`-hn-¨-X m-Wv.
IÂ¡-«-bnse P\-§Ä ]«n-Wn-¡m-e¯v km[m-c -W-bnepw Ipd¨p am{Xw
`£n-¨n-cp¶p F¶-Xn\v tcJ-I -fp-v. {Kma-¯nÂ \n¶pw `£y-h-kvXp-¡Ä
IÂ¡-«-bn-te¡v IS¯n F¶v sk³ ]d-bp-¶Xv Ahm-kvX-h -am-Wv. IÂ¡-
«-bnÂ _wKm-fn\p ]pd¯v \n¶p-a mWv `£y-h -kvXp-¡Ä F¯n-¨n-cp-¶-Xv.
XpÑ-amb Af-hnÂ {Km{]-tZ-i-¯p-\ n¶pw h¶n-c p-¶Xv Hgn-¨mÂ. AXnÂ¡q-
Sp-XÂ ]«n-W n-¡m-e¯v XncnsI F¯n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-c p-¶p. 1941 Â ]«n-
Wn-bn-Ãm-bn-c p-¶p. 1943 Â ]«nWn Dm-bn-cp-¶-t¸mÄ 1941 t\¡mÄ 11 iX-
am\w A[nIw `£Ww e`y-am-bn-cp¶p F¶pw. hmkvX-h-¯nÂ 11 iX-am-\ -
sa-¦nepw Ipdhv A\p-`-h-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. sk³ ]d-bp-¶Xv sXäm-sW¶v Ak-
¶n-Kv²-ambn tKmkzman Øm]n-¡p-¶p.
{]^-kÀ alm-t\m-_n-kn-s\-t¸m-ep-Å-h-cpsS ASn-Ø m-\-c -ln-X -
amb hnh-c-§-fmWv sk³ D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. Agricultural Statistics sâ
Øm]-Imw-Kw. F¶-t¯bpw tami-s ¸« ØnXn-hn-h-c-¡-W-¡p-IÄ. hniz-
k-\o-b-amb IW-¡p-Isf sk³ Ah-K-Wn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX p. At±-l-
¯nsâ hmZ-§sf JWvUn¡pw F¶-Xn-\m-em-hmw.
Kh¬saân\v Xsâ hne-bn-cp-¯-ep-IÄ e`y-a m-bn-c p-s ¶-¦nÂ
AhÀ ]«n-Wnsb ]qÀ®-ambpw sNdp-¡p-a m-bn-c p¶p F¶v sk³ `mhn-¡p-
¶p. ]«n-Wn-bpsS Imc-W-§-s f-¡p-dn¨v sXämb kn²m-´-§Ä ]n³Xp-SÀ¶-
XmWv Kh¬saânsâ hogvN. `£y-h-kvXp-¡-fpsS e`y-X-sb¡p-dn-¨pÅ
sXämb hnh-c -§-f-Ã. K-h ¬saâv [cn¨p h¨n-c p-¶Xv “`£y-h-kvXp-¡Ä
Ipd-hm-bXp ]«n-Wn¡v Imc-W-am-bn, bp²-I me A[nI hcp-a m\w {]Xym-Lm-
X-§Ä krjvSn-¨nÃ “ F¶v sk³ hmZn-¡p-¶p.
F¶mÂ hmkvXhw hncp-²-a m-Wv. sk³ sâ AtX- hne-bn-cp-¯-ep-IÄ

Xs¶-bmWv Kh¬saân\pw Dm-bn-cp-¶-Xv. AhÀ tdj-\n§v k{¼-Zmbw
GÀs¸-Sp-¯n. hnX-cW k{¼-Zm-bs¯ \nb-{ń-¨p.- ]qgv¯nhbv¡-s ¸-«h
]nSn-s ¨-Sp-¯p. IÂ¡-«¡v Bh-iy-ap-ÅXv Cd-¡p-a Xn sNbvXp.
Kh¬saâpw sk¶pw ]d-ªXv icn-bm-bn-cp-s¶-¦ nÂ ]«nWn Dm-Ip-am-bn-
cp-¶n-Ã.
hmkvX-h-¯nÂ cq£-amb `£y-£ maw \ne-\ n-¶n-c p-¶p.
A[n-I-amb Cd-¡p-a-X n-bn-eqsS am{Xw ]cn-l-cn-¡p-h m³ km[n-¡p-¶-X m-bn-
cp¶p Ah-Ø. A©-c -t¡mSn P\-§Ä¡p-th-n Cdv ¡p-a Xn sNbvXXv 6
Znh-k-t¯-bv¡pÅ `£Ww am{Xw. {]Nm-c -W-th-ebv¡v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-
Xn-\pÅ t^mt«m e`n-¡p-¶-X n\p thn. sk³ D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp¶ hnhc
tiJ-c-Wn-IÄ aäp [\-X Xz imkv{X-Ú-· mÀ ]cn-tim-[n-¨-X nÂ an¡-h mdpw
533
FÃm hnh-c-§fpw sXäm-bn-«mWv sk³ D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv F¶v Is-

¯n.
[ The Famine Enquiry Commission Report ]
1.The Conquest of Famine. By. Aykroyed. W.R
2.Famines : The Bowbrick - Sen Dispute and Some Related Issues. By.
Allen George
3.Bengal Famine Code. By. Bengal Administration
4.Bengal Lamenting. By. Becli Freda
5.Famines in India. By. Bhatia B.M
6.Agricultural Trends in India. By. Blyn.G
7.Rejoinder : An Untenable Hypothesis on Causes of Famine. By.
Bowbrick. Peter
8.A Refutation of Sen’s Theory of Famine. By. Bowbrick Peter
9.How Professor Sen’s Theory can Cause Famines. By. Bowbrick Peter
10.Poverty and Famines . By. Amartya Sen.
11.Reply : Famine and Mr. Bowbrick . By. Amartya Sen
Bengal Famine Code F¶ ]pkvXIw Ak-¶n-Kv²-ambn {]Jym-]n-¡p-¶Xv
FÃm-¯cw ]«n-Wn-I Ä¡pw ASn-Øm\w `£y-ZuÀe-`y-a m-s W-¶v.
12. Theories of Famine . By. Devereux
13. Population and Food : Global Trends And Future Prospects. By.
Dyson.T
( Peter Bowbrick sâ ]T-\-¯nÂ \n¶v )
tPm¬ dkvIn³ þ [\-X-Xz-imkv{Xw
Hmtcm a\p-jy\pw Ah-\-h\v CjvS-a pÅ ]mX sXc-s ª-Sp-¡m-sa¶pw

ASna k{¼-Zmbw Ahm-km-\n-¡p-I-bm-s W¶pw Adnª ImÀsseÂ,
dkvIn³, Uns¡³kv F¶n-hÀ `b-s¸«p t]mbn. Ipdª ]£w shfp¯
hÀ¤-¡m-c mb \½Ä “Ahsc” hgn \S-¯-W-sa¶pw dkvIn\pw kwLhpw
hmZn-¨p. \nbaw aqew Ahsc þ Idp¯ hÀ¤-¡msc (People of Colour)
“kwc-£n-t¡--”Xp-s¶pw.
[ How the Dismal Science Got it’s Name, Classical Economics & The UR -
Text of Racial Politics. By. David. M. Levy ]
534
F^v^n t{K. dkvInsâ BZy `mcy. 6 hÀj-¯n\p tijw ]ncn-ªp. imco-

cnI _Ô-¯n\v dkvI n³ CjvS-s ¸-Sm-¯-Xp-sIm-v. ]e Imc-W-§fpw ]d-
b-s¸-Sp-¶p. sXfnhv e`y-a-Ã. cm-as¯ _Ôw tdmkv emäq-jv. dkvIn³
]d-ªn-cp-¶Xv Ahsf 9 hb-Êm-bn-c p-¶-t¸mÄ BZy-a m-bn-¡- n-cp-¶Xp
apXÂ CjvS-am-bn-cp-¶p-s h-¶v. 17 hb-Êm-bXp apXÂ dkvIn³ hnhm-lm-
`yÀ°\ \S-¯n. Ah-fpsS acWw hsc AXv XpSÀ¶p. dkvInsâ imco-
cnI ssewKnI _Ô-§-s f¡p-dn¨v hyà-amb Adn-hn-Ã. tdmknsâ
Bßmhv BbnsS dkvIns\ CS-¡nsS kµÀin-¨n-cp¶ sIbväv {Ko\m-
shsb hnhmlw sN¿-W-s a¶v ]d-ªn-cp¶p F¶v dkvI n³ ]d-bp-am-bn-cp-
¶p.
dkvIn³. hnZym`ymkw ho«nÂ h¨v. HmIvkv^ÀUnÂ tNÀ¶-
t¸mÄ A½bpw Iq«n-\v. aäp-Å-h -cp-ambn CS-s ]-Sp-¶Xv {i² \in¸n¡pw
F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p \ymbw. dkvIn³ ioJWvUn-bm-bn-c p¶p F¶v Icp-X-s¸-Sp-
¶p. F^v^n hnhm-ln-X-b m-bn. 8 Ipªp-§sf {]k-hn-¨p. Ah-km\
\mfp-I-fnÂ dkvInsâ am\-knI \ne, AXohw Ah-Xm-f¯n-em-b n-c p-¶p.
dkvInsâ t]cnÂ {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸« {]_-Ô-§Ä änw lnÂä³
AXohw kwi-b-t¯msS ho£n-¡p-¶p. [Uncle Tom’s Cabin : Bleak
House, Slavery, and Slave Trade. By. Lord Denman]
ASn-a-¯-¯ n\p thn hmZn-¨n-c p-¶, ASn-a¯w shfp¯ hÀ¤-
¡m-c psS Ah-Im-i-a m-s W¶pw _p²n-i-àn-bnÂ ]nt¶m-¡-amb Idp¯ hÀ-
¤-¡msc \bn-t¡-Xv Ah-cpsS _m²y-X-bm-s W¶pw hmZn-¨n-cp¶
ImÀsseepw At±-l-¯nsâ injy³ dkvI n\pw ]cm¶ t`mPn-b m-bn-c n-¡p-¶-
XnÂ A`n-a m\w Ip. sImSp-¡Â hm§-enÂ em` \jvS-anÃ F¶pw
GsXmcp hnÂ]-\-bnepw Hcp `mK-¯n\v \jvShpw adp `mK-¯n\v em`-hp-ap-
m-th--Xm-sW¶pw AhÀ Icp-X n. [Thomas Carlyle : Past and Present.
By. Richard. D. Altick. ]ns¶ Race Politics and Science : The
Anthropological Society of London in the 1860’s . By . Ronald Rainger
]ns¶ The Man Eating Myth : Anthropology . By. W. Arens
_v\mbv {_nXv.
Bân Un^-ta-j³ eoKv
bwKv C{km-tbÂ þ _v\mbv _vdnXv. AXv Hcp {_n«ojv Bbp-[w. Ata-cn-

¡, djy aäv cmjv{ S-§Ä F¶n-h bv¡v FXnsc D]-tbm-K n-¡p-¶-Xn\p
535
thn. 1840 se anUnÂ CuÌv {]iv\-¯nÂ {^m³kv, Hmt«m-a ³

kpÂ¯m\v ]n³XpW \ÂIn. ]mtaÀÌ¬ {]`p kb-Wn-k-t¯mSv ASp-
¡p-¶-X n\v Imc-W-a m-bn. XpÀ¡n km{am-Py-¯nse tdma³ It¯m-en¡ k`-
bpsS kwc-£Ww {^m³kn-\pw, HmÀ¯-tUm-Ivknsâ kwc-£Ww djy-¡p-
w. AÀta-\n-b, PqX³ F¶n-h -tcm-Sv - {_n«³ ASp-¯p. PqX -k-aq-ls¯
kwc-£n-¡p-¶-Xn\v ]mtaÀÌ¬, DtZym-K-Øsc N«w-s I-«n. AXv {_n-«\v
anUnÂ CuÌnepw djy-bnepw Xmhfw e`n-¡p-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-a m-bn. t]mf-
n-epw. AhnsS temI PpX P\-kw-Jy-bpsS 50 iX-am\w Xma-kn-¨n-cp-¶p.
{_n«sâ kwc-£-W-bn-epÅ, B[p-\ nI kb-Wn-k-¯nsâ Øm]-I³
Xntbm-UÀ slÀkÂ Bbn-c p-¶n-Ã. adn¨v tamkkv slÊv Bbn-c p-¶p.
slÊv s{Û-dnIv GwKÂkns\ I½yq-Wn-k-¯nÂ tNÀ¯p. 1861 Â Rome
and Jerusalem F¶ cN\ \nÀÆ-ln-¨p. PqZm-bnkw Hcp aXhpw kwkvIm-
chpw F¶v sa³UÂtkm¬ hymJym\n¨ncp-¶-Xns\ tamkkv B{I-an-¨p.
slÊns\ kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw PqZm-bnkw hÀ¤-a m-bn-c p-¶p. AXp
sImp Xs¶ AhÀ¡v Hcp tZiw Bh-iy-a m-Wv. aÊo-\ n-bpsS Bi-b-
¯ns\ ]n³]-äp-¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p AXv.
_v\mbv _vdn-¯nsâ B[nIm-c nI Ncn{Xw kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶ Xv
_v\mbv _vdn¯pw, Ata-cn-¡³ B`y-ć Iem-]hpw X½n-epÅ _Ôw- \n-
KqVX DÄs¡m-Åp¶p F¶m-Wv. hmjn-§vS-\nÂ h¨v _v\mbv _vdn-¯nsâ
ta[m-hnsb Nmc³ F¶ \nebv¡v XS-¦ -enÂ B¡n-bXv \ymb-am-bn-cp-¶nÃ
F¶mWv AhÀ Ah-I m-i-s ¸-«n-c p-¶-Xv A[nIw . _v\mbv _vdnXv imJ-Ifpw
hS-¡³ `mK-¯m-bn-cp-¶p, AhÀ “bqWn-b\v”v A\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cp¶p, F¶n-
«pw.
1840Â {_n«ojv hntZ-i-Imcy a{ń ]mtaÀÌ¬ kb-Wnkw
Øm]n-X-a m-¡n. At±lw ]d-ªXv PqX-·mÀ ]me-kvXo-\n-te¡v Xncn-s I-
t¸m-Ip-¶-XnÂ XXv]-c -cm-sW-¶v. Aº Cu_m³ ]dbp-¶Xv PqX-·mÀ¡v
AsX-¡p-dn¨v H¶pw Xs¶ Adn-bn-Ãm-bn-cp¶p F¶m-Wv. Hcp amk-¯n\p
tijw {_n«³ ]me-kvXo-\nÂ tk\sb hn\y-kn-¨p. BZy-am-bn. HutZym-Kn-
I-am-bn, _v\mbv _vdnXv 1843 Â, A{]-i-kvX-\mb {^nta-bvk¬,
\yqtbmÀ¡nÂ Bcw-`n-¨p. PqX-·mÀ¡p thn-bpÅ {ôta-bvk-Wdn F¶
a«nÂ. PqX-k-a q-l-¯ n-\I¯v, {]tXyI Dt±y-i -t¯m-s S, Hcp {]tXyI
cmjv{Sob hn`mKw cq]-s¸-Sp¯n \bn-t¡-p-¶-Xn\v thn.
cp hÀj-¯n\p tijw ku¯v Itcm-en\ tImf-PnÂ \S¶ {]i-kvX-
amb {]`m-j-W-¯ nÂ Dt±yiw ]pd¯p h¶p. {]`m-j-I ³ kvtIm«njv
ssdäv {ôta-bvk-W-dn-bnepw ASna hym]m-c-¯nepw Ip{]-kn-²-amb ku¯v
Itcm-en-\-bnse PqX IpSpw-_-¯nse FUvhn³ Un entbm¬. entbm¬
]n¶oSv tIm¬s^-U-td-änse cl-ky-tk\m ta[m-hn.
entbm¬ hnZymÀ°n-I-tfmSv ]d-ªXv {^©v hn¹-h -¯nÂ ]s¦-
Sp-¯ -hÀ AXnse D]-I -c-W-§Ä am{X-a m-b n-c p-¶p, AXv krjvSn-¨-h-c-Ã.
536
kzmX{ýw iàn-bn-eqsS t\Sp-¶ -X n\p thn, bwKv PÀ½\n, bwKv

{^m³kv, bwKv Cw¥v F¶n-h -bpsS amXr-I-bnÂ bwKv Ata-c n¡ F¶
hn¹-h-tk\ Bh-iy-am-sW¶v entbm¬ kaÀ°n-¨ p.
Ata-c n-¡³ tk\sb saIvkn-t¡m-s b B{I-a n-¡p-¶-Xn\v Ata-
cn-¡³ {]kn-Uv “Pbnwkv t]m¡v ”v \nÀt±-in-¨-t¸mÄ ‘bwKv Ata-c n¡’
F¶ Bibw BZys¯ êw \ÂIn. sNdp-¸-¡m-c -\mb ]mÀesaâv
AwKw F{_lmw en¦³, {]kn-Uv X«n-¸p-Im-c-\m-sW¶v {]Jym-]n-¨p.
ASna apX-em-fn-a mcpsS KqVm-tem-N-\-bmWv saIvkn-¡³ bp²w F¶pw,
AXv cmPys¯ \in-¸n¡pw F¶pw. 12 hÀj-t¯¡v en¦\v cmjv{Sobw
hn«p \nÂt¡n h¶p.
{_n«ojv ]²Xn 1850 IfnÂ ]mI-X-sb-¯n. AXv ]Sn-ªm-dnÂ
{i²-bp-d-¸n-¨p. cv {][m\ ]¦m-fn-I Ä Dm-bn-c p-¶p. Nn³Nn-\ m-¯n-bnÂ
BØm-\-ap-d-¸n-¨, _v\mbv _vdnXv anUvshÌv ta[mhn sFk-¡v. Fw.
sshkv, Nn³Nn-\ m-¯n-bnse Xs¶, kvt¡m«njv ssdäv tabvk-W-dn-b n-s e,
hS-¡³ taJem t\Xm-hv, {_n«ojv ssk\nI DtZym-K-Ø³, InÃn-b³. F¨v.
hm³ sd³Ê-e-sbÀ.
1854 þ 1860 Ime-L-« -¯nÂ AhÀ Knights of the Golden
Circle F¶ kwL-S-\ bv¡v cq]w \ÂIn. AXv ASn-a¯ hyh-Ø bv¡v
A\p-Iq-e-am-b, hnL-S-\, òI-c-h mZ kwL-S-\ . anÊn-Ên¸n Xmgvhc apXÂ
eqkn-bm\, sSIvkkv F¶n-hn-S-§-fnÂ hym]n¨p InS-¡p¶ Xc-¯nÂ.
sshknsâ _v\mbv _vdnXv AtX `mK-§-fnÂ hnI-kn-¨ p. Ah-cpsS ]²Xn
emän³ Ata-cn-¡, ]Sn-ªm-d³ Ata-cn¡ F¶n-hn-S-§-fnÂ ASn-a ¯w
hym]n-¸n-¡pI, Ata-cn-¡sb sNdnb cmPy-§-fm¡n hn`-P n-¡p-I. eqkn-bm-
\-bnÂ sk\-äÀ PqZm _©-a n³, kvtIm«njv ssdäv tabvkW-dn-bpsS
sX¡³ taJe t\Xmhv BÂ_À«v ss]¡v F¶n-h À Knights of the
Golden Circle hn]p-eo-I-c n-¡p-¶-X n\v {ian-¨p. PqZm _©-ansâ A½m-hsâ
ktlm-Z-c ³ am¶n, ap³]v Northern Scottish Rite kwL-S-\-bpsS \nb-am-
hen X¿m-dm-¡n-bn-c p-¶p. sshkpw, hm³ sd³Ê-e-sbÀ XpS-§n-b-hÀ
t\Xr-X z-¯nÂ.
B`y-ć Iem]w krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn, Knights sX¡³ `mK¯v
hn`P-\-¯n\p thn kacw Bcw-`n-¨ p. hS-¡³ `mK¯v Xma-k-a m-¡n-bn-cp-
¶-hÀ Copperheads F¶v Adn-b-s ¸-«p. BØm\w Hlm-tbm-hnÂ. bp²-
¯n\p ap³]v, sFk¡v sshkn\v ¢ohvse³UnÂ cv _v\mbv _vdnXv
{]mtZ-i n-I -t\-Xm-¡-fp- m-bn-c p-¶p.
sska¬ hpÄ^v, _³P-an³ ]nIvtkm-t«m. AhÀ sUsam-{Im-änIv ]mÀ«n
ta[m-hnbpw tdm¯vjoÂUvkv _m¦nsâ Ata-cn-¡³ {]Xn-\n-[n-bp-amb
HmKÌv s_Âtamvs â cmjv{Sob-- k-lm-bn-I-fmbpw {]hÀ¯n-¨n-c p-¶p.
Knights of the Golden Circle, bwKv Ata-cn¡ ]²-Xn-IÄ¡v [\-k-lmbw
537
\ÂIn-bn-c p-¶Xv s_Âtam¬Sv. At±lw s\XÀe³Uvknse Aw_m-k-U-

dm-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ cq]w sImSp¯ ]²-Xn-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p.
_³P-an³ ]oIvkmt«m Copperhead s\ Xo{h-a mbn A\p-Iq-
en-¨n-cp¶ Cleavland Plain Dealer F¶ {]kn-²o-I-c-W-¯nsâ ]{Xm-[n-]-c pw.
AXv tcmjm-Ip-e-cmb P\w AS¨p ]q«n. hpÄ^v, ]nIvtkmt«m F¶n-hÀ
lo{_q \mSI kwLw \S-¯ n-bn-c p-¶p. AXnÂ lo{_p AÃm¯ tPm¬
hnÂs¡ _q¯pw.
1861 Â bp²w Bcw-`n-¨p. Xe-Øm-\¯v _v\ mbv _vdn-
¯nsâ {]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn sska¬ hpÄ^v hmjn-§vS-\n-se-¯n. BÂ_À«v
ss]¡nsâ kvtIm«njv ssdänepw, PqZm _³P-ansâ tIm¬^-U-tdäv cl-
ky-tk-\-bnepw tNcp-¶-X n\p thn. Ata-cn-¡³ tk\-bpsS IuÀ Câ-
en-P³kv Ub-d-I vSÀ e^m-bs¯ t_bv¡À, hpÄ^ns\ XS-¦-en-em-¡n.
t_bv¡À F{_lmw en¦\pw, At±-l-¯nsâ bp²-Imcy sk{I-«dn
FUvhn³ Ìmâ\pw thn {]hÀ¯n-¨n-cp-¶p.
Nn³Nn-\ m-¯ n-bnÂ sFk¡v sshknsâ hew-ssI, Pqen-
bkv Hm¡vk,v Abm-fpsS `mcy s_ÀX Ah-cpsS aIsâ “Ipªp hn”
bnÂ Confederate ssk\y-¯n\p thn ab-¡p-a-c p¶v IS-¯ n-b-Xn\v ]nSn-bn-
em-bn. ]n¶oSv Ah-c psS aI\pw þ A[n-Im-c -Zmln AtUmÄ^v Hm¡vkpw,
sFk¡v sshknsâ aIfpw X½n-epÅ hnhmlw \S-¶p. ]n¶oSv AhÀ
New York Times hm§n. Ah-cpsS aIÄ BÀXÀ kpÂkv_ÀK-dns\
hnhmlw sNbvXp.
1862 Â Ata-c n-¡³ \mhn-I-tk\ anÊn-Ên¸n \Zo bp²-¯nÂ
hnP-bn-¨p. Ata-cn-¡³ Ic-tk\ sam^n-kv, sSs¶Ên F¶nh ssI¿-S-¡n.
sFk¡v ssh-knsâ _v\mbv _vdn-¯nsâ ]nWn-bmÄ, {_n«ojv hwi-P³
F{_lmw {^m¦vem³Uv s\ XS-¦-en-em-¡n. Confederate Spy F¶v k½-Xn-
¡p-I bpw sNbvXp. Pqen-bkv Hm¡vkv AbmÄ¡v Pbn-enÂ klmbw
F¯n-¨p. 20,000 tUmfÀ t_mnÂ hnSp-X -epw.
ASp¯ hÀjw, Hlmtbm I¬sh³j-\nÂ _v\mbv _vdnXv t\Xmhv
sFkIv sshkv, Xo{h-hmZ “bqWn-b³” hncp² Copperhead ]n³Xp-W -
tbmsS sk\-äÀ Øm\-t¯bv¡v aÕ-c n-¡p-¶-Xn\v [mc-W-bm-bn.
sshknsâ kplr¯v s¢a-âv hÃm³UnJmw KhÀWÀ Øm\-t¯-¡v.
Ata-cn-¡-bnse Gähpw henb h©-I³ F¶p hnfn¨v , F{_lmw en¦³
\mSp-I-S-¯n-bXp ImcWw Im\-U-bnÂ Xma-kn-¨ n-cp-¶p. Nn³Nn-\m-¯n-bnse
PqX-·mÀ “bqWn-b³” A\p-Iq-en-I-fm-bn-c p-¶p. Ah-c psS Bcm-[-\m-ebw
HutZym-Kn-I-a m-bn-¯s¶, sXc-sª-Sp-¸nÂ \n¶pw sshkv ]n³am-d-W-sa¶v
Bh-iy-s¸-«p.
538
1865 G{]nÂ 14 \v, bp²w Ignªv ASp¯ \mfp-I-fnÂ,

tPm¬ hnÂs¡ _q¯v {]kn-Uv F{_lmw en¦s\ shSn h¨p.
ASp¯ Znhkw en¦³ ac-W-a-S-ªp. AXn\pw GXm\pw amk-§Ä¡p
ap³]v _q¯v, Im\-U-bnÂ tam¬{Sn-bÂ se _m¦nÂ ]Ww \nt£-]n-¨n-
cp-¶p. PqZm _³P-a n\pw, PqZm _³P-an³ ]nWn-bmÄ tPm¬ kpdäpw D]-
tbm-Kn-¨n-c p¶ A¡unÂ. _q¯v, en¦s\ shSn hbv¡p¶ ka-b¯v
]oIvtkm-t«m, _v\ mbv _vdn-¯nsâ A´m-cmjv{S {]kn-U-m-b n-c p-¶p.
shSn-bp-Xn-À¡p-¶-Xn\v GXm\pw aWn-¡q-dp-I Ä¡p ap³]v _v\mbv _vdnXv
hmjn-§vS³ ta[mhn sska¬ hpÄ^ns\ In-c p-¶p. hqÄ^v ]n¶oSv ]d-
ªXv _q¯nsâ t{]am-`yÀ°\ \nc-kn-¡-s ¸-«-X nsâ k¦-S-a mWv en¦s\
shSn hbv¡p-¶-X n\v Imc-W-a m-bXv F¶v. sska¬ hpÄ^v ]n¶oSv Bân
Un^-ta-j³ eoKnsâ {][m\ Øm]-I³.
bp²-s ¯-¯p-SÀ¶v tamNn-¸n-¡-s ¸« Idp¯ hÀ¤-¡msc sXc-
sª-Sp-¸nÂ ]s¦-Sp-¡p-¶ -XnÂ \n¶v XS-bp-¶-Xn\p thn Ku Klux Klan
U.S.A cq]o-I-c n-¡-s¸-«p. Idp¯ hÀ¤-¡m-s cbpw U.S.A A\p-I q-e n-I-fmb
shÅ-¡m-sc-bpw- ]oVn¸n¡p-Ibpw Nps«-c n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. BÂ_À«v
ss]¡pw \Ym³ t^mdÌpw Xma-kn-¨n-c p¶ saw^n-kn-em-bn-cp¶p KKK
BØm-\w. saw^nkv _v\mbv _vdnXv t\Xmhv F{_lmw {^m¦ve³Uv,
ss]¡nsâ Bß-kp-lr-¯v.
{^m¦ve³Uv Fgp-X nb Kabbalistic Researches Ata-cn-¡³
PqX ]pcm-tc-J-I-fpsS Iq«-¯nÂ. Nn³Nn-\m-¯n-b nÂ. Nmc-hr¯n cl-ky-
`m-jbpw, ZpÀa-{´-hmZ NnÓ-§-fpw, tabvk¬ a{´-§-fpw, t]bvK³
aXs¯-¡p-dn¨pw Hs¡. AXnsâ Bap-J-¯nÂ BÂ_À«v KÃm-än³
ams¡ sNbvX klm-b-§-s f-¡p-dn¨pw þ kvtIm«njv ssdäv {Km³Uv sk{I-
«dn, BÂ_À«v ss]¡v \ÂInb ]pkvX-I-s ¯-¡p-dn-¨pw , {^m¦ve³Uv \µn
{]I-Sn-¸ n-¡p-¶p. ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ {^m¦ve³Uv, ]pcm-X\ Imew apXÂ ]mc-
¼-cy-ambn ssIam-dn-¡n-«nb ssZh-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨pw. AÊn-dn-b-bnse {]ap-J-
amb 13 ssZh-§-fnÂ 4 F®w, ]ns¶ Bel ssZhw. ams¡ ]d-b-p ¶Xv
BelF¶Xv Baal Xs¶-bm-Wv. _m_n-tem-Wn-b-¡m-cpsS Gähpw {]apJ
ssZhw. C{km-tb-enÂ \n¶pw ]pd-¯m-¡p-¶-X n-\ v, PqX ]gb \nb-a-¯nÂ
tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-b n-c p¶ I]S ssZhw. 1871 apXÂ tdmbÂ BÀ¨v
tabvtkmWnIv k{¼-Zm-bw Bel, Jehova sb kqNn-¸n-¡p¶ Jah, CuPn]väv
kqcy-tZ-hs\ {]Xn-\ n-[o-I -cn-¡p¶ On F¶n-h sb Iq«n-bn-W-¡n. Jah Bel On
krjvSn-¨p. ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ Rose Cross s\¡p-dn¨pw ]d-bp-¶p. tamdÂkv
B³Uv tUmÜ-bnÂ ss]¡v, Ata-cn-¡³ Ncn-{X-¯nse cà cq£nX
sIme-] m-X-I -§-fpsS aqÀ²-\y-¯nÂ ss]¡pw, {^m¦ve³Upw X½n-ep-m-
bn-cp¶ ]¦m-fn-¯-s ¯-¡p-dn¨v hnh-cn-¡p-¶p. Iºm-e-s b-¡p-dn¨v Bcm-[-\ -
tbmsS hÀ®n-¡p-¶p. ss]¡v, {^m¦ve³Uns\ kvtIm«njv ssdäv {ôta-
bvk-W-dn-bpsS sS¶n-s Ê ta[m-hn-bmbn \nb-an-¨p. Supreme Council Â
539
AwK-Xzhpw. AtX kabw sFk¡v sshkv, {^m¦ve³Uns\ _v\mbv

_vdn-¯ nsâ sS¶nsÊ, anÊn-Ên-¸n, Ae-_m-a , AÀI³kmkv F¶n-hn-S-§-
fnse {]kn-U-mbn \nb-an-¨p.
1992 Unkw-_À 10, 1993 G{]nÂ 8. Cu Znh-k-§-fnÂ _v \mbv
_vdn-¯ nsâ ADL sâ sI«nSw FBI sdbvUv sNbvX p. km³{^m³knÊvtIm-
bnepw temkv Gbv©-e-knepw Htc ka-bw. 1962 apXÂ sFÀhn³ kphmÂ
sâ taÂ t\m«-¯nÂ, ADL Nmc-h r¯n \S-¯p¶ hn]p-e-a mb kwLmXw
F¶v sXfnhv e`n-¨p. sksa-änIv hncp-²-a -Ãm-¯ , AXp-a mbn bmsXmcp
_Ô-h p-a n-Ãm¯ kwL-S-\-I-s f-¡p-dn¨pw ADL hnhcw tiJ-c n-¨n-cp-¶p.
sÛ-dÂ dn-kÀhv, BZm-b-\n-IpXn \nbaw F¶nh \ne-hnÂ h¶
AtX hÀjw 1913 Â ADL Øm]n-X-a m-b n. _v\mbv _vdnXv AXnsâ tk\ .
Ch¡p cn\pw PqX kwL-S\ F¶ t]cp am{Xw. hmkvX-h-¯nÂ
{_n«ojv cl-kym-t\z-jW kwL-S-\-I-fm-Wv. [The Executive Intelligence
Review]. Ah hy`n-Nm-cw, ab-¡p-a -cp¶v IÅ-¡-S-¯v, kwL-SnX Ipä-Ir-Xy-
§Ä F¶n-h-bnÂ DÄs¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. FXnÀ¡p-¶-hsc kuI-c ymÀ°w
skssa-änIv hncp-²À F¶p hnfn-¡p-¶p. kb-WnÌv hnZym-`ym-k-s ¯bpw
BNm-c -§-sfbpw t{]mÕm-ln-¸ n-¡p-¶p.
BÂ_À«v ss]¡v 19 þmw \qäm- nÂ ]d-ªn-c p-¶Xv 3þmw temI
alm-bp²w, cmjv{ Sob kb-Wn-khpw, CÉm-a n-I -Xbpw ]c-kv]cw t]mc-Sn¨v
cn-sâbpw k¼qÀ®- \m-i-¯n\v Imc-W-am-Ip-¶-Xn\p thn krjvSn-¡-
s¸Spw F¶m-Wv. AtX XpSÀ¶v aäp cmjv{S-§-sfbpw ]qÀ®-a mbpw
XfÀ¯p-¶-Xpw. FÃm AÀ°-¯n-epw. (Bâ³ sNbvä-vI n³ sâ ]T-\-
¯nÂ \n¶v)
{_n«ojv ssk¡n-bm-{Sn. bqP-\nIvkv

540
1950 IfnÂ {_n«ojv a\-Èm-kv{X- bp² hn`m-Kw, AXv ähn-tÌm¡v C³Ìn-

äyq-«v, kvt¡m«njv ssdäv tabvk-Wp-I Ä, CIA, F¶nh UN {]Øm-\-§-fp-
ambnt¨À¶v kz`mh \nb-{´-W, cq]o-I-c W ]²-Xn¡v XpS-¡-a n-«p. 1970
IfnÂ CIA bpsS IognÂ MK - Ultra F¶ t]cnÂ Adn-b-s¸-«p. Ata-cn-¡³
sk\-änse hnNm-c-W-th-f-bnÂ -A-Xnsâ ]e DÅp-I-fn-Ifpw shfn-s¸-«p.
CIA bpsS ZpjvsN-bvXn-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v At\z-jn-¡p-¶-Xn\v s\Âk¬ tdms¡-
s^-ÃÀ \nb-an-X-\ m-bn. AhÀ Ah-Im-i -s¸-«Xv, I½yq-Wn-Ìp-I-fpsS ]²-Xn-
tbmSv InS]nSn-¡p¶ kmt¦-Xn-IX hnI-kn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v thn-bmWv F¶v.
{_n«ojv taÂt\m-«-¯ nÂ Øm]n-X-amb sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv,
CtâÀWÂ dh\yq kÀÆo-kv, FBI F¶n-h-tbmSv tNÀ¶v tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ
ût-j\pw Øm]n-X-ambn. 1913 Â. hnÃyw tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ 1911 Â
{_n«ojv cl-kym-t\z-jW hn`m-K-¯ nse D¶X DtZym-K-Ø-\ mb ¢usU
Um³sk sb kzImcy Bh-iy-§Ä¡mbn \ntbm-Kn-¨p. tPm¬ Un.
tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ 1860 Â F® hym-]mcw Bcw`n-¨ Xv {_n«ojv [\-k-lm-b-
¯m-em-Wv. Um³sk Ccp cmPy-§-fn-sebpw cl-kym-t\z-jW hn`m-K-§sf
Iq«n-bn-W-¡n. hn³Ì³ NÀ¨n-ensâ _Ôp, P\-dÂ amÂ_tdm NÀ¨nÂ,.
Um³sk-bpsS hnizkvX A\p-bm-bn, Ata-cn-¡³ ssk\nI Câ-en-
P³knsâ ta[m-hn-bm-bn. H¶mw temI alm-bp-²-¯ n\p tijw P\-dÂ
NÀ¨nÂ Black Chamber F¶ \yqtbmÀ¡v BØm-\ -amb cl-kym-t\z-jW
{]Øm-\-¯nsâ kmcYyw Gsä-Sp-¯p. {_n«-t\mSv Iqdp ]peÀ¯p¶
\yqtbmÀ¡v ]W-a n-S-]m-Sp-ImÀ, Ata-c n-¡³ ssk\yw XpS-§n-b-hbv¡p
thn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-X n\p thn. tdms¡-s^-Ã-dn\p thn sabvkn
ût-j³ F¶ sshZy-imkv{X Kth-j-W-tI{µw P\-dÂ NÀ¨n-ensâ
taÂt\m-«-¯nÂ.
sskIym-{SnIv P\-änIvkv F¶ imJ-bpsS {]hÀ¯-\-
§Ä¡m-bn, tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ ût-j³ [mcmfw]Ww sNe-h-gn-¨p. bqP-
\n-Ivknsâ Bi-b-§Ä ssk¡n-bm-{ Sn-bnÂ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-X m-b n-c p-¶p.
bqP-\nIvkv \ne-sIm-Åp-¶- Xv hwi-ip-²n, hwiob ip²o-I-cWw, hwiob
D¶-a\w F¶n-hbv¡p thn. hnI-kn-¨Xv e-\ nse KmÄ«³ et_m-d-«-dn,
]ns¶ Cw¥-n-tebpw Ata-cn-¡-bn-sebpw bqP-\nIvkv skmssk-än-IÄ
F¶n-h n-S-§-fnÂ. tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ ût-j-sâ -kr-jv Sn-bmWv aqWn-¨nse
sIbvkÀ hnÂslw C³Ìn-äyp«v Hm^v ssk¡n-bm-{ Sn. ]n¶oSv AXv
ût-jsâ \nb-{´-W-¯nÂ XpS-c p-¶p. AXv tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ Gsä-Sp-
¡p-¶-X n\p ap³]v s{Ibv]-en³ C³Ìn-äyq«v F¶-dn-b-s ¸-«n-c p-¶p. tdms¡-
s^-ÃÀ \nb-{´-W-¯nÂ Xs¶-bp-Å-X m-Wv sIbvkÀ hnÂslw C³Ìn-äyq«v
t^mÀ Bt{´m-t]m-f-Pn, bqP-\n-Ivkv, B³Uv lyqa³ sldn-Un-än. Ch
cnâbpw ta[m-h n-b mbn ^mjnÌv kznÊv ssk¡n-bm-{ SnÌv GWÌv
dqUn³. klm-b-¯n\v HmßÀ {ôlÀ, thm¬ shÀjyqÀ, {^m³kv
ImÂa³.
541
1932 Â tUmIvSÀ GWÌv dqUn³ temI bqP-\nIvkv

sÛtd-j³ {]kn-U-m-b n. shÀjyqÀ, Kth-j-W-§-s f-¡p-dn-¨pÅ ]ptcm-
KXn kqNn-¸n-¨p-sImv Fgp-Xnb dnt¸mÀ«nÂ At±-lw ]d-bp-¶p.
“sa³tKse Kth-j-W-Im-cy-§-fnÂ Fs¶ klm-bn-¡p-¶p. Hmjvhn-
ävknse tIm¬k¬t{S-j³ Iym¼p-I-fnÂ. hnh[ hwi-¡m-cnÂ \n¶pw
càw tiJ-cn¨v Fsâ ]co-£-W-im-e-bnÂ F¯n¨p Xcp-¶p.” Cc«¡p«n-
Isf In«p-I-bm-sW-¦nÂ, hni-Z-a mb tNmZym-h en \ÂIp-¶p. shÀjyq-dnsâ
]c-o-£-W-§Ä¡mbn þ Nne {]tXyI t{]m«o-\p-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ þ Znh-
khpw càw tiJ-c n-¡p-¶p. I®nsâ \nd-s¯-¡p-dn¨v ]Tn-¡p-¶-Xn\v
I®nÂ kqNn Ib-än-bn-c p-¶p. hym[n-IÄ ]IÀ¶p \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶p. Bć
Ah-b-h-§fpw AwK-§fpw \o¡w sN¿p-t¼mÄ ]e-t¸mgpw thZ-\ -kw-lm-
cn-IÄ \ÂIn-bn-c p-¶n-Ã. enwK-amäw ]co-£n-¨n-cp-¶p. BWn-s\bpw s]®n-
s\bpw {]P-\-\-ti-jn-bn-Ãm-¯-h-c m-¡n-bn-c p-¶p. Bbn-c-¡-W -¡n\v a\p-
jysc sIm¶v Ah-cpsS Ah-b-h-§Ä ]co-£-W-§Ä¡mbn D]-tbm-Kn-¨p.
Ata-cn-¡³ bqP-\nIvkv skmssk-än-bnse tUmIvSÀ ImÂa³,
\yqtbmÀ¡v sÌbväv ssk¡n-bm-{SnIv C³Ìn-äyq-«nse {]ap-J-\ m-bn. C¶pw
bqP-\nIvkv skmsskänbpsS Bhm-k-tI-{µw. shÀjyqÀ, aäv \mkn {]ap-
JÀ F¶n-h -cp-am-bn-t¨À¶v, ImÂa³ , Ata-c n-¡³ skmsskän t^mÀ
lyqa³ P\-änIvkv Øm]n-¨p. AXv lyqa³ Pot\mw t{]mP-IvSn\v
t\XrXzw \ÂIn.
1943. tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ ût-j\pw, It\-Un-b³ tk\bpw
Ah-cpsS ssk¡n-bm-{ SnIv iàn-IÄ kwtbm-Pn-¸n-¨p. It\-Un-b³ tk\m
ta[mhn tUmIvSÀ tPmÀÖv t{_m¡v Jntkmw, ähn-tÌm¡v C³Ìn-äyq-«nÂ
]cn-io-e\w t\Snb ssk¡n-bm-{ Sn-Ìv. 1943 Â tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ ût-j³,
tam¬{Sn-bÂ Â aIvKnÂ bqWn-thÀkn-än-bnÂ Ae³ sat½m-dn-bÂ
C³Ìn-äyq«v Øm]n-¨p. _e-{]-tbm-K-¯n-e-[ n-jvTn-X-a mb tNmZyw sN¿epw,
akvXnjvI {]£m-f-\hpw Ae³ C³Ìn-äyq-«nÂ, tUmIvSÀ Ima-dq-W nsâ
taÂt\m-«-¯nÂ. It\-Un-b³ tk\, tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ ût-j³, CIA
F¶n-h -cpsS \nb-{´-W-¯nÂ.
1943 Â hnÂs{Ûv HmhÀtlm-ÉÀ, Hmôkv Hm^v
kv{SmäPnIv kÀho-k-knsâ I½nän A²y-£³. kvtIm«njv ssdäv.
^mkn-ks¯ XS-bm-s \¶ a«nÂ Ipä-h m-fn-I sf ]¦p tNÀ¯p. sakvIm-
en³ F¶ D·m-Zw, aXn-{àw krjvSn-¡p¶ hkvXp Ip¯n h¨p. {]tXyI
Af-hnÂ acn-Pp-h m-\ bpw ]pI-bn-ebpw \ÂIn D¯-c-hm-Zn-Xz-an-Ãmbva kr-jv-
Sn-¡p¶Xn\v km[n¡pw F¶v Is-¯n. AXv D]-tbm-Kn¨ am^nb Xe-
h³ HmKÌv sUÂ {Kmtjym cl-ky-§Ä hnfn¨p ]d-ªp. ab-¡p-a -cp¶v
IÅ-¡-S-¯n-s\-¡p-dn-¨ pÅ cl-ky-§Ä. HmhÀ tlmÉdpw kwLhpw
cmPy-¯pÅ apgp-h³ ssk\n-I À¡pw acn-Pp-h m\ \ÂIn. Ata-cn-¡³
kpc£m tk\-bpsS klm-b-t¯m-s S, 1950 Ifnepw 1960 Ifnepw, bphm-
542
¡sf ab-¡p-a-c p-¶n\v ASn-a -bm-¡p-¶-Xn\v MK Ultra ]²Xn t\XrXzw

\ÂIn.
1944. tIm¬k³t{S-j³ Iym¼p-IÄ DuÀÖn-X-ambn apt¶-
dp¶ Imew. sam¬SmKp t\mÀa³ _m¦v Hm^v Cw¥nÂ \n¶pw cmPn
h¨p. CS-¡nsS am\-knI AkzmØyw {]I-Sn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶, AXnsâ t]cnÂ
Bip-] {Xn-I -fnÂ ]e-t¸mgpw Ign-ªn-c p¶ t\mÀa³, {_n«ojv \mj-WÂ
Atkm-kn-tb-j³ t^mÀ saâÂ slÂ¯v NAMH cq]o-I-cn-¨p. AXnsâ
cq]-h-X vI-cWw t\mÀasâ e-\nse hk-Xn-bnÂ, tXmÀs] temUvPnÂ.
1930 IfnÂ lnäve-dn\v Bh-iy-a mb [\-hn-h-c -¡-W-¡p-IÄ Xocp-a m-\ n-¡p-¶-
Xn\v \mkn km¼-¯nI Imcy a{ń PmÂaÀ jm¡ns\ In-cp¶ AtX
Øew. _m¦v Hm^v Cw¥-nse t\mÀasâ klm-bn-b - mbn-c p¶ Hmt«m- \o-
ta-sbÀ NAMH {Sj-d-dpw. \ota-b-dnsâ ktlm-Z-c -]p{Xn tacn B¸nÄ_n, P\-
dÂ sk{I-«-dn-bpw. AhÀ ap³]v {_n«ojv hntZiImcy Hmô-knÂ, PÀ½³
hn`m-K-¯nÂ. {]kn-Uv dn¨ÀUv HmsÌ³ _«veÀ. _«veÀ lm-en-^mIvkv
{]`p-hnsâ IognÂ hntZ-i-Imcy D] a{ń. {_n«ojv ]mÀe-saânÂ \mkn
A\p-Iqe hàm-hv. Atkm-kn-tb-j³ A²y-£³ lmen-^m-Ivknsâ acp-a -
I³, GÄ Hm^v s^hÀjmw. ]ns¶ t\mÀa³ kwL-S-\, temI
sskIym{Sn Atkm-kn-tb-j³ (WPA) Gsä-Sp-¯p. tUmIvSÀ tUmWÄUv
Cuh³ Ima-dq¬ Xsâ Xe-t¨mdv sh«n-s¸m-fn-¡p¶ ]²-X n¡v Ah[n
\ÂIn, \mkn DtZym-K-Ø³ dqtUmÄ^v slÊnsâ am\-knI \ne hne-bn-
cp-¯p-¶-Xn\v ähn-tÌm-¡ns\ klm-bn-¨p. \mkn a\-Øn-Xn-s b-¡p-dn¨v
hyà-a mb [mc-W-bp- m-bn-c p¶ Ima-dq-Wns\ hmjn-§vS-\nse clky
bp²-Ime ssk¡n-bm-{ SnIv I½n-än-bnÂ tNÀ¯p h¨p. \yqsdw_ÀKv bp²
Ipä IrXy hnNm-c-WbnÂ hnZ-Kv²³ F¶ a«nÂ Ima-dq¬ ]¦p tNÀ¶p.
12 hb-Ên\p taÂ {]mb-a pÅ Pohn-¨n-c n-¡p¶ FÃm
PÀ½³ImÀ¡pw, Ah-cnÂ Ah-ti-jn-¨n-cn-¡p¶ \mkn-ks¯ ]pd¯p If-
bp-¶-Xn\p thn, Ce-Iv{SnIv tjm¡v \ÂI-W-sa¶ Ima-dq-Wnsâ A`n-
{]mbw Ae³ Uyqf-kn\v hfsc CjvS-am-bn. AXnsâ taÂ t\m«w
t_mÌ³ ssk¡n-bm-{ SnÌv entbm Ae-I vk m-À. 1948 Â NAMH sâ
t\Xr-X z-¯n-Â, e-\nÂ, BtcmKy a{´m-e-b-¯n\p IognÂ A´m-cmjv{S
am\-knI BtcmKy kt½-f-\ w. AhnsS World Federation of Mental
Health WFMH cq]o-Ir-X-am-bn. t\mÀasâ `mcy FIvkn-Iyq-«ohv t_mÀUnÂ.
{_n«ojv ssk\y-¯nsâ a\-È mkv{X bp²-Im-cym-e-b-¯nsâ ta[m-hn. ähn-
tÌm¡v C³Ìn-äyq«v Xe-h³ tUmIvSÀ {_ntK-Un-bÀ P\-dÂ tPm¬
tdmhven§v dokns\ WFMH sâ A[n-]-\mbn \nb-a n-¨p. t\mÀasâ
\yqtbmÀ¡nse ]nWn-bmÄ ¢mc³kv an¡m-en-kns\ tPmknb sabvkn JR
ût-j³ A²y-£-\mbn \ntbm-Kn-¨p. ]Sn-ªm-d³ kwkvI r-X nsb A«n-
a-dn-¡p-¶-Xn\pÅ [\-k-lm-bw, ¢mc³kv \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶p. tabvkn JR.
ût-jsâ No^v saUn-¡Â Hmô-kÀ tUmIvSÀ {^m¦v {ôtamv
543
kvan¯v , sP. BÀ dokn-s\m¸w WFMH Øncw Ub-d-I vSÀ. 1948 se kt½-

f\¯nse sSIv\ n-¡Â tIm HmÀUn-t\-äÀ \o\ ssdUv\qÀ ]n¶oSv Fgp-Xn-
bXv, Mental Health in the United States : A Fifty Years History bnÂ
WFMH sFIy-cmjv{S k`-bpsS \nÀt±-i-¯nÂ cq]o-I r-X -am-b-XmWv F¶v.
WHO, UNESCO F¶n-hbv¡v Kh¬saân-X-c , temI am\-knI BtcmKy
kwL-S\ Bh-i y-a m-bn-c p¶p F¶-Xn-\mÂ. {_n«ojv ssk¡-tfm-Pn-¡Â
hmÀs^-bÀ sk{I-«-dn, UN se {]ap-J kwL-S-\bv¡v cq]w \ÂIn. WHO
sâ BZy Ub-d-IvSÀ, HcÀ°-¯nÂ AXnsâ krjvSmhv {]apJ It\-Un-
b³ sskIym-{SnÌv t{_m¡v Jntkmw. WHO sâ kw`m-h-\-bmWv, ähn-tÌm-
¡nsâ tPm¬ _uÄ_n-bpsS Mental Health and Maternal Care. UNESCO
bpw dokpw X½n-epÅ ]¦m-fn-¯vX n\v aÀ¤-tcJ \ÂIn-bXv UNESCO bpsS
Øm]I sk{I-« dn P\-dÂ, bqP-\ nIvkv hàmhv Pqen-b³ lIvkven,
]ns¶ UNESCO bpsS tkmjyÂ kb³kkv ta[mhn tUmIvSÀ Hms«
ss¢³_ÀKv. ähn-tÌm-¡p-ambn _Ô-s ¸« sskt¡m-f-Pn-Ìv. Ata-cn-¡³
\ot{Km-bpsS hwiob {]tXy-I -X-I-fnÂ {]mhoWyw t\Sn-bn-c p-¶-sX¶v ]d-b-
s¸-«n-cp¶ hyàn. B[p\nI am\-knI BtcmKyw Øm]n-X -am-¡nb kt½-
f\w, a\p-jy-h w-i-¯nsâ Xs¶ i{Xp-¡sf Hcp-an¨v AWn \nc-¯n. D]
A²y-£-·mÀ 1. {^^-kÀ. kndnÂ _À«v. ähn-tÌm¡v ssk¡ym-{ SnÌv
bqP-\nIvkv hàm-h v. ssk¡n-¡Â Kth-jW kwLw Xe-h³ þ t{]Xw,
ESP XpS-§n-b-h . Cc-«-I-fpsS taÂ X«n¸v Kth-jWw \S¯n Ip{]-kn-²-\m-
b-h³. 2. tUmIvSÀ lyqKv {In¨vä³ anÃÀ. ähn-t- Ìm¡v ¢n\nIv kvYm]-
I³. kqdn¨nse kn. Pn. bq§v C³Ìn-äyq«v D]m-²y-£³. NAMH D]m-²y-
£³. 3. Cuhn-en³ t^mIvkv. {_n«ojv bqP-\nIvkv {]Øm-\-¯nsâ
ta[m-hn-bmbn ZoÀL-\ mÄ. t\mÀasâ `mcy, Cuhve nsâ hnZymÀ°n--\-n bm-
bn-cp-¶p. 4. tUhnUv sl³tUÀk¬. e³, ayq\n-¨v, \yqtbmÀ¡v
F¶n-h n-S-§-fnÂ sskIym-{Sn-Ìv. ssk¡ym{Sn Bâv sdbvkv s_äÀsaâv
F¶ IrXn-bpsS cN-bn-X m-hv. 5. tXmakv Poh-vkv tlmÀUÀ. {_n«-\nse
bqP-\nIvkv skmssk-än-bpsS {]kn-U-v. IpSpw-_m-kq-{XW Atkm-kn.-
tb-j³ {]kn-U-v. Bwt¥m þ tkmhn-bäv ]»nIv dnte-j³kv Atkm-kn-
tb-j³ {]kn-U-v. FUvhÀUv 8 þm-a ³ cmPm-hnsâ ap³ `nj-Kz-c³. 6.
ImÄ bq§v. B`n-N m-c -{Inbm hnZvK v²³. sammKp t\mÀasâ ssk¡n-bm-
{Sn-Ìv. t]mÄ saÃ³, Uyqfkv IpSpw_w F¶n-h-bp-sSbpw \mkn-I-fpsS
Iogn-epÅ PÀ½³ ssk¡n-bm-{Sn-bpsSbpw {]Xn-\ n-[ n. 7. tUmIvSÀ
hn³{Ûv HmhÀtlmkveÀ. kvtIm«njv ssdäv tabvk-W-dn-bpsS {]Xn-\n-[n.
A´m-c mjv{S am\-kn-Im-tcmKy tIm¬{K-knÂ Ata-c n-¡-bpsS {]Xn-\n-[n.
8. Ae³ sIÀÌu-«v. bps\kvtIm kn\n-a -I-fpsS Hmô-kÀ. 9. tUmIvSÀ
BÂ{Ûv {^m¦v s{SUv tKmÄUv. {_n«³ Btcm-Ky-a -{´m-e-b-¯nÂ
hÔyw-I-cW I½nän AwKw. am\-knI sshI-ey-§-s f-¡p-dn¨v B[n-Im-cn-
I-X.
544
tIm¬{K-knsâ taÂt\m-«¯nÂ {_n«ojv \mj-WÂ Atkm-kn-tb-j³.

AXnsâ Npa-X -e. Dutches of Kent. `À¯mhv {Km³Uv amÌÀ tabvk-¬,
aI³ {Km³Uv amÌÀ tabvk¬. AXnsâ D]m-²y-£-·mÀ bqP-\nIvkv
tabvtkm-W nIv `mc-hm-ln-IÄ. BZy {]`m-jWw amÀK-cäv aoUv. \c-hw-i-
im-kv{X-Ú. B`n-Nm-c-{Inbm hnZKv². ]n¶oSv 1956 þ 1957 Â WFMH {]kn-
U-m-bn-c p-¶p. MK Ultra bpsS \mfp-I-fnÂ. NÀ¨-bpsS A²y-£³,
hn³{Ûv HmhÀtlm-ÉÀ ]d-ªX vam\-knI hnip-²n-bpsS XXz-§Ä
A´m-c m-jv{ S-X-e-¯ nÂ {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-t¡--Xp-v.
tUmIvSÀ Ima-dq-Wnsâ MK Ultra ]co-£-W-§Ä¡v ad-bmbn Society for
the Study of Human Ecology. CIA BWv MK U ltra bpsS kq{X-[m-c -I³
F¶v ]d-bp-hm³ Ign-bp-I-bn-Ã. MK Ultra \S-¡p-t¼mÄ CIA ta[mhn
Ae³ Uyqf-kv. hq{Uq hnÂk¬ sâ sk{I-«dn Hm^v tÌbväv tdm_cv«v
em³kn-§nsâ acp-a -I³. sNdp¸w apXÂ {_n«ojv cl-kym-t\z-jW hn`m-
K-hp-ambn ASp-¸-a p- m-bn-cp¶ hyàn.
tdm_À«v l¶m- s^-en-I vkv, 330 {ôta-bvk¬, kvtIm«njv ssdäv .
sskIym-{SnIv Kth-jW Ub-d-IvSÀ. AXohw \nba hncp-²-amb
akvXnjvI {]£m-f\ tI{µw \S-¯n-bn-c p-¶p. MK Ultra Xpd¶p Im«-s¸-«Xv ,
CIA tUmIvSÀ lmcnkv Ckvs_Â \v \evI n-bn-c p¶ km¼-¯n-I - k-lm-b -
s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ hnh-c -§Ä ]pd-¯p-h -cp¶Xn\v ImcWambn - . ASn-a -Isf
D]-tbmKn-¨pÅ {Iqc-a mb ]co-£-W-§Ä. sIâ-¡n-bnÂ seIvkn-MvS-\nÂ
AUn-£³ dnkÀ¨v skâ-dnÂ. 1940 apXvÂ 1963 hsc AXnsâ Ub-d-IvSÀ
sên-I vk nsâ IognÂ. NIMH Ub-d-IvSÀ. 1949 apXÂ 1964 hsc. sên-
Ivkv-þ-C-kvs_Â ]co-£-W-§Ä LSD, AXp-t]mse aXn-{àw Df-hm-¡p¶
At\Iw hkvXp-¡Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¨p-Å-Xv. Ima-dq-Wnsâ amXrI ]n³Xp-S-cp-
¶-h. tUmIvSÀ sênIvkv ]d-ªn-c p-¶Xv 25 hÀj-¯n-\Iw C¶v \ne-hn-
epÅ Xc-¯n-epÅ am\-knI tI{µ-§Ä Dm-hn-Ã. 1955 apXÂ 1992 Bb-
t¸m-tg¡pw at\m-tcmK tI{µ-§-fnse AwK-kwJy 82 iX-a m\w Iv Ipd-
ªp.
skbva qÀ tkmf-a ³ sIän, kvtIm«njv ssddäv , sskIym{Sn ]co-£-W-§-
fpsS \S-¯n-¸p-Im-c³. 1957 apXÂ 1967 hsc NIMH Ivfn\n-¡Â kb³kkv
ta[m-hn. 1990 hsc NIMH Â apXnÀ¶ imkv{X-Ú³. sImfw-_nb bqWn-
th-g vkn-än-bnse \mkn-þ-bq-P-\ nIvkv skÂ se InÂasâ ASp¯ kplr-
¯v. sIän , bqP-\ nIvkv skmsskänbpsS \mj-WÂ Ub-d-I vSÀ. 1980 Â
AXnsâ t]cv skmsskän t^mÀ Z ÌUn Hm^v tkmjyÂ _tbm-f-Pn.
ImcÄ {Ko³ sâ ]pkvXIw Test-Tube Murder: The Case
of Charles Manson. NmÄkv am³k¬ Iq«-h[w \S-¸n-em-¡p-¶-X n-\ p-a p³]v
NIMH se “]co-£-W-ar-K-”am-bn-cp-¶p. The Process þ Ańa hn[n-bpsS
545
Bcm-[-\m-ebw F¶ {_n«³ _Ô-apÅ sNIp-¯m³ tkh-I-cpsS kwL-

¯nÂ, am³k¬ tNÀ¶p. kb-tâm-f-Pn-bnÂ \n¶v DÛ-hn-¨-Xv. ab-¡p-a -
cp¶v hn]-W\w , sIme-]m-XIw, hÀ¤ob el-f-IÄ F¶nh kwL-Sn-¸n-¨p.
Son of Sam ]c-¼c sIme-bmfn tUhnUv _ÀtIm-hnävkv The Process se
AwKw. A]-I-S-Im-cn-I-fmb kwL-§-fnÂ \n¶v s]mXp-P-\s¯ kwc-£n-
¡m-s \¶ a«nÂ American Family Foundation AFF. AXv Cult Awareness
Network CAN F¶ kwL-S-\-bpsS kwc-£Ww \S-¯p-¶p
AFF sâ Ub-d-IvSÀ tUmIvSÀ eqbn tPmteym³ shÌv. XpS-¡-¯nÂ
AFF \v [\-k-lmbw, \yqtbmÀ¡nse \nb-a -hn-Z-Kv[À hgn. tPmknb
tabvkn JR ût-j-\p-ambn _Ô-s¸-«v. The Process sâ \nb-a-Im-cy-
Ø\pw AhÀ Xs¶. NmÄkv am³ks\ òI-c-\m-¡n-bXv tUmIvSÀ sên-
Ivkv. ImÂa³, at\m-tcm-Kn-Isf sIms¶m-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ \ymbo-I-cWw
lnäv-e-dn\p\evIn. MK Ultra bpambn _Ô-s¸« A[nIw tcJ-Ifpw \in-¸n-
¡-s¸-«p. Ipd-s ¨ms¡ ]ns¶bpw e`y-am-bn-cp-¶p.
1960 IfpsS BZy-L-«-¯ nÂ {]kn-Uv sI¶-Un, At¸mtfm
iq\ym-Imi ]²-Xn-bp-am-bn- ap-t¶m-«v. 10 hÀj-¯n-\Iw a\p-jys\ N{µ-
\nÂ F¯n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th-n. hmjn-MvS¬ t]mÌv, \yqkv ho¡v F¶n-h -
bpsS DSa ^nen]v {Klmw, {]kn-U-n-t\-bpw, ktlm-Z-c\pw AtämÀWn
P\-d-ep-amb t_m_n sI¶-Un-tbbpw BgvN-tXmdpw kµÀin-¨p.
At¸mtfm ]²-X n-bpsS ]n³Xp-W-¡m-c ³. kmt¦-XnI taÂt¡m-bva -bn-
eqsS kam-[m\w F¶ {]kn-U-nsâ Bi-b-¯n-sâ-bpw. {Klmw, \yqkv
ho¡nÂ {^©v {]kn-Uv NmÄkv sU Kyqsesb ]n³Xm-§p-Ibpw {_n«-
t\-bpw, Ata-c n-¡-bnse {_n«ojv A\p-Iq-en-Isf FXnÀ¡p-I-bpw sNbvXp.
{Klm-a nsâ `mcy ImX-do³ {_n«ojv hwiP. FXn-cm-bn-cp-¶p. Ata-cn-¡³
\ncm-bp-[o-I-c-W-¯n\p thn hmZn-¨ p. {Klmw `mcy-bp-a mbn amdn Xma-kn-
¨p. MK Ultra sNÌv\«v imJ-bnse ssk¡n-bm-{ SnÌv seÉn ^mÀ_À h¶p
tNÀ¶p. _emÂ¡m-cw, {Klm-an\v ab-¡p-a -cp¶v Ip¯n h¨p. sacn-em³Un-
te¡v sImp t]mb {Klm-a ns\ 10 Znh-k-§Ä¡p tijw hn«-b-¨ p. 1963
PqWnÂ hopw sNÌv\-«n-te-¡v, HmK-ÌnÂ `mcy-bpsS ssI¿n-te-¡v. D¨-
tbmsS shSn-tb-äp acn-¨p. hmjn-§vS³ t]mÌn-sâbpw \yqkv ho¡n-
sâbpw DS-a-Ø-bmbn `mcy. 3 amk-¯n\p tijw sI¶Un h[n-¡-s ¸-«p.
hmjn-§vS³ t]mÌv {]Xn-I-cn-¨n-Ã. tZiob Xe-Øm-\s¯ Gähpw {]apJ
am²y-a w.
MK Ultra bnÂ ]s¦-Sp-¯-X nÂ Gähpw {]ap-J-cmb 150 t]sc ]s¦-
Sp-¸n¨p sImv þ Poh-im-kv{X-Ú-·mÀ, s]cp-a m-ä-im-kv{X-ÚÀ, ck-X-{´-
ÚÀ, ^mÀa-t¡m-f-Pn-Ìv, \yqtdm sskt¡m-f-Pn-Ìv, amdm-tcmK hnZvKv²À þ
1961 Â . MK Ultra bpsS aqÀ²-\ y-¯nÂ, NIMH Â tabvk¬ tdm_À«v
sên-I vk nsâ IognÂ American College of Neuropsychopharmacology
546
Øm]n-X-a m-bn. AXnsâ \mUo-tI-{µw Study Group for the Effects of

Psychotropic Drugs on Normal Humans. 1967 Â AXnsâ B`n-a p-Jy-¯nÂ
tIm¬^-d³kv. AXnse tUmIvSÀ shbv³ Cuh³kv, U.S. Army Military
Stress Laboratory aÊm-¨ p-s k-ävknÂ , Ub-d-I vSÀ. ]ns¶ \Ym³ ¢o³.
bqP-\nIvkv Xo{h-hm-Zn. sImfw-_nb .bq-Wn-thÀkn-än-bnÂ,- K-th-jWw \S-
¯n-bn-c p¶ at\m-tcmK hnZ-Kv²³. AhÀ kaÀ¸n¨ dnt¸mÀ«nsâ Bap-J-
¯nÂ ]d-bp-¶p. “2000 BnÂ e`y-a m-h p¶ cmk-h-kvXp-¡sf At]-
£n¨v Ct¸mÄ e`y-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶h hfsc Ipd-hm-Wv. Ata-cn-¡³
kwkvI rXn “C{µnb” kaq-l-a mbn amdn-s ¡m- n-cn-¡p-¶p. _u²nI D¶-Xn-
tb-¡mÄ “C{µnb” kpJ-§Ä¡v {]m[m\yw \ÂIp¶ kaq-lw. cmk-
hkvXp D]-tbm-Kn¨v Bh-iy-amb am\-knI AhØ krjvSn-¡m-s a¶p
h¶mÂ AXv KpW-I-c-am-bn-cn-¡pw.”
547
tdm¯vjoÂUvkv
The Rothschild Octopus F¶ Vlade Sindje lic sâ ]pkvXIw ]d-bp-¶Xv.
amÀIvkn-kw, t¥m_-en-kw, \h-tem-I-{I-a w, en_-d-en-kw. tdmXvjoÂUv

IpSpw-_-¯nsâ AZr-iy-amb km{am-Py-¯ nÂ DÄs¡m-n-c -n-¡p¶ {]Xn-`m-
k-§-fpsS hI-t`-Z-§-fmWv Ch-s b-Ãmw.
tdmXvjoÂUvknsâ krjvSn-bmWv bqtdm-]y³ bqWn-b³. EU djysb
NqjWw sN¿p-¶p. ssk_o-cn-b³ _m[y-X-bnÂ \n¶pw AXns\ kzX-{´-
am-t¡--Xp-v. AXn\p thn tdm¯vjoÂUvkv tkmtdm-kv, t_msc-tkm-
hvkvIn, tlmtUmÀtIm-h vkvIn, Imkv]m-tdm-h v, anäÂ F¶n-hsc GÀ¸m-Sm-
¡n-bn-c p-¶p.
C¶v tdm¯v-joÂUvknsâ Icp¯v {]k-à-a Ã F¶ a«nÂ P\-
§Ä Nnń-¡p¶ Xc-¯nÂ Ah-cpsS A`n-{]mb cq]o-I -cWw amäp¶
Imcy-§-fnÂ tdm¯vj oÂUvkv {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. At\Iw \qäm--p-I -
fmbn ]n³Xp-SÀ¶p hcp¶ e£yw km£m-XvIcn-¡p-¶-Xnsâ ASp¯v
C¶s¯ Xe-a p-d F¯n-t¨À¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. AhÀ¡p thn bp²w sN¿p-
¶-Xn\v NATO ssk\yw.
{^m¦v^À«nse Hmlcn hn]Wn temI-¯nse Xs¶
{][m\ Hml-cn-hn-]-Wn-I-fnÂ H¶v. AXv Deutsche Borse ambn _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-
¡p-¶p. AXv Children’s Investment Trust, Atticus Capital sadnÂ en³Nv,
^nsU-enän C³sh-Ìvsaâvkv F¶n-h-bn-eqsS tdm¯vjoÂUvkv kz´-am-
¡n-bn-c n-¡p-¶p.
tdm¯vjoÂUvkv JkmÀ Pq-X ³.
{^m¦v^À«v \K-c-¯nsâ HutZym-KnI NnÓw Red Shield JkmÀ km{am-Py-
¯n-tâXv.
Jkm-dp-I-s f-¡p-dn¨v Dejan Lucic ]d-bp-¶Xv “C¶s¯ PqX-·m-
cnÂ 90 iX-am-\hpw Jkm-dnÂ \n¶v DZbw sIm-h -cm-Wv. AhÀ XpÀ¡n,
awtKmÄ tKm{X ]mc-¼cyw DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p. 8þmw \qämnsâ ]Ip-Xn-bnÂ
PqX-aX-¯n-te¡v ]cn-h À¯\w sN¿-s¸-«-hÀ. 10 þmw \qäm-nÂ
km{amPyw XIÀ¶-t¸mÄ djy-b n-te¡pw bqtdm-¸n-te¡pw IpSn-tb-dn.
548
]ns¶ Ata-cn-¡-bn-epw. AhÀ ska-änIv ]mc-¼cyw DÄs¡m-Åp-¶n-Ã.

skaänIv PqX-·mÀ 10 iX-a m\w am{Xw. AhÀ ]me-kvXo-\nÂ \n¶pw h¶-
hÀ.”
FUvav tdm¯vjoÂUv (1916). bp²m-\-ć P¸m-\ nÂ {_n«ojv þ JkmÀ

XmXv]-c y-§Ä kwc-£n¨p sImv hfÀ¨bv¡v XpS-¡-an-«p. hn³Ì¬
NÀ¨n-ep-a mbn tNÀ¶v BRINCO Corporation Øm]n-¨p. Im\-U-bnÂ.
FUva-nsâ aIÄ ImX-do³. amÀ¡kv CKn-b-knsâ `mcy. _mÀt¢-
bvknsâ {]kn-Uv þ amÀIvkv. ABN - AMRO sb Barclays Gsä-Sp-¯p.
cpw tdm¯vjoÂUvkv {]Øm-\-§Ä. amÀIkv BBC bpsSbpw ta[m-hn.
Cuhven³ tdmXv-joÂUv (1931). N.M. Rothschild & Sons ta[m-hn. AXv e-
\nse C³sh-Ìvsaâv _m¦n§v taJ-e-bnse òa³. Economist, Daily
Telegraph XpS-§n-b-h -sbbpw \nb-{ń-¡p-¶p. temI-¯nse Gähpw
henb h{P-J-\ -\hpw hnX-c -Whpw \S-¯p¶ DEBEERS sâ DS-a .
Bharati Group anä-ep-a m-bn-t¨À¶v Cuhven³ ^Ìv amÀ¡v I½yq-
Wn-t¡-j³kv CâÀ\m-j-WÂ, ôÂUv {^jv ^pUvkv F¶o {]Øm-\ -
§sf \nb-{ń-¡p-¶p. hmkvX-h-¯nÂ anäÂ, tdm-¯vjoÂUvknsâ {]Xn-
\n[n am{Xw. cmjv{So-b-¯nÂ Cuhn-esâ ]nWn-bm-fp-IÄ tkmtdm-kv,
t\mÀa³ emtam-v, ]oäÀ am³tUmÂtkm¬, Hen-hÀ seäzn³,
shÀt\m¬ tPmÀZ³.
\Ym³ ^nen]v tdm¯vjoÂUv (1971) tP¡_v tdm¯vjoÂUnsâ aI³.
RIT Iym]n-äÂ, Aän-¡kv Iym]n-äÂ, JNR enan-ä -Uv, N.M tdm¯v-joÂUv,
hm³tIm, ss{S{Km-\n-äv, {_n«ojv s]t{Sm-fn-bw, dntbm Sntâm XpS-§nb
At\Iw {]Øm-\-§Ä. EU, NATO, {_n«³ F¶n-§s\ ]e {]Øm-\ -
§fpw klm-b-¯n-\ m-bn-«p-v.
ssK tdmXv-joÂUv (1909 þ 2007). a¡Ä tUhnUv sds\, FUvh mÀUv.
tUhnUv sds\ tdmXvjoÂUv (1942) N.M tdm¯vjoÂUv
{Kq¸nsâ ta[m-hn. {^m³knepw Cw¥-nepw AXv {]hÀ¯n-¡
- p-¶p.
dn¨ÀUv Imävkv (Izmw ^v), \nÂkv.-H .-täms_ (Izmw ^v,
skbvâv Pbnwkv s¹bvkv Iym]n-äÂ) XpS-§n-b-h À tkmtdm-kn-sâbpw
tdm¯vjoÂUvkn-sâbpw a²y-hÀ¯n-I-fmbn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p.
C¶v {]ap-J-a mb FÃm NGO Ifpw tdm¯vj oÂUvknsâ imJ-I-fm-Wv.
cmjv{S-¯ nsâ ImgvN-¸ m-Sns\ amän-¯ oÀ¡pI F¶Xpw Ah-bpsS Npa-X-e-
bm-Wv. Ipä-IrXy hmk\ B]-tcm-]n-¡p-I, Ipät_mw krjvSn-¡pI
F¶nh AXn\p thn {]tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ X{´-§-fnÂ NneXp am{Xw.
549
tdm¯vjoÂUvkv I¼-\n-I-fnÂ {][m-\-s ¸-«Xv ImÀsse³ {Kq¸pw

CâÀ\m-j-WÂ ss{Iknkv {Kq¸pw. tdm¯vjoÂUvkv kzX{´ sImtkm-
hbv¡p thn \ne-s Im-Åp-¶p. skÀ_n-b-bnse Ipsshäv. òa-amb
Cubw, kzÀ®w, IÂ¡-cn, kn¦v F¶n-h-bpsS tiJcw Df-fXpsImv.
ENRC þ bqtdm]y³ \m¨p-dÂ dntkmgvkv tImÀ]-td-j³. ENRC, Alferon
F¶n-h -bpsS ta[mhn tPmlm-¶kv knämÀUv. tdm¯-joÂUvknsâ ]nWn-
bmÄ, e£van anä-e nsâ hew-ssI. e£van anäepw tdm¯vjoÂUvknsâ
]nWn-bmÄ. BÂs^-tdm¬, t¥m_Â ÌoÂ tImÀ]-td-j³ F¶nh anäÂ
\nb-{ń-¡p-¶p. tkmtdmkv , sImtkm-h -bnÂ Kososvo Fund for Open
Society bneqsS kzm[o\w hnI-kn-¸n-¡p-¶p. NGO IfpsS \nb-{´Ww
Balkan Human Rights Network eqsS-bpw.
{ImÂPn-thm-bnse amtámt{lmw I¼\n tdm¯vjoÂUvkv Ic-
Ø-a m-¡n-bXv “anäÂ” eqsS. hfsc \mfmbn anäÂ IpSpw_w
tdm¯vjoÂUns\ {]Xn-\ n-[o-I-cn-¡p-¶p. tdm¯vj oÂUv ]nWn-bmÄ
hnÂ_À tdmÊv, anä-enÂ D¶X DtZym-K-Ø-\ m-Wv. `£y-h-kvX p-¡Ä Cý-
bnÂ DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw Ib-äp-a Xn sN¿p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ Field Fresh
Foods Company tdm¯vjoÂUvkpw anäepw tNÀ¶v \S-¯p-¶p.
tdm¯vj oÂUvknsâ \nb-{´-W-¯n-epÅ [\-Imcy kvYm]-\-§-fmWv
_m³I Câvtä-k, s{IUnäv A{Kn-tImÄ, bqWn s{IUnäv {Kq¸v,
skmssksä P\-dÂ XpS-§n-b-h .
eoa³ {_tZ-gvkv, Iq³ tem-tb_v F¶n-h-bn-eqsS hfÀ¶ ]oäÀ tPmÀÖv
]otäÀk¬, sÌ^m³ jzmÀ«vkv-a ³ F¶n-hÀ cq]w sImSp-¯-X mWv
»mIvtÌm¬ {Kq¸v. C³sh-Ìvsaâv {Kq¸v.
_th-dn-b³ CÃyq-an-\män ]nSn-¡-s ¸-«-Xns\ XpSÀ¶v bqtdm-]y³
clky kwL-S-\ -I-fpsS B`n-Nmc {Inb tI{µw ImÀs_m-\m-c nkw AYhm
BÄ«m- sh³Uoä AXv ImÄ tdmXvjoÂUvknsâ \nb-{´-W-¯nÂ.
BwsjÂsâ aI³ . 1818 Â BÄ« sh³Un-ä-bnÂ \n¶pw tabvk-W-dn-
bpsS BØm-\-t¯¡v Ab-¨- c-l-ky- tc-J-bnÂ ImÄ tdmXvjoÂUvkpw
DÄs¸-«n-c p-¶p. AXnsâ Xe-s¡«v Permanant Instructions or Practical Code
of Rules : guide for the heads of the highest grades of masonry .BwsjÂ
sâ a¡Ä sPbnw-kv tabÀ tdmXvjoÂUvkv, sPbnw-knsâ ktlm-Z-c ³
\Ym³ tasbÀ tdmXvjoÂUvkv F¶n-hÀ tabvk-Wp-I -fm-bn-cp-¶p.( 10,000
Famous Freemasons ) sPbnwkv 330 kvtIm«njv ssdäv tabvk¬, \Ym³
e-\nÂ Fayq-te-j³ temUvPnÂ. Imävkv , PqX -{ô-ta-bvk¬ ]d-
ªXv tkmsfm-a³ tabÀ tdmXvjoÂUv 1809 Â {ôta-bvk-W-dn-bnÂ AwK-
ambn F¶v.
550
I½yq-Wn-k-¯nsâ apt¶mSn {]Øm-\-§Ä , skbvâv sska¬

hàm-¡Ä , B`n-Nm-c -{In-b-bnÂ apgp-I n-bn-c p-¶-hÀ Ah-cpsS {]kn-²o-I-c -
W-¯nÂ Le globe tdmXvjoÂUvkns\ {]IoÀ¯n-¨n-c p-¶p. Lionel de
Rothschilds . H¶mw I½yq-WnÌv CâÀ\mj-W-ep-a mbn tNÀ¶v {]hÀ¯n-¨n-
cp-¶p. tabvk¬ aÊo\n I½yq-Wnkw Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn\v klm-bn-¨ n-c p¶p.
aÊo-\nbpw tdmXvjoÂUvkns\ {]iw-kn-¨n-cp-¶p.
Dope inc. F¶ {KÙ-¯ nsâ cN-bn-N m-¡Ä 3 PqX-·mÀ.
Order of Zion sâ krjvSn-bmWv B’nai B’rith F¶v Øm]n-¡p-¶p. AXv
tdmXvjoÂUvknsâ cl-kym-t\z-jW kwL-sa¶pw. 1823 Â
tdmXvjoÂUvkv BtKmf It¯m-en¡ k`-bpsS km¼-¯nI taÂt\m«w
Gsä-Sp-¯p. It¯m-en¡ k`-bpsS km¼-¯nI CS-] m-Sp-IÄ
tdmXvjoÂUvkp-a mbpw A´m-cmjv{ S _m¦n§v kwLm-X-hp-ambpw sI«p-]n-
Wªp InS-¡p-¶p.- d-jy³ `c-Wm-[n-Imcn kmÀ N{I-hÀ¯n-bpsS k¼¯v
tdmXvjoÂUvkns\ GÂ¸n-¨n-c n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. 3.5 tImSn tUmfÀ
tdmXvjo-Uvknsâ Bank of England Â ]ns¶ 8 tImSn tUmfÀ
tdmXvjoÂUvknsâ Paris _m¦nepw. d-jy³ hn¹-h-¯n\v tdmXvjoÂUvkv
\ÂInb [\-k-lmbw HmÀ¯-tUmIvkv k`-bpsS k¼¯v IhÀ¨ sN¿p-
¶-Xn\v Imc-W-ambn. kmÀ N{I-hÀ¯n-bpsS \nb-a-]-c -amb A\-´-cm-h-Im-in-
IÄ Ah-cpsS Ah-Imiw tdmXvjoÂUvknÂ \n¶pw t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡p-¶ -Xns\
tdmXvjoÂUvknsâ _Ôp auv_mä³ \nb-a-a p-]-tbm-Kn¨v XS-ªp.
t_mÄj-hn-¡p-IÄ¡v IS-a mbn \ÂIn-bXv AhÀ kzÀ®w ]Icw \ÂIn
]cn-l-c n-¨p.
Witchcraft Council of 13 tdmXvjo-Uvknsâ \nb-{´-W-¯nÂ. ip²-
amb sNIp-¯m³ tkh-bpsS Dd-hnSw PqX- k-_m-¯n-b³ ]ns¶ {^m¦nÌv
kwL-§-fnÂ. AXnsâ tdmXvjoÂUvkv hsc-bpÅ ta[m-hn-IÄ Sabatai
Zevi (1626-1676) Nathan of Gaza, Jacob Frank (1726-1791). A´m-cmjv{S
_m¦n-§nÂ XpS¡w apXÂ Dm-bn-cp-¶-h-c nÂ {]ap-JÀ Gsdbpw sNIp-
¯m³ tk-h-I-c m-bn-c p-¶p. clky kwLS-\-I-fnÂ am{X-a Ã, IrkvXy³
Bcm-[-\m-e-b-§-fnepw tdmXvjoÂUvkv Aan-X-a mb kzm[o\w sNep-¯n-bn-
cp¶p. kmÂth-j³ BÀan- tdm-XvjoÂUvknsâ \nÀt±-is¯ XpSÀ¶v Red
Shield Ah-cpsS NnÓ-ambn D]-tbm-Kn¨p hcp-¶p. AhÀ {InkvXp k`sb
\bn-¡p-¶-h-cm-bn-¯oÀ¶p. k·mÀK Nn´ shSn-bp-¶-Xn-\pÅ ]²-X n-IÄ
AhÀ Bhn-jv¡-cn-¨n-c p¶p. National Student Forum AXnsâ BZy sk{I-
«dn tPm¬ tdmXvjoÂU.v kwL-S-\-bpsS t]cv CS-¡nsS amäns¡mn-cp-
¶p. AXv kzX-{´ -t{]-a hpw s]mXp CS-§-fnÂ ssewKnI {]I-S-\-§fpw
{]Õm-ln-¸n-¨n-cp-¶p. AXnsâ D]- kw-L-S-\-I Ä Radcliff Liberal Club,
Union Theologiocal Seminary , Contemporary Club, Yale Liberal Club
XpS§n At\Iw. AXp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«-Xm-Wv. Youth Peace Federation
551
AXnÂ League of Youth of Community Church, Methodist Epworth

League, Young Judea, Young People’s Fellowship of St. Phillip’s Parish.
XpS§nbh .
tdms¡s^-Ã-dnsâ Bcm-[-\m-e-b-¯ nse lmcn FtaÀk¬ t^mkvUn-Pv,
tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ ût-j³ {]kn-Uâm-bn-c p-¶p. tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ ût-
j³ A²y-£³, CFR, tPm¬ t^mÌÀ Uyqfkv , tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ ]nWn-
bmÄ, Pm\äv t]msa-tdmbv Bsh-dnsb hnlmlw sNbvXp. sÛ-dÂ
Iu¬knÂ Hm^v NÀ¨kv Hm^v ss{IÌnse {][m\ A[n-Im-cn-bm-c p¶p
tPm¬ t^mÌÀ Uyqf-kv. CÃyq-an-\m-än-bnse {][m\n-I Ä 13 IpSpw-_-¡mÀ.
tdmXvjoÂUvkv, tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ ]ns¶ Hm¸³low, Hm¸³lo-a À XpS-§n-
bh. _th-dn-b³ CÃyq-a n-\ m-än-b nÂ {]hÀ¯n-¨-h -cm-bn-cp¶p Hm¸³lo-a À.
League of the just (The bund der Gerechten)F¶Xv km¯m-\n-Ìp-I-fmb
PqX-·mÀ \S-¯n-bp-c p¶ CÃyq-an-\m-än- ap-¶Wn {]Øm-\-am-bn-cp-¶p. AXnsâ
km¼-¯nI klmbn {][m-\-a mbpw tdmXvjoÂUvkv. km¯m-\nÌpw tabvk-
Wp-a mb ImÄ amÀIvkn\v I½yq-WnÌv am\n-s^tÌm Fg-pXp-¶-Xn\v
\nÀt±iw \ÂIn-bXv Bund. PqX\mbn-cp¶ Kwt]Â Hms¸³low Bund
sâ tI{µmw-Kw. 1848 Â PÀ½-\n-bnse I½yq-WnÌv hn¹-h-¯n\v ]n¶nÂ
{]hÀ¯n-¨Xv Kws]Â sâ _Ôp slbv³{So¨v Hms¸³low. CFR sP
tdm_À«v Hms¸³lo-a À I½yq-WnÌv. lmcn Hm¸³lo-saÀ temI-¯nse
Gähpw {]apJ h{P-h ym-]mcn DEEBEERS sâ A²y-£³. Bwt¥m Ata-cn-
¡³ tImÀ]-td-j³ A²y-£³ 10 _rl-¯mb ût-j-\p-I-fpsS taÂ
t\m«w. AXnÂ \yqtbmÀ¡nse Hm¸³loaÀ lmkv {SÌpw .
tdmXvjoÂUvknsâ A\p-bm-bn-I-fnÂ {][m-\n-IÄ ekmÀUvkv, tÌ¬kv,
kvs]tbÀkvv, sken-Üm³kv XpS-§n-b-h À, PqX-·mÀ. GWÌv tÌ¬ temI
_m¦nÂ cmw Øm\¯v. {ôta-bvk-Wp-I-fpsS taÂt\m-«-¯nÂ \S-
¡p¶ Bw¥n-¡³ k`, Xo{h- {_n-«ojv C{k-tbÂ hmZn-I -fm-Wv. ( Who
Owns the TV networks By Eustace Mullins ) tdmbn-täÀkns\ s\ \nb-{ń-
¡p-¶Xpw tdmXvjoÂUvkv
1)The rise and Fall of Diamonds. By Edward Jay Epstein

2) Legend : The Secret War of Lee Harvey Oswald By Edward Jay Epstein
3) News from Nowhere By Edward Jay Epstein
(Global Financial Intergration : The End of Geography By Richard F.O
Brein)
IMF s\¡p-dn¨pw temI _m¦n-s \-¡p-dn¨pw Ft¸mgpw ]cm-a Àiw
Dm-hm-dpv F¶mÂ Bank of International Settlements BIS s\¡p-dn¨v
]cm-aÀiw km[m-c-W-a -Ã. AXp-s Imv Xs¶ AXnsâ Ncn{Xw At\z-jn¡-
552
s¸-Sp-¶p-a n-Ã. AXv ap³]v \mkn _m¦v F¶v Adn-b-s ¸-«n-c p¶p. {^©v
t\Xmhv tPmÀPvkv ¢a³kn-bpsS {][m\ D]-tZ-jv Smhv tPmÀPkv
am³sUÂ. bYmÀ° t]cv sPtdmt_mw tdmXvjoÂUvk.v
1947 HmKÌv 15 hsc Cý-bpsS N{I-hÀ¯n-bm-bn-cp¶ tPmÀÖv 6þma³
BÂ_À«v t{Ûdn-Iv BÀXÀ tPmÀÖ.v XnIª tabvk¬. Old Boys :
The American Elite & The Origins of CIA By Burton Hersh.
sl³{Soä s{]Êv_ÀKv ImÄ amÀIvknsâ A½. hyh-kmb {]ap-J-cm-b
PdmÀUv ^nen-]vkv, Bâ³ ^nen]vkv F¶n-h-cpsS apXp-A-½m-bn.(-^n-en]vkv
Ce-Iv{Sn-¡Âkv). \Ym³ tasbÀ tdm¯-joÂUv l¶m -_m-s câv tIml-s \-
hn-hmlw sNbvX p. tehn _mcâv tIml³, enUnb Ubm-amâv jos^À
F¶n-h -cpsS aIÄ l¶. _mcâv tImlâbpw `mcy-bp-s Sbpw sNdp-a -IÄ
l¶-. _m-câv tImlsâ asämcp aI³ tUbvh nUv _mcâv tIml³, kmd
{_m³sU-kns\ hnhmlw sNbvXp. AhÀ ImÄ amÀIvknsâ apXp ap¯-
Ñ\pw apXp ap¯-È nbpw. amÀIvknsâ A½-bpsS AÑ³ sFkIv
loPva³kv {]nkv_ÀKv, A½ \ms\sä ktem-tam³ _mcâv tIml³.
“Bcy³ hwiPcpw, skssa-äp-Ifpw [mcm-f-ambn amwkhpw ]mepw `£n-

¡p-¶Xv Ahsc aäp-Å-h-c nÂ \n¶pw DbÀ¶ \ne-hmcw ]peÀ¯p-¶-Xn\v
klm-bn-¡p-¶p”. GwKÂkv.
( Engles, Origin of the Family, Private Property, And the State. 4th Revised
edition 1891 “in” Marx and Engles selected works in one volume, lawrence
wishart london 1980 )
at\m-tcmK NnIn-Õ
at\m-tcmK NnIn-Õbpw a\-im-kv{XhpamWv bYmÀ° {]iv\-§Ä.

amÀ«n\pw Zos{Z- t_m-_vK \pw ]d-bp-¶Xv am\-knI sshj-ay-§Ä A\p-`-hn-
¡p-¶-h À at\m-tcm-Kn-I-fm-sW-¶pÅ \nKa\w Ahm-kvX-h-a m-Wv. AXp-
t]mse Xs¶ sXämWv at\m-hn-tÇ-jWw, Ahbv¡v ]cn-lm-c -amhpw F¶-
Xpw.
Psychology : A Study of Science F¶ ]T\w {]kn-²o-I-c n-¨ Xv
Ata-cn-¡³ ssk¡-tfm-Pn-¡Â Atkm-kn-tb-jsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ 80
{]apJ a\-i mkv{X hnZ-Kv²À tNÀ¶n-«v. AXnsâ Ub-d-IvSÀ knÜv tIm¨v
]dªXv a\-imkv{Xw F¶Xv ASn-Øm-\-] -c-ambn X«n-¸mWv F¶v. a\-
553
imkv{Xw F´msW-¶pÅ [mc-Wbpw hkvXp-Xbpw H¶m-bn-¯oÀ¶-XmWv

{]iv\-Im-c-Ww. AXv imkv{X-a m-s W¶v hcp-¯n-¯oÀ¡p-¶-X n\p thn
krjvSn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ {àm-X vI-amb ]²-Xn-I-fmWv AXnsâ Ncn-{X-¯o-ep-S-\o-
fw. Ncn-{X-¯n-ep-S-\ofw AXv krjvSn¨ imkv{Xw F¶pÅ Adnhv hn]-co-X-
êw Df-hm-¡p-¶-X m-bn-c p-¶p. a\-imkv{Xw F¶Xv X«n¸v, sXämb I]S
imkv{Xw.
t_m_vK³ ]d-bp-¶Xv 250 Hmfw hIt`Z-§Â DÄs¡m-Åp-¶-XmWv a\-im-
kv{Xw. Hmtcm¶pw aäp-Å-h-tb-¡mÄ tIa-sa¶v kzbw \Sn-¡p-¶p. AXnsâ
ASn-Øm\w imkv{X-a-Ã. The Mind Game F¶ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ E.Fuller
Torrey F¶ ssk¡n-bm-{ SnÌv ]d-bp-¶Xv “]Sn-ªm-d³ at\m-tcmK hnZ-
Kv²-cpw, t{]X NnInÕ \S-¯p-¶-h cpw Htc amÀ¤-§Ä Ah-ew-_n-¡p-¶p”.
The Myth of Psychotheraphy F¶ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ Thomas Szasz ]d-bp-
¶Xv at\m-h n-i-I-e\w F¶Xv imkv{Xw F¶ \mSyw \S-¯p¶ aXw AÃ,- a-
dn¨v AXv hmkvX-h-¯nÂ I]S aXw Xs¶-bm-Wv. 1952 Â lm³kv sP.
sFk¡v At±-l-¯nsâ ]T-\-¯nÂ Psychotheraphy Behaviour Therapy
and the Outcome Problem, 8000 t]sc ]cn-tim-[-\-IÄ¡v hnt[-b-a m-¡n-b-
Xn-\p-tijw ]d-bp-¶X,v amknI sshjayw A[n-I-ambn {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶-XnÂ
(Neurotic) aq¶nÂ cp `mKhpw NnInÕ H¶pw e`y-a m-bn-Ã. F¦nÂ Xs¶
2 hÀj-¯n-\Iw sa¨-s¸« \ne ssIh-c n-¡pw. Psychotherapy Research
:Methodological and Efficacy Issues Â Ata-cn-¡³ ssk¡n-bm-{SnIv
Atk-kn-tb-j³ ]d-bp-¶Xv at\-hn-i-I -e\ Kth-jW-¯nÂ NnIn-Õbpw
AXnsâ êhpw X½nÂ _Ôw Øm]n-¡p-¶Xv km²y-a-Ã.
ITn-\-a mb A²zm-\ w sN¿p-¶-h À \ÂIp¶ \nIpXn {`m´-
amb a\-imkv{X at\m-tcmK NnInÕm Kth-j-W-§Ä¡mbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-
¶p. ( Garbage in Garbage out : Federally Financed Research spends your
tax dollars so that “scientific” conclusions reinforce pre existing anti
patriarchal prejudices )
Apostasy : The national council of churches By David Emerson Gumaer

Socializing America By. William Norman Grigg
I Accuse By. william W. Martin
I Accuse By. Emile Zola
554
U.N sFIy- cmjv{Sk`
The Acquarian Conspiracy F¶ ]pkvX-I -¯nÂ adn-en³ s^ÀKq-k¬

]dbp-¶Xv ]nbsd äoÂlmÀUv sU NmÀZn³, ]pXp-bpK Bßo-b-X-bnÂ
Gähpw {]ap-J³ F¶m-Wv. U.N Â A¯cw BÄ¡mÀ [mcm-f-a m-bp-v.
B`n-Nm-c-{In-bm-Im-c ³ tUmIvSÀ tdm_À«v ayqfÀ, Akn-Ìâv sk{I-«dn P\-
dÂ, sFIy-cmjv{S k`. ayqfÀ ]d-ªXv äoÂlmÀUv, sFIy-c mjv{S k`-
sb, At±-l-¯nsâ XXz-im-kv{X-¯nsâ ]ptcm-K-a -\m-ß-I-amb Øm]-\-
ambn IW-¡m-¡p-¶p F¶v. [The Desire to be Human : A Global
Reconnaissance of Human Perspectives in an Age of Transformation. By.
Robert Muller]. äoÂlmÀUv GI-tem-I- K-h¬saân\p thn \ne
sImÅp-¶p.
U.N Øm]n-X-a mbn 7 hÀj-¯n\p tijw eqknkv {SÌnsâ Øm]-
Ibpw Xntbm-k-^n-Ìp-amb Benkv s_bven ]d-ªXv “a\p-jy-_p-²n-bpsS
hnIm-k-¯nsâ sXfn-hv, kzoIm-c y-a mb amÀ¤-¯n-eq-s S, \h-bp-K-¯n\p
thnbpÅ X¿m-s d-Sp-¸ n\p thn, hnh[ cmjv{S-§-fpsS Bkq-{ X-W -
¯nÂ ImWp-¶-Xn\v Ign-bpw. sFIy-cm-jv{S-k-`-bp-sS, BtKm-f-]-²Xn
Bkq-{XWw sN¿p-¶-Xn-epÅ {ia-§-fn-epw. Cu ]²-X n-I-fp-sS-sbÃmw
hnIm-ks¯ XpS¡w apXÂ \bn-¨ n-c p-¶Xv B`n-Nm-c-{Inb (Occult) LS-I -
§-fm-Wv.”
( Descipleship in the New Age. By. Alice. Bailey ) s_bven ]d-ªXv
“sFIy-cm-jv{S-k-`-bpsS-bp-ÅnÂ, _rl-¯m-b, A´m-cm-jv{Shpw [ym\m-X vI-
hp-amb , {]Xn-^-e\ {]m]vX-a mb kwL-S-\ -bpsS hn¯pw apfbpw DÄs¡m-
n-c n-¡p-¶p.
ap³]v eqkn-^À {SsÌ¶pw Ct¸mÄ eqknkv {SsÌ¶pw Adn-b-s¸-Sp¶
{]Øm\w þ AXnsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ t^mÌpw, Benkv s_bvenbpw Bbn-
cp¶p þ World Goodwill F¶ HutZym-KnI NGO ¡v cq]w \ÂIn. {]Jym-
]nX Dt±yiw {InkvX p-hnsâ hopw hc-hn\v temIs¯ X¿m-dm-¡pI
555
Reappearance þ F¶pw. AXv IrkvX p-h nsâ cmw hc-hn\v Second

Coming \v XpÃy-a-Ã. \h þ t\mÌnIv AÀ°-a mWv \ÂtI--Xv.[ The Cult
of the All Seeing Eye. By. R.K. Spenser ]
1961þ 1971 Ime-L-«-¯nse sk{I-«dn U.N. P\-dÂ bp. Xmâv Hcp anÌnIv
Bbn-c p-¶p. 1982þ 1992 Ime-L-«-¯nse U.N.sk{I-«dn P\-dÂ Pmhn-bÀ
s]sckv sU IyqfÀ s\ 1989 \hw-_À 30 \v A\y-{Kl Pohn-IÄ X«n-
s¡mp t]mbn. F¶v hmÀ¯-bp-m-b n-c p-¶p. UFO sâ temI {]ikvX
hnZ-Kv²³ Prince of Liechtenstein At\z-jn-¨-Xn\p adp-] -Sn-bmbn Pmhn-bÀ
{]kvXpX kw`hw icn-bm-bn-c p¶p F¶v hmZn-¨p.
U.N.Â HutZym-Kn-I-ambn Cý³ [ym\ Kpcp Nn³tambv {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p.
kzm[o\w temI-am-I-a m\w hym]n-¸n-¡p-¶ -Xn\pw GI-tem-I -K-h¬saân\p
thn P\-§sf X¿m-dm-¡p-¶-X n\pw thnbmWv C¯cw X{´-§Ä.
“1970 IfnÂ temI¯v ]«nWn \nd-bpw. C¶p hsc kzoI-cn-¨n«pÅ ]²-Xn-
Isf \njv^-e-am-¡n-s¡mv tImSn-¡-W-¡n\v a\p-jyÀ ]«nWn aqew ac-W-
a-S-bpw.”[ The Population Bomb (1968). By. Paul Ehrlich ]
“\½Ä A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t¡--X m-bn-«pÅ {]iv\-§-fpsS tI{µ-Øm-\¯v P\-
kw-Jy-bn-epÅ A[n-I -amb hfÀ¨bmWp-Å-Xv. Gähpw hnP-b-I-c-amb
Pohn-hÀ¤-am-bn-cp¶p a\p-jyÀ. Ct¸mÄ \nb-{´-Wm-X o-X-am-bXpw”
[Maurice . F. Strong - UNCED Secretary General]
“AXv Øm]n-X-a m-bXp apXÂ U.N, BtKmf P\-kw-Jym-\n-b-{´-W-¯n\p
thn \ne sImn-cp-¶p. imkv{Xob {]P-\-\-¯n-\pw, UmÀhn-\n-k-
¯n\pw thn.” [The SEICUS Circle : A Humanist Revolution. By. Claire
Chambers]
“P\-kw-J ym-{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡p thn-bpÅ U. N. Fund, International
Planned Parenthood F¶n-h-bpsS Ic-§-fnÂ temI-a m-I-a m-\ -apÅ tImSn-
¡-W-¡n\v If-¦-c-ln-X -amb Ipªp-§-fpsS cà-a m-Wp-Å-Xv.” {Human Life
International Øm]-I³ Paul Marx]
temI¯nse “hnZym-`ymkw” t\Sn-b-h-c nÂ A[nIw t]cpw
tNmZyw sN¿msX kzoI-c n-¨n-cn-¡p¶ Gähpw henb X«n-¸ mWv `qan¡v
Xm§m-hp-¶-Xnepw A[n-I-a mb Xc-¯nÂ P\-kwJy s]cp-I n-bn-c n-¡p¶p
F¶-Xv. Bh-iy-¯n-\pÅ `£Ww e`y-a m-ImsX hcpw F¶Xp am{X-a Ã
a\p-jy\pw aäp Poh-Pm-e-§Ä¡pw, amen\yw ImcWw Poh-k-Ôm-cWw
km²y-a m-hmsX hcpw F¶ a«n-emWv AXv {]N-c n-¸ n-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶-X v.
556
“GI-temI” hàm-¡-fpsS hmZ-ap-J-§-fpsS ASn-Øm\w þ AanX

P\-kwJy F{Xbpw IÀ¡-i-a mb Kh¬saâv \nb-{´-W-§sf AXv \ymbo-
I-cn-¡p-¶p. k¼-Zvhy-h-Ø, ]cn-Øn-Xn, kzIm-c y-Po-h nXw FÃm-ä n\pw
taepÅ \nb-{´-Ww. AXnsâ {]apJ hàmhv t]mÄ FÀen-¨v. At±-l-
¯nsâ ]pkvXIw kvIqÄ tImtfPv Xe-¯nÂ \nÀ_-Ôn-X-a m-¡n-bn-c n-¡p-
¶p. cm-a s¯ ]pkvXIw Population Explosion. BZys¯ ]pkvX-Iw
Population Bomb Â t]mÄ ]d-ªXv “ho«nÂ P\-kw-Jym-\ n-b-{´-W-¯n\v
XpS-¡-a n-SWw F¶pw temI-a m-I-am\w AXv ]{]-N-cn-¸n-¡Ww” F¶p-a m-Wv.
AXn\v in£bpw t{]mÕm-l-\hpw GÀs¸-Sp-¯-Ww. AXv ]cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-I -
bm-s W-¦nÂ \nÀ_-Ôn-X-ambn \S-¸m-t¡--Xp-v. P\-kw-Jym-hÀ²-\hv
F¶ Iym³k-dnsâ e£-W-§sf am{Xw NnIn-Õn-¨n«v Imcy-an-Ã. Iym³k-
dns\ Xs¶ sh«n amtä--Xp-v.
t]mfnsâ ac-W-a-Sªp sImn-c n-¡p¶ ISÂ, Bk-¶-am-bn-cn-
¡p¶ BtKmf {]Xn-k-Ôn-IÄ F¶n-hsb AtX kabw Xs¶ ]e
imkv{XÚ-·mcpw FXnÀ¯n-cp-¶p. ]n¶oSv FXnÀ¸v hÀ²n-¡p-I -bm-Wp-
m-b-X v. [Population Growth : The Advantages. By. Colin Clark]
t]mÄ, Poh-im-kv{X-Ú³ þ Ìm³^ÀUv bqWn-thÀkn-än, KÀ`-On-{ Z-¯ns\
P\-kw-Jym- \n-b-{´-W-¯n-\pÅ Gähpw {]tbm-K-£-a-a mb Bbp-[-ambn
hne-bn-cp-¯n. IpSn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ shÅ-¯nÂ, `£-W-¯nÂ {]P-\\w
Akm-²y-am-¡p¶ hkvX p-¡Ä \nÀ_-Ô-a mbpw tNÀ¡p-¶Xpw \Ã amÀ¤-
sa¶v t]mÄ. P\-kw-Jym-\n-b-{´-W -¯n\v \nbaw thW-sa¶pw t]mÄ hmZn-
¨p. [World population : Is the Battle Lost. By. Paul Ehrlich] {]P-\\w
km²y-a m-hp-¶-Xn\v adp-a-c p¶v Ig-n¡m-hp¶XmsW-¶pw.
AXnsâ hnP-b-¯n\v {Iqchpw ITn-\-hp-amb \S-] -Sn-IÄ Bh-iy-ambn hcp-
sa¶pw. t]mfnsâ Bi-b-§Ä A\-h [n P-\\ \nb-{´W ]²-Xn-IÄ¡v
Imc-W-am-bn. AXn-s \ms¡ sNe-hm-I p-¶Xv \nIp-Xn-Zm-b-Isâ ]Ww. tZio-
b -{]-Øm-\-§Ä, sFIy-cm-jv{S-k-`, kzIm-cy- kw-L-S-\-I Ä. 1972 Â ¢_v
Hm^v tdman\p thn X¿m-dm-¡-s¸« dnt¸mÀ«v The Limits to Grwoth , 1980
se Ata-cn-¡³ {]kn-U-n\p kaÀ¸n¨ Global 2000 Report F¶nh
HutZym-KnI aqSp-]-Sw \ÂIn.
F¶mÂ Ah hkvXp-X-Ifpw bpànbpw IrXy-a mb hni-I -e-
\hpw \nc¯n hyà-a mbn JWvUn-¡-s¸-«p. t\m_Â k½m\ tPXm-hmb
[\-X-Xz- im-kv{X-Ú³ ¢_v Hm^v tdmansâ “imkv{X-”s¯-¡p-dn¨v ]d-
ªXv KWn-X- im-kv{X- k-a-hm-Iy-§fpw, òam-Im-c-a mb I¼yq-«-dp-I-fpw,
km[m-c -W-¡m-c mb s]mXp-P-\ s¯ t_m²y-s ¸-Sp¶ Xc-¯nÂ cq]-am-XrI
krjvSn-¡p-¶-X n\v Ign-hp-Å-Xm-bn-c n-¡mw. F¶mÂ AXn\v imkv{Xob ASn-
¯d CÃ Xs¶. CXv a\p-jy\v e`y-a mb ]pXnb D]-I-c-W-a m-Wv. \nÀ`m-Ky-
I-c-a mbn AXv Ak-Xy-am-Wv.[ The Resourceful Earth : A Response to Global
557
2000. By. Julian L Simon And Herman Kahn ] [ Malthus with a Computer,
Models of Doom : A Critique of the Limits to Growth. By. Christopher
Freeman ]
“`qan-bnÂ, AXnsâ GsX-¦ nepw Hcp {]tZ-i¯v AanX P\-
kwJy \ne-hn-epv F¶p-Å-Xn\v sXfn-hn-Ã. AanX P\-kw-Jy-bp-s¶v
IW-¡m-¡-s ¸-Sp¶ ssN\-bnepw Cý-bnepw, s]³knÂ th\n-b-bnepw
U.K.bnepw DÅ P\-km-{µX Xs¶-bm-Wp-Å-Xv. [ The War Against
Population. By. Jacquelin Kasun ] {]iv\w AanX P\-kw-Jy-b-Ã. A[nIw
DtZym-K-ØÀ, Aan-X-K-h¬-saâv, AXv DXv] m-Z-\-£-a-X-sbbpw ]ptcm-K-Xn-
sbbpw l\n-¡p-¶p.
- The Myth of Over Population. By. Rousas J. Rushdoony
- Grow or Die. By. James A Weber
- The Ultimate Resource. By. Julian Simon
- Handbook on Population. By. Robert Sassone
- The Birth Dearth. By. Ben Wattenberg.
BtKmf {]iv\ ]cnlmc-¯n-\ pÅ XpSÀ¨-bm-bpÅ \nÀt±-i-
§Ä¡pÅ D]m-[n-bmbn ¢_v Hm^v tdmw, CFR , kotdm t]m]p-te-j³
t{Km-¯v, Planned Parenthood, sFIy-cm-jv{S-k` F¶nh ]ns¶bpw P\-kw-
Jym-\n-b-{´-W-¯ n\v apd-hnfn Iq«p-¶p.
ImÀ\o F³tUm-h vsaâv sâ Ata-c n-¡-sbbpw \h-tem-I-
s¯bpw Ipdn-¨pÅ tZiob I½o-jsâ dnt¸mÀ«v Changing Our Ways Ah-
Im-i -s¸-Sp-¶Xv P\-kw-Jym-hÀ²-\hv A´m-c m-jv{S- kp-Øn-c -Xsb òj-Wn-
s¸-Sp-¯p¶p F¶m-Wv. IpSpw-_m-kq-{X-W- ]-²-Xn-IÄ Gähpw sNehp
Ipd-ª-X pw,. {]mtbm-Kn-I -hpw. A[nIw \mfp-I-fmbn Ata-cn¡ P\-kw-Jym
-\n-b-{´-W-¯nÂ {i²n-¡p-¶ nÃ F¶p]d-bp¶ AtX dnt¸mÀ«v Xs¶ ]d-bp-
¶Xv 1990 Â Gähpw A[nIw [\-h ybw \S-¯n-bXv Ata-cn¡ Xs¶-bm-
sW-¶v. 28 tImSn tUmfÀ. AXv XpSÀ¶p ]d-bp-¶Xvv 1980 IfnÂ XpS§n
Ata-cn¡ {]ap-J-amb cv A´m-c - mjv{S kwL-S-\ -Isf D]tbmKn¨n-c p¶p
F¶pw. Ah P\-kw-J ym-\n-b-{´-W -{]-h À¯-\-§Ä¡v kaÀ¸n-Xa - m-b-h.
International Planned Parenthood Federation IPPF ]ns¶ United Nations
Population Fund. ssN\-bnÂ \nÀ_-ÔnX KÀ`-On{Z ]²-Xn-IÄ \S-¸n-em-
¡n-bXp ImcWw 1985 Â [\-k-lmbw \ndp-¯-em-¡n-bn-cp-¶p.
ssN\-bnse “Hcp Ip-ªp-am{Xw” F¶ \bw \S-¸n-em-¡n-bXv
AXohw {Iqc-amb hn[-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p. PmIzn-en³ Ikp³ Ah-cpsS
]pkvX-I-¯nÂ The War Against Population AtX-¡p-dn¨v hyà-ambn hnh-
cn-¡p-¶p.
558
“{InÌ-s ^À hvs d³, \yqtbmÀ¡v ssSwknÂ \ÂInb hmÀ¯, Bbn-c-¡-

W-¡n\v ssN\okv kv{XoIsf hf-ªp-h ¨v \nÀ_-ÔnX KÀ`-On-{ Z-¯n\v
hnt[-b-cm¡n F¶m-Wv. KÀ`-On-{ Z-¯n\v k½-Xn]{Xw \nÀ_-Ôn-X-ambn
H¸n«p hm§n-bn-c p-¶p. KÀ`n-Wn-Isf X«n-s¡mp t]mbn-c p-¶p. KÀ`-On{Zw
\S-¯nb Ipªp-§Ä ]nd¶ tijw Ic-bp-¶p- m-bn-cp-¶p. aosjÂ hn¦v,
hmÄkv{Soäv tPÀW-enÂ Fgp-Xn-b-Xv, KÀ`n-Wn-Isf _emÂ¡mcw KÀ`-On-{Z-
¯n\v hnt[-b-c m-¡n-bn-cp¶p F¶v. Ìosh³ tamsjÀ, ]o]nÄkv dn¸-»n¡v
{]ÊnÂ Xpd¶p Xs¶ ]d-ªn-c p-¶Xv s]¬Ip-ªp-§sf sh«n-s¡m-¶n-cp-
¶-Xns\¡p-dn¨pw shÅ-¯nÂ ap¡n sIm¶n-cp-¶-Xn-s\-¡p-c n-¨pw, s]¬Ip-
ªp-§Ä¡v Poh³ \ÂInb kv{XoI-tfmSv tami-ambn s]cp-a m-dn-bn-cp-¶-Xn-
s\-¡p-dn-¨ p-a m-Wv.”
DÄ{]-tZ-i -§-fnÂ C¯cw AXn-{I-a-§Ä¡v ZrIvkm-£n-bm-bn-cp-
¶, ssN\okv cmjv{So-b-¯nÂ Ah-Km-l-a pÅ Ìnsh³ tamsjÀ ]d-ªXv
United Nations Fund for Population Activites sâ 25 iX-a m\w Ata-cn-¡³
\nIpXn Zmb-IÀ \ÂIp-¶-XmWv F¶v. UNFPA AXv 1985 Â 14 tImSn
tUmfÀ, ssN\-bnse P\-kw-Jym-\n-b-{´-W- {]-hÀ¯-\-§sf klm-bn-¨n-cp-
¶p. ssN\-bnse AXn-{I-a-§Ä ]pd¯p h¶-X n\p tijhpw AhÀ
klmbw XpSÀ¶p. 1987 Â \yqssN\ \yqkv GP³kn, UNFPA DtZym-K-
Ø³, `c-W-Iq-Ss¯ {]IoÀ¯n-¨n-cp-¶Xv dnt¸mÀ«v sNbvXp. “kmaq-ln-I,
km¼-¯nI LS-I-§Ä F§ns\ Hs¯m-c p-a -tbmsS tNÀ¯n-W¡mw F¶-
Xnsâ Gähpw \Ã amXr-I-bmWv ssN\. Kh¬saâv ]qÀ®-a mbpw IpSpw-
_m-kq-{X-W-¯ n\v kaÀ¸n-¡-s ¸-«n-c n-¡p-¶p. AXv A´m-cmjv{ S Xe-¯nÂ,
Gähpw hnP-b-I-c-a mb ]²-Xn-bmbn AwKo-I-cn-¡-s¸-«-Xm-Wv.” [ A Mother’s
Ordeal. By. Steven Mosher, ]ns¶ Chinese Officials Invade Family Life.
By. Steven Mosher ]
CFR se D¶-X ³ dn¨ÀUv. F³. KmÀUv\À, 1988 Â ]d-ª-Xv,
P\-kw-Jym -sh-Ãp-h n-fnsb t\cn-tS--Xp-s ¶pw, ]pXnb {]kn-U-nsâ
Gähpw henb IS¼, UNFPA {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v Ata-cn-¡³ klmbw
]p\À kw-L-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶-X m-s W¶pw A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«p. \nÀ_-ÔnX KÀ`-On-{Z-
s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ hmÀ¯-IÄ ssN\bpw UNFPA bpw \nc-kn-¨-XmWv.
ssN\-bnse P\-kw-Jym-\n-b-{´W ]²-Xn¡p thn t\cn«v bmsXmcp hn[
[\-k-lm-bhpw \ÂIn-bn-«n-sÃ¶v USAID hmZn-¨p. PmIzn-en³ Ikp³ ]d-
ªXv t\cn«v \ÂIn-bn-Ãm-bn-c n-¡mw, F¶mÂ IPPF, UNFPA F¶n-hbv¡v
[\-k-lmbw F¯n-¨n-cp-¶-XnÂ {]apJ kwL-S-\-bmWv USAID. Ah.
cpw ssN\sb klm-bn-¨ p-a n-cp-¶p. P\-kwJym \b-§Ä hne-bn-c p-¯p-¶-
Xn\v ssN\bpw Ata-cn-¡bpw Kth-j-Isc ]c-kv]cw ssIam-dn-b n-c p-¶p.
aäp -kw-L-S-\-I-fn-eqsS e`y-a m-¡n-bn-c p-s ¶-¦nepw AXv {]tbm-K-¯nÂ H¶p
Xs¶. \nÀ_-ÔnX KÀ`-On{Zw \S-¯n-bn-«nÃ F¶v UNFPA bpw ssN\bpw
559
]d-bp-¶Xv XnIª \pW am{X-am-Wv. USAID sâ HutZym-KnI tcJ-IÄ,

AhÀ IPPF, UNFPA F¶n-hbv¡p \ÂInb [\-k-lm-b-s ¯-¡p-dn¨v sXfn-
hp-IÄ \ÂIp-¶p. Ah-bnÂ \nÀ_-ÔnX KÀ`-On-{ Z-s¯- A\p-I q-en-¡p-¶-
h-cpv Xm\pw. Ae³ Kp«vam-lÀ. {]kn-U-v. Planned Parenthood
Bt±lw IPPF Â DbÀ¶ DtZym-K-Ø-\p-am-Wv. 1969 Â Xpd¶p ]d-ª-X mWv
“”Hmtcm cmPyhpw P\-kwJy \nb-{ń-¡p-¶-Xn\v AXn-tâ-X mb amÀ¤w
Is-¯-Ww. Ft¸mÄ, F§ns\ \S-¸m-¡Ww F¶pw. Ct¸mÄ e`y-a m-bn-
«p-ÅXv \nÀ_-ÔnX hÔyw-I-c -Whpw, \nÀ_-ÔnX KÀ`-On-{Z-hpw””.
IPPF sâ amXrI hÔy-bmb amXmhpw ac-W-a-Sª Ipªpw, F¶-
Xm-Wv. ( World Bank Puts Bounty on Lives of Unborn Children. Paul
Marx - Human Life International Øm]-I³ ). Ah-cpsS A\-h[n KÀ`-
On{Z ime-I-fnÂ GXn-se-¦nepw h[n-¡-s ¸-Sp¶ Ipªv.
P\-kw-Jym-\n-b-{´W {]Øm-\-§-fpsS Ncn{Xs¯ Kl-\ -amb
Kth-j-W-§Ä¡v hnt[-b-a m-¡nb s¢bÀ sN-bnw-t_Àkv 1977 Â ]d-ªXv
“U.N XpS¡w apXÂ BtKm-f-X -e-¯ nÂ P\-kw-Jym-\n-b-{´Ww \S-¸ m¡n
hcp-¶p. imkv{Xob {]P-\-\w, UmÀhn-\ nkw F¶n-h-bpw.”
1965 apXÂ asäÃm cmjv{S-§fpw BsI \ÂInbXnt\-¡mfpw
]Ww, Ata-c n¡ hntZi P\-kwJym\nb-{´-W-¯n\v \ÂIn-bn-«p-v.
aäpÅ cmjv{S-§-fpsS taepw kwL-S-\ -I-fpsS taepw k½À±w sNep-¯p-
Ibpw sNbvXn-«p-v. AXns\ ]n³Xp-W-¡p-¶-X n-\v.
tUmf-dn\p ]pdta UNFPA XpS-§nb kwL-S-\-IÄ¡pw aäv cmjv{S-
§Ä¡pw Ata-cn¡ [\-k-lmbw \ÂIn-bn-c p-¶p. temI _m¦v, UN kwL-
S-\-I -fmb WHO, FAO (Food and Agricultural Organisation), UNESCO,
UNICEF IqSmsX International Labour Organisation. Ah P\-kw-Jym-\n-b-
{´-W-¯n\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
U.N sâ XpS¡w apXÂ¡p Xs¶, AXnse {][m-\ n-IÄ
t{_m¡v Jntkmw, Pqen-b³ lIvkven, t]mÄ tlm^v^va³ XpS-§n-b-hÀ
KÀ`-[m-cW hncp-²-\-b-§Ä kzoI-cn¨p h¶p. UNESCO bpsS BZy Ub-d-
IvSÀ P\-dÂ, lyq-a-\ nÌv, Pqen-b³ lIvkven 1947 Â Xsâ IrXn-bnÂ
UNESCO : Its Purpose And it’s Philosophy Fgp-Xn-bXv “Xo{h bqP-\nIvkv
\b-§Ä At\I hÀj-t¯¡v cmjv{So-b-a mbpw am\-kn-I -ambpw km²y-a Ã
F¦n-epw, bqP-\nIvkv {][m-\-amb Bi-b-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ {i²-tbmsS ]cn-
tim-[n-¡-s¸-tS- -Xm-Wv. s]mXp-P-\-¯nsâ \ne-hn-epÅ {]iv\ §-s f-¡p-
dn¨v t_m[y-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xv, Ct¸mÄ ANn-´-\ o-b-amb Imcy-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v
]n¶oSv Nn´-\o-b-am-¡p-¶-X n-s\-¦ nepw D]-I-cn-¡pw.”
560
UNESCO bpsS \mev amk-¯n-sem-cn-¡Â {]kn-²o-I-c n-¡p¶

Impact of Science on Society, KÀ`-[m-cW hncp² {]N-c-W-§Ä \nc-´-c -
ambn \S-¯p-¶p. 1968 se Hcp e¡w GI-tZiw sam¯-a mbpw P\-kw-Jym-
\n-b-{´-W-¯n\p thn kaÀ¸n-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. 1954 apXÂ UN HutZym-Kn-I -
ambn P\-kw-J ym- \n-b-{´-W-{]-Øm-\ -¯nsâ \mbI Øm\-¯p-v. UN
P\-kwJym I½o-j³ ]d-ªXv FÃm cmPy-¯n\pw AXn-tâ-Xmb P\-
kwJym \bw Bhy-amWv F¶m-Wv.
1967 Unkw-_À 11. a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Zn-\w. \mgn-I-¡-Ãmb Znh-kw.
UN sk{I-«dn P\-dÂ bp. Xmâv, Ata-cn-¡³ {]kn-Uv en³ _n.
tPm¬k¬ . 29 cmjv{ S-§-fpsS Xe-h-·mÀ {]Jym-]\w ]pd-s ¸-Sp-h n-¨ p. P\-
kw-Jy-sb-¡p-dn-¨v. {]P-\-\-tijn ASn-Øm\ a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ambn {]Jym-
]n-¡p-¶p. AtX hÀjw UNFPA Øm]n-X-am-bn. AXnsâ taÂt\m«w
t]mÄ tlm^v^va³. CFR.
- À Ikp³ ]d-bp-¶Xv BtKm-f- P-\-kwJym kwLm-X s¯ (
{]^-k
Network ) hyà-ambn Xpd¶p Im«p-¶p UNFPA. t]m¸p-te-j³ Iu¬knÂ,
t]m¸p-te-j³ B£³ Iu¬knÂ, World Watch, t]m¸p-te-j³
ss{Iknkv I½n-än, s{Ubv]À ^v, skâÀ t^mÀ t]m]p-te-j³ BIvSn-
hn-äokv F¶n-hsb AXv klm-bn-¡p-¶p.
1972 Â UN Conference on Human Environment Â UN sk{I-«dn
P\-dÂ IpÀ«v hmÄUv low ]d-ªXv hÀ²n¨p sImn-c n-¡p¶ aen-\ o-I-c -
Whpw P\kwJybpw ]c-kv]cw _Ô-s ¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p.
1974 Â _p¡m-s dÌnÂ t]m]p-te-j³ tIm¬^-d³kv . Ata-cn-
¡³ {]hÀ¯-I-cpsS ta[mhn tPm¬. Un. tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ 3 þm-a ³ ]d-
ªXv “km¼-¯nI hnI-k-\-¯nsâ FÃm ]²-Xn-bnepw P\-kwJym ]²Xn
hnf-¡n-t¨À¡Ww . AXv tZiob t\XrXzw AwKo-I-c n-¨, ]qÀ®-a mbpw
]n³Xp-W-¡-s¸-Sp¶, GXv B[p-\nI hnI-k\ ]²-Xn-bp-sSbpw Ahn-`mPy-
L-SIw” 1992 Â hne-bn-cp-¯-s¸-«Xv C¶s¯ \ne XpSÀ¶mÂ 2070
BIp-t¼m-tg¡pw P\-kwJy 1600 tImSn Ihnbpw F¶m-Wv. AXns\
]n³Xm-§n-b-XnÂ {]ap-JÀ t\mÀho-Pn-b³ {][m-\-a{ń t{Km lmÀsew
{_ve ³Uv. tkmjy-enÌv CâÀ\m-j-WÂ AwKw. World Commission on
Environment And Development A²y-£³ ; ]ns¶ samkvX-^- tXmÂ_.
United Nations Enviroment Program FIvkn-Iyq-«ohv Ub-d-IvSÀ.
1992 se UNCED Earth Summit AXv dntbm Un P\o-tdm-hnÂ.
F¯n-t¨À¶ \nK-a\w 2000 þmw Bv htc¡pw 700 tImSn tUmfÀ Bh-iy-
am-Wv, P\-kwJy \nb-{´W hnt[-b-am-¡p-¶-Xn\v F¶v. AtX kt½-f-\-
¯nÂ temI-_m¦v {]kn-Uv eqbnkv {]oÌ¬, CFR P\-kwJym \nb-
561
{´W ]²-Xn-I Ä¡v, ]qÀ® ]n³XpW {]Jym-]n-¨p.- 1992 amÀ¨nÂ hmjn-

§vS-W nÂ h¨p \S¶ International Safe Motherhood Initiative tIm¬^-
d³knÂ 20 hnI-kz-c- cm-jv{S-§-fnÂ \n¶pÅ 120 {]Xn-\n-[n-IÄ¡v, P\-kw-
Jym -\ n-b-{´W ]²-X n-I Ä¡pÅ [\-k-lmbw Cc-«n-¸n-¡m-sa¶v {]oÌ³
Dd¸p sImSp-¯p. 3þmw temI cmjv{ S-§-fnse kv-{Xo-I -fpsS BtcmKy ]cn-c -
£-bv¡mbn F¶ a«nÂ Ah-X-c n-¸ n-¡-s ¸« ]²-Xn-bpsS bYmÀXvY e£yw
P\-kw-Jym- \n-b-{´-Ww Xs¶. AXv temI _m¦v, IPPF, Family Care
International, USAID sâ [\-k-lm-b-¯n-epÅ Population Council ]ns¶
aä-t\Iw kwLS\-IÄ, Ipªp-§-tf-Sv Xm-Xv]-c y-a p-Å-s X¶v `mhn-¡p¶
UNICEF, WHO, UNFPA F¶n-h-bpsS kwbpà kwcw-`w.
hmjn-§vS³ BØm-\-a m-bpÅ Population Research Institute -
Pro family Ub-d-IvSÀ Po³ Fw. KyqÂt^mbvÂ ]d-bp-¶-Xv, Safe
Motherhood ]²Xn “KÀ`-On{Zhpw ikv{X-{Inb \nb-a-hn-t[-b-am-¡p-¶-Xpw,
B\m-tcm-Ky-I-c -amb P\-kw-J ym -\n-b-{´-W- \-b-§fpw DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p.“
[ World Bank Safe Motherhood Initiatve - Jean M Guilfoyle ]
temI-_m¦v ]²-Xn, km¼-¯nI k½À±w D]-tbm-Kn-¨v, _emÂ¡mcw
\b-§Ä \S-¸nÂ hcp-t¯--Xm-sW¶v kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
1992 P\p-h-c n-bnÂ tKmYn-ame bnÂ \S¶ kt½-f\¯nÂ tem-I-
_m¦v DtZym-K-Ø³ ]d-ªXv emän³ Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ, A½bp-sSbpw
Ipªn-sâbpw Btcm-Ky-]-²-Xn-bpsS tI{µ-Øm-\¯v KÀ`-On{Zw \nb-a- hn-
t[-b-am-¡p¶ \bw htc-m-Xm-sW¶v . aäv {]`m-j-IÀ ]d-ª-Xv. AXv
A[nIw km¼-¯n-I- t\-«-¯n\v Imc-W-am-bn-¯ocpw F¶pw. temI-_m¦v
DtZym-K Ø B\n. Pn. än¦À AXv DS-\ Sn \S-¸ n-em-t¡-Xm-sW¶v {]Jym-
]n-¨p. {]oÌ³ ]d-ªXv temI-_m¦v kpc-£nX amXrXzw AXnsâ \b-cq-
]o-I-c-W-¯nÂ ]qÀ®-ambn hnf-¡n-t¨À¡pw F¶m-Wv. AXm-bXv P\-kw-
Jym- \n-b-{´W \b-§Ä \S-¸ n-e m-¡p¶ aq¶mw temI cmjv{S-§Ä¡p
am{Xw hmbv]. km¼-¯nI A[o-i-Xzw, cmjv{ Sob taJ-e-bnÂ {]tbm-Kn-
¡p-¶p.
aq¶mw temI-¯nse kv{XoIÄ ]co-£W arK-§-fm-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.
km¼-¯nI ]n³Xp-W-bpÅ hn]p-e-a mb bqP-\nIvkv ]²-Xn¡v Ah-cpsS
Ipªp-§-fpw. a\p-jy-Ip-e-¯nse Gähpw Zcn-{Zcpw, Ai-c -W-cp-amb
AwK-§sf e£y-a n-Sp-¶p. ]nd-¡m¯ Ipªp-§-fp-s Sbpw, kv{XoI-fp-
sSbpw, IpSpw-_ -¯n-sâbpw {]_-e-cmb i{Xp-¡Ä H¯p IqSn “kpc-£nX
amXrXzw” NÀ¨ sN¿-p-¶p.
amÀKcväv kmwKÀ Planned Parenthood Øm]-I. 1930 IfnÂ
PÀ½-³ P\-X-Xn-bpsS taÂ P\-änIv C©n-\o-b-dnwKv {]tbm-Kn-t¡--Xp-
562
s¶ \mkn-I-fpsS hmZ-¯n\v Xpd¶ ]n´pW {]Jym-]n-¨p. D¶X hÀ¤-

¯n\v hf-cm³ Ah-kcsamcp-¡p-¶-Xn\v. kmwKÀ ]d-ªn-cp-¶-Xv.
“D]-tbm-K-i q-\ y-c m-b-h sc \in-¸n-¡p-I, Poh-Im-cpWy {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä
Ah-km-\n-¸n-¡p-I , P\n-X-I-a mbn Xmtg-¡n-S-bn-ep-Å-h-cpsS {]P-\-\-tijn
\in-¸n-¡pI”
kmwKÀ {]kn-²o-I-c n¨ The Birth Control Review Â AhÀ Xpd¶p Xs¶
lnäve-dnsâ khÀ® Bcy³ ta[m-hn-Xzs¯ ]n³Xp-W-¨p. inip lXysb
t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¨p. 1930 IfnÂ. Ah-c psS kwL-S-\-bpsS D]-tZ-jv Sm-hm-bn-cn-
¡p-¶-X n\v , `bm-\-I-a mb PÀ½³ Medical Experimentation ]²-Xn-I-fpsS
Ub-d-I vSdpw \mkn ]mÀ«n AwK-hp-a m-bn-c p¶ GWÌv dqUns\ £Wn-¨p.
Ah-cpsS Pohn-X -s¯bpw cN-\ -I-sfbpw Ipdn¨v tPmÀÖv {Kmâv Xsâ
]pkvX-I-¯nÂ Killer Angel hnh-cn-¡p-¶p.
1939 Â kmwKÀ Negro Project Bkq-{XWw sNbvXp. \nIrjvS
hÀ¤-¯ns\ D·q-e\w sN¿p-¶-Xn\p thn. \ot{Km _p²n-iq-\ y\pw
{]m]vXn Ipd-ª-h\pw BbXp sImv F¶-XmWv \ymbo-I -c-Ww. aqt¶m
\mtem, Idp¯ hÀ¤-¡m-cmb ]ptcm-ln-Xsc \ntbm-Kn-¨v, Idp¯ hÀ¤-¡m-
cpsS CS-bnÂ P\\ \nb-{´Ww GÀs¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\p thn ]²-Xn. aX-
¯n-s â kzoIm-cyX D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-X n\p thn . kmwK-dn-s â- kw-L-S\
Icp-¯mÀÖn¨t¸mÄ, AhÀ, \in-¸ n-¡-s ¸-tS--h-c psS Iq«-¯nÂ bmYm-
Øn-Xn-I-tcbqw DÄs¸-Sp¯n. Idp¯ hÀ¤-¡mÀ, lnkv]m-\ n-¡p-IÄ, Ata-
cn-¡³ Cým-¡mÀ F¶n-hÀ¡p ]pd-ta.
amÀK-cäv kmwKÀ. Occultist. Imew Ah-cnÂ AXn-t\m-SpÅ {]Xn-
]¯n hÀ²n-¸n-¨p. Ata-cn-¡³ kwkvI rXn ssZh-¯n\p Øm\w \ÂIp-¶-
Xn-t\m-s Sm¸w hyàn-kzm-X{ýw Dd¸p hcp-¯p-¶p. amÀK-cäv kmwKÀ AXn-
t\bpw {InkvX p- a-X -t¯bpw FXnÀ¯p. AhÀ apX-em-fn-¯hpw {InkvXp-a -
Xhpw XpS¨p amä-s ¸-tS--Xm-sW¶v hymJym-\n-¨p. AhÀ I½yq-Wn-khpw
Xntbm-k-^nbpw kzoI-c n-¨p. Xntbm-k^n eqkn-^ -dns\ Bcm-[n-¡p-¶p.
AXv .Covert, Occultic aXw. B[p-\nI Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ AXv Icp-¯p-ä,
ad¨p hbv¡-s ¸« , Xnc-Èo-ebv¡p ]n¶nÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ iàn-bm-Wv.
[Killer Angel. By. George Grant ]ns¶ The Dark Side of Freemasonry.
By. Decker]
lnän-eÀ 6 tImSn PqX-·msc sIms¶m-Sp¡n F¶v s]mXp-hnÂ
Icp-X-s ¸-Sp-¶p. F¶mÂ {]^-kÀ t\mÀaÂ tImÓv At±-l-¯nsâ
]pkvX-I-¯nÂ Warrant for Genocide ]d-bp-¶-Xv, BsI h[n-¡-s ¸-«-h -cnÂ
3 Â Hcp `mKw am{X-a mWv PqX-· mÀ. A¯cw hnh-c-§Ä ad¨p hbv¡-s ¸-
Sp-¶p. AXv {In-kvXym-\n-I-fm-b-Xp-sIm-m-bn-cn-¡mw. AhÀ B{I-a n-¡-s ¸-
«p-sIm-n-cn-¡p¶ hnhcw AhÀ Ah-km\ \nanjw hsc Adn-bm-Xn-c n-¡p-
563
¶-Xn\v thn-bm-hmw. amÀK-cäv kmwK-s d-t¸mse lnävedpw Xntbm-k-^n-bp-

sSbpw »h-ävkvIv-In-bp-sSbpw injy-\m-b-Xp-sIm-m-bn-c n-¡mw. eqkn-^ -
dns\ Bcm-[n-¨n-c p¶ »h-ävkvIn. Bßo-b-X-bnse “Idp¯” iàn-IÄ.
A[nIw t]cpw »hävkvI nsb¡p-dn¨pw amÀK-cäv knwK-sd-¡p-dn¨pw Adn-
hp-Å-h-c-Ã. AXv a\-] qÀÆw apJym-[mcm hnZym-`ym-k -]-²-X n-bnÂ \n¶v
AhÀ, t_m[-]qÀÆw amä-s¸-Sp-¶Xp sImm-bn-cn-¡mw. B`n-Nm-c-{Inbm
iàn-I Ä C¶pw \½psS CS-bnÂ ià-ambn \ne-\nÂ¡p¶p F¶Xv ad¨p
hbv¡p-¶-Xn-\m-I- mw. eqknkv {SÌnsâ (ap³]v eqkn-^À {SÌv) Øm]-I,
Benkv s_bvenbpw. »h-ävkvIn-bpsS Bi-b-§Ä amä-an-ÃmsX {]N-cn-¸n-
¡-s¸«p sImn-c n-¡p-¶p.
1994 Â tImÀWÂ bqWn-thÀknän {]^-kÀ tUhnUv ]nsaâÂ
]d-ªXv temI¯v BsI 200 tImSn P\-§Ä am{Xta ]mSpÅq F¶v. 1991
se UNESCO Courier ]d-ªXv Hmtcm Znh-khpw 350,000 t]À hoXw \in-¸n-
¡-s¸-tS--Xpv F¶m-Wv. äos\¡v se Negative Population Growth Inc
]d-ªXv temI-¯n\v DÄs¡m-Åm-\m-hp-¶Xv 200 tImSn a\p-jysc am{Xw
F¶m-Wv. B e£y-¯n-te-¡v 20 þmw \qäm- nsâ Ah-km-\-t¯msS
F¯n-t¨-tc--Xpv F¶pw UNEP bpsS Global Assessment Report ]d-bp-
¶Xv temI-¯n\v Xm§m³ Ign-bp-¶Xv 100 tImSn P\-§sf am{Xw. AXv
Ata-cn-¡³ PohnX \ne-hmcw ]n³Xp-S-cp-I-bm-sW-¦nÂ. bqtdm-]y³
PohnX \ne-hm-c-a m-s W-¦nÂ 200 AsÃ-¦nÂ 300 tImSn-bpw.
1996 Â tUmIvSÀ kmw Io³, km³{^m³kn-kvtIm-bnÂ,
tKmÀ_-t¨hv tIm¬^-d³knÂ, duv tS_n-fnsâ NÀ¨-bnÂ ]d-ªXv “90
iX-a m\w P\-§Ä \in-¸ n-¡-s ¸-tS--Xp-v. ]mcn-k-Yn-XnI XIÀ¨ krjvSn-
¡p-¶-X n\p th P\-XXn ]n¶o-Sp- m-h n-Ã.”
tPmÀÖnb ssKUvtÌm¬kv. B`n-Nm-c-{]-{In-b-bnÂ hfsc
{]m[m\yw AÀln-¡p-¶p. tPm¬ se\³ . temI {]ikvX Kmb-I³.
At±-l-¯nsâ `mcy tbmt¡m Hmt\m. “tPmÀÖnb tÌm¬k”v s\¡p-
dn¨v AhÀ hmNm-e-bm-h p-¶p. “tPmÀÖnb tÌm¬k”vsâ BZy amÀ¤-
ZÀin ]d-bp-¶Xv “temI P\-kwJy 50 tImSn-bm-bn-cp-¶mÂ {]Ir-Xn-bp-ambn
XmZmßyw {]m]n-¡p-¶-Xn\v {]iv\-a p-m-hn-Ã.”
¢_v Hm^v tdmw {]kn-Uv Ae-Ivkm-À InwKv ]d-ªXv “DDT
cwK¯p h¶v A[n-I-\mÄ Ign-bp-¶-Xn\v ap³]v ate-dnb A{]-X y-£-a m-bn.
DDT P\-kwJy hÀ²n-¡p-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-am-bn.” 1970 Â The National
Academy of Sciences Ah-c psS ]pk-X-I-¯nÂ Life Sciences ]d-ªXv
“cp hÀjw sImv DDT 50 tImSn, ate-dnb Imc-W-am-bpÅ acWw XS-
ªp.”
564
[¢_v Hm^v tdmw AXns\ ]n³Xp-W-¡p-¶-Xv , DDT bpsS D]-tbmKw hÀ²n-

¸n¨v P\-kwJy \nb-{ń-¡p-¶ -X n-\ pÅ ]²-Xn-bpsS `mK-w . AXv sNehp
Ipd-ª-X m-Wv, 3þmw temI cmjv{S-§Ä¡v A\p-tbmPyw Fs¶m-s¡-bmWv
{]N-c-Ww. AXv A]-I-S-I-c -amWv. Remembering Silent Spring And it’s
Consequences. By. Dr. Edwards Gordon . DDT bpsS D]-tbm-Ks¯
t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡p-¶p ] .
BZys¯ 3 amk-§Ä¡p-ÅnÂ KÀ`-On{Zw \S-¯p-¶Xv XoÀ¨-bmbpw
s{_Ìv Iym³k-dn\v Imc-W-am-hpw. F¶mÂ At_mÀj³ A\p-Iq-e, P\-
kw-Jym-\n-b-{´-W-¯nsâ hàm-¡Ä AXv ad¨p h¨p.
Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ ]pcp-jsâ icm-icn BbpÊv 78 hÀjw, P¸m-\ nepw
AXv Xs¶. djy-bnÂ 1970 Â 68 Bbn-c p-¶Xv Ct¸mÄ 53 Bbn-«p-v.
1990 Â Kh¬sasâv \nbaw aqew \ncm-bp-[o-I-c Ww \ne-hnÂ
sImp h¶p. ]n¶oSv lq¯p hwi-PÀ {In-kvXym-\n-Isf hI hcp-¯n.
750,000 Â A[nIw t]sc. asU-sse³ BÂss{_äv AXns\ Iq«-¡p-cpXn
F¶v Icp-tX Imcy-anÃ F¶v ]ªp. sFIy-c mjvv{S k`-bpsS tk\
t\m¡p-Ip-¯n-I-fmbn. CS-s]-S-c p-s X¶ hyà-a mb \nÀt±iw Dm-bn-cp-¶-
Xn-\mÂ. 1994 Â lq¯p hwi-PÀ¡v Ata-cn¡ [\-k-lmbw \ÂIn.
At\Iw hcp¶ P\-kw-Jym- \n-b-{´W ]²-X n-I -fnÂ Hsc-®w.
Ata-cn-¡³ [\-k-lm-b-t¯msS \mfnXp hsc \S-¯-s¸-«n-«pÅ KÀ`-
On{Zw 100 tImSn Ihn-bpw. AXnssewKn-I-Xsb t{]mÕm-ln-¸ n-¡p¶
ssewKnI hnZym-`ymkw asämcp amÀ¤w. KÀ`-\ n-tcm-[\ Dd-IÄ Pohn-X -
¯nsâ `mK-am¡n amäp-I .
tPm¬. F^v. sI¶Un kvs]jyÂ hmÀs^-bÀ skâÀ B³Uv kvIqÄ.
Ah-cpsS {]kn-²o-I-c Ww “Special Warfare”. 1996 tabv e¡w. ASp¯
`mhn-bnÂ B`y-ć Imcy-§Ä XInSw adn-bpw. k¦oÀ®-a mb kmaq-ln-I,
kmwkvIm-cnI Imc-W-§-fmÂ. skbÀ, DKm-, sI\n-b, kmw_nb F¶n-
hn-S-§-fnÂ AIDS F{Xbpw hym]-I -am-Wv. aäv a²y B{^n-¡-bn-epw. Cu
cmPy-§-fnÂ ASp¯ 15 hÀj-§Ä¡p-ÅnÂ Kh¬saâv F¶ {]Øm\w
\new ]Xn-¡pw. kam-\-amb kw`h hnIm-k-§Ä aäv AIDS hym]n-¡p¶
{]tZ-i-§-fnepw km²y-a m-Wv. {ZqX-K-Xn-bnÂ. hS-¡³ B{^n-¡, anUnÂ
CuÌv, Cý, sX¡p-I n-g -¡³ Gjy F¶n-hn-S-§-fnÂ B`y-ć `c-W-{ Iaw
\in-¡p¶ ØnXn hntijw kwPm-X-a m-Imw.
- Aids And The Doctors of Death. By. Alan Cantwell
- Holocaust in Rwanda. By. Peter Hammond
- Killing the Black Body : Race, Reproduction And the Meaning of
Liberty. By. Dorothy Roberts
565
- The Nazi Connection : Eugenics, American Racism, and German

National Socialism. By. Stefan Kühl
- Reproductive Rights And Wrongs : The Global Politics of Population
Control. By . Betsy Hartmann
- Conceiving The New World Order : The Global Politics of
Reproduction . By. Faye D. Ginsburg
1990 IfnÂ WHO bpsS taÂt\m-«-¯nÂ \nI-cm-Kz, saIvkn-t¡m, ^nen-
¸o³kv F¶n-hn-SvM -fnÂ sSä-\kv {]Xn-tcm[ Ip¯nhbv]v \S-¶p. 1994 Â
kwibw tXm¶nb saIvkn-t¡m Ip¯n-h-bv]n-\pÅ acp-¶p-IÄ cmk- ]-cn-
tim-[-\ bv¡v hnt[b-a m-¡n-b-t¸mÄ AXnÂ hCG AS-§n-bn-c n-¡p-¶ -Xmbn
Is-¯n. kv{Xo KÀ`n-Wn-bm-h p-t¼mÄ icocw kzm`m-hn-I-ambn ]pd-s¸-Sp-
hn-¡p¶ tlmÀtam¬.. IqSnb Af-hnÂ s]s«¶v ico-c-¯nÂ F¯n-
t¨À¶mÂ AXv KÀ`-[m-c Ww Akm-²y-a m-¡pw.
þ kv{XoIÄ¡p am{Xw Ip¯n-h-bv] v. 15 \pw 45 \pw CS¡v {]mb-apÅ
kv{XoIÄ¡v am{Xw.
þ aq¶v amk-¯n-\ Iw aq¶v Ip¯n-h-bv¸p-IÄ. BsI A©v Ip¯n-h-
bv]p-IÄ. Hcp Ip¯n-h-bv] n\v 10 hÀj-t¯¡v sSä-kns\ {]Xn-tcm-[n-¡p-¶-
Xn\v tijn-bp-v.
þ KÀ`-\n-tcm-[\ Ip¯n-h-bv]p-I-fpsS hnI-k-\-¯nÂ WHO DÄs¸-«n-c p-¶p.
sSä-\kv {]Xn-tcm[ Ip¯n-h-bv] nÂ tNÀ¯v hCG \ÂIp-¶-Xv. AXv Xs¶-
bmWv saIvkn-t¡m, ^nen-¸o³kv, \nI-cmKz F¶n-h n-S-§-fnÂ Is-¯n-b-
Xv.
AXv hnI-kn-¸ n-¡p-¶-XnÂ ]¦m-fn-I-fm-bn-c p-¶Xv WHO tbmsSm¸w UNFPA,
UNDP , temI-_m-¦ v, t]m]p-te-j³ Iu¬knÂ, tdms¡-s ]-ÃÀ ût-
j³, HmÄ Cý C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v saUn-¡Â kb³k-kv, A\-h [n bqWn-
thÀkn-än-IÄ, A¸vkm-e, slÂkn-¦ n, Hlmtbm XpS-§n-b-h. \mj-WÂ
C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v slÂ¯nsâ `mK-amb Ata-c n-¡³ \mj-WÄ C³Ìn-
äyq«v , ssNÂUv slÂ¯v B³Uv lyqa³ sUh-e-]vsaâv.
[ http : new - atlantean.com/birthcon.htm ]
1972 apXÂ 1993 hsc WHO a\pjy {]XyqÂ¸m-Z-\ -¯nÂ “Special
Programme” Â. 36 tImSn tUmfÀ sNe-h-gn-¨p. Cu ]²-X n-bmWv KÀ`-On-
{Z-¯ n\v Imc-W-a m-h p¶ Ip¯n-hbv]v hnI-kn-¸ n-¨ -Xv. kzoU³ 10 tImSn
tUmfÀ, {_n«³ 5, t\mÀsh, sU³amÀ¡v, PÀ½-\n 4,3,1.5, Ata-c n¡ 0.6
tImSn tUmfÀ. ]ns¶ UFPO 6, temI-_m¦v 1.5 tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ ût-
j³ 3, t^mÀUv ût-j³ 1 , CâÀ\m-j-WÂ dnkÀ¨v B³Uv Unh-e-
]vsaâv skâÀ Im\-U 0.7 tImSn tUmfÀ.
566
a\p-jy -i-c o-c-¯n\v kzm`m-hn-I-a m-bpÅ {]Xn-tcm-[-¯ ns\ adn-I-S-¡p-¶ -

Xn\p thn-bmWv hCG, sSä-\-kp-ambn Iq«n-t¨À¡p-¶-X v. t_m[-]qÀÆw.
AXv \nÀ½n¨ I¼-\n-IÄ Im\-U-bnse Connaught Laboratories, ]ns¶
Intervex. Hmkvt{S-en-b-bnse CSL Laboratories .
P\-\-\ n-b-{´-W-¯n\v A\p-hÀ¯n¨p hcp¶ ]²-X n-IÄ temIm-[n-
]-Xy-¯n\p thn-bp-Å -Xm-Wv. AXv Btcm-Kyhpw hnI-k-\-hp-a mbn H«pw
Xs¶ _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶n-Ã. BtKmf A[nImc cmjvv-{So-b-h p-a mbn A[nIw
_Ô-s ¸-«n-c n-¡p-I bpw sN¿p-¶p. Information Project for Africa Inc {]kn-
²o-I -cn¨ ]pkv-X-Iw Excessive Force : Power, Politics And Population
Control. P\-kw-Jym- \n-b-{´-W-¯n\v Gähpw D¶X Øm\w \ÂIp-¶-
XnÂ -A-ta-c n-¡³ Kh¬saânse Nne cl-ky- i-àn-IÄ {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p.
hS¡pw sX¡pw P\-kw-Jy-bn-ep-m-h p¶ AanX Ak-a -Xzw, A[n-Imc
kwXp-e\w Akm²y-a m-¡p-¶p. k¼-¯v, hn`-h-§Ä, kmt¦-X nI hnZy,
F¶n-h -bnÂ Ak-a-Xzw. ssk\n-I, CIA tcJ-IÄ hntZi cmPy-§-fnÂ P\-
\- \n-c¡v \nb-{ń-t¡-p-¶-X nsâ Bh-iy-IX kqNn-¸ n-¡p-¶p. s]â-K¬
\S-¯nb ]T\w D]-kw-l-c n-¡p-¶Xv, P\-kw-Jym -\n-b-{´W \b-§Ä¡v ,
bp²-¯n\p th \qX\ Bbp-[-§Ä hnI-kn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-sâbpw ssIh-i-
s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-s âbpw H¸w {]m[m\yw \ÂtI--XmWv F¶ a«n-em-Wv.
cmjv{Sob bq² X{´-§-fpsS Xe-¯ n-emWv P\-kwJym \nb-{´-W-t¯bpw
hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶-Xv.
P\-kwJym \nb-{´-W-¯nsâ hàm-¡-fmbn U.N t\msSm¸w Radical
Feminist IÄ cwK-¯p-v. Iq«-¯nÂ At\Iw NGO Ifp-w.
Republican Task force on Earth Resources And Population. AXnsâ Aa-
c¯v {]^-kÀ hnÃyw tjm¡vse, {]^-kÀ BÀXÀ sP³kÀ. Task force
A²y-£³ tPmÀÖv _pjv sImp h¶-hÀ. {]kn-U-m-hp-¶-Xn\pw 20
hÀj-§Ä¡p ap³]v. Ata-c n-¡-bnse B{^n-¡³ hwi-P-cpsS F®-¯nÂ
Dm-hp¶ A[nI hfÀ¨ F§ns\ Ata-c n-¡³ P\-X-bpsS F®w Ipd-bp-
¶-Xn\p Imc-W-a m-hp¶p F¶v I½nän ap³]msI hni-Z-a m-¡p-¶-Xn\p
thn sImv hc-s¸-«-hÀ. 1969 Â, Idp¯ Ipªp-§Ä Df-hm-¡p¶
òj-Wn-sb-¡p-dn¨v _pjv hnh-cn-¨p. _pjns\ \bn-¨ n-cp-¶Xv IpSpw_
kplr¯v P\-dÂ hnÃyw. F¨v. s{Ubv]À . JR. t]m]p-te-j³ ss{Iknkv
I½n-än-bpsS Øm]-I \pw A²y-£-\pw, Planned Parenthood Federation
D] A²y-£-\pw. shfp¯ hÀ¤-¡m-c-Ãm¯ hÀ¤-¡m-cpsS CS-bn-epÅ
P\-kwJym hÀ²-\-hns\¡pdn-¨ v, hfsc \mfp-I-fmbn hnj-®-\ m-bn-c p¶p
s{Ubv]À. s{Ubv]À þ _pjv P\-kJym kn²m´w Ct¸mÄ Ata-cn-¡-
bpsS HutZym-KnI hntZi \b-am-Wv. \yqtbmÀ¡v C³sh-Ìvsaâv
_mt¦Àkv, UnÃ³ doUv B³Uv I¼-\ n, s{Ubv] -dns\ 1927 Â \nb-a n-¨Xp
apXÂ s{Ubv]dpw _pjpw kl-I-c -W-¯n-em-Wv. UnÃsâ Npa-X e
567
ssXkosâ CS-]m-Sp-IÄ t\m¡n \S-¯p-I . 1924 Â tPmÀÖv slÀ_À«v

hm¡-dnsâ _m¦v bqWn-b³ _m¦n§v tImÀ]-td-j³, am³l-« -\nÂ
ssXko³ Øm]n-¨ p. BhvssdÂ lmcn-a ³ ssXko\ns\ ImWp-¶-Xv,
ssXko³, lnäve-dns\ cmjv-{So-b-ambn hfÀ¯p-¶-Xn\v km¼-¯n-I-ambn
klm-bn¨p XpS-§p¶ ka-b-¯m-Wv. Ipd¨p \mfp-IÄ¡p tijw {^nävkv
ssXko³, UnÃ³ doUv Bâv I¼\n DSa ¢mc³kv UnÃ-s\m¸w tNÀ¶p.
1926 Â ssXkosâ lrkz-Ime _m¦À F¶ \nebv¡v UnÃ³ doUv, \yq

sPÀkn-bnepw, s_Àen-\nepw German Credit And Investment Corporation
GCIC Øm]n-¨ p. AtX hÀjw \yqtbmÀ¡v, e³ [\iàn-I-fpsS
\nÀt±-im-\p-k-cWw ssXko-\ p-a m-bn-t¨À¶v, UnÃ³ doUv, German Steel
Trust Øm]n-¨p. hnÃyw s{Ubv]À GCIC bpsS Ub-d-IvSÀ, D] A²y-
£³, Akn-Ìâv {Sj-dÀ. _Àen-\nepw \yqtPÀkn-bnepw s{Ubv]-dnsâ
]¦m-fn-I-fmbn \mkn-I Ä. GCIC bpw U.S And International Securities
Corp (USIS) Dw Htc hnem-k-¯nÂ. Htc hyàn cn-s âbpw {Sj-dÀ.
¢mc³kv UnÃ\pw aI³ U¥kv UnÃ\pw USIS Ub-d-IvSÀamÀ. USIS Hml-cn-
bp-S-a-Isf tImSn-¡-W-¡n\v tUmfÀ h©n-¨p. sFhn eo. ]»nIv dnte-
j³kv òa³. USIS DtZym-K-Øsc ]cn-io-en-¸n-¨p. hnNm-c W t\cn-tS- p-¶-
Xn-\v.
1932 Â CâÀ\m-j-WÂ bqP-\nIvkv tIm¬{K-kv. klm-b-¯n\v
hnÃyw s{Ubv]À. lnäve-dnsâ hwiob ip²n \S-¸nÂ hcp-¯p-¶-Xn\v
GWÌv dqUn³ \nb-an-X-\ m-bn. t{Ubv] -dnsâ klm-b-t¯m-sS. temI
bqP-\nIvkv {]Øm-\-¯nsâ ta[m-hn þ dqUn³. 1942 Â GCIC Ub-d-IvS-
dmbn hnÃyw s{Ubv]À. Ata-c n-¡³ aPo-jy³ skmsskän AwKw. 1945
Â \mkn-IÄ Iog-S-§n. 1945 Â s{Ubv]À bqtdm-¸ nÂ, Ata-cn-¡³
I¬t{SmÄ I½n-j³, [\-Imcy hn`mKw ta[m-hn-bm-bn. \mkn hyh-kmb
kwLm-X-§-fpsS taÂt\m-«w. 15 hÀj-t¯mfw \mkn {]Øm-\-§-fnÂ
Gähpw s\dn-sI-«-hÀ¡v [\-k-lmbw \ÂIn-bn-c p¶ s{Ubv] À,
Bscms¡ {Iqin-¡-s ¸-SWw, Bscms¡ \nc-]-c m-[n-I Ä F¶v Xocp-am-\n-
¡p¶ coXn-bnÂ. bp² IpäIrXy-§Ä¡v Bscms¡ hnNm-cW t\cn-tS-
-Xpv F¶v. kam-\-a mWv tPm¬. sP. aIvtfm-bv. 1949 þ 1952 Â PÀ½-\n-
bnse sslI-½n-j-W dpw Ata-c n-¡³ ssk\nI Kh-ÀW-dpw. Hcp hÀjw
Cä-en-bnÂ Xma-kn-¨Xv aptÊm-fn-\n-bpsS D]-tZ-jv Sm-h m-bn. lmcn-a ³, _pjv
]nWn-bmÄ. 1936 Â _Àen-\nÂ h¨p \S¶ Hfnw-]n-IvknÂ \mkn Xe-h -·mÀ
dptUmÄ^v slÊv, slÀa³ tKmdn§v F¶n-h-cpsS £W-{]-I mcw, lnäve -
dnsâ Iym_n-\nÂ, Hfn-¼nIvkv ho£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\v.
568
hnÃyw s{Ubv]À þ I¬kÀth-äo-hv, Iq«n\v Ata-c n-¡³ {Sjdn

sk{I-«dn sl³{Sn tamÀK³ tXm -þen_-dÂ. tamÀK³tXm-bpsS Bhiyw
PÀ½-\nsb \new ]cn-im-¡pI F¶-Xv. hyh-km-bs¯ ]mtS XIÀ¡p-I.
s{Ubv]À PÀ½-\ nsb tamÀK³tXm ]²Xn-bnÂ \n¶pw kwc-£n-¨p. ]mtS
XIÀ¡p-Ibp--mbnÃ.
s{Ubv]À I½nän, Zcn{Z cmPy-§-fnse P\-kwJy Ipd¨p sImv, P\-
kwJym hnkvt^m-S-\-¯n\v ]cn-lmcw ImtW- -Xm-s W¶v \nÀt±-in-¨p.
\mkn {Iqc-X-I -fnÂ \n¶pw {i² Xncn¨p hnSp-¶-X n-\ pw. \mkn Iq«-s¡m-e-
IÄ temI-a m-I-am\w hym]n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw thn.
ASp¯ ]Xn-äm-nÂ s{Ubv] À t]m]p-te-j³ “ss{Iknkv I½n-
än”¡v cq]w \ÂIn. s{Ubv]À ^n\pw. P\-kw-J ym-\n-b-{´Ww F¶
a«nÂ bqP-\nIvkv hn]p-e-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-X n\v Iq«mbn tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ, Uyq
t]mv IpSpw-_§Ä. tPm¬. F^v. sI¶-Un-bpsS h[-¯n\p tijw
A[n-Im-c-taä en³U³. _n. tPm¬k¬ Agency For International
Development USAID eqsS P\-\-\ n-b-{´W ]²-Xn-IÄ¡v km¼-¯nI
klmbw \ÂIn. s{Ubv]-dnsâ hmÄkv{Soäv _Ô-§fpw hntZi _Ô-
§fpw klmbw \ÂIn.
1980 Â _pjv sâ {]kn-Uv sXc-sª-Sp-¸nÂ {]apJ Fund
Raiser {Ubv]-dnsâ aI³. _pjv A[n-Im-c-ta-ä-t¸mÄ aI³ s{Ubv]À
sFIy-cmjv{S k`-bpsS BtKmf P\-kwJym \nb-{´W {]hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS
ta[m-hn-bm-b n. 1953 hsc UnÃ³ doUnsâ sshkv {]kn-U-v. 1950 Ifnepw
1960 Ifnepw No^v FIvkn-Iyq-«o-h mbn PÀ½³Imc³ {Û-dnIv {_m³Un.
\mkn C³sh-Ìvsaâvknsâ sIm þ Ub-d-I vSÀ. \mkn ÌoÂ {SÌnse hew
ssI. {_m³Un-bpsS ]¦mfn \nt¡m-fmkv {_mUn. 3þmw temI cmjv{S-§-
fnÂ P\-kw-Jym-\n-b-{´-W-¯n\v _pjv `c-W-IqSw \nÀt±-in-¡p¶ {]Y-a -
amÀ¤w ikv{X-{Inb F¶mWv USAID `mjyw. aI³ s{Ubv]À ]d-ªXv
1990 IfnÂ 25 tImSn Z¼-Xn-IÄ¡v ikv{X-{In-b-bn-eqsS hÔyw-I-c -Ww. Ign-
bp-sa-¦ nÂ ]yqÀt«m dnt¡m, ]\ma F¶n-hn-S-§-fnÂ 80 iX-a m\w
kv{XoIÄ¡pw.
hÔyw-I-c -W-¯n-\pÅ sNe-h p-I Ä Ata-c n-¡³ Kh¬saâv t\cn-«v. e£y-
an-«n-c n-¡p¶ cmPy-§-fnÂ H¶m-aXv saIvkn-t¡m. cm-a Xv Cý. aq¶m-a Xv
{_koÂ.
1992 Â ap³ hÀjs¯ At]-£n¨v 20 iX-am\w A[nIw. BsI 30
tImSn tUmfÀ. _UvP-änÂ hI-bn-cp-¯n. cmjv{So-b-ambpw am\-kn-I-a mbpw
cmPys¯ X¿m-dm-¡p-¶-Xn\v DÅ sNe-hpÄs¸-sS. Sterilization League of
America SLA bp²-Im-e¯v t]cp amän, Birthright Inc. F¶ t]cv kzoI-cn-
¨p.
569
Atbm-h-bnÂ eoKv B¬Ip-«nsb hÔyw-I-cW¯n\v hnt[-b-am-¡n-b-XnÂ

Hcp Ip«n ac-W-a-S-ª-Xv, eoKn\v BLm-X-a m-bn.
sshävlu-knse {]apJ \nb-tam-]-tZ-jvSmhv t_mbvs U³ t{K.
5 hb-Êp-m-bn-cp-¶-t¸mÄ AÑ³, hS-¡³ Itcm-en\ BØm-\-am¡n
BtKmf hÔyw-I-c W {]Øm-\-¯n\v XpS-¡-an-«p. 1946 Â. Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ
bqP-\nIvkv {]Øm-\-¯nsâ XpS-¡w. {_n«ojv cmP-I p-Spw-_-¯ nsâ XW-
enÂ. t_mbvs Usâ ap¯-Ñ³ t_mhva³ t{K, BÀ. sP. sdbvt\mÄUvkv
sSm_mt¡m I¼-\n-bpsS DS-a . t_mbvsUsâ AÑ³ tKmÀU³,
t_mhva³ t{K saUn-¡Â kvIqfn\v XpS-¡-a n-« p. bqP-\nIvkv tI{µw.
t_mbvsU³ sâ A½mbn Benkv sjÂä³ Human Betterment League
Øm]n-¨p. \mj-WÂ bqP-\n-¡Â sÌdn-s se-tk-j³ {]Øm-\-¯nsâ,
hS-¡³ Imscm-en\ imJ. Ah-cpsS IognÂ tUmIvSÀ t¢msU \mjv
sl³UÂ. AÊnÊväâv {]^-kÀ saUn-¡Â P\-än-Ivkv.
t{]mIvSÀ B³Uv Kmw_nÄ sâ A\-ćm-h-Imin tUmIvSÀ
¢mc³kv Kmw_nÄ. hS-¡³ Iscm-en-\ -bnÂ hn³Ì³ kmsew PnÃ-bnse
FÃm kvIqÄ hnZymÀ°n-I Ä¡pw Hcp {]tXyI ]co£ \ÂIn. _p²n-
bpsS \ne-hmcw Adn-bp-¶-Xn-\v. {]tXyI \ne-hmcw ]peÀ¯m¯ Ipªp-
§-fnÂ hÔyw-I-cWw \S-¸ n-e m-¡n.
Hmd©v Iun-bnse ]co£ \S-¯n-bXv t\mÀ¯v Iscm-eo\ bqWn-thÀkn-
än. km¼-¯nI klmbw ¢mc³kv Kmw_vÄ sâ kplr¯v slbv³kv.
Pbnwkv tKmÄU³ slbv³k.v t_mhva³ t{K saUn-¡Â kvI qÄ {SÌn.
Benkv t{K {Kq]v {Sj-dÀ.
tUmIvSÀ sl³U³ ]d-ªXv “8 hb-Ên\p apI-fn-epÅ Ipªp-§-fnÂ
am{Xw ivk{X-{In-b. B¬Ip-ªp-§sf At]-£n¨v s]¬Ip-ªp-§-fnÂ.
hbdp Iodn, Hcp Syq_v Ip¯n-s¡-«pI am{Xw.”
1952 Â tdms¡-s ^-Ã-dnsâ klm-b-t¯msS tPm¬ t^mÌÀ
Uyqfkv Population Council Øm]n-¨ p. tImSn-¡-W-¡n\v tUmfÀ tdms¡-
s^-ÃÀ \ÂIn. Yale bqWn-thÀkn-än-bnse Ata-cn-¡³ bqP-\nIvkv
skmsskän AES, Population Council ambn IqSn-t¨À¶p. AES sâ sk{I-
«-dn-b mbn ZoÀL-\mÄ tkh\w A\p-jvT n¨ {Û-dnIv Hmkvt_m¬
Population Council sâ BZy {]kn-U-m-bn. 1953 Â tUmIvSÀ sl³U³
AES {]kn-U-pw.
CtX Ime-L-« -¯nÂ {_n«ojv bqP-\nIvkv skmssk-än-bpsS Hmô-
knÂ International Planned Parenthood Federation IPPF Øm]n-X-a m-bn.
Population Control sâ ]pXnb t]cv.
570
1972 Â tPmÀÖv _pjv sFIy-c mjv{S k`-bnÂ Ata-cn-¡³ Aw_m-k-

UÀ. USAID , SLA bpambn Icm-dnÂ GÀs¸-«p. 5 hÀj-t¯-¡v. 8 tImSn
tUmfÀ. kvIqÄ Ipªp-§-tfmSv sNbvXXv 58 cmPy-§-fnÂ BhÀ¯n-¡p-
¶-Xn-\v. hS-¡³ Iscm-en-\-bnÂ 100 IW-¡n\v Iqªp-§-fnÂ hnP-b-I-c -
ambn ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡nb AtX {]hÀ¯-\w. 20 e£w t]À¡v hnP-b-I-c -
ambn ikv{X-{Inb \S¯n F¶v AhÀ A`n-am-\n-¡p-¶p.
am\-kn-I-ambn cmjv{S-§sf X¿mdm-¡p-¶-XnÂ {i² tI{µo-I-c n-¡p-¶-
Xn\v tUmIvSÀ ¢mc³kv Kmw_vÄ Path Finder Fund cq]o-I -cn-¨p.
U.N. GI-temI Kh¬saâv krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn-bpÅ D]-I -c-W-
amWv . AXnsâ apJy-cq] IÂ]\ \S-¯p-¶-hÀ¡v AtX-¡p-dn¨v Adn-bmw.
F¶mÂ AXn\p thn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-hÀ¡v AX-dn-bn-Ã. Ah-cpsS
{]hÀ¯n-I-fpsS ê-§Ä Iq«n hbv¡p-t¼mÄ F´mWv kw`-hn-¡pI
F¶v a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶-X n\v km²y-a-Ã. (P-bnw-kv. _n. D«v ]mÀe-s aâv AwKw.)
{The Fearful Master. By. Edward. G. Griffin}
P\-§Ä U.N.s\ kam-[m-\-¯n-\sâ Bcm-[-\ m-ebw F¶ a«nÂ
hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p. kam-[m-\-s ¯-¡p-dn¨pw kmtlm-Z-c y-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw a\p-
jym-h-Im-i-s ¯-¡p-dn¨pw Hs¡-bpÅ Xnf-§p¶ hmNm-tSm-]-§-fpsS A¸p-d-
t¯¡v t\mt¡--Xp-v.
I«mw-K-bnÂ Fen-k-_¯v hnsÃ-bnÂ \n¶pw 1961 Ukw-_À 12
\v 46 tUmIvSÀamÀ U.N. s\¡p-dn¨v X¿m-dm-¡nb dnt¸mÀ«nÂ ]d-bp-¶Xv
“cp hnam-\-§Ä cmhn-se 9.30 t\mS-Sp-¸n¨v XmWv ]d-¶p. hnZym-e-b-§-fp-
sSbpw Bip-] -{Xn-bp-s Sbpw taÂ sajo³ K¬ sImv Xpcp-X pcm shSn-bp-
XnÀ¯p. 300 tcmKn-Ifpw Ah-c psS IpSpw-_-§fpw Ahn-sS-bp-mbn-c p-¶p.
{]k-h-hmÀUnÂ I«mw-K-bnse ASp-¯ nsS {]k-hn¨ 4 kv{XoIÄ¡pw Hcp
\h-Pm-X-i n-i p-h n\pw apdn-th-äp. 4 hb-ÊpÅ Hcp Ipªv ac-W-a -S-ªp. 2
]pcp-j-·mcpw Hcp Ip«nbpw ac-W-a -S-ªp. 300 tcmKn-I -fnÂ 240 t]À ASp-
¯pÅ Ipän-¡m-«n-te¡v HmSn-sbm-fn-¨p. A`-bmÀ°n tI{µ-§-fnÂ X§p-¶-
Xn\v AhÀ¡v XmXv]-cy-a n-Ã. U.N, Bip-]-{Xn-Isf e£yw hbv¡p-¶-Xn\v
XmXv]-c y-s ¸-Sp-¶p. X§Ä AhnsS kpc-£n-X-c m-hnÃ F¶mWv \ymb-ambn
]d-ªn-cp-¶-Xv.”
46 tUmIvSÀam-cnÂ A[n-Ihpw s_ÂPn-b³ hwi-PÀ. kznÊv,
lwtK-dn-b³, {_ko-en-b³, kv]m\njv tUmIvSÀamcpw Iq«-¯nÂ. {]^-kÀ
GWÌv hm³ sU³ lmKv, hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶-Xn\v tImwtKm- k-µÀin-¨n-c p-¶p.
6 hb-ÊpÅ Ipªnsâ taep-Å _b-Wäv sImpÅ apd-h p-I Ä \ymbo-I -
cn-¡-¯-¡-X Ã F¶mWv At±lw ]d-ª-Xv. At±lw ans¶tÊm« bqWn-
thÀkn-än-bnse A²ym-]-I-\ m-bn-c p-¶p. ]¶oSv bqWn-thÀknän Hm^v
\yqtbmÀ¡n-epw. ]ns¶ \yq kvIqÄ t^mÀ tkmjyÂ dnkÀ¨n-epw.
571
Education as an Industry, The Fabric of Society F¶o IrXn-I -fpsS cN-bn-

Xm-hv.
U.N ssk\n-I -cpsS \S-]-Snsb A]-e -]n-¡p-¶-X n\p ]Icw {]IoÀ¯n-
¡p-I-bm-Wp-m-b -Xv. km{am-Py-Xz-¯nsâ Icp¯v \in-¸n-¡p-¶ -X n\pw
A´m-c mjv{S I½yq-Wn-k-¯nsâ hn¹-h-¯nsâ hym]-\-¯n\pw thn
Cý, CuPn-]vXv, Atd-_y, samtdmt¡m F¶n-h n-S-§-fnÂ R§Ä hn`-P\w
krjvSn-¡p-¶-X n\p thn \ne sImÅp¶p F¶mWv 1920 Â kvämen³
]d-ª-Xv.
B{^n¡³ I½yq-Wn-Ìp-IÄ tkmhn-bäv bqWn-bs\ hnti-jn-¸ n-¨n-cp-¶Xv
“]nimN”v F¶m-bn-c p-¶p. ssN\, sNt¡m-tÉm-hm-Iy, tdmta-\nb F¶n-h n-S-
§-fnse I½yq-Wn-Ìp-IÄ B{^n¡tbmSv XmXv]cyw ImWn-¨ n-c p-¶-Xn\v
{][m\ ImcWw ]cn-N-b-k-¼-¶-c-Ãm¯ ]pXnb `c-W-I qSw \ne-hnÂ
h¶mÂ AXnÂ \pgªp Ib-dp-¶-Xn\pw AXns\ \nb-{ń-¡p-¶ -X n\pw
Ffp-¸-a m-bn-c n¡mw F¶ [mc-W-bnÂ \n¶mWv.
tImwtKm-bnse I½yq-WnÌv t\Xmhv epapw-_. ab-¡p-a -cp-¶n\v ASn-a.

Bi-b-§Ä DÄs¡m-Åp-¶-X n\v {]m]vXn-bn-Ãm-¯-h³. Akz-Ø-X-IÄ
krjvSn-¡p-¶-X n\v tkmhn-b-äv bqWn-b³ [\-k-lm-bhpw Bbp-[hpw
\ÂIn \ntbm-Kn¨ hyàn. Hmtcm amkhpw 4 e£w tUmfÀ h«-s¨-e-hn\v.
A\p-bm-bn-I Ä¡v Bh-i y-a p-ÅXv \ÂIp-¶-X n\p thn. AXv shfn-¨ -¯m-
b-t¸mÄ U.N \b-§-fpsS `mK-am-bn-«mWv tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b³ epapw-_sb
klm-bn-¡p-¶-Xv F¶v ]d-bp-¶-Xn\v sk{I«dn P\-dÂ UmKv
l½mÀkvtImÄUv \nÀ_-Ôn-X-\ mbn. 100 {S¡p-Ifpw, 29 hnam-\-§-fpw, 200
kmt¦-XnI hnZ-Kv²-tcbpw tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b³ \ÂIn-bn-c p-¶p F¶v U.N
apJy {]Xn-\ n[n tImWÀ {Iqbnkv Hm{_-b³\v k½-Xn-t¡- m-Xmbn h¶p.
200 Hmfw djy³ sNt¡m-tÉm-h m-I y³ \b-X{´ hnZ-Kv²sc \ÂInb
Imcyw ad¨p h¨p. tamkvtIm-bpsS kao-]-¯pÅ Peoples Friendship
kÀÆ-I -em-im-e-bpsS t]cv {Iqtj-hv, ]mss{Skv epapw_ kÀÆ-I-em-ime
F¶p amän. tImwtKm-bnÂ lmjnjv Irjn sImp h¶Xv Ad_v hwi-P-
cm-Wv. ]n¶o-Sn¶p hsc AXv henb hn]-¯mbn XpS-cp-¶p. epapw_ Bcm-
[y-]pcpj\mbncp¶p F¶ {]Nm-cWw Ahm-kvX-h-am-Wv. AbmÄ A[nIw
shdp-¡-s ¸« hyàn-bm-bn-cp-¶p F¶-XmWv hmkvX-hw. hmjn-§vS³
Abmsf Nph¶ ]c-h-X m\n hncn¨v kzoI-cn-¨p. Ing-¡³ PÀ½-\n, djy,
F¶n-h n-S-§-fn-te-¡pÅ kµÀi-\-th-f-bnÂ AbmÄ¡v s]®pw ]Whpw
\ÂIn BZ-c n-¨ p. [qÀ¯pw.
[ Who Killed the Congo . By. Phillippa Schuyler ]
tImwtKm¡v kzmXýw e`n¨v GXm\pw Znh-k-§Ä¡p-ÅnÂ
ssk\yw, tk-\-bnse _ÂPnbw hn`m-K-¯n-s\-Xnsc Xncn-ªp. AIm-c-W-
572
ambn. epap-_¡v klm-b-hp-ambn U.N . BZys¯ U.N kwLw 4000 t]À.

]ns¶ At\Iw Bbn-c-§Ä. òXn-P-\ -I-am-b, k¼qÀ®-amb Akz-Ø-X-
IÄ krjvSn¨v GIm-[n-]Xy `cWw \ymbo-I-c n-¡p-¶-Xn\v kml-N-cy-§Ä
krjvSn¨v \nb-{´Ww ssI¿m-fpI F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p I½yq-WnÌv X{´w.
Ata-cn¡ s_ÂPn-b-¯ns\ klm-bn-¨ n-Ã. adn¨v U.N ]£-¯m-b n-c p-¶p.
epapw_ ka-{Km-[n-]Xy-¯n\p thn kzoI-c n-t¡-p¶ \S-]-Sn-I Ä hni-Z-
am-¡n. Kh¬saân\v k¼qÀ®-amb A[n-Im-cw. GXp Imcy-¯nepw F´p
Xocp-am-\-s a-Sp-¡p-¶ -Xn-\pw.
P\-§sf AS¡n \ndp-¯p-¶-Xn\v òI-cX Bh-iy-am-Wv. FXnÀ¡p-
¶-hsc Hs¶m-gn-bmsX XS-¦-en-em-¡p-I . Ah-tcmSv AXohw {Iqc-ambn
s]cp-am-dp-I. s]mXp-th-Zn-bnÂ \á-c m-¡p-I. CXv BZy L« \S-]-Sn-IÄ.
cmw L«-¯nÂ, FXnÀ¡p-¶-h sc \in-¸ n-¡p-I. Ch-sbm-s¡-bmWv Ah-
bnÂ Nne-Xv.- [Situation in the Republic of Congo, U.N. R eport] ep-a pw_¡v
Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ cmP-Iob kzoI-c Ww e`n-¨ p. HutZym-KnI {]kn-U³jyÂ
KÌv luknÂ Xma-kw. {]kn-Uv sFk-t\m-hÀ t\cn«v taÂt\m-«w. 10
tImSn tUmfÀ [\-k-lm-b-¯ nsâ BZys¯ L«-ambn 50 e£w tUmfÀ
\ÂI-p-¶-Xn\v GÀ¸m-Sm-bn.
F§p \ns¶-§n-ÃmsX s]s«¶v epap_ FXnÀ¡-s¸-«p. A[nIw Xma-
kn-bmsX h[n-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
“I½yq-WnÌv temIw F¶Xv kwL-Sn-X-am-b, GtIm-]\w sNbvX temIw
Bbn-c n-¡pw. C¶v U.S.S.R Â \ne-hn-epÅ XXz-§sf ASn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp-
¯nb _rl-¯mb km¼-¯ nI k{¼-Zmbw Bbn-cn¡pw Ahn-s S. temI
Kh¬saânse hfsc {][m\ `mK-a mbn Ata-c n-¡³ tkmhn-bäv
Kh¬saâpw” -, hnÃyw t^mÌÀ. 1933 apXÂ 1957 hsc Ata-c n-¡³ I½yq-
WnÌv ]mÀ«n-bpsS tZiob A²y-£³.
sFIy-c mjv{S k`-bpsS Øm]-\-¯n-\ mbn Ata-cn-¡³ I½yq-Wn-
Ìp-I Ä DuÀÖ-kz-e-a mbn £oWn-X-cm-hmsX ]Wn-sb-Sp-¯ n-c p-¶p. AXv
\ne-hnÂ hcp-sa¶v R§Ä¡v ]qÀ® hnizmkw Dm-bn-cp-¶p. þ [
Victory And After By. Earl Browder Ata-cn-¡³ I½yq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n-bpsS
ap³ t\Xm-h v. ]
1945 Â U.N cq]o-I-c-W-¯n-\pÅ Ańa NÀ¨-IÄ¡mbn
km³{^m³kn-kvtIm-bnÂ kt½-f\w \S-¶p. A©v amk-¯n\p tijw
I½yq-Wn-Ìp-IÄ ]pd-¯n-d-¡nb {]kn-²o-I -c-W-¯nÂ I½yq-Wn-Ìp-I Ä U.N
cq]o-I-c-W-¯n\v ]n³XpW \ÂIp-¶-X n\v ASn-Ø m-\-ambn \mev Imc-W-
§Ä Ds¶v shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.
1. Veto aäp cmjv{S-§-fnÂ \n¶pw U.S.S.R s\ kwc-£n-¡pw.
573
2. {]apJ apX-em-fn¯ cmjv{S-§-fpsS hntZi \b-§sf U.N A-tem-k-c-s ¸-

Sp-¯pw.
3. I½yq-WnÌv CXc cmjv{S-§-fpsS tZiob AXn-cp-IÄ XIÀ¡p-¶-Xn\v
U.N D]-Im-c-s¸Spw.
4. cmjv{S-§sf GtIm-]n-¸n¨v Hä tkmhn-bäv k{¼-Zmbw \ne-hnÂ hcp-¶-
Xn\v Imc-W-am-hpw.
[ The United Nations By. Mohan Kumaramangalam ]
tkmhn-bäv {]Nm-cWthe kpK-a -am-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ ]²-Xn-bpsS `mK-ambn
U.N BØm\w Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ. Ata-cn-¡³ I½yq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n-bpw,
tkmhn-bäv ]nWn-bm-fp-I -fp-ambn H¯p tNÀ¶v I½yq-WnÌv CâÀ\mj-W-
ensâ hn¹h {]hÀ¯-\ -§Ä \ne-hnÂ hcp-¶-Xn\v U.N se tkmhn-bäv
AwK-§Ä {ian¨p hcp-¶p.
[ Matt Cvetic - Undercover Agent for FBI } FBIbpsS ta[m-hn-bm-bn-cp¶
FUvKmÀ lq-hÀ ]d-ªXv U.N se I½yq-WnÌv AwK-§Ä Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ
cl-kymt\zjW {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä \S-¯p¶p F¶m-Wv. tkmhn-bäv bqWn-
bsâ \nÀ_Ô {]Im-c-a mWv U.N BØm\w Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ Øm]n-¨ -Xv. {
In the Cause of Peace. By Trygve Lie }
U.N Under Seretary General Ft¸mgpw tkmhn-bäv tZi-¡m-c -\m-bn-cn-
¡-Ww F¶-Xmbn-c p-¶p. e-\nÂ h¨v Big five F¯n-t¨À¶ Xocp-am\w
1950 Â sÌbväv Un¸mÀ«vsaâv ]pd-¯n-d-¡nb Postwar foreign Policy
Preparation 1939 - 1945 U.N sâ krjvSn¡v Bh-iy-a mb tcJ-Ifpw \b-
§fpw hnh-cn-¡p-¶p. AXn\v Ata-c n-¡-bpsS `mK-¯p-\n¶pw {]hÀ¯n-¨-
hÀ BÂKÀ lnÊv, lmcn sUIvÌÀ sshäv, hnÀPo-\n-bkv {^¦v tIm,
Uo³ A¡o-k¬, t\msbÂ ôÂUv, temd³kv Up¤³, sl³{Sn Pqen-
b³ hmUveo, tPm¬ ImÀ«À hn³kâv, tUhnUv ho³ t{Sm_v, \Ym³
{KnKdn knÂhÀamÌÀ, lmcÄUv ¥msÊÀ, hnIvSÀ s]Àtem, sFÀhn§v
I¹³, tkmf-a ³ BUveÀ, F{_-lmw -tPmÀPv knÂhÀa³, hnÃyw.-FÂ.-
DÄa³, hnÃyw.-F-¨v.-sS-bveÀ. CXnÂ Uo³ A¡o-k¬ HgnsI FÃm-hcpw
tImS-Xn-bnÂ samgn \ÂIn-b-X m-Wv, Ah-scÃmw cl-ky-ambn I½yq-Wn-Ìp-I-
fmWv F¶v. At\Iw I½yq-Wn-Ìp-IÄ k½-Xn-¨-X p-a mWv BÂKÀ lnÊv
Ah-cnÂ Hcm-fmWv F¶v. C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v ]mkn-^n¡v dnte-j³kp-ambn
lnÊv ASp¯v {]hÀ¯n-¨n-cp-¶p. At\Iw bp²-I mcy {]Øm-\-§-fnse
Poh-\-¡m-cp-sS kpc£ Npa-Xe B´Wn ]\q¨v hln-¨n-cp-¶p. At±lw
lnÊnsâ I½yq-WnÌv {]hÀ¯-\-§-s f¡p-dn¨v dnt¸mÀ«v \evIn-b-t¸mÄ
lnÊn\p ]Icw At±-ls¯ tPmen-bnÂ \n¶pw ]ncn-¨p-hn-«p. 1944 Â lnÊv
Office of Special Political Affairs sâ BIvSnMv Ub-d-I vS-dmbn \nb-a n-¡-s ¸-
«p. AXmWv U.N sâ krjvSn¡v {]ap-J-a mb {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä \S-¯ n-b-Xv.
574
FBI dnt¸mÀ«pIÄ lnÊn\v FXn-c m-bn-c p-¶p. F¶mÂ 1945 lnÊv OSPA bpsS
Ub-d-I vS-dmbn \nb-an-X-\ m-bn. FDR s\m¸w bmÄ«-bnÂ kt½-f-\-¯n\p
t]mbXpw lnÊv. AhnsS djy¡v 3 thm«pw, Atacn-¡¡v Hcp thm«pw
F¶v Xocp-a m-\ n-¡-s ¸-«p. 1944 Â Uw_mÀ«³ HmIvkv tIm¬^-d³knsâ
FIvkn-Iyq-«ohv sk{I-«-dn-bm-bn-c p¶p lnÊv. U.N sâ `mhn LS\ Xocp-am-
\n-¡p¶ tbmK-am-bn-cp¶p AXv. Gähpw {]apJ Xocp-a m-\-§-f mWv AhnsS
cq]o-I-cn-¡-s ¸-«-X v. FBI lnÊn-s \-Xnsc Xncn-ª-t¸mÄ \oXn-\ ymb hIp¸v
AXv XS-ªp.
Fen-k-_¯v s_âve n I½yq-Wn-Ìmbn hnhn[ Nmc-kw-L-S-\ -I-
fpsS taÂt\m«w \S-¯n-bn-c p¶ ka-b¯v sl³{Sn sUIvk -äÀ sshäv
AXnÂ Hcp kwL-¯nse AwK-am-bn-cp-¶p. AXv knÂhÀ amÌÀ skÂ
F¶v Adn-b-s ¸-«n-c p-¶p. tamkvtIm-bnÂ \n¶pÅ \nÀt±-i-{]-Im-c w -
tamÀK³tXm ]²Xn \ne-hnÂ hcp-¯p-¶-Xn\v {ian-¨ n-c p-¶p. PÀ½-\n-bpsS
hymh-km-bnI ASn-¯ d XIÀ¡pI F¶-X m-bn-c p¶p Dt±y-in-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶-Xv.
`mhn-bnÂ bqtdm-¸ns\ Iog-S-¡p-¶-Xn\v djy¡v PÀ½\n XS-Ê-a m-Im-Xn-c n-¡p-
¶-Xn\p thn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. 1945 \hw-_À 8 \pw 1946 Pq¬ 24 \pw CS¡v 7
{]mhiyw sshänsâ Nmc-{]-hÀ¯nsb kw_-Ôn¨ ktµiw sshävlu-
kn-te¡v t]mbn F¶n«pw sshäv HutZym-KnI ]Z-h n-bnÂ XpSÀ¶p. IMF
cq]oIcn¨ U.N I½n-än-bnÂ A²y-£-\m-bn. Nmc-\ m-s W¶v shfn-s¸«v
GXm\pw amk-§Ä¡-Iw. IMF sâ FIvkn-I yq-«ohv sk{I-«-dn-bm-bn.
hnÀPo-\n-bkv {^¦v tIm, sdUv ssN\nkv Kh¬saânsâ km¼-¯nI
Imcy hnZ-Kv²-\mbn \nb-a n-X-\m-bn.
Uo³ A¡o-k¬ I½yq-WnÌv Bbn-cp-¶-Xn\v sXfn-h p-I-fn-Ã.
F¶mÂ _Ô-§Ä bYmÀ° hiw shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. I½yq-WnÌv {]kn-
²o-I -c-W-a mb Daily Worker At±-ls¯ sÌbväv Un¸mÀ«vsaânse ià-
amb hmKvZm\w F¶v hnti-jn-¸ n-¨ p. skäbväv AÀ sk{I-«dnbmbn-cp-
¶-t¸mÄ I½yq-WnÌv t]mf-n\v 9 tImSn tUmfÀ hmbv] A\p-h-Zn-¡p-¶-
XnÂ {][m\ ]¦p hln-¨ p. AXnÂ ]¦mfn BÂKÀ lnÊnsâ ktlm-Z-c ³
tUmWÄUv lnÊv. A¡o-k¬sâ \nba hnZKv² {]Øm-\-¯nse ]¦m-fn.
Ata-cn-¡³ hncp² {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä \nco-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ I½n-än¡p
ap³]msI, A¡o-k¬ djy³ A\p-Iqe kL-S-\-bpsS Xe-¸ -¯pÅ
hyànbm-sW¶v ap³ Akn-Ìâv sÌbväv sk{I-« dn AtUmÄ^v s_Àse
tamgn \ÂIn.
lnÊv At±-l-¯nsâ {][m\ sk{I-«dn F¶pw. temd³kv
Up¤³ Nmc-irw-J-e-bnse I®n-bmbncp¶p F¶v ap³ tkmhn-bäv GPâv
slsU amÊn§v XoÀ¨-s¸-Sp-¯n. Up¤³ kvsäbväv Un¸mÀ«vsaânÂ
emän³ Ata-c n-¡³ hn`mKw ta[m-hn. At±-l-¯n-s \-¡p-dn¨v At\z-jWw
]ptcm-K-an-¡sh \yqtbmÀ¡v Hmô-knsâ P\m-e-bnÂ \n¶pw hoWv kwi-
b-I-c-amb kml-N-c y-¯nÂ h[n-¡-s¸-«p. t\msbÂ ôÂUns\ Xncn-¨ -dn-
575
ª-Xns\ XpSÀ¶v At±lw A{]-Xy-£-\ m-bn. lmcÄUv ¥msÊÀ U.N.

Relief And Rehabilitation Administration sâ {Sj-dn-bpsS hàm-h v.
tem¢n³ Iyqdn, {]kn-Uv dqkvshÂänsâ D]-tZ-jv Sm-hm-bn-c p-¶p. U.N
Øm]n-¡p-¶-X nÂ {][m\ ]¦p hln-¨ p. I½yq-WnÌv F¶v hyà-ambn
sXfn-bn-¡-s¸-«p. Fen-k -_¯v s_âve n, hnäm-IÀ sNbvwt_Àkv F¶n-h -
tcm-s Sm-¸w.
Activites of United States Citizens Employed by United Nations,
]ns¶ Interlocking Subversion in Government Departments F¶o
dnt¸mÀ«p-IÄ I½yq-Wn-Ìp-ImÀ Ata-cn-¡³ Kh¬saânse {][m\ XkvXn-
I-I-fnÂ \pgªp Ib-dp-¶-Xns\ hni-Z-ambn ]cntim-[n-¡p-¶p. A¯cw
Øm-\-§Ä Ata-cn-¡-bpsS hntZ-i -Im-c y-\-b-§Ä cp]-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xn\v D]-
tbm-K-s ¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn-¨ pw. {ItaW Ata-c n-¡³ kzmX{ýw U.N
\v ASn-b-dhv hbv¡p-¶-X n-te¡v AXv sImp sN¶v tNÀ¡p-¶p.
F{_lmw s^ÃÀ U.N P\-dÂ tIm¬kÂ Bbn-c p-¶p. \yqtbmÀ¡v

{Km³Uv Pyqdn ap³]msI hnNm-cW t\cn-tS- -Xn-\mÂ Xsâ hk-Xn-bnÂ
\n¶pw NmSn Bß-lXy sNbvXp. {^m¦v ImÀ«À _m³t{Im-^väv, dq¯v
{Imt^mÀUv, tPmsbÂ tKmÀU³, sFÀhn§v jnÃÀ, Ae-I-km-À
skz³Nm³kvIn, BÂ{Ûv hm³ ämsÊÂ, bqPn³ hmÃm-¡v, tUhnUv
kmt»m-tUm-hvkvIn, slÀa³ km]v FÃm t]cpw U.N se I½yq-Wn-Ìp-IÄ.
F¶mÂ ]ecpw Xpd¶p ]d-bp-¶-Xn\v hnk-½-Xn-¨p.
dmÂ^v. sP. _yq³sN. U.N AÀ sk{I-«dn P\-dÂ. U.N se
Gähpw {]ap-J-c mb 3 hyàn-I-fnÂ HcmÄ. Hcp ]t£ temI-¯nse
Gähpw {]i-kvX-\mb Idp¯ hÀ¤-¡m-c³. I½yq-WnÌv ^nen-] v. sPÊ-]v.
U.N temI tImS-X n-bnse \ymbm-[n-]-·m-cnÂ Ata-cn-¡-bpsS {]Xn-\n-[n.
I½yq-Wn-Ìv. C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v ]mkn-^nIv dnte-j³knse {]ap-J³.
Ata-cn-¡³ I½yq-Wn-Ìp-Ifpw tkmhn-bäv A[n-Im-cn-I fpw IPR s\ I½yq-
WnÌv \b-§Ä, {]Nm-cW the, ssk\nI Câ-en-P³kv F¶n-h-bpsS D]-
I-c-W-a mbn IW-¡m-¡p-¶p. BÂKÀ lnÊv, lmcn sUIvk-äÀ sshäv,
s{Û-dnIv hmÀ_nÂäv ôÂUv, tem¢n³ Iyqdn F¶n-h-c psS ASp-¸-¡m-
c³. U.N sâ sk{I-«dn , {^¦v tIm hnNm-c -W-th-f-bnÂ A{]-k-à-a m-b-h -
cp-am-bpÅ _Ôw hnh-c n-¨-t¸mÄ, ^nen]v sPÊ]v ambn-«pÅ _Ôw shfn-
s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\v hnk-½-Xn-¨p. 1943 se UNRRA, 1944 {_ä³ hqUvkv
tIm¬^-d³kp-I -fnse Akn-Ìâv sk{I-« dn P\-dÂ þ sPÊ-]v. 1945 se
km³{^m³knkvtIm tIm¬^-d³knÂ Ata-c n-¡³ sUen-tK-j³ AwKw.
temI -tIm-S-Xn-bpsS \nb-a m-hen X¿m-dm-¡nb \nb-a - hn-ZvKv²-c psS I½n-än-
bnÂ Ata-c n-¡³ {]Xn-\n-[n. hnh-[-§-fmb U.N I½n-j-\p-I-fnÂ kmt¦-
576
XnI hnZ-Kv²\pw D]-tZ-jv Sm-hpw. sÌbväv Un¸mÀ«vsaânsâ ssN\-sb-¡p-

dn-¨pÅ Ip{]-kn-²-amb, [h-f-]{Xw X¿m-dm-¡n.
ssN\okv I½yqWn-Ìp-Isf [mcm-f-ambn ]pI-gv¯p-¶-Xm-bn-
cp¶p AXv. ssN\-bnse tZiob hmZn-Isf CI-gv¯p-¶-X pw. ssN\sb
U.N AwK-am-¡p-¶-Xn\v aq³ssI FSp-¯n-c p-¶p. 1951 Â {]kn-Uv {Sqa³
At±-ls¯ U.N se Ata-cn-¡³ Øm\-]-X n-bmbn Xocp-a m-\n-s¨-¦ n-epw
sk\äv AXv XÅn-¡-f-ªp. ]n¶oSv sFk-t\m-hÀ U.N temI- tIm-S-Xn-
bnÂ sPÊ]v s\ {]Xn-jvTn-¨p. FÃm cmjvv-{S-§Ä¡pw kz´w cmjv{S-¯nÂ
\n¶pw cpw hntZi¯p \n¶pw cpw {]Xn-\n-[n-Isf Ab-¡m-sa-¶n-cn-
s¡, Ata-c n¡ sPÊ-¸ns\ am{Xw sXc-sª-Sp-¯p. _m¡n aq¶pw hntZ-
in-IÄ.
sFIy-c m-jv{S-k-`-bpsS Icp-¯n-s\-¡p-dn¨v kwi-b-a p-Å-hÀ
I½yq-WnÌv `c-W-I q-S-§Ä, I½yq-Wn-Ìn-X-c À \bn-¡p¶ kwLm-X-¯nÂ
Iq«p tNcp-¶-Xn\v Im«p¶ XmXv]-cyw hne-bn-cp-¯nbmÂ aXn-bm-hpw.
ssk²-ń-I-am-bn, Ata-c n¡ I½yq-Wn-Ìp-I sf ]n³Xp-W-bv¡p-¶n-Ã.
F¶mÂ {]tbm-K-¯nÂ A§n-s \-b-Ã. {^m³knÂ Gähpw {]_-e-amb
cmjv{Sob {]Øm\w I½yq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n-bm-Wv. {^©v Atäm-anIv F\ÀPn
GP³kn-bsS Xe-¸ ¯v I½yq-Wn-Ìv. bqtdm-]y³ skâÀ t^mÀ \yq¢n-bÀ
dnkÀ¨nÂ D]-tZ-jv Sm-hmbn I½yq-Wn-Ìv. Cä-en-bnepw ]cn-X-ØnXn kam-\ -
am-Wv. sXmgn-emfn kwL-S-\-I-fnÂ Gähpw hepXv I½yq-Wn-Ìv. Gähpw
{][m-\-s¸« Nne XkvX n-I-I-fn-s em-gnsI , {_n«-\nÂ I½yq-Wn-Ìp-IÄ¡v
hne-¡p-I-fn-Ã.
tkmhnbäv `c-W-L-S\ Hcp a\p-jy³ asämcp a\p-jys\ NqjWw sN¿p-
¶Xv hne-¡p-¶p-v. F¶mÂ Kh¬saâv a\p-jys\ NqjWw sN¿p-¶-Xn-
s\-¡p-dn¨v H¶pw ]d-bp-¶n-Ã. I½yq-Wnkw ]d-bp-¶Xv a\p-j - y³ Ahsâ
Ig-h n-\-\p-k-cn¨v ]Wn-sb-Sp-¡-W-sa¶pw, Ahsâ Bh-iy-a-\p-k-c n¨v am{Xw
sNe-h-gn-¡-W-sa-¶p-am-Wv. tkmhn-bäv `c-W-L-S\ ]d-bp-¶Xv Article 12
]Wn-sb-Sp-¡m-¯ -h³ -B-lmcw Ign-¡p-¶-Xn\v AÀl-\Ã F¶m-Wv.
U.N BØm-\¯v {]Xn-jT v n-¨n-c n-¡p¶ {]Xna {Ko¡v tZh-\mb kobqkv
sâ am{Xw. kobqkv A{I-a-¯n\pw {Iqc-X ¡pw t]cp tI« ssZhw.
[ United Nations : Planned Tyranny. By.Orval Watts, “And”, The
Communist Pattern in the U.N. By. Joseph Konfeder ]
USSR sâ ]Xm-I bpw U.N ]Xm-Ibpw hfsc kam-\ -am-Wv. AXv hmkvX-h-
¯nÂ cq] IÂ]\ sNbvXXv Carl Aldo Marzani. At±lw tämWn
shbvÂkv F¶ t]cnÂ I½yq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n-bnÂ {]hÀ¯n-¨n-cp-¶p.
temI-k-a m-[ m-\ w, Zmcn{Zy \nÀ½mÀÖ-\w, BtcmKy \ne-hmcw DbÀ¯p-I,
]cn-ØnXn kwc-£Ww F¶n-h-bmWv sFIy-c m-jv{S-k` krjv Sn-¡p-¶-
Xn\pw AXnsâ {]hÀ¯\w XpS-c p-¶-X n\pw \ymbo-I-c-W-ambn ]d-bp-¶-Xv.
577
F¶mÂ Ch-s bm¶pw CXp-hsc {]mtbm-Kn-I-a m-bnÃ F¶p am{X-aÃ Ah-

bpsS Xncn¨p t]m¡mWv \½Ä ImWp-¶-Xv. hmkvX-h-amb Dt±yiw temI
Kh¬saâv krjvSn-¡pI F¶Xp am{Xw. `mjm {]tbmKw h©-\ m-]-c-am-
Wv. A]-I-S-I-c-a mb XXz-§-fnÂ ASn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-X m-Wv. Dd-§n-¡n-S-
¡p¶ P\-X sb DWÀt¯--Xp-v. ]Xn-bn-cn-¡p¶ A]-I -S-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v
t_m[-hm-·m-cm-t¡- -Xp-v. kzmX-{ý-¯n-t·-epÅ IS¶p Ibäw shfn-
s¸-Sp-t¯--Xp-v. tZiob AXn-c p-IÄ XIÀ¡p-¶Xv XS-b-s ¸-tS--Xp-v.
U.N cq]-h-XvI-c n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ NÀ¨-I-fpsS BZy- L«w Ata-cn-¡-
bnÂ. tPmÀÖvSu¬. Uw_mÀ«³ HmIvkv. Ata-cn-¡, {_n«³, tkmhn-
bäv bqWn-b³ F¶n-h-bpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-IÄ am{Xw. AXohw cl-ky-am-bn.
am²y-a -§Ä¡pw {]th-i\w A\p-h-Zn-¨n-cp-¶n-Ã. 1944 HmKÌv 25 \v.
“temIs¯ sa¨-s ¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\v Cd-§n-¯n-cn-¨ n-c n-¡p-¶-hÀ, Ah-
cpsS kz´w iàntbm I½yq-Wn-Ìp-I-fpsS iàntbm AÃ adn¨v A´m-
cmjv{S km¼-¯ nI iàn-I-fpsS Icp-¯mWv {]I-S-a m-¡p-¶-Xv.” [ Tragedy
and Hope. By. Caroll Quigley ] JznKven ]d-bp-¶Xv duv tSbv_nÄ
{Kq¸nÂ s¸« Ata-cn-¡³ iàn-I-fmWv tPmÀÖv eqbn _nbÀ, hmÄ«À
en]va³, {^m¦v sFsU-tem-s ä, hnäv\n sj]mÀUvk ¬, tXmakv
emtam³Sv, sPtdmw Un. {Ko³, {InÌy³ kb³kv tamWn-ä-dnse FÀhn³,
Un. Im³lw F¶n-hÀ.
hnÂk¬ Ime-L-«-¯nÂ bYmÀ°-¯nÂ `cWw \S-¯n-bn-cp-
¶Xv \nKq-V-X -bpsS BÄcq]amb FUzÀUv am³sUÂ lukv. Philip
Dru : The Administrator F¶ IrXn-bnÂ U.N sâ IcSp cq]w e`y-a m-Wv.
AÀ²- c-lky kwL-S\ cq]o-I-cn-¡-s¸-«p. Ata-cn-¡³ D¶X-·mÀ am{Xw.
eoKv Hm^v t\j³kv Xnc-kv¡-cn-¡-¸-«-X n-s\ -Xp-SÀ¶v CFR cq]o-I-cn-¡-s ¸-«p.
temI Kh¬saân\v A\p-Iq-e-a mb kml-Ncyw krjvSn-¡pI F¶-Xm-bn-
cp¶p ZuXyw.
[ Inside the United Nations. By. Steve Bonta ] U.N \ne-hnÂ h¶-Xn\p
tijw CFR sâ iàn A[-I-ambn hÀ²n-¨ p. Ata-c n-¡-bnse D¶-X-Øm-\ -
§-fnÂ H«p an¡Xpw CFR AwK-§Ä ssI¿-S-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. CFR s\¡p-
dn¨v ]T\w \S-¯nb dn¨ÀUv lmÀhpUv ]d-bp-¶Xv CFR sâ 2000 Â
A[nIw AwK-§-fnÂ aq¶nÂ cpw \yqtbmÀ¡nÂ AsÃ-¦ nÂ hmjnw-Kw-S-
\nÂ Xma-kn-¡p-¶p.
hyh-kmb, km¼-¯nI taJ-e-bnse D¶-X À. A¡m-Z-a nI taJ-e, \nb-a -hn-
Z-Kv²À FÃmw CFR AwK-§Ä. 16 hÀjw CFR AwK-a m-bn-c p¶ AUva n-dÂ
sNÌÀ hmÀUv ]pd¯p h¶-Xn\p tijw ]d-ªXv Ata-cn-¡³
kzmX{ýw A´m-cm-jv{ S-i -àn-IÄ¡v ASn-b-dhv hbv¡p-¶-XmWv Xm³
]pd¯p hcp-¶-X n\v {][m\ Imc-Ww F¶v. \ncm-bp-[o-I -cWw asämcp
Imc-W-hpw.
578
CFR sâ Øm]-ImwKw tPm¬ t^mÌÀ Uyqfkv At±-l-¯nsâ IrXn-bnÂ

War or Peace ]d-ªXv “U.N AsÃ-¦ nÂ AXnsâ `c-W-L-S-\¡v km²y-am-
hm-¯, temI Kh¬saâv Øm]n-¡p-¶-X n-\ pÅ \nÀt±-i -§Ä CXp hsc
Rm³ In-«n-Ã. U.N sâ {]ap-Jmw-K-§Ä, tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b³ DÄs¸-
sS, temIm-Sn-Øm-\ -¯n-epÅ kwL-S-\ ¡p thn k½Xw \ÂIn-bmÂ
sFIy cmjv{S-k-`sb A¯cw kwL-S-\ -bm¡n amäp-¶Xv A\m-bm-k-am-
Wv.”
U.N Hcp kzImcy kwL-S-\-b-Ãv. adn¨v Hcp Kh¬saâv {]Øm-\w. AXv
kzmX-{ýhpw ]cn-a n-X-amb Kh¬saâpw F¶ XXzs¯ ASn-Øm-\-a m-¡n-
bp-Å-X Ã adn¨v tkmjy-en-ks¯ ASn-Øm-\-a m-¡p-¶p. AXv Collective
Action F¶ ]pI-a -d-bp-] -tbm-Kn¨v Kh¬saânsâ taÂt\m-«-¯ nÂ {]iv\
]cn-lmcw apt¶m«v hbv¡p-¶p.
tkmjy-enkw ]cn-a n-X-amb Kh¬saâv F¶ Bi-bs¯
]n³Xm-§p-¶n-Ã. U.N A\p-_Ô kwL-S-\-Ifpw UNICEF, WHO, UNESCO
FÃmw Kh¬saâv taÂt\m-«-¯n-epÅ ]²-Xn-I-fmWv \S-¸ n-em-¡p-¶-Xv.
U.N se Gähpw ià-amb LSIw skIyq-cnän Iu¬knÂ. AXv 15 AwK-
§sf DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p. AXnÂ 5 F®-¯n\v Øncmw-K-Xz-ap-v. Ata-cn-¡,
ssN\, {^m³kv, djy, {_n«³. aäp 10 AwK§Ä Hmtcm cp hÀjw
IqSp-t¼mgpw sXc-sª-Sp-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. skIyq-c nän Iu¬kn-en\v sePn-tÉ-
äo-hv, FIvkn-Iyq-«ohv A[n-Im-c -§-fp-v. dskm-eq-j³kv NÀ¨ sN¿p-¶-
Xn\pw ]pd-s ¸-Sp-hn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw A[n-Im-c-a p-v. Ahsb U.N AwK-§Ä
\nb-a-sa¶v IcpXn ]men-¡-s¸-tS--X m-Wv. U.N ta[m-hnXzw Dd¸p hcp-¯p-
¶-Xn\v ]cn-[nbnÃm¯ bp²-apÄs¸sS F´p amÀ¤hpw kzoI-c n-¡mw. kam-
[m-\-¯n\v òjWn F¶v U.N Icp-X p¶ F´v \S-] -Sn¡pw FXnsc F´v \S-
]Sn kzoI-cn-¡p-¶ -X n\pw AXn\v A[n-Im-c -ap-v. temI tImSXn F¶-dn-b-
s¸-Sp¶ U.N. International Court of Justice se Gähpw DbÀ¶ appallet
authority bpw skIyq-c nän Iu¬knÂ Xs¶. ]cn-[n-bn-Ãm¯ bp²w,
hym]mc D]-tcm-[w, Gähpw D¶-X-amb tImSXn A§ns\ skIyq-cnän
Iu¬kn-ensâ A[n-Imcw ]cn-[n-bn-Ãm-¯-X m-Wv. Fs´m-s¡-bmWv
AXn{Ia-§Ä F¶v Xocp-a m-\n-¡p-¶-Xn-\ pÅ A[n-I m-c -amWv Ah-bnÂ
Gähpw A]-I-SIcw. kz´w Aò-jvS-¯n\v A\p-k-c n¨v \nb-a-§Ä
krjvSn-¡p-¶-X n-\ pÅ A[n-Im-c-hpw. A´m-c mjv{S \ymbm-[n-]\pw, \nb-a -hn-
ZvKv² \pw AXv \S-¸n-em-¡p-¶Xpw FÃmw skIyq-cnän Iu¬knÂ.
“AwKo-I-cn-¡-s¸« \nbaw \S-¸n-em-¡p¶ D]-I-cWw am{X-aÃ skIyq-
cnän Iu¬knÂ. AXp Xs¶-bmWv \nb-aw. FsX-¦ nepw kml-Ncyw
kam-[m\-¯n\v òj-Wn-s b¶p ImÂ F´p {]Xn-h n[n ssIs¡m-Å-W -
sa¶v AXn\p Xs¶ kzoI-c n-¡p-¶-X n\v km[n-¡pw. AXns\ \bn-¡p-¶-
Xn\v \nb-am-hen H¶p-an-Ã. AXn\v F´mWv D¯aw F¶v tXm¶p-¶pthm
579
AXv ssIs¡m-Åp-¶-Xn\v AXv A[n-Im-c-s ¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p.” þ tPm¬ t^mÌÀ

Uyqf-kv.
enJnX \nb-a-§Ä¡pw hfsc A[n-I-a mb A[n-Im-c-§Ä DÄs¡m-Å p-¶-
XmWv skIyq-c nän Iu¬knÂ.
Uw_mÀ«³ HmIvknse kt½-f-\-¯n\pw Hcp amkw ap³]v
asämcp clky kt½-f\w \S-¶p. \yq lmw]vj-b-dnÂ, s{_ä³
hqUvknÂ, auv hmjn-§vS³ tlm«-enÂ.
Ct¸mÄ AXv Adn-b-s ¸-Sp-¶Xv {_ä³ hqUnkv tIm¬^-d³kv
F¶m-Wv. HutZym-Kn-I-ambn United Nations Monetary and Financial
Conference F¶pw. U.N sâ cmjv{So-b, ssk\nI \nb-{´-W-§Ä¡v
klm-b-I-c-a mhpw hn[w A´m-cmjv{S km¼-¯ nI k{¼Zmbw krjvSn-¡pI
F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p Dt±y-iw. AXohw cl-ky-a m-bn-c p¶p kt½-f-\w. ]s¦-Sp-
¯-h -cnÂ lmcn sUIvÌÀ sshäv. At±lw Uw_mÀ«³ kt½-f-\-¯nepw
]s¦-Sp-¯n-c p¶p.. ]s¦-Sp¯ sdbvav ssaIvkÂ ]d-bp-¶Xv sshäv,
Ata-cn-¡³ Kh¬saân\v hnt[-b-am-bn-«m-bn-cp-¶nÃ {]hÀ¯n-¨n-cp-¶-Xv.
hmjn-§vS-\n-ep- m-bn-c p-¶ hntZi DtZym-K-Ø-·m-cp-am-bpw hntZ-i-¯p-m-
bn-cp¶ Ata-c n-¡³ DtZym-K-Ø-·m-cp-ambpw sshäv t\cn«v CS-]m-Sp-IÄ \S-
¯n. aäp cmjv{S-§-fpsS km¼-¯ nI kzbw ]cym]vXX \in-¸ n-¡pI F¶-
Xm-bn-cp¶p Dt±y-iw. AXv International Monetary Fund - IMF F¶v hnti-
jn-¸n-¡-s¸-«p. AXv A´m-cmjv{S kam-[m-\-¯n\p thn-bpÅ {]Øm\w
F¶ a«nÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-«p. k¼¶ cmjv{S-§sf km¼-¯n-I-ambn
XIÀ¡p-I, Zcn-{Z-cm-jv{ S-§sf IMF sâ HuZm-c y-¯n-em-¡pI F¶-XmWv
e£yw. hfsc Ipdª ]eni \nc-¡n-t·Â. an¡-h mdpw Xncn-¨-S-¡-ep-m-
hn-Ã. AXn\p thn ]pXnb hmbv] thn hcpw.
IMF Ft¸mgpw IÀi-\-amb hyh-Ø-I-f n-t·-e mWv hmbv] \ÂIp-
¶-Xv. \nIpXn \nc-¡p-IÄ hyXym-k-s ¸-Sp-¯pI , kzImcy taJ-e-bpsS
taÂ A[nIw \nb-{´-W-§Ä A§n-s\. {_n«-\ nÂ \n¶pw ]s¦-Sp-¯Xv
tPm¬ sabv\mÀUv sIbv³kv. t^_n-b³ tkmjy-en-Ìv. tI{µo-Ir-X-amb
k¼Zv hyh-Ø-bpsS hàm-hv. {_ä³ hqUvknÂ aäv BtKmf km¼-
¯nI {]Øm-\ -§Ä¡v cq]w \ÂIn. International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development s]mXpsh AXv temI -_m¦v F¶v Adn-b-
s¸-Sp-¶p. IMF XIÀ¶ cmjv{S-§sf \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶-Xn\v klm-bn-¡p-
t¼mÄ temI _m¦v, Umw, DuÀÖ-\ n-e-b-§Ä, XpS§n ASn-Ø m\ kuI-
cy-§Ä hnI-kn-¸ n-¡p-¶-XnÂ {i²n-¡p-¶p. [\ klm-bw A[n-I hpw Agn-
a-Xn-¡m-cmb cmjv{ Sob t\Xm-¡-fpsS t\«-§Ä¡v Imc-W-a m-hp-¶p.
Welfare State krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn\v AXv If-sam-cp-¡p-¶p.
580
AXv B{in-XXzw krjvSn-¡p-¶p. U.N Â \n¶pw kzX-{´-ambn

krjvSn-¡-s¸-«-h-bmWv IMF Dw temI-_m¦pw F¦nepw ]n¶oSv Ah U.N
t\mSv tNÀ¡-s ¸-«p. GI-temI km¼-¯ nI k{¼-Zm-bw, temI sk³{SÂ
_m¦v, temI \mWbw F¶n-h-bmWv e£yw. 1950 Â tIma¬ amÀ¡äv
cq]o-Ir-X-am-bn. AXv cmjv{S-§-fpsS hyànXzw \in-¸ n-¡p-s a¶ `b-a p-m-
b-t¸mÄ Ah shdpw kzX{{´ hym]mc {]Øm-\-§-fmWv F¶m-bn-c p¶p
hni-Zo-I-c -Ww. {ItaW IqSp-XÂ cmjv{ S-§Ä tIma¬ amÀ¡-änÂ AwK-
§-fm-bn. AXn\v Hcp Kh¬saânsâ `mhw -s sI-h -cp-¶-Xn\v Bcw-`-a m-bn.
AXv t]cp amän bqtdm-]y³ C¡-tWm-a nIv I½yq-Wnän ECC F¶m-bn.
]ns¶ bqtdm-]y³ I½yq-Wnän EC F¶pw ]ns¶ bqtdm-] y³ bqWn-b³
EU F¶pw. 1998 Â {^m¦v^À«nÂ bqtdm-]y³ sk³{SÂ _m¦v \ne-hnÂ
h¶p. 2002 Â ]pXnb \mW-b-hpw. bqtdm Integration sâ ASp¯ L«-
¯nÂ tZiob AXnÀh-c -¼p-I Ä CÃm-s X-bm-hpw. bqtdm-]y³ `c-W-L-S\
]mI-s¸«p hcp-¶p. bqtdm-]y³ ]mÀe-s aâv, Iu¬knÂ, tImS-Xn¡v \nb-a -
km-²pX \ÂIp-¶-Xn\v. ]ns¶ AXv temI-a m-I-am-\w- B-hÀ¯n-¡pw.
B{^n-¡³ bqWn-b³ \ne-hnÂ h¶p Ign-ªp. ]mÀesaâv Iu¬knÂ,
sk³{SÂ _m¦v, tImSXn FÃmw \ne-hnÂ h¶p sImn-cn-¡p-¶p. B{^n-
¡³ kam-[m\ tk\, sam¯-amb \mWbw F¶nh {]Jym-]n-¡-s¸«p Ign-
ªp. ]Sn-ªmdp `mK¯v North American Free Trade Area NAFTA Ata-
cn-¡, Im\-U, saIvkn-t¡m. ASp¯ e£yw Free Trade Area of
Americas. FTAA. tIma¬ amÀ¡-ä ns\ hnti-jn-¸ n-¨n-cp-¶Xp t]mse FTAA
bpw kzX{´ hym]m-c-¯n\p thn F¶v hymJym-\n-¡-s¸-«p.
\nb-a-\nÀ½mWw ( Legislative ) , \nb-a-]-c n-]m-e\w ( Judicial )
]ns¶ {Ia-k-a m-[m\ ]me\w ( Executive ) Ch aq¶pw Hcp ]cn[n hsc
kzX-{´-a m-bn-cn-t¡--Xp-v. AÃm¯ ]£w IncmX hmgvN¡v Imc-W-am-
hpw. U.N `c-W-L-S\ temI-tIm-SXn F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶ International Court of
Justice kYm-]n-¡-s¸-«Xv hyàn-I-fp-a m-bpÅ {]iv\-§Ä ]cn-l-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\ -
Ã. ]n¶oSv Øm]n-¡-s ¸« International Criminal Court - ICC XnI¨pw
hyXy-kvXhpw AXohw A]-I-S-I m-c n-bp-a m-Wv. 1998 Â tdmw \nb-am-h-en-
IÄ¡p Io-g nÂ Øm]n-X-am-bn. 2002 Â {]tbm-K-¯nÂ h¶p. U.N Dambn
_Ô-a n-Ãm-¯Xv F¶ a«nÂ hymJym-\n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p-s-¦nepw U.N sâ \nb-
{´-W-¯n-em-bn-cp¶p XpS¡w apXÂ. ICC \nb-a-]-c-ambn \ne-hnÂ hcp¶
NS-§nÂ \nba Iu¬skÂ lm³kv tImdÂ A²y-£-\m-bn-cp-¶p. U.N
sk{I-«dn tIm^n A¶³ ]d-ªXv tImdÂ Dw , hymJm\ hn`m-Kw, U.N
sâ apgp-h³ \nb-a-hn-Z-Kv²cpw ICC \ne-hnÂ hcp-¶-X n\p thn ]cn-{i-an-¨n-
cp-¶p F¶m-Wv. tdmw \nb-am-hen U.N AwKo-Imcw t\Sn-b-Xm-Wv. AXp
581
sImp Xs¶ {]tXyIw krjvSn-¡-s ¸-«-sX-¦ nepw AXv U.N \v Iogvs¸-«n-cn-

¡p-¶p.
]cn-a n-X -amb Kh¬saâv, A[n-I m-c -§-fpsS hn`-P\w F¶o \nb-am-h-en¡v
hncp-²-am-Wv ICC. t\ms{SUmw \nba A²ym-]-I³ NmÄkv ssdkv ]d-bp-
¶Xv tdmw \nb-a m-hen AYhm ICC DS-¼Sn Ata-cn-¡³ `c-W-L-S-\¡v
FXncpw ]ucmh-Imi§Ä¡v FXn-cpw, kzmX-{ý -{]-J ym-]-\-¯n\v hncp-²-
hp-am-sW-¶mWv.
U.N s\t¸mse Xs¶ Ime-{I-taW A[n-Imc ]cn-[n-I Ä hÀ²n-
¸n-¡m-hp¶ hn[-¯n-emWv ICC cq]-IÂ¸\ sNbvX n-c n-¡p-¶-X v. U.N skIyq-
cnän Iu¬kn-en-s\-t¸mse ICC bpw kz´w \nb-a-§Ä Xocp-a m-\ n-¡p-¶-Xn-
\pÅ {]m]vXn DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p. tdmw \nb-am-h-en-bnse 19-þmw A\p-tÑZw
]d-bp-¶Xv tImS-Xn¡v ap³]msI hcp¶ XÀ¡-§-fpsS taÂ XoÀ¸p IÂ¸n-
¡p-¶-X n\v A[n-Im-c-a ptm F¶p-ÅXv tImSXn kzbw Xocp-am-\n¡pw
F¶m-Wv. ICC AXn\v CjvS-apÅ Imcy-§-f-nseÃmw A[n-Imcw {]tbm-Kn-
¡p-¶-X n\v {]m]vX-a m-Wv. U.N skIyq-c nän Iu¬knÂ DÄs¸sS. AXn\p
apI-fnÂ A[n-Imc tI{µ-§Ä H¶p-an-Ã. ICC DS-¼Sn AwKo-I -cn-¡m¯
cmjv{S-§-fpsS taepw AXn\v A[n-I mcw {]tbm-Kn-¡m-\m-hpw. 60 cmjv{S-
§Ä AXns\ AwKo-I-c n¨p Ign-ªp. Ata-cn¡ Ct¸mgpw hn«p \nÂ¡p-
¶p. _nÂ ¢nâ³ H¸ph¨p F¦n-epw. Unkw-_À 30. 2000 Â.
Ipä-am-tcm-] n-¡-s ¸-Sp¶ Bscbpw Abm-fpsS cmPy-¯n\p ]pd¯p sImp
t]mbn hnNm-c W sN¿p-¶-Xn-\pÅ A[n-Imcw ICC ssI¿m-fp-¶p. a\-
¸qÀÆw D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p¶ Ahy-à-amb `mjm-s sien \nbaw GXp coXn-
bnepw hymJym-\n-¡p-¶-X n\v Ah-k-c-sam-c p-¡p-¶p. tdmw \nb-am-h-en-bpsS
123 þmw A\p-tOZw \nb-a -t`-Z-K-Xn¡v hn]p-e-a mb A[n-Imcw \ÂIp-¶p.
temI-¯ nsâ GsXmcp `mK¯pw GsXm-c mfpw F´p sNbvXmepw AXnÂ
CS-s ]-Sp-¶-X n-\ pÅ Ah-kcw ICC ¡v e`y-am-hp-¶p. ICC bpsS \nb-am-h-en-
bp-ambn H¯p t]mIp¶ \nb-a-hmgvN \S-¡p¶ cmjv{S-§-fnÂ AXn\v CS-
s]-tSn hcn-Ã, F¶p ]d-ªmÂ cmjv{S-§Ä \ne-hn-epÅ \nb-a-§Ä
amtä--X mbn hcpw F¶m-Wv. tIm^n A¶³ ]d-ªXv “\nb-a- kw-hn-
[m\w Xr]vX n-I -c-a-Ãm¯ cmjv{ S-§-fnÂ ICC CS-s]-tS- -Xmbn hcpw” F¶m-
Wv. ICC BtKmf kp{]ow tImSXn F¶ \ne-bn-em-Wv. AXn\p apI-fnÂ
asäm-c-[n-Imc tI{µ-an-Ã.
sI¶-Un-bpsS `c-W-Im-es¯ Freedom From War : The United States
Program for General and Complete Disarmament in a Peaceful World Bh-
iy-s ¸-Sp-¶Xv {ItaW U.N AwK-§Ä \ncm-bp-[o-I-c Ww \S-¯-W -sa-¶pw,
U.N ssk\nI iànsb sa¨-s ¸-Sp-¯ -W-sa¶pw Bbp-[-§-fpsS taÂ
k¼qÀ® A[n-Imcw U.N \p taÂ am{Xw.
582
1. The United Nations Exposed. By. William F. Jasper

2. Dumbarton Oaks : The Origins of the United Nations and the
Search for Post War Security. By. Robert. C. Hildebrand.
3. Why Sovereignity Matters. By. Jeremy Rabkin
4. Shadows of Power. By. James Perloff
5. UN’s Universal Declaration of Human Rights
6. UN’s Declaration of the Rights of the Child
7. a. Freedom on the Altar
b. Global Gun Grab . By. William Norman Grigg
tPm¬ _nÀ¨v skmsskän (JBS)
tdmbv tImlv³. tPmk^v a¡mÀ¯n-bpsS \nb-tam-] -tZ-jv Sm-hv. JBS Â

AwK-am-bn. ]n¶oSv JBS \v thn hnh-c-§Ä tiJ-c n-¡p¶ cl-kym-t\z-j-
W -{]-Øm-\-a mb Western Goals Foundation WGF se {]ap-J-\m-bn-
¯oÀ¶p. WGF Â \n¶pw 1981 Â Dcp-¯n-c n-ª-XmWv Council For
National Policy - CNP. D¶-X-Xe cmjv{ So-b , hymh-km-bn-I , Chm-©-en-¡Â
t\Xm-¡-· m-cpsS Iq«m-bva . he-Xp-]£ {InkvXy\n {]Øm-\ -§Ä¡v [\-k-
lmbw F¯n-¡p¶ {][m\ kwL-S-\ .
JBS Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xn\p ap³]pw ]n³]pw hyh-km-bn-IÄ I½yq-WnÌv
hncp² {]Øm-\ -§Ä¡v t{]mÕm-l\w \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶p. [ Roads to
Dominion : Right Wing Movements And Political Power in the United
States. By. Sara Diomond ]
“1963 Â I½yq-WnÌv hncp² {]Nm-c-W-§Ä¡mbn hyh-km-b-§Ä
2.5 tImSn tUmfÀ sNe-h-g n-¨p. AXv \bn-¨n-cp-¶Xv JBS . 1300 tdUn-tbm,
sSen-hn-j³ \ne-b-§-fnÂ \n¶v 6600 ]cn-]m-Sn-IÄ. {][m-\ -ambpw sSIvk-
knse F® òa³ F¨v. FÂ. lv, tlmhmÀUv. sP. ]yq þ “k¬
HmbnÂ”, F¶n-h-cpsS [\-k-lm-b-¯nÂ.
sXmgn-emfn bqWn-b-\p-Isf Xsâ Bh-iy-§Ä¡m-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn-¡m-
sa¶v kq¸À Iym]n-ä-enÌv tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ a\-Ên-em-¡n-bn-cp-¶p. hyh-km-
b-§Ä¡v Ip¯I ]mSnÃ F¦nepw sXmgn-emfn kwL-S-\-IÄ¡v AXmImw
F¶Xv tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ D]-tbm-Kn-¨p.- amÀIvknkw F¶ ad D]-tbm-Kn¨v
ImÀjnI sXmgn-em-fn-I -fpsS taÂ BtKmf Xe-¯nÂ A[o-iXzw t\Sp-¶-
Xn\v Ign-ªp. AXv en_-d-enkw F¶v Adn-b-s ¸-«p. IqSpXÂ A\p-tbm-Py-
583
amb t]cv tdms¡-s^-Ã-dn-kw. [ Rockefeller “Internationalist” The Man

Who Misrules the World. By. Emmanuel Josephson ].
]pXnb kmaq-ln-I- {I-a-¯n-te-¡pÅ bm{X-bnÂ Xo{h CSXp ]£hpw
XXo{h heXp ]£gpw X½nÂ t]mc-Sn-¡p¶ Xc-¯n-epÅ {]Nm-c Ww kaq-
ls¯ hn`-Pn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw AØn-c -s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\pw Imc-W-am-hpw.
bYmÀ° KqVm-tem-N-\sb a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶-XnÂ XS-Ê-a m-I p-I bpw sN¿pw.
[\-i-àn Capitalism, hn¹h iàn Communism F¶o hncp-²-i-àn-
IÄ krjvSn-¡-s¸-«p. IrXy-amb CS-§Ä þ Ata-cn-¡, djy Is-¯n.
P\-§sf akvXnjvI {]£m-f\w sN¿p-¶-Xn\p thn. kam\ e£y-§-
fpÅ Htc kwLw BÄ¡mÀ Ccp hi-t¯bpw cl-ky-ambn \nb-{ń-¡p-
¶p. s]mXp-P-\s¯ X½nÂ t]mcp-Xn-¡p-¶-X n\p thn. [This Age of
Conflict. By. Ivor Benson] duv tä_n-fnsâ tdmUvkv anÂ\dpw, t^_n-
b³ tkmjy-en-kvdp-Ifpw X½n-ep-ÅXp t]mse hncp-²-i-àn-IÄ tNÀ¶v
{]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xns\ s_³k³ Xpd¶p Im«p-¶p. s]mXp e£y-¯n\v
thn. a\p-jy-I p-es¯ Iogvs¸-Sp-¯pI F¶-Xm-W -Xv.
Cw¥ojv þ t_mbÀ bp²w, ku¯v B{^n-¡-bnÂ DuÀÖn-X-s¸-Sp-¯p-
¶-Xn\v anÂ\-dnsâ {]hÀ¯\§sf klm-bn-¨n-cp¶ shÀ\À þ _oäv hyh-
kmb kwLm-X -¯nse Pqen-bkv shÀ\À : e³ kvI qÄ Hm^v C¡-tWm-
an-Ivkn\pw tkmjy-enÌv {]Øm-\-§Ä¡pw A[n-I-ambn klmbw \ÂIn-
bn-cp-¶p. Hs¡ apX-em-fn¯ hncp² {]Øm-\-§Ä. AtX kabw shÀ\-
dn\v Gähpw ià-cmb Iym]n-ä-en-Êp-I-fnÂ \n¶v ]qÀ® ]n³XpW e`n-
¡p-¶p-ap-m-bn-cp-¶p.
tPm¬ dkvInsâbpw ImÄ amÀIvkn-sâbpw Bi-b§Ä X½nÂ ASn-
Øm-\-]-c -ambn hyXym-k-§Ä H¶pw \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶nÃ F¶Xp sImm-W -
Xv. Gähpw A[nIw tI{µo-I-cn-¡-s ¸« [\-i-àn-bpsS D]-I -c-W-§-fmb
A´m-c mjv{S tkmjy-en-Ìp-IÄ, tdmUvkv anÂ\À {]Øm-\ s¯ AXnsâ
BtKmf kwL-S\m kwLm-X-t¯m-s Sm¸w Gsä-Sp¯p. tdmUvkv
kvtImfÀjn¸v {SÌv, tdmbÂ C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v CâÀ\m-j-WÂ A^-
tbÀkv, Iu¬knÂ Hm¬ t^mdn³ dnte-j³kv, ss{Sem-ä-dÂkv XpS-§n-b-
h. ]n¶oSv AXns\ BZy-I me {]Øm\w F¶ \nebv¡p Xs¶ \S-¯p-¶-
Xn\pw km²y-a m-bn. ImcÄ JznKvenbpw Iq«cpw ]d-ªXv duv tS_n-fnsâ
Ata-cn-¡³ imJ-s b-¶Xv ]qÀ®-ambpw Liberal Eastern Establishment
Xs¶-bm-Wv. sshcp-²ym-ßI ssZzX-§-fnÂ Xo{h he-Xp-]-£s¯ {]Xn-\n-
[o-I-cn-¡p¶ JBS XpS-§n-bXpw ChÀ Xs¶-bm-Wv.
CÃyq-a n-\män F¶Xv KqVm-tem-N-\ -bpsS Hcp imJ am{X-a m-Wv.
tdm_À«v shÂjv þ JBS Øm]-I ³, CÃyq-an-\m-änsb Xpd¶p Im«n.
AXnsâ ]n¶nse iàn-sb, {ôta-bvk-W-dn-sb-¡p-dn-¨v H¶pw ]d-ªp-an-Ã.
KqVm-tem-N-\bv¡p thn Gähpw al-¯mb tkh-\-amWv shÂjv
584
sNbvXXv. P\-XXn hmkvXhw Ip ]nSn-¡p-¶-X nÂ \n¶pw bYmÀ°

iànsb Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶-X nÂ \n¶pw {i² hgn amänhn«p. tabvk¬- G-
ähpw A\p-tbm-Py-\ mb a\p-jys\ AXn\p thn sXc-sª-Sp-¯p.
tPm¬ tdm_nk¬ Fgp-X nb Proofs of a Conspiracy {]kn-²o-I-c n-¨ Xv
_nÀ¨nsâ DS-a-Ø-X -bn-epÅ {]kn-²o-I-c-W-im-e. CÃyq-a n-\m-änbpw {ôta-
bvk-W-dnbpw Ct¸mÄ _Ô-a nÃ F¶v hmZn-¡p-¶p. tdm_nk¬ ap³]v
tabvk-Wm-bn-c p-¶p.
1721 Â kvtIm«ve³Unse Bs_ÀUo-\nse tUmIvSÀ tPm¬
B³tUÀk¬ X¿m-dm-¡nb tabvk-W-dn-bpsS `c-W-L-S\ BtKmf h©-
\bv¡v ASn-Øm-\-a m-h p-¶p. cmjv{S-¯n-t\m-SpÅ Iqdn-\-Ã.
[ America’s Subversion : The Enenmy Within . By . Sonny René Stermole ]
tabvtkm-W nIv cl-ky§Ä ]pd¯p hn«-Xn\v Iym]vä³ tamÀK³ h[n-¡-
s¸-«p.
tUmIvSÀ Pbnwkv B³tUÀk¬ tabvk-W-dn-bpsS `c-W-L-S\
Xncp¯n Fgp-X n-bXv kz´w \ne-bv¡m-Imw.
[ Inside the Brotherhood. By. Martin Short ]
[ Watchman on the Wall. By. Warren. P. Mass ]
[ Conspiracies of the World War II. By. J.S. Craig ]
[ Gehelen : Spy of the Century : By. E.H. Cookridge ]
cmw temI alm-bp-²-¯nÂ ]s¦-Sp¯ P\-dÂ tPmÀÖv.
Fkv. ]mä³ JR. 1979 Â At±-l-¯nsâ _Ôp ]mÀe-saâv AwKw
temd ³kv. ]n. aIvtUm-WÄUv, emcn aIvtUm-WÄUv Western Goals
Foundation - WGF Øm]n-¨p. hnÀPo-\n-b-bnÂ. BÀen-§vS-\nÂ. JBS \p
thn cl-kym-t\z-jWw \S-¯p-¶ -Xn\p thn. 1983 Â sImdn-b³
hnam\w kap-{Z-¯nÂ hoWXp sImv, bm{X-¡m-cnÂ Hcp-h-\ mb aIvtUm-
WÄUpw ac-W-a -S-ªp. Zpcq-l -km-l-N-c y-¯nÂ. tdm_À«v shÂjnsâ
ac-W-s¯-¯p-SÀ¶v JBS sâ kmc-Yn-bmb AtX hÀjw. WGF, do³lmÀUv
sKlv-s e-\ p-a mbn tNÀ¶v {]hÀ¯n-¨p. lnäve-dnsâ cl-kym-t\z-jW
DtZym-K-Ø-·m-cnÂ Hcp-h³. ]n¶oSv bp² Ipä-hn-Nm-c-W-bnÂ \n¶v Hgn-hm-
¡p-¶-X n\v CIA bpambn DS-¼-Sn-bnÂ GÀs¸-«p. WGF sâ imJ ]Sn-ªm-d³
PÀ½-\n-bnÂ 1981 Â. t]cv Ata-cn-¡³ bqtdm-]y³ kv{SmäPn dnkvÀ ¨v
C³Ìn-äyq-«v. \mkn, sKlvses\ It¯m-en¡ {]Øm-\ -amb Knights of
Malta BZ-cn-¨n-cp-¶p. AXnsâ Gähpw D¶X Øm\w \ÂIn.
WGF, Kh¬saâv, kzImcy cl-kym-t\z-jW {]Øm-\-§-tfmSv
tNÀ¶v Ata-cn-¡-bnse Gähpw {]apJ Øm]-\-a mbn. CIA bpw National
Security Agency bpw WGF sâ klmbw t\Sn-bn-c p-¶p. [ The Private Spy
585
Agency. By. Etton Manzino] [Inside the League : The Shocking Expose of
How Terrorists, Nazis and Latin American Death Squads have Infiltrated
Anti- Communist League - By. Scott Anderson, John Lee Anderson ]
Covert Action Information Bullettin, do³lmÀUv sKlvse³, CIA,
Knights Of Malta, h¯n-¡m³ F¶nh X½n-epÅ ASp¯ _Ôw shfn-
s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. h¯n-¡m³ Ct¸mÄ tdm¯vjoÂUv sâ ap¶Wn {]Øm\w
F¶pw. \mkn bp² Ipä-hmfn-Isf bqtdm-¸ n\v shfn-bn-te¡v IS-¯p-¶-Xv
h¯n-¡m³.
þ Nazis, The Vatican And the CIA - Covert Action Information Bullettin
- God’s Bullies : Power Politics And Religious Tyranny. By. Perry Deane
Young
apl-½Zv Aen Pn¶ þ AYhm sJzbvZv
U.K bnÂ D]-c n-] -T\w.DbÀ¶ amÀt¡msS. en¦³kv C³ Â \n¶v.

t^_n-b³ skmssk-än-bnÂ AwKw. tPmÀPv _À\mÀUv jm, B\n
_kâv F¶n-h -tcm-s Sm-¸w. ]m¡n-Ø m-\ nse HutZym-KnI Xntbm-k-^n-¡Â
HmÀUÀ Hm^v kÀÆokv tcJ-s ¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv sJzbvZv , B\n
_kâns\ A½ F¶p hnfn-¨n-cp-¶p.
sFdnjv tlmw eoKns\ AtX ]Sn ]n³Xp-SÀ¶v Cý-bnÂ tlmw dqÄ
eoKv, _kâv Øm]n-¨ - p.
sJzbvZv ZmZm`mbv \h-tdm-Pn-bpsS A\p-bm-bn. \hvtdm-Pn, {ôta-
bvk¬. Lodge Southern Brotherhood No. 3311 EC, Lodge South
Canannore No. 234 F¶n-hn-S-§-fnÂ AwKw.
sJzbvZnsâ kplr¯v C{_mlnw Icow-`mbv {ôta-bvk¬. Lodge
Canannore No. 234 Â AwKw.
sJzbvZv. tJmP Ckvam-bn-en. At±-l-¯ nsâ Camw. Grand Lodge of
India AF & A.M ( Bombay) bnÂ AwKw . sJzbvZv aX-X o-{h-h mZn Bbn-cp-
¶n-Ã. F¶mÂ Camw Imcy-ambn kzm[o-\n-¨n-cp-¶p.
KmÀUv Hm^v HmWÀ, tdmbÂ keyq«v F¶nh {_n«ojv ssk\y-
¯nÂ \n¶pw e`n¨ GI apÉow t\Xmhv þ BKm-J m³. apÉow eoKnsâ
BZy {]kn-U-v. antâm {]`p-hns\ ImWp-¶-Xn\v cq]o-I -cn¨ kwL-
¯nsâ A²y-£³ þ BKm-Jm³.
586
enbm-J ¯v Aen-Jms\ h[n-¡p-¶-X nÂ Ata-cn-bv¡¡v ]¦p-m-bn-

cp¶p F¶v 2006 Â ]pd¯p hn« tcJ-IÄ sXfn-bn-¡p-¶p. [ Declassified
Papers Shed Light on US Role in Liaqat’s Murder. By. Syed Rashid ]
hnZym-`ym-kw. GI-tem-I-
K-h¬saâv. {ôta-bvk-W-dn.
AanX ssewKn-I-X-bn-te¡v a\pjy-cpsS {i² Xncn¨p hnSp-¶-X v, GItemI
Kh¬saâv Øm]n-¡p-¶ -Xn\v kuI-c y-a m-bn-¯o-cpw. a\p-jy-a-\-Ênsâ
ImTn\yw, Dd¸v \in-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw.
CÃyq-a n-\m-än-bpsS krjvSn-bmWv I½yq-Wn-kw. ImÄ amÀIvkns\
tkmjy-en-k-¯n-te¡v sImp h¶Xv tamkkv slÊpw, Kyqkns¸ aÊo-\n-
bpw. cp t]cpw D¶X ]Z-hn-bp-m-bn-c p¶ {ô ta-bvk¬kv. CÃyq-an-
\m-än.
“\½psS kwØm-\-Xe kwL-S-\-I -fpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§-fn-eq-sS, New Age
F¶ {]kn-²o-I-c-W-¯n-eq-sS, hmÀ¯m-hn-\n-ab kwhn-[m-\ -§-fn-eq-sS, `c-
W-Iq-S-¯ nsâ \nb-{´-W-¯n-epÅ \nÀ_-ÔnX hnZym-`ym-k-¯n\p thn
s]mXp-P-\ -§-fnÂ XmXv] cyw krjvSn-¨p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶p. AXn\p thn
Fgp-¯p-I m-À ¡pw {]mkw-Kn-I-À¡pw AhÀ¡pth kuI-c y-§fpw \ÂIn-
587
s¡m-p-a n-c n-¡p-¶p.”[ Supreme Council of Scottish Rite Freemasonry,

Charleston SC, September 24, 1924, - Scarlet and the Beast, John Daniel ].
Reform Judaism. PqZm-bn-k-t¯bpw {InkvXp-a-X-t¯bpw \in-¸n-
¡p-¶-X n\p thn. Øm]-I³. knÜv Kosk³lo-aÀ. {Km³Uv Hmdn-
bâv {ôta-bvk¬. tdm¯-joÂUvknsâ {^m¦v^À«v _m¦nse DtZym-K-
Ø³.- [ To Eliminate The Opiate. By. Marvin S. Antleman ] Occult
Theocracy bnÂ PqUn¯v anÃÀ ]d-bp-¶Xv ImÄ amÀIvkv 32 Un{Kn {ôta-
bvk¬ Bbn-cps¶¶m-Wv. At±lw {^m¦n-Ìp-I -fpsS ]cn-jv¡-c-Wm-ß-I-
amb {]hÀ¯-\-§-fnÂ `mK-`m-¡mbn F¶pw. BânÂa³ ]d-bp-¶Xv
League of the Just F¶Xv Illuminati bpsS `mK-amWv F¶v. AXnse AwK-
§Ä {Km³Uv Hmdn-bâv tabvk -Wp-Ifpw . {^©v hn¹-h-s ¯-¯p-SÀ¶v
PÀ½-\n-bn-te¡v IpSn-tb-dn-b-h À. ]n¶oSv AXv t]cp amän CâÀ\m-j-WÂ
I½yq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n F¶m-bn. Reform Judaism sâ Bi-b-§-fp-a mbn Gsd
kmay-a p-Å-h-bmWv amÀIvknsâ PqX-h n-a Ài\w F¶v BânÂa³. ska-
änIv hncp² {ôta-bvk-W-dn, Ah-c psS Bi-b-§Ä \S-¸nÂ hcp-¯p-¶-
Xn\v PqX-a-X ¯nÂs¸-«-hsc D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶p F¶-X n\v \Ã ZrjvSm-´-amWv
ImÄ amÀIvkv. amÀIvknsâ {]hÀ¯-\-§sf \nb-{ń-¨n-cp-¶Xv {ôta-
bvk¬ GwK-Âkpw. 1835 Â Kyqkns¸ aÊo-\ n-bpsS t\Xr-X z-¯nÂ
kznävkÀe-nÂ Øm]n-X-a mb Young Germany bnÂ bphm-hm-bn-cp¶
GwKÂkv Aw-K-a m-bn. aÊo\n þ Cäm-en-b³ hn¹-h-I m-c n, {ôta-bvk¬.
]¦mfn sl³{Sn ]mtaÀÌ¬, {_n«ojv hntZ-i -Im-c y-a -{ń. [ Treason in
America. By. Anton. Chaitkin ]. GwKÂkn\v {Km³Uv Hmdn-b âv ]cn-io-e\w
e`n-¨ Xv kznävkÀe³UnÂ. ]n¶oSv kvtIm«njv ssdäv {ô tabvk-W-dn-
bnÂ AwK-a m-b n. 32 Un{Kn hsc-sb-¯n. [ Bâ¬ sNbvävI n³ þ PqX³
.]
GwKÂkv Young Hegalian {]Øm-\-¯nÂ apgpIn. tXmakv ImÀsse-
ensâ Bcm-[-I³. tXmakv ImÀsseÂ tPm¬ dkvI nsâ Kpcp. tPm¬
dkvIn³ , KmÔn-bpsS Bcm-[y-] p-c p-j³. XnIª hÀ¤o-b-hm-Zn.
]mtaÀÌ¬, GwKÂkns\ DbÀ¯n hn«p. ]mtaÀÌ³ sâ ]nWn-bmÄ
BÀ\ÄUv dqKv klm-b-¯ n-\pw.
Mackey’s Encyclopedia of Freemasonry Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ s]mXp-ta-
Jem hnZym-`ym-k-¯nÂ tabvk-Wp-I-fpsS ]¦nsâ ]qÀ®-cq]w \ÂIp-¶p.
Freemasonry and Public Schools Â tabvtkm-WnIv hnZym-`ymk Øm]-\-
§-fp-sSbpw aäpw {]hÀ¯-\-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨pw. 1809 Â {ôta-bvk¬
Uyqhnäv ¢nâ³ “”\yqtbmÀ¡v {ô kvI qÄ skmsskän “” Øm]n-¨p.
AXv ]n¶oSv ]»nIv kvI qÄ skmsskän F¶-dn-b-s ¸-«p. \yqtbmÀ¡v
imJ-bnÂ 1806 apXÂ 1820 hsc {Km³Uv amÌ-dm-bn-c p¶p ¢nâ³. 8 hÀjw
588
\yqtbmÀ¡v KhÀW-dpw. NEA - National Education Association Øm]n-

¡p-¶-X n-s â ]n¶nse {][m-\-i-àn Scottish Rite Freemasonry.
1920 Â Ancient And Accepted Scottish Rite, {]kn-Unsâ
Iym_n-\-änÂ sk{I-«-dnsb \nb-an¨p sImv hnZym-`ymk hIp¸v Øm]n-
¡p-¶-X n\v Xpd¶ ]n³XpW {]Jym-]n-¨p. 1920 Â GÄ hmd³, 33 Un{Kn
tabvk¬ Imen-t^mÀWn-b-bnse {Km³Uv amÌÀ, t]mXp taJ-e-bnÂ hnZym-
`ym-k-¯n\p thn hmZn-¨p. NEA bpw . hnI-k-\ -¯n\p thn hmZn-¨n-cp-
¶Xv Progressive Education Association ]ns¶ tPm¬ Unsh Atkm-kn-
tb-j³. Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ tkmjy-enkw Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn\v {ian¨ {]apJ
kwL-S-\-IÄ. Frontier Thinkers. AXnÂ {][m-\ n-I Ä tPm¬ Unsh,
hnÃyw tlÀUv, IoÂ ]m{Sn-Iv, lmcÄUv d¤v, sPsÊ \yqem³Uv, tPmÀÖv
Fkv. Iuvkv. [ Black Board Power, NEA Threat to America . By. Dr.
Gordon V. Drake ] tUmIvSÀ Xntbm-UÀ {_msaÂUv, kvI qfnÂ tkmjy-
enkw hym]n¸n-¡p-¶-X nÂ {]ap-J -\m-bn-c p-¶p. A²ym-]-IÀ, ¢mÊvap-dn-I -fnÂ
hn¹hw {]N-cn-¸n-¨p. At±-l-¯nsâ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ Ends And Means in
Education ]d-bp-¶Xv A´m-c mjv{S A[n-Im-c -¯n\v hg-§p-¶ -X m-bn-c n-¡Ww
tZio-bX F¶m-Wv. kam\ Nn´m-KXn {]N-c n-¸n-¡p-¶-X mWv tUmIvSÀ
lcÄUv dKv sâ ]pkvXIw Man And His Changinmg Society.
NEA kvtIm«njv ssdäv {ôta-bvk-W-dn-bp-ambn ASp-¯ _Ôw
]peÀ¯p-¶p. AXnsâ FIvkn-Iyq-«ohv sk{I-«-dn-bmbn 20 hÀj-t¯mfw
{]h-À¯n¨ hnÃmÀUv. C. Ksh³kv, 33 Un{Kn tabvk¬. {]kvXpX
Øm\¯p \n¶pw hnc-a n¨ Knh³kvv, kvtIm«njv ssdäv {ô tabvk-W-dn-
bpsS kp{]ow Iu¬kn-ensâ hnZym`ymk ]²-X n-bpsS taÂt\m«w hln-
¨p.
lmÀhÀUv bqWn-thÀknän {]kn-U-v, Pbnw-kv. _n. tIm\âv, 33
Un{Kn tabvk¬, NEA bpsS hnZym-`ymk \b-c q-]o-I -cW I½o-j³ AwKw,
CFR. {]`m-jW ]c-¼-cbv¡p thn \ntbm-K n-¡-s ¸-«p.
tämw. kn. as¡\n, The Deadly Deception F¶ IrXn-bpsS cN-bn-Xm-
hv, ]d-bp-¶Xv t{]m«-käâv hn`m-K-§-fnse Gähpw {]_e hn`mK-§-fnÂ
H¶nÂ 90 iX-am-\hpw asäm-¶nÂ 70 iX-a m-\ hpw tabvk-Wp-I-fmWv F¶m-
Wv.
ssatdm¬ ^mK³ Xsâ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ The Illuminati bnÂ ]d-bp-
¶-Xv, 19 þmw \qäm-nÂ {Kmâv Hmdn-bâv {ôtabvk-Wdn, Hcp “Reform”
dm_n-bpsS aI-\ mb tP¡_v jn^v^vs\ Ata-cn-¡-bn-te¡v Ab-¨p.
{][m\ Npa-X-e-I -fnÂ H¶v cmPy-¯m-I -am\w ]nt¶m¡ kap-Zm-b-§-fpsS
sNdp-¯p-\nÂ¸p-IÄ krjvSn-¡pI F¶-Xv. The National Association for
589
the Advancement of Coloured People AXn\p thn krjv Sn-¡-s ¸-«p.

]ns¶ {InkvXp-a-Xs¯ \in-¸n-¡pI. AXn\p thn The National Council
of Churches Øm]n-¡-s¸-«p. tP¡_v jo^v^nsâ IpSpw_w Reform,
Conservative Apostate PqX -{]-Øm-\-§sf klm-bn-¨n-c p-¶-h -cnÂ {]ap-J-
cm-bn-cp¶p F¶v BânÂ a³ ]d-bp-¶p. jn^v^vs \ klm-bn-¨n-c p-¶-h -cnÂ
{]ap-JÀ hmÀ_ÀKv, sP.-] n. tamÀK³, tPm¬. Un. tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ.
tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ, bqWn-b³ Xntbm-f-Pn-¡Â skan-\m-cn-bnÂ ]Tn-¸ n-¡p-
I-bm-bn-cp-¶ tUmIvSÀ. lmcn. F^v. hmÀUns\ km¼-¯n-I -ambn klm-bn-
¨v, kmaq-ln-I-tk-h-\-¯n\v thn Methodist Foundation Øm]n-¡p-¶-
Xn\v Imc-W-am-bn. {InkvXp F¶Xv sI«p-I-Y-bm-s W¶v {]N-c n-¸n¨v, hnizm-
kn-I -fnÂ kwibw P\n-¸n-¡pI F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p {][m\ Npa-X-e. 1907 Â
AXv t]cp amän sÛ-dÂ Iu¬knÂ Hm^v NÀ¨kv FCC . 1950 Â \mj-
WÂ Iu¬knÂ Hm^v NÀ¨kv F¶pw. ]n¶oSv World Council of
Churches WCC cq]o-Ir-X -am-bn. Methodist IÄ, PLO (bm-s kÀ Acm-^-¯v),
Iyq_, hnb-äv\mw, emän³ Ata-c n-¡, Gjy, B{^n¡ F¶n-hn-S-§-fnse
tkmhn-bäv kJy Kh¬saâp-IÄ F¶n-hsb klm-bn-¨n-cp-¶p.
1983 Â NCC bpsS AwK-kwJy 4 tImSn. 32 hn`m-K-§-
fnÂs¸« s{]m«-Ìâv, HmÀ¯-tUmIvkv AwK-§Ä. ktX¬ _m]vän-Ìv,
It¯m-en-¡À F¶nh NCC bnÂ DÄs¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. NCC bnÂ DÄs¸« satYm-
Un-Ìp-IÄ 90 e£w, Gähpw henb I£n. bpssW-äUv {]nkvss_-tä-dn-
b³, bpssW-äUv NÀ¨v Hm^v ss{IÌv, Unssk-¸nÄkv Hm^v NÀÑv, F¸n-
kvtIm-¸Â NÀ¨v F¶nh satYm-UnÌv AwK-§Ä. NCC bpsS Hcp hn`m-K-
amWv Church World Service CWS. 1973 Â sX¡³ Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ
tabvtkm-W nIv sPkyq-«p-IÄ “en_-td-j³ Xntbm-fPn” Bcw-`n-¨p . CWS
kzmX-{ý-¯n\pw(Liberation), \oXn¡pw thn [\-k-lmbw \evIn-bn-cp-
¶p. a\p-jym-h-I mi [zwk-\-¯n\v Ip{]-kn-²-a mb ]e I½yq-WnÌv cmjv{S-
§-tfbpw NCC amXrIm cmjv{S-§-f mbn {]Jym-]n-¨p. Iyq_sb¡pdn¨v
NCC ]d-ª Xv “\h Xo{h-X bpw Bg-¯n-epÅ DÄ¡m-g vN-bp-a pÅ hnizmkw
Adn-bn-¡p-¶Xn\v temI {InkvXym-\n-IÄ¡v amXr-I”. F¶m-Wv.
WCC sâ BZy {]kn-Uv (1948 þ 1954) Pn.-t{_mwse HmIvkv\ w,
satYm-UnÌv _nj-¸ v, 33 Un{Kn {ôta-bvk-Wm-bn-c p-¶p. tUmIvSÀ tPm¬
tImÄa³ ]d-bp-¶Xv WCC Ct¸mÄ _m[-sbm-g n-¸n-¡Â sNbvXp-h-c p¶p
F¶m-Wv. Witchcraft in Politics Â tImÄa³ ]d-bp-¶Xv B`n-Nm-c-{ In-b-
sb-¡p-dn¨v ]T\w \S-¯p-¶-Xn\v 1983 se Im\-U-bnse D¶-X-X e kt½-f-\-
¯nÂ Xocp-am-\-a mbn F¶pw. HmIvk \ v w 1944 apXÂ 1946 hsc WCC bpsS
590
ap³Kman FCC bpsS {]kn-U-m-bn-cp-¶p. NCC sâ D¶-X -Xe A[n-Im-cn-

bpw.
1989 tabv. ssSw amK-kn³. tUmIvSÀ dn¨ÀUv aqhv, Imen-t^mÀWnb .
^pÅÀ Xntbm-f-Pn-¡Â skan-\m-c n, ]d-ªXv NCC se apJy-[mcm ]Ån-
IÄ Ct¸mÄ a{´-hm-Zhpw B`n-N m-c -{In-bbpw ]Tn¸n¡p¶p F¶v. ap³
tabvk¬ 33 Un{Kn. Pnwjm. {ôta-bvk-W-dnbpw NCC bpw X½n-epÅ
_Ôw shfn-s ¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. NCC bnsebpw WCC bnsebpw D]-tZ-in-IÄ
{ôta-bvk-Wdn {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
s\Ìm sh_vkväÀ ]d-bp-¶Xv BUw hotjm]v, thmÄ«-bÀ, {Û-dnIv Z
s{Kbväv F¶n-h-c psS kn²m´-§Ä hfsc kam-\X ]peÀ¯p¶p F¶m-
Wv. hotjm]v hnti-jn-¸n-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶Xv a\p-jy- ]n-imNv F¶pw. (Secret
Societies . By. Nesta Webster) hnhm-lw, kz¯v IpSpw-_w, ssZhw, \nbaw
FÃmw \ncm-I-c n-¡-s ¸-tS--Xpv F¶v.
]ns¶ P\m-[n-]Xyw F¶ adhnÂ \nco-i z-h m-Zn-I -fpsS `c-W-IqSw
Øm]n-¡pI F¶-X pw. Im\-U-bnÂ \n¶pÅ Iam³UÀ ssK ImÀ ]d-bp-
¶Xv ]qÀ®-ambpw Cuiz-cs\ \ncm-I -cn-¨, hfsc Xnc-s ª-Sp-¡-s ¸« AwK-
§Ä¡p am{Xw shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶ -X m-Wv, eqkn-^-dnsâ cl-kyhpw , CÃyq-
an-\män F¶Xv cl-ky-kw-L-S\ F¶Xpw GI-tem-I-K-h¬saâv Øm]n-
¡p-¶Xv e£yw h¨p-Å-Xp-a mWv F¶ hkvXp-X.
American Education Under Fire. By. Earnest Melby ]ns¶ Danger !
They are After Our School’s F¶nh tkmjy-enÌv hnZym-`ymk k{¼-Zm-
bs¯ FXnÀ¡p-¶hsc FXnÀ¡p-¶-Xn\v thn krjvSn-¡-s¸-«p.
NEA sFIy-cm-jv{S- k-`sb ]n³Xm-§p-¶p. 1940 apXÂ Ata-cn-¡³
kq{]ow tImSXn 4 Â 3 `mKhpw D¶-X-Xe {ôta-bvk-Wp-I-fm-bn-c p-¶p.
hnZym-`ym-k-\bw GtIm-]n-¸n-¡p-¶Xv temI Kh¬saâv Øm]n-
¡p-¶-X n\v klm-b-I-c -am-hpw. hnZym-`ym-k-¯ n\p thn-bpÅ kÀ¡mÀ
klm-bw, hnZym`ym-k-¯n\p taepÅ kÀ¡mÀ \nb-{´-W-am-bn-¯ o-c p-¶p.
hnZy-`ymkw shdpw {]N-c-W-th-e-bm-bn-¯ o-cp-¶p. ]co-£-I Ä F¶ a«nÂ
Ah-X-c n-¸ n-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶ -h -bnse tNmZy-§Ä I½yq-Wnkw {]Ncn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\p
thn krjvSn-¡-s¸-«-h-bm-Wv.-
D-Zm: \ymb-a m-b, \oXn-bp-à-a mb km¼-¯nI imkv{X XXzw Hmtcm-c p-¯-
cnÂ \n¶pw Ah-c psS Ign-hn-\-\p-k-cn¨v FSp-¡p-Ibpw Hmtcm-c p-¯À¡pw
Ah-cpsS Bh-iy-¯n-\-\ p-k-c n¨v \ÂIp-Ibpw sN¿p¶ H¶m-tWm.
tPm¬ Unsh-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ Øm]n-X-amb Peoples Lobby òa-amb,
{Iam-\p-K-X-a mbn DbÀ¯n-s ¡mp hcp¶ BZm-b-\ n-Ip-X n¡v thn hmZn-
¨p . NEA ¡p thn ]pkvX-I -c-N\ \nÀh-ln-¨n-cp-¶-h-c nÂ A[nIhpw
I½yq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n AwK-§-tfm, I½yq-WnÌv ap¶Wn {]Øm-\-§-fnse
591
AwK-§tfm Bbn-c p-¶p. NEA amÀ«n³ eqYÀ In§vsâ ]pkvX-I-§sf

t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡p-¶p.
eo_ t{_m¬Ìo³ (t{Sm-SvkvIn) 1897 Â {ôta-bvk-Wm-bn.
kplr¯v Ae-I vk m-À {]mhp-kn-eqsS CÃyq-a n-\ m-än-bnÂ D¶-X-\ m-bn.
_v\mbv {_n¯pw djy³ h¹h {]Øm-\-h p-a m-bpÅ _Ô-¯nsâ
taÂt\m«w hln-¨n-cp-¶Xv tP¡_v jn^v^v. tdm¯v-joÂUnsâ ]nWn-
bmÄ. 5 hmepÅ \£{Xw HutZym-Kn-I- Nn-Ó-a m-¡p-¶Xv t{SmSvkvIn.
se\n³ AwK-a m-bn-c p¶ {^©v tabvk¬ imJ-bnÂ t{SmSvkvInbpw AwK-
am-bn. Art et Travail. ]ns¶ _v\ mbv _vdn¯n-epw.[Karl Steinhausser]
[ Adam Weishaupt A Human Devil. By. Gerald Winrod ]
[ Secret Forces in the History of Russia. By. Yuri Begunor ]
32 Un{Kn bpw AXn\p apI-fn-ep-Å-hcpw am{Xw AwK-§-fm-bn-c p¶ Shriner
Lodge Â t{SmSvkvI n AwK-am-bn-cp-¶p. {^¦ve n³ Unemt\m dqkvshÂäv,
Ae-Ivkm-À sIc³kvIn, t_em-Ip³ F¶n-h-c pw. [ The Power Behind
the President. By. Professor Johan Von Leers ]
»hävkvIn , _kâv , KmÔn
1875 Â »hävkvIn B, Theosophical Society Øm]n¨p e³ temUvPv

(LL)
1887 Â e³ temUvPnse 14 t]sc tNÀ¯v e-\nÂ »hävkvIn
temUvPv (BL)
1889 Â KmÔn BL kµÀin¨p. »h-ävkvIn-sbbpw B\n _kân-s\bpw
Ip.
1890 _kâv BL {]kn-Uâmbn
1891 Â B ac-W-a-Sªp
592
KmÔn 18-þmw hb-ÊnÂ 1887 Â Cw¥- n-te¡.v \nbaw ]Tn-¡p-¶-Xn\v (P-\\w

1869 ) AhnsS Xntbm-k-^n-¡Â skmssk-än-bnse (TS) cp-t]sc ]cn-N-
b-s¸-«p. AhnsS The key to theosophy F¶ B bpsS ]pkvX Iw ]cn-N-b-
s¸«p.
1891 Â KmÔn BL Â AwK-a mbn
1892 Â 23-þmw hb-ÊnÂ ku¯v B{^n¡. AhnsS 21 hÀjw.
tIc-f-¯nÂ {ôta-bvk¬ Xncp-h-\ -´-]p-c ¯v. km[m-W-¡m-c mb F{X- t]À

AwK-§-f m-Wv ??.
Gandhi Under Cross Examination . By Timothy Watson and B Singh.
May It Please Your Honor By. Gopal Godse
-KmÔn Hcn-¡epw apÉow t\Xm-¡-·msc hnaÀin-¨n-c p-¶n-Ã. CÉm-anI ]mc-

¼cyhpw {ôta-bvk-W-dn-bp-a mbn ASp¯ _Ô-ap-v. IÂ¡-«-bnepw
]Ýna _w¥m-fnepw Ipªp-§-fpÄs¸sS h[n-¡-s ¸-«-t¸mÄ t]mepw KmÔn
apÉo-§Äs¡Xnsc kwkm-c n-¨n-cp-¶n-Ã. KmÔnsb hfÀ¯n-bXv tabvk-
Wdn Xs¶-bmWv 1909 Â M.K.Gandhi: An Indian Patriot in South Africa
F¶ ]pkvX-I-sa-g-pXnb ]ptcm-ln-X³ sP.-sP. tUm¡v {ôta-bvk-Wm-bn-cp-
¶p. KmÔnbpw tUm¡pw A\-h[n {ôta-bvk¬ {]Øm-\-§-fnÂ AwK-
§-fm-bn-cp¶p. apÉow {_ZÀlpUv F¶Xv {ôta-bvk-W-dn-bpsS anUnÂ
CuÌv imJ-bm-Wv. Hkma _n³ emZ³, apÉow {_ZÀlpUv AwKhpw. AXv
Øm]n-¨Xv MI 6. sIbvw{_nUvPv bqWn-thÀÌn-bnse {]kn-²-\mb CÉm-
anIv ]WvUn-X³ s_À\mUv eqbnkv MI 6 ]nWn-bmÄ. apÉow {_ZÀlpUv
Øm]n-¡p-¶-X nÂ {][m-\n. apÉow eoKv MI 6 sâ krjvSn-bm-b n-c p-¶p.
bqtdm]y³ Ncn-{X-¯nÂ hÀ¤o-b-X-bpsS ]mc-ay-¯nÂ e-\nse Inner
Temple Â KmÔn- t]m-bn-cp-¶p. km[m-c-W-¡m-c ³ hntZin shÅ-¡m-c -\ -
Ãm-¯-h ³. Akm-[m-c -W-am-bXv. XnI¨pw. KmÔn AhnsS F§ns\ tN¶v
tNÀ¶p. AXn\v kml-N-cy-sam-cp-¡n-bXv F´m-Wv. km[m-c -W-¡m-c\v bqWn-
thÀknän ]T\w km[y-a m-bXv H¶mw temI-a -lm-bp-²-¯ n\p tijw am{Xw.
KmÔn Ah-Im-i-s¸-«n-cp-¶Xv 1893 Â ku¯v B{^n-¡-bnÂ hÀ® hnth-N-
\-¯nsâ t]cnÂ At±lw s{Sbn-\nÂ \n¶pw ]pd-t¯¡v Fdn-b-s¸«p
F¶m-Wv. hm«vkWpw kn§pw ]d-bp-¶Xv A§n-s \-sbmcp kw`hw \S-¶n-
t«-bnÃ F¶m-Wv. 1895 Â UÀ_-\nÂ t]mÌv Hmô-knÂ cv IX-Ip-IÄ
Dm-bn-cp¶p. H¶v shÅ-¡mÀ¡pw cm-a-t¯Xv Idp¯ hÀ¤-¡mÀ¡pw
Cý-¡mÀ¡pw. KmÔn Hcp IX-In\p IqSn hmZn-¨p. Cý-¡mÀ¡p am{Xw
D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-X n\p thn.
593
Cý-bnÂ {ôta-bvk¬ AwK-§-fmb PÌn-kp-amÀ.
PÌnkv. ]n.-F³ J¶. PÌnk.v Pn.-cm-am-\pPpw

PÌnkv. Fkv. Fkv Aen. PÌnkv. BÀ. `«m-Nmcy
PÌnk.v hn.-c m-a-kzman. PÌnkv. Fkv \S-c m-P³
PÌnkv. F.-_n. klmÀ¿. PÌnkv. ]ß-\m-`³
PÌnkv. hn.-c Xv\w. PÌnkv. _n.-F-kv. kn³l
PÌnkv. tZho-µÀ Kp]vX PÌnkv.bp.-kn³l
PÌnkv. F.-BÀ. e£va-W³. PÌnkv. än.-c m-a -{]-kmZv dmhp
PÌnkv. F³.-F-kv. ca-kzman
KmÔn-bpsS e³ Ub-dn-bpsS 120 Xmfp-I-fnÂ 20 Xmfp-IÂ am{Xw e`y-
amW.v aäv Xmfp-IÄ \in-¸ n-¡-s ¸-«n-c n-¡p-¶p. KmÔn \nba ]T\w \S-¯n-
bXv City of london Â Inns of court Â Inner temple Â Gandhi: Behind the
Mask of Divinity. By G.B. Singh..
{ôsa-bvk-W-dnbpw Xntbm-k-^n-¡Â skmssk-än-bp-ambn
KmÔn-¡pÅ _Ôw NÀ¨ sN¿-s¸Sp-¶n-Ã. 1880 IfpsS Ah-km-\ -¯nÂ,
P·n {]`p IpSpw-_-§Ä¡p-am{Xw km²y-a m-bn-c p-¶ hnZym-`ymkw KmÔn¡v
km[y-a m-bXv F§n-s\-sb-¶Xv AÛpXw Xs¶. sP.-sP. tUm¡v Fgp-Xnb
KmÔn-bpsS Poh-N-cn-{X-¯n\v BapJw Fgp-Xn-bXv Bw-XnÂ {]`p. Cw¥-
nse {Km³Uv temUvPnse {Km³Uv amÌÀ BwXnÂ {]`p. KmÔn apÉow
eoKp-ambn \S-¯nb I¯n-S-] m-Sp-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v Bw]vXnÂ {]`p-hn-t\mSv
KmÔn ad¨p h¨p. KmÔn-bpsS Zn\-]{Xw C³Uy³ H]o-\ n-b³ AXnsâ
apJy ]{Xm-[n-] À sP.-s P. tUm¡v.
»hävkvIn Xsâ ]pkvX-I-§-fnÂ The Secret Doctrine ]ns¶ ISIS
Unvieled F¶n-h-bnÂ Fgp-Xn-bXv \½psS {Kl-¯nsâ ssZhw sNIp-¯m-
\m-Wv. Htc Hcp ssZhw eqkn^À. AXp-sImv Xs¶ Poh³ , Nn´ ,
]ptcm-K-a\w, kw-kvIr-Xn,- kzm-X{ýw F¶n-h sb {]Xn\n-[m\w sN¿p¶p .
AXv kÀ¸-a m-Wv. c£-I\pw.
tdmXvjoÂUvkv, tdms¡-^-ÃÀ F¶nh tabvtkm-WnIv IpSpw-_ -
§-fm-Wv. Ata-cn-¡³ {]kn-Uâp-a m-c nÂ F{_lmw en¦\pw tPm¬ F^v
sI¶-Unbpw HgnsIbpÅ-hÀ {ôta-bvkWp-I-fmWv (Masonic Conspiracy).
1875 Â \yqtbmÀ¡nÂ , »hävkvIn , Xntbm-k-^n-¡Â skmsskän
Øm]n¨p. P\-\w- D-s {Ibv³. Iq«-¯nÂ Ata-c n-¡³ tIWÂ sl³{Sn
HmÂt¡m-«v. BØm\w Cý-bnÂ sNss¶ AU-bm-dnÂ. kmdnÌv P\-dÂ
\n¡n-t^mÀ, »h-ävkvInsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. hnlmlw 3 amkw am{Xw
\op \n¶p. ab¡p acp-¶n\v ASna. Cý-bnepw e-\nepw X«n-¸p-Imcn
F¶v Adn-b-s¸-«p - . “David J Stewart” . lnµp-bnkw _p²nkw t\mÌnIv,
IrÌym-\n-än, tabvtkm-WnIv BNmc§Ä ]ns¶ IrkvX p-a Xw PqZm-bnkw
594
CÉmw F¶nhsb hnaÀin¡p¶ coXn FÃmw tNÀ¶v Xntbm-k-^n-¡Â

skmssk-än.
{ôta-bvk-Wdn Ahsc Occult Genius F¶v hnti-jn-¸ n¨p.
“The Secret Doctrine, Isis Unveiled F¶nh »hävkvIn a\pjy Ipe-
¯n\p \ÂInb k½m-\-§-fm-Wv”. am³en.-]n.-lmÄ 330 {ôta-bvk¬. The
phoenix: An Illustrated Review of Occultism and Philosophy . 1960 .
The Philosophical Research Society . {ôta-bvk-Wp-I-fmb sl³{Sn -ÌoÂ

HmÂt¡m«v {]kn-Uâpw tPmÀÖv F¨v. s^Âäv sshkv {]kn-Uâmbpw
\ntbm-Kn-¡-s ¸-«p. NmÄkv tkmtYWpw BÂ_À«v ss]¡pw . 1907 Â B\n-
_-kâv TS sâ {]kn-Uâmbn. 330 {ôta-bvk¬ kn.-U»yq seUv_n-ä-dn-
t\m-s Sm¸w PnZp- Ir-jvW-aqÀ¯n-tbbpw _kâv t{]mÕm-ln-¸n¨p. 320
{ôta-bvk¬ Benkv s_bvenbpw `À¯mhv t^mÌdpw Xntbm-k-^n-bp-
sSbpw {ôta-bvk-W-dn-bp-s Sbpw {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä tImÀ¯n-W-¡n.
eqknkvþeqkn-^À {SÌnsâ Øm]-I- s_bven \h-temI aXw krjvSn-¡p-
¶Xn\p thn {]bvX\ v n-¨p. Ah-cpsS Kpcp ]d-ªXv (UvPh v m³ JpÂ)
{ôta-bvk-W-dn-bpsS BXy-ńI e£yw AXmWv F¶mWv.
»hävkvIn sNIp-¯ms\ tkhn-¡p-¶-h-c m-bn-c p-¶p.- KmÔn
]d-ªn-cp-¶Xv »hävkvIn Xs¶ Bg-¯nÂ kzm[o-\n¨ncp¶p F¶.v
KmÔnsb Bg-¯nÂ kzm[o-\n¨ asämcp hyàn skknÂ tdmUvk nsâ
{]^-kÀ tPm¬ dkvIn³. 1888 Â »hävkvInbpw s_Ãm-anbpw þ Ip{]-kn-
²-\mb tkmjy-e nÌv þ Iq«p-tNÀ¶p. FUvhÀUv s_Ãm-a n-bpsS ]pkvXIw
Looking Backward \mj-W-en-k-¯nsâ thZ-] p-kvX Iw. 1890 Â Xntbm-k-
^n-Ìp-IÄ s_Ãm-a nsb Hut±ym-K nIambn AwKo-I -cn-¨p. At±-l-¯nsâ
]pkvX-I-t¯bpw. kzkvXnI NnÓw »hävkvIn D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶p. AXv
Lotus Blossoms F¶ a«nÂ. Cw¥o-jp-Im-cmb Ip«n-IÄ¡p-th-n-bpÅ
Ah-cpsS {]kn-²o-I -cWw Lotus Journal.
Pledge of Allegiance Secrets. F¶ ]pkvX-I-¯nsâ cN-bn-Xmhv
tUmIvSÀ sdIvkv Idn, \mj-WÂ tkmjy-enÌv PÀ½³ hÀt¡gvkv ]mÀ«n-
bpsS {Iqc-X-IÄ hnh-cn-¡p-¶p. FUvhÀUv s_Ãman, _Ôp {^m³knkv
s_Ãman , »hävk vIn F¶n-h-c psS Bi-b-§-fpsS cmjv{Sob DXv]¶w ,
tkmjy-enkw, Kh¬saân\p thn-bpÅ kl\w. ( Biography. Edward
Bellany By Arthur E Morgan ). s_Ãman Ah-cpsS kz´w Bi-bs¯
anen-ädn tkmjy-enkw, F¶p hnfn¨p. Kh¬saâv hnZym-e-b-§-fnÂ hÀ®
hyXymkw Hut±ym-Kn-I -ambn A`y-kn-¸ n-¨ p. s_Ãman »h-äkvI n A`n-h mZyw
USSR sâ A`n-h m-Zy-a mbn. ]ns¶ ssN\-bnepw PÀ½-\ n-bnepw
Kh¬saâns\ {]IoÀ¯n-¡p¶ Iogvhg¡w t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡-s¸-«p. (Rex
Curry)
595
»hävkvIn D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-c p¶ kzkvXnI AS-bm-f-¯nsâ

hnti-j-W-§Ä Rex Curry bpsS Swastika secretsF¶ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ
hni-Z-a mbn ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶p. »hävkvIn a\p-jysc ]e PmXnI-fmbn Xncn-
¡p-¶p. Great white brotherhood of masters, Sub races, seven primary root
races. Aryan race AXv Superior Race F¶pw (The Secret Doctrine) ( The
root race and its sub divisions, studies in occult phiolosophy) 1884 PÀa³
H¡-Ä«n-k-¯nsâ ]p\-cp-²m-c -W-ambn. Xntbm-k-^n-¡Â skmssk-än-bpsS
PÀ½³ hn`m-K-¯ nsâ ]n³Xp-W-tbmsS. {]kn-Uâv tUmIvSÀ hnÂlw
lsº jmsU³. s_Ãman -þ »h-äkvIn kn²m´w temIamI-a m\w
tkmjy-en-Ìp-I Ä¡v Bth-i-ambn. tkmjy-enÌv WHOLECAUST sâ Hcp
`mKw am{X-a m-bn-c p-¶p Holocaust . USSR Â 6 tImSn-bn-e-[nIw, ssN\-bnÂ 5
tImSn PÀ½-\n-bnÂ 2 tImSn Pohn-X-§Ä Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶-Xn\v {]apJ Imc-
W-§-fn-sem-¶ m-bn.
»hävkvIn [mcmfw bm{X- sNbvXp. Cý, PÀ½-\n, temI-am-I -
am\w (The Esoteric World of madame blavatsky: Reminiscences and
impressions by those who knew her. By. Daniel H. Caldwell) Xntbmk-
^nbpw \mj-WÂ tkmjy-en-khpw temI-a m-I-a m\w {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-XnÂ
»h-ävkvIn -ap-g-pIn.
1958 Â {]kn-²o-I-c n¨ The year 2000 . By Sylvia E Bowman.
s_Ã-a n-bpsS ]pkvXIw \mj-WÂ tkmjy-en-k-¯n\v ASn-¯-d-b mbn.
Ata-cn¡ Ct¸mgpw Xntbm-k-^n-¡Â skmssk-änbpw s_Ãm-a nbpw {]N-cn-
¸n¨ Bi-b-§Ä {]mhÀ¯nIam¡n-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-¶p. Kh¬saâv
kvIqfpI-fnÂ tkmjy-enÌv Bi-b-§Ä \nÀ_-Ô-a mbn ASn-t¨Â¸n-¡-s ¸-
Sp¶p. tkmjy-enkw temI-am-I-a m\w hfÀ¶p sImn-c n-¡p-¶p.(The Ocean
of Theosophy By William Q Judge) William Xntbm-k-^n-¡Â skmsskän
Øm]n-¡p-¶-X nÂ »h-ävk vI n-bpsS ]¦mfn. 1884 Â At±lw Cý-bnÂ
F¯n. AXn\p ap³]v AtX-hÀjw Cw¥-n-se¯n kns¶ävk.v
Bc³sUbvÂkv F¶n-hsc kµÀin-¨n-cp-¶p. ]ns¶ ]mcn-knÂ HmÄt¡m-
«n-s\bpw »h-ävkvIn-s b-bpw. hnÃyw PUvPv, `K-hXv KoX ]WvUn-X-\m-bn-cp-
¶p.
Himmler’s Crusade: The Nazi Expedition to find the origins of
Aryan Race. By. Christopher Hale. ( The Occult roots of nazism . By
Nicholas Goodrick and Clarke ). kmänÌv {][m-\ -a{ń Iuv skÀPn
bpeo-hn¨v sâ _Ôp tIWÂ ]oäÀ lm³ sâ aIÄ »hävkvIn. D¶-X -
Ip-e-PmX. Hu]-Nm-c nI hnZym-`ymkw H¶p-anÃ. 17þmw hb-ÊnÂ hnhmlw
GXm\pw amk-§Ä¡pw `À¯m-hns\ hn«p.
1917 USSR Â A¨-Sn¨ Id³kn-bpsS a²y-`m-K¯v kzkvX nI AS-
bmfw Dm-bn-cp-¶p. 1917 Â djy-bnÂ DuÀÖ-kz-e-ambn {]hÀ¯n-¨n-cp¶
596
BÂ{Ûv tdmk³_ÀKv ]n¶oSv PÀ½\nbnÂ h¶p. 1918 Â AXm-bn-

cn¡mw kzkvX nI kzoI-c n-¡-s ¸-«-Xn\v ImcWw F¶v sdIvkv Idn ]d-bp-¶p.
PnZp IrjvW-aqÀ¯nsb _kâv Zs¯-Sp¯p. 13þmwhb-ÊnÂ
]ns¶ ITn\ ]cn-io-e\w. AXp Ignªv 10 hÀjw Cw¥-nÂ ]T-\ w.
Benkv s_bven , »h-ävk vI n-sb-t¸mse Xo{h- hÀ¤ob Nn´- ]p-eÀ¯n-bn-
cp-¶p. tkmjy-enkw \S-¸ n-e m-t¡-p-¶-Xnsâ Npa-Xe D¶X Ipe -Pm-
XÀ¡p-Å-sX¶pw Icp-Xn-bn-cp-¶p.
( Theosophy and Nationalist Movement By Athur E morgan ]ns¶
Theosophy and Nationalism: A dialouge By James biggs “in” Theosopical
History )
1889 TS Â AwK-am-Ip-¶-Xn-\p-ap³]v 4 hÀjw _kâv Cw¥-nÂ tkmjy-
enÌv sXmgn-emfn {]Øm-\-¯nÂ {]hÀ¯n-¨n-cp-¶p. BZyw t^_n-b³
skmssk-än-bnÂ ]ns¶ tkmjyÂ
sUsam-{Im-änIv sÛ-td-j-\nepw . Industrial Army bpsS Bh-iy-I-X-s b-
¡p-dn¨v FUvhÀUv s_Ã-man- X-¿m-dm-¡n-bn-cp-¶Xv knÂhnb C.-_u-a ³
Ah-cpsS Edward Bellamy Abroad F¶ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ hnh-c n-¡p-¶p.
tPm¬ Unsh XXz-Nn-´-I³, NmÄkv _ntbÀUv Ncn-{X-Im-c³,

FUvhÀUv hnIvkv Aä-emânIv amkn-I-bpsS FUn-äÀ F¶n-h-tcmSv sImfw-
_nb bqWn-thÀÌn 1935 Â Ignª 50 hÀj-¯n-\ nsS ]pd-¯n-d-§nb
Gähpw {]ap-J-a mb 10 ]pkvX-I-§-fpsS t]cv ]d-bp-¶-Xn\v Bh-iy-s¸-« -
t¸mÄ 3 t]cpw BZyw ImÄ amÀIvknsâ Zkv Iym¸n-äepw cm-a Xv
FUvhÀUv s_ÃmanbpsS Looking Backward F¶ ]pkvX-I-h p-a mWv tcJ-
s¸-Sp-¯n-b-X v. s_Ãm-an-bpsS hmcnI “\h-cmjv{Sw” ImÄ amÀIvknsâ
Capital t\m-sSm¸w tNÀ¯v hnä-gn-¨n-cp-¶p. \mkn A`n-hmZyw F¶v Icp-X-
s¸-Sp-¶ -Xcw A`n-h mZyw ]pcm-X\ tdma³ A`n-hm-Zys¯ A\p-I-c n-¡p¶p
F¶pÅXv sI«p-I-Y -bm-s W¶v tUmIvSÀ sdIvkv Idn kaÀ°n-¡p-¶p. AXv
Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ DZbw sNbvX-Xm-sW¶pw. PÀ½-\n-bnse \mj-WÂ tkmjy-
en-ÌpIÄ Ahsc kzbw \mkn-IÄ F¶v hnfn-¨ n-c p-¶n-Ã. Ah-cpsS
NnÓs¯ kzkvXnI F¶pw hnfn-¨n-cp-¶nÃ. AhÀ AXns\ Hakenkreuz
F¶p hnfn-¨ n-c p¶p. sdIvkv Idn kaÀ°n-¡p-¶p.
597
ImÄ amÀIvkv, I½yq-Wnkw,

{ôta-bvk-Wdn
1) Behind Communism By Frank L Britton

2) Marx and Satan By Richard Wurmbrand
3) The Klan By Patsy Sims
4) Historiography in the twenty-th century By Geroge G.Iggers
5) Companion to historiography By Michael Bentley
598
6) Karl Marx man, thinker and Revolutionist: Symposium By D.B

Riazanov
7) Intellectual Sources of Karl Marx By Emil kauder
8) Life of Karl Marx: Portrait of an Evil Man . By Erik von Kuchnelt
Leddihn
9) Karl marx :A :psychogram (Eine psychograph) By Arnold Kuenzli
10) Marx By Werner Blumenberg
djy³ I½yq-Wn-k-¯nsâ Xe-¸¯v FÃm-t]cpw PqX-·m-c m-bn-c p-¶p. Ata-cn-

¡-bnÂ Gdnb ]¦pw.
PqX-·mÀ kzbw ]dªp {]N-cn-¸n-¡p¶ IY-bmWv AhÀ Ah-tl-fn-¡-s¸«

]oVn-¸ n-¡-¸ « P\-X-bmWv F¶-Xv. AXv Ah-cpsS sI«p-d-¸n\pw Hcp-
abv¡pw Imc-W-a mbn. AXv Ah-cpsS Nn´m-]-²-Xn-bpsS tI{µ {]ta-b-a m-Wv.
thgvkm-en-knÂ X§-Ä h©n-¡-s¸«p. kwJy I£n-IÄ PÀ½³ P\-Xsb
Ah-tlfn-¨p. _en-bm-Sm¡n. Hcp-a- sImv am{Xta c£-bp-Åq. F¶v
]dªv `b-s ¸-Sp¯n lnäveÀ B[n-Imcw t\Sn.
25 \qäm-p-I -fmbn PqX-·msc C¯-c-¯nÂ ]cp-h-s¸-Sp¯n Hcp an¨v
tNÀ¯n-c n-¡p-¶p. PqX-· mÀs¡-Xn-cmb AXn-{I-a-§-fpsS tcJ-I Ä IrXy-
ambn kq£n-¨n-c n-¡p-¶p. PqX-·m-cpsS AXn-{I-§Ä Hgn-hm-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.
tdmanÂ PqX-·m-c psS {][m\ hcp-a m\w ASn-a-¡-¨ -h-S-¯nÂ \n¶p-Å-X m-bn-
cp¶pþ Pqhnjv F³ssk-t¢m-] o-Unb. 1300þ 1650 PqX -]m-em-b -\-¯nsâ
\mfp-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p. AtX Ime-L«w Xs¶-bmWv \thm-°m-\-¯nsâ Ime-
L-«hpw. Fhn-sS-sbms¡ PqX-· mÀ H¯p-Iq-Sntbm Ahn-s S-s bms¡ AhÀ
aäp P\-§-fnÂ \n¶pw amdn {]tXyIw kaq-l-§Ä krjvSn¨p. B´-cn-
Ihpw _mlyhpw km¼-¯n-Ihpamb Imc-W-§Ä AXn\v hgn-sbm-c p¡n.
B[p\nI PqX-·mÀ Gjy³ càw DÄtNÀ¶-h -cmWv A[n-Ihpw . skssa-
änIv F¶mÂ sl{_m-bnIv AÃ . B[p-\nI PqX³amÀ s]mXp-hnÂ [\n-I-
·m-c mWv 14þmw \qäm-nsâ BZy L«-¯nÂ t]mf- nÂ F¯n-tNÀ¶ PqX-
·mÀ Imkn-a nÀ H¶m-asâ £W-{]-Imcw F¯n-t¨À¶-X mWv . At±lw PqX-
kzm-[o\w Gsd-bp- m-bn-cp¶ hyànbpw. t]mf- nsâ 3þmas¯ hn`-P\w
djy³ Ncn-{Xs¯ Imcy-ambn kzm[o-\n-¨p. hn`-P-\-¯nsâ ê-a mbn djy-
tem-I-¯nse Gähpw A[nIw PqX-·msc DÄs¡m-Åp¶ cmjv{S-a mbn.
]n¶oSt§m«v PqX-·m-cpsS kzm[o\w Gsd-bm-bn-cp-¶p. djy³ cmP`-c-W-
¯nsâ Aýw Ipdn-¨Xv PqX-·m-cm-bn-cp¶p. 1917 se HIvtSm-_À hn¹-h-
¯n\p ap³]v Hcp \qäm-tmfw Imes¯ djy³ kml-N-cy-§-Ä a\-Ên-em-
¡msX I½yq-Wnkw kb-Wnkw Ch-sb-¡p-dn¨v a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶-X n\v km[y-
a-Ã. 10þmw \qäm-nÂ t]mf-nÂ JkmÀ PqX·m-c p-m-bn-cp-¶p. djy-
599
bnepw. 13,14,15 \qämpI-fnÂ ]Sn-ªm-d³ PqX-·msc t]mfv £Wn-¨ -

t¸mÄ djy³ cmP-`-cWw AXn\v A\p-a Xn \ÂIn-bn-c p-¶n-Ã.
{Inanb apXÂ _mÄ«nIv DÄ¡-SÂ hsc-bpÅ {]tZ-i¯v PqX-
·mÀ am{Xw Xma-kn-¨ n-cp-¶p. AXnsâ hnkvXoÀ®w ]Sn-ªm-d³ bqtdm-
¸nsâ ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw. 1917 HmsS 70 e£w PqX-·mÀ Ahn-sS-bp- m-b n-c p-¶p.
temI PqX- P-\-kw-Jy-bpsS ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw. Ahn-s S-¯-s¶-bm-bn-c p-¶p
I½yq-Wn-khpw kb-Wn-khpw hfÀ¶v hnI-kn-¨ -Xv. Fhn-s S-s bÃmw PqX-
·mÀ IqSn-tb-dn-bn-c p¶pthm Ahn-sS-sbÃmw Ah hf-c p-I bpw sNbvXp.
temI I½yq-Wn-k¯nsâ hfÀ¨bv¡v ASn-¯-d-bm-bXv Ahn-S-a m-Wv.
Ct¸mÄ PqX P\-kwJy-bpsS ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw Ata-cn-¡-bn-em-Wv. AXnÂ
A[n-Ihpw djy-bnÂ \n¶v AsÃ-¦nÂ Ah-cpsS ]n³X-e-a p-d-¡mÀ.
XpS¡w apXÂ kmÀ N{I-hÀ¯n, djy³ k¼Zv hyh-Øbpw
kwkv¡m-chpw PqX-· m-c p-tS-X nÂ \n¶v AI-¶p-\ nÂ¡p-¶-Xn\v {i²n-¨n-cp-
¶p. 1772 se {]Jym-]\w ]d-ªn-c p-¶Xv PqX-·mÀ¡v djy-bnÂ Xma-kn-¡p-
¶-Xn\v XS-Ê-a nÃ F¶mÂ Nne `mK-§-fnÂ am{X-s a-¶mWv. AXn\p ]pd¯v
IÀ-i -\-amb hne-¡p-I-fp-m-bn-c p¶p. 1897 se sk³kkv kqNn-¸n-¨Xv 94
iX-a m\w djy³ Pq-X-· mcpw AXn-cp-IÄ¡p-ÅnÂ Xs¶-bm-bn-c p¶p
F¶mW.v 6 iX-a m\w am{Xw aäv `mK-§-fnepw GI-tZiw 125 hÀj-§-Ä
AhÀ AXn-\-I¯v HXp-§n-¡qSn. AXnÂ\n-¶pw bn±njv `mj-kw-km-cn-
¡p¶ PqX-·mÀ ]nd-h n-s b-Sp-¯p. AhnsS¯s¶-bmWv kb-Wn-khpw
I½yq-Wn-khpw P·-sa-Sp-¯-Xv.
Ae-Ivkm-À H¶m-asâ Ime¯v \nb-a-§-fnÂ Cf-hp-mbn.
F¶mÂ At±-l-¯nsâ ]n³Kman \nt¡mfmkv H¶m-a ³ PqX hntcm-[n-bm-
bn-cp-¶p. PqX-·mÀ¡v \nÀ_-ÔnX ssk\nI tkh\w GÀs¸-Sp¯n. djy³
hXv¡-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn PqX-· mÀ¡v kuP\y hnZym-`ymkw GÀs¸-Sp-
¯n. PqX Ipªp-§Ä¡v lmPÀ \nÀ_-Ôn-X-a m¡n. 19þmw \qäm-nÂ. 1914
Â t]mepw PqX CXc P\-X-bpsS 55 iX-\ maw am{Xw kvIqÄ hnZym-`ymkw
t\Sn-b-h-c m-bn-c p¶p. djy³ hnZym-`ymkw s]mXpsh D¶-X À¡p-am{Xw A\p-
h-Zo-\-a m-bn-c p-¶p. A¯cw hnZym-`ymkw djy-bnse Gähpw hnZym-`ymkw
t\Snb P\-X-bmbn PqX-·msc amän-s b-Sp-¯p. AXv kmÀ `-cWIqS-¯nsâ
\mi-¯n\v Imc-W-a m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ae-Ivkm-À cm-asâ `cWw
PqX-·m-cpsS Gähpw \Ã- Im-L-«-a m-bn-c p¶p. KhÀ¬saânÂ ]¦p-tN-cp-¶-
Xn\v XpS-§n-bn-cp-¶p. kÀÆ-I-em-ime hnZym-`ymkw t\Sn-b-hsc Kh-¬saâv
tPmen¡v tNÀ¯n-c p¶p. kmt¦-XnI hnZym-`ymkw t\Sn-b -hÀ¡v djy-bnÂ
Fhn-sSbpw Xma-kn¡mw F¶p h¶p. F¶mÂ `qcn-] £w PqX-· mcpw
IÀi\ \nb-a -§Ä¡v hnt[-b-cm-th Ah-Ø-bn-em-bn-cp-¶Xv FXnÀ¸v
krjvSn-¨n-cp-¶p.
1866 Â At±-ls¯ h[n-¡m³ \S¶ {ia-¯n-\p-tijw Ae-
Ivkm-À cm-a ³ IÀi\ \nb-a-§Ä sImp-h-¶p. 1879 Â cm-aXpw
1880 Â aq¶maXpw h[-{iaw \S-¶p. 1881 Â PqX -kv{Xo-bpsS ho«nÂ
600
\S¶ KqVm-tem-N\ hnPbw Ip. Ah-c psS t]cv slknb slÂ^va ³.

Ae-Ivkm-À cm-a³ h[n-¡-s¸«p. hnime a\-kvI-\mb Ae-Ivkm-À
cm-asâ \S-]-Sn-bnÂ Xr]vX-cm-hm-¯-hÀ H¶p-sImpw Xr]vX -cm-hnÃ
F¶v s]mXp -[m-c-W-bp- m-b n. kmÀ N{I-h À¯nbpw PqX-·mcpw X½nÂ
Poh³a-cW kacw Bcw-`n-¨ p. 1882 tabv , \nb-a-§Ä \ne-hnÂ h¶p.
]pXnb kÀ¡mÀ N«-§Ä. AXv hmWn-Pys¯ XIÀ¯p. km¼-¯nI
XIÀ¨ h¶p tNÀ¶p. tdm¯vjoÂUp-ambn òa-a mb hmbv]-¡pÅ NÀ¨
]qÀ¯n-bm-bn. PqX-·m-cpsS t\À¡pÅ AXn-{Iaw Ah-km-\n-¸n-¨n-sÃ-¦nÂ
hmbv] \ÂIp-¶p-m-hnÃ F¶v Adn-bn-¸p- m-bn. Bân skssa-änkw
A´m-c mjv{S hym]mc _Ô-§sf _m[n-¨ p. AXv {^mt¦m djy³ Iq«p-s I-
«n\v hgn-s bm-cp¡n. sam¯w P\-kwJy 4.2 iX-\maw am{Xw h¶n-cp¶ PqX
P\-kwJy djy³ k¼Zv hyh-Ø-bpsS XIÀ¨¡v Imc-W-a mbn.
cmjv{S¯nsâ A´m-cmjv{S \ne\nÂ]pw ]cp-§-en-embn. PqX -Ip-ªp-
§Ä¡v sam¯w P\-kw-Jy-bpsS A\p-]m-X-¯nÂ am{Xw hnZym-e-b-§-fnÂ
{]th-i \w A\p-h-Zn-¨p. tabv 23 \v KpÂkvs_ÀKnsâ t\Xr-X z¯nÂ PqX-
·mÀ Ae-Ivkm-À 3þmat\mSv {]Xn-tj[w Adn-bn-¨p.
AXn\v adp-]-Sn-b mbn kmÀ Ae-I vkm-À ]d-ªXv “PqX-·mÀ
In«nb Ah-kcw D]-tbm-Kn¨v djy-bnse aäv Zcn{Z P\-X-sbbpw cmPys¯
Xs¶bpw h©n¡p-Ibpw AXv P\-X-bpsS `mK-¯p-\n¶pw FXnÀ¸n\v Imc-
W-am-hp-I-bpw- sN¿v-Xp. AXns\ XpSÀ¶v A{I-ahpw IhÀ¨bpw. AXnÂ
\n¶pw hntam-N\w t\Sp-¶-Xn\v IÀi\ \S-] -Sn-IÄ Bh-iy-amWv. ( Russia
and Turkey in the 19th Century .By. E.W Latimer )
Cu A´-co-£-¯n-emWv amÀIvkn-khpw kb-Wn-khpw djy³
PqX-·m-cpsS CS-bnÂ kzm[o\w t\Sp-¶X.v Ch cp BZyw {]N-c n-¸ n-¨ Xv
]Snªm-d³ kzm[o-\-a p-m-bn-cp¶ PÀ½³ PqX-·m-cmWv .1880 Â kb-Wn-
k¯nsâ hàmhv Xntbm-UÀ slÀkÂ djy-bnÂ {]-hÀ¯\w Bcw-`n-¨p.
djy³ PqX-·mÀ cnÂ H¶v sXc-s ª-Sp-¡p-¶ -Xn\v Imc-W-a m-bn.
1901 \pw 1906 \pw CS¡v PqX -{]m-ap-Jy-a p-m-bn-c p¶ tkmjyÂ dh-eq-j-
Wdn ]mÀ«n-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ cmP- `-c-W-Iq-S-¯nse 6 D¶-X-· msc h[n-
¨p. 1) s_msKm-s e-t]mhv . hnZym-`ym-k-a{ń 2) kn]n-bm-Kn³ . B`y-´-c -
a{ń 3) t_mKvUm-t\m-h n¨vþbq^-bnse KhÀWÀ 4) hnb-s N-emhv thm¬
t¹sh þ {][m-\-a {ń 5) skÀPn {]`p . kmÀ N{I-hÀ¯n-bpsS A½m-h³
6) Up{_m-tÊmhv þ ssk\nI ta[mhn, tamkvtIm {]t£m-`s¯ ASn-¨ -
aÀ¯nb hyàn.
CXnsâsbÃmw \nb-{´Ww PqX-\mb tKÀjqWn. tkmjyÂ
deq-j-W dn ]mÀ«n-bpsS òIc hn`mKw Xe-h³. B{I-a W hn`mKw Xe-h³
sbhvt\m Atkhv Xp¶Â¡m-c sâ aI³. ]mÀ«nbpsS Øm]I t\Xm-¡-
fnÂ HcmÄ. \ns¡m-fmkv cm-a s\ h[n-¡p-¶-Xn\v {ian-¨p.- F-¦ nepw ]cm-
601
P-b-s ¸«p . Atk-hns\ 1909 Â Xq¡n-teän. sKÀjqWn Poh-]-cy´w XS-hn-

embn. ]mÀ«nbpsS òI-c -{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v hncm-a-a mbn. cmP IpSpw-_mw-K-
§Ä acW òXn-bnÂ s]«n-cp-¶p. ]n¶oSv N{I-hÀ¯n-bpsS km¶n-²y-¯nÂ
Xs¶ asämcp {][m\ a{ń shSn-h¨v hogv¯s¸«p. 1905 se hn¹-h-¯n\v
XpS-¡-a mbn. bp²-¯nsâ A´-c o-£-¯nÂ BÀXÀ Xpd-a pJw P¸m³ Iog-
S¡n. XpSÀ¶p-mb kwL-«-\-§Ä hn]p-e-a m-I p-¶Xv XS-bp-¶-Xn\p thn
AwKo-I-c n-¡-s¸« sXmgn-emfn kwL-S-\ -bpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ N{I-hÀ¯n-
tbmSv \nth-Z\w \S-¯p-¶-Xn\v ]ptcm-ln-X ³ Kmt]m-Wnsâ IognÂ sXmgn-
em-fn-IÄ kmam-[m\]c-a mbn bm{X-bmbn. F¶mÂ sIm«m-c -¯nÂ \qdp- I-
W-¡n\v sXmgn-em-fn-I Ä shSn-h¨v hogv¯-s¸-«p. AIm-c-W-ambn. AXv
]n¶oSv »Un k¬tU F¶dnb-s ¸-«p. \nt¡m-fmkv cm-a ³
Øe¯pmbn-c p-¶n-Ã. 1905 se hn¹-h-¯n-\pÅ ASn-¯-d-bmbn.
PqX-·m-c mb amÀIvkn-Ìp-I-tfmSv sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ I®n-tNÀ¶p.
»Un k¬tU djy-bnse hymh-km-bnI P\-Xsb PqX-· m-c psS \nb-{´-W -
¯n-ep- m-bn-cp¶ hn¹h {]Øm-\ -¯n-te¡v F¯n-¨ p. P\p-h-cn-bnÂ
Dmb kacw kmbp-[- I-em-]-a mbn amdn. 2000 Hmfw a\p-jyÀ h[n-¡-s ¸-«p.
]n¶oSv ]e ka-c-§fpw kwL-«-\-§fpw. HIvtSm-_À 26 \v kzbw {]Jym-
]nX Kh¬saâv “]oäÀkv_ÀKv tkmhn-bäv” \ne-h nÂ h¶p. XpS¡w
apXÂ sa³sjhn¡p-IÄ¡m-bn-c p¶p ap³Xq-¡w. 1905 se hnPbw
t{SmSvkvInsb t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ F¯n-¨p. Xma-kn-bmsX t{SmSvkvI nbpw
Iq«cpw Ad-Ì-embn. ]n¶oSv hn]p-e-amb ka-c-§Ä. Kh¬saâv taÂssI -
t\Sn. hn¹-h-¯n\v Aýhpw . {]m[n-\ nXy Kh¬saâv , sXc-sª-Sp-¡-s¸«
`c-W -IqSw þ Uyqa \ne-hnÂ h¶p. H¶mw temI alm-bp²w F¶mÂ
A´-co£w hopw tami-am¡n. 1905 apXÂ 1914 hsc im´-X-bp-m-bn-
cp¶p s]mXp-h nÂ. 85 iX-a m\w hcp¶ djy³ ImÀjnI sXmgn-em-fn-I Ä¡v
]uc-h-Imiw e`y-a mbn. `q]-c n-jvI -cW \nbaw `qan kz´-am-¡p-¶-Xn\pw.
AsXÃmw {][m-\-a {ń ]oäÀ tÌmen-]n³ sImp-h¶ ]cn-jvIm-c-§Ä.
A[nIw t]cpw `qan¡v DS-a-bmbn. hn¹h¯n\v AXv XS-Ê-a m-hp-sa¶v
se\n³ IW-¡p-Iq-«n. 1917 Â `qan ssIb-S-¡pI F¶v se\n³ Blzm\w
sN¿p-t¼mÄ \m-enÂ aq¶p-t]cpw hmkvX-h-¯nÂ `qhp-S-a-I -fm-bn-¡-gn-ªn-
cp-¶p.( Three Who Made A Revolution By Bertram Wolfe )
djy³ Pq-XÀ hn¹-h-¯n-\ p-thn \ne-sIm-p. ]cn-jvI -c-W-
¯n\p thn-bÃ 1906 Â tÌmen-¸ n\p t\sc h[-{iaw \S-¶p. 1911 Â djy
A¶p-h -tc¡pw In-«p-Å-X nÂ h¨v Gähpw \Ã-h-\ mb {][m-\-a -{ń. Iohv
Xob-ädnÂ NS-§nÂ ]s¦-Sp-¡p-t¼mÄ shSn-h¨v hogv¯-s¸-«p. LmX-I³
PqX A`n-`m-j-I³ tamÀsU-Nm-bv t_m-Kv tdm-h v. tÌmen-]nsâ `c-W -] -cn-
jv¡m-c -§-fnÂ ]eXpw At±-l-¯nsâ ac-W-tijw XpSÀ¶p. BZy-ambn
hn¹h ]mÀ«n-I-fpsS Zn\-]-{X-§Ä¡v \nb-a-]-c-amb AwKo-Imcw e`n-¨p.
“H¶mw temI alm-bp²w ssk\n-I -ti-jnsb ]mtS \in-¸n-¨p. 1917
HmsS ssk\yw ]qÀ®-ambpw \in-¸n-¡-s¸«p” (Russia By Bernard pares)
602
ImÀjnI sXmgn-em-fn-I sf [mcm-f-a mbn ssk\y-¯nÂ tNÀ¯p-h¨p. hymh-

km-bnI sXmgn-em-fn-I-tfbpw. AhÀ¡p ]Icw DÄ{Km-a-§-fnÂ \n¶pw P\-
Xsb \K-c-¯n-te¡v sImv h¶p. AhÀ \Kc Pohn-X-hp-a mbn s]mcp-¯-
s¸-Sp-¶ -Xn\v hnj-a n-¨ p. Ahsc Cf¡n adn-¡p-¶Xv Ffp-¸-a m-bn-c p-¶p.
djy³ hn¹hw GXm\pw Nne hyàn-IÄ am{Xw tNÀ¶v \S-¯n-b-X mW.v
PqX-c-Ãm¯ P\-X-bpsS 85 iX-am-\hpw {Kma-§-fn-em-bn-c p-¶p. PqX -P-\ X
\K-c -§-fnepw. {Kmao-W -P-\X cmjv{So-b-a mb Imcy-§-fnÂ ]s¦-Sp-¯n-cp-
¶nÃ, djy³ PqX-cnÂ A[n-Ihpw hnZym-`ymk anÃm-¯-hcpw (Universal
Jewish Encyclopedia)
F¶mÂ hnZym-`ymkw t\Snb djy³ P\-X-bpsS `qcn-`m-Khpw PqX-
·m-bn-c p-¶p. 4.2 iX-am\w am{Xw hcp¶ djy³ PqXÀ kmt¦-X nI hnZym-
`ymkw t\Sn-b- P-\-X-bpsS 87 iX-am\w hcp-am-bn-cp-¶p. PqX- P-\X Xn§n-
¸mÀ¯n-cp¶ `mK-§-fnÂ bp²w AXn-bmb Poh-\miw hcp¯n. 1914 Â
PqX -P-\-kwJy 70 e£-t¯mfw am{X-a mbn (Universal Jewish
Encyclopedia) .
AXnÂ Gdnb ]¦pw djy³ t]mf-nÂ. bp² `qan-I-bnÂ.
`qcn-`m-Khpw N{I-hÀ¯n-tbm-SpÅ hntcm[w ImcWw PÀ½\n¡v A\p-Iq-e-
am-bn-cp¶p. AXv a\-Ên-em-¡n-bn-s «-t¶mWw 5 e£-t¯mfw PqX-·msc
AhnsS \n¶v amän, \K-c -§-fnÂ sImv tNÀ¡p-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-a mbn.
bp²w apt¶-dn-b-X-\ p-k-c n¨v kmÀ N{I-h À¯n-tbmSv hntcm[apÅ PqX-·mÀ
\K-c -§-fnÂ F¯n-s ¸-«p.
amÀ¨v 1917 Â skbvâv]otäÀkv_ÀKnÂ hn¹hw . `£y- £maw
{][m\ Imc-W-a m-bn-cp-¶p. H¶mw temI alm-bp-²-¯nsâ 3þmw hÀjw.
skbvâv] o-täÀkv_ÀKv djy-bpsS Bbp-[ -\nÀ½mW tI{µw Bb-Xp-
sImv djy-bnse Gähpw A[nIw sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ \nh-kn-¨n-cp¶ \Kcw.
PqX kaqlw IpSn-tb-dn-¸mÀ¯n-c p¶ {]tZ-i-¯ n\p shfn-bnÂ Gähpw
IqSp-XÂ PpX-·m-cp-m-bn-cp-¶Xpw skbvâv]otäÀkv_ÀKv. KXm-KX
kuIcyw \in-¨ Xpw hyh-kmb ime-IÄ AS-¨p-]q-«n-bXpw {]m[m\yw
AÀln-¡p¶ kw`-h-§-fmWv. `£y-ZuÀe`yw cq£-a mbn. AtX XpÀ¶v
A{I-a-§Ä km[m-c-W-a m-b n.(Donald Thompson in Russia By Donald
Thompson)
ssk\yw ta[m-h n-I Äs¡Xnsc Xncnªp. N{I-hÀ¯n hkvXp-X-I Ä
a\-Ên-em-¡m-sX-t¶mWw \S-]-Sn-IÄ FSp¯p. Hcp hn`mKw ssk\yw hn¹-h-
Im-c n-I-tfmSv tNÀ¶p. amÀ¨vv 12 \v djysb XpSÀ¶v `cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p -thn 2
{]Øm-\-§Ä cq]o-I-cn-¡-s ¸-«p. AXnÂ H¶v {]n³kv evthmhvsâ t\Xr-Xz-
¯nÂ 12 AwK-§Ä The provincial committee of Duma AXv t_mÄj-hn-
¡p-I Ä HIvtSm-_ -dnÂ Ahsc ]pd-¯m-¡p-¶-Xp-hsc XpÀ¶p . AXv `cWw
\S-¯n-bn-cp-¶Xv Petersberg soviet F¶ {]Øm-\-¯nsâ Iogn-emW.v
Petersberg soviet sa³j-hn-¡p-Ifpw t_mÄj-hn-¡p-Ifpw \nb-{ń-¡p-¶-Xm-
bn-cp¶p. ap³Xq¡w sa³j-h n-¡p-IÄ¡pw. djy³ tkm-jyÂ sUsam-{Im-
603
änIv ]mÀ«nbnse Xs¶, tkmjyÂ dheq-j-W dn ]mÀ«n, Xmc-X-tay\

sNdpXpw. {ItaW t_mÄj-hn-¡p-IÄ \nb-{´Ww Gsä-Sp-¡p¶ \ne-bn-
embn. AXns\ XpSÀ¶v HIvtSm-_À hn¹hw. se\nsâ A²ym-] -I³ tPmÀPv
s¹-J -t\mhv. {InkvXym\n. 1880 Â djy-b nÂ \n¶pw HmSn-t¸mbn.
kznävkÀe³UnÂ Xma-k-a mbn. AhnsS thcm kkq-en¨v, entbm -Uyqjv,
BIvsktemÀUv F¶o PqX-·m-tcm-sSm¸w At±lw Group for the
Emancipation of the Labour Øm]n¨p. 1901 hsc t\Xr-Xzw -s¹-J-t\m-h nsâ
ssI¿nÂ. ]o¶oSv se\n³ s¹J-t\m-hnsâ i{Xp-hmbn. se\n³ bYmÀ°
\maw hvf mUn-a nÀ CÃn¨v DÃym-t- \mh,v P\\w sa¨-s¸« IpSpw-_-¯nÂ. Ae-
Ivkm-À cm-asâ h[ {ia-¯nÂ ]¦p tNÀ¶-X n\v aq¯ ktlm-Z-c ³
h[n-¡-s¸-«-Xp-s Im-mImw se\n³ hn¹-h-Im-cn-bmbn. {]t£m-`-§-fnÂ
]¦p-tNÀ¶-Xn\v se\n³ Pbn-en-embn. PbnÂ tamNn-X-\ mb se\n³ 1897 Â
PqX- a-X-¡m-cn-bmb `mcy-sbbpw Iq«n- ssk-_-c n-b-bn-te-¡p-t]mbn. \mSp-I-S-
¯-s ¸-«-Xp-sImv ( Lenin By Donald P Geddes ).
1900 Â Ckv{I F¶ {]kn-²o-I -cWw XpS-§n-bXv, se\n³

cmjv{Sob t\Xmhv F¶ \ne-bnÂ DbÀ¯-s ¸-Sp-¶-X n\v Imc-W-a mbn.
t]mfnjv tkmjyÂ sUtam-{Imävkv (tdmk eIvkw-_ÀKv) Pqbnjv _³Uv
]ns¶ aäp kwL-S-\-I Ä FÃmw tNÀ¶v djy³ tkmjyÂ sUsam-{Im-änIv
tebv_À ]mÀ«n cq]o-I-c n¨p. ]n¶oSv AXv I½yqWnÌv ]mÀ«n-bm-bn. Ckv{I
A¨-Sn-¨n-c p-¶Xv PÀ½-\n-bnÂ. Ipd¨p \mÄ FUn-täm-dn-bÂ t_mÀUv AwK-
§Ä e-\ nÂ kt½-fn-¨n-cp¶p 1903 Â XncnsI P\o-h-bn-te¡v. AhnsS
\n¶pw A\-[n-Ir-X-a mbn IS-¯n-s Im-p-h¶v djy-bnÂ hnX-cWw \S-¯n-bn-
cp-¶p. AXv kaÀ¸n-X-cmb hn¹-h-I m-c n-Isf krjvSn-¨ p. AhÀ Ckv{InÌvkv
F¶-dn-b-s ¸«p. AhÀ ]ncnªv sa³j-h n-¡p-Ifpw t_mÄj-hn-¡p-I-fp-a mbn.
I½yq-WnÌv t\Xm-¡Ä sXmgn-em-fn-I -fm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. adn¨v sa¨-s¸« hnZym-
`ymkw t\Sn-b-hÀ. 1903 Â hnhn[ amÀIvk nÌv kwL-S-\-IÄ Iq«n-tbm-Pn-¸n-
¡p¶-Xn\p thn {i-an-¨p. F¦nepw hnP-bn-¨n-Ã. s_ÂPnbw
{_sÊÂknÂ t]meokv CS-s ]-«-Xns\ XpSÀ¶v e-\n-te¡p amän. [\- k-
am-lc- -W-¯ n\p thn IhÀ¨bpw X«n-s¡m-p-t]m-I epw, se\n³ ]£-
¡m-c mb t_mÄj-h n-¡p-I-fpsS ]cn-]m-Sn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Gähpw {][m-\-s ¸-«Xv
Ìmensâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ \S¶ än^vfnkv _m¦v IhÀ¨. sa³j-hnIv
amÀt«mhpw, tdmk eIvkw-_ÀKpw CXns\ FXnÀ¯n-c p-¶p. AsX XpSÀ¶v
]nSnbn-emb tabÀ hmÃm¨vþbYmÀ° \maw ^nÂs¢-Ìo³þ ]n¶oSv Adn-b-
s¸-«Xv amIvknw enäzn-t\mhv ]n¶oSv hntZi Imcy- I-½n-Êm-dm-bn.
1917 amÀ¨v hn¹-hs¯ XpSÀ¶v Øm-]n-X-a mb XmXv¡m-enI Kh-
h¬saânÂ Hcp tkmjy-enÌv am{X-am-Wp-m-bn-c p-¶-X v. sIc³kvIn. aäp-
Å-hÀ Uyqa-bnse D¶X hÀKw. CSXp Nmbvhpm-bn-c p-¶-hÀ. t\XrXzw
{]n³kv evthmhv. en_-dÂ. AhÀ 12 t]À. F¶mÂ hn¹-h-¯nÂ ]s¦-Sp-¯-
h-cm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. {ItaW AhÀ iàn {]m]n-¨p.- Pq-sse -t_mÄjhnIv
{]t£m-`s¯ ASn-¨-a À¯n. PÀ½-\n-s¡-X n-c mb bp²w XpSÀ¶p. XmXv¡m-
604
enI Kh¬saâv IqSp-XÂ ka-bhpw bp²-¯n\p thn sNe-h-g n¨p. AXv

\mSp-I-S-¯-s ¸« hn¹-I m-c n-I sf XncnsI hcp-¶-Xn\v A\p-h-Zn-¨p. AXv A]-
ISw £Wn¨p hcp-¯n.
ssk_o-cn-b-bnÂ \n¶v 80,000 t]À kznävkÀe³Uv, {^m³kv
XpS§n aäp cmPy-§-fnÂ \n¶v 10,000 t]À. kmÀ N{I-h À¯n-s¡-Xnsc
{]hÀ¯n-¨-hÀ F¶ \ne-bnÂ km[m-c-W-¡m-cpsS CS-bnÂ AhÀ _lp-am-
\n-¡-s¸-«p. km[m-c-W-¡mÀ CSXp cmjv{S-ob¯n-tebv¡v ASp-¯p.
( Russian Bolshevik Revolution By Edward Alsworth Ross )
B Iq-«-¯nÂ s]-«-h-c m-bn-c p¶p Ìmen³ , se\n³ ,
amÀt«mhv , t{SmkvIn. AtXmsS hn¹hw \bn-¡p-¶-X n\pth t\Xm-¡-
fmbn. hyh-kmb ime-I Ä , Kh¬saâv Hmô-kp-IÄ , hnZym-e-b-§Ä,
ssk\yw FÃmw PqX-·m-cpsS \nb-{´-W-¯n-embn. I½yq-WnÌv FIvkn-I yq-
j³ sNbvw-t_-g vknÂ ]Xn-\m-bn-c-¡-W-¡n\v a\p-jysc h[n¨p. 50 e£w
`qhp-S-a -IÄ ap³IqÀ X¿m-dm-¡nb ]²Xn A\p-k-cn¨v Blmw e`n-¡m-Xn-cp-
¶-Xn-\mÂ ac-W-s ¸«p. D¶X \ne-bnÂ Ign-ªn-c p¶ Hmtcm-cp-¯cpw h[n-
¡-s¸«p. ASn-a-the Iym¼p-I-fnÂ 1.5 tImSn AwK-kwJy hÀ²n-¨p.
{]mÀ°\m-e-b-§Ä XIÀ¡-s¸«p. kÀÆhpw \nb-{´W hnt[-b-a mbn.
{]t£m`w km[y-a-Ã. XmXv¡m-enI Kh¬saân\p t\tc-\-S¶ {]t£m`w
sIc³kvIn ASn-¨ -aÀ¯n . At\Iw hn¹-h-Im-c n-IÄ h[n-¡-s ¸-«p.
{]kvXpX kw`hw July Days F¶v Adn-b-s¸-Sp¶p. XmXv¡m-enI
Kh¬saâv _qÀjz-I-fpsS D]-I-c Ww F¶v se\n³ hne-bn-c p-¯n-X m-bn-
cp¶p {]t£m`w Bcw-`n-¡p-¶ -X n\v ImcWw. Pqse 20 \v {]n³kv evthmhn-
\p-]-Icw sIc³kvIn {][m-\-a -{ń-bmbn. sIc³kvIn PÀ½-\ n-s ¡-Xnsc P\-
tcm£w DbÀ¯n hn«p F¶mÂ AXv hnPbw In-Ã. kzm[o\w A[nIw
Iv Ipdªp.
Stalin : An appraisal of the man and his influence By Lev trotsky

Lenin By David Shub
Behind the lron Curtain By John Gunther
imkv{Xhpw kmt¦-XnI hnZybpw hfsc thK-¯nÂ apt¶-dp¶p. D]-tbm-K-

iq-\y-a mb ta· Ipdª ]g-bh Dt]£¨v ]pXn-bh ]Icw h¡p-¶-Xn\v
\ap¡v aSn-bnÃ. F¶mÂ aX-] -c-a mb Imcy-§-fnÂ, kmaq-lnI Imcy-§-fnÂ
AXÃ ØnXn. ImgvN-¸mSv amdp-¶Xv AXohw ITn-\-a mWv. sXfn-hp-s -¦nÂ
t]mepw.
amÀIvkv aX-§sf Xnc-kvI-cn-t¡--Xpv F¶p ]dªp. AXv
km¦Â]nI-amb kt´m-js¯ am{Xw \ÂIp¶p F¶pw. a\p-jyÀ¡v
Bhiyw hmkvX-h-amb kt´m-j-am-sW¶pw. amÀIvknsâ buÆ\ Ime-
605
¯nsâ Bcw-`-¯nÂ At±lw Hcp {InkvXp-a X hnizm-kn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. At±-

l-¯nsâ BZy-c -N\ The Union of the faithful with Christ.
kvIqÄ hnZym-`ymk Ime¯v amÀIvkv FgpXnb
Hcp- te-J-\-¯nÂ “\in-¸ n-¡pI” F¶v Bdv {]mhiyw BhÀ¯n¨v {]tbm-
Kn-¨n-«p- m-bn-c p-¶p. kl-]m-Tn-IÄ Bcpw A{]-Imcw sNbvX n-«p-m-bn-cp-¶n-
Ã. amÀIvkn\v AXp-Im-cWw Destroy F¶v Cc-«-t¸cv h¶p. At±lw a\p-
jy-I p-es¯ Nhdv Human Trash F¶mWv hnti-jn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶X.v AhÀ
sX½m-Sn-¡q«w F¶pw. A[nIw Xma-knbmsX amÀIvkv aX hntcm-[n-b m-bn.
At±lw Hcp Ihn-X-bnÂ FgpXn “apI-fn-en-cp¶v \s½ \bn-¡p-¶-ht\mSv
F\n¡v ]Icw hot«--Xp-v”. At±lw t`Z-s ¸« IpSpw-_-¯nÂ P\n¨p.
sNdp-¸-Im-e¯v Zmcn{Zyw A\p-`-hn-t¡n h¶nÃ. aäpÅ ]e hnZyÀ°n-I -
tf-¡mfpw \Ã \ne-bnembncp-¶p. sNdp{]mb-¯nÂ kpµ-c -amb kz]v\-§Ä
kq£n-¡p-¶ PohnXw Icp-¸n-Sn-¡p-¶-Xn\v X¿m-sd-Sp-¡p¶ Ime-L-«-¯nÂ
At±-l-¯nsâ “\ncm-im-`-cn-X-\mb a\p-jysâ {]mÀ°\” F¶ Ihn-X-bnÂ
Fgp-Xp-¶p. “F¶nÂ \n¶pw ssZhw Fsâ FÃmw X«n-sb-Sp-¯p. im]-¯n-
tâbpw ]n³Xp-W-bp-s Sbpw hn[n-b nÂ. Ahsâ hm¡p-I -sfÃmw
HmÀ½bv¡pw A¸pdw t]mbn-¡-g n-ªp. F\n¡v sN¿m³ Ign-bp-¶Xv {]Xn-
Imcw am{Xw”.
“amÀIvkv \n§sf kvt\ln-¡-W-s a-¶p-s-¦ nÂ \n§Ä At±-ls¯
Bcm-[n-¡Ww At±lw \n§sf kln-¡-W-sa-¶p-s -¦nÂ \n§Ä At±-
ls¯ `b-s¸-Sp-I-sb-¦nepw thWw {`mń-t\m-S-Sp-¯-X-c-¯ nÂ At±lw
Al-¦m-cn-bmWv” _¡q-\ nv³
sNIp-¯m³ tkh \S-¯p¶ ]ptcm-ln-X³ {]mÀ°\m ]pkvX-I-
¯nÂ ]d-ªn-cn-¡p¶ {]mÀ°-\-IÄ FÃmw ]dbpw. F¶mÂ Ah-km-\ -
t¯-XnÂ \n¶pw XpS§n BZy-t¯-XnÂ F¯n-t¨-c p¶ Xc-¯n-em-sW¶p
am{Xw
amÀIvknsâ asämcp IhnX
“Ifn-¡m-c ³”
\cI¯nÂ \n¶pÅ Bhn DbÀ¶p h¶v Fsâ Xe-t¨mdv \nd-¡p¶p
Rm³ {`m´-\m-Ip-¶-Xp-hsc, Fsâ lrZbw ]qÀ®-ambn amdp-¶-Xp-hsc
JUvKw In-c pt¶m
Ccp-fnsâ cmPIp-am³ F\n¡v \ÂIn-bXv
At±lw F\n-¡p-thn kabw Adn-bn-¡p¶p
AS-bmf§Ä \ÂIp¶p
A[nIw ss[cy-t¯msS Rm³ ac-W- \r¯w \S-¯p-¶p”.
606
amÀIvkv am{X-a mWv kz´w cN-\-I sf hnkÀPyw F¶pw ]¶n (Swinish)

F¶pw ]d-bp-¶Xv. At±-l-¯nsâ \mSIw “Huem\w” Â FÃm IYm-]m-{X-
§fpw Ah-cpsS Agn-a-Xn-sb-¡p-dn¨v t_m[-hm-·m-Wv. AhÀ AXns\
Xpd¶p ]d-bp-Ibpw BtLm-jn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶p. At±-l¯nsâ IhnX
The Pale Maiden
“kzÀ¤s¯ Rm³ Dt]-£n¨p Ignªp

AXns\ F\n¡v \Ã-h ®w Adnbmw
Fsâ Bßmhv , AXv Hcn-¡Â ssZh-¯n\v kaÀ¸n-¨n-c p¶p
AXv \c-I -¯ns\ sXc-sª-Sp¯p Ign-ªp”.
lnäv-edpw kam-\ -amb Ihn-X-IÄ Fgp-Xp-a m-bn-c p¶p. lnäv-edpw amÀIvkpw

IhnX Fg-pXp¶Xv ]n¶oSv \ndp-¯-em-¡n.
amÀIvknsâ aIÄ Feo-\À Ipªm-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ amÀIvkv
AhÀ¡v IY-IÄ ]dªp sImSp-¡p-a m-bn-c p-¶p. Feo-\ À Gähpw IqSp-
XÂ CjvS-s¸-«n-c p-¶Xv lm³kv tdm¡vÄs\-¡p-dn-¨pÅ IY-bm-b n-c p-¶p.
AXn-s\-¡p-dn¨v Feo-\À ]d-bp¶p “IY ]d-bp-¶Xv amk-§-tfmfw \op
\nÂ¡pw ImcWw AXv hfsc \o-I-Y-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Hcn-¡epw Ah-km-\n-
¡m-¯Xv . lm³kv tdm¡vÄ Hcp `qX-a m-bn-c p-¶p. Ifn-¸m-«-§-fpsS Hcp
ISbpw [mcmfw IShpw. AbmÄ `qX-a m-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw AbmÄ Ft¸mgpw
km¼-¯nI _p²n-a p-« n-em-bn-c p-¶p. AXp-s Imv AbmÄ¡v CjvS-an-Ãm-bn-
cp¶p F¦nepw X\n¡v {]nb-s¸-«-sXÃmw hnÂt¡--X mbn h¶p Hmtcm-
t¶m-tcm-¶mbn. ]nim-Nn\v” Bß-I-Ym-]cw F¶pw tXm¶p-¶ -h. Marx.
By.Robert Payne
tamkkv slÊns\ ]cn-N-b-s¸-«Xv amÀIn-knsâ Pohn-Xs¯ amän-
¯oÀ¯p. tkmjy-enÌv Bi-b-§-fp-ambn ]cn-N-b-] -s]-Sp-¶-Xn\v km[n-¨p.
slÊv ]d-bp-¶p,-tUm-IvSÀ amÀIvkv Fsâ Bcm-[y -]p-c pj³ , At±lw
a²y-Im-e-¯nse aX-§-s fbpw cmjv{So-b-¯n-s\bpw Xpc-¯pw. “I½yq-Wn-
Ìp-I Ä k·mÀKw ]d-bp-t¶-bnÃ” ImÄ amÀIvkv. »mIv amPn-¡nsâ
{][m\ coXn adn¨p sNmÃm-emWv. amÀIvknsâ cN-\-I-fnepw adn¨p sNmÃÂ
[mcm-f-a mbnImWmw. At±-l-¯nsâ ka-Im-eo-\ ³ {]qtYm¬ “Zmcn-{Z-
¯nsâ XXz-imkv{Xw” F¶ ]pkvX Iw cNn-¨-Xn\v amÀIvkv adp-]Sn ]d-
ªXv “XXz-im-kv{X-¯nsâ Zmcn{Zyw” F¶ ]pkvXIw cNn-¨p-s Im-m-Wv.
]ns¶bpw At±l-¯nsâ cN-\-I-fnÂ C¯cw adn¨v {]tbm-K n-¡p-¶Xp
ImWmw. \ap¡v PqXsâ \nKq-VX Ahsâ aX-¯nÂ At\z-j n-¡p-¶-Xn\p
]Icw Ahsâ aX-¯nsâ \nKq-VX PqX-c nÂ At\z-jn-¡mw.
607
amÀIvknsâ XmSnbpw apSnbpw s]cp-amä coXn-Ifpw tPmhm\

ku¯vtIm-«nsâ injy-K-W -§-fp-tS-Xp-t]m-ep- m-bn-cp-¶p. jntem F¶
t{]X-hp-a mbn _Ô-ap- m-bn-c p¶p F¶v Ah-Im-i-s¸-«n-cp¶ B`n-Nm-c-{ Inb
\S-¯n-bn-cp¶ ]ptcm-ln-X-bm-bn-cp¶p tPmhm\ ku¯vtIm«.v amÀIvk,v
sl³{So¨v slbv³sâ Bcm-[-I-\m-bn-cp-¶p. Ah-c psS _Ôw AXohw
Dujva-fhpw kvt\lm-ß-Ihpw. sl³{So¨v slbv³sâ IhnX “Rm³
sNIp-¯ms\ hnfn-¨ p. Ah³ h¶p. Ahsâ apJw Rm³ AÛ-D-X-t¯msS
]cn-tim-[n¨p . Ah³ hncp-]-\Ã, Ah³. _e-lo-\-\Ã, Ah³ {]k-¶-h-Z-
\mWv, BIÀj-Wo-b-a mb-h ³” . sl³{So¨v slbv³ Fgp-Xp¶p “F\n¡v
Hcp B{K-l-apv. Fsâ hmXm-b-\-¯n\p ap¶nÂ GXm\pw hr£-§Ä.
Fs¶ ]qÀ®-a mbpw k´p-jvS-\m-¡-W -s a¶v {]nb-s¸« ssZhw B{K-ln-¡p-
¶p-s -¦nÂ Fsâ i{Xp-¡-fnÂ Btdm Gtgm-t]sc Ah-bnÂ
Xq¡nenSp¶ ImgvN ImWp-¶-Xn\v F\n¡v Ah-k-c -ap-m-I Ww. AhÀ
Ft¶mSv sNbvX FÃm sXäp-IÄ¡pw Ah-cpsS ac-W-tijw Rm³
AhÀ¡v am¸p \ÂIpw. \½Ä \½psS i{Xp-¡-tfmSv s]mdp-¡Ww,
F¶mÂ Ahsc Xp¡n-en-Sp-¶ -Xn\v ap³]Ã. Rm³ {]Xn-Imc Zmln-b-Ã.
F\n¡v Fsâ i{Xp-¡sf kvt\ln-¡W-s a¶v B{K-l-ap-v. F¶mÂ Ah-
tcmSv {]Xn-I mcw sN¿p-¶-Xn-\ p-a p³]-Ã. At¸mÄ am{Xta Fsâ lrZbw
AhÀ¡pthn Xpd-¡p-I-bpÅq . {]Xn-Imcw sN¿p-¶Xp htc¡pw shdp¸v
lrZ-b-¯nÂ Dm-bn-c n-¡pw”. .
amÀIvkv ssZh-h n-tcm-[n-bmWv F¶Xv kXy-am-bn-cn-¡mw.
F¶mÂ \nco-iz-c -hm-Zn-b-Ã.-amÀIvknsâ IrXn-I-fnÂ A[n-Ihpw {]kn-²o-I -
cn-¨n-«n-Ã. The Revolted Man F¶ IrXn-bnÂ BÂ_À«v Imap ]d-bp¶p
amÀIvkn-s âbpw GwKÂkn-tâbpw 30 IrXn-IÄ {]kn-²o-I -cn-¨n-«nÃ F¶v.
dn¨mÀUv hpw{_m³Unsâ sk{I-«dn tamkvtIm-bnse amÀIvkv
C³Ìn-äyq-«n\v, BÂ_À«v Imap F¶ {^©v Fgp-¯p-Im-c³ ]d-bp-¶Xv
icntbm F¶t\zjn¨p-s Imv Fgp-X n. sshkv Ub-d-IvSÀ {]^-kÀ Fw.-a -
ävsN-Uvtemhv adp-]Sn Fgp-Xn-bXv AXv sXämb hmZw F¶m-Wv.
aävs NUvtemhv F¶mÂ BsI 100 Hmfw IrXn-I-fnÂ 13 F®w am{Xsa
{]kn-²o-I -cn-¡-s¸-«n-«pÅq F¶p ]d-ªp.
I¯n-S-] mSv \S-¶Xv 1980 Â. aävsNUvtemhv \ymbo-I-c n-¨ Xv
cmw temI alm-bp-²-t¯msS aäv IrXn-IÄ {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v
km[n-¨ n-Ã. F¶mÂ 35 hÀjw AXohw \ymbo-I -cn-¡-s¸-Sm-\m-h m-¯-X m-Wv.
amÀIvknsâ kzImcy PohnXw Iep-j-a m-b n-c p-¶p. At±-l-¯nsâ cv

s]¬a-¡Ä Bß-l-Xy-s N-bvX p. Hcp aI\pw. t]mj-Im-lm-c -¡p-dhp
\nan¯w 3 Ipªp-§Ä ac-W-a-S-ªp. tkmjy-enÌv e^mÀKp-hns\
hnhmlw sNbvX amÀIvknsâ aIÄ temd-bpsS 3 a¡Ä ac-W-a-S-ªp.
608
temdbpw `À¯mhpw Bß-l-Xy-sN-bvXp. Hcp-an¨v . asämcp aIÄ Feo-\À

AXp-t]mse {ian-¨ p. Feo-\ À ac-W-a -S-ªp. `À¯mhv Bß-l-Xy-bnÂ
\n¶pw ]n³am-dn. Karl Marx: A Psychogram .By. Arnold Kuenzli .
amÀIvkv I½yq-WnÌv am\n-s^-tÌm-bnÂ apX-em-fn-¯-¯n\v FXnsc ITn\
B{I-a Ww \S-¯p-¶p. apX-em-fn¯w sXmgn-em-fn-bpsS `mcy-s bbpw s]¬a-
¡-sfbpw Ah-c psS Bh-iy-§Ä¡mbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. F¶-Xn-\mÂ.
F¶mÂ amÀIvknsâ ho«p-th-e-¡m-c n-bnÂ ( Uoa¯v sle³ ) At±-l-
¯n\v Hcp Ipªp-m-bn-c p¶p. amÀIvkv Aan-X-a mbn aZy-]n-¡p-a m-b n-c p-¶p.
tamkvtIm-bnse amÀIvkv GwKÂkv C³Ìn-äyq«v Ub-d-I vS-dm-bn-c p¶ dn-bm-
k-t\mhv C¡mcyw At±-l-¯nsâ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ Karl Marx: Man thinker
and revolutionist AXv {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶p.
amÀIvkn\v Ahn-lnX _Ô-¯n-epmb Ipªnsâ Ahn-
ln¯nsâ D¯-c -hm-ZnXzw GwKÂkv Gsä-Sp¯p. CXv At±lw Xsâ ac-
W-¡n-S-¡-bnÂ Feo-\-dn-t\mSv ]dªp. Feo-\À amÀIvknsâ Gähpw
{]nb-s¸« aIÄ, At±lw Ahsc äÊn F¶p hnfn-¨p. At±lw ]d-bp-am-
bn-cp¶p äÊn- Rm-\ mWv F¶.v PÀ½³ Zn\-] {Xw Reichsruf 1960 P\p-hcn 9
\v Hcp hmÀ¯ sImSp-¯n-c p-¶p. Hmkv{Sn-b³ Nm³k-eÀ dmt_ \nIn-X -{Iq-
tj-h n\v þ A¶v tkmhn-bäv djy-bpsS Ub-d-IvSÀ þ ImÄ amÀIvknsâ Hcp
I¯v sImSp-¯n-c p¶p Original. {Iqtjhv AXn\v adp-]Sn \ÂIp-I-bp--
mbn-Ã. B I¯v Hmkv{Sn-b³ t]meo-knÂ \n¶pw {]Xn-êw ]än-bn-cp¶
Häp-Im-c-\ m-bn-c p¶p amÀIvkv F¶mWv AX.v amÀIvkpw dqKv Dw X½nÂ
ASp¯ kplr-¯p-¡m-fm-bn-c p¶p AhÀ X½nÂ Dujva-f-amb I¯n-S-]m-Sp-
IÄ \S-¶n-c p-¶p. F¶n«pw dqKn s\¡p-dn¨v clky hnh-c -§Ä amÀIvkv
t]meo-kn\v \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶p. amÀIvkv s]mXp-hnÂ e-\nepw ]mcn-kv,
kznävkÀe³Uv F¶n-h n-S-§-fnepw Hfn-hnÂ X§n-bn-c p¶ hn¹-h-Imcn-
Isf¡pdn-¨pÅ hnh-c -§-fmWv \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶-Xv.
amÀIvknsâ Iep-jn-X-a mb Pohn-X-s ¯-¡p-dn¨v tdmÄhv lyqhÀ
Xsâ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ Genius And Riches {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶p. amÀIvkv
hnZymÀ°n-bm-bn-c n-¡p-t¼mÄ Hcp hÀjw 700 sXbvtegvkv h«-¨n-e-hn-\p-
thn AÑ-\nÂ \n¶pw e`n-¡p-a m-bn-c p-¶p. A¶s¯ P\-kwJybnÂ 5
iX-a m-\ -¯n\p am{Xsa 300 sXbvteÀknÂ IqSp-XÂ hmÀjnI hcp-a m-\ -ap-
m-bn-c p-¶p-Åq. amÀIvkv C³Ìn-äyq«v hne-bn-c p-¯p-¶Xv amÀIvkn\v
GwKÂknÂ \n¶pw BsI 60 e£w {^©v ^m¦vkv e`n-¨n-c p¶p F¶m-Wv.
( BÀ\ÄUv dqK,v slbv³ {So¨v slbv³ F¶-hÀ ]n¶oSv amÀIvkpambn
AI¶p ) amÀIvknsâ Hcp _Ôp acn-¡m-dmbn InS-¶-t¸mÄ At±lw
GwKÂkn\v FgpXn-bXv B \mb acn-¨n-cp-s¶-¦ nÂ Fsâ _m[y-X-IÄ Hgn-
hm-bn-¡n-«p-a m-bn-c p-¶p. (kz-¯nsâ `mKw e`y-am-Ip¶Xp hgn F¶ AÀ°-
¯nÂ) AXn\v GwKÂknsâ adp-]Sn “”XS-Ê-a mbn \nÂ¡p-¶-hsâ tcmK-
¯n\v \µn ]d-b-Ww. Zpc´w DSs\ \S-¶p-In-«p-sa¶v {]Xym-in-¡p¶p””.
1855 Â _Ôp acn-¨-t¸mÄ amÀIkvv GwKÂkn\v FgpXn “\mb acn-¨p.
609
Fsâ `mcy¡v \sÃmcp XpI In«p-s a¶v Icp-Xp-¶p”. amÀIvknsâ A½ acn-

¡p-t¼mgpw X\n¡v h¶p-tNcp¶ kz¯ns\¡p-dn-¨ m-bn-c p¶p At±-l-
¯nsâ Nn´. At±lw GwKÂkn\v FgpXn. “Fsâ A½ ac-W-aSªp
F\n¡v {Snb-dn-te¡v t]mtI--Xpv kz¯-h-Im-i-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Imcy-
§Ä¡m-bn. amÀIvkv F¶mÂ kzIm-c y-kz-¯ns\ Xsâ cN-\-I-fnÂ
FXnÀ¡p-Ibpw sNbvX n-c p-¶p. amÀIvkv F¶ [\-X-Xz-im-kv{X-Ú³
Hmlcn hn]-Wn-bnÂ Ft¸mgpw ]cm-P-b-am-bn-cp-¶p.- amÀIvkpw GwKÂkpw
X½n-epÅ Fgp¯pI-fnÂ AÇoew [mcm-f-a m-bp-m-bn-c p¶p F¶mÂ
lyqa\nk-s¯-¡p-dnt¨m tkmjy-en-k-s ¯-¡p-dnt¨m ]cm-aÀi-§Ä H¶pw
Xs¶-bn-Ã.
GwKÂkv kpµ-c-a mb IrkvXy³ Ihn-X-IÄ Fgp-
Xp-am-bn-cp-¶p. buÆ-\-Im-e¯v At±lw amÀIvkns\ Ip ap«n-b-Xn-\p-
tijw Fgp-Xn. “”{`m´-amb Npa-X-esb ]n³Xp-S-c p¶ CbmÄ Bcm-Wv.
{Snb-dnÂ \n¶pÅ Idp¯ a\p-jy³ ({Sn-bÀ amÀIvknsâ P·-Ø-ew)
{]tXy-I-X -IÄ Gsd-bpÅ òam-Im-c³ At±lw \S-¡p-Itbm HmSp-I tbm
sN¿p-¶n-Ã. At±lw Xsâ D¸q-än-bnÂ NmSn t]mIp-¶p. BImi¯ns\
Iog-S¡n `qanbn-te¡v XÅp-hm³ th tcmj-t¯msS. At¸mÄ Xsâ
ssIIÄ AXohw iàn-bmbn hoip-¶p. apjvSn Npcp-«n¸nSn¨v.- A-t±-l-
¯nsâ tcmjw AS-§p-¶-tX-bn-Ã. Bbncw ]nim-Np-¡Ä Xsâ
apSn¡p¯n\p ]nSn-¨ -am-Xn-cn””.
GwKÂkn-s\bpw I½yq-Wn-Ìm-¡p-¶-Xv,- amÀIvkns\ I½yq-
Wn-Ìm-¡nb tamkkv slÊv Xs¶. GwKÂkp-a mbn Ip-a p-«nb tijw
slÊv Fg-p-Xp-¶p. “F¶nÂ \n¶pw ]ncnªp t]mIp-t¼mtg¡pw AbmÄ
A`n-\n-thiw aq¯ I½yq-Wn-Ìmbn Ign-ªn-cp-¶p. C{]-Im-cw-amWv Rm³
hntZzjw krjvSn-¡p¶-X v “.
“\ni-_vZ-amb Hgn-hm-¡-s¸-Sm-\m-h¯ hn¹hw kaq-l-¯nÂ \S-
¶p hcp-¶p. F{X- ho-Sp-Isf XIÀ¡p¶p F¶v `qan-Ip-ep¡w hnj-a-s ¸-Sm-
¯-X p-t]mse F{X a\p-jysc \in-¸n-¡p¶p F¶v B hn¹-hhpw {]iv\-am-
¡p-¶n-Ã. ]pXnb kl-N-cy-§sf Iog-S-¡m-\m-hm¯ hÀ¤-§fpw PmXn-Ifpw
Iog-S-¡-s ¸Spw”. þ ImÄ amÀIvkv
“Gähpw ]ptcm-KXn {]m]n¨ cmPy-a mb hS-¡³ Ata-cn¡ ASn-a¯
k{¼-Zmbw \ndp-¯ -em-¡n-bmÂ Zcn-{ Zy- cm-Py-a m-bn-¯o-cpw. hS-¡³ Ata-
cn¡ `q]-S-¯nÂ CÃm-Xm-bmÂ B[p-\nI hmWn-Pyhpw kwkv¡m-c hpw
]qÀ®-a mbpw \in¨v Acm-P-IXzw \ne-hnÂ hcpw. ASn-a ¯w \ndp-¯-em-¡n-
bmÂ `q]-S-¯ nÂ \n¶pw Ata-cn¡ CÃm-Xmhpw” ImÄ amÀIvkv, {]qtYm-
Wn\v Fgp-Xn-bXv.
“Ac-\q-äm-n\p tijhpw Bcpw Xs¶ amÀIvkns\ a\-Ên-em-¡n-bn-«nÃ”
se\n³.
610
“{]Y-a -am-bn-«p-ÅXv hÀKo-b-k -a-c-a mWv hÀ¤ kacw cm-a-Xvþ tamkkv

slÊv”
Pdq-k tew PqX-\p-Å-Xm-sW¶v slÀk-en\p ap³]v Bh-i y-a p-¶-bn-¨ Xv
slÊv. At±lw ]d-bp-¶p. PqX³ FÃmän\p-ap-]-c n-bmbn PqX-c m-Py-kvt\-
ln-bm-bn-c n-t¡--Xp-v. tamk-Êns\¡pdn¨v A[nIw hnh-c-§-fn-Ã. F¶mÂ
At±lw aq¶v {]Øm-\-§Ä¡v XpS¡w Ipdn-¨p. I½yq-Wn-kw, hÀ¤o-b-X -
bnepw hntZz-j-¯nepw ASn-Øm-\-a mb kb-W-nkw, en_-td-j³ Xntbm-f-Pn.
Rm³ ]Tn-¸ n-¡p¶ hm¡p-IÄ Ipg-ªp-a -dnªp InS-¡p-¶p. AXp-sImv
Xs¶ Ah-c -hÀ¡v CjvS-apÅ AÀ°w IÂ]n¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. þ amÀIvkv
Poh³ PmXn-bpsS DXv]-¶-a m-Wv. {]Y-a-ambpw þ tamk-kv slÊv
amÀIvkn-tâXv \mi-Im-cn-bmb a\-Êm-Wv. At±-l-¯nsâ a\Êv hntZz-jw-
sImv \nd-ªn-cn-¡p¶p, a\p-jy-t\m-SpÅ kvt\l-t¯-¡m-Ä D-]cn þ
Kyqsks¸ aÊo-\ n.
“{ôta-bvk-W-dn-bpsS Ncn{Xhpw cl-ky-kw-L-S-\-I-fpsS Ncn-{Xhpw
H¶p Xs¶-bm-Wv. AXv kwL-SnX B`n-Nm-c {Inb-I-fpsS Ncn{Xw Xs¶-bm-
Wv. A¯cw Ncn-{X-¯nsâ F{Xbpw k¼qÀ®-am-bXv BÂ_À«v
ss]¡nsâ Morals and dogma” Kmcn F¨v.-Im-lv.( Enroute to global
occupation )
1859 apXÂ 1891 hsc {ôta-bvk-W-dn-bpsS Xe-¸-¯p-m-bn-c p¶p
BÂ_À«v ss]Iv. At±lw ]d-bp-¶Xv FÃm-h n[ B`n-Nm-c -im-kv{X-§-fp-
tSbpw tabvk-W-dn-bp-s Sbpw \nb-{´Ww \S¯p-¶Xv I_m-e. I_m-e-bpsS
]n³X-e-ap-d-¡m-cm-Wv t\mÌn-¡p-IÄ. t¹täm, ^ntem (thm¬ \ns¤),-
sk³Uv-þ-A-th-Ì, -I-_me ]ns¶ Cý,-Cu-Pn]väv F¶n-hn-S-§-fnse Bcm-
[\m {KÙ-§Ä F¶n-h-bnÂ \n¶v t\mÌn-¡p-IÄ Ah-c psS coXn-im-kv{X-
§Ä cq]-s ¸-Sp-¯n. aäp clky kwL-S-\ -IÄ¡p-Å-X p-t]mse Knights
Templars \pw cv Xcw kn²m-´-§-fp-v. H¶v s]mXp-h mb D]-tbm-K-¯n-
\p-Å-X v. asäm¶v AXnse Gähpw D¶-XÀ¡v am{X-a p-Å-X v. {^m³knse
{]n³kv 4þma³ sSw¹-dn-s \-Xnsc IÀi\ \S-]-Sn-I-sf-Sp-¯p. KqVm-tem-N-\,
sNIp-¯m³ tkh F¶n-h-bm-bn-cp¶p Ipä-§Ä. 1310 Â 54 {^©v
sSw¹mÀamsc Poh-t\msS Nps«-cn¨p. ]mco-knÂ. ( Occult Theocracy ).
t]m]v s¢aâv 5þma³ sSw¹m-dns\ \ntcm-[n¨p. 1314 Â {Km³Uv amÌÀ gm¡v
sU -tam-s ebpw 3 A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw Poh-t\msS Npc-s«-cn-¡-s¸«p. At±-l-
¯nsâ t]cnÂ B[p-\nI Masonic order of De molay \ne-hnÂ h¶p.
bphm-¡Ä¡mbn. sSw¹m-dp-IÄ t]mÀ¨p-KenÂ A`bw Is-¯n. acn-¡p-¶-
Xn\p ap³]v sU tamse 4 imJ-I Ä Øm]n-¨n-c p-¶p. s\bv]nÄkv,
FUn³_ÀKv, tÌm¡vtlmw,- ]m-cnkv F¶n-h n-S-§-fnÂ. AXv B[p-\nI
{ôta-bvk-W-dn¡v XpS-¡-an-«p. ( Morals and Dogma )
611
tdmkn-{Iq-kn-b-\ p-I fpw sSw¹m-d-p-a mbn ià-amb _Ôw \ne-

\n-¶n-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ tdmkn-{Iq-kn-b³ {]Øm-\-¯nsâ DZ-b-s¯-¡p-dn¨v
A[nIw hnhcw e`y-a-Ã. 18þmw \qäm-nÂ {ôsa-bvk-W-d-nbpsS D¶-XÀ
tNÀ¶v AXohw cl-ky -kzm-`m-h-a pÅ kwL-S\ cq]o-I-c n¨p. CÃyq-an-\m-än.
The council of 13=13 Druids. hn³Ì³ NÀ¨nÂ Ancient order of druids
se AwK-am-bn-cp-¶p.- Council of 33 = 33 0sa-bvk¬ . Council of 300
Gähpw [\n-I-cmb 300 IpSpw-_-§Ä. hotjm]v {]ap-J-\mb tabvk-Wm-bn-
cp-¶p. CÃyq-a n-\m-än-bpsS {][m\ ZuXyw {InkvXp-a-Xs¯ \in-¸n-¡pI
F¶Xpw FÃm `cWIq-S-§-tfbpw A«n-a-dn-¡pI F¶p-Å-Xp-a m-Wv. (Proofs
of a Conspiracy) AXv s]«¶v Xs¶ {^m³kv,- s_ÂPn-bw,- tlm-f-v,- sU-
·mÀ¡v,- kzo-U³, t]mf-v,- lw-K-dn,- C-äen F¶n-hn-S-§-fn-te¡v hym]n-¨p.
1782 Â hnÂslw-kv_m-ZnÂ \S¶ tabvtkm-WnIv tIm¬{K-ÊnÂ hotjm-
¸nsâ CÃyq-a n\män, bq-tdm-¸nse clky kwL-S-\-I-fpsS \nb-{´Ww
Gsä-Sp-¯p. GI-temI Kh¬saâv Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th-n.
tdmXvjoÂUnÂ \n¶pÅ km¼-¯nI klmbw {]hÀ¯\w kpK-a-a m-¡n.
]v sSw¹m-dp-IÄ \nb-{ń-¨n-cp¶ _m¦n§v hyh-ØnXn {ôta-bvk-Wp-I -
fpsS \nb-{´-W-¯n-em-bn.
19þmw\qäm-nÂ {ôta-bvk-Wdn A[nIw hfÀ¶p.
AXnsâ ]n³_e¯nÂ Øm]n-X-amb aX kwL-S-\ -Ifpw. Xntbm-k-^n-
¡Â skmsskän Øm]n-¨Xp IqSmsX {InkvX p-a -Xhpw bqWn-tä-dn-b-\n-
khpw hfÀ¯p-¶-X n\pw AXv {i²-h-¨p. tabvk-Wp-I-fmb dqYÀt^mÀUpw
NmÄkv dÊepw “btlmh km£n-IÄ” Øm]n-X-a m¡n. bYmÀ° {InkvXp-
a-X-¯nÂ \n¶pw hgn-amän hnSpI F¶ Dt±y-i-t¯msS. AXnÂ Gähpw
_rl-¯ m-bXv D¶X tabvk¬, tPmk^v kva n¯v Øm]n¨ Mormon
church. tabvk¬ BIp-¶-Xn\p ap³]v Xs¶ tPmk^v Xo{h-a mbn B`n-Nm-
c-{In-b-I-fnÂ DÄs¸-«n-cp¶p. 1830 Â Xsâ ]pkvX-Ihpw Mormon {]kn-²o-
I-cn¨n-c p¶p. 1842 Â kvan¯n\v sabvk¬ AwKXzw e`n-¨p. ASp¯ Znhkw
Xs¶ D¶X ]Z-h n-bn-te¡v Øm\-¡-b-ähpw. 6 BgvN-IÄ¡v tijw
tamÀa¬ t\Xm-¡sf Xsâ Xs¶ Bi-b-§Ä F¶ a«nÂ tabvk¬ XXz-
§Ä ]Tn-¸n-¨p. AXn-te¡v {_nJmw- bwKv F¶ tabvk¬sâ kw`-mh-\-bp-
ap-m-bn-c p-¶p. tabvk¬IÄ X½nÂ {]hÀ¯-\-§-fnÂ GtIm-]\w
krjvSn-¡p-¶-X n-\ p-thn Universal freemasonry 1870 Â Øm]n-X-a m-¡n.
AXnsâ \mb-I-Øm-\ ¯v BÂ_À«v ss]¡v. ss]¡n\v 16 `mj-I Ä hi-ap-
m-bn-c p-¶p. At\Iw ]pkvX-I-§Ä cNn-¨p. 1860 Â Cä-en-bnse hn¹-h-
Imcn Kyqsks¸ aÊo-\n, ss]¡p-a mbn _Ô-ap-d-¸n-¨p. 1834 apXÂ 1872 hsc
aÊo-\n, CÃyq-a n-ss\kvUv {ôtabvk-W-dn-bpsS BtKmf t\Xm-h m-bn-c p¶p.
At±lw ss]¡ns\ Ata-c n-¡-bnse CÃyq-an-\m-än-bpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS
Npa-Xe GÂ¸n¨p. ( Satan’s Angel’s Exposed By. Kirban ) & ( The
612
Unseen Hand By. Ralph Epperson ). 1870 Â ]pXnb kwL-S-\ -bpsS Super
Rite `c-W-L-S-\-bnÂ ss]¡pw aÊo-\ nbpw H¸p-h-¨p.
Universal Freemasonry bpsS XzmXznI Imcy-§-fpsS A[n-Imcn
ss]¡pw cmjv{Sob Imcy-§-fpsS A[n-Imcn aÊo-\nbpw F¶-X-c-¯nÂ
A[n-Imcw ]¦v h¡-s ¸-«p.(Occult Theocracy)- . {ô-ta-bvk-W-dn-bnÂ sNIp-
¯m-\mWv Bcm-[n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. {]Øm-\-¯n\v New and Reformed
Palladian Rite F¶ t]cv ss]¡v \ÂIn.
1870 Â aÊo-\n, BÂ_À«v ss]¡n\v Fgp-Xnb I¯nÂ ]d-bp-¶Xv \½Ä

FÃm imJ-I-tfbpw AhcpsS CjvS-¯n\p hnS-Ww. AXohw cl-ky-ambn
Ah-cnÂ \n¶v sXc-s ª-Sp-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶-h À am{Xw DÄs¡m-Åp¶
clkyamb D¶X Xe kwL-S\ cq]o-I-c n-t¡--Xm-Wv. AXp hgn temI-
¯pÅ FÃm imJ-I-tfbpw \nb-{ń-¡p-¶-Xn\v km[n-¡pw. (Edith starr
miller) hnhcw tiJ-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw cmjv{ Sob Bh-iy-§Ä¡mbpw \mev
imJ-IÄ. BØm\w NmÄÌ³, tdmw, s_Àen³ F¶o aq¶n-S-§-fn-e mbn.
imJ-IÄ hmjn-§vS³ , tam¬sS hnUn-tbm,- s\-bv]nÄkv, IÂ¡« (
Occult Theocracy ) ]n¶oSv Hsc®w audo-jy-knepw
hmjn-§vS-\ nÂ sk³{SÂ Ub-d-IvS-dn-bpsS {Km³Uv amÌÀ,
NmÄÌ-\nse kp{]ow Iu¬kn-ensâ {Km³Uv Iam³UÀ,- bq-Wn-thÀkÂ
{ôta-bvk-W-dn-bpsS skmth-dn³ t]m³Sn^v F¶o 3 Øm\-§Ä
BÂ_À«v ss]¡v Htc-k-abw hln-¨n-cp-¶p. 1880 IfnÂ Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ
ià-amb kzm[o-\-a m-bn.
1847 Â CÃyq-a n-\ m-än-bpsS imJ-bmb eoKv Hm^v Z PÌv F¶ kwL-S-\ -
bnÂ ImÄ slbv³ dn¨v amÀIvkv AwK-am-bn. ( Satan’s Angel’s Exposed
.By.Kirban ) amÀIvkpw aÊo-\nbpw ASp-¯ n-S-]-g -In-bn-cp-¶p. ( Occult
Theocracy ) . amÀIvkns\ aÊo-\ nbpw tabvk¬ Iq«m-fn-I fpw tkmjy-enÌv
sXmgn-emfn {]Øm-\-§-fnÂ \pgªp Ib-dp-¶-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-¨p. ( Occult
Theocracy ) . djy³ hn¹h¯nsâ BZy \mfp-I-fnÂ hn¹-h-I m-c n-IÄ
kzbw kv]mÀ«-¡kv F¶v hnti-jn-¸ n-¨ n-cp-¶p. BUw hotjm-¸nsâ CÃyq-
an-\män \maw “kv] mÀ«-¡-k"v “. ]n¶oSv AhÀ t_mÄj-hn-¡p-I Ä I½yq-
Wn-Ìp-IÄ Fs¶ms¡ Adn-b-s¸-«p. amÀIvkv e-\ nÂ Xma-kn-¡p¶ ka-
b¯v , sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ H¯p tNcp¶ Øe§-fnÂ amÀIvkv kµÀin-¨n-cp-
¶p. 1864 Â CâÀ\mj-W-ensâ k_v I½n-än-bnÂ amÀIvknsâ t]cpw
tNÀ¯o-c p-¶p. AXnse aäv AwK-§Ä aÊo-\n-bpsS kzImcy sk{I-«dn
thmÄ^v se eyqs_-kvþ {^©v {ôta-bvk¬. Cw¥ojv sabvk¬kv
bqWn-b³ sk{I-«dn s{IaÀ. Hmh³ ]£-¡m-c -\m-bn-cp-¶ -sh-Ì³. I½n-än-
bpsS BZy kt½-f-\-¯nÂ Xs¶ thmÄ^,v aÊo-\n-bpsS Working men’s
613
Association \nbam-h-en-IÄ apt¶m-«p-h -¨p. amÀIvkv ]n¶oSv AtX-¡p-dn¨v

]d-ªXv “I½o-j³ Fsâ \nÀtZ-i-§Ä A¸msS AwKo-I-cn¨p” F¶mWv
( s\Ì sh_vÌ-dnsâ ]pkvXIw World Revolution kqNn-¸n-¨n-c n-¡p¶
Pbnwkv KyqtÃm-s a-bpsS ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ Karl Marx pan -Germaniste \n¶v )
]n¶oSv Ah ]mcn-knÂ \n¶pw e-\n-te¡v Ab¨p ]n¶oSv AXv Hut±ym-
Kn-I-a mbn AwKo-I-c n-¡-s¸-«p. {^©v C³À\m-j-WÂ Øm]n-X -am-bn. FÃm-
bn-S¯pw C³À\m-j-W-ens\ {ôta-bvk-Wdn ]n³Xp-W¨p F¶v s\Ì
sh_vÌn-änsâ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ kqNn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p¶p . C.-C. {ô_qÀKnsâ
]pkvXIw Association Internationale Des Travailleurs Â ]d-bp¶p F¶v .
s\Ì sh_vÌÀ ]d-bp-¶Xv AXv AÔ-\mb a\p-jys\ Ipgn-bn-te¡v \bn-
¡p-¶Xp t]mse-bmWv F¶m-Wv. hnizm-k-¯n-s \bpw Adn-h n-Ãm-bva sbbpw
apX-s e-Sp¯v Ahsc h©n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p CâÀ\m-j-WÂ F¶v.
CâÀ\mj-W-ensâ \nb-{´Ww ]qÀ®-ambpw clky kwL-S-\ -I-

fpsS ssII-fn-em-bn-cp-¶p. AXv djy-bnÂ t{SmSvkvIn, se\n³, A´m-cmjv{S
[\-Imcy CS-]m-Sp-ImÀ, djy³ {ôta-bvk¬ imJ-IÄ F¶n-h-bpsS klm-
b-t¯msS d-jy³ P-\-X bpsS taÂ Ah-cpsS kzm[o\w ASnt¨Â¸n¨p.
1920 s^{_p-hcn 8þmw XobXnbnse e-\nse Sunday Illustrated Herald Â
hn³kä³ NÀ¨nÂ CXns\ A]-e-]n¨p. NÀ¨nÂ Hcp tabvk-Wm-bn-cp-¶-Xp-
sImv AXn-s\-¡p-dn¨v hyà-a mb Adn-hp-m-bn-c p-¶n-c n-¡Ww.(Christ,
Christian and Freemasonry By. M.C. Cormick
tkmhnbäv bqWn-b-t\bpw Ata-c n-¡-tbbpw ebn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v
]p apXÂ cl-ky kwL-S-\-I Ä {ian-¨n-cp-¶p. 1950 IfnÂ \nIpXn clnX
-û-t-j-\p-I -fpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§-sf¡p-dn¨v At\z-jn-¡p-¶ -Xn\v \ntbm-Kn-
¡-s¸« Reece I½n-än-bpsS At\z-j -W-¯nÂ AXv shfn-s ¸-«p. t^mÀUv
ût-j³ {]kn-Uâv, tdmh³ sKbvYÀ I½än- U-b-d-IvSÀ t\mÀa³
tUmUn-t\mSv ]d-ª-XmWv.(The Internationalist By. James Drummey .
Report from Iron Mountain on the possibility and desirability of peace. By
leonard lewin . ceremony of the innocent By Taylor Caldwell)
{ôtabvk-W-dn-bpsS Bcw`w 1500 Ifn-em-sW¶v Icp-X-s ¸-
Sp-¶p. bYmÀ° tabvk-Wp-IÄ Craft Masons F¶v Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.
AXnÂ Speculative masons \pgªp Ibdn. \h-temIw sI«n-¸-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-
\p -thn. AhÀ 1717 Â Cw¥-nÂ Ah-c psS Øm]-\ -¯n\v cq]w \ÂIn.
Ata-cn-¡bnÂ 1729 epw. Im\-U-bnÂ 1745 epw . BÂ_À«v ss]¡v (1809- -þ
1891) 1850 Â tabvk-W-dn-bnÂ tNÀ¶p. 1859 Â Ata-cn-¡-bnse {Km³Uv I-
am³U-dm-bn. bqtdm-¸nÂ AXp-t]mse aÊo-\nbpw (1805- þ 1872) ss]¡v Ku
klux klan \v cq]w \ÂIn-b-t¸mÄ aÊo\n am^n-b¡v cq]w \ÂIn. 1860
614
t\mS-\p-_-Ôn¨v {]hÀ¯\w XpS-§n-s b-¦nepw X½n-epÅ _Ôw _e-s¸-Sp-

¯n-bXv 1870 Â. BÂ_À«v ss]¡v kp{]ow {Km³Uv Iam³U-dm-b n-c p-¶p.
ac-W-tijw B Øm\w {Ûv ¢o\n¡v Gä-Sp-¯p. ¢o\n¡v ]d-ªXv
BÂ_À«v ss]¡nsâ ]pkvXIw Morals and Dogma tabvk¬ XXz
imkv{X-¯nsâ k¼qÀ®X DÄs¡m-Åp¶p F¶m-Wv. hS-¡³ Ata-cn-¡-
bnÂ kvtIm«njv ssdäv {ôta-bvk-W-dn-bpsS {]kn-²o-I-c Ww New age 1989
sk]vX w-_À, BÂ_À«v ss]¡sâ A\p-kva-c W kt½-f\w, hmjn-§vS³
D.C.bnse hmjn-§vS³ sS¼nÄ F¶ temI BØm-\ ¯v \S-¯p-¶-Xn-
\pÅ Blzm\w sNbvX p. t\mÀa³ hn³kâv ]ose Hcp {]mkw-Kn-I\pw
hS-¡³ Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ {ôta-bvk-W-dn-bpsS {]apJ {]Nm-c-I\pw 330
tabvk-Wp-am-bn-cp-¶p. BÂ_À«v ss]¡ns\ hmjn-§vS-\nse BØm-\¯v
AS¡w sNbvXp. 1990 Pqsse-bnse New age BÂ_À«v ss]¡ns\¡p-dn¨v
10t]Pv teJ\w \ÂIn. Nne tabvk¬ imJ-IÄ ss]¡n\v kaÀ¸n-¡-s¸-« -
h-bmWv. {ôta-bvk-Wm-I p-¶-Xn\v 3 L«-§Ä ]n¶n-tS--X p-v.
L«w 1 Entered Apprentice, L«w 2 Fellow craft L«w 3 Master Mason.

90 iX-am\w tabvk-Wp-I fpw 3þmwL«w IS-¡p-¶ n-Ã. 3þmwL«-¯n\p tijw
kvtIm«njv ssdäv AsÃ-¦nÂ tbmÀ¡v ssdäv Ch-bn-sem¶v sXc-sª-Sp-
¡mw. York Rite 43 Un{Kn þ L«w DÄs¡m-Åpt¼mÄ Scottish Rite 33 Dw.
Ipd-ªXv, ad¨p hbv¡-s¸« 90 Un{Kn-I Ä Dv. Ah -X-c Ww sN¿p-¶-h³
Gähpw D¶X ]Z-h n-bn-te¡v ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Spw. ]n¶oSv Ancient and
arabic order of the nobles of the mystic shrine Â {]th-i n-¡mw. Hut±ym-
Kn-I-a mbn AbmÄ ss{j-\À F¶v hnfn-¡-s¸-Spw. AXn\v AÃm-lp hnt\mSv
hnt[-bXzw {]Jym-]n-t¡--X p-v. tbmÀ¡v -ssd-änsâ Gähpw D¶X
]Zhn Knights Templar.
Intiation sâ BZy- L-«-¯nÂ I®p sI«n Ig-p-¯n\v
sImfp-¯n«v hmtfm I¯ntbm CSXp \©nÂ sXmSp-hn¨v tabvk¬ imJ-
bpsS Xehsâ ASp-t¯¡v. AbmÄ¡p-ap-¶nÂ {]Wmaw sN¿p-¶-Xn\v
tijw Xm³ Ccp-fn-em-sW¶pw {ôta-bvk-W-dn-bpsS {]Imiw Bh-iy-am-
sW¶pw {]Jym-]n-t¡--X p-v. cl-ky-§Ä Hcn-¡epw ]pd¯p ]d-b-
pIbnsÃ¶v {]Xn-Ú-sb-Sp-t¡--Xp-v. ]n¶oSv a\-Ên-em-¡p-hm³
t]mIp¶ cl-ky-§Ä. AsÃ-¦nÂ `hn-jy-¯p-IÄ t\cn-tS-n-h-cp-sa¶pw.
]n¶oSv ssI I-gp-¯nÂ h¨n«v cl-ky-§Ä ]pd¯p ]dªmÂ Fsâ
sXm apdn-¨p-I-f-bp-¶-Xn\pw \mhv ]ngp-s X-Sp-¡p-¶ -Xn\pw AXv
ISÂa®nÂ Ipgn-¨n-Sp-¶-Xn\pw k½-X w. F¶ i]Yw sN¿-Ww. cmw L«-
¯nÂ Fsâ s\©v sh«n-¯p-d-¡p-¶-X n\pw lrZbw ASÀ¯n-sb-Sp-¡p-¶-
Xn\pw k½Xw F¶-XmWv i]-Yw. aq¶mw L«-¯ nÂ Fsâ icocw
sIm¯n \pdp-¡p-¶ -X n\pw Bam-ibw ]pd-s¯-Sp¯v I¯n-¨p-I -f-bp-¶-
Xn\pw k½Xw F¶pw.
615
Templar sâ i]Yw a\p-jysâ Xe-tbm-«n-¡p-a p-¶ nÂ. Cu Xe-tbm-«n-

bpsS DS-a-bpsS ]m]-§fpw Fsâ ]m]-§fpw Fsâ Xe-bnÂ sNmcn-tb--
Xm-Wv. ( Illustrated ritual of the Six Degrees of the council of commandery.
By Charles pawner )
13þmwL«-¯nÂ Jah Bul on F¶ t]cv e`n-¡p-¶p.- H-kn-dnkv
sâ asämcp \ma-amWv on. on Jah = Jehova, Bul = Baal. 17þmw L«-¯nÂ
ssZh-¯nsâ t]cv Abaddon. Hmtcm L«-¯nepw AhÀ hyXy-kvX-amb
ssZh-t¯mSv Iqdv {]Jym-]nt¡Xp-v.
tabvk-W-dn-sb-¡p-dn¨v Ah-Km-l-apÅ tdmfv
»m¡va À ]d-bp-¶Xv “{ôta-bvk-W-dnsb ¡pdn¨v \½psS AwK-§Ä¡v
Adn-hn-Ã. F¶p-ÅXv Zp.-J-I-c-a m-Wv”. asäm-c p- ]-WvUn-X ³ tPmÀPv
Ìo³saävkv ]d-bp-¶Xv “tabvk-W-dn-sb-¡p-dn¨v Fgp-Xp-¶-hÀ AÚX-{]-
I-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶p. tabvtkm-WnIv NnÓ-§-fpsS bYmÀXY AÀ°w AhÀ a\-
Ên-em-¡p-¶n-Ã”. BÂ_À«v ss]¡nsâ ]pkvXIw Morals and dogma ]d-
bp-¶Xv “\oe Un{Kn” F¶Xv t£{X-¯nsâ hcm-´-bm-Wv. NnÓ-§-fpsS
`mK-§Ä AhÀ¡v ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯pw. a\-]qÀÆw Ak-Xy-a mb hymJym-\ -
§Ä \ÂIpw. Ah³ a\-Ên-em-¡-cpXv F¶ Dt±y-i-t¯m-s S. F¶mÂ
Ah\v a\-Ên-embn F¶ tXm¶Â Ah-\nÂ Dm-¡p-Ibpw thWw.
bYmÀ° AÀ°w D¶-XÀ¡p am{Xw shfn-s¸-Sp-¯pw. \oe Un{Kn-bnÂ
FÃmw AS-§n-bn-cn-¡p¶p F¶v AhÀ Icp-Xn-bmÂ aXn-bm-hpw”. amÂIw.-
kn.-U³I³ Xsâ ]pkvX-I -¯nÂ Duncan’s Masonic Ritual monitor ]d-bp-
¶Xv “ssZhw Ing-¡p- h-i-¯n-cn-¡p¶p F¶pw. ssZhw Ccp-fm-sW¶pamWv
tabvk¬ hymJym\w” F¶v. ss__nÄ ]d-bp-¶Xv ssZhw hS¡p hi-
¯m-sW¶v. tabvk-Wp-I Ä ]d-bp-¶Xv {ôta-bvk-Wdn aX-aÃ F¶mWv .
ss]¡v ]d-bp-¶Xv , tabvk-Wdn ]p apXÂt¡ aX-§-fpsS al-¯mb
kXy-§-fpsS kq£n¸p Imc\pw, Ah temI-¯n\v Adn-h n-Ã m-¯h, Xe-a pd
Xe-a p-d-bmbn ssIamäw sN¿-¸«p hcp-¶Xpw, NnÓ-§Ä AS-bm-f-§Ä
kqN-I-§Ä F¶n-h-bn-eqsS kq£n-¡-s¸-«p-h-cp-¶-Xpw”. FÃm tabvk¬
imJbpw aX-¯nsâ t£{X-am-Wv. AXnsâ {]t_m-[-\ -§Ä aX-¯nsâ
\nÀtZi§fp-a m-Wv. BÂ_À«v amt¡bv Xsâ ]pkvX-I -¯nÂ Mackey’s
Revised Encyclopedia of freemasonry ]d-bp-¶-Xnâ AÀ°w \n§Ä¡v
Pohn-X-¯nÂ F´mtWm {][m\w AXmWv \n§-fpsS ssZhw.
Fń-\mWv tabvk¬ BIp-¶-Xn\v cà i]Yw sNt¿-
Xv . kXyw F´m-s W¶v shfn-hm-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn\p ap³t] AXv cl-ky-
ambn kq£n¡mw F¶v i]Yw FSp-t¡-p-¶-Xnsâ Bh-i y-IX F´v.
Morals and Dogma ]d-bp-¶Xv ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶-hÀ¡v AhÀ ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv
616
F´m-s W¶v hyà-ambn Adn-bn-Ã. ss__nÄ t]mse cl-kym-ß-I-a m-bXv

H¶p-an-Ã.
Xsâ ]pkvXIw The Builders Â tPmk^v t^mÀUv \yq«³
]dbp¶Xv tabvk-Wdn GI-temI aXw krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ {ia-¯n-em-
Wv. CuPn-] vän-se, _m_n-tem-Wn-s e, Cý-bnse ]pcm-X\ \nKq-V-X-IÄ
tabvk-Wdn DÄt¡m-Åp¶p F¶v ss]¡v ]d-bp-¶p. PqX-· m-c psS Iºm-e-
bp-ambn AXn\v hfsc kmay-a p-v. ]pcm-X\ Pagan Bcm-[-\ m-{I-a -§Ä AS-
bm-f-§Ä Hs¡ sabvkWn ISw sImÅp-¶p. ( Manual of the lodge By.
Albert Mackey )
Cý, CuPn-] väv,- h-¯n-¡m³ F¶n-hn-S§fnÂ tabvk-W-dn-bpsS

NnÓ-§Ä Ct¸mgpw \ne-h n-ep-v. ]pcm-X\ Bcm-[-\m -{I-a -¯nsâ B[p-
\nI cq]-amWv tabvk-W-dn. “Nµ³” CuPn-] vänÂ Hmkn-dnk,v tdmanÂ,
Ubm-\ , {KoknÂ am\nb. “kqcy³” CuPn-]vänÂ sFknk,v tdmanÂ
At¸m-tfm,- {Ko-knÂ kndt\m. tdma-³ It¯m-en¡ aXw C¯cw BNm-c-
§Ä Ct¸mgpw XpS-cp-¶p. Ipªv ssZhw P\n-¡p-¶Xv Unkw-_À 23 \v-.
( The Handbook of Freemasonry By. Edmond Ronayne ) ( The Two
Babylon. By Alexandra Hislop) ( The Lost keys of Freemasonry By. Manly
P.Hall )
BWp§Ä¡p am{X-amWv tabvk-W-dn-bnÂ AwKXzw. s]®p-
§sf Eastern Star organisation Â tNÀ¡p¶p. 1868 Â Øm]n-X-am-b-Xv.
AXnsâ kt½-f-\-¯nÂ amÌÀ tabvk¬sâ km¶n²yw Bh-iy-am-Wv.
A©v hmepÅ \£{Xw BZy-I m-e-§-fnÂ AXv kndn-bkv F¶v Adn-b-s ¸-
«n-cp-¶p. ]ns¶ Hmkn-dn-knsâ aI³ tlm¬kv F¶pw. Hmkn-dn-kv, kqcy-
s\¶pw Icp-X -s¸-«n-cp-¶p. BÂ_À«v ss]¡v ]d-bp-¶Xv Eastern Star
Xs¶-bmWv A©v hmepÅ \£{Xw. tkYvs\ kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p. The
wewelsburg working F¶ cN-\-bnÂ tUmIvSÀ ssa¡Â AIznt\m ]d-bp-
¶Xv tkYv F¶Xv \½Ä Ct¸mÄ sNIp-¯m³ F¶p hnfn-¡p-¶-Xnsâ
{]mKv cq]w. AIznt\m Temple of set sâ taem-f³. temI-¯nse Xs¶
D¶X sNIp-¯m³ tkh-I -cpsS Bcm-[-\ m-ebw. a{´-hm-Z-¯nepw tabvk-
W-dn-bnepw
Pentagram þ A©p hmepÅ \£-{X-¯n\v Htc

AÀ°-am-Wv. AXm-bXv Ing-¡³ \£-{X-w F¶Xv sNIp-¯msâ \£{Xw
Xs¶-bm-Wv. tabvtkm-WnIv kwL-S-\ -IÄ hmkvX-h-¯nÂ B`n-Nmc {Inb
tI{µ§-fm-Wv. Occult F¶-Xn\v AÀ°w ad¨p hbv¡-s¸« AsÃ-¦nÂ cl-
ky-a mb Fs¶m-s¡-bm-Wv. 3 Xcw H¡Ä«v 1)a{´hm-Zw, hnip-²o-I-c -Ww,
tPymXn-jw, ckm-b-\-h n-Zy `mhn {]hN\w, Smcäv ImÀUvIÄ, ssIt\m-« w,
617
`qX-mhm-l\w, hotPm-t_mÀUv, IqtSm-{Xw, Soothsaying, Tea reading,

channelling, Crystalballs, am²y-a-§sf D]-tbm-Kn-¡Â, B-ßm-¡-fp-ambn
kwth-Zn-¡p-I, XpS-§n-bh 2){]-Ir-Xn-bpsS iànsb Bhm-ln¨v \S-¯p¶
{Inb-IÄ. AXv kzbw \nb-{´Ww t\Sp-¶-Xn\pw aäp-Å-hsc \nb-{ń-¡p-
¶-Xn\pw. ]ns¶ Black magic sNIp-¯msâ iànsb B{i-bn-¡p¶p 3)
t{]X-§-fp-a mbn kwth-Zn-¡Â. ap³ a{´-hm-Zn-I-fmb kväohv lmlvsdÀ,
dmÂ^v tIm^vseÀ F¶n-h À ]d-bp-¶Xv AhÀ A\p-hÀ¯n¨p h¶n-cp¶
BNm-c -§fpw tabvk-W-dn-bpsS BNm-c -§fpw H¶p Xs¶-bm-Wv. Ah -
cpw Paganism Xs¶.
1118 Â. {^m³knse ^nen]v cmPmhv 4þma³ , Knights
Templars kz¯v Ih-c p-¶-X n\pw Ah-cpsS ZpÀa-{´-hmZw, h©-\, kzhÀ¤-
t`m-Kw, inip- _-en -F -¶nh \ndp-¯-em-¡p-¶-Xn\pw Ahsc B{I-a n-¡p-¶-
Xn\v XoÀ¨s¸Sp-¯n. AhÀ tdma³ It¯m-en¡ t]m¸nsâ Iogn-em-bn-cp-¶-
Xn-\mÂ BZyw t]m¸ns\ h[n-¡p-Ibpw ]Icw s¢aâv 5þmwas\ t]m]v
Bbn hmgn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ah-cpsS ssZhw _ms^m-sa. am³se.]n
lmÄ At±-l-¯ nsâ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ Secret Teachings of all age Â ]d-bp-
¶Xv _ms^msa F¶Xv sa³sU-knsâ BS,v AXv B`n-N mc {Inb-bnse
eqkn-^ À Xs¶. Benkv s_bven ]d-bp-¶Xv tabvtkm-WnIv {]Øm\w
s]mXp-hnÂ Icp-X-s ¸-Sp-¶-X nepw A[nIw Occult BWv. Knights Templar
sâ Gähpw henb amÌÀ gm-Iv sU -tam-s e-bpsS t]cnÂ Order of de
Moley Øm]n-¨Xv Ipªp-§sf {ôta-bvk-W-dn-bn-te¡v BIÀjn-¡p-¶-
Xn\.v gm¡v sU -tam-se , _ms^m-sasb Bcm-[n-¨p. kzhÀ¤-t`m-Kw, inip-
]o-V\w XpS-§nb Ipä-§Ä¡mbn Np«p-s Im-Ãp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. AXp-t]m-
epÅ aäv kwL-S-\-IÄ Rainbow girls, pointers, job’s daughters.
aX-§-fpsS Iq«n-tbm-Pn-¸n-¡-en\p thn Øm]n-¡-s¸«

]pXnb kwL-S-\ -bmWv International order of co-freemasonry. tabvk-W -
dnbpw A\p-_Ô kwL-S-\-Ifpw \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶Xv sNIp-¯msâ ssZh
imkv{Xw {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-thn Xs¶-bm-Wv. ]ucm-WnI _m_n-tem-
Wn-b³ aXamWv ]pXn-b- \m-a-¯nÂ tabvk-Wdn F¶v Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.
s]mXp-P-\ -§-fnÂ \n¶pw ]pcm-X\ \nKq-V- aXw ad-¨ p hbv¡-s¸-«n-c n-¡p-
¶p. eqkn-^À shfn¨w sImp hcp-¶-h³. AXp-Xs¶-bmWv CÃyq-an-\nÌv
F¶-Xp-sImv Dt±-in-¡p-¶ -X pw. e£yw \h-tem-I-{Iaw. hotjm]v kzbw
kv]mÀ«-¡kv F¶p hnfn-¨ p. Iq«m-fn-IÄ slÀthm¬ kzm¡v , _mc¬
sa³sKÂtlm-s^³ F¶n-h-c p-a mbn tNÀ¶v {^©v hn¹-h-¯n\v Xncn-sIm-
fp¯n. Ah-cpsS e£yw Kh¬saâv, kzIm-c y-kz¯v, ]mc-¼-cyw, tZi-kvt\-
lw, aX-§Ä, IpSpw-_w,-F-¶n-hsb \ncm-I -cn-¡p-I . ]ns¶ kÀ¡mÀ hnZym-
`ymkw Ipªp-§Ä¡mbn GÀs¸-Sp-¯pI. s{]m«-Ìâv ]Ån-bnÂ \pg-ªp-
I-bdn Ah-tcmSv CÃyq-an-\n-Ìp-IÄ ]d-ªXv I¯m-en¡ aX-¯ns\ \in-¸n-
618
¡p-¶-X n\v Iq«p \nÂ¡m-sa¶.v AtX-k-abw Pkyq-«-I-fp-a mbn Iq«p-tNÀ¶v,

Ah-tcmSv s{]m«-Ìâp-Isf \in-¸n-¡m-sa-¶pw. Ahsc FÃmw AtX kabw
\h-temI {Ia-¯n-te¡v ASp-¸n¨p sImp-a n-c p-¶p. tXmakv Pt^Àk¬,
Uvsshäv ¢nsâ³,- ¢nâ³ dqkvs hÂäv, slmsdbvkv {Kos\, NmÄkv Um-\,-
tUbvh nUv ]¸v XpS-§n-b -hÀ AXn-\p -th-n- b-ń-¨p. 1830 Â hotjm¸v ac-
W-a-S-ª-Xn\p tijw 1834 Â aÊo\n CÃyq-a n-\män Xe-h -\mbn. 1872 Â
acWaS-bp-¶-X p-h sc. ( The Klan By. Patsy Sims ) tamkkv tamÀU-¨mbv
amÀIvkv sehn AYhm ImÄ amÀIvkv CÃyq-a n-\m-än-bnÂ AwK-ambn .
ss]¡pw aÊo-\ nbpw tNÀ¶v cq]w sImSp¯ Super Rite ]Ãm-U nbw
{]Øm\w, D¶-XÀ¡p thn am{Xw. Hcp Znhkw t]mepw sXmgn-s e-Sp-¯n-«n-
Ãm¯ amÀIvkv 1864 Â International Working Men’s Association \v cq]w
\ÂIn. FÃm-t]-tcbpw shdp-¸ n-¡p-¶-XnÂ {]mhoWyw t\Snb hyàn.
acW¯n\v 6 t]À am{Xw ]s¦-Sp-¯p.
550 tImSn P\-§sf DS-\Sn \in-¸n-t¡- -Xp-v. Hcp
hi¯v sXmgn-emfn kwL-S-\ -I-fnÂ tkmjy-kn-Ìp-IÄ \pgªp Ib-dn-b-
t¸mÄ kam-´-c-a mbn hnZym-`ymk ]²-Xn-bnepw \pg-ªp-I-bäw \S¶p.
]pXnb Xe-ap-dsb tkmjy-en-knÌv Bi-b-¯n-te¡v BIÀjn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-
th-n. temI alm-bp-²-§Ä krjv Sn-¡-s¸-«p. cmw temI alm-bp-²-
¯nsâ DÅp-I -fnIÄ The Final Secret of Pearl Harbour By. Rear Admiral
Robert Theobold ]ns¶ Warlords of Washington By. Anthony J.Hilder
F¶o- ]p-kvX-I -§Ä hnh-cn-¡p-¶p.
1956 Â Hungarian freedom fighters sâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ I½yq-
Wn-Ìp-IÄs¡-Xnsc {]t£m`w \S-¯n-b-t¸mÄ Ata-cn¡ klm-bn-¨n-cp-¶n-
Ã. F¶mÂ Iyq_ -]n-Sn-s ¨-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\v Imkvt{Smsb Ata-c n¡ klm-bn-¨n-
cp¶p. 1991 Â sk]väw-_-dnÂ \S¶ sFIy cmjv{S k`-bpsS ]cn-Øn-Xn-
sbbpw hnI-k-\-s¯bpw Ipdn-¨pÅ kt½-f\w UNCED Atbm-h -bnÂ sU
sambvs\-bnÂ. D]-kw-lmcw C{]-Im-c -am-bn-cp-¶p. “kabw AXn-{I-an-¨n-c n-¡p-
¶p. BtKmf Ac-£n-Xm-h-Ø-I sf IW-¡n-se-Sp-¡p-t¼mÄ temI kmt¦-
XnI hnZy-bn-t·-epÅ \nb-{´Ww , Bbp-[w, {]IrXn hn`-h-§Ä F¶n-h -
bpsS taepÅ \nb-{´Ww Hs¡ AXym-´m-t]-£n-X-a mWv. C¶v \ne-
\nÂ¡p¶ AanX P\-kwJy Ct¸mÄ Xs¶ t\cn-tS--X p-v. \ne-hn-epÅ
F®w Ipd-¨p-sImv GXp amÀ¤w Ah-ew-_n-¨ n-«m-bm-epw. Bwt¥m -km-
Ivk¬ hÀ¤-t¯bpw Ah-cpsS DXv]-¶-§-tfbpw ]cn-c-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\ p-th-
n. Ah-cpsS _m¦n-§v, C³jp-d³kv, hym]mcw F¶n-h-tbbpw . tImSn-¡-
W-¡n\p hcp¶ A[-IrX hÀ¤w AhÀ Bwt¥m- km-Ivk-Wp-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v
thh-em-Xn-s¸-Sp-t¶-bn-Ã, AXnÂ ]cm-P-b-s ¸-Sp-I-b m-s W-¦nÂ ]²-Xnsb
XInSw adn¡pw. D¶-X -t\-«-§Ä ssIh-cn¨ D¶-X -hÀ¤-§Ä aäp-Å-hsc
`cn-t¡- -Xpv. FÃm {]IrXn hn`-h-§-fp-tSbpw \nb-{´Ww U.N \mbn-
cn¡pw. kpc-£m- Iu¬kn-ense {]apJ cmjv{S-§-fpsS D]-tbm-K-¯n\p
thn. CXmWv \h-tem-I-{I-a w.
619
Foundation : Their Power and Influence F¶ {]_-Ô-¯nÂ sds\

thmwskÀ ]d-ªXv {]ap-J-c mb hnZym-`ymk hnN-£-WÀ Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ
tkmjy-enkw sImp hcp-¶-Xn\v ]cn-{i-a n-¡p¶p F¶m-Wv. ]ns¶
At\Iw ût-j-\ p-I-fpsS kwLm-Xhpw A\p-_Ô kwL-S-\-Ifpw
hnZym-`ym-k-¯n-\p-taÂ A[n-I-a mb \nb-{´Ww ssI¿m-fp-¶p. F¶pw .
tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ , ImÀ\o ût-j-\p-I -fpsS \nb-{´-W-¯nÂ Ah temI-
¯nse hnZym-`ym-ks¯ tkmjy-enÌv hXv¡-c n-¡p-¶-X n-\ p-thn ]cn-{i-an-
¡p-¶p. imkv{Xw apXÂ aXw hsc FÃm Øm]-\-§-fnepw \pg-ªp
Ibäw \S-¯p-¶p. tPm¬ Unsh-bpsS klm-b-t¯msS. sImfw-_nb
bqWn-thÀkn-än-bnse Sot¨Àkv tIm-f-Pnsâ ta[mhn. tdms¡-s ^-Ã-dnsâ
klm-b-t¯msS, Unsh Progressive Education Association Øm]n-¨p.
tkmjy-enkw {]N-cn-¸ n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th-n. C¯cw {]hÀ¯-\-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v
At\z-jn-¡p-¶-Xn\v \ntbm-Kn-¡-s ¸« ImcÄ dokv I½nän At\z-jWw ]qÀ-
¯n-bm-Ip-¶-Xn\p ap³]v ]ncn-¨p-hn-S-s¸-«p.
The Great Technology F¶ ]pkvX -I-¯nÂ tUmIvSÀ lmcÄUvv
d¤vk v ]d-ªXv Hcp ]pXp-Xmb s]mXp a\Êv krjvSn-¡-s ¸-tS- -Xpv .
hnZym-`ymk Øm]-\-§-fn-eqsS \½Ä Kh¬saâv F¶ Bi-b-s ¯-¡p-
dn¨v \yqX\ ImgvN-¸mSv krjv Sn-t¡--X p.v a\p-jysâ FÃm {]hÀ¯-\ -
§-sfbpw \nb-{ń-¡p¶ H¶v. Dare the Schools Build a New Social Order
By. George Counts
1900 §fpsS a²y-t¯msS Zn\-]-{X-§Ä, sSIvÌv-_p-¡p-IÄ,
{]kn-²o-I -c-W-§Ä, tdUntbm sSen-hn-j³ tÌj-\p-IÄ Hs¡ tkmjy-en-
ÌnIv CS-Xnsâ DS-a-Ø-X-bn-tem, \nb-{´-W -¯ntem Bbn-c p-¶p. AhÀ
_rl-¯ m-b- K-h¬saân\p am{Xsa {]iv\-]-c n-lmcw km²y-a mhq F¶-a -
«nÂ hp]p-e-amb {]N-c Ww \S-¯n. 1970 \hw-_À 9 \v Imen-t^mÀWn-b-bnÂ
{]apJ hnZy-`ymk hnN-£-W³ Bjvs e -s am³SmKp ]d-ªXv C¶s¯
Ata-cn-¡³ ISpw_ hyh-ØnXn at\m-tcm-Kn-I-fmb Ipªp-§sf krjvSn-
¡p¶p. tUmIvSÀ ]ntbÀkv (lmÀhÀUv bqWn-thÀkn-än) 1973 Â ]d-ªXv
5þmas¯ hb-ÊnÂ kvI qfnÂ {]th-in-¡p¶ Hmtcm -I pªpw at\m-tcm-Kn-
bmWv F¶pw. 1970 se The social sciences se Â t]mÄ {_m³Uvh o³ ]d-
ªXv ssZh-¯nÂ hniz-kn-¡p¶ Hmtcm-Ipªpw at\m-tcm-Kn-bm-Wv. tPm¬
Unsh þ InÂ]m-{Sn¡v hnZym-`ymk k{¼-Zmbw k¼qÀ®-a mb ImgvN-¸mSv
Wholistic krjvSn-¡p-¶ -X nÂ \n¶pw XS-bp¶ Xc-¯n-ep-Å -Xm-bn-c p-¶p. Adn-
hn-Ãmbva a\p-jys\ XIÀ¡p-¶p.
A¶- Iymw-] vs_Â, _ÂIm-c Ê,v BÀssKÂ F¶n-hn-S-§-fnse
{]`zn. {]n³kv hnÃywsâ KhÀW-Êv. A¶-Iymw-]vs _Âsâ ]n³X-e-a p-d-bnÂ
sP¶n- thm¬ shÌv^me³, BÀssKÂ Uyq¡nâbpw _Ôp. ImÄ
amÀIvknsâ `mcy.The Greatest Secrct .By. David lcke.
The Last Days of Romanovs F¶ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ (1920)
tdm_À«v hnÂä³ ]d-bp-¶Xv I½yq-WnÌv hn¹hw F¶v hntijn¸n-¡-s ¸-
620
Sp-¶Xv hmkvX-h -¯nÂ djym-¡m-cpsS DbÀs¯-g p-t¶Â¸m-bn-cp-¶nÃ ,

adn¨v PqX-· m-c psS \pg-ªpI-b-ä-a m-bn-c p-¶p. 1983 Â B{´-t¸mhv tkmhn-
bäv bqWn-b³ {][m-\-a -{ń-bm-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ t]mfnäv _yqtdm-bnse 25
AwK-§-fnÂ 23 t]cpw PqX-·m-cm-bn-cp-¶p. ssk\y-¯nepw t]meoknepw
Gähpw D¶-X- Øm\¯vv FÃmw PqX-·mÀ. ska-änIv hncp-²-Xbv¡v \nbaw
aqew h[-in£ GÀs¸-Sp-¯ n-bn-cp-¶p. shfp¯ hÀ¤ IrkvXym-\n-I-fpsS
Bcm-[-\m-e-b-§Ä arK-§sf kq£n¡p¶Xn\pw Ad-h p-i m-e-I -fm-bpw,
\r¯-im-e-I -fmbpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s ¸-«-t¸mÄ PqX-· m-c psS Bcm-[-\m-e-b-
§Ä kwc-£n-¡-s ¸-«p. IrkvXy³ ]ptcm-ln-X-·msc ASn-a -th-ebv¡pw
tdmUp-]-Wn¡pw \ntbm-Kn-¨ -t¸mÄ PqX ]ptcm-K n-X-·mÀ kwc-£n-¡-s ¸-«p.
kmdnÌv kmaq-lnI {Iaw DS¨p hmÀ¡p-¶-Xn\v \S-¯nb {ia-
§-fnÂ Hcp tImSn-bn-e-[nIw IÀj-IÀ ]«n-Wn-a qew AsÃ-¦ nÂ shSn-tbäv
acWaSªp. _mÄ«n¡nÂ At\Iw Zie£-§Ä h[n-¡s¸-«p. sImÊm-
¡p-I-tfbpw thmÄK-bnse PÀ½³Im-scbpw Iq«-¡p-cpXn \S¯n . 30 e£-
t¯mfw apÉn-§Ä h[n-¡-s¸-«p. KpemKv ASn-a-the Iym¼p-I-fn-te-Xn\p
]pd-s a.
tdm_À«v hnÂä³ ]d-bp-¶Xv P\-kwJy XmcXayw sNbvXmÂ
10 Â HcmÄ PqX-\m-bn-cp-¶p. t_mÄsjhnIv djy-bnÂ `c-W-¯nÂ 10 Â 9
t]cpw PqX-·m-cm-bn-cp-¶p. 20þmw \qäm-nsâ Ncn{Xw F¶Xv PqX-·mÀ Ing-
¡³ bqtdm-¸nse P\-§-tfmSv sNbvX {]hÀ¯n-I-fm-Wv. AXnsâ `qcn-`m-
Khpw ad¨p hbv¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. am²y-a - -§Ä Ct¸mgpw Ah-c psS \nb-{´-
W-¯n-emWv F¶Xp Xs¶-bmWv Imc-Ww.
sân-\n-k-¯nsâ \nb-{´-Whpw PqX- -k-b-Wn-Ìp-IÄ¡p-X-
s¶-bm-Wv. B[p-\nI sân-\ nkw F¶Xv I½yq-WnÌv ap¶Wn {]Øm-\ -
§Ä . AXv XmÂap-Zns\ ]n³Xp-Scp¶ PqX-· m-c psS \nb-{´-W-¯n-e m-Wv.
{]m[m-\n-I Ä t¥mdnb Ìos\w, s_em B-_vk-Kv, s_än {ôU³, jpem-
anXv ^bÀtÌm¬, B³{Uo tUzmÀIn³, kqk³ {_u¬an-ÃÀ, kqk³
êq-Zn, \thman hqÄ^v, F½m- tKmÄUva³, GW-ssÌ³ tdmkv, ^nÃnkv
sNkvseÀ, PqUn jn¡m-tKm, tdm_n³ tamÀK³, seän tIm«n³ t]ms{S-
_n³, tKÀUm teÀs\À, B\o -\-Ym³ tasbÀ, amhqZv \mY³, sKdn ]em-
Ìv, tdmkv jv\oUÀam³, A\nX t]mfn-ävskÀ, sPs\ t_msbÀ, eqkn
tIman, -kmÀIm-c³ \pÊvt_mw, Feo-\À sÎvkv\À, dnsb³ Cu¯vseÀ.
Hmt«m-a ³ km{am-Py-¯nÂ kpÂ¯m³ alvaqXv {ôta-
bvk-W-dnsb \nba hncp-²-am-¡n. 1738 Â. F¶mÂ 1908 Â s]m«n-¸p-d-s¸«
A«n-a-dnsb Action Army ASn-¨-aÀ¯n. kpÂ¯m³ A_vZpÄ l-aoZv cm-
a³ Øm\-`r-jv S-\m-¡-s¸-«p. CuÌm³_q-fnÂ. {ôta-b-k-W-dn-bpsS \nb-
{´-W-¯nepw \nÀt±-i -¯n-ep-a m-bn-c p¶p Action Army bpsS {]hÀ¯\w.
A©p- t]-c -S-§p¶ I½n-än-bm-bn-cp¶p Np¡m³ ]nSn-¨n-cp-¶Xv AhÀ
A©p-t]cpw {ôta-bvk-Wp-IÄ. a¡-bp-tSbpw aZo-\ -bp-tSbpw kwc-£Ww
kpÂ¯m-\m-bn-cp-¶p. Hmt«m-a ³ km{am-Py-¯nse kw`-h -hn-Im-k-§Ä
apÉow cmPys¯ BI-am\w _m[n-¨n-cp-¶p.
621
cmw temI alm-bp-²-¯nepw AXn\p tijhpw temI-m[n-] -Xy-¯n-\p-

thn PqX sabvtkm-WnIv iàn-IÄ {ian-¡p¶p F¶ Xc-¯n-epÅ
\mkn {]Nm-cWthebpw tabvk¬ hncp² hnIm-c -¯n\v Imc-W-a mbn.
ska-änIv hncp-²- Nn-´bpw H¸w. Ct{k-tbÂ cmjv{Sw sI«n-¸ -Sp-¯Xv
hntcm-[-¯nsâ ImTn\yw hÀ²n-¸n-¨p. Ad_v hwi-PÀ {ôta-bvk-W-dnsb
CÉmw hncp² iànbmbn IW-¡m-¡p-¶p.
s]mXp-h nÂ CÉm-anI cmjv{S-§-fnÂ {ôta-bvk-W-dn \nba
hncp-²-am-Wv. se_-t\m-\nepw samtdm-t¡m-bnepw HgnsI FÃm Ad_v
cmjv{S-§-fnepw AXv \ntcm-[n-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶p. F¶mÂ Ata-cn-¡³ Xmh-
f-§-fnÂ AXv \ne \nÂ¡p-¶p-pXm-\pw.
CÉm-anI \nba-§Ä {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xnepw hymJym-\ n-¡p-¶-
Xnepw Hcp ]t£ Gähpw kzm[o-\-X -bÅ {]Øm\w “CÉm-anIv Pqdn-
kvUn-£-WÂ tImtfPv”. 1978 Pqsse 15 se kt½-f-\-¯nÂ AXv ]pd-¯n-d-
¡nb A`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\ -¯nÂ ]d-bp-¶Xv Kl-\-a mb Kth-j-W-¯n\p
tijw, hnhn-[- D-d-hn-S-§fnÂ \n¶pÅ enJnX tcJIÄ ]cn-tim-[n-¨-XnÂ
\n¶pw R§Ä Is-¯n-bXv
1){ôta-bvk-Wdn F¶Xv KqV- kw-L-a m-Wv. AXv kml-N-cy-a-\ p-k-c n¨v
AXnsâ ]²Xn-IÄ ad¨p h¡p-Itbm shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-I tbm sN¿p-¶p.
AXnsâ bYmÀ° XXz-§Ä AXnsâ AwK-§-fnÂ \n¶pw ad¨p hbv¡-
s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. D¶X ]Z-hn-bn-ep-Å-hÀ¡p- am{Xw AXv shfn-s ¸-Sp-¯-s¸-«n-
cn-¡p-¶p.
2) PmXn, hnizmkw F¶n-hsb ]cn-K-Wn-¡msX a\p-jysc AXnÂ AwK-§-
fm-¡p-¶p. temI-a m-I-a m\w
3) hyàn-]-c-a mb t\«-§Ä \ÂIn-s ¡mv AwK-§sf BIÀjn-¡p¶p.
cmjv{Sob Imcy-§-fnÂ Imcy-£-a-a mbn CS-s ]-Sp-¶ -X n\v t{]cn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
AXnsâ e£y-§Ä A\o-X n-I -c-a m-Wv.
4) ]pXnb AwK-§Ä ]e-hn[ t]cp-I-fpÅ NS-§p-I-fnÂ ]s¦-Sp-¡p-¶p.
AXnsâ \nb-a-§fpw \nÀtZ-i -§fpw A\p-k-cn-¡p-¶-X n\p thn òjWn
D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
5) AwK-§Ä Ah-c psS aX-§-fnÂ apgp-Ip-¶-Xn\v A\p-a-Xn-bpv. F¶mÂ
aX-§sf \ncm-I-c n-¡p¶hÀ¡p- am{Xw DbÀ¶ ]Zhn e`n-¡p-¶p. Ah-cpsS
A]-I-S-I-c-a mb XXz-§fpw ]²-Xn-Ifpw \S-¸n-em-¡p-¶-X n\v X¿m-dp-Å-
hÀ¡p- am{Xw . AXn-\-\p-k-cn-¨p- am-{Xw.
6) AXv Hcp cmjv{Sob kwL-S-\-bm-Wv. AXv FÃm hn¹-§-tfbpw ]n³Xm-
§n-bn-«p-v. cmjv{Sob ssk\oI A«n-a-dn-I-tfbpw. FÃm A]-I-SI-c amb
amä-§-fnepw Cu kw-L-S-\ -bp-a m-bpÅ _Ôw H¶p-InÂ ad¨p hbv¡-s ¸-
Sp¶p AsÃ-¦nÂ shfn-s¸-Sp-¯-s ¸-Sp-¶p.
7) AXv BXy-ń-I-I-a mbn Hcp PqX kwL-S-\ -bmWv. AXnsâ A´m-cmjv{S
clky, \nb-{´W kwhn-[m\w PqXcpw. AXv kb-Wn-ks¯ ]n³Xp-W-¡p-
¶p.
8) AXnsâ ASn-Øm\ e£yw aX-§sf Hä-s¸-Sp-¯pI F¶Xpw
622
9) AXv kzm[o-\-a pÅ km¼-¯nI cmjv{Sob kmaq-ln-I , imkv{Xo-b- ta-J-e-

I-fnse hnP-bn-Isf BIÀjn-¡p-¶p. D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p- thn .
AhÀ¡v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xn\v km[y-a-Ãm-¯ -hsc AwK-§-fm-¡p-¶n-Ã.
Gähpw D¶-X-tcm-SmWv {]nbw.
10) AXnsâ imJ-IÄ hnhn[ t]cp-IÄ DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p.-A-{]-I mcw ad-hnÂ
{]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶Xn-\mÂ P\-§Ä¡v AXnsâ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä ]n³Xp-S-cp-¶-
Xn\v Bhp-¶n-Ã. C¯cw ad-hnÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ {]Øm-\-§Ä Lions,
Rotary XpS-§n-b-h-bmW.v {ôta-bvk-Wdn, PqZm-bnkw kb-W-Wnkw
F¶nh X½nÂ hyà-amb _Ôw \ne-\nÂ¡p¶p. AXv ]me-kvX o-\ nepw
aäv Ad_v hwi-P-c psS {]hÀ¯-\-§sf \nb-{ń¨v PqZm-bn-k-¯n\pw kb-
Wn-k-¯n\pw klm-b-a mbn \ne-s Im-Åp-¶p.
tUmIvSÀ ( Wolf Gang ) thmÄ^v thm¬ ko¥À Is-¯nb
tdm«dn _mUvPv sâ Dd-hnSw C¶pw Ahy-à-a mbn XpS-c p-¶p. AXnsâ
tI{µØm-\¯v {ôta-b-k-W-dn-bpsS AS-bm-f-§Ä DÄs¡mÅp-¶p. Set
Square Dw Compass Dw . a²y-¯n-epÅ “G” F¶ AS-bmfw kvtIm«n-
jvssdäv {ôta-bvk-W-dnsb kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p. BZy-I m-e -tdm-«dn AwK-§Ä
A[n-Ihpw tabvk-Wp-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p. Towards my Neighbour Â kn. BÀ
lnhnäv ]d-bp-¶Xv Nne tdm«-dn-¢-_p-IÄ {ôta-bvk-Wp-Isf am{Xw AwK-
§-fmbn kzoI-cn-¨n-c p¶p. 1920 Â A¯cw {]hÀ¯-\ -§Ä \ntcm-[n-¡-s¸-Sp-
¶-Xp-h-sc. Ch-sbms¡ Ahy-àv-Xbn-em-Wv.
Pn.sI. sNkäÀ«³ F¶pw {ôta-bvk-W-dn-bpsS hnaÀi-I-\m-
bn-cp¶p. 1929 Â h¯n-¡m³ {ôta-bvk-Wdnsb XÅn-¸-d-ªv hnÚm-]\w
]pd-s ¸-Sp-hn-¨p. A¶s¯ tdm«dn {]kn-Uâv h¯n-¡m-\ nÂ sN¶v \ymbo-I -
cWw \nc-¯n-s b-¦nepw AXv AwKo-I-c n-¡-s¸-«n-Ã. tdm«dn {]kn-Uâv täm
k«³, It¯m-en-¡³. {^m³knÂ, t]mÄ lmcn-k\pw. tdm«-dnbpw {ôta-
bvk-W-dnbpw X½n-epÅ _Ô-s ¯-¡p-dn¨pw hnaÀi-\-§Ä [mcm-f-am-bn-«p-
mbn. 1979 Â t]m]v tPm¬t]mÄ cm-a ³ tdm«-dnsb ]pIgv¯n kwkm-
cn-¡p-I-bp-mbn t]mÄ lmcn-kn-s\-¡p-dn-¨ pw.
1930 Ifnepw 1940 Ifnepw tdm«dn, eb³kv ¢_v YMCA F¶n-
hbpw h¯n-¡msâ hntcm-[-¯ n\v ]m{X-ambn 1920 IfnÂ YMCA sb White
masonry F¶v hntijn¸n¨ncp-¶p. F¶v AÂhmsckv ]d-bp¶p. White
F¶Xv {]tXy-In¨pw buÆ-\s¯ kqNn-¸n-¡p¶p F¶pw.
1951 Â h¯n-¡m³ hopw tdm«-dn¡v FXn-c mbn. 1928 Â Cä-
en-bnÂ D46 se KhÀWÀ {]n³kv tIm¬Sn Dd¸n¨p ]d-ªXv tdm«-dnbpw
{ôta-bvk-W-dnbpw X½nÂ bmsXmcp _Ô-h p-a nÃ F¶pw, tdm«dn AwK-§-
fmb It¯m-en-¡À XnIª tZiob hmZn-Ifpw ^mknÊväp-I -fp-am-sW-¶p-
am-Wv. P\dÂ {]kn-Uâv lmcn- tdm-tPÀkv HmsÌ³UnÂ h¨p \S¶ A´m-
cmjv{S I¬sh³j\nÂ ]d-ªXv Hcn-¡epw A§n-s\mcp _Ôw Dm-bn-
cp-¶nÃ, Dm-bn-«nÃ, Dm-hp-I-bp-a n-Ã. A§n-s \-bp-m-h p-I -bm-s W-¦nÂ
Hcp aWn-¡qÀ t\cw t]mepw Rm³ Cu Itk-c-bnÂ Dm-hp-I-b-pan-Ã.
623
AXv tdm«dn PqX-kw-L-S-\ -bm-s W¶pw AXp-sImv Xs¶

{ôta-bvk-W-dn-bp-a mbn _Ô-s¸-«-Xm-sW¶pw DÅ- kw-ibw _e-s¸-Sp-¯p-
¶p. ImcWw, tPm¬ t]mÄ cm-asâ bYmÀ° -t]cv Karol Jozef
Wojtyla. tdmanÂ _nj]v Vicar of christ, st ]oä-dnsâ ]n³Kman, At¸m-
kvX-e-·m-cpsS {]n³k,v bqW-nthÀkÂ NÀ¨nse kp{]ow, ]Sn-ªm-dnsâ
c£m-[n-Imcn, Cä-en-bpsS ss{]taä,v h¯n-¡m³ \K-c-¯nsâ A[n-Im-cn.
t]m¸nsâ A½ Fan-en -Imävk,v PqX -hw-iw-P-sb¶v Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶p. 8000
It¯m-en-¡cpw 2000 PqX-·mcpw DÅ {Imt¡m-bnÂ \n¶pw 35 ssaÂ
sX¡p-]-Sn-ªm-dpÅ hmtkm-ssh-knse kplr-¯p-¡Ä thmPvssX-esb
temse¡v F¶v hnfn-¨p. P\\w 1920. ItcmÄ thmPvs sXe SR sâ cm-
as¯ aI³ þ ap³ ssk\nI Dt±ym-KØ\pw ssX¿Â¡m-c-\ p-a m-bn-c p-¶p.
`mcy- F-a n-enb Im¡vtkm-tdmhvkvI thmPvssXe. enXzm-\n-b³ hwiP .
kvIqÄ A²ym-] nI. PqX-bm-bn-c n-¡m-\m-Wv km²yX A[n-Ihpw. Cw¥ojv
hXv¡-cn¨ t]cv Fanen Imävkv. hnhml t^mt«m-bnÂ PqX- hw-i-P-s b¶v
hnfn-t¨m-X p¶ apJ-`m-h w.
t]m¸nsâ kplr-¯p-¡Ä A[n-Ihpw PqX-·mÀ. AÑsâ
IpSpw-_mw-K-§Ä Fan-ensb hnhmlw sNbvX-Xnsâ t]cnÂ At±-ls¯
Ah-cnÂ \n¶pw Hä-s¸-Sp-¯n. t]m¸nsâ BPo-h-\ m´ kplr-¯v, sPdn
¢qKÀ. -Pq-X³.
t]mfp P\X s]mXp-hnÂ ]peÀ¯n-bn-cp-¶ -sk-a -
änIv hncp-²X thmPvs sXe ISpw_w ]peÀ¯n-bn-c p-¶n-Ã. sPdn (sPÀkn)
¢qKÀ C{km-tb-ep-a mbn _Ôw Dd-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v h¯n-¡msâ ]nWn-bm-
fmbn {]hÀ¯n-¨n-cp-¶p. temse-¡nsâ AÑ³, {Kokv,- tdmw, t]mfv F¶n-
h-sb-¡p-dn¨v IY ]d-bp-t¼mÄ ¢qKÀ Iq«n-\p-m-h p-a m-bn-c p-¶p. F¶v ¢qKÀ
\yqtbmÀ¡v ssSwkn-t\mSv ]d-ªn-cp-¶p.- ¢q-K-dnsâ 10 apdn-I-fpÅ hk-Xn-
bnse Øncw kµÀi-I-\ m-bn-c p-¶p. temse-Iv.
h¯n-¡m-\nse a\p-jyÀ¡v PqX-·m-cp-a mbn ]cn-N-b-ap--bn-cn-
¶n-Ã. ap³]p-m-bn-c p¶ t]m¸p-IÄ PqX-·m-cp-am-bn _Ô-s¸-«n-cp-¶n-Ã.
F¶mÂ tPm¬ t]mÄ PqX- P-\ -X-bpsS kplr-¯m-bn-cp-¶p. ¢qKÀ
\yqtbmÀ¡v ssSwkn-t\mSv ]dªp. thmPvssXe PqX-tZ-hm-ebw kµÀin-
¡p¶ BZys¯ t]m]v. Hmjvhnävkv Iq«-s¡me kvamcIw kµÀin¨
BZys¯ t]m¸pw At±lw Xs¶. It¯m-en-¡cpw PqXcpw X½n-epÅ
hntcm-[-¯n\p hncm-a-a n-«p-sImv At±lw ]ªXv “PqXÀ \½psS apXnÀ¶
ktlm-Z-c -·m-cm-Wv ” F¶m-Wv.
PqX- hw-i-P-\m-b-Xp-sIm-m-bn-c n-¡mw At±lw t]mf-nÂ
\n¶pw \mSp-I-S-¯Â t\cn-«p. AXp-sImv At±lw ]md-a-S-bnÂ sXmgn-
en\p t]mbn. \mSp-I -S-¯-enÂ \n¶pw PbnÂ hmk-¯nÂ \n¶pw c£t\-Sp-
¶-Xn-\p -th-n. PqX-\ Ã F¦nÂ F´p-sIm-v A§ns\-sbmcp A\p-`hw.
{In-kvX ym-\n-I-fp-a mbn CS-I-eÀ¶v Pohn¨v \mSp-I-S-¯Â Hgn-hm¡n. 1943 Â
aX-] -T\w Bcw-`n-¨p. {Imt¡m-h nÂ Underground skan-\m-cn-bnÂ.
PÀ½³ImÀ t]mf-ns\ Iogvs¸-Sp¯n cp, aq¶v hÀj-§-fÀ¡p tijw.
624
1944 HmKÌv hsc ]T-\-t¯msSm¸w cmk hyh-kmb ime-bnse sXmgnepw

XpSÀ¶p. t]mf-p-Imsc PÀ½³ ssk\yw Iogvs ¸-Sp¯p-sa-¶m-b-t¸mÄ
{Imt¡m-h nse BÀ¨v _nj-¸ nsâ h-kXn-bnÂ A`bw tXSn. bp²w Ah-
km-\ n-¡p-¶Xp hsc AhnsS XpSÀ¶p).
t{^mbvUpw I_m-ebpw
t{^mbn-Unsâ at\mhntÇjWw Hcp imkv{X-ta-b-Ã. AXv PqX {KÙ-

amb XmÂapZv sâ Bi-b-§Ä AÔ-am-bn -I-Sw-s Imv \nÀ½n¨ X«n¸v
imkv{Xw. t{^mbvUv Science F¶-a-« nÂ Ah-X-c n-¸n-¡p-¶Xv fiction Xs¶-
bm-Wv. kaq-l-¯nÂ Akz-Ø-X-IÄ krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw IpSpw-_ -_-Ô-
§sf On{Z-a m-¡p-¶-X n\pw thn a\-] qÀÆw \nÀ½n-¨-Xv. _v\mbv
_vdn¯nse {][m-\n-bm-bn-c p¶p t{^mbvUv F¶Xv A¯-c-¯nÂ kwi-bn-
¡p-¶-X n\v ASn-Øm-\-am-hp-¶p.
Sigmund Freud and the Jewish Mystical Tradition By.David Bakan
(1957) at\m-hn-tÇ-j-W-¯nÂ PqZm-b n-k-¯n-\pÅ kzo[o\w At\z-jn-¡p-
¶p. a\-i m-kv{X-h pw, at\m-tcm-K -N nIn-Õbpw _m[-sbm-g n-¸n-¡Â X{´-§-
fpsS B[p-\nI cq]w am{Xw. _Im³ ]d-bp-¶Xv t{^mbvUv Hcp Crypto
Sabbatean, Heretical, Shabbatai Zevi bpsS A\p-bmbn F¶.v _Im³
F¶mÂ I_m-ebpw at\m-hn-Ç-j-Whpw X½n-epÅ _Ô-s¯-¡p-dn¨v ]cm-
aÀin-¡p-¶n-Ã.
eqdnbm-\ nIv I_m-e, t{^mbn-Unsâ at\m-hn-Ç-j-Whp-ambn
AXohw kam-\-X- ]p-eÀ¯p-¶p. AXv PqZm-bn-khpw sskt¡m-A-\m-en-
knkpw X½nÂ _Ô-s ¸-Sp¯p-¶-Xn\v klm-b-I-c -am-hp-¶p. eqdn-bm-\nIv
I_m-e-sb-¡p-dn¨v t{^mbn-Un-t\mSv Adn-bn-¨-t¸mÄ F´p-sImv C{Xbpw
\mÄ Xm³ CXv Adn-ªnÃ F¶mWv t{^mbvUv {]Xn-I-cn-¨-X v. hymP-am-b
{]Xn-I-cWw. t{^mbvUv eqdn-bm-\nIv I_m-e-sb-¡p-dn¨v ]d-ªXv This is
gold F¶m-bn-c p-¶p.
hyàn-bpsS hnIm-k-¯n\v , {]Xyp-Xv]m-Z-\ -¯n\v Bh-iy-amb
ssewKn-tImÀÖw Libido, Eros \nb-{ń¨v D]-tbm-Kn-t¡- -Xpv F¶
t{^mbn-Unsâ A`n-{]mbw I_m-e-bnÂ Or Ein Sof-Light of the infinite
F¶m-Wv. AXns\ t{^mbvUv CZv, CutKm, kq]À CutKm F¶v ]p\À hym-
Jym\w sNbvX p. I_m-e-bnÂ Sefirot \p kam-\ambn.
a\pjy {]Ir-Xnbpw kwkvIr-Xnbpw X½n-epÅ kzm`m-hnI
sshcp-²yw, kwLÀjw F¶-n-h ImcWw t{^mbn-Un-b³ hymJym-\-§Ä
A\-kyqXw H¶nÂ \n¶v asäm-¶n-te¡v ]cn-h À¯\w km[y-am-Ip-¶-XnÂ
\n¶pw hnLm-X-a m-h p¶p. hyàn¡v Gähpw {]tbmP-\-{]-Z-amb coXn-bnÂ
625
Libido \nb-{ń¨v Ømbn-bmb D¶-a\w Akm-²y-a m-¡p-¶p. I_m-e-bnÂ

Sefirot ]qÀ®-ambpw ssZh-¯nsâ A\-´-amb ssNX\yw DÄs¡m-Å p-¶-
Xn\v km[y-am-Im-¯Xp t]mse. t{^mbn-Unsâ LS-\ -Ifpw I_m-e-bnse
kam\ hn`m-K-§fpw `mKn-I -ambn XIÀ¶-Sn-bp-¶p. ]c-kv]cw Akw-Xp-e\w
\e-\ nÂ¡p-¶-Xn-\mÂ.
t{^mbvUv ]d-bp-¶Xv tNmZ\ ASn-¨-a À¯-s ¸-Sp-t¼mÄ AXv
At_m-[-X-e-¯nÂ kq£n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-a m-hp¶p F¶v. eqdn-b-
bnÂ AXv Sitra achra AsÃ-¦ nÂ Other side F¶-Xn-t\mSv XnI¨pw kmayX
]peÀ¯p-¶p. Hcn-¡Â At_m-[-X-e-¯nÂ F¯n-t¨-c p¶ C¯cw hnNm-c-
§-fp-tSbpw hnIm-c -§-fp-tSbpw Iq«w hyàn¡v {]m]y-a -Ã. AXv I_m-e-
bnse Kellipot {Husks} \v kam-\-a m-Wv. AXv a\p-jysâ a\-Êns\ AØn-
c-s ¸-Sp-¯p-¶-X n\,v AXv hyàn¡v am\-knI ]ncn-a p-dp¡w krjv Sn-¡p-¶-Xn\v
Imc-W-amhpw. Kellipot s\t¸m-se. ssZh-¯nsâ ]pcp-j- `m-hhpw kv{Xo `m-
hhpw X½n-epÅ IqSn-t¨-c -ep-IÄ Akm-[y-am-¡p-¶-Xp-t]mse. sskt¡m
A\-en-Ìnsâ Npa-Xe C¯-c-¯nÂ krjvSn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ Akzm-c-ky-§Ä, XS-
Ê-§Ä \o¡n-s b-Sp-¡pI F¶-Xm-Wv. sIÃn-t¸m-«nÂ AI-s ¸-«p-t]mb
ssNX-\ys¯ kzX-{´-a m-¡n-bn«p thWw AXv ssZh-¯nsâ tkh-\-
§Ä¡mbn D]-tbm-Kn-t¡--X v.
t{^mbn-Unsâ AÑ³ Hasidic ]mc-¼cyw DÄs¡m-n-c p-¶p.
t{^mbvUv PqX- \À½-§Ä AXn-bmbn Bkz-Zn-¨n-cp-¶p. IY-Ifpw. AXnÂ
A[n-Ihpw DÛ-h n-¨ Xv Hasidic Npäp-]m-SnÂ \n¶v. Zohar t]mepÅ I_m-e-
c-N-\ -IÄ t{^mbn-Un\v kp]-c n-Nn-X-§-fm-bn-cp¶p. ImÄ amÀIvknsâ A½
sldn-tbä s{]Êv_ÀKv . tlmfv Imcn . PqX hwiP . ]ptcm-lnX ]mc-¼-
cy-apÅ IpSpw-_w. ImÄ tam-kkv tamÀU-¨mbn amÀIvkv sehn. amÀIvkpw
t{^mbvUpw XmÂap-ZnÂ \n¶v Bi-b-§Ä ISw sImp. at\m-tcmK
NnInÕ a\p-jysâ Bßm-h ns\ Ah-K-Wn-¡p¶p. AXv Hcp Cult F¶
\ne-bnÂ hÀ¯n-¡p¶p. AXv A[n-Im-cn-IÄ¡v Iogvs ¸-Sm-¯ -hsc at\m-tcm-
Kn-IÄ F¶v ap{Z-Ip-¯p-¶p. Xe-t¨m-dnsâ `mK-§Ä ikv{X-{Inb hgn
\o¡w sN¿p-I -tbm, \in-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-Itbm sN¿p-¶p..
“a\p-jy\v Ahsâ kz´-amb CjvSw” {]Imcw Ahsâ a\-
Êns\ hnI-kn-¸n-¡p-¶-X n\v Ah-I m-i-a n-Ã. \½Ä Xe-t¨m-dns\ sshZypXn
{]tbm-K-¯n-eqsS \nb-{ń-t¡- -Xp.v ssk\yhpw ssk\ym-[n-]-· mcpw
A{]-Imcw \nb-{ń-¡-s¸-Sp-¶- Imew hnZq-c-a -Ã(-tUm-IvSÀ tPmkv Fw. BÀ
sUÂKm-tUm, Ub-d-I vSÀ, \yqtdm-ssk-¡n-bm-{Sn.- sbbvÂ bqWn-thÀknän
saUn-¡Â kvIqÄ 1974)
tZim-XnÀ¯n-Isf XIÀ¯v GI temI {Iaw Øm]n-¡p-¶ -
Xn-\pÅ {][m\ XSÊw IpSpw-_ -a m-s W¶v amÀIvkn-Ìp-IÄ hne-bn-c p-¯p-
¶p. hwiw,- `mj aX-]-c-amb ImgvN-¸mSv F¶n-h-bnÂ \ne-\nÂ¡p¶
sshhn[yw cmjv{S-¯ nsâ kmaq-ln-I , cmjv{ Sob Btcm-Ky-¯ns\ ho]-co-
Xm-\p-]m-X-¯nÂ _m[n-¡p¶p F¶pw. amÀIvknkw Hcp km¼-¯nI
626
imkv{X-a-Ã. adn¨v am\-kn-Im-h-Ø-bm-Wv. AXnÂ \n¶pw Df-h mb Nne

kn²m-´-§-fpw, ioe-§-fpw. a\p-jysâ kzm`m-hnI {]IrXw Iq«m-bva-bp-tS-
Xm-sW¶pw PmXo-b-am-sW¶pw AXv hmZn-¡p-¶p.
amÀIvknkw kaq-l-¯nsâ `qX-Imew Xncp-¯ -s¸-tS--Xpv F¶v
kaÀ°n-¡p-t¼mÄ t{^mbn-Unsâ at\m-hn-tÇ-jWw F¶ Akw-_Ôw
hyàn-bpsS `qX-Imew Xncp-¯p-¶-Xn\v thn \ne-sIm-Åp-¶p. AhÀ
cp-t]cpw aX-h n-i zm-kn-IÄ Bcm-[n-¡p¶ Cuiz-c sâ Øm\¯v kzbw
{]Xn-jvTn-¡p-¶p. ]pXnb imkv{X-§Ä \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn\p ]Icw Ahbv¡v
]cn-Nn-X -amb XmÂap-Znse Bi-b-§sf cq] `mhw amän Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
Nn´m-tijn Ipdª Nnń-¡p-¶ -Xn\v XmXv]-cy-an-Ãm¯ P\X AXv
Gäp]nSn-¡p-¶p.
tIm¸À\n-¡kv ]dªXv `qan -kzbw Id-§p¶p F¶pw AtX -
k-abw Xs¶ kqcy-\p-Npäpw {àWw sN¿p¶p F¶p-a m-Wv. _e-X-{´- “hn-Z-
Kv²-·mÀ” AXv tNmZyw sN¿-s ¸-Sm-\m-h¯ hmkvX hw F¶ a«nÂ {]N-cn-¸n-
¡p-¶p. a\p-jysc AXv hniz-kn-¡p-¶-Xn\v {]Nm-c-W-th-e-bn-eqsS \nÀ_-
Ôn-X-cm-¡p-¶p. AXv XnI¨pw bpàn-]qÀ®mb imkv{Xw, ]£-]m-X-a n-Ã msX
XnI¨pw kzX-{´-Nn-´-bnÂ \n¶v Dcp-¯n-cn-ª-X m-s W-¶pw.
tImÀ¸-\ n-¡kv ]d-ªph¶Xv kuc-bq-[-¯nsâ tI{µ-Øm-
\¯v kqcy³ F¶m-Wv. AXv kÀÆ-I -em-im-e-I-fnepw hnZym-e-b-§-fnepw
Øm]n-¨-tijw A[nIw \mÄ Ign-bp-¶-Xn-\ p-a p³]v UmÀhn³ hn¹-h-
¯nsâ hc-hm-bn. a\p-jyÀ AXp t]mepÅ “IqSp-XÂ kXy-§Ä”¡p-
thn Däp- t\m¡n. AhnsS amÀIvknkw {]Xn-jvTn-¡-s ¸-«p. amÀIvkv Xsâ
cN-\-IÄ UmÀhn\v kaÀ¸n-¨p. “kmaqly imkv{X-§-fpsS” ]nd-hn¡v XpS-
¡-ambn. tIm¸À\n-¡kvs â XXz-§sf kwc-£n-t¡-p-¶-Xnsâ Bh-iy-I-
X -amÀIvkn-Ìp-IÄ hyà-a mbn a\-Ên-em-¡n. \h-tem-I -{Iaw Øm]n-¡p-¶-
Xn\v. amÀIvkn-k-¯nsâ hnP-b-¯n\v tImÀ¸À\n-¡kv XXz-§Ä
hkvXpXIfm-s W¶v Øm]n-t¡-p-¶-Xnsâ Bh-iy-IX amÀIvkv a\-Ên-em-
¡n-bn-c p-¶p. GwKÂkv ]d-ªXv sshcp-²ym-ßI ùXn-I -hm-Z-¯ nsâ ASn-
Øm-\ -X-Xz-§-fnÂ H¶v hkvXphpw Ne-\hpw X½nÂ \ne-\nÂ¡p¶ Ahn-
`m-Py-X-bmWv F¶m-Wv. kuc-bq-Y-¯nÂ \nÝ-em-h -Ø-bnÂ \ne-\nÂ¡p¶
hkvXp-¡Ä H¶pw Xs¶-bnÃ F¶v se\n\pw I½yq-WnÌv _e-X{´ hnZ-
Kv²-cpw.
A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX t{^mbvUv cwK-{]-thiw sNbvXp.
XmÂap-ZnÂ {]Xn-]m-Zn-¨n-«pÅ ssewKnI sshIr-X-§sf AtX-]-Sn- ISw
sImv Ahsb a\p-jysâ kzm`m-hn-I -{]-Ir-Xn-bnÂ DÂs¸-Sp-¯n.
t{^mbvUv ]d-ªXv a\p-jy³ arK-§-fnÂ \n¶pw hyXy-kvXt\m Hu¶Xyw
Df-f-ht\m AÃ. imkv{Xw F¶Xv a\-Ênsâ tXm¶-ep-IÄ AÃ Xs¶.
AXn\v \s½ Fhn-tS¡v \bn-¡-mtam, AXn-\ p-a -¸pdw sNs¶-¯m-sa¶v Icp-
Xp-¶Xv tXm¶-ep-IÄ am{X-amWv F¶pw. ]cn-Wm-a s¯ ASn-Øm-\-a m-¡n-
bpÅ hn¹-h-§Ä¡p -Xn-cn-sIm-fp-¯n-bXv UmÀhn\pw amÀIvkpw
t{^mbvUpw. B{i-bn-¨Xv tIm¸À\n-¡kv XpS§n h¨ hn¹-hs¯bpw.
627
t{^mbvUv 1880 IfnÂ ]mcn-knÂ hnZym-`ymkw \S-¯n-bn-cp¶ ka-b¯v

ssa¡nÄk\pw tamÀsebpw bqtdm-¸ nepw Ata-c n-¡-bnepw \S-¯n-bn-cp¶
]co-£-W-§Ä hopw hopw sXf-nbn-¨ Xv kqcy\p Npäpw `qan Id-§p-
¶nÃ F¶m-Wv.
sF³Ìo³ . kbWnÌv . I½yq-WnÌv
lm³kv dosj³_m¡v ( Hans Reichenbach )At±-l-¯nsâ ]pkvX-I-

¯nÂ Copernicus to Einstein ]d-ªXv “AXv imkv{X-tem-Is¯ A[nIw
\mÄ Akz-Ø-am¡n, 1887 Â ]pd-¯phn« êw imkv{X-Ú -·msc AÛp-X -
kvXw`X-c m¡n F¶mWv. 300 hÀjs¯ {]Nm-c -W-th-ebv¡v Gä {]lcw .
imkv{X-tem-Is¯ “]ptcm-ln-X-·mÀ” kXys¯ ASn-¨-a À¯n.
t]mbn³sI-bÀ, amIvkvshÂ, temsdâvk,v ^nävkvP-dmÀUv
XpS-§n-b-hÀ Øm]n-X -Xm-]cys¯ Xm§n \ndp-¯p-¶-Xn\v A[n-I-ambn
A[zm-\ n-t¡n h¶p. 1905 Â ]pXnb c£-I³ h¶p tNÀ¶p. ssk²m-
ńI imkv{X-tem-Is¯ Theoretical science Establishment AXnsâ i{Xp-
hmb kXy-¯nÂ \n¶pw c£-s¸-Sp-¯p¶-Xn\.v I½yq-WnÌv _e-X-{´-¯n\v
t\cn-«- sh-Ãp-hn-fn-Isf AaÀ¨ sN¿p-¶-Xn\v þ AXv kuc-bq-Y -¯nÂ \nÝ-
em-hØ km²y-aÃ F¶ ]£-¯m-bn-cp-¶p.- F§pw cm-P-I ob kzoI-c -
W§Ä At±-l-¯ nsâ _p²n-i-ànsb adn-I -S-¡p-¶-Xn\p BÀ¡pw km²y-
a-Ã , F¶ a«n-epÅ {]Nm-c-W-§Ä. \qäm-nse hyàn F¶ \ne-bnÂ
BÂ_À«v sF³Ìo³ {]IoÀ¯n-¡-s¸«p. Bt]-£n-I-Xm- kn-²m´w
Theory of relativity bpsS D]-Úm-Xmhv F¶ \ne-bnÂ.
ssa¡nÄk¬ tamÀse \nK-a-\-§Ä, UmÀhn-\nkw, amÀIvknkw,
t{^mbn-Un-\ nkw, sF³Ìo-\nkw, kmK-\nkw (ImÄ km-K³) F¶oh¡v
òj-Wn-bmbn. \osj- ]-d-ªXv R§Ä R§-fpsS imkv{X-¯nsâ klm-
b-t¯msS ssZh-¯ns\ h[n¨p F¶m-Wv.
sF³Ìosâ Bt]-£n-IXm kn²m´w I_m-e-bnÂ \n¶pw ISw
sIm-Xm-Wv. Big bang kn²m´hpw AXp t]mse Xs¶.
1905 Â sF³Ìo³ Bt]-£n-IXm kn²m´w {]kn-²o-I-c n-¨p. Hu]-Nm-
cnI hnZym-`ymkw th{Xbn-Ãm¯ ]co-£W ime-bn-Ãm¯ aäv {]K-Û-a -
Xn-I-fpsS klm-b-a n-Ã¯ . 20þmw\qäm-nse Gähpw alm-\mb imkv{X
{]Xn-`.
At±-l-¯nsâ {]kn-² -{]-_-Ô-§Ä tamj-W -a mWv. aäv imkv{X-Ú-
·mÀ Øm]n¨ kn²m-´-§Ä BhÀ¯n-¡pI am{X-a mWv sF³Ìo³
sNbvXv.- t]-bväâv Hmô-knse Kpa-Ø³. Gähpw {]kn² kn²m´w E=
MC2
628
Hentâm sU {]ntäm. Cäm-en-b³ imkv{X-Ú³ 1903 Â Asä F¶

Cäm-en-b³ {]kn-²o-I -c-W-¯nÂ sF³Ìo³ AXv {]kn²oI-cn-¡p¶-Xn\p
2 hÀjw ap³]v E= MC2 F¶ kn²m´w {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨n-c p-¶-X m-Wv. 1904 Â
hopw AXv {]kn-²o-I -cn-¡-s¸-«p. 1999 se Cäm-en-b³ {]kn-²o-I-cWw
sPsâ AXv ASn-h -c-bn«v ]d-bp-¶p. 1904 Â AXv\v apJ-h pc Fgp-X n-bXv
jnbm-] m-s c-Ãn.
Ìmen³ _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-c p-¶-X n-t\-¡mfpw A[nIw I½yq-WnÌv {]Øm-\-§-fp-
ambn sF³Ìo³ _Ô-s¸-«n-cp-¶p.- se-\ n³ ]d-ªncp-¶Xv I½yq-WnÌv
{]Øm-\-§-fp-a mbn tNÀ¶v {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xn\v XmXv]-cy-an-Ãm-¯-hsc
Ahc-dn-bmsX I½yq-WnÌv e£y-§Ä¡p -thn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xn\v
km[y-a mhpw F¶m-Wv. sF³Ìo³ F¶mÂ I½yq-WnÌv {]Øm-\-§-fp-
ambn tNÀ¶v {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶p F¶v shfn-s¸-Sp-¯ msX At\Iw I½yq-
WnÌv {]Øm-\ -§-fnÂ {]hÀ¯n-¨p.
1. The World Congress aganist imperialist war tIman-tâ¬ kwL-Sn-¸n-¨-Xv,-
sF³Ìo³ AXnsâ C³À\m-j-WÂ HmÀK-ss\-knwKv I½n-än-bnÂ 2.The
Worker’s International Relief tIman-tâ¬ kwcw`w 3) War Resisters
international 4) World Congress of Anti Imperialist league tIman-tâ¬
kwcw`w 5) The War Resisters league WRI bpsS Ata-cn-¡³ LSIw 6)
American League Against War and Fascism 7) North American Committee
to Aid Spanish Democracy 8) Friends of Abraham Lincoln brigade 9)
International Labour defense10) League of American writers 11) Joint Anti
fascist Refugee committee 12) Committee for peace through world co-
operation 13) National committee for American soviet friendship 14)
American friends of Chinese people 15) American committee for the
protection of foreign born 16) National Federation for constitutional
liberties 17) Spanish Refugee relief campaign. XpS§n 34 I½yq-WnÌv
{]Øm-\-§-fp-a mbn sF³Ìo³ _²-s ¸-«n-c p-¶p.
sF³Ìosâ \nÀt±i {]Imcw tUmIvSÀ BÂ_-À «v ^q¡vkns\ Ata-cn-¡-
bn-te¡v hcp-¯n. temI-¯nse BZy BW-hm-bp[w \nÀ½n¨ Manhattan
Project te¡m-bn-cp-¶p ^q¡vkv sImp-h-c-s¸-«-Xv. AXnsâ cl-ky-§Ä
^q¡vkv Dw Iq«cpw USSR \v tNmÀ¯n-s¡m-Sp-¯p.- kw-L-¯ nÂ BsI 9
t]À AXnÂ 8 PqX-·mÀ 1) lmcn-tKmÄUv 2)F-{_lmw tdmß³ 3) andnbw
tamkvtIm-hnävkv 4) Pqen-b-kv tdm-s k³_ÀKv 5) CusY³ tdmk³_ÀKv 6)
tUbvh nUv {Ko³¥mkv 7)-tamÀs«³ tkms_Â 8)-tUm-IvSÀ hnÃyw t]Ä
629
temI¯nse Gähpw anI¨ KWnX imkv{X -{]-Xn` sF³Ìo³, am³l-«³

t{]mP-IvSnÂ imkv-{X -X-e-¯ntem kmt¦-Xn-I-amtbm DÄs¸-«n-cp-¶n-Ã.
t]mfn-sb-ÌÀ {]n³kv -
Aw_m-\n.
( The Polyester Prince.The Rise of Dhirubhai Ambani by. Hamish MC
Donald. 1999 )
A\p-Iq-e-amb \b-§Ä \S-¸n-em-¡n-s b-Sp-¡p-I. D¶X cmjv{So-b-¡m-cp-ambn
ASp¯ _Ô-ap-d-¸n-¡pI . XpS-¡-¯nÂ Hcp ^mIvSdn sam¯-am-bn-¯s¶
Cýbn-te¡v cl-ky-a mbn IS-¯pI 20,000 NXp-c{i ASn -Ø-e¯v \nd-¡p-
¶-Xn\v Bh-iy-a mb b´-§fpw D]-I -c-W-§-fpw.- \pkven hmUn-bsb h[n-
¡p-¶-X n\v {ian-¡p-I. AXn-km-l-kn-Ihpw X´-] -c-hp-amb \o¡-§Ä.
IW¡p ]pkvX-I -¯nÂ Xncn-a dn ImWn-¡p-I. 1990 hsc dne-b³kv \nIpXn
HSp-¡n-b-Xn\v tcJ-I-fn-Ã. Minimum Alternate Tax \ne-h n-ep- m-bn-cp-¶-
t¸mÄ t]mepw . \yqtbmÀ¡pambv ASp¯ _Ôw Øm]n-¨ -XmIpw hfÀ¨-
bpsS {][m\ LS-Iw.
]pcm-Xm\ Cý-bpsS hn]-W\ tI{µ-a mbncp¶p KpP-dm¯v .
XpWn-¯-c -§Ä, Hm¸nbw (I-dp-¸v) ]e-h y-Ú-\ -§Ä. Ad-_n-I-fp-a mbpw
]n¶oSv Cw¥ojv CuÌv Cý- I-¼-\ n-bp-a m-bpw.- Aw-_m\n kml-kn-I -amb
\o¡-§Ä \S-¯p-t¼mÄ AXnsâ ]n¶nÂ Ft¸mgpw Bg-¯n-epÅ
Nn´\w kp\n-Ýn-X-a m-bn-cn-¡pw. AÔ-amb kml-kn-I X Hcn-¡-ep-an-Ã.
_Ô-§sf F¶pw hne aXn-¨n-c p-¶p. Aw_m-\ n-bmbn«v Hcp _Ôhpw
XIÀ¯n-c p-¶n-Ã. cmjv{So-b-¡m-scbpw D¶-X-tcbpw kzm-[o-\n-¡p-¶-Xn\v
thn {]tXyIw \ntbm-Kn-¡-s¸-«n-c p-¶-hÀ Aw_m-\n-bpsS acpa-I³ cknIv
takvhm\nbpw sXt¡ -C-ý-¡m-c ³ hn. _me-kp-{_-a-Wyhpw. apgp-h³
kabw \yqUÂln tI{µo-I -cn¨v {]hÀ¯\w.
Hcp ]t£ cmjv{Sob _Ô¯nsâ XpS¡w apcfn Zntbm-d-
bnÂ \n¶.v s\lvdphnsâ ac-Ws¯ XpSÀ¶v emÂ _lm-ZqÀ imkv{Xnbpw
At±-l-¯nsâ s]s«-¶pÅ ac-W-s ¯-X p-SÀ¶v Cµn-cm-KmÔn {][m-\-a-{ń-
bmbn. ss{]häv sk{I-«dn biv]mÂ I]qÀ Agn-aXn A[n-I-a mbn \S-¯n.
Cµncm KmÔnsb \nb-{ń-¨n-c p-¶Xv Hcp ]t£ biv]mÂ I]qÀ. biv]mÂ
I]q-dnsâ Øm\-\o-¡s¯ XpSÀ¶v At±-l-¯nsâ acp-a -I³ BÀ.sI.
[hm³ XXvØm-\¯v {]Xn-jvTn-¡-s¸-«p. Aw_m\n biv]m-ens\ hfÀ¯n,
hne¡p hm§n. {ItaW _Ôw [hm-\ q-a m-bn-«mbn ]ns¶ ASÂ _nlmcn
hmPvt]bv, N{µ-ti-JÀ, \c-knw-l-dmhpw A§n-s \.
Dt±ym-K-¯nepw `c-W-¯n-ep-a n-c n-¡p-t¼mÄ Aw_m-\ nsb
klm-bn-¡p-¶-hÀ¡v hnc-a n-¨ -Xn-\p-tijw sXmgnÂ AsÃ-¦nÂ IpSpw-_ -
630
¯nÂ BÀs¡-¦ nepw sXmgnÂ Aw_m\n Dd-¸ m-¡n-bn-cp-¶p. taml³Zmkv

KmÔnsb ]n³Xp-W-¨ -Xn\v ]I-c-am-bn-cn-¡Ww _nÀe -{Kq¸v [mcm-f-ambn
kuI-c y-§Ä¡v ]m{X-a mbn. 1957 apXÂ 1966 hsc ssek³kv cmPv
sImpÅ {]tbm-P -\-¯nsâ 20 iX-\maw AhÀ¡v e`n-¨ p. CXv t_mws_
bqWn-thÀkn-än-bnse [\-X-X z-i m-kv{X-Ú³ BÀ.-sI. lkmsc ¹m\nMv
I½n-j\p ap³]msI 1967 Â kaÀ¸n¨ dnt¸mÀ«nÂ ]d-bp-¶p.
Aw_m-\n-bpsS BZy-I me klm-bn-I-fnÂ HcmÄ än.-F.-ss].-
kn³Un-t¡äv _m¦nsâ Øm]-IÀ. 1942 Â aWn-¸ mÂ hnZym-`ymk
Øm]\w Bcw-`n-¨p. \nba hncp-²-a mbn H¶pw Xs¶ sN¿p-¶-Xn\v
Aw_m\n Hcp-¡-a-Ãm-bn-c p-¶p. ]Icw X\n-¡-\ p-I q-e-ambn \nbaw krjvSn-
¡pI F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p XXzw. AsÃ-¦ nÂ X\n-¡-\p-Iq-e-a mb coXn-bnÂ
hymJym-\n-¡p-I-s b-¦nepw sN¿p-I.
t]mfn-ÌÀ hn]-W-\ -¯nÂ Aw_m-\n-bpsS ]¦mfn Du. Pont. {][m\
CÃyq-an-\män IpSpw-_-§-fnÂ H¶.v hmWnPy a{ń {]Whv apJÀPn F¶pw
Aw_-m\n-bpsS klm-b -¯n-\p- m-bn-cp-¶p. [\-Imcy a{´m-e-b-hp-am-bn-
t¨À¶v hym]mc \b-§Ä cq]o-I-c n-¡pI \pIpXn \nÝ-bn-¡p-I Anti
dumping duties Xocp-am-\n-¡p-I. ssek³kv hyh-Ø-IÄ \nÝ-bn-¡p-I.
dnkÀhv _m¦v Hm^v Cý-bpsS KhÀWÀ an¡-t¸mgpw [\-Im-cy -a-{´m-e-b-
¯nÂ \n¶pw hnc-an-¡p¶ ta[mhn. 26 tZi-kmÂIrX _m¦p-I -tfbpw
cmjvv{Sob hXv¡-cn¨ t_mÀUn-eqsS , D¶X Xe \nb-a -\-§-fn-eqsS \nb-
{ń-¡p-¶ -Xn\v km[n-¡p¶p. [\-Imcy a{´m-ebw bqWnäv {SÌv Hm^v Cý
]ns¶ Cý³ I¼-\n-I-fpsS Hmlcn hn]-W-n-bn-te-¡pÅ {]th-i \w F¶n-
hsb \nb-{ń-¡p-¶p.
a³tam-l³ knwKv [\-I mcy a{ń-bm-bn-c p-¶-t¸mÄ At±-l-
¯nsâ Dt±ym-K-Ø-\m-bn-cp¶p \nXo-jv sk³Kp-]vX. -s k³ Kp]vX-bpsS
klm-b-t¯msS Non Convertible debenture s\ Hml-cn-bm¡n amän-s b-Sp-
¯Xv 73.5 tImSn cq] IW¡p ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ ISw FgpXn amäp-¶-Xn\v
klm-bn-¨ p. 10 tImSn cq] ]eni hmÀjn-I m-Sn-Øm-\-¯nÂ F¶p-Å Xv 4
tImSn cp] Hmlcn hnlnXw F¶m-¡n-am-än.
1996 þ -1997 Â 12 iX-am\w Minimum Alternate Tax \nb-a-am-b-
t¸mÄ dne-b³kv IW¡p ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ \nIpXn HSp-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ
Provision hI-bn-cp-¯Â \S¯n. AXn\p ap³]v 3 ]Xn-äm-p-I mew AXv
\pIpXn HSp-¡n-bn-t«-bn-Ã. ]{X {]hÀ¯-I ³ Imń-`«v HmÀ½n-¡p-¶Xv
Aw_m\n-bpsS aIÄ Zo]vX n-bpsS hnlm-l-¯n\v 1983 Â At±lw [\-Im-cy-
a-{´m-e-b-¯ nse Chief Enforcement officer D-ambn sXcp-hnÂ Zmńb Ifn-
¡p-I-bp-mbn F¶v.
1983 Â [\-Imcy a{ń {]W_v apJÀPn. ap³]v NRI IÄ¡v
Cý³ Hml-c n-bnÂ \nt£-] n-¡p-¶-Xn\v km²y-a m-hp-a m-bn-c p-¶p. F¶mÂ
Hmlcn hnäp-I n«p¶ ]Ww Cý¡p ]pd-t¯¡v sImv t]mIp-¶-Xn\v
km²y-a m-hp-a m-bn-c p-¶n-Ã. ]pXnb k{¼-Zmbw AXv A\p-h-Zn-¡p-¶ -Xm-bn-cp-
631
¶p. I¼-\n, {SÌv F¶n-h-bpsS 60 iX-a m\w DS-a-ØX Cým-¡mÀ¡msW-

¦nÂ .
apJÀPn 1983 Â ]mÀe-s aânÂ ]d-ªXv 1982 \pw 1983 CS¡v 11 hntZi
Cým-¡mÀ cv Cý³ I¼-\n-I-fnÂ 22.5 tImSn cq]-bpsS Hml-c nbpw
IS-¸ -{Xhpw hm§n F¶m-Wv. B cv I¼-\n-IÄ FkvtImÀ«vkv, UnknFw
F¶n-h bpw. e£yw kzcmPv t]mfns\. 1983 tabv 16 \v IÂ¡«v BØm-am-
¡n-bpÅ _nkn-\Êv Ìm³tUÀUv \ÂInb hmÀ¯ hntZi \nt£-] I
{]Øm-\-§Ä FÃm \nt£-]hpw Hcp I¼-\n-bnÂ am{Xw \S¯n. AXv dne-
b³kv F¶.v AtX XpSÀ¶v dne-b³knÂ \nt£]w \S-¯p-¶ -Xn\v A\p-
aXn \ÂI-s ¸-«n-«pÅ 11 I¼-\ n-I -fpsS hnh-c-§Ä apJÀPn \ÂIp-I -bp-m-
bn. FÃmw UK bnÂ cPn-ÌÀ sN¿vXn-«p-ÅXv F¶pw. AXnÂ cs®w
{]tXyIw {i²-bÀln-¡p-¶p-¶p. t{ImsIm-ssUÂ C³sh-Ìvsaâvkv ,
^nbmkvtIm C³sh-Ìvsaâvkv. NRI IÄ \nt£-]n¨ BsI \nt£-] -
¯nsâ 98 iX-am-\hpw dne-b³kn-em-bn-cp-¶p. sSen-{Km^vsâ {]hÀ¯-IÀ
Is-¯n-bXv B I¼-\ n-I Ä \ne-hn-enÃ F¶m-bn-c p-¶p. cv amk-¯n\v
tijw 11 Â 8 I¼-\n-IÄ \ne-hnÂ h¶p. F¶mÂ AXn-\pÅ At]£
1983 Pqsse 27 hsc kaÀ¸n-¨n-«n-Ãm-bn-cp¶p . At]£ kaÀ¸n-¨ Xv Hcp
amÀ¤-¯n-eqsS. 1983 \hw-_À 22 Â apJÀPn Xncp-¯Â \S-¯n. sFÂ Hm^v
am³ Â cPn-ÌÀ sNbvX-Xm-Wv Ah-s b¶v. sFdnjv IS-ense sNdnb Zzo]v
kaqlw. I¼-\n-I-fpsS t]cv t{ImsIm-s sUÂ enan-äU,v ^nbmkvtIm
HmhÀkokv enan-äUv F¶pw. ]{X hmÀ¯-bpsS Xe-sI«v “{]W_v apJÀPn
: [\-Imcyme-b-¯nsâ a{ńtbm, dne-b³knsâ a{ńtbm”. sS-en-{Km-^nÂ.
632
H_ma
2008 Pq¬ 18 \v emcn-kn³s¢-bÀ hmjn-§vS³ D.C bnÂ \mj-WÂ {]Êv
¢_nÂ shfn-s ¸-Sp-¯ nb hnh-c-§Ä.
“Rm³ ap³]v ab-¡p-a-cp¶v D]-tbm-K n-¡p-Ibpw hnÂ¡p-I bpw
sNbvXn-cp-¶p. X«n-¸v, sN¡v tIkpIÄ A§ns\ ]e-Xnepw s]«v
PbnÂin£ A\p-`-hn-¨n-cp-¶p. Rm³ ]e {]mhiyw HutZym-Kn-I-am-bn-
¯s¶ t]cp amän Ct¸mÄ hopw ]gb t]cv Xs¶ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
HutZym-Kn-I-a m-bn-¯-s¶. 1999 \hw-_-À amkw aq¶mw XmbXn jn¡m-tKm-
bnÂ t]mbn-cp-¶p. hmS-I-s ¡-Sp¯ entam-kn³ ss{Uh-tdmSv , ASp-¯ n-S-]-g -
Ip-¶-Xn\v XmXv]-cy-a pÅ Asc-sb-¦ nepw ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sm³ B{K-l-a pv F¶-
dn-bn-¨-Xn-s \-¯p-SÀ¶v H_m-asb ]cn-N-b-s ¸-Sp-¯ n. Imiv Rm³ apS-¡n.
H_ma sIms¡bv³ kwL-Sn-¸n-¨p. ss{Uh-dpsS t]cv PmKnÀ ]cw-PnXv
apÂXm-\n. entam-kn-\ nÂ Ccp¶p Xs¶ cp-t]cpw ab-¡p-a-c p¶v D]-tbm-
Kn-¨p. kzhÀ-K-t`mKw \S-¯ n. sk]vä w-_-dnÂ 2007 Â H_m-a-bpsS sXc-
sª-Sp¸v Hmô-kp-a mbn _Ô-s¸-«p. CsXms¡ Xpd¶p ]d-bWw F¶m-h -
iy-¸ -«p. H_ma XncnsI _Ô-¸-«n-Ã. tUmWÄUv bwKv F¶ hyàn,
kzhÀ¤-t`mKn ]e {]mhiyw _Ô-s ¸-«p. 2007 Unkw-_À 23 \v AbmÄ
h[n-¡-s¸-«p. sse Unä-IvSÀ þ “”X«n¸v imkv{X-a m-sW¶v”” F\n¡v a\-Ên-
em-bn. tUmIvSÀ tPmÀÖv. U»yq. amjvsIbpsS \nK-a-\ §Ä AXmWv
sXfn-bn-¡p-¶-Xv.
Whitehouse.com DSa Um³ ]cokn 2008 s^{_p-h-cn-bnÂ H_m-a-bpsS
Hmô-knÂ \n¶pw 750,000 tUmfÀ kzoI-cn-¨ p. Fs¶ Icn tX¨p ImWn-
¡p-¶-X n\p thn. Rm³ AXn-s\-Xnsc \nb-a-\-S-]-Sn-I Ä kzoI-c n-¨ p.- Iq-Sp-
XÂ hnh-c-§Ä¡v WWW.LARRYSINCLAIR.ORG t\m¡p-I.”
2008 HmKÌv amkw 21-þmw XobXn ^nen-]v.-sP. _ÀKv , H_ma sXc-sª-Sp-
¸ns\ t\cn-Sp-¶-Xn\v tbmKy-\Ã F¶v ImWn¨v kyq«v ^bÂ sNbvXp.
^nen-]v, s]³knÂhm\n-bbn-s e ap³ sU]yq«n AtämÀWn P\-dÂ. ap³
KhÀWÀ Øm\mÀ°n. tam³SvtKm-sa-dn-b-bnse sUsam-{Im-änIv ]mÀ«n
A²y-£³.
At±-l-¯nsâ hmZ-ap-J-§Ä
1. Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ P\n¨v ]uc-\mb hyàn-b-Ã.
633
2. AsÃ-¦nÂ ]n¶oSv ]ucXzw \jvS-s¸«p. Ct´m-t\-jy-bnÂ Zs¯-Sp-¡-

s¸-«-t¸mÄ.
3. AsÃ-¦nÂ sI\n-b-bnepw Ct´m-t\-jybnepw ]uc-Xz-ap-Å-Xp-sImv
Cc« hnt[-b-Xz-ap-v.
Fhn-sS-bmWv H_ma P\n-¨Xv lhm-bv, lhmbv¡v ASp-¯pÅ Zzo]nÂ,

sI\n-b, Im\-U, asä-hn-sS-sb-¦n-epw. Ct´mt\-jy-bntem Im\-U -bntem
]ucXzw t\Sn-bn-c p-t¶m. H_ma ]e t]cp-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-c p¶p þ _cm¡v
lpssk³ H_m-a , _mcn skmsb-täm-tdm, _mcn H_m-a , _cm¡v U³lmw,
_mcn U³lmw.
lnecn ¢nâ³, _nÂ ¢nâ³ F¶n-h-cpsS ASp¯v kplr-¯v,
AÀI³k-bnse sUsam-{Im-änIv ]mÀ«n A²y-£³ _nÂ Kzmävs\ HmKÌv
13 \v h[n-¡-s¸-«p. H_ma hncp-² -{]-N-c -W-§Ä¡v t\XrXzw \ÂtI-n-bn-
cp-¶-XmWv Kzmävs\. Ipd¨p Znh-k-§Ä¡p tijw ¢nâ³ s\ ]n³Xp-W -
¨n-cp¶ {]apJ ]mÀ«n t\Xmhv Ìn^m\n ä_vkv tPm¬kv Imtdm-Sn-¡p-¶-Xn-
\nsS AÚmX Imc-W-§-f mÂ ac-W-a-S-ªp.
sshkv {]kn-U-mbn tPm _nU³. Cdm¡v bp²s¯ ]n³Xm-§nb
hyàn. ss{Sem-ä-dÂ, _nÂUÀ_ÀKv hàm-hv. 2007 Â kqUms\ B{I-an-
¡-W-sa¶v Bh-iy-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. Xo{h km{am-PyXz hmZn. bp²-s¡m-Xn-b³.
cmjv{S-§sf ]nfÀ¯n sNdp-cm-jv{S-§-fm¡n \nb-{ń-¡p¶ kv_náyq
{_k-s k³kvIn-bpsS A\p-bm-bn. aSnb\pw iàn lo\-\p-a mb {]kn-
Uv H_masb \nb-{ń-¡p-¶-X n\pw \bn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw ss{Sem-ä-dÂ {]Xn-
jvTn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.
H_ma lmP-c m-¡nb P\\ kÀ«n-^n¡-änÂ tlmtWm-ep-ep-hnÂ \n¶pw
\ÂIn-bn-c n-¡p¶ aäv kÀ«n-^v¡-äp-I -fnÂ ImWp¶ “^bÂ sNbvX
sUbvä v” ImWp-¶n-Ã. H_m-abpw `mcy aojepw ût-j-\p-I-fp-ambn
hfsc ASp-¸-¯n-em-Wv. tPm¬ PyqUn-knsâ The Creation Myth: What
Barak Obama Won’t Tell You About his Community Organising Past H_m-
a-bpsS hÀ¤o-bX shfn-s ¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.
aosjÂ H_m-a, 1991 apXÂ Public Allies, Chicago bpsS FIvkn-I yq-
«ohv Ub-d-I vS-dm-Wv. AXv t\mÀ¯v shtÌ¬ bqWn-thgvkn-än-bnse Asset
Based Community Development Institute ambn t¨À¶v {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p.
AXns\ \bn-¡p-¶Xv tPm¬ aIvss\-äv, tPmUn s{Iävkva³. AXv
Gamaliel Foundation ambn hfsc ASp¯v {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. _cmIv
AXnsâ kl Øm]-I\pw FIvkn-Iyq-«ohv Ub-d-IvS-dp-a mb {KnK-dn KÃq-
tÊm-bp-ambn tNÀ¶v {]hÀ¯n-¨n-«p-v. AXv Ata-cn-¡³ hncp² Xo{h
Bi-b-§Ä ]peÀ¯p¶ ût-j³.
634
bpWn-thÀknän Hm^v CÃn-t\m-bn-bnse {]^-k-dmWv

_nÂ AtbÀkv. cv t]meokv DtZym-K-Ø m-·m-c psS h[-¯n\v Imc-W-
amb shXÀa³ òI-cm-{I-a-W-¯-nse t_mw_À. H_m-a -bpsS ASp¯
kplr¯v. AXv sXfn-bn-¡p¶ tc-J-IÄ HmKÌv 26 \v s]mXp-P-\-§Ä¡v
e`y-a m-¡p-¶-Xn\v Xocp-am-\-a m-bn.
H_m-asb lmÀhÀUv bqWn-thÀkn-än-bnÂ ]cn-N-b-s ¸-
Sp-¯p-¶Xv ap³ am³l-«³ _yqtdm {]kn-Uv þ s]Àkn k«³. At±lw
H_m-asb ]cn-N-b-s ¸-Sp-¶Xv JmenZvv AÂ a³kqÀ hgn. sSIvk-kn-s e.
B{^n-¡, Gjy, anUnÂ CuÌv, t\mÀ¯v Ata-c n¡ F¶n-hn-S-§-fnse
{]ap-J cmjv{Sob t\Xm-¡-fp-s Sbpw hyh-km-bn-I-fp-s Sbpw D]-tZ-jv Sm-h v. 35
hÀj-a mbn hyh-kmb hmWnPy DS-¼-Sn-IÄ¡v taÂt\m«w hln-¡p-¶p.
InwKvUw tlmÄUn-§vknsâ B{^n¡ \nt£] kwcw-`-§Ä, kuZn cmP-
Ip-am-c³ AÂ heoZv _n³ XemÂ, sâ \nt£-]-§Ä Hs¡. lmÀhÀUv
bqWn-thÀknän, t_mws_ bqWn-thÀknän, sImfw-_nb bqWn-thÀknän,
UCLA, bqWn-thÀknän Hm^v sI\n-b, e³ kvI qÄ Hm^v C¡-tWm-an-
Ivkv, bqWn-th-Àknän Hm^v Jm\ F¶n-hn-S-§-fnÂ A²ym-]-I-\ m-bn-c p-¶p.
tdms¡s^ÃÀ IpSpw_w Øm]n¨ ]cn-ØnXn {]Øm-
\-amWv The League for Conservation Voters . eoKv 3 e£w tUmf-tdmfw
2003 þ 2004 Ime-L-« -¯nÂ H_m-a¡v thn tUhnUv BIvÉvÂ tdmUnsâ
DS-a-Ø-X-bn-epÅ cmjv{ Sob D]-tZ-iI {]Øm-\-amb AKP Message and
Media ¡p \ÂIn. H_m-a-bpsS {]kn-Uv sXc-sª-Sp¸v ASn-a pSn
taÂt\m«w \S-¯n-bXpw AXp Xs¶. League Øm]n-¨Xv temd³kv.
Fkv. tdms¡-s^-Ãdpw ASp¯ Ipd¨v BÄ¡m-c pw. temd³knsâ aI³
emdn tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ, tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ Ip-Spw-_-¯nsâ Iu¬k-eÀ shbvUv
{Ko³, Ah-c psS ]mcn-Øn-X n-I, ût-j³ {]hÀ¯-\ -§Ä¡v taÂt\m«w
\ÂIp¶ tUmWÄUv. sI. tdmÊv, eoa³ {_tZ-g -knse sênIvkv tdmlm-
än³ sâ ]¦mfn Xntbm-UÀ dqkvshÂäv 4 þma³. eoKnsâ A²y-£\pw
{Kq¸nsâ Xe-h\pw dqkvshÂäv. eoKv, Partnership For New York City
bpambn tbmPn¨v {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. \yqtbmÀ¡v knän tabÀ ssa¡Â
»qw_ÀKnsâ Imcy-]-cn-]m-Sn-I Ä Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶p . Partnership Øm]n-¨ Xv
temd³knsâ ktlm-Z-c³ tUhnUv tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ.
H_ma cNn-¨Xv F¶ a«nÂ ss{Sem-ä-depw aäpw tNÀ¶v cv ]pkvX-
I-§Ä . IqSmsX cv Uk³ aäp ]pkvX-I-§fpw AXnÂ ctm aqt¶m
]pkvX-I-§Ä am{Xw hnaÀi-\m-ß-I-a mbn H_m-a sb hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p.
A¯-c -¯n-s em-¶mWv A Kind of Black Neocon By. Shelby Steele.. Kqm
t\Xmhv tämWn sdkvtIm, Xo{h-h mZn ]mXncn Pd-anb hvssdäv, òI-c -hmZn
hnÃyw AtbÀkv asämcp Xo{h-hmZn s_À\mÀssU³ tUmÀ³ FÃmw
H_m-a-bpsS kplr-¯p-¡Ä, Ahsc shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xv A]qÀÆw. H_ma
Hcp apÉow BWv. AsÃ-¦nÂ amÀIvknÌpw I½yq-Wn-Ìp-am-Wv F¶v hne-
635
bn-cp-¯p-¶-XmWv Gähpw henb hnUvVn-¯w. H_ma F¶mÂ ss{Sem-ä-

dÂ I½o-j³, _nÂUÀ_ÀKv, CFR, Skull and Bones, t^mÀUv ût-
j³, jn¡mtKm kvIqÄ Hm^v “{ôUva³” sFäv C¡-tWm-an-Ivkv, A´m-
cmjv{S _m¦n§v tem_n F¶n-h -bpsS krjvSn-bm-Wv. H_ma P·m-h-I miw
F¶ a«nÂ t\Snb IpSpw_ hyh-kmbw F¶Xv A½-sb-t¸mse Xs¶
ût-j-\p-IÄ¡p thn ]W-sb-Sp-¡pI F¶-Xm-Wv. A½ H_ma
t^mÀUv ût-jsâ IognÂ \c-hw-i-im-kv{X-Úbpw, \pg-ªp-I -bä
{]hÀ¯-I-bpw, temI-_m-¦v, USAID -U.S Agency For International
Development F¶n-h¡p thn ]Wn-sb-Sp-¯n-cp-¶p. Kam-en-tbÂ ût-
j³, hqUvkv ^v, tPmbvkv ût-j³, Bt\³_ÀKv û-t-j³,
aäv t^mÀUv ût-jsâ klm-b-¯mÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ ût-j-\p-
IÄ F¶n-h-bp-ambn hfsc tNÀ¶v {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p.- H-_m-a sb ût-j-
\p-IÄ Xoän-t¸m-äp¶ \pg-ªp-I-bäw hnZ-Kv²³ F¶p hnti-jn-¸ n-¡p-¶-
XmWv Gähpw DNn-Xw. A[n-I mcn hÀ¤-¯nsâ ]nWn-bm-fm-bn, [\-Im-cy-
Øm-]-\-§-fpsS Gdm³aq-fn-bmbn cmjv{ Sob \o¡-§-fnÂ \n¶pw KpW-]-c -
ambn Fs´-¦nepw kw`-hn-¡p-¶p-s -¦ nÂ AhnsS IS¶v AXns\
XIÀ¡pI F¶-XmWv H_m-a-bpsS Npa-X-e. Iq«n tbmPn-¸n-¡p¶ iàn
F¶mWv H_ma Ah-X-c n-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. F¶mÂ `n¶n-¸n-¡p-¶-XnÂ hnZ-
Kv²-\mWv H_m-a . shfp-¯-h ³ Idp-¯-h\v FXn-sc, Idp-¯-h³ lnkv]m-
\n¡v\v FXn-sc, Idp-¯-h³ Gjym-¡m-c \v FXn-sc, Idp-¯-h³ PqX\v
FXn-sc, ]pcp-j³ kv{Xo¡v FXn-sc, {]mb-ta-dn-b-h³ sNdp-¸-¡m-c\v FXn-
sc.
H¶c hÀj-¯n-\ Iw C{Xbpw hn`-P-\-§Ä krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn\v
km[n¨ H_m-a , Ata-c n-¡s-sb- B-`y-ćbp²-¯n-te¡v \bn-¡p-s a¶v Dd-¸n-
¡mw. H_m-abv¡pw AbmfpsS km¼-¯nI klm-bnIÄ¡pw
sshävlukv \ÂIp-¶Xv tZiob Bß-lXy Xs¶-bm-Wv. AXv temI-
¯ns\ BsI _m[n-¡pw. H_ma Hcp ^mjnÌv t\Xm-h mbn hfÀ¶p-sIm-
n-c p-¶p. 1922 se Cä-enbpw 1933 se PÀa-\ nbpw sXfn-bp-¡p-¶Xv
^mjnÌv `c-W-Iq-Shpw Agn-a Xn \ndª `c-W-Iq-Shpw X½nÂ bmsXmcp
kmay-h p-a nÃ F¶m-Wv. H_ma sNIp-¯m³ tkh-I-\m-Wv. Death Cult sâ
ISp¯ hàm-hmWv Pdanb hvssdäv.
aptÊm-fn\n Abm-fpsS PohnXw XpS-§n-bXv {_n«o-jv, {^©v
Fw_-Ên-IÄ, Nne sh\okv [\-Imcy taem-f-·mÀ F¶n-h-c psS ]nWn-bmÄ
F¶ \ne-bv¡pw, lnäveÀ Abm-fpsS PohnXw XpS-§n-bXv PÀ½³ ssk-
\nI Câ-en-P³knsâ ]nWn-bmÄ Bbn«pw BsW-¦ nÂ H_ma Abm-fpsS
PohnXw kv_náyq {_k-kn³kvI nsb Npän-¸-än-bmWv \bn-¡p-¶-Xv.
ss{Sem-ä-dÂ ta[m-hn-bm-bn-cp¶ AtX {_k-kn³kvIn.
F´mWv-v ût-j-\p-I-fpsS {]hÀ¯-\w. Ah `c-W-hÀ¤-¯n-\p-thn
A«n-adn {]hÀ¯\w \S-¯p-¶p. doK³, FIvkn-Iyq-«ohv HmÀUÀ 12333
636
{]Imcw Ata-cn-¡³ Câ-en-P³kns\ 1. ap¶Wn {]Øm-\-§Ä Front

Companies , 2. \nb-a-tk-h\w \ÂIp¶ {]Øm-\-§Ä Law Firms ]ns¶ 3.
ût-j-\p-IÄ F¶v Xcw Xncn-¨p. 1960 IfnÂ.
H_ma, Pdanb hvssdänsâ Idp-¯-hsâ hntam-N-\-imkv{Xw {]tLm-jn-
¡p¶ Bcm-[-\-bnÂ ]¦p sImn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ Pd-anb hvssdäv Bcm-
bn-cp-¶p. bYmÀ°-ambpw Idp-¯ -hsâ D¶-a-\-¯n-\mbn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-
XmtWm adn¨v hmÄkv{So-änsâ ]nWn-bm-fmtWm F¶v hne-bn-cp-t¯--Xp-
v. Pdanb Xo{h-hmZ Bi-b-§Ä {]N-cn-¸n-¨n-c p-¶p. H_m-a -bpsS kwc-£ -
IÀ Agn-a-Xn-¡m-c mb tabÀ sUbven, KhÀWÀ »mtKm-P-hn-I v, At[m-tem-I -
\m-b-IÀ sdkvtIm, -Hu-Nn, AÂkm-a-s dbn XpS-§n-b-hÀ. Ignª GXm\pw
]Xn-äm-p-I Ä I Gähpw Agn-a-X n-¡m-c-\ mb, {Iqc-\mb {]kn-Uv
H_m-a. H_m-a sb hfÀ¯n-s ¡mp h¶Xv shXÀa³ òI-cm-{I-aWw \S-
¯nb t_mw_ÀamÀ _nÂ AtbÀkv, s_À\mÀssU³ tUmlv³. AhÀ
bYmÀ° hn¹-h-Im-cn-IÄ e£yw t\Sp-¶-X n\v òI-cm-{I-aWw amÀ¤-ambn
kzoI-c n-¨-XmtWm, AtXm hnZymÀ°n {]Øm\w XIÀ¡p-¶-Xn\v \ntbm-Kn-
¡-s¸« Câ-en-P³kv ]nWn-bm-fp-I-fm-tWm.
H_m-a-s b-t¸mse A{]-i -kvX-\m-bn-cp¶ F¶mÂ hfsc s]s«¶v Ata-cn-
¡³ {]kn-U-mb hyàn Pn½n ImÀ«À.- ImÀ«À hntZ-i-Imcyw kv_náyq
{_k-kn³kvI n-tbbpw, km¼-¯nI \b-¯nsâ Npa-Xe t]mÄ thmÄ¡-dn-
s\bpw Gev]n-¨p. FÃm-hcpw ss{Sem-ä-dnsâ ]nWn-bm-fp-IÄ. Ata-cn-¡-
bnÂ an¨-ap-m-bn-c p¶ hyh-kmb hyh-Øn-Xnsb A«n-a-dn-¨ -hÀ . BtKm-f-
Xm-]-\-¯nsâ t]cnÂ kl-\ w, aq¶mw temI sI«p-d-¸n\p taÂ \nb-{´-
Ww, t\«w FÃmw tdms¡-s ^-Ã-dn\pw hmÄkv{Soäv kwL-§Ä¡pw. sNdp-
¸-¡m-c -\mb aptÊm-fn-\n-bpw H_m-abpw X½nÂ kmay-§Ä Gsd-bm-Wv.
1933 Â lnäveÀ `c-W-ta-ä-t¸mÄ Ata-cn-¡-¡mÀ A\p-`-hn-¨ncp¶ AXyp-
Õm-lhpw, BImw-£bpw PÀ½³ P\X A\p-`-hn-¨n-c p-¶p. _m¦Àamcpw
hyh-kmb òa-·mcpw shdpw Hcp tkzÑm-[n]-Xn-sb-bÃ B{K-ln-¨-X v. Iq«-
¯nÂ sXcp-hv- Kp--I-fpsS kzIm-cy-tk-\ sbbpw A«n-a-dn-¡m-scbpw \bn-
¡p-¶-h ³. PÀ½-\n-bnÂ tkmjy-Â sUsam-{Im-äp-I-fpw, I½yq-Wn-Ìp-Ifpw
ià-cm-bn-cp-¶p. AhÀ P\ ]¦m-fn-¯-t¯msS {]t£m`w kwL-Sn-¸ n-¡p-
¶-Xn\v apXnÀ¶n-Ã. lnäveÀ A[n-Im-c ¯nÂ h¶-t¸mÄ {]kvX pX ]mÀ«n-
IÄ \ntcm-[n-¡-s¸-«p. \mSp hn«v HmSn-t¸m-I m-¯-hÀ sXcp-h nepw
tIm¬k³t{S-j³ Iym¼p-I-fnepw h[n-¡-s¸-«p. Ata-c n-¡-bnepw kam\
kml-N-cy-am-Wv.
The Disuniting of America : Reflections on a Multicultural Society
By. Arthur M. Schlesinger hmbn-¡p-¶-h À¡v a\-Ên-emhpw. Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ
\ne-\nÂ¡p¶ hÀ¤o-bX a\-]qÀÆw k¦p-Nn-X-ambn krjvSn-s¨-Sp-¯-X mWv
F¶v. H_m-asb krjvSn¨ AtX ût-j-\p-Ifpw AXnsâ ]n¶nÂ
{]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ [\m-[n-] -Xyhpw krjvSn-¨-Xv.
637
ImÀ«À {]kn-U-mhp-¶-X n\p ap³]v 4 hÀjw KhÀW-dm-bn-cp-

¶p. H_ma Bcm-sW¶v IrXy-ambn P\-§Ä¡v Adn-bp-I-tb-bn-Ã.
XnI¨pw AÚm-X³. H_m-a-bpsS kl-bm-{Xn-I À Bsc¶v Adn-bp-¶Xv
H_m-a-bpsS {]hÀ¯\w F´m-bn-c n¡pw F¶p-Å-Xn\v kqN-I-a mbn hÀ¯n-
¡pw. km¼-¯n-I-a mbn ]n³Xp-W-¡p-¶ -h-tcbpw ]Tn-t¡--Xp-v.
hmÄkv{Soäv km¼-¯nI taem-f-·mÀs¡-Xnsc hÀ¤-tZ-i -t`Zw ad¶v
sXmgn-emfn hÀ¤w Hcp-a n-¡p-¶-Xns\ sNdp-¡p-¶-X n\v Øm]n¨ {][m\
amÀ¤-§-fnÂ H¶mWv ASn-a -¯-¯n\v \jvS-]-cn-lmcw GÀs¸-Sp¯n P§sf
PmXo-b-ambn hn`-Pn-¡pI F¶-X v. AXnsâ iàn-\ mb hàmhv {]^-kÀ
NmÄkv Hms¥-{ So, H_m-a -bpsS D]-tZ-jvSm-hv. AXnsâ km¼-¯ nI t\«w
e`n-¡p-¶Xv \K-c -hm-kn-I-fmb Idp-¯-hÀ¤-¡mÀ¡p am{X-hpw. Hms¥{So ]d-
ªXv \jvS-]-c n-lm-c- {]-Ø m\w C¶v F¶-s¯-¡mfpw ià-am-Wv. BtKm-
f-Xm-]-\ -\n-Ip-Xn, aq¶mw-temI sI«p-d-¸n-s\-Xnsc \nIp-Xn, \jvS-]-cn-lm-c- \n-
IpXn F¶nh H_ma GÀs¸-Sp-¯n-bmÂ AXn-i-bn-¡m-\ n-Ã. B`y-ć Iem-
]-¯n-te¡v \bn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ aps¶m-cp-¡-§Ä.
At[m-temI \mb-I³ Atâm-bn³ sdkvtIm hnNm-c -W-th-f-
bnÂ ]d-ªXv AbmÄ H_m-asb lmÀhÀUv \nb-a-h n-Zym-e-b -X-XnÂ h¨v
]cn-N-b-s¸«p F¶pw Xsâ I¼-\ n-bpsS Imcy-§Ä¡p thn D]-tbm-Kn-
¡p-¶-X n\v {ian¨p F¶p-am-Wv. 1991 Â. H_ma ]d-bp-¶Xv AhÀ ASp¯
Ime¯v am{Xw ]cn-N-b-s¸«p F¶pw.
kaq-ls¯ \nb-{ń-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw, kaq-l-¯nsâ cq]-L-S\ amän-
¯oÀ¡p-¶-Xn\pw ût-j\pIÄ hln-¡p¶ ]¦v hfsc hep-X m-Wv.
Ah imkv{X-t¯bpw kmt¦-XnI hnZy-tbbpw shdp-¡p-¶p. km¼-¯nI
taem-f-·m-cpsS A[n-Im-c¯n\v CSn-hpmIpw F¶ `b-amWv Imc-Ww.
kp`n-£-X -bnÂ Ign-bp¶ Liberals Ah-c psS Bi-b-§Ä FXnÀ¡-
s¸-Sp-t¼mÄ F{]-Im-cw, h©-\m-]-c -ambn {]Xn-I -cn-¡p¶p F¶v Christopher
Lasch At±-l-¯nsâ IrXn-bnÂ The Revolt of the Elites and the Betrayal
of Democracy hnh-c n-¡p-¶p.
H_m-a-bpsS ût-j³ _Ôw Kam-en-tbÂ ût-j-\ nÂ \n¶v
XpS-§p-¶p. AXv A[n-I-ambn t^mÀUv ût-js\ B{i-bn-¨ n-c p-¶p.
t^mÀUv ût-j-s\bpw AXv tI{µ-Øm-\¯v hcp¶ aäv ût-j³
D]-{K-l-§-tfbpw Ah-bpsS {]hÀ¯\ coXn-I-tfbpw hne-bn-cp-t¯--Xp-
v. H_ma F¶Xv ût-j-\ p-I -fpsS krjvSn-bm-Wv. ]qÀ®-am-bpw.
t^mÀUv ût-jsâ {][m\ {]hÀ¯-\- coXn `n¶n-¸n¨v Iog-S-¡pI
F¶-Xm-Wv. hmÄkv{Soäv XmXv]-cy-§-fpsS hnP-b-¯n\p thn.
H_m-a-bpsS BZy-Ime {]hÀ¯-\-§-fnÂ H¶v jn¡m-tKm-bpsS
sX¡p-h-i-¯pÅ Zcn-{ Z-c mb Idp¯ hÀ¤-¡msc kwL-Sn-¸n¨v Ahsc D]-
tbm-K-iq-\y-a mb ]²-Xn-I-fnÂ ]s¦-Sp-¸ n¨v Ah-c psS Pohn-X-¯nsâ \Ã
Imew ]mgm-¡n-¡-f-bpI F¶-X m-bn-c p-¶p. AtX kabw Ahsc H_ma
638
{]Xn-\n-[m\w sN¿p¶ iàn-I -fpsS cmjv{Sob t\«-§Ä¡p thn D]-tbm-

Kn-¡pI F¶-X pw. cmjv{Sob {]_p-²X hfÀ¶p hcp-¶-X ns\ XpS-¡-¯nÂ
Xs¶ hgn Xncn¨p hnSp-I , AXns\ NnX-dn-¡p-I, \in-¸n-¡pI F¶Xp
Xs¶-bmWv Dt±yiw.
{Sqa³ `c-W-Im-e¯v Uo³ dkvIv, BhvsdÂ lmcn-a -s\bpw Uo³ A¡n-k -
sWbpw tkhn-¨n-cp-¶p. ]n¶oSv tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ ût-jsâ {]kn-U -m-
bn. 1950 IfnÂ. aäp ût-j-\p-I-fpsS taÂ t^mÀUv ût-jsâ
kzm[o-\-s ¯-¡p-dn¨v Uo³ dkvIv ]d-ªXv “XSn-b³ F´p sNbvX mepw
AXv aäp-Å-hsc FÃmw _m[n-¡pw.” F¶m-Wv.
\yqtbmÀ¡v KhÀW-dm-bn-cp¶ s\Âk¬ tdms¡-s ^-Ã-dns\
National Welfare Rights Organisation FXnÀ¯n-cp¶ AtX ka-b¯v
AhÀ¡v tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ {_tZÀkv ^v [\-k-lmbw \ÂIn. 1970 IfnÂ
CS-X p-] £ kwL-§Ä¡v ImÀ\o tImÀ]-td-j³ 2 tImSn tUmfÀ kw`m-
h\ \ÂIn. [The Billions of Dollars That Made things Worse. By. Heather
Mac Donald]
1968 Â ImÀ\o ût-j³ ta[m-h n-b m-bn-c p¶ Ae³
ss]^À At±-l-¯nsâ hmÀjnI dnt¸mÀ«nÂ Blzm\w \S-¯n-bXv “kaq-
l-¯nÂ kpJ-I-c-a mbn PohnXw \bn-¡p-¶-h À¡v Atem-kcw krjvSn-¡p-
¶-tXm, AhÀ A]-ISw F¶v Icp-Xp-¶tXm Bb {]Øm-\-§Ä Bh-iy-am-
Wv.” F¶m-Wv. hÀ¤ob hn`-P-\ -¯n\pw kwh-c-W-¯n\pw AhÀ
]n³XpW \ÂIp-¶p. s]mXp-kw-kvImcw \ncp-Õm-l-s¸-Sp¯n hn`n¶
kwkvI mcw t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡s¸-Sp-¶p. “_en-bm-Sp-Isf” kwc-£n-¡p-¶-
Xn\v tImS-X nsb D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp¯n , Kh¬saâv \b-§sf cq]-s¸-Sp¯n
P\m-b¯ `c-W-{I-a s¯ A«n-a-dn-¡p-¶p. IqSp-XÂ \oXn-bp-à-a mb kmaq-
ly-{I-a -¯n\p ]Icw IqSp-XÂ hn`-Pn-¡-s ¸« kmaq-ly-{Iaw krjvSn-¡-s ¸-
Sp-¶p. ût-j-\p-I-fpsS e£yw km¼¯nI aqe-[-\ -¯nsâ Incm-X-amb
`c-W-{Iaw \ne-\n-dp-¯pI F¶Xp Xs¶-bm-Wv. hmÄkv{So-änsâ XmXv]-cy-
§Ä¡v FXn-c mbn {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ tZiob iàn-Isf `n¶n-¸n¨v sNdp-Xmb
hncp-²-i-àn-I-fmbn \ne\ndp-¯pI F¶-XmWv e£yw. hÀ¤ob hnIm-c -
§Ä Bfn-¡-¯ n-¡p-¶Xpw, Aan-X-hn-¹h AXn-hn-¹h hmNm-tSm-]-§Ä ]cn-
t]m-jn¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xpw ût-j-\p-I-fpsS B{K-l-{]-Im-c -am-Wv. _cmIv
lpssk³ H_ma AXnsâ {][m\ {]hÀ¯-I-c nÂ Hcm-fpw. Um\n-bÂ
]m{SnIv sambv\n-lm³ {A dangerous Place sâ cN-bn-Xm-hv, Cý-bnÂ Ata-
cn-¡³ Aw_m-k-U-dm-bn-cp¶p} ]d-ªXv “t^mÀUv, Hcp ]pXnb Xe-¯n-
epÅ Ata-cn-¡³ Kh¬saâns\ krjvSn-¨p. \Kc kmaqly {]hÀ¯I
kwL-S\ Øm]n-¡pI hgn” F¶m-Wv. AXnsâ Xe-¸ ¯v t]mÄ bve znkm-
IÀ. lmÀhÀUnÂ \n¶pÅ ssk²m-ń-I³. ]n¶oSv kzX{´ kaq-l-¯n\v
thn \ne-s Im-p. {]Øm-\ -§-fpsS Bcm-²y-]p-cp-j³.
639
Idp-¯- hÀ¤- Xo{h-hmZn {]-Ø m-\ -¯n\v Gä-hp-a -[nIw ]n³XpW \ÂIn-
bXpw t^mÀUv ût-jsâ {]kn-Uv aIvtPmÀÖv _³Un. shfp-¯-
hÀs¡m¸w XpÃyX F¶-Xm-bn-c p¶p ap{Zm-h m-Iyw ( Pulling No Punches
Oct. 28.2.2007 ). aIvtPmÀÖv _³Un, sbbvÂ bqWn-thÀkn-än-bnse
Skull and Bones Aw-K -am-bn-cp-¶p. Uo³ A¡o-k¬sâ A\p-bm-bn.
hnbäv\mw bp²-¯nsâ Xo{h- h-àm-hv. {]kn-Uv sI¶-Un-bpsS IognÂ
tZiob kpc£m Iu¬knÂ sk{I-«-dn. kmaq-lnI {]Xn-_-²X-bn-Ãm¯
hyàn. [ The Promotion of Doemstic Discord. By. Vicent. J. Salandria ]
aIvtPmÀÖv _³Un AanX Bßm-`n-am\w, hg-§m¯ {]IrXw ]peÀ¯n-
bn-cp-¶p. AbmÄ t^mÀUv ût-j³ kt½-f-\-¯nÂ Hcn-¡Â
]dªXv “Rm³ ]d-bp-¶Xv sXäm-bn-cn-¡mw, F¶mÂ C\n NÀ¨v
XpStcXn-Ã, F\n¡v kwi-b-s am-¶p-an-Ã.” t^mÀUnsâ [\w hnZym-`ym-k-
¯n\p \ÂIp-¶Xp amän, \yq\-]£ Ah-I m-i-§Ä¡p thn sNe-h -gn-
¨p. 1960 Â 2.5 iX-a m-\-a m-bn-cp-¶Xv 1970 Â 40 iX-a m-\ -am-bn. ]c-kv]c
kvt\lw hfÀ¯p-¶-Xn\p ]Icw ]c-kv]c hntZzjw hfÀ¯n. _³Un
Reverse Racism krjvSn-¨p. Ata-c n-¡-b nse saIvkn-s¡m-¡m-c psS CS-bnÂ
hÀ¤o-bX hfÀ¯p-¶-Xn\v t^mÀUv ]cn-{i-an¨ kw`hw ]mÀe-saâv AwKw
sl³{Sn.-_n. sKm¬km-sekv hnh-c n-¡p-¶p. 6 e£w 30,000 tUmfÀ
AXn\p thn \ÂIn-bn-c p-¶p. AÂ]-s a-¦ nepw Dm-bn-c p¶ kulrZw
t^mÀUv XIÀ¯p. sXcphv kwL-§-fn-te¡v A[nIw ]Whpw F¯n-
t¨À¶p.[ Mc George Bundy : How the Establishment’s Man Tackled
America’s Problem With Race. By. Tamar Jacoby ] AhÀ AXns\
Idp¯ iàn-bpsS DbnÀs¯-gp-t¶Â]v F¶v hne-bn-cp-¯n.
H_m-a-sb-t¸mse Rms\¶ `mhw A[n-I-a m-bn-«p-m-bn-cp¶p ]ptcm-ln-
X³ Pd-a n-b- hvssd-än-\pw. [\n-I ³. H_m-a -bpsS Bcm-[y-]p-cp-j³
{^m³Ìv ^m\³. H_ma Hcp \nco-iz-c-hm-Zn. \oXvsj, sslsU-s KÀ F¶n-
h-sc-t¸m-s e. hvs sdänsâ Bcm-[-\m-ebw Idp-¯-hsâ hntam-N-\ -imkv{Xw
{]tLm-jn-¨n-cp-¶p. ût-j³ temI-¯n\v XmXv]-c y-a p-ÅXpw AXp
Xs¶. hvssdäv Xsâ Bcm-[-\m-e-b-¯n\v Trinity United Church of Christ
F¶mWv hnti-jWw \ÂIp-¶Xv F¶mÂ AXn\v tbmPn-¨ Xv Foundation
Church of Counter Insurgency F¶m-Wv.
AXv Idp-¯-h\v {]tXyI tZiw F¶v hmZn-¡p¶ Bt{^m-
sk³{Sn-k-¯nÂ ASn-k-Øm-\-s ¸-Sp-¯n-bp-Å-X m-Wv. ]Sn-ª m-d³
kwkvI rXn Xnc-kv¡-cn-¡p-¶Xpw . kwh-c-W-¯nÂ \n¶pw A[n-I-ambn
B\p-I qeyw t\Sn-bn-cp-¶-hÀ kµÀin-¨n-cp¶ Bcm-[-\m-e-bw. hvssdänsâ
Bi-b-§Ä cq]-s¸-Sp-¯n-b n-c p-¶Xv [\n-I-c mb Idp¯ hÀ¤-¡m-c psS at\m-
L-S-\bv¡v A\p-kr-X-am-bn-«m-Wv. AhÀ [\-Imcy iàn-tI-{µ-§-fp-ambn
XmZmßyw sNbvXn-cp-¶p. kmaq-lnI km¼-¯nI ASn-Ø m-\ -¯n-epÅ
640
hÀ¤w A{]-k-à-a m-sW¶pw, hÀ¤ob sFIy-a mWv kÀÆhpw F¶p-amWv

hvssdäv Ah-Im-i-s¸-«ncp-¶Xv. t{]mt«m ^mjnÌv PÀ½³ kmaqly
imkv{X-Ú³ epUvhnKv Kwt¹m-hn-ävknsâ {][m\ IrXn The Racial
Struggle, ASn-Øm-\-s ¸-Sp-¯ n-bpÅ XXz-i m-kv{X-a m-bn-c p¶p AXv. Kwt¹m-
hn-ävkv, Hmkvt{Sm þ lwtK-dn-b³ km{am-Py-¯nsâ krjvSn. At±-l-¯nsâ
XXz-im-kv{Xhpw t^mÀUv ût-j³ Ct¸mÄ {]m_-ey-¯n-em-¡nbn-cn-
¡p¶ Multi Culturalism hpw kam-\-am-Wv. a\p-jy- k-aq-l-¯nse {][m\
kwL-«\w hÀ¤-k-a-c-aÃ F¶pw hÀ¤o-b-k-a -c-a mWv F¶p-a mWv Kwt¹m-
hnävkv ]d-ªn-c p-¶-X v. CXv ]n³Xp-S-cp¶ “_lp-a m-\y-\ mb “ Pd-a nb
hvssdäv H_m-a -bpsS D]-tZ-jv Smhpw ASp¯ kplr-¯pw.
H_ma Xsâ hmNI IkÀ¯pw, Bi-b-§fpw FhnsS \n¶v
sImp hcp¶p F¶-dn-bp-¶-Xn\v Pd-anb hvssdäns\ t\m¡n-bmÂ am{Xw
aXn F¶mWv Pnw hmÃnkv F¶ CS-Xp-]£ B`n-apJyw ]peÀ¯p¶
]ptcm-ln-X³ ]d-bp-¶-Xv. [Wallace Wood, Rolling stone] XoÀ¨-bm-bpw.
Curtain Time For Barack Obama - Pringle H_m-a bpw Ata-cn-¡³ Ad_v
kaq-l-¯ nsâ t]cnÂ AXns\ apX-s e-Sp-¡p¶ Ad_v t\Xm-¡-· m-c p-w
X½n-epÅ _Ôs¯ shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.
H_m-a bpw anUnÂ CuÌv kaq-l-hp-a m-bpÅ _Ôw tdm_À«v
amsÃbv kw`hw shfn-¨¯v sImp hcp-¶p. tdm_À«v , CâÀ\m-j-WÂ
ss{Iknkv {Kq¸n-\p-thn ]Wn-s b-Sp-¯n-cp-¶p. AXnsâ [\-k-lmbw
tPmÀÖv tkmtdmkv . t_mÀUnÂ kv_náyq {_k-kn³kvI n. AXp Xs¶
shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xv AXv anUnÂ CuÌnÂ kam-[m\w Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn\v
\ne-\nÂ¡p¶ Øm]-\-a Ã F¶m-Wv. adn¨v djy¡pw ssN\bv¡pw FXn-
cmbn Ad_v hwi-P-tcbpw apÉo-§-tfbpw AWn \nc-¯p-¶-Xn\p thn-bp-
Å-Xm-Wv. tdm_À«nsâ ]nXmhv sska¬ amsÃbv sIbvtdm-bnÂ P\n-¨p.
PqX þ kndn-b³ IpSpw-_-¯nÂ.
H_m-a-bpsS cmjv{Sob \b-§fpw Npa-X-ebpw \nb-{ń-¡p-¶Xv
tdms¡-s^-Ã-dpw- , kv_náyq {_k-kn³kn-Inbpw Ah-c psS ss{Sem-ä-dÂ
I½o-j\pw. bqWn-thÀknän Hm^v jn¡m-tKm- h-fsc \mfmbn tdms¡-s ^-
ÃÀ A«n-a dn tI{µ-ambn XpS-cp-¶p. bqWn-thÀknän Hm^v jn¡m-tKm-bnse
“1313 kwLw” kvs]Âa³ ^nsâ klm-b-t¯msS Øm]n-¡-s¸-«-Xm-
Wv. kvs ]Âa³ ^v 1928 Â tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ F¶ Sociopath IpSpw_w
Øm]n-¨-Xpw. A¶v kvs ]Âa³ ^-n\v Hcp tImSn tUmfÀ temd
kvs]Âa³ tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ sat½m-dn-b-enÂ \n¶pw e`n-¨p. Ipªp-§-fpsS
hnZym-`ym-kw, c£n-Xm-¡-fpsS hnZym-`ym-kw, hÀ¤ob _Ô-§Ä XpS§n
kmaq-lnI cq]o-I-c-W-¯n\v DX-Ip¶ Social Engineering hnj-b-§Ä
ssIImcyw sN¿p-¶-X n\v. 1938 Â Øm]n-X-a mb 1313 cp hyàn-I-fpsS
Bi-b-§Ä DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p. NmÄkv. C. sadn-bw, eqbn {_u¬tem.
641
{_u¬tem Hu]-Nm-c nI hnZym-`ymkw t\Sn-bn-«n-Ã. sadn-bw, bqWn-

thÀknän Hm^v jn¡m-tKm-bnÂ cmjv{ S aoamwk A²ym-]-I³. GXm\pw
hÀj-§Ä¡p-Å - nÂ Ata-c n-¡-b nse s]mXp-`-c W¯nsâ kncm-tI-{µ-ambn
amdn 1313. 1963 Bb-t¸m-tg¡pw AX-nsâ IognÂ 22 Hmfw emt`-Ñ-b n-Ã msX
{]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ kwL-S-\-I Ä \ne-hn-em-bn. Ata-c n-¡³ ]»nIv hÀIvkv
Atkm-kn-tb-j³, Ata-cn-¡³ ]»nIv shÂ^-bÀ Atkm-kn-tb-j³,
Iu¬knÂ Hm^v sÌbväv Kh¬saâvkv, Ata-c n-¡³ skmsskän Hm^v
¹m\n§v Hô-jyÂkv, Ata-cn-¡³ skmsskän Hm^v ]»nIv AUvan-\n-
kvt{S-j³, \mj-WÂ sePn-tÉ-äohv tIm¬^-d³kv, ]»nIv AUvan-\n-
kvt{S-j³ kÀho-kv, \mj-WÂ Atkm-kn-tb-j³ Hm^v kvsäbväv
_UvPäv Hmô-tkÀkv, \mj-WÂ Atkm-kn-tb-j³ Hm^v AtämÀWn
P\-dÂ, XpS-§n-b-h . \Ã `cWw ImgvN h¡p-¶-X n\v klm-b-Icw F¶
a«nÂ cmjv{Sob {]Øm-\-§sf A«nadn-¡p-¶-Xn-\ pÅ, bqtdm-]y³ ^mjn-
k-¯nsâ cq]-am-XrI A\p-I-cn-¡p¶ {]Øm-\ -amWv 1313. cmw temI-
a-lm-bp-²-¯n\p tijw AXv A´m-cmjv{S {]Øm-\-§Ä sI«n-¸-S-¡p-¶-
XnÂ {i² tI{µo-I -cn-¨p. eoKv Hm^v t\j³kn-s \-¡mfpw sa¨-s ¸« k{¼-
Zmbw sI«n-¸-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn. tdms¡-s^-Ã-dnsâ [\-k-lm-b-¯n-
epÅ 1313 se AwK-§Ä sFIy-cm-jv{S-k`, UNESCO, Food And
Agricultural Organisation - FAO, United Nations Releif And Rehabilitation
Administration - UNRRA - AXv A`-bmÀ°n-I Ä, IpSn-s bm-gn-¸n-¡-s¸-«-hÀ
F¶n-h -cpsS Imcy-§Ä¡mbn-«p-Å-Xv, temI _m¦v, cmjv{S-¯n-\ p-] -cn-bmb
`c-W-{Iaw \S-¯p¶ aäv {]Øm-\-§Ä F¶n-h krjvSn-¡p-¶ -XnÂ {]ap-J-
amb ]¦p hln-¨p.
\h-tem-I-{Iaw sI«n-¸-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-s â tI{µ-Ø m-\¯v 1313.
t^mÀUv, ]ns¶ jn¡m-tKm- kw-L-S-\ -IÄ F¶n-h-bnÂ AwK-§-fmbn Htc
kabw Htc BÄ¡mÀ. 1313’s Hidden History. By. Bruce Thomas,
Terrible 1313 Revisited. By. Jo Hindman F¶o ]pkvX-I-§Ä 1313 sâ
]Wm-[n-]-Xy-kz-`m-hw, cq£-amb s]cp-a mäw F¶n-h -bpsS krjvSn-I-fm-Wv.
Ct¸mÄ H_m-a-bpsS sXc-sª-Sp¸v {]N-c Ww \nb-{ń-¨ n-c p-¶Xv tUhnUv
BIvknÂtdm¬, 1313 sâ amXr-I -bnÂ ]cn-io-e\w e`n¨ hyàn.
H_m-a-bpsS kwc-£-I-cnÂ {][m-\n-I-fmbn 3 t]sc hne-bn-c p-¯mw.
enhmâv `qJ-WvU-¯nse Ad_v hwi-PÀ.
1. Atâm-bn³ tämWn sdkvtIm . kndn-b-bnÂ \n¶v. H_m-a-bpsS
cmjv{Sob Pohn-X -¯nsâ XpS¡w apXÂ ]n³Xp-W-¨p. t]cn\pw thn
It¯m-en-¡³. PPP - Public Private Partnership. s]mXp kzIm-cy- ta-J-e-I-
fpsS ]¦m-fn¯w F¶ t]cnÂ A[n-I -ambn [\w k¼m-Zn¨ hyàn.
sdkvtIm-bpsS cmjv{Sob PohnXw Bcw-`n-¡p-¶Xv Pm_nÀ lÀ_À«v apl-
½Zvs\ ]cn-N-b-s¸-«-tXm-s S. Pm_nÀ ap³ temI t_mIvkn§v Nm¼y³.
642
apl-½-Z-en-bpsS amt\-PÀ, Nation of Islam sâ t\Xmhv FeoP apl-½-Znsâ

aI³.
2. \mYvan HuNn. P\\w Cdm-¡nÂ. tdma³ It¯m-en-¡³. bpssW-äUv
InwKvU-anse Gähpw henb [\n-I -cnÂ 18 þm-a³. bqtdm-¸nse bp²m-\-ć
Agn-a-X n-I -fnÂ Gähpw {]ap-J-a mb FÂ^v tImg hnhm-Z-¯nse \mb-I³.
AXv 2003 Â. Iq«-¯nÂ {^m³knse B`y-ć a{ń NmÄkv ]kvIz, ap³
hntZ-i-Imcy a{ń tdmf³Uv Uyqam-kv, tImÀkn-¡³ am^n-b, {ôta-
bvk¬ imJ-IÄ. kw`hw \S-¶Xv 1991 Â. Elf {^m³knse {]apJ F®-
hy-h-kmb ime.
3. sFbvlmw AÂkm-a-s d-bv. A´m-cmjv{S Ipä-Ir-X y-§-fnse {]apJ
\maw. kp¶n A_v Cdm¡n cmjv{Sob t\Xm-hv. Cdm-¡nse ap³ hnZyq-
XvOàn a{ń. a{ń-bm-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ \S-¯nb Agn-a-X-nI-fnÂ hnNm-cW
t\cn-«p. sam¯w 13 tIkp-IÄ. Pbn-enÂ \n¶pw tamNn-¸ n-¡p-¶ -Xn\v Ata-
cn-¡-bnse kzIm-cy-tk-\ Black Water s\ Npa-X-e-s ¸-Sp-¯n. Ct¸mÄ
jn¡m-tKm-bnÂ Xma-kw. _pjvsâ klm-b-t¯m-sS. [Curtain for Barack
Obama. By. Evelyn Pringle, Obama And the Chicago Insider. By. David
Ignatius]
s\bväv kvs]³kÀ, kzhÀ¤-t`m-K n, Pd-a nb hvssdänsâ Bcm-[m-\m-e-b-
¯nse AwKw, Idp¯ hÀ¤-¡m-c ³. ASp-¯nsS kwi-bm-kv]-Z-I-c -amb
kml-N-cy-¯nÂ ac-W-a -S-ªp. {]apJ ]{X-§Ä AXn\v hmÀ¯m-{]m-
[m\yw \ÂIp-¶n-Ã.
tXmakv AtbÀkv, P\-dÂ ssU\-a nIvkv sâ t_mÀUv AwK-a m-bn-c p-¶p.
At±-l-¯n-s â -{]m-bm-[nIyw ImcWw Ct¸mÄ Pbnwkv {Iu¬ , H_m-asb
klm-bn-¡p-¶p. P\-dÂ ssU\-an-Ivknsâ t_mÀUv AwKw. 1959 Â GD
bnÂ Gähpw A[nIw Hmlcn ssIh-i-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-c p¶ tIWÂ sl³{Sn
{IuWnsâ ASp¯ _Ôp . Pbnw-knsâ AÑ³ seÌÀ. PqX-·mÀ.
AXohw [\n-IÀ. {Iu¬ IpSpw_w A-ta-c n-¡-bnse hyh-kmb þ
ssk\nI þ km¼-¯nI kwLm-X-¯nse {][m-\n-I-fnÂ H¶v. sl³{Sn
{Iu¬ Bâv I¼\n Hcp kzImcy \nt£-]I {]Øm-\ w. Pbnw-kv, sP. ]n.
tamÀK³ sNbvknse Ub-d-IvSÀ. GD, kmdm eo, F¶n-h-bnepw Ub-d-IvSÀ.
bqWn-thÀknän Hm^v jn¡mtKm t_mÀUv {SÌn-I-fpsS A²y-£³.
lbm¯v tlm«Â irwJ-e-bpsS DSØ en³U {]nävkvIÀ, Ah-cpsS
Sustainable World Corp F¶n-h bpw H_m-asb ]n³Xp-W-bv¡p¶ {]ap-J -cnÂ
s]Spw. ]ns¶ Moveon.org bpsS tPmW-¯³ tkmtdm-kv, At±-l-¯nsâ
AÑ³ tPmÀÖv tkmtdm-kv. FIvkn-tem¬ ap³]v tIma¬shÂ¯v
FUn-k¬ F¶-dn-b-s ¸-«p. ]Xn-ämp-I-tfmfw tXmakv AtbÀk-nsâ
\nb-{´-W-¯nÂ. H_m-a -bpsS ASp¯ kplr¯v shXÀa³ òI-cm-{I-a-W -
¯nse t_mw_À _nÂ AtbÀknsâ AÑ³. ]mw amÀs«³kv. Kth-j-
643
I³. hmÄkv{So-än-s\-¡p-dn¨v \Ã {Kmly-apÅ hyàn. At±lw ]d-bp-

¶Xv tKmÄUva³ kmIvkv, UBS, AG, eoa³{_-tZ-gvkv, sP.-]n. tamÀK³
sNbvkv, knän {Kq¸v, tamÀK³ Ìm³en, s{IUnäv kqkn F¶n-h-cmWv
H_m-asb ]n³Xp-W-¡p-¶-h-c nÂ {]ap-JÀ. ]ns¶ knäm-UÂ C³sh-
Ìvsaâv F¶ slUvPv ^pw. ]ns¶ 5 {]apJ \nba hnZKv² Øm]-\-
§fpw þ AhÀ HutZym-K nI tem_n-bn-Ìp-Ifpw IqSnbm-Wv. ]ns¶ tem_n-
bnwKv sN¿m¯ asämcp \nba hnZKv² Øm]-\ w. C{X-bp-a mWv H_m-a.-
bpsS {][m\ klm-bn-IÄ- F¶v . [ Obama’s Money Cartel : How He’s
Fronted for the Most Vicious Firms on Wall Street. By. Pam Martens ].
tem_n-bn-Ìp-I-fmbn cPn-ÌÀ sNbvX-h-c nÂ {]apJ Øm]-\ -§Ä knUvs e
Hmkv-än³, kvImsÍ³ BÀ]vkv, sPs¶À B³Uv t»m¡v, InÀIvem³Uv
B³Uv FÃn-kv, hnÂaÀslbvÂ þ hnÂsaÀ I«veÀ ]ns¡-dn-§v. ¢nâ³ `c-
W-Im-es¯ {Sjdn sk{I-« dn tdm_À«v dq_n³, knän {Kq¸nse {]ap-J-\m-
Wv. H_m-a-bpsS ASp-¸-¡m-c³ ap³ sk\-äÀ tämw Umjvse Adn-b-s¸-«n-
cp-¶-Xv, knän _m¦nÂ \n¶pw h¶ sk\-äÀ F¶m-Wv. H_m-a-bpsS
]pXnb km¼-¯nI \nb-{ń-Xmhv sPbvk¬ ^Àa³, dq_nsâ {]Xn-tem-a -I-
c-a mb lmanÂä³ ]²-X n-bnÂ \n¶m-Wv. lne-cn¡p thnbpw as¡bv\p
thnbpw tem_n-bn-Ìp-IÄ [\-k-am-l-cWw \S-¯n-bn-c p-¶p. temI-
¯nse F®-bpsS Gähpw henb futures DS-¼-Sn-I Ä Gsä-Sp-¡p-¶Xv
tKmÄUva³ kmIvkpw, tamÀK³ kväm³en-bpw. cpw ià-a mbn H_m-
a¡v thn cwK-¯p-m-bn-cp-¶p.
H_m-a-bpsS kwL-¯ nse Gähpw {][m\n kv_náyq {_k-kn³kvIn.
ss{Sem-ä-dÂ I½o-jsâ Øm]-I³. De Industrialisation sâ {]apJ
hàm-hv. lnäve -dn-\pw, Ìmen\pw, amthmbv¡pw sN¿p-hm³ Ign-bm-¯Xv
{]mhÀ¯n-I-am-¡nb hyàn. BW-h m-bp-[-t¯-¡mÄ \miw krjvSn¨
]eni hyh-Ø-bpsS D]-Úm-X m-hv. tPmÀÖv _pjn-t\-¡mÄ \Ã Imcy-
§Ä Fs´-¦nepw \S-¶mÂ AÛpXw Ft¶ Icp-Xp-¶-Xn\v Ign-bp-I bp-Åq.
H_m-asb \bn-¡p-¶Xv {_k-kn³kvIn. [ Second Chance : Three
Presidents and the Crisis of American Superpower . By. Maksim
Kalashnikov ].
A´m-c mjv{S k-a qlw Ata-cn-¡³ Pohn-X - co-X nsb AwKo-I-c n-¡p-¶n-Ã.
BÀ`m-Shpw Aan-X-[qÀ¯pw. ]cn-lm-c -ambn {_k-kn³kvIn \nÀt±-i n-¡p-
¶Xv \nb-{´-W-hpw, kl-\-hpw. AXv e£y-an-Sp-¶Xv CS-¯-c -¡m-s c.
tkmhn-b-äv bqWn-bsâ ]X-\-¯n\p ImcWw Ah-c psS coXn-I Ä kmaq-ln-
I-ambn BIÀj-Wo-b-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã -F-¶ -XmWv \ymbo-I-c-Ww. Ata-cn¡³
Pohn-X- coXn kmaq-ln-I-a mbn BIÀj-Wo-b-a m-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ {ia-¯n-e m-Wv.
[ Brezezinski Discovered America . By. Maksim Kalashnikov ].
ImÀ«À ss{Sem-ä-dÂ Ifn-¸m-h-bm-bn-cp¶p . H_m-a AXnepw A[n-I w.
t^mÀUv ût-jsâ B³ U¬lm-a nsâ aI³ F¶ \nebv¡v Ah-
644
cpsS Bi-b-§-fp-ambn A[n-I -\m-fs¯ ASp-¸-a pÅ hyàn F¶-Xp-sIm-v.

\nb-{´-W-¯n\pw kl-\-¯n\pw H_ma \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p¶ t]cv Global
Proverty Act . AXv Ata-cn-¡³ P\-X -bpsS taÂ 84,500 tImSn tUmf-
dnsâ Aan-X -\n-IpXn `mcw GÂ¸n-¡pw. AXv Aan-X-amb A[n-Im-c-t¯m-
sS, hntZ-i- k-lmbw \ÂIp-¶-X n\v U.N s\ {]m]vXam ¡p¶p . hnI-kzc
Ahn-I-knX cmjv{S-§-fnÂ Zn\w {]Xn 40000 t]À ac-W-a -S-bp-¶p. ZmcnZy-
amWv {][m\ Imc-Ww. kmt¦-X nI aqe-[\w (Technology Capital) BWh
kmt¦-XnI hnZy-bpÄs¸-sS, hntZ-i-§-fn-te¡v Ib-äp-a Xn sNbvXv Ahsc
kzbw-] -cym-]vX X t\Sp-¶-Xn\v klm-bn-¡p-¶ -Xn\v ]I-c w, Ata-c n-¡³ P\-
X-sb-¡qSn Zpcn-X-¯n-em-g v¯p¶ ]²-X n-bmWv hn`m-h\w sN¿p-¶-Xv.
NmÄkv cmP-I p-a m-c ³ {_n«ojv cmP-Ip-Spw-_-¯nse AwKw. 1920
IfnÂ aptÊm-fn-\ n-s bbpw 1930 IfnÂ lnäve-tdbpw ]n³Xp-W-¨ -hÀ. cmw
temI-a -lm-bp-²-¯n\p tijw AhÀ lcn-X- ^m-jn-k-¯n-te¡v Xncn-ªp.
BtKm-f-X m-] \w F¶-X mWv AXv \S-¸ n-em-¡p-¶ -Xn-\pÅ ap{Zm-hm-Iyw.
aq¶mw temI¯v Iq«-¡p-cpXn \S-¸n-em-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn.-B-tKmf Xm]\w
t\cn-Sp-¶-Xn\v hmÀjn-I-s¨-ehv 3000 tImSn tUmfÀ.[ Prince Charles :
Eighteen Months to Stop Climate Change Disaster . By. Andrew Pierce ]
“Global Warming hysteria serves excuse for World Government -
BtKm-f-X m-] \w F¶ {`m´v temI-K-h¬saâv Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn-\ pÅ D]m-
[n-bmbn {]tbm-Kn-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p”. F¶ teJ-\-¯nÂ Um\n-tbÂ sSbv-eÀ,
kzm`m-hnI {]Xn-`m-k-a mb BtKm-f-Xm-] \w ¢_v Hm^v tdmw sâbpw CFR
sâbpw Zpcp-t±y-i-§Ä¡v thn D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv F{]-Im-c-sa¶v
hnh-cn-¡p-¶p. 1991 Â The First Global Revolution F¶ dnt¸mÀ«nÂ ]Wm-
[n-]-Xy-¯nsâ _u²n-I -{]-Øm-\-a mb ¢_v Hm^v tdmw ]d-bp-¶Xv
\s½ H¶p tNÀ¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ i{Xp-h ns\ At\z-jn-¡p-¶ -Xn-\ n-S-bnÂ
R§Ä aen-\o-I-c-Ww, BtKm-f-Xm-]-\ w, Pe-ZuÀe-`y-X, ]«nWn F¶o Bi-
b-§-fnÂ F¯n-t¨À¶p. C¯cw A]-I-S-§-sfÃmw a\p-jysâ CS-s]-S-ep-
I-fnÂ \n¶p-m-hp-¶p. bYmÀ° i{Xp a\p-jy³ Xs¶-bm-Wv. H_m-a bpw
Iq«cpw AanX P\-kwJy F¶ X«n-¸ n-emWv \ymbo-I-c-Ww Is-¯p-¶-Xv.
ImÀ_¬ ssU HmIvs skUv aen-\o-I -cWw krjvSn-¡p-¶Xp sImv DXv]m-
Z\w Ipd-bv¡W-sa¶pw AXp sImv sXmgnÂ Ah-k-c-§Ä Ipd-bp-¶Xv
\ymb-a m-s W¶pw. AXv ImÀ«À `c-W-Im-e¯v Xocp-a m-\ n-¨ -XmWv . ]mcn-Øn-
XnI {]iv\-§Ä D¶-bn-¡p-I-bmWv AXn\v A\p-tbmPyw F¶v.
{Ko³ lukv hmX-I-§Ä F¶v hnfn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶h \nb-{´-t¡-Xv
Bh-iy-am-sW¶ sI«p-I-Y-bpw. P\-§Ä F{]-Imcw Pohn-¡-W-s a¶v Xocp-
am-\n-¡p-¶-X n\v òXn krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn, \nIpXn DbÀ¯p-¶-Xn\p
thn BtKm-f-X m-]\w F§ns\ Zpcp-]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-t¯- p-Xp-s¶v 2007
amÀ¨nse ss{Sem-ä-dÂ kt½-f\w \bw cq]o-I-cn-¨p. ss{Sem-ä-d-ensâ
bqtdm-]y³ A²y-£³, _nÂUÀ_ÀKÀ, {_n«ojv s]t{Sm-fn-b-¯nsâ
645
A²y-£³ ]oäÀ kqYÀe³Uv- B-tKm-f-Xm-]-\-¯nsâ A]-I-S-§-sf-¡p-

dn¨v ]d-ª-t¸mÄ ]n³Xp-W-bmbn KpYvdo {]`p, F³.-Fw.
tdm¯vjoÂUnsâ Ub-d-IvSÀ, lukv Hm^v temÀUvkv AwKw, e-\nse
ap³ {]Xn-tcm[ ta[m-hn, AXv Hä-s ¡-«mbn BtKm-fm-Sn-Øm-\-¯nÂ {]tbm-
K-h-XvI-cn-t¡- -X pv F¶mWv ]d-ª-Xv.
H_m-a-bpsS km¼-¯nI Imcy-§Ä ssIImcyw sN¿p-¶-hÀ, D]-tZ-jvSm-
¡Ä FÃmw Ip{]-kn-²-amb Aan-X -k-l-\-¯nsâ BØm-\ -amb bpWn-
thÀknän Hm^v jn¡m-tKm, tamW-ä-dn-k-¯ nsâ hàm-¡Ä. Nnen-bnÂ
cà-cq-£n-X-amb A«n-a-dn-bn-eqsS sl³{Sn InÊn³PÀ AKkvtXm ]nt\m-
sjsb Ah-tcm-[n¨v Ah-nsS kl-\-¯nsâ km¼¯nI imkv{Xw {]mtbm-
Kn-I-a m¡n. D]-tZ-jv Smhv anÂä³ {ôUva³. ]ptcm-K-a-\s¯ Hcp \qäm-
p-Imew ]n¶n-te¡v \bn-¨p. Xm¨dpw kam\ ]mX ]n³Xp-SÀ¶n-c p-¶p.
H_m-a-bpsS Imcy-¯nÂ Hcm-izmkw At±-l-¯nsâ D]-tZ-jv Sm-¡-fnÂ
{][m\n HmÌ³ KqÄkv_n ]qÀ®-a m-bpw -bq-W n-thÀknän Hm^v jn¡m-tKm-
bpsS krjvSn-bÃ F¶-Xm-Wv. {ôUvs a³ þ thm¬ lmsbIv kn²m´w
A]-I-S-I-c-a m-s W¶v hyà-X -bp-Å-X n-\mÂ ]pXnb sI«p-IY, X«n¸v .
dn¨mÀUv. F¨v. sXbveÀ, ImÊv. BÀ. k¬Ìo³ F¶n-h-c psS t]cnÂ.
H_m-a sb Hcp ]t£ Akz-Ø-\m-¡p-¶Xv emcn kn³s¢bÀ
sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p¶ tIbvkpw, tUmWÄUv bwKv sâ sIme-]m-X-I -hpw.
At\Iw XhW shSn-tb-än-cp-¶p. s]mXp-hnÂ kzhÀ¤-t`mKn F¶v Adn-bp-
am-bn-cp-¶p. H_m-a-bpsS sXc-s ª-Sp-¸ v ssI-Imcyw sNbvXn-cp-¶-XnÂ
{][m\ ]¦v hln-¨n-cp-¶p. tUmWÄUv ]d-ªn-cp-¶Xv Abmfpw H_m-a bpw
hfc ASp-¸-¯n-emWv F¶m-Wv. jn¡m-tKm-bnse kzImcy Unä-IvSo-h nsâ
A`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ H_m-a -bpsS cl-ky-§Ä ]pd¯p hcm-X n-c n-¡m-\pÅ
sIme-] m-X-I -am-bn-cp¶p AXv. tUmWÄUv, hvssdänsâ Bcm-[-\m-e-b-
¯nse sImbnÀ \S-¯n-b-ncp-¶p. Pbnwkv tUhnUv am¶nwKvkv F¶
]ptcm-ln-X³ ]d-bp-¶Xv H_m-a bpw hvssdäpw Xo{h kzhÀ¤-t`m-Kn-IÄ
F¶m-Wv. ab-¡p-a-c p¶v D]-tbm-Kn-¡-¶-hÀ s]mXp-h nÂ A§-s\-bm-Wv.
hnssd-änsâ Bcm[-\meb¯nse cv kzhÀ¤-t`m-Kn-I-fmb Idp¯ hÀ¤-
¡mÀ IqSn ASp¯ Ime¯v h[n-¡-s¸-«p. emcn »m³Uv, s\bväv
kvs]³kÀ. kvs ]³kÀ sImbnÀ AwKw. ihw AS-¡n-bXv P\p-hcn 2008.
cp t]cpw h[n-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶Xv 40 Znh-k-\s¯ hyXym-k-¯nÂ. FÃmw
H_m-a-bp-a mbn _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶p F¶v kwi-bn-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p.
aosjÂ H_m-a , {]kn-Uv H_m-a -bpsS `mcy cq£-amb `mj-
bnÂ Ata-c n-¡-bnse shfp¯ hÀ¤-¡msc hnaÀin-¡p-¶p. H_ma kwL-
¯n\v hntZi Xo{h-hmZ {]Øm-\-§-fp-ambn _Ô-a p-s ¶pw Bt£-] -ap-
v. sNsN³ dn_-ep-IÄ. tamkvtIm , Ah-cpsS t\Xmhv CÃymkv AIva-
tUm-hns\ hn«p sImSp-¡-W-sa¶v Bh-i y-s ¸-Sp-¶p. AbmÄ Ata-cn-¡-
bnÂ kpJ-hm-k-¯n-em-Wv. lmam-kp-ambn _Ô-ap-s¶v Btcm-]n¨v
tdm_À«v amsÃsb ]pd-¯m-¡n. tdm_À«v CâÀ\m-j-WÂ ss{Iknkv
{Kq¸n\p thn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. CÃym-kns\ kwc-£n-¡p-¶Xv
646
{_k-kn³kvI n-bpw. hnZym-e-b-§-fnepw Bip-] -{Xn-I -fnepw Bbn-c-¡-W-¡n-

\v kv{XoI-s fbpw Ipªp-§-s fbpw h[n-¡p-¨p , F¶ Ipä-amWv Btcm-]n-
¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶ -X v.
ap³ Ime-L-«-§-fnÂ kzIm-cyX A\p-h-Z-\o-b-a m-b n-c p-¶p.
Ct¸mÄ Hcp cmjv{S-¯nsâ {]kn-Uv AsÃ-¦nÂ {][m-\ -a{ń BW-h-
bp²w XpS-§p-¶-Xn\v {]m]vX-amb ]Z-hn-bn-emWv . AXp sImp Xs¶
Xs¶-¡p-dn-¨ pÅ apgp-h-³ hnh-c -§fpw shfn-s ¸-Sp-¯p-¶ -Xn\v _m²y-Ø-
\m-Wv. ]qÀ®-ambpw k¼qÀ®-am-bpw. at\m-tcmK hnZ-Kv²sâ NnInÕ
t\Sn-bn-«p-tm. Ce-Iv{SnIv tjm¡v NnIn-Õ¡v hnt[-b-\m-bn-«p-tm.
FÃmw. AÑ³, A½, ap¯-Ñ ³, ap¯-Èn, ktlm-Z-c -§Ä, kplr-¯p-¡Ä
FÃmw. FÃmw. H_m-a-bpsS Imcy-¯nÂ FÃmw ad¨p hbv¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p.
Ønc-a mbn sIms¡bv³ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-hÀ¡v _p²n-amµyw kw`-hn¡pw
F¶v sXfn-bn-¡-s¸« hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. AXn-s\-¡p-dn¨pw hnh-c-§Ä shfn-
s¸-Sp-t¯--Xp-v.[Heavy Marijuana Use Shrinks Brain Parts. By.Will
Dunham]. kzX{´ hym]m-cs¯ FXnÀ¯n-c p¶ H_ma Ct¸mÄ AXnsâ
Bß-kp-lr-¯m-Wv. ap³]v NAFTA, CAFTA, WTO F¶o Bi-b-§sf
H_ma FXnÀ¯n-cp-¶p.
lnäve-dns\ D]-tbm-Kn¨v tkmhn-bäv bqWn-bs\
XIÀ¡mw F¶m-bn-cp¶ {_n«³ ]²-Xn-bn-«n-c p-¶-Xv. F¶mÂ lnävveÀ
kvämen³ kJyw AXns\ XIÀ¯p. XpSÀ¶v t]mfv B{I-an-¡-s¸-Sp-
Ibpw {_k-kn³kvI n-bpsS IpSpw_w Im\-U-bn-te¡v IpSn-tb-dp-I bpw
sNbvXp. AXp sImm-bn-c n¡mw ]n¶oSv Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ F¯nt¨À¶
{_k-kn³kvI n djysb XIÀ¡p-¶-X n\v ]²-Xn-IÄ Hmtcm-¶mbn Bkq-
{XWw sN¿p-¶-Xv. B{^n-¡³ cmjv{S-§sf AØn-c-am-¡p-I, XIÀ¡pI
F¶ amÀ¤-§-fmWv kzoI-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. AXn\v Ata-cn-¡³ B{^n-¡³
Iam³Uv AYhm B{^ntImw F¶ ]²Xn þ AXv GtXm-] y-bnÂ Bcw-`n-
¡p-I . H_m-a-bpsS {][m-\ -s¸« {]Ya ZuXyw B{^n-¡-bnÂ \n¶pw
ssN\m-¡msc ]pd-¯m-¡pI F¶-X m-Wv. AXnsâ `mK-a mbn KLA -
Kosovo Liberation Army sb D]-tbm-Kn¨v skÀ_n-b¡v kzmX{ýw thW-
sa-¶p-Å-Xn-t·Â Ing-¡³ bqtdm-¸nÂ Acm-P-I Xzw krjvSn-¡p-¶Xv
tamkvtImsb e£y-an-«m-Wv. KLA Bbp[ hym]m-cw, ab-¡p-a -cp¶v hym]m-
cw, òI-c-{]-hÀ¯-\w, ASn-a-¡-¨-h Sw F¶n-h -bnÂ apgp-In-bn-c n-¡p¶
kwL-S-\-bm-Wv.
B{^n-¡sb ssN\bpw Ata-c n-¡bpw X½n-ep-Å- bp-²-¡-f-
am-¡pI F¶XmWv {_k-kn³kvIn-bpsS ]²-Xn. B{^n-¡-bnÂ \n¶pw
ssN\ hm§n hcp¶ F®, {]IrXn hmX-I-§Ä, {][m\ eh-W-§Ä,- A-
kw-kvI rX hkvXp-¡Ä FÃmw XS-Ê-s ¸-Sp-¯p-I. Hcp `qhn-`mKw Aán-
bnÂs¸-Sp¶ Ah-Ø-bp-m-hpw. ap³s]-§p-a n-Ãm¯ Iq«-s¡m-e-bmWv
hn`m-h\w sN¿p-¶-Xv. AXnsâ `mK-a mbn CIA D]-I-c-W-a mb AÂ Jmbn-Z,
647
AÄPo-cn-b-bnÂ {]Xy-£-s¸«p XpS-§n. Gähpw A[nIw F® DXv]m-Zn-

¸n-¡p¶ cmPyw. ]ns¶ SpWo-jy-bnepw samtdm-t¡m-bnepw AÂJm-bnZ
Ah-cpsS iàn {]I-Sn-¸ n¨p XpS-§n-bn-«p-v. knw_m_vs h-bnse apKms_
Kh¬saâv s\ AØn-c-s¸-Sp¯n hcp-¶p. sI\n-b-bnÂ A¯cw {]hÀ¯-
\-§sf klm-bn-¡p-¶-X n\v H_m-a-bpsS PmXn “eq” ap¶n-ep-v. ap³]v
B{^n-¡³ cmjv{S-§-fnÂ ØncX Gsd-bp-m-bn-c p-¶-X mWv sI\n-b.
ASp¯ cmjv{ S-§-fn-te¡v B`y-ć Iem]w Ib-äp-aXn sN¿p-¶-X n\pw
AXv {]tbm-P-\-s ¸-Spw. “”HtaK”” F¶ “eq” kwLS\ òIc {]hÀ¯-\ -
¯nepw hwiob ip²o-I-c -W-¯nepw GÀs¸-«n-cn-¡p¶p . F¶mÂ `c-W-
IqSw ]qÀ® ]n³XpW \ÂIp¶p. kpUm³, ss\Po-c n-b, ku¯v
B{^n¡ F¶n-h n-S-§-fnÂ h³]n¨ A«n-a -dn-¡pÅ ]²Xn X¿m-dm¡n hcp-
¶p. [ Barack. H. Obama, Unauthorised Biography. By Webster
Tarpley ]
648
Iym³kÀ
Iym³kÀ Hcp sshä-an³ sâ Ipdhv sImp-m-Ip-¶ -A-kp-J -am-sW¶v

{Kn^v^n³ ]d-bp-¶p. Vitamin B17 Laetrile AXv F¶v Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.
apJy-[m-c -tcmK NnInÕm hàm-¡Ä AXns\ AwKo-I -cn-¡p-¶n-Ã. FDA,
AMA t]mepÅ kwL-S-\-IÄ. sXfn-hp-IÄ apJy-[mcm hymJym\¯\v
FXn-cm-Wv. ImcWw imkv{X-a Ã cmjv{So-b-am-Wv. Btcm-Ky-h y-h -kmbw
\nb-{ń-¡p-¶ -hÀ¡v em`-I-c-a mb k{¼-Zmbw AhÀ ]n³Xp-S-cp-¶p.
sXfn-bn-¡-s¸-«-Xv- F¶v FDA Ah-Im-i -s¸-Sp-t¼mÄ AXn\v
{]tXyI AÀ°-am-Wp-Å-Xv. AXv kmt¦-XnI \nÀÆ-N-\ -am-Wv. kpc-£n-
Xhpw {]tbm-P-\ -{]-Z-h-pam-s W¶v AXv Dd¸v \ÂIp-¶n-Ã. an¡-t¸mgpw
{]tbm-P-\ -{]-Z-a -Ãm¯ acp-¶p-IÄ hn]-W\w sN¿p-¶-Xn\v A\p-aXn e`n-¡m-
dp-v. KpW-{]Zw F¶-Xn\v Acv°w XmXvIm-en-I-a mbn F¶-X m-Wv.
Iym³k-dn\v A\p-a Xn e`n¨ NnIn-Õ-IÄ kpc-£n-X-a-Ãm-¯Xpw KpW-{ ]-Z-a -
Ãm-¯-X p-a m-Wv. {]Ir-Xn-bnÂ \n¶pw e`y-a m-hp¶ hkvX p-¡Ä¡v taÂ Ah-
Im-i -hm-Z-a p-¶-bn-¡p-¶-Xn\v km[ya-Ãm-¯-Xn-\mÂ tcmK-Nn-I nÕm òa-·mÀ
A¯cw hkvXp-¡sf ]n³Xp-W-¡m-dn-Ã.- Hmtcm hÀjhpw Bbn-c-¡-W -
¡n\v Iym³kÀ tcmKn-IÄ saIvkn-t¡m, PÀ½\n F¶n-h n-S-§-fnÂ t]mbn
sebvs{S-bnÂ NnInÕ t\Sp-¶p. AXnÂ \sÃmcp `mKw km[m-cW Pohn-X -
¯n-te¡v aS§n hcp-¶p. Ata-cn-¡³ Iym³kÀ skmsskän ACS, Ata-
cn-¡³ saUn-¡Â Atkm-kn-tb-j³ -- AMA, ^pUv B³Uv {UKv AUvan-
\n-kvt{S-j³ þ FDA Ch-s bm¶pw sebvs{S-bnÂ NnInÕ AwKo-I-c n-¡p-¶n-Ã.
aäp Iym³kÀ Kth-j-W- tI-{µ-§-fpw. \n£n]vX XmXv]-cy-¡mÀ \nbaw
cNn-¡p-¶-Xn\v A[n-Im-c-s ¸-Sp-t¼mÄ hcp¶ Ipg-¸-amWv FÃmw.
\ne-hn-epÅ NnIn-Õm-]-²-Xn-IÄ Iym³kÀ aqe-a p-m-hp¶
apg-Isf \in-¸n-¡p-Ibpw Iym³k-dp- m-hp-¶-Xn-\pÅ ASn-Ø m\ Imc-
Ws¯ t`Z-am-¡m-X n-c n-¡p-I bpw sN¿p-t¼mÄ sebv{S-bnÂ NnInÕ t\sc
649
FXnÀ^-e-amWv \ÂIp-¶-X v. Syqa-dnsâ AfhnÂ t\cnb Ipdhp am{Xw

\ÂIp-¶p F¶ t]mcmbva \ne-\ nÂ¡p-¶p. Nne tcmKn-I-fnÂ ]qÀ®-
ambpw êw e`n-¡p-¶pv Xm\pw. Syqa-dnsâ hfÀ¨ XS-bp¶ Imcy-¯nÂ
Gdnb ]¦pw hnP-bn-¡p-¶pv .
1972 \pw 1977 \pw CS-bv¡pÅ 5 hÀjw tÉmB³ sIä-
dn§v Iym³kÀ skâ-dnÂ sebv{S-bnÂ s\¡p-dn¨v Kl-\-a mb Kth-jWw
\S-¶p. tUmIvSÀ It\amÕp- kp-Kn-bq-c -bpsS taÂt\m«-¯ nÂ. 60
hÀjs¯ Kth-jW ]cn-N-b-ap-Å hyàn. kXy-k-Ô-X¡v t]cp tI«
tUm-IvSÀ. At±lw hnhn[ Xcw arK-§-fpsS taÂ ]co-£Ww \S-¯n.
At±lw F¯n-t¨À¶ \nK-a-\ -§Ä 1. sebv{SbvÂ Iym³kÀ hym]\w XS-
ªp. 2. s]mXp-h m-bpÅ Btcm-Ky-\ne sa¨-s¸-«p. 3. sNdnb Syqa-dp-I -
fpsS hfÀ¨ XS-ªp. 4. thZ-\-bnÂ \n¶pw Bizmkw \ÂIn. 5. Iym³k-
dp- m-h p-¶-XnÂ \n¶pw XS-ªp.
F¶mÂ tÉmB³ sIädn-§nsâ hàmhv sebvs{Sbn-en\v
Fs´-¦nepw {]tbm-P-\ -ap-s¶v Icp-Xp-¶nÃ F¶mWv {]Jym-]n-¨-Xv.
tÉmB³ sIä-dn-§nsâ t_mÀUnÂ ^mÀa-kyq-«n-¡Â I¼-\n-I-fpsS
km¼-¯nI XmXv]-c y-§-fpsS hàm-¡-f m-bn-c p-¶p, \nb-{´-Ww. A[n-I hpw
tdms¡-s^-Ãdpw Ah-cpsS Iq«m-fn-I-fpw. kpKn-bqc ]co-£Ww \S-¯p-
t¼mÄ 3 tdms¡-s^-ÃÀamÀ t_mÀUn-ep-m-bn-cp-¶p. Pbnw-kv, temd³kv,
hnÃyw. ]ns¶ Hcp Uk-\ n-e-[nIw BÄ¡mÀ. Ah-cpsS I¼-\ n-IÄ
tdms¡-s^-Ã-dnsâ km¼-¯nI klm-b-¯ n-ep-Å-X pw.
tPm¬ Un tdms¡-s ^-Ãdpw At±-l-¯ nsâ aI\pw 1927
apXÂ sat½m-dn-bÂ Bip-]-{Xn¡v kw`m-h\ \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶p. 1930 IfnÂ
Hcp henb ]pc-bnSw Xs¶. ]pXnb Bip-]{Xn sI«nSw ]Wn-bp-¶ -Xn-\ m-bn.
]Icw temI-¯nse Xs¶ Gähpw henb saUn-¡Â skâ-dn\v taÂ \nb-
{´-Ww. tÉmB³ sIä-dn-§nsâ ]»nIv A^-tbÀkv ap³ Akn-Ìâv Ub-
d-IvSÀ dmÂ^v tamkv ]d-bp-¶Xv tdms¡-s^-Ã-dn-t\m-s Sm¸w tamÀK\pw A[n-
Im-c -tI-{µ-§-fn-ep-m-bn-c p-¶p. temI-¯nse Gähpw henb kzImcy
Iym³kÀ skâÀ, hmÄkv{So-änse {]apJ _m¦p-I-fp-sSbpw {]apJ hyh-
km-b- Øm-]-\ -§-fp-s Sbpw \nb-{´-W-¯ n-em-bn. 1960 IfnÂ MSKCC- (
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center ) bpsS {][m\ t_mÀUv AwK-
§Ä {][m\ hyh-km-b-§sf {]-Xn-\n-[o-I-c n-¨n-cp-¶XpsImv “Iym³kÀ
bp²”-¯nsâ ê-¯ns\ B{i-bn¨v AhÀ¡v [mcmfw t\Sm\pw \jvS-s ¸-
Sm\pw Dm-bncp-¶p.
1962 hsc kpKn-bq-c-bpsS 200 e[nIw {]_-Ô-§Ä
hnaÀi-\-§-fn-ÃmsX {]kn-²o-I-c n-¡-s¸-«p. AXnsâ Bap-J-¯nÂ
tUmIvSÀ kn. sNÌÀ tÌm¡v ]d-ªXv “Iym³kÀ Kth-jW cwKs¯
Gähpw {]apJ \ma-§-fn-sem-¶ mWv kpKn-bq-c. djy-bnse tUmIvSÀ,
Iym³kÀ Kth-j-I ³ At±-l-s ¯-¡p-dn¨v Ft¶mSv ]d-ªXv tUmIvSÀ
650
kqKn-bqc {]kn-²o-I-c n-¡p¶ ]T\w R§Ä BhÀ¯n-t¡- -XnÃ F¶v

R§Ä¡-dnbmw” F¶m-Wv.
F¶mÂ “sebv{SbvÂ” ]T-\-¯n\p tijw ØnXn amdn. tUmIvSÀ
tÌm¡v SK bpsS sshkv {]kn-U-v. At±lw aäp-Å-h-tcm-sSm¸w tNÀ¶v
kqKn-bq-c sb tNmZyw sNbvX p. kpKn-bqc sXäm-sW¶v sXfn-bn-t¡- -
Xpm-bn-c p-¶p. [ The Cancer Syndrome. By. Ralph Moss ]. SK bpsS
_tbm-sI-an-Ìp-IÄ kpKn-bq-c -bpsS ]T\w BhÀ¯n-¨ p. AtX ê-§Ä
Xs¶ e`n-¨ p. tUmIvSÀ Fen-k-_¯v tÌms¡À«v, tUmIvSÀ tembvUv
kvt¢mbv³.
tÉmB³ sebv{S-bn-en-t\m-sSm¸w t{]m«ntbm sseänIv
F³ssk-ap-Ifpw tNÀ¯mWv ]co-£Ww \S-¯n-b-X v. kznÊv BÂ_nt\m
Fen-I-fnÂ AXv 100 iX-am\w hnPbw Ip. F¶mÂ Ah-sbÃmw Xnc-
kv¡-cn-¡-s¸-«p. [ The Patchwork Mouse : Politics And Intrigue in the
Campaign to Conquer Cancer. By. Joseph Hixon - SK bnse tUmIvSÀ
hnÃyw k½Àen³ \S-¯nb X«n¸v hni-Z-a m-¡p-¶p ]. tUmIvSÀ kqKn-bq-
c¡v FXnÀ tNcn-bnse {]ap-J³ s_t¶m -jva n-äv. SK bpsS D] A²y-
£³. C³sh-Ìvsaâv _m¦À. temd³kv tdms¡-s^-Ã-dnsâ ASp¯
kplr-¯v. {]kn-Uv ImÀ«-dpsS National Panel of Consultants on the
Conquest of Cancer sâ A²y-£³. War On Cancer F¶ X«n-¸ n\p ad-
hnÂ SK Kh¬saânÂ \n¶pw tImSn-IÄ t\Sn-sb-Sp-¯p. \nIpXn Zmb-
Isâ ]Ww. tUmIvSÀ knKn-bqc ]n¶oSv \yqtbmÀ¡nse Izo³knse
Im¯-enIv saUn-¡Â tkâ-dnse tUmIvSÀ Um\n-tbÂ. Fkv. amÀ«n³,
]ns¶ SK bnse arK tUmIvS-dpw, kpKn-bq-c -bpsS acp-a-I-\p-amb {^m³kv.
F. jva nUv F¶n-h-c p-a m-bn-t¨-À ¶v ]co-£Ww BhÀ¯n-¨p. BZyw kpKn-
bq-c¡v e`n¨ AtX êw Xs¶ e`n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX p. F¶mÂ FÃmw
A«n-a-dn-¡-s¸-«p. dmÂ^v tamÊv 1977 \hw-_À amkw ]{X-k-t½-f\w \S¯n
kXyw Xpd¶p ]d-ªp. ASp¯ Znhkw At±lw ]pd-¯ m-¡-s ¸-«p.
tamÊv At±-l-¯ nsâ ]£w Øm]n-¡p-¶ -Xn\p th sXfn-hp-I Ä \ÂIn-
bn-cp-¶p. [ The Cancer Industry, Unraveling The Politics. By. Ralph Moss ].
1974 Â SK se D¶-X-Xe kt½-f-\-¯nÂ shfn-s¸-Sp-¯nb Imcy-§Ä
At\I hÀj-§Ä¡p tijw hnh-cm-h-Imi \nb-a-{]-Imcw tPm¬
sIÂsk t\Sn-sb-Sp-¯p. AhÀ F¯n-t¨À¶ \nK-a \w AhÀ sebv{S-bvÂ
(A-a n-KvUm-en³) s\-¡p-dn¨v IqSp-XÂ ]Tn-¡p-¶-Xn\v B{K-ln-¡p-¶nÃ
F¶m-Wv. F¶mÂ kb-ss\Uv (CN) ]pd-s ¸-Sp-hn-¡p¶ acp-¶p-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v
]Tn-¡p-¶-Xn\v XmXv]-c y-a p-s -¶pw. Aan-KvUm-en\p taÂ t]äâv e`n-¡p-¶-
Xn\v km[y-X-bnÃ F¶Xpw CN acp-¶p-I -fpsS taÂ AXv km²y-a mWv F¶-
Xp-amWv Imc-Ww.
651
\mj-WÂ Iym³kÀ C³Ìn-äyq-«nse ssktäm sIankv{Sn

ta[mhn tUmIvSÀ _À¡v, ]mÀe-saâv AwKw tdm_À«v F tdm¡v Fgp-Xnb
I¯nÂ sebv{S-bn-ens\ ]n³-X p-W-bv¡p-Ibpw Xsâ taep-tZym-K-Ø-·m-
cpsS Agn-a-Xn-s b-¡p-dn¨v hyk-\n-¡p-I bpw sN¿p-¶p.
kvIÀhn-bpsS Imcyhpw kam-\-a m-Wv. ]mivNmXy tUmIvSÀamÀ _mIvSo-cn-b-
sbbpw sshd-kn-s\bpw Imc-W-sa¶v IcpXn At\z-jn-¨ p. F¶mÂ Hcp
Cým-¡m-c³ \ÂInb ss]³ ac-¯nsâ Xnsâ Nmdv AkpJw t`Z-am-
¡n. F¶n«pw HutZym-KnI AwKo-Imcw e`n¡p-¶-Xn\v 200 Â A[nIw
hÀj-§Ä thn h¶p. [ American Indian Medicine. By. Virgil. J. Vogel
] s]Ãm-{K, sshä-a n³ _n bpsS Ipdhp sImp-m-Ip-¶-XmsW¶v AwKo-
I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw A[nIw ka-b-s a-Sp-¯p. imkv{X-ÚÀ ]cn-io-en-¸n-¡-s ¸-
«n-cn-¡p-¶Xv k¦oÀ®-amb D¯-c-§Ä Is-¯p-¶-Xn\p thn-b m-Wv. [
History And Geography of the Most Important Diseases. By. Edwin. H.
Ackerknecht ].
1952 Â tUmIvSÀ GWÌv. än. s{I_vkv ]dªXv `£-W-¯nse
t]cm-bva-I-fmWv Iym³k-dn\v ImcWw F¶m-Wv. AsÃ-¦nÂ Ahsb BKn-
cWw sN¿p-¶-Xn\v NneÀ¡v Ign-hn-Ãm-¯-Xp-amImw. Ibv]pÅ BÂav,
B{]n-t¡m-«v, sNdn, ]o¨v, ¹w, ]pÃp-IÄ, tNmfw XpS-§n-b-h-bnÂ AXn-
\pÅ ]cn-lm-c-a p-s ¶pw. ss\{Sn-tem-ssk-Up-I Ä. [ The Laetriles /
Nitrilosides in the Prevention and Control of Cancer. By. Krebs ]
]o¨v, B{]n-t¡m«v hn¯p-IÄ ss\{Sn-tem-s sk-Up-IfpsS Gähpw
\Ã t{kmX-Êv. sU¶n-kv. ]n. s_ÀInäv 20 hÀj-t¯mfw DKm--bnepw
kam\ {]tZ-i-§-fnepw Kth-jWw \S¯nb tijw F¯n-t¨À¶ \nK-
a\w tImf³ Iym³kÀ, diverticular disease, Ulcerative Colitis, t]mfn-]vkv,
A¸³Un-ssk-änkv Hs¡ ]c-kv]c _Ôn-X-am-Wv F¶-Xm-Wv. IS-I -fnÂ
e`y-a m-hp¶ ]mI-s¸-Sp-¯nb `£-W -h-kvXp-¡-fnÂ A[n-I-a m-bn-t¨À¡p¶
hkvXp-¡Ä Ah-bnÂ tNÀ¯n-c n-¡p¶ Af-hnÂ Hä-s ¸« \ne¡v A]-I-S-
Im-c n-b-Ã. F¶mÂ A[nIw \mÄ XpSÀ¨-bmbn D]-tbmKn-¡p-t¼mÄ Ah
A]-I-S-Imcn Xs¶-bm-Wv. Toxics A to Z. By. Harte Holdren, Schneider And
Shirley]. kw]p-jvSo-I-cn¨ Blmcw k¼qÀ®-amb Blmc-t¯mfw kpc-
£n-X-a -Ã. \ne-h n-epÅ Akp-J-§Ä¡v {][m\ ImcWw t]mj-Imw-i-§-
fpsS A`m-h-a m-Wv. DuÀÖ-kz-e-X bpw A§ns\ Xs¶. am\-knI
kzmØyhpw. {][m-\-ambpw sshä-an³ _n bpsSbpw kn bpsSbpw A`m-h -
amWv {]iv\ w. k¼p-jvSo-I -cn¨ ( Enriched ) Blmcw am{Xw `£n-¡p-¶Xv
kmaq-ly-hn-c p² kz`m-h-¯n\v Imc-W-a m-hmw. Millet \p ]Icw tKmX-¼v,
Sorghum \p ]Icw Icn-¼v, I¶p-Im-en¡v hen¸w Iq«p-¶-Xn\v t]¸À þ
652
Paper FÃmw sXämb ioe-§Ä. B¸n-fnsâ Ipcp t]mj-I -§-fpsS Ie-h-

d-bm-Wv. ss\{Sn-tem-ssk-Up-I-fp-sS-bpw.
]m¡n-Øm³, Cý, ssN\ F¶n-h-bpsS CS-b nÂ lnam-e-b-¯n-
t\mSv tNÀ¶v lq³k F¶ {]tZ-iw. ASp¯ Imew hsc, B[p-\nI
`£W coXn-IÄ Ahn-sS-sb-¯n-t¨-cp-¶Xp hsc AhnsS Iym³kÀ H«pta
CÃm-bncp-¶p. km[m-c W Ata-cn-¡-¡m-csâ Blm-c-¯nÂ DÅ-Xnsâ 200-
Â A[nIw Cc«n ss\{Sn-tem-sskUv Ah-c psS Blm-c-¯nÂ DÄs¸-«n-cp-
¶p. B{]n-t¡m-«nsâ Ipcp BWv Ah-cpsS {][m\ Blm-cw. temI
{]ikvX `nj-Kz-c ³ {_n«ojv kÀP³ tUmIvSÀ tdm_À«v aIv Im-cn-k¬
lq³k kµÀin-¨n-cp-¶p. At±lw ]d-ªXv AhnsS Iym³kÀ CÃ
F¶p Xs¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p. 1922 Â. s\{_m-kvI-bnse IoÀs\-bnse
tUmIvSÀ AÃ³. C. _m\nIv kµÀi-\-¯n\p tijw cNn¨ ]pkvXIw
Hunza Land Ahn-Sp-s ¯ P\-§-fpsS Blm-c-¯nÂ B{]n-t¡m-« nsâ Ipcp
F{X-t¯mfw {][m\yw t\Sn-b n-c p¶p F¶Xv hni-Zo-I -cn-¡p-¶p. an¡-h mdpw
BÄ¡mÀ 100 hbÊp hsc Btcm-Ky-t¯msS Pohn-¡p-¶p. B[p-\nI
temI¯v ZoÀLm-bpÊv F¶v ]d-bp-¶Xv sshZy-im-kv{X-¯nsâ klm-b-
t¯msS hen¨p \o«n-s b-Sp-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. 1974 Â sk\-äÀ NmÄkv s]Àkn þ
Senate Special Committee on Aging se AwKw lq³k kµÀin-¨n«v cNn¨
]pkvXIw You Live to be 100 in Hunza hni-Z-hn-h-c -§Ä \ÂIp-¶p. 1927
Â tUmIvSÀ aIv Im-c n-Ê¬ Director of Nutrition Research in India Bbn
\nb-an-X-\ m-bn. At±lw ]d-ªXv Ignª ctImÂ hÀj-a mbn lq³k-
bnÂ Iym³kÀ In-t«-bnÃ F¶m-Wv. [ Hunza Health Secrets. By. Renee
Taylor ] At±lw 2000 e[nIw Fen-IÄ¡v km[m-c W Cý³, ]m¡n-
Øm\n Blmcw \ÂIn-b-t¸mÄ I®p tcmK-§Ä, AÄkÀ, Z´-£-bw,
hfª \s«-Ãv, apSn sImgn-¨nÂ, Xz¡v tcmK-§Ä, lrZ-bw, InUv\n F¶n-h -
bnse Akp-J-§Ä A§ns\ [mcmfw {]iv\-§Ä Dm-bn. cmw L«-
¯nÂ AhÀ¡v Cw¥-nse Iotg-¡n-S-bn-epÅhcpsS Blmcw \ÂIn-b-
t¸mÄ, AXm-bXv Dan Ifª sdm«n, amÀK-ssc³, a[p-c -apÅ Nmb, thIn¨
]¨-¡-dnIÄ, Sn¶n-e-S¨ amwkw, km[m-cW Pmw, sPÃn F¶nh \ÂIn-
bt¸mÄ Zl\ kw_-Ô-a mb Akp-J -§Ä, ap³tIm-]w, Ahsb ]cn-]m-en-
¡p-¶-h sc ISn-¡p-I, Akz-Ø-X, Ah-bnse _e-lo-\-a m-b-h sb sIm¶v
`£n-¡pI F¶ ioe-§Ä {]I-S-a m-bn. Iym³kÀ ]mc-¼-c y-P-\y-amb
tcmKw F¶v hnti-jn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sm-dp-v. lq³k-bnse P\-§Ä ]S-n-ª m-d³
Blm-c -co-Xn-bn-te¡v amdn-¯p-S-§n-b-t¸mÄ Ah-cnepw taÂ¸-dª Akp-J-
§Ä, Iym³k-dpÄs¸sS Ip XpS-§n. FkvI n-tam-Ifpw AXp t]mse
Xs¶bmbn-c p-¶p. Cancer : Disease of Civilization. An Athropological And
Historical Study F¶ IrXn-bnÂ hnÂPmÂaÀ Ìo^³k¬ A¯cw Imcy-
§Ä ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶p. FkvIn-tam-I-fpsS Blm-chpw ss\{Sn-tem-ssk-
Up-I Ä A[n-I-ambn DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p. Ico-_q, ]ns¶ AXp t]mepÅ
653
P´p-¡-fpsS amwk-¯ nÂ \n¶v AhÀ¡v AXv e`n-¡p-¶p. Tundra Grasses

Â {][m-\-s¸« Arrow grass ss\{Sn-tem-s sk-Unsâ Ieh-d-I-fm-Wv .
tUmIvSÀ Hmt«m jo^v^ À ]d-bp-¶Xv ssk\n-Ihpw s]mXp D]-tbm-K-¯n-
\p-Å-X p-a mb hnam-\-¯m-h -f-§Ä hs¶-¯n-b-tXmsS FkvIn-tam-I-fpsS
Blm-c -coXn amdn. AtXmsS Iym³kdpw hs¶-¯n. [ Modern Refined
Foods Finally Reach the Eskimos - Keysers Health Research ]
»mIv ko-bpsS hS-¡p-In-g-¡³ `mK¯v Im¡-kkv ae-bpsS DÄ{]-tZ-i¯v
A_vJm-kn-b-\ p-I fpw AXp t]mse Btcm-Kyhpw ZoÀLm-bpÊpw DÅ {]tZ-
i-am-Wv. tlm]n, \hmtPm Cým-¡m-cpsS CS-bnepw Iym³kÀ hfsc hnc-
f-a m-Wv. The Secret of Long Life. By Sula Benet , Soviet Study Find the
Recipe for Long Life. “ In “. National Enquirer. hS-¡³ Ata-cn-¡³ Kncn-
hÀ¤-¡mÀ F«v {Kmw e[nIw ss\{Sn-s se-tkm-U-IÄ Hcp Znhkw `£n-¡p-
¶p. A{^n-¡-bn-tebpw sX¡³ Ata-c n-¡-bn-s ebpw ae-{¼-tZ-i-§-fnÂ
Iym³kÀ hfsc ]cn-a n-X -am-Wv. Ah-cpsS Blm-chpw ss\{S-tem-s sk-Up-
IÄ [mcm-f-a m-bp-Å-Xm-Wv. ]Sn-ªm-d³ kwkvIm-c -§Ä¡v {]nb-a mb a[p-c -
apÅ IÊm-h-bÃ adn¨v ]c-¼-c m-K-X-a mb IÊm-h-bmWv Ah-c psS {][m\
Blm-c w. 1913 Â BÂ_À«v ssjzävkÀ. B{^n-¡-bnÂ anj-Wdn
{]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v t]mb A\p-`-h-¯nÂ \n¶v Iym³kdpw Blm-c hpw
X½n-ep-Å-_Ôw Xncn-¨-dn-ªp. A[n-I-a mbn amwkm-lmcw Ign-¡p-¶-h-cpsS
CS-b nepw, XnIª kky-`p-¡p-I -fpsS CS-bnepw ss\{Sn-tem-sskUv A[n-I-
ambn Ign-¡p-¶-h-cpsS CS-bnÂ Iym³kÀ AXohw hnc-f-a m-Wv. \K-c-hm-kn-
I-fnepw A§ns\ Xs¶ . hyXym-k-a ps-¦nepw Itcm-«o³, kvt]m\n³
F¶n-h bpw Iym³kÀ {]Xn-tcm-[ n-¡p-¶-Xn\v klm-bn-¡p-¶p. [
Vegemania, Scientists Tout the Health Benefits of Saponins. By. Richard
Lipkin ].
I¶p-Im-en-IÄ h®w hbv¡p-¶-Xn\v sImSp-¡p¶ ssU Cu-ssXÂ
ÌnÂs_kvt{SmÄ Ahsb `£n-¡p-¶h-cnÂ F¯n-t¨-cp-¶Xv Bam-ib
Iym³k-dn\v Imc-W-a m-hpw. KÀ`-\ n-tcm-[\ acp-¶p-IÄ Ign-¡p¶X v ,
{]tXy-In¨pw Ckv{S-P³ AS-§nbXv, ]cn-l-cn-¡m-\m-hm¯ hyXn-bm\w
krjvSn-¡p-¶Xv {_Ìv Iym³k-dn\v Imc-W-am-hpw. Iym³kÀ krjvSn-¡p-¶-
Xn-\pÅ Blmcw Cukv{S-P-\ m-Wv. CXp ]d-bp-¶Xv Imen-t^mÀWn-b-bnse
km³X _mÀ_d P\-dÂ Bip-]-{Xn-bnse Iym³kÀ I¬t{SmÄ ¢n\nIv
Ub-dIvSvÀ tUmIvSÀ Hmt«m kÀtäm-dn-b-kv. [ Birth Control Pills Endanger
Your Breasts. By.Ida Honorf ]. ssewKnI {KÙnI-fnse Iym³kÀ ]e-
t¸mgpw Ckv{S-P³ AsÃ-¦ nÂ sStÌm-Ìn-tdm¬ NnIn-Õ¡v hg-§m-dp-v.
s{_Ìv AsÃ-¦nÂ t{]mtÌäv t]mepÅ `mK-§-fnÂ. F¶mÂ CXv tcmKn-
bpsS imco-cnI LS\ amän-¯-o À¡pw. ]pcp-jsâ ]pcp-jXzw Ipd-
bv¡pw, adn-¨pw. KpW-êw Ømbn-b-Ã. Iym³kÀ t`Z-a m-hp-I-bn-Ã.
654
XXv¡me ia\w am{Xw. ]pcp-j-·m-cnÂ IqSp-XÂ Iym³k-dn\v Imc-W-am-bn-

¯o-cpw.
_tbm]vkn \S-¯p-¶-Xn-\p-m-¡p¶ apdn-hp-IÄ t]mepw
Iym³kÀ ]S-c p-¶-X n\v Imc-W-a m-h pw.- aq{X ]cn-tim-[\ IrXy-a mb êw
\ÂIp-t¼mÄ AXnsâ Bh-i y-a n-Ã. ap{X-¯nÂ CGH Ds-¦nÂ ]pcp-j-\m-
sW-¦nÂ Iym³kÀ \nÝ-bw. kv{Xobm-sW-¦nÂ H¶p-InÂ KÀ`nWn AsÃ-
¦nÂ Iym³kÀ. Iym³k-dns\ XpS-¡-¯nte Is-¯p-¶-X n\v AXv klm-
b-I-c-am-hpw. Michro - Aschheim Zonderk ]cn-tim-[\ hfsc IrXy-amb
êw \ÂIpw.
sshä-a n³ B17 AXv Aan-KvUm-en³ F¶v Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.
Iym³kÀ NnIn-Õ¡p thn, AXns\ ip²o-I-c n¨v sebv{S-bnÂ F¶v
hnfn-¡p-¶p. AXv Iym³kÀ tImi-§sf \in-¸ n-¡p-Ibpw aäv tImi-§sf
t]mjn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. tUmIvSÀ {I_v ko-\n-bÀ Iym³k-dns\
shÅ-¡m-csâ AkpJw F¶v hnti-jn-¸ n-¨p. At±-l-¯nsâ aI³
tUmIvSÀ s{I_v Pq\n-bÀ sebv{S-bnÂ Ip ]nSn-¨p. IqSmsX sshä-a n³
B15 þ Pangamic Acid cà-tbm-«-¯nse t]mcm-bva-IÄ AXv \nI-¯pw.
km[m-cW tImi-§Ä¡v DuÀÖw (t]m-jWw) e`n-¡p-¶-Xv
HmIvko-I-cWw hgn-bm-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ Iym³kÀ tImi-§Ä¡v DuÀÖw
e`n-¡p-¶Xv ]©-km-c-bpsS (¥q-t¡m-knsâ) s^Àa-tâ-j³ hgn-bpw.
]m³{In-bm-änIv F³ssk-a p-I Ä, £b-tcm-K-¯n\p \ÂIp¶ C³P-£³,
sshä-a n³ C, sshä-a n³ F, sshä-a n³ kn F¶nh ,se-bv{S-bnÂ NnIn-Õ-
tbm-sSm¸w \ÂIp-¶Xv sa¨-s¸« êw \ÂImw. kb-s s\Uv sshä-a n³ B
12 sâbpw B17 sâbpw {][m\ LS-I-a m-Wv. cà-k-½À±w Ipd-¡p¶
Xtbm kb-t\-än-sâbpw. lq³km-bnÂ B{]n-t¡m«v ac-¯nÂ BZy-a p-m-
hp¶ ê-¯nsâ Ipcp A[nIw Ibv¸p-Å-Xm-sW-¦nÂ Ah \in-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-
¶p. B{]n-t¡m-« nsâ êw sam¯-a mbn Ign-¡p-¶Xp sImv A]-I-S-an-Ã.
F¶mÂ Nne ac§-fn-ep- m-hp¶ ê-¯nsâ Ipcp-h nÂ ss\{Sn-tem-sskUv
Aan-X-a mb tXmXnÂ AS-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. AXv A[n-I-a mbn Ign-¡p-¶Xv
\Ã-X m-bn-c n-¡n-Ã. B¸n-fnsâ Ipcp-hnepw kb-ss\Uv Dv. B¸nÄ
sam¯-ambn Ign-¡p-¶Xv \Ã-Xm-Wv. F¶mÂ Ipcp am{X-a mbn þ Hcp It¸m
Ac It¸m Ign-¡p-¶Xv tZmjw sN¿pw. B{]n-t¡m-« n-sâtbm, B¸n-fn-
sâtbm Ipcp hdp¯v Ign-¡p-¶Xv AXnsâ A]-IS k²yX CÃm-X-bm-
¡pw. sshä-a n³ B17 sâ KpW-ê-§Ä \in-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-I -bp-an-Ã.
t]mj-Im-lm-c -¯nsâ Ipdhp \nan¯w ]\n ]nSn¨v acn-¨mÂ ac-W-
Im-c Ww \yqtam-Wnb F¶m-sW-¶m-bn-cn¡pw tcmK-\nÀ®-bw. t]mj-Im-
lm-c -¡p-d-sh-¶m-bn-c n-¡n-Ã. tUmIvSÀ \yqtam-Wn-b-bv¡pÅ NnInÕ am{Xw
\ÂIpw. (BÂ_À«v Êmâv tPymÀPn temI {]ikvX _tbmfPnÌv.)
kvIÀhn F¶Xv sshäan³ kn bpsS A`mh¯nsâ aqÀ²\yamWv. AXp
hsc {]Xntcm[tijnbpsS Ipdhv, £oWw F¶nhbmbncn¡pw
655
e£W§Ä. B{]nt¡m«v êw sam¯ambn Ign¨mÂ Hcp kabw

F{Xsb®w Ign¡ptam A{Xbpw F®w Ipcp am{Xw Hcp kabw Ign¡pI
F¶Xv kpc£nXambncn¡pw.
Atacn¡³ Iym³kÀ skmsskän sebv{SbnÂ s\ X«n¸v F¶v
hnebncp¯p¶p. [ The Pain Exploiters : Victimising of Desperate Cancer
Patients ] F¶mÂ sebv{SbnÂ NnInÕsb ]n³XpW¡p¶Xv {]apJcmWv
Xm\pw.
1. lmt\mhdnÂ knÂ_Àko Bip]{Xnbnse Un¸mÀ«vsaâv Hm^v
saUnkn³ ap³ UbdIvSÀ, tUmIvSÀ lm³kv \o]À. tIm_mÄ«v ,
NnInÕmÀ°w D]tbmKn¡p¶Xn\v XpS¡w Ipdn¨p. lrZbw \ne¨p
t]mIp¶ L«§fnÂ CeIvt{Smsseäv ImcntbÀkv D]tbmKn¡p¶Xn\v
XpS¡w Ipdn¨p. AkvIm s^³_ÀKv Bip]{XnbnÂ sIan¡Â
kÀ¡pteädn KthjW¯nsâ ap³ ta[mhn. PÀ½³ skmsskän t^mÀ
saUn¡Â SyqaÀ {Soäsaânsâ UbdIvSÀ. temI¯nse Gdzpw
{]ikvX\pw Bcm[y\pamb Iym³kÀ hnZKv²cnÂ HcmÄ. 1972 Â
At±lw Atacn¡bnÂ h¨v ]dªXv ss\{SntemsskUvkv þ sebv{SbnÂ,
Im³kdns\ {]Xntcm[n¡p¶Xn\pw NnInÕn¡p¶Xn\pw Gähpw
sa¨s¸«Xv F¶mWv. AXp t]mse {]KÛcmb aäv ]e tUmIvSÀamcpw
sebv{SbnÂ NnInÕsb ]n³Xm§p¶p.
2. Im\UbnÂ tUmIvSÀ F³. BÀ. _ukntb³
3. ^nen¸o³knÂ tUmIvSÀ am\phÂ \hmtdm.
4. saIknt¡mbnÂ tUmIvSÀ GWtÌm tIm¬{Sodmkv.
5. CäenbnÂ tUmIvSÀ {]^kÀ Ftämsd Kpbn-s U-än.
6. s_ÂPn-b-a nÂ tUmIvSÀ tPmk-^v. F¨v. sabvkn³.
7. Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ tUmIvSÀ ^nen-] v. C. _n³sk³ tUmIvSÀ tPm¬. F.
dn¨mÀUvk¬ XpS-§n-b-h-À.
See How they Lie, See How They Lie. By. Dean Burk , The Little
Cynaide Cook Book. By. June de Spain IqSp-XÂ hnh-c -§Ä \ÂIpw. D]-
tbm-K-{]-Z-amb Blm-c -§-sf-¡p-dn¨pÅ hnh-c-§-fpw. djy-bnÂ Imbn-I-Xm-
c-§Ä¡v DbÀ¶ Af-hnÂ sshä-a n³ B15 \ÂIn hh-c p-¶p. hmÀ²-
Iys¯ sNdp-¡p-sa¶pw Icp-X-s ¸-Sp-¶p.
sebv{S-bn-en\pw hfsc ap³]v 1935 Â Imen-t^mÀWnb saUn-¡Â
kvIqfnse tcmK-\nÀ®b hn`m-K-¯nse tUmIvSÀ Ck-s _Ã s]dn kb-
ss\Uv ]pI., Iym³kÀ NnIn-Õ¡v D]-tbm-Kn¨v ê-{]-Z-sa¶v In-c p-¶p.
The Effects of Prolonged Cyanide Treatment on the Body And Tumor
Growth in Rats. By. American Journal of Cancer 1935
[ Cancer, Miracle Cure. By.Mark Trantwein] [See the Patients Die. By.
Wynn Westover ]
656
sebv{S-bnÂ NnInÕ Iym³kÀ t`Z-a m-¡p-¶n-Ã. adn¨v

Iym³kÀ hcmsX t\m¡p-Ibpw, h¶-Xn\p tij-apÅXns\ \nb-{´-W-hn-
t[-b-am-¡p-I bpw sN¿p-¶p. HutZym-KnI Iym³kÀ hyh-km-b¯nsâ
hàm-¡Ä ]d-bp-¶Xv AhÀ¡v Iym³kÀ t`Z-a m-¡m-\mhpw F¶m-Wv.
Ata-cn-¡³ Iym³kÀ skmssk-än.bpw AXp t]mepÅ kwL-S-\-Ifpw
\ÂIp¶ ]pkvX-I-§-fmWv HutZym-KnI sshZy-imkv{Xw Ah-ew-_-a m-¡p-
¶-Xv. ikv{X-{In-b, tdUn-tb-j³, Iotam sXdm¸n Ch-bm-Wv- Hu-tZym-
KnIimJ-bpsS amÀ¤-§Ä. ikv{X-{Inb ]e-t¸mgpw D]-tbm-K -{]-Z-a m-Wv.
AXv a\-Ên\v Bizmkw \ÂIp-I bpw sN¿p-¶p. F¶mÂ ]cn-a n-X n-IÄ
Gsd-bm-Wv. SyqaÀ apdn-¡p-¶Xv AXv hym]n-¡p-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-am-hpw.
ikv{X{In-bbv¡v hnt[-b-a m-I p¶ hyàn IqSp-XÂ Imew Pohn-¨ n-cn¡pw
F¶-Xn\v sXfn-hn-Ã. [ The Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology And Treatment
of Cancer. By. Walter. H. Walshe ] aäv HutZym-KnI amÀ¤-§-sf-t¸mse
ikv{X-{In-bbpw Imc-Ws¯ \o¡w sN¿p-¶n-Ã. AXp t]mse X-Ray
NnIn-Õ-bnÂ Syqa-dnsâ Afhv Ipd-bp¶p F¶Xv hmkvX-h-a m-Wv. F¶mÂ
Iym³kÀ _m[n-¡m¯ tImi-§-fmWv A[n-Ihpw \in¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.
ikv{X-{In-b-bpsS AtX tZmj-§Ä tdUn-tb-j³ NnIn-Õ-bv¡p-a p-v.
AXv Iym³kÀ hym]-\-¯n\v ImcWam-hp-¶p. tdUn-tb-j³ ico-c-¯nsâ
aäp `mK-§-fnÂ Iym³kÀ Dm-h p-¶-X n\v Imc-W-a m-h p-¶p. hmjn-§vS³
bqWn-thÀknän kvIqÄ Hm^v saUn-kn-\nse tdUn-tb-j³ NnInÕm
hn`mKw Ub-d-IvSÀ tUmIvSÀ hnÃyw ]thÀkv, bqWn-thÀknän Hm^v
tdms¨-ÌÀ saUn-¡Â kvI qfnse tdUn-tb-j³ hn`mKw ta[mhn tUmIvSÀ
^nen]v dq_n³, Im\-U-bnÂ tSmd-tâm-bnÂ {]n³kkv amÀK-cäv Bip-]-{Xn-
bnse tUmIvSÀ thc ]otäÀkv F¶n-hÀ AtX A`n-{]mbw icn hbv¡p-
¶p. tdUn-tb-j³ lrZ-bs¯ ZpÀ_-e-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. {]Xn-tcm[ hyh-
Øsb XfÀ¯p-¶p. acW kÀ«n-^n-¡-ä nÂ acW Imc-W-ambn Ipdn-¡p-
¶Xv lrZ-b-¯nsâ XI-cm-dv, izmk-tIm-i-¯ -I-c m-dp-IÄ, \yqtam-Wnb
Fs¶m-s¡-bmImw F¶mÂ hmkvXhw Iym³kÀ NnIn-Õ-bpsS ê-am-bn-
«mWv acWw kw`-hn-¡p-¶-Xv. Ata-cn-¡³ Iym³kÀ skmsskän Ah-
cpsS \nK-a -\-§-fn-te¡v F¯n-t¨-c p-¶-X n\v tcJ-IÄ hf-s¨m-Sn-¡p-¶p.
NnInÕm Ime-L-«-¯n-\n-Sbv¡v acp¶p \ÂIm¯ ( Control Group ) tcmKn-
IÄ acn-¨ mÂ AXv acW-ambn tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. F¶mÂ NnInÕ e`y-am-
hp¶ Iq«-¯nÂ ac-W-ap-m-b mÂ AXv tcJ-I-fnÂ \n¶pw \o¡w sN¿-s ¸-
Sp-¶p. \ymbo-I-cWw NnInÕ ]qÀ®-a m-bn-«nÃ F¶-Xm-Wv. [ A Report on
Cancer. By. Dr. Hardin Jones ]
Xz¡nse Iym³kÀ NnIn-Õ¡p hg-§p-¶p, NnInÕ e`y-am-
bnsÃ¦n-epw an¡-hmdpw kzbw t`Z-s ¸-Sm-dp-v. Iym³kÀ F¶ \nK-a -\-
¯nÂ F¯n-t¨-cp-¶-h-bnÂ A[nIw F®hpw A¯-c-¯nÂs]-«-h-bm-Wv.
ac-W-Im-c -W-am-hp-¶n-Ã. CXv icm-i cn IW-¡nÂ Ir{Xnaw ImWn-¡p-¶-Xn\v
kuIcyw \ÂIp-¶p. \nÀÆN\w amäpI F¶-XmWv asämcp hnZy. A{]-
657
k-à-a mb e£-W-§-sfbpw Iym³kÀ F¶ hn`m-K-¯nÂ DÄs¸-Sp-¯p-I.

HutZym-KnI Iym³kÀ NnInÕ e`n¨ tijw IqSp-X Â \mÄ Pohn-¨n-c n-¡p-
¶Xv an¡-t¸mgpw NnIn-Õ-bpsS ê-a-Ã. ]v tcmK-\nÀ®bw Xma-kn¨v
\S-¶n-c p-¶p. C¶v tcmK-\ nÀ®bw an¡-t¸mgpw XpS-¡-¯ nte \S-¡p-¶p,
Iym³kÀ _m[n-¨ -Xn\pw ac-W-¯n\pw CS-bv¡pÅ kabw ap³]pw
Ct¸mgpw henb hyXym-k-a n-ÃmsX XpS-c p-¶p.
[ Cancer Wars :How Politics Shape What We know And Don’t Know- By.
Robert.N.Proctor ]
“\s«-ÃnÂ tIm_mÄ«v tdUn-tb-j³ \ÂIn-bXp sImv icocw XfÀ¶-
hsc Rm³ In-«p-v. Iym³k-dn\v t`Zw h¶p. F¶mÂ AhÀ¡v \S-
¡m³ Ign-bmsXbm-hp-¶p. tIm_mÄ«v Ahsc sImÃp-¶p. Iym³k-dn\v
]I-c w.” tUmIvSÀ tPm¬ dn¨ÀUvk¬.
acn-¡p-¶-Xn\v sXm«p ap³]v R§Ä Ab-fpsS Iym³kÀ t`Z-a m-¡n-bn-cp-
¶p.- F¶ Xami Ata-cn-¡³ sk\-äÀ t]mÄ Õ³Kmkv sâ Imcy-¯n-s e-
¦nepw icn-bm-Wv. At±-l-¯nsâ ac-W-¡p-dn-¸nÂ ]d-ªn-cp-¶Xv
Iym³kÀ aqew Ic-fn-\p-mb XI-cm-dp-IÄ ImcWw At±-ls¯ Bip-]-
{Xn-bnÂ {]th-in-¸n-¨p. acn-¡p-t¼mÄ At±-l-¯ n\v Iym³kÀ CÃm-bn-cp-
¶p.
t\cs¯ tcmK-\ nÀ®bw \S-¯p-¶Xv AkpJw t`Z-am-¡p-¶-Xn\v
klm-b-I-c-a mhpw F¶mWv HutZym-KnI `mjyw. F¶mÂ CXv ASn-Ø m-\ -c -
ln-X-am-Wv. ]Ww X«m-\pÅ amÀ¤w am{Xw. AXv hcvjw tXmdpw ]cn-tim-[-
\bv¡v hnt[-b-am-Ip-¶-Xn\v P\-§sf t{]cn-¸n-¡pw. A]-I-S-I-c -amb ]cn-
tim-[-\ -IÄ B]-¯p- m-¡p-Ibpw sN¿pw.[ A Report on Cancer. By. Dr.
Hardin Jones. ] Ah-km-\s¯ t]mw hgn F¶ coX-n-bnÂ am{Xw P\-§Ä
teÄbv{S-bnÂ NnIn-Õ¡v hnt[-b-a m-h p-¶p. AXohw Kpcp-X-c-a m-b- A-h-Ø-
bnÂ. Ime-¸-g¡w sN¶n-«v. AXv an¡-t¸mgpw hnP-bn-¡p¶ NnIn-Õ-I -
fpsS F®s¯ _m[n-¡p-¶p.
HutZym-KnI `mjyw 4 Â H¶v F¶ \nc-¡nÂ Iym³kÀ t`Z-a m-¡-
s¸-Sp-I tbm \nb-{ń-¡-s¸-Sp-I tbm sN¿p¶p F¶m-Wv. F¶mÂ CXv ASn-
Øm\ cln-X-am-Wv. Ata-cn-¡³ Iym³kÀ skmsskän, \mj-WÂ
Iym³kÀ C³Ìn-äyq«v, Imen-t^mÀWnb Iym³kÀ AssUz-kdn
Iu¬knÂ FÃmw hymP {]Ømhw \S-¯p-¶p. [ Letter from Dean Burk
to Frank Rauscher ] A¯cw {]Øm-h-§Ä [\-k-am-l-c-W-¯ n\v \Ã-Xm-
Wv. ap³]p-Å-Xns\ At]-£n¨v IqSp-XÂ t]À¡v kpJw e`n-¡p-¶p. icm-
icn BbpÊv hÀ²n-¨-X n-\ mÂ Iym³kÀ hÀ²n-¨p. F¶-s XÃmw ASn-
Øm\ cln-X-a m-Wv. lq³k-bn-s ebpw AXp t]mse aäp {]tZ-i-§-fn-
sebpw BÄ¡mÀ¡v {]mbw Gdp-¶-Xn-\-\p-k-cn¨v Iym³k-dp-m-hp-¶n-Ã.
icm-icn Bbp-ÊnÂ hmkvX-h-¯nÂ \ma-a m-{X-a mb hÀ²-\-h mWv Dm-bn-«p-
658
Å-Xv. 1986 Â lmÀhÀUv kvIqÄ Hm^v ]»nIv slÂ¯v, Un¸mÀ«vsaâv

Hm^v _tbm-Ìm-än-ÌnIvkv se tUmIvSÀ tUm¬. kn. s_bveÀ, bqWn-
thÀknän Hm^v Atbmh saUn-¡Â skâ-dnse tUmIvSÀ Cse-bv³. Fw.
kan¯v F¶n-hÀ HutZym-Kn-I-`m-jy-¯ nse Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-§Ä \nc-kn-¨p.
11 hcvj-§Ä¡p tijw AhÀ ]d-ªXv ]Xn-äm-p-I-fm-bn- R-§-fpsS Ign-
hnsâ ]c-a m-h [n ]cn-{i-a n-¨p. tImSn-¡-W-¡n\v tUmfÀ sNe-hm-¡n.
Gähpw {]K-Û-·m-cmb imkv{X-Ú-·mÀ e`y-am-bn-cp-¶p. F¶n«pw H«pw
Xs¶ ]ptcm-K-a\w t\Sp-¶-Xn\v km[n-¨n-«n-Ã.
[ 1. Progress Against Cancer ? New England Journal of Medicine. May 8,
1986
2. $ 30 Billion War on Cancer a burst ? USA Today ay 29, 1997 ]
km[m-c W Pew DÄs¸sS F´pw A[n-I -am-bmÂ A]-I-S-I -c-a m-Wv.
F¶mÂ sNdnb Af-hnÂ Xs¶ A]-I-S-I-c-a mWv Iym³kÀ NnIn-Õ¡v
C¶v \ÂIn hcp¶ apJy-[mcm Huj-[-§Ä FÃmw. AXv Iym³kÀ tImi-
§sf am{X-aÃ FÃm tImi-§-sfbpw tZmj-I-c-a mbn _m[n-¡p-¶p. apSn-
sIm-gn-¨nÂ, HmÀ½-¡p-d-hv, XfÀ¨, lrZ-bm-Lm-Xw, hni-¸ n-Ãmbva Hs¡
krjvSn-¡p-¶p. AXv Dt±y-i n-¡-s ¸« ê-¯n\p th ]mÀizê-§Ä
F¶ a«nÂ ho£n-t¡--X n-Ã. Ah tdUn-tb-j\v XpÃy-amb {]Xym-Lm-X -
§Ä krjvSn-¡p-¶p. Ah Iym³kÀ Dm-hp-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-a m-hp-¶p.
Ch-s bms¡ krjvSn-¡pI F¶Xp Xs¶-bmWv Dt±y-in-¡-s¸« êw.
Iotam sXdm¸n BbpÊv hÀ²n-¸n¡pw F¶-Xn\v sXfn-h n-Ã. AXv
Iym³kÀ tImi-§sf {]Xn-tcm-[n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ a\pjysâ tijnsb \in-
¸n-¡p-I bpw sN¿pw.
{ The Wayward Cell, Cancer ; It’s origin, Nature And Treatment } F¶
IrXn-bnÂ tUmIvSÀ hnIvSÀ dn¨ÀUvkv ]d-bp-¶Xv Iotam-s X-dm¸n \ÂIp-
¶Xv tcmKn hopw NnIn-Õ¡p thn hcp-¶-Xn\v thnbpw, acWw
hsc Bß-hn-izmkw \ÂIp-¶-Xn\pw thn am{X-hp-am-sW-¶m-Wv. Hcp
Xcw akvXnjvI {]£m-f\w þ Brainwashing.
Kth-j-I-c psS ImgvN-¸ mSv an¡-t¸mgpw , F´m-bmepw acn-¡m³
t]mIp¶ a\p-jy-cm-b-Xp-sImv F´p-a mImw F¶m-Wv. Kh¬saâv [\-k-
lm-b-¯nÂ {]hÀ¯n-¨n-cp¶ Imâ³kv hnsÃ-bnse tacn-e³Uv at\m-tcmK
Kth-j-W-tI-{µ-¯nÂ tUmIvSÀ Ìm\n-tÉmhv t{Km^v F¶ at\m-tcm-K-h n-Z-
Kv²sâ taÂt\m-«-¯ nÂ LSD DÄs¸-sS-bpÅ ab-¡p-a-cp-¶p-IÄ ]co-£n-¨ -
Xnsâ hnh-c Ww XnI¨pw Akzm-Øy-P-\ -I-am-Wv. AbmÄ X\n¡p e`n-¨n-cn-
¡p¶ a\p-jysc ]co-£W ar§-fm-¡p-¶p. hnhmÄUn, _otYm-h³ XpS-
§n-b-h -cpsS kwKoXw tIÄ¸n-¡p-¶p. Hcp sXmgn-em-fn. 40 t\mS-Sp¯
{]mbw. Iym³kÀ tcmKn. LSD bpsS DbÀ¶ Af-hnÂ C³P-£³ \ÂIn.
AbmÄ `bw sImv \ne-h n-fn-¨p. AXyp-¨ -¯nÂ `àn-Km\w tIÄ¸n-¡-s ¸-
«p.- sl-Uvt^m-Wn-eqsS. AXn\p tijw AbmÄ Fs´m-s¡tbm ]pe-¼n.
659
ASp¯ Znhkw AbmÄ¡v ssZho-I-amb A\p-`hw Dm-b-X mbn t_m²y-

s¸-Sp-¯-s ¸-«p. GXm\pw Znh-k-§Ä¡p-ÅnÂ AbmÄ ac-W-a-S-ªp.
Iym³-kÀ NnIn-Õ-bp-a mbn bmsXmcp _Ô-hp-an-Ãm¯ ]cn-N-c-Ww.
tcmKn-I -tfmSv Ah-c psS taÂ ]co-£Ww \S-¯p¶p F¶v Adn-b n-¡p-
¶-Xn\v \nbaw A\p-im-kn-¡p-¶n-Ã. 1973 Â 91 Ipªp§Ä NnInÕ
In«msX Bkvß ]co-£-W-¯n\v hnt[-b-c m-b n.
1970 Â Hcp e£-¯n-e-[nIw Iym³kÀ tcmKn-Isf Ah-c psS k½-X-an-
ÃmsX ]co-£-W-¯n\v hnt[-b-cm-¡n.
1. LSD Therapy : Quiet Revolution in Medicine in L.A Times Dec 15, 1972
2. Unethical Experiments Hit, in Prevention July 1973
3. The Dictocrats. By. Omar Garrison
cmw temI-a-lm-bp-²-¯n\v GXm\pw hÀj§Ä¡p ap³]v I.G.
Farben F¶ B´m-c mjv{S ImÀ«Â \ne-hnÂ h¶p. AXv temI-¯nse
Gähpw {]ap-J cmkhkvX p , acp¶v hyh-km-b-§-fpsS taÂ \nb-{´Ww
ssI¿m-fp-¶p. I.G. F¶-X nsâ bYmÀ° AÀ°w ImÀ«Â F¶pw
^mÀ_³ F¶-Xnsâ AÀ°w Dyes F¶pw. Dyes Â \n¶mWv B[p-\nI
NnIn-Õm-imkv{Xw DZbw sIm-X v. Dyes kvt^mSI hkvXp-¡fpw B[p-
\nI acp-¶p-Ifpw \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡mw. cnsâbpw
ASnØm\ LSIw tImÄSmÀ. AsÃ-¦nÂ {IqUv HmbnÂ. C¶v temIs¯
\nb-{ń-¡p-¶Xv ck-X-{´-am-Wv. AXnsâ {][m\ LSIw HmbnÂ.
^mÀ_³ cmk-h-kvXp-¡-fnÂ \n¶pw em`-ap- m-¡p-¶, {^m¦v^À«v
BØm-\-am-bp-Å -sh-dp-samcp hyh-km-b-im-e-b-Ã.- AXv temI-am-I-a m\w
imJ-I-fpÅ cl-ky-_-Ô-§-fpÅ, temIw Iog-S-¡pI F¶ Dt±-i-t¯m-Sp-
Iq-Snb Nmc-hr¯n irwJe IqSn-bm-Wv.{ Treason’s Peace. By. Howard
Armbruster ]
ssPh ck-X-{´-¯nse BZy-I me {]ap-J ³ PÌnkv thm¬ eo_n-Kv.
1824 Â kÀÆ-I-em-ime ]cn-io-e\w Ign-ª-bp-Ss\ At±lw Ibv]pÅ
BÂa-nsâ cmk-kz-`m-h-§Ä {]kn-²-s¸-Sp-¯n. AXnÂ AS-§n-bn-«pÅ
s_³kmÂUn-ssl-Unsâ Iym³kÀ t`Z-am-¡p-¶ -X n-\pÅ Ign-h n-s \-¡p-dn-
¨pw. [ I.G. Farben. By. Richard Sasuly ]. ]n¶oSv AtX-¡p-dn¨v ]T\w
XpSÀ¶-Xmbn Adn-hn-Ã. I.G. ^mÀ_³ XpS-§n-bXv 1926 Â slÀa³
jvanävkv F¶ PÀ½³ hyh-kmbn, ]ns¶ FUp-hmÀUv {Kq«À«v F¶
kznÊv _m¦À. Uyqjv dojv _m¦v, _m¦v Hm^v CâÀ\mj-WÂ
skänÂsaâvkv F¶n-h -bpsS Ub-d-I vS-dm-bn-c p-¶p jva nävkv. XpS¡w
apXÂ A´m-c mjv{S _m¦n§v kwLm-X-¯ nsâ DS-a-Ø -X-bnÂ.
H¶mw temI-a -lm-bp-²-¯ nsâ Bcw-`-am-b-t¸m-tg¡pw sF.-Pn.
^mÀ_³ bqtdm-¸nse Gähpw henb hyh-km-b-im-e, temI-¯nse
660
Gähpw henb cmk-im-e, Ncn-{X-¯nse Gähpw henb ImÀ«Â. [ U.S Vs

Allied Chemical And Dye Corp 1942] P\-dÂ sFk-t\m-h À Ata-cn-¡³
A[n-\n-th-i- {]-tZ-is¯ kp{]ow Iam³UÀ ]d-ªXv sF.-Pn. ^mÀ_³
613 hyh-km-b-§-fnÂ ]¦m-fn-I-fm-s W-¶m-Wv. AXnÂ 173 F®w hntZ-i ¯v.
BsI kz¯v 600 tImSn PÀ½³ amÀ¡v. 2000 e[nIw ImÀ«Â [mc-W-
Ifpw. [New York Times, Oct 21, 1945] PÀ½-\ n-bnÂ Gähpw henb 6
cmk-im-e-IÄ, an¡-hmdpw FÃm teml-hy-h-km-b-§Äþ Dcp¡v DÄs¸-s S,
DÄs¡m-Åp-¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p ImÀ«Â. {Ip¸v hyh-km-b-im-e-bnse {]ap-J-\m-
bn-cp-¶p slÀa³ jva nävkv. {_n«-\nÂ Cw]o-cn-bÂ sIan-¡Â, {^m³knÂ
IpÂa³, s_ÂPn-b-a nÂ AeoUv sIan-¡Â, F¶n-h-bnÂ {]apJ Øm\-
¯v. _bkÂ þ kznävkÀe-nÂ þ Ahn-sS-bmWv BIS BØm\w þ _Ô-
¯n-eqsS ^mÀ_³ temI-am-I-a m\w hym]n-¨n-cp-¶p. [ The Swiss Bank
Connection. By. Leslie Waller ]
AXv Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ Atºm«v et_m-d-« -do-kv, AÂtIm-h, A\-tIm-
, AävemânIv HmbnÂ, s_Â B³Uv tlmshÂ, t_mÀsU³ I¼-\n,
ImÀt\-j³ I¼-\ n, ko_ sKbvK n, tUm sIan-¡Â, Uyq t]mv,
CuÌva³ sImU-mIv, ^bÀtÌm¬ dºÀ, t^mÀUv tamt«mÀ, P\-dÂ {UKv
I¼-\n, P\-dÂ Ce-I v{Sn-Iv, P\-dÂ anÂkv, P\-dÂ tamt«mÀkv, P\-dÂ
SbÀ, ¥nsÍ³ s]bvâ,v KpUv CbÀ dºÀ, KÄ^v HmbnÂ, Fw. U»yq.
sItÃmKv I¼\n, sam¬kmtâm sIan-¡Â, \mj-WÂ seUv, s\sÉ,
HmÄ{UKv I¼-\n, ]mÀ¡v tUhn-kv, s]äv anÂ¡v, ]nävkv _ÀKv ¥mÊv,
t{]mIvSÀ B³Uv Kmw_nÄ, ]yqÀ HmbnÂ, sdan-§vS³ Bwkv, dn¨vôÂUv
HmbnÂ, sjÂ HmbnÂ, kn³s¢-bÀ HmbnÂ, tkmtImWn HmbnÂ,
Ìm³UmÀUv HmbnÂ, sSIvkmtIm, bqWn-b³ HmbnÂ, bp. Fkv.-dºÀ
]ns¶ \qdnÂ IqSp-XÂ.
AXv ]qÀ®-amb DS-a-Ø-X-bn-tem, \nb-{´-Wm-[n-Im-c-a pÅ hn[-¯n-
epÅ DS-a -Ø-X tbm ssI¿m-fn-bn-c p¶ I¼-\ n-I Ä þ s_bÀ B³Uv I¼-
\n, Ata-c n-¡³ sF. Pn, semsUÀse et_m-d-« -do-kv,- sÌÀen§v {UKv I¼-
\n, sP. än, s_bv¡À sIan-¡Â I¼-\n, hn³t{Xm]v sIan-¡Â, saävkv
et_m-d-«-do-kv, tlm^va³ emtdmsj et_m-d-«-do-kv, sshäv lmÄ et_m-d-« -
do-kv, s{Û-dnIv Ìowkv Bâv I¼-\n, \ymÂ I¼-\n, sUÀ³ B\vUv
anävs NÂ et_m-d-«-do-kv, sj^v t_mbv BÀUo ^pUvkv, s{_¡v C³Iv,
slbvU³ Bân _tbm-«n-I vk v, aIv{Kn-KÀ C³kv{Sp-s aâv, B³t{SmÄ
et_m-d-«-do-kv, CâÀ \mj-WÂ sshä-a n³ tImÀ]-td-j³, ImÀUn-\Â
et_m-d-«-do-kv, hm³ FÊv et_m-d-«-do-kv, hnÃyw. Fkv. sadn³ I¼-\n,
sP³sk³ kmÂkvs _dn et_m-d-«-do-kv, temsb-sÊÀ et_m-d-«-do-kv,
sSbve-À sIan-¡Â, Hkm-enUv tImÀ]-td-j³, AÂ_ ^mÀa-kyq-«n-¡Âkv,
{_ntÌmÄ tatbÀkv, {UKv C³Iv, shsKIvkv C³Iv, kvIzn_v B³Uv
k¬kv, ^mÀa-kyq-«n-¡Âkv XpS§n At\-Iw.
661
[ 1. Cartels In Action. By. George Stokings And Myron Watkins, 2.

Treasons Peace. By. Armbruster, 3. The Devil’s Chemist. By. DuBois ]
F®-bp-d-h-I-fn-Ãm¯ PÀ½-\n , AhnsS [mcm-f-a m-bp-m-bn-cp¶
IÂ¡-cn-bnÂ \n¶pw F®-bpÂ]m-Zn-¸n-bv¡p¶ kmt¦-XnI hnZy hnI-kn-¸n-
¨p. F¶mÂ AXp-]-tbm-Kn¨v F®-bp-m-¡p¶Xn\p ]Icw F®-bpÂ]m-
Zn-¸n-¡p¶ cmjv{ S-§-fp-a mbn [mc-W-I-fnÂ GÀs¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-\ pÅ D]m-[n-
bm-bn«v AXv D]-tbm-Kn-¨p.
^mÀ_\pw kväm³UÀUv Hmbn-ep-am-bpÅ ]¦m-fn¯w \ne-hnÂ
hcp-¯p-¶-X n\v A\-h[n I¼-\n-IÄ cq]o-I-c n-¨ p. AXnÂ H¶v CâÀ\m-j-
WÂ ssl{U-P-t\-j³ s]bväâvkv I¼-\n. sjÂ Hmbnepw tNÀ¶p.
ssl{U-P-t\-j³ hnZy X§-fnÂ HXp§n \nÂ¡Ww F¶-X m-bn-c p¶p
Dt±y-iw. AXp t]mse asäm¶v PmkvtIm. 1930 Â. ^mÀ_³ Hcp kmt¦-
XnI hnZy hnI-kn-¸n-¨mÂ AXnÂ aq¶nÂ H¶v Ìm³UmÀUv Hmbn-en\p
\ÂI-Ww. adn-¨pw. AXm-bn-cp¶p PmkvsIm IcmÀ. A§ns\ \qdv IW-
¡n\v [mc-W-IÄ.
sNdp-a-I³ tPm¬ ]d-ª-Xv, sPbv¡_v jn^v^v 2 tImSn tUmfÀ, djy-
bnÂ ka-{Km-[n-]Xyw Øm]n-¡p-¶-X n\v t{SmSvkvIn¡v \ÂIn F¶m-Wv. [
NewYork Journal American Feb 3, 1949, And. Interview with Alexander
Kerensky - U.S. News and world Report - Mar 13, 1967 ].
I.G ^mÀ_³, sk³{SÂ _m¦n§v F¶n-h-bpsS \mb-I -·mÀ em`-hpw- \-
jvShpw am{X-a Ã, AXn-\p-a-¸p-d¯v A´m-cmjv{S cmjv{ Sob Imcy-§-fnÂ
XXv]]-c-c m-bn-c p-¶p. ImÀ«-ep-I-fpsS Dt±yiw aÕcw Hgn-hm-¡pI F¶-Xm-
bn-cp-¶p. Ip¯-I-IÄ DÛ-hn-¡p-¶Xv kzX-{´-amb hym]m-c-¯nÂ \n¶Ã
adn¨v ImÀ«-ep-I-fnÂ \¶m-Wv. sXmgn-emfn kwL-S-\-I -fpw, DtZym-K-Ø-·m-
cpsS kwL-S-\-I fpw t]mepÅ CS-]m-SmWv AXv. ImÀ«-ep-IÄ¡v \ne-
\nÂ¡p-¶-X n\pw hf-c p-¶-Xn\pw Kh¬saânsâ ]n³XpW IqSntb Ign-bq.
ITT bpsS \yqtbmÀ¡v t_mÀUnÂ ap³ temI _m¦v Ub-d-IvSÀ bqPn³
»m¡v, ap³ CIA Ub-d-IvSÀ tPm¬ at¡m¬. bqtdm-¸ nÂ sFIy-cm-jv{S-k -
`-bpsS BZys¯ sk{I-«dn P\-dÂ ss{SKvhv eo . ImÀ«epw henb
Kh¬saâpw tNÀ¶v {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. Ip¯I \ne-\n-dp-¯p-¶-Xn\v
A§ns\tb km[y-am-hq.
1932 Â \mkn ]mÀ«n-bpsS kzm[o\w Ipdªp XpS-§n. I.G
bpsS BZy A²y-£sâ ]²-Xn-I Ä¡v A\p-tbm-Py-a m-bXv \mkn ]mÀ«n-
bpsS \b-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. I.G lnäve-dn\v k¼qÀ® ]n´pW \ÂIn. AXv
lnäve-dnsâ DbÀ¨¡v Imc-W-a m-hp-I bpw sNbvX p. ]W-¯n\p ]pdta I.G
bpambn _Ô-s¸« am²y-a-§fpw. PÀ½-\ n-bpsS Icp-¯³ {]Xy-£-\m-bn.
AXn thK-¯nÂ
662
bp²-¯ nÂ \mkn \b-§Ä Xocp-am-\n-¨n-cp-¶Xv I.G . Hmjvhnävkv,

_näÀs^ÂUv, hmÄs^³, tlmIvÌv, AKv^, epUvh n-Kvjm-s ^³,
_p¡³hmÄUv F¶n-hn-S-§-fnse tIm¬k³t{S-j³ Iym¼pIfnse
{]hÀ¯-\-§Ä \nb-{ń-¨n-cp-¶-Xpw I.G bpsS taÂt\m-«-¯nÂ Xs¶.
ASn-a-th-e-¡msc D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp¶ I.G temI-¯nse Gähpw henb hnj-
hm-X I \nÀ½mW ime-bm-bn.
I½yq-WnÌpw ]ns¶ \mkn-bp-am-bn-cp¶v ]ns¶ sXän-¸n-cnª dn¨ÀUv
{I_vkv ]d-ªXv 1934 apXÂ sKÌm-t¸m-bp-s S- ]qÀ®\nb-{´-W-¯n-em-bn-cp-
¶p F¶m-Wv.
[ The Devils Chemists. By. Joseph.E.Du Bois ]
[ Out of the Night. By. JanValtin - Pen name of Richard Kreb ]
[ Treason’s Peace. By. Ambruster ]
[ The Game of the Foxes. By. Ladislas Farago ]
[ The Soverign State of ITT. By. Anthony Sampson ]
[ The Swiss Banks. By. T.R. Fehrenbach ]
tPm¬.-Un. tdms¡-s^-Ã-dnsâ AÑ³ hnÃyw hgn-tbm-c-a -cp¶p I¨-h-S-¡m-

c³. Hu]-Nm-cnI hnZym-`ymkw CÃm-bn-c p¶p F¦nepw kzbw tUmIvSÀ
F¶p hntijn¸n¨n-cp¶p. X«n-¸p-Im-c³. FÃm-¯cw Iym³kdpw t`Z-am-
¡m³ Ignbpw F¶v Ah-Im-i -s¸-«n-cp-¶p.
[ God’s Gold : The Story of Rockefeller And His Times. By. John.T.Flynn ]
[ The Robber Barrons. By. Mathew Josephson ] [ David : A Report on a
Rockefeller. By. William Hiffman ]
tPm¬.-Un. tdms¡-s^-Ã-dnsâ {]i-kvX-a mb {]kvXmhw “aÕcw ]m]-
amWv”v F¶m-Wv. tPmWnsâ ktlm-Z-c³ hnÃyansâ cv B¬a-¡Ä,
Pbnwkv ÌnÂa³ sâ cv s]¬a-¡sf hnhmlw sNbvXp. Pbnwkv
ÌnÂa³ \yqtbmÀ¡nse ^Ìv \mj-WÂ _m¦nsâ {]kn-U-v. tdms¡-
s^-ÃÀ CIzn-ä-_nÄ {SÌv cq]o-I-c n-¨-tijw sNbvkv \mj-WÂ _m¦ns\
Gsä-Sp-¯p. Iq³ temtb_v B³Uv I¼-\n-bpsS DS-a-ØXbn-ep-m-bn-
cp¶ CâÀ\m-j-WÂ AIvk-]vä³kv tImÀ]-td-j³ , am³l-«³ I¼-\n-
bpsS _m¦p-ambn ebn-¨ p. AXns\ 1955 Â tdms¡-s^-Ã-dnsâ sNbvkv
\mj-WÂ _m¦v Gsä-Sp-¯p. C¶v AXv temI-¯nse Gähpw henb
_m¦v. sNbvk v am³l-«³ _m¦v. AXn\v temI-¯m-I-am\w A³]-Xn-\m-bn-
c-¯n-e-[nIw Aw_m-k-UÀam-c p-v. AXv sFIy-cm-jv{S-k-`-bpsS Imcy-§Ä
t\m¡p-¶-Xn\p thn am{Xw Hcp kwLw DtZym-K-Ø-·msc \nb-an-¨n-«p-v.
tdms¡-s^-Ã-dnsâ Gähpw {]nb-s¸« {]Øm-\-§-fnÂ H¶mWv sFIy-
cmjvv-{S-k-`. AXnsâ sI«nSw ]Wn-bp-¶-X n-\ pÅ Øew kw`m-h\
sNbvXXv tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ.
663
tUman-\nIv B³Uv tUman-\n-Iv, UnÃ³ doUv Bâv I¼-\n, saÃ³

IpSpw_w Hs¡ tdms¡-s ^-Ã-dnsâ `mKhpw ]¦m-fn-I -fp-am-Wv.
Ata-cn-¡³ P\-kw-Jy-bpsS Hcp iX-a m\w cmPy-¯nsâ 70 iX-
am\w k¼¯v ssI¿-S¡n h¨n-c n-¡p-¶p. [ The Rich And Super Rich. By.
Lundberg ].AXnsâ ]Ip-Xntbmfw, hmÄkv{So-änse 10 _m¦p-I-fpsS \nb-
{´-W-¯n-emWvv. AXns\ \nb-{ń-¡p-¶Xv hnc-en-se-®m-hp¶ Hcp sNdnb
kwLw. temIw I-XnÂht¨-ä-hpw `b-¦-c-a mb k¼¯v tI{µo-I-c-Ww.
AXv kzX-{´-hym-]m-c -¯nÂ \n¶p- m-b-X -Ã. AXv aÕcw Hgn-hm-¡p-¶-
Xn\p thn krjvSn-¡-s ¸« ImÀ«-ensâ ê-am-Wv.
sat{Sm-s ]m-fn-ä³ C³jp-d³kv, CIzn-ä-_nÄ C³jp-d³kv
F¶nh tdms¡-s ^-Ã-dnsâ \nb-{´-W-¯n-ep-Å-h-bm-Wv. Ata-cn-¡-bnse
H¶m-a-s ¯bpw aq¶m-a -s¯bpw C³jp-d³kv I¼-\ n-I Ä. tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ
Ah-cpsS {]Xn-\ n-[n-Isf At\Iw I¼-\n-I-fnÂ \nb-{´-Wm-[n-Im-c -apÅ
Øm\-§-fnÂ {]Xn-jvTn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. AeoUv sIan-¡Â, Ata-cn-¡³
Sp_m-t¡m, BÀaÀ B³Uv I¼-\n, F. än. B³Uv än, s_Xvsew ÌoÂ,
_ptemh hm¨v, _Àen-§vS³ C³U-kv{Sokv , sImtaÀkyÂ tkmÄhâvkv
tImÀ]-td-j³, tIm³Sn-\ âÂ Im³, tImhn-s ekv ]_vfn-t¡-j³, tUbvä
I¬t{SmÄ, ^vtfmdnU CuÌv tImÌv sdbnÂ tdmUv, sKän HmbnÂ, _n.
F^v. KqUvdn¨v, tlÀÌv ]»n-t¡-j³kv, lyqeäv ]¡mÀUv, CâÀ\m-j-
WÂ lmÀh-ÌÀ, sF.-än. än, sIs¶-t¡m«v tIm¸À, enä³ C³U-kv{So-
kv, an\näv sabvUv, \mj-WÂ seUv, \yqtbmÀ¡v sk³{SÂ sdbnÂ
tdmUv, t]Àw sk³{SÂ, t]mf-tdm-bvUv, ssSw sse^v ]»n-t¡-j³kv, bp.
Fkv. ÌoÂ, shtÌ¬ bqWn-b³, shÌn§v lukv XpS§n \qdp-I-W -
¡n\v I¼-\n-I-fnÂ. sNbvkv am³l-«³ _m¦nse Ub-d-IvSÀamÀ tUmbÂ
Unhn-äv, bqPn³ »m¡v F¶n-hÀ No^v FIvkn-Iyq-«o-hp-I-fm-b-Xn-\mÂ {Smh-
teÀkv C³jp-d³kv, lmÀ«vt^mÀUv C³jp-d³kv I¼-\n-I-fn-epw.
{UKvkv B³Uv ^mÀa-kyq-«n-¡Âkv taJ-e-bnÂ tdms¡-
s^-Ã-dnsâ kzm[o\w ià-am-Wv. AXo-hw. ^mÀ_³ þ tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ
^mÀa-kyq-«n-¡Â I¼-\n-I-fmb sÌÀen§v {SKv, Hmen³ tImÀ]-td-j³,
Ata-cn-¡³ tlmw t{]mU-IvSvkv, P\-dÂ A\-sse³ B³Uv ^nenw F¶o
I¼-\n-I-fpsS {]apJ Hml-cn-bp-Sa sNbvkv am³l-«³ _m¦v. a\p-jy³
Akp-J -am-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ AXnÂ \n¶pw tamN\w t\Sp-¶-X n\v sNe-hn-s \-
¡p-dn¨v A[nIw thh-em-Xn-s¸-Sm-dn-Ã. tUmIvS-dpsS {]nkv{In-]vj³ Bh-iy-
am-sW-¦nÂ hopw hne Iq«p-¶-Xn\v km[n-¡pw. \nÀ_-ÔnX C³jp-
d³kv Ds-¦nÂ ]ns¶-bpw. kÀ¡mÀ C³jp-d³kv \ÂIp-I -bm-s W-¦nÂ
\nIp-Xn-bnÂ AXv ]cn-l-c n-¡pw. IqSp-XÂ \nIpXn CuSm-¡p-¶Xp hgn.
a\p-jyÀ Aan-X- Nn-I n-Õ¡v X¿m-dmhpw F¶Xv acp¶p I¼-\n-IÄ¡v
]ns¶bpw KpW-I-c-am-Wv . tUmIvS-dpsS Ipdn-¸ Sn, aÕcw Ipd-bv ¡pw.
s]mXp-hnÂ tUmIvSÀamsc kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶ -Xn\v Ign-hpÅ {]Øm-\-§Ä¡v
am{Xta \ne-\nÂ¸p-m-h p-I -bp-Åq.
664
sF.-Pn. ^mÀ-_³ temI-¯nse Gähpw henb sIan-¡Â, {UKv

ImÀ«Â. {^m¦v^À«nÂ BØm\w . \mkn `c-W-Iq-S-¯nsâ \s«-Ãm-bn-cp-
¶p. \mkn ]mÀ«n hfÀ¶Xpw thcp-d-¸n-¨Xpw ^mÀ_sâ ]n³XpW
sImp am{Xw. {^m¦v^À«nÂ òI-c-amb t_mw_m-{I-aWw Dm-bn«pw
^mÀ-_³ sI«n-S-¯n\v t]mdÂ t]mep-ta-än-Ã. A§n-s\-bm-bn-c n-¡Ww
F¶v {]tXyI \nÀt±-iw Dm-bn-cp-¶p. sF.-Pn. ^mÀ_³ F{]-Imcw
tIm¬k³t{S-j³ Iym¼p-IÄ ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cp¶psh¶v hnNm-c-W-
th-f-bnÂ \mkn ssk\nI Hmô-kÀ e^vä-\âv P\-dÂ Hmkv hÄUv
t]mËv shfn-s ¸-Sp-¯n. At±-ls¯ Xq¡n-te-än. ^mÀ_-\ nse D¶-XÀ
c£-s¸-«p. Ìm³UmÀUv Hmbn-ensâ {]kn-U-m-bn-c n-¡p-t¼mÄ kmÄ«À
äoKvÄ, tdms¡-s^-Ã-dn\p thn, cl-ky-am-bn, ^mÀ_³ Hml-c n-I-Ä
kq£n-¨n-cp-¶p. ^vsfIvkv\À dnt¸mÀ«nsâ cN-bn-Xmhv F{_lmw
^vsfIvkv\À Ata-cn-¡-bnse saUn-¡Â hnZym-`ymkw ]cn-jv¡-c n-¡p-¶-
Xn\p ap³\n-c-bnÂ \n¶ ka-b¯v tdms¡-s ^-Ã-dn-s âbpw þ B³{Uq
ImÀ\n-bp-sSbpw DtZym-K-Ø-\m-b n-c p-¶p.
AXn\p thn \nIpXn clnX ût-j-\p-IÄ Øm]n-¡-
s¸-«p. A\-h-[n. AXn\p tijw acp¶v Kth-jWhpw , acp¶v D]-tbm-Kn-
¡p-¶-X pw , Ata-cn-¡³ saUn-¡Â hnZym-`ym-k-¯n-sâ tI{µ-Øm-\¯v
h¶p tNÀ¶p . Poh-Im-cp-Wy-{]-h À¯-IÀ¡v AanX em`-hpw. acp¶v
Ipdn-¡p¶ tUmIvSÀamÀ¡v acp¶p I¼-\n-IÄ \ÂIp¶ Fact Sheets BWv
ASn-Øm-\w. FDA sb kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶Xv Akm-[y-a -Ã. sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv
k{¼-Zm-bw, BZm-b-\n-Ip-Xn, \nIp-Xn-c -lnX ût-j-\p-IÄ FÃmw Hmtc
BÄ¡m-c psS krjvSn Xs¶-bm-Wv. AhÀ¡v tZmj-I-c-a mbn hcp-sa¶v Dd-
¸p-s-¦nÂ AhÀ Xs¶ ap³ssI FSp¯v BZm-b-\n-IpXn \ne-hnÂ
sImp hcp-a m-bn-c p-¶n-Ã. tkmjy-en-Ìv, I½yq-WnÌv kn²m´w ]d-bp¶
Graduated Income Tax L«w L«-a mbn hÀ²n-¸n¨p sImp hcp¶ BZm-b-
\n-IpXn , a²y-hÀ¯nsb XpS-¨p-\o-¡p-¶-X n-\ p-ÅXm-Wv. AXp Xs¶-bmWv
km¼-¯nI Ip¯-IÄ Ct¸mÄ \S-¯n-s ¡m- n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. henb
Kh¬saâv AXn-\pÅ H¯mi sN¿p-¶p. ût-j-\p-IfpsS [\-k-
lmbw e`n-¡p¶ Kth-j-W-tI-{µ-§Ä XpSÀ¶pw klmbw e`n-¡p-¶-Xn\v
ût-j-\p-I-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸« {]Øm-\-§-fpsS DXv]-¶-§Ä tIa-sa-
¶pÅ a«nÂ {]Øm-h-\ -IÄ ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-¡p-¶p. lmÀhÀUv \yq{So-j³
Un¸mÀ«vsaânse {]^-kÀ sÌbÀ AXp sImv ‘tIm¬^vsfbvIvkv {]^-
kÀ’ F¶v Adn-b-s¸-«p.
The Money Givers F¶ IrXn-bnÂ tPmk^v KqÄsU³ , ût-j-
\p-IÄ F{]-Imcw sshZy-ta-J -esb \nb-{ń-¡p¶p F¶v hni-Z-am-¡p-¶p.
1950 apXÂ t^mÀUv ût-j-\ n-eqsS 3000 tImSn cq]-bn-e-[nIw sshZy- ]-
T-\-tI-{µ§Ä¡pw Bip-]-{Xn-IÄ¡pw \ÂIn-¡-g nªp. anjn-K-\nÂ
sItÃm-Kv, sSIvk-knÂ aqUn , C³Uym-\-bnÂ enÃn F¶nh HutZym-KnI
`c-W-Iq-S-t¯mfw kzm[o\w sNep-¯p-¶p.
665
ût-j-\ p-I -fpsS e£yw Ip¯I krjvSn-¡pI F¶-Xpw, henb

Kh¬saân\v If-sam-c p-¡pI F¶-Xp-am-Wv. kuP-\y-a mb acp¶v hnX-cWw
(AXv Kh¬saâv , \nIp-X n-bn-eqsS hkq-em-¡pw) Socialised Medicine þ
acp¶p I¼-\n-I-s f klm-bn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ amÀ¤-a m-Wv. AIDS \v kuP-\y-
ambn acp¶v e`y-am-Wv. AXnsâ {]tbm-K-£-aX sXfn-bn-¡-s¸-«n-«nÃ F¦n-
epw. Iq«-¯nÂ t\«w cmjv{ So-b -¡mÀ¡pw.
anÂ_m¦v ^nsâ inÂ]n BÂ_À«v Pn. anÂ_m-¦v.
t_mÀsU³ I¼-\n-bpsS A²y-£³. hmÄkv{Soäv \nba hnZKv² {]Øm-
\-am-b- anÂ_m¦v äzoUv tlm]v lmUven B³Uv aIv t¢m-bpsS ]mÀ«v\À.
AXnse Hcp ]¦mfn tPm¬.-s P.-a-I v t¢mbv . sNbvk v \mj-WÂ _m¦nsâ
A²y-£³. tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ ût-j³ {SÌn. CFR A²y-£³. kvIzn_v
^mÀa-kyq-«n-¡Â FIvkn-Iyq-«ohv I½nän AwKw. s]mXp BtcmKyw sa¨-
s¸-Sp-¯pI F¶-XÃ adn¨v Kh¬saâns\ hn]p-e-s¸-Sp-¯pI F¶-Xm-bn-
cp¶p anÂ_m-¦nsâ Dt±-iw. tkmjy-ssekvUv saUn-kn-\ n-eq-s S.
Ata-cn-¡³ saUn-¡Â Atkm-kn-tb-js\Xnsc-bpÅ cq£-amb
B{I-a Ww The Doctor Business Â dn¨ÀUv ImÀ«À ]d-bp-¶p. “I½nän
Hm¬ tImÌv Hm^v saUn-¡Â sIbÀ, AXns\ km¼-¯n-I-ambn klm-
bn¨ Poh-Im-c pWy kwLS\ F¶n-h-bpsS cwK-{]-th-i-t¯msS kwL-SnX
sshZy-ta-Je sshj-a y-§Ä t\cn-«p. AXnÂ {][m\n anÂ_m¦v ^v.
s]mXp-ta-J-e-bnÂ kwL-Sn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ {]Xn-tcm[ Ip¯n-h -bv]nsâ KpW^-
e-§sf AXv {]IoÀ¯n-¨ p. AXnsâ sk{I-«dn tPm¬. F.
In§vkv_dnbpw {]kn-Uv BÂ_À«v Pn. anÂ_m¦pw. kÀ¡mÀXe
C³jp-d³knsâ Icp-¯-cmb hàm-¡Ä. {^m¦ven³ Un dqkvshÂänsâ
sXcsªSp-t¸msS AXv Icp-¯mÀÖn-¨p.”
tPm¬.Un. tdms¡-s^-Ã-dnsâ, ût-j³ hyh-km-b-¯n-te-
¡pÅ {]th-i-\ w, \mkn D¶-X-c mb tKm_vÄkv, lnäveÀ F¶n-h-cpsS
{]Xn-Omb sa¨-s ¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\p thn sF.-Pn. ^mÀ_³ \nb-a n¨ sFhn
eobpsS tkh-\-§Ä tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ tXSn-b-tXm-sS-bm-Wv.
{Iqc\pw NXn-b-\ p-a mb tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ F¶-XnÂ \n¶v Ipªp-
§sf kvt\ln-¡p¶ tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ F¶ \ne-bn-te¡v amdp-¶-Xn\v AXv
klm-b-I-c-a m-bn. tPmÀÖv ]ot_m-Un, B³{Uq ImÀ\n F¶n-h cpw A{]-
Imcw {]Xn-Omb krjvSn-s¨-Sp-¯XmWv. ImÀ\n-bpsS “k¼-¯nsâ kqhn-
ti-j”-¯nÂ ]d-bp-¶Xv , k¼-¶-\ mb a\p-jy³ Ahsâ k¼-¯nsâ Hcp
`mKw Poh-Im-cp-Wy-{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v sNe-h-gn-t¡- -Xpv F¶m-Wv. [
U.S. Philanthropic Foundations : Their History, Structure, Management and
Record. By. Warren Weaver ] tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ P\-dÂ ^nem³t{Xm-]nIv
t_mÀUnÂ BZys¯ {SÌn B³{Uq ImÀ\n. 7 hÀjw. Ahn-sSbpw hyh-
kmb taJ-e-bnse ImÀ«Â kn²m´w {]tbm-K-¯nÂ hcp-¯n.
666
ût-j³ Poh-Im-cpWy {]hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ imkv{Xo-bX {]tbm-Kn¨

asämcp {]apJ hyàn a{ń-bm-bn-cp¶ s{Ûv sKbväk v v. [ John D
Rockefeller. By. Allen Nevins ]. tdms¡s^ÃÀ sKbväk v ns\ Xsâ DtZym-
K-Ø-\m-¡n. AhÀ cp t]cp-ambn Øm]n¨ BZys¯ ût-j³ þ
P\-dÂ FPyq-t¡-j³ t_mÀUv. hnZym-`ym-k- \n-e-hmcw Ipd¨v P\-§sf
{]Xn-I-cW tijn-bn-Ãm-¯-h-c m-¡pI F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p {][m\ Dt±-yiw. [
John. D ; A Portrait in Oils. By. John.K.Winkler ]
sKbvävkv ]d-ªXv “D¶-X-amb hyh-lm-c -§Ä¡v Bh-iy-amb
a\p-jyÀ A[n-I-a mbn e`y-a m-Wv. C\n \ap-¡m-hiyw ho«nepw IS-I-fnepw
Irjn-bn-S-§-fnepw ]Wn sN¿p-¶-h-sc-bm-Wv”.
^n-\ m-h-i y-a p-Å-X nÂ Gähpw henb XpI tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ
Häbv¡p \ÂIp-¶-Xn-\mÂ At±-l-¯n\v AXnsâ taÂ \nb-{´Ww e`n-
¡p-¶p. £b-tcm-K -¯n-s \-Xn-c mb bp²-¯nÂ taÂt\m«w A{]-i -kvX-\mb
lmcn tlm]vIn³kns\ tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ GÂ¸n-¨p. AXv AXn-thKw
hfÀ¶p. tlm]vIn³kv Ata-c n-¡³ hmWn-Py- sk-{I-«-dn-bm-bn. FDR sâ
D]-tZ-jvSmhv. ]n¶o-Sv, At±lw I½yq-Wnkvdv ]mÀ«n AwK-a m-bn-c p¶p F¶v
sXfn-ªp.
GXm\pw hÀj-§Ä¡p-ÅnÂ P\§-fpsS `bw apX-s e-Sp-¡m-sa¶v a\-Ên-
em¡n At\Iw ût-j-\ p-I Ä Øm]n-X -am-bn. lmÀ«v Atkm-kn-tb-
j³, tkmjyÂ sslPo³ Atkm-kn-tb-j³, Ub-s _-änkv Atkm-kn-tb-
j³, \mj-WÂ Atkm-kn-tb-j³ t^mÀ {]nh³j³ Hm^v ss»³Uv\-Êv,
Ata-cn-¡³ Iym³kÀ Atkm-kn-tb-j³ A§ns\ At\-Iw.
Ata-cn-¡³ Iym³kÀ skmsskän HutZym-Kn-I-a mbn 1913 Â
\yqtbmÀ¡nÂ lmÀhÀUv ¢_nÂ Øm]n-X-a m-bn. t_mÀUnÂ BÂ{^-Uv.
]n. tÉmhm³ þ P\-dÂ tamt«mÀkv, NmÄkv Un. lnsÃkv þ AT & T,
tam¬tdm dm¯v t_m¬ þ Ìm³UmÀUv HmbnÂ, {Û-dnIv F¡À þ sat{Sm-
s]m-fnä³ sse^v. Iym³kÀ NnIn-Õ¡v D]-tbm-K n-¡p¶ 5fu F¶
acp¶nsâ 50 iX-am\w \nÀ½mW Ah-Imiw ACS \mWv. AXv \nÀ½n-¡p-
¶Xv sF.-Pn. tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ kwL-¯nÂs¸« tlm^v^va³ emtcmjv
et_m-d-«-do-kv.
1890 Â 6 e£w tUmfÀ jn¡m-tKm-bnse _m]vänÌv bqWn-
thÀkn-än¡v \ÂIn-s ¡mv tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ {]hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS hym]vXn
hÀ²n-¸ n-¨ p. Hcp hÀjw XnI-bp-¶-Xn\p apt¶ tdms¡-s^-Ã-dpsS A\p-
bmbn tUmIvSÀv hnÃyw sdbv\ n lmÀ]³ AXnsâ {]kn-U-m-bn. tdms¡-
s^-ÃÀ hncp² A²ym-]-Isc ]ncn¨p hn«p. GXm\pw hÀj-§Ä¡Iw
sskdm-Iyqkv bqWn-thÀkn-än-bnepw kzm[o\w Dd¸n¨p. tPm¬ BÀ¨n-
_mÄUnsâ Poh-Im-c p-Wy-{]-hÀ¯n-bn-eq-s S. AXv ]Sn-ªm-d³
\yqtbmÀ¡nÂ.
667
1953 Â ût-j-\ p-I -fpsS kzm[o-\ -s¯-¡p-dn¨v ]Tn-¡p-¶-Xn\v

ImcÄ dokv \nb-an-X-\ m-bn. k½À±w ImcWw AhÀ¡v A[nIw apt¼m«p
t]mIp-¶-Xn-\m-bn-Ã. AXnsâ Kth-jW Ub-d-I vS-dm-bn-c p¶ t\mÀa³
tUmUv ]d-ªXv Ata-c n-¡³ P\-X¡v ]cn-Nban-Ãm¯ Nne-c psS \nb-{´-
W-¯n-emWv hnZym-`ym-kw. a{Sn-¡p-te-j³ apXÂ Ata-cn-¡³
hnZymÀ°nsb hgn sXän-¡p¶ Xc-¯n-emWv hnZym-`ymkw cq]IÂ¸\
sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
1901 Â tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ- C³Ìn-äyq«v t^mÀ saUn-¡Â dnkÀ¨v Øm]n-
X-am-bn. RIMR se sska¬ ^vsfIvk -\-dpsS ktlm-Z-c³ F{_lmw
^vsfIvkv\À ImÀ\o ût-j³ t^mÀ AUzm³kvsaâv Hm^v So¨n-§nÂ.
1908 Â Ata-c n-¡³ saUn-¡Â Atkm-kn-tb-j³ km¼-¯ nI {]Xn-kÔn
t\cn-«p. ImÀ\o ût-j³ {]kn-Uv sl³{Sn ]ns¡äv sâ Iogn-epÅ
Iu¬knÂ Hm¬ saUn-¡Â FPyq-t¡-j³ GsäSp¡p-¶-Xn\v XmXv]cyw
{]I-Sn-¸ n-¨ p. FÃm sXmgnÂ taJeI-fpw, \nb-aw, sshZy-im-kv{Xw, ssZh-
im-kv{Xw FÃmw At\z-j-W-hn-t[-b-am-t¡--Xp-s ¶pw. F¶mÂ
At\zjW-dn-t¸mÀ«nÂ Iu¬kn-ensâ t]cv hcm³ ]mSnÃ F¶ \ne-]m-Sn-
em-bn-cp¶p Iu¬knÂ AwK-§Ä. [ A History of AMA. By. Morri’s
Fishbein ]. 1910 Â ^vsfIvkv\À dnt¸mÀ«v F¶ t]cnÂ AXv ]pd¯p
h¶p. {]tXyIw {i²-bÀln-¡p¶ Imcyw ^mÀa-t¡m-fPn ]mTy-hn-j-b-am-
t¡--Xp-s¶pw, Kth-jW hn`m-K-§Ä saUn-¡Â kvIqfp-I-tfmSv A\p-
_-Ô-a mbn Øm]n-t¡- -Xp-s-¶p-am-Wv. \nK-a-\-§Ä A\p-k-c n¨ Øm]-
\-§Ä¡v [mcm-f-ambn km¼-¯ nI klmbw e`y-a m-bn. saUn-¡Â hnZym-e-
b-§-fpsS F®w 1905 Â 160 Bbn-c p-¶Xv 1927 Â 80 Bbn . Ct¸m-gpÅ
A²ym-]-IÀ¡v e`n-¡p¶ thX-\-¯nsâ ]IpXn ût-j³ Kth-jW
{KmânÂ \n¶pw e`n-¡p-¶ -X m-Wv. 16 iX-am-\-¯nsâ thX\w sam¯-am-bpw.
t^mÀUv ût-j³, sItÃmKv ût-j³, tIma¬shÂ¯v ^v,
AXv Ìm³UmÀUv HmbnÂ se FUvhÀUv lmÀs\Ivkv krjvSn-¨-Xv,
tÉmhm³ ût-j³, sabvkn ût-j³ F¶n-hcpw cwK-¯p-v.
F¶mÂ tdms¡-s^-Ãdpw ImÀ\n-bp-amWv ap³\n-c -¡mÀ. tPmk-^ v.-kn.-
ln³sk X¿m-dm-¡nb ‘tdmÄ Hm^v ss{]häv ût-j³kv C³ sUh-e-
]vsaâv Hm^v tamtU¬ saUn-kn³’ DÄ¡mgvN \ÂIpw.
tPm¬ tlm]vI n³kv saUn-¡Â kvI qÄ, -skbvâv eqbn þ
sbbvÂ þ jn¡mtKm F¶n-h n-S-§-fnse hmjn-MvS¬ bqWn-thÀknän,
bqWn-thÀknän Hm^v sFHm-h, bqWn-thÀknän Hm^v sImf-dm-tUm, bqWn-
thÀknän Hm^v Hmdn-K ¬, bqWn-thÀknän Hm^v hnÀPo-\n-b, bqWn-
thÀknän Hm^v tPmÀPn-b, bqWn-thÀknän Hm^v Nn³Nn-\m-än, tlmhmÀUv
bqWn-thÀkn-än, salmdn saUn-¡Â kvI qÄ, lmÀhÀUv, hmÀ_oÂäv,
sImfw-_n-b, tImÀWÂ, Syqsebv³ , shtÌ¬ dnkÀhv, tdms¨-ÌÀ,
Uyq¡v, Ftam-dn, ]ns¶ tImÀW-ep-a mbn _Ô-a pÅ sat½m-dn-bÂ
tlmkv]n-äÂ, FÃm saUn-¡Â hnZym-e-b-§fpw {][m-\-a mbpw tdms¡-s ^-
668
ÃÀ ût-j³ [\-k-lmbw t\Sn. t\mÀ¯v shtÌ¬, Im³km-kv,

F¶o kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-I-fnse saUn-¡Â hnZym-e-b-§-fpw.
^vsfIvkv\À dnt¸mÀ«n\p tijw Ata-cn-¡³ sshZy-im-kv{X-
ta-J-e-bnse {]ap-J³ F{_lmw ^vs fIvkv\À, tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ C³Ìn-äyq-
«nse At±-l-¯nsâ ktlm-Z-c³ sska¬ ^vsfIvk\ v À, ]ns¶ tdms¡-
s^-ÃÀ C³Ìn-äyq-«n-s ebpw tPm¬ tlm]vI n³kv saUn-¡Â kvIqfn-
sebpw tUmIvSÀ hnÃyw shÂjv. Ata-cn-¡-bn-sebpw Im\-U-bn-sebpw
sshZy-im-kv{X- ]-T -\-ta-J-e-bnÂ kzm[o\w Dd-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v klm-b-I-c -
ambn Atkm-kn-tb-j³ Hm^v Ata-c n-¡³ saUn-¡Â tImtf-Pv. Øm]n-X -
am-bXv 1876 Â. XpS¡w apXÂ tIma¬shÂ¯v ^v, ssN\ saUn-¡Â
t_mÀUv þ tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ ût-jsâ `mK-ambn 1914 Â Øm]n-X-am-b-Xv,
sItÃm-Kv, sabvkn, amÀs¢, tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ, tÉmhm³ F¶o ût-j-\p-
I-fpsS \nb-{´-W-¯nÂ. saUn-¡Â hnZym-e-b-§-fpsS t_mÀUnÂ
ûtjsâ ]nWn-bm-fp-I Ä. saUn-¡Â A²ym-] -I-cpsS ]cn-io-e-\-¯n-
\mbn 20,000 e[nIw s^tÃm-jn-¸ p-I fpw kvtImfÀjn-¸p-I-fpw.
1964 \pw 1968 \pw CSbv¡v 50 tImSn tUmfÀ sNe-h-g n-¡-s¸-«p.
{]th-i -\-¸-c o-£-IÄ , Kth-j-Wm-`n-ap-Jy-ap-Å-hsc Is-¯p-¶-Xn\p
thn {Iao-I-cn-¨-X m-Wv. `nj-Kzc-\m-I p-¶-X n-\ pÅ am\-knI LS-\-bp-Å-
hsc ]pd-¯m-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw. [ The Health Professionals : Cure or cause of the
Health Crises ? Washington monthly June 1969 ]. acp-¶nÂ B{in-X-am-bn-
«p-Å imkv{X-¯nÂ XXv] -c-c m-b-h sc Is-¯p-I-bmWv e£yw. sXc-
sª-Sp-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-hÀ Adn-bp-¶p-anÃ AhÀ {]tXyIw sXc-sª-Sp-¡-s¸-« -
Xm-sW-¶v. em`-a p- m-¡p-¶-X n-\ pÅ Nne XXv]-c -I-£n-I-fpsS {ia-¯nsâ
`mK-a m-bn-«v.
tUmIvSÀ tUhnUv FUvkÂ, lmÀhÀUv saUn-¡Â kvIqfnsâ
ta[m-hn-bm-b n-c p-¶p. At±lw ]d-bp-¶Xv hnZymÀ°n-IÄ F{Xsb¦nepw
Xcw acp-¶p-Isf Ipdn¨v ]Tn-¡p-¶-Xn\v \nÀ_-Ôn-X-cm-bn-cp-¶p. NneXv
KpW-an-Ãm-¯-Xv, ]eXpw D]-tbm-K-iq-\yw, NneXv A]-I -S-I-c w. FÃm hnj-
b-§-fn-tebpw ]co-£-IÄ Htc kabw Xs¶ sNt¿--Xp-v. Htc coXn-
bnÂ, FÃm hnZymÀ°n-I-fpw. Hmtcm hnj-b-¯nepw ]Tn-t¡- -Xnsâ
Afhv A[n-I-a m-b-X n-\ mÂ GsX-¦nepw hnjbw kz´-amb coXn-bnÂ ]Tn-
¡p-¶-X n\v hnZymÀ°n-IÄ¡v ka-btam DuÀÖtam Dm-h m-dn-Ã. aäpÅ
D¶-X-h n-Zym-`ym-k-ta-J-e-I sf At]-£n¨v, _u²n-I-kzm-X{ýw H«pw Xs¶-
bn-Ãm-¯-X mWv sshZy-im-kv{X-ta-J-e. [ The New Drug Story. By. Morris.
A. Bealle ]. F´p ]Tn-¸ n-¡p-¶ nÃ F¶p-ffXn\p taÂ ]qÀ® \nb-{´Ww
Dv. \yq{So-jy-s\-¡p-dn¨v A[n-I-s am¶pw ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶n-Ã. kzm`m-hnI
Blm-c -§-fnse t]mj-I -t¯-¡mÄ sa¨-amWv Ir{Xn-a-amb t]mj-I-§Ä
F¶mWv hymJym-\w. Hcp tUmIvSÀ F´p ]Tn-¡-W-sa¶v Xocp-a m-\ n-¡p-
669
¶Xv ImÀ«Â. 10 þ 12 hÀjs¯ ]T\w Ignªv ]pd-¯n-d-§p¶ tUmIvSÀ

]ns¶ Ata-cn-¡³ saUn-¡Â Atkm-kn-tb-jsâ ]nSn-bn-em-hpw.
Ata-cn-¡³ saUn-¡Â Atkm-kn-tb-j\pw tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ þ ImÀ\o Iq«p-
sI-«p-am-bpÅ _Ôw XpS-§n-bXv 1908 Â. km[m-cW tUmIvSÀam-cpsS
taÂ AXp-m-¡p¶ kzm[o\w AhÀ Icp-Xp-¶-Xnepw Gsd-bm-Wv. AMA
AwKo-Im-c-a n-Ãm¯ kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bnÂ \n¶pw _ncpZw e`y-a -Ã.
sshZKv²yw t\S-W-sa-¶p-s -¦nÂ þ kvs]-jy-enÌv BI-W-sa-¶p-s -¦nÂ
AMA \n_-Ô-\-IÄ ]men-¡-s¸-tS--Xp-v. sshZy-h r-¯n-bnÂ GÀs¸-Sp-
¶-Xn-\pÅ A\p-a-X n-bpsS \n_-Ô-\-Ifpw Xocp-a m-\ n-¡p-¶Xv AMA Xs¶.
AMA bpsS {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§Ä tUmIvS-dn-\p XpSÀ hn-Zym-`ymkw \ÂIp-¶p.
HcmgvN \op \nÂ¡p¶, hÀjw tXmdpw AMA kwL-Sn-¸ n-¡p¶ P\-§-
fpsS ImgvN-¸m-Sp-Isf kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn I¬sh³j-\nÂ “Adn-
hp-IÄ” tUmIvS-dnÂ Ip¯n hbv¡p-¶p. \qdp IW-¡n\v {]`m-j-W-§Ä,
hoUntbm {]ZÀi-\-§Ä, ]pkvX-I-§Ä, kuP-\ y-a mbn acp-¶p-I-fpsS
km¼n-fp-I Ä. AMA Hmtcm hÀjhpw sSen-h n-j³ t{]m{Km-ap-IÄ¡mbn
tImSn-¡-W-¡n\v tUmfÀ sNe-h-g n-¡p-¶p. FDA ta[mhn Bcm-bn-cn-¡-W -
sa¶v Xocp-a m-\ n-¡p-¶p.
AMA bpsS \nb-{´Ww Bcm-sW-¶p-ÅXv A[nIw {i²n-¡-s ¸-
SmsX t]mIp-¶p. Øm]n-X -am-bXv 1847 Â. Øm]-I-c nÂ HcmÄ tUmIvSÀ
tPmÀPv sska¬kv. At±lw Xsâ kÀ«n-^n-¡äv t\Sn-bXv t]mÌÂ
k{¼-Zmbw hgn. djv saUn-¡Â kvI qfnÂ \n¶v.
Xnc-¡pÅ {]K-X v`\mb tUmIvS-dn\v AMA t]mepÅ kwL-S-\-bpsS
\nb-{´Ww Akm-²y-a m-Wv. AXp sImp Xs¶ A[n-Ihpw Ignhp Ipd-
ª, X{´-§-fnÂ hnZ-Kv²-\mb hyàn-I-fmhpw Aa-c-¯p- m-hp-I. P\m-
b¯ amXrI -F¶ h©-\m-]-c-a mb amÀ¤w, {]Xn-\ n-[n-I-fpsS kt½-f-\-§-fn-
eqsS Ah-ew-_n-¡p-¶p. hyà-a mbn ]Tn¨v Xocp-am-\-§-sf-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\v
kabw \ÂIm-dn-Ã. AMA bpsS {]kn-U-n\v `c-W-]-c -amb A[n-Im-c -§-fn-
Ã. AMA bpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v NÀ¨-IÄ \S-¯p-I, hni-Zo-I-cWw
\ÂIpI F¶-XmWv Npa-X-e. 1922 se CÃn-t\mbn saUn-¡Â tPÀW-enÂ
{]kn-²o-I -cn¨ teJ-\-¯nsâ Xe-s¡«v AMA Becomes an Autocracy
F¶m-Wv. Hcp hyàn AXnsâ {]hÀ¯-\-§sf BsI \nb-{ń-¡p¶p
F¶v. No^v Hm^v Ìm^v. AMA ¡v Bh-iy-amb [\- k-a m-l-c Ww \S-¯p-
¶Xv AbmÄ Xs¶. {][m\ hc-pam\w AMA Journal se ]c-kyw.
AXnsâ IognÂ aäp 12 {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§Ä. Hcp hÀjw ]c-ky-¯nÂ
\n¶v Hcp tImSn tUmf-dnÂ A[nIw hcp-am-\w. AMA bpsS sam¯w hcp-am-
\-¯nsâ ]Ip-Xn-tbm-fw. ]ckyw \ÂIp-¶Xv ^mÀa-kyq-«n-¡Âkv am\p-^m-
Ivä-tdÀkv Atkm-kn-tb-j³. AMA acp¶v I¼-\n-I-fnse Hml-c n-IÄ
kq£n-¡p-¶p. Hcp tImSn tUmf-dnÂ A[nIw hne aXn-¡p¶ Hml-c n-IÄ.
670
AMA bpsS Iu¬knÂ Hm¬ {UKvkv \S-¯nb 1972 se ]T-\-¯nÂ

A[nIw em`w t\Sn-¯-c p¶ Nne acp-¶p-I Ä , \nÀt±-in-¡m³ tbmKy-a-Ãm-
¯Xpw, bpàn-c -ln-X-hp-am-sW¶ \nK-a-\ -¯nÂ F¯n-t¨À¶p. acp¶v
\nÀ½m-Xm-¡-fnÂ \n¶pw e`n-¡p¶ òa-amb hcp-a m\w AMA sb Ah-cpsS
_µn-bm-¡p-¶psh-¶pw. AMA Iu¬knÂ Hm¬v {UKvkns\ ]ncn¨p hn«p.
Kh¬saâv It¿-äs¯ sNdp-¡m³ F¶ a«nÂ k¼qÀ®-a mb tkmjy-
ssekvUv saUn-kn³ F¶ Bi-bs¯ AhÀ hotdmsS FXnÀ¯p.
Dt±yiw `mKn-I -ambn tkmjy-s sekvUv saUn-kn³ \ne-hnÂ sImp hcnI
F¶-Xpw. BZy-L«w F¶ \ne-bv¡v. hcp-am\ t{kmXÊpIfpsS \nK-a -\-
§Ä ssZhoIw F¶ a«nÂ AwKo-I-c n-t¡--X mbpw h¶p.
ap³ FDA I½n-j-WÀ tUmIvSÀ slÀ_À«v te 1970 Â ]d-ªXv “P\-
§Ä Icp-Xp-¶Xv, AXv P\-§sf kwc-£n-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn-bp-Å-X m-sW-
¶m-Wv. AXv icn-b-Ã. FDA bpsS {]hÀ¯n-I-fpw, AXv F´v {]hÀ¯n-¡p-
¶p F¶v P\-§Ä Icp-Xp-¶Xpw cmhpw ]Iepw t]mse hyXym-k-a p-Å-Xm-
Wv.” [ San Francisco Chronicle January 2, 1970]. [Autopsy on the AMA in
Student’s Research Facility, Berkley 1970 ]
ImÀ«Â Ah-cpsS ]nWn-bm-fp-Isf Kh¬saânÂ Xncp-In-¡-b-
äp-¶p. sk{I-«dn Hm^v sÌbväv Bbn«v. ap³ tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ ût-j-³
ta[mhn Uo³ dkvIv. AXp t]mse Xs¶ tPm¬ t^mÌÀ Uyqf-kv.
sk{I-«dn Hm^v {Sj-dn-bm-bn«v sNbvkv am³l-«³ _m¦v
t_mÀUv AwKw UKvfkv UnÃ³, Ata-c n-¡³ Câ-À \m-j-WÂ _m¦v
t^mÀ do I¬kv{S-£³ B³Uv sUh-e-] vsaâv Ub-d-IvSÀ, ]ns¶ sNbvkv
am³l-«-\ nse cm-as¯ sshkv {]kn-Upw Ub-d-IvSdpw Bb bqPn³
»m¡vv. U.N sâ temI-_m¦v sâ {]kn-U-pw, sNbvkv am³l-«³
t_mÀUv A²y-£-\pw, tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ ût-j³ {SÌnbpw kvIzn_v
^mÀa-kyq-«n-¡Âknsâ FIvkn-Iyq-«ohv I½nän A²y-£\pw Bb tPm¬.
sP. aIv t¢mbv. sk\-äÀ s\Âk¬ BÂ{Un-¨v. At±-l-¯nsâ aIÄ
tPm¬.-Un. tdms¡-s^-Ã-dnsâ aIs\ hnhmlw sNbvXp. At±-l-¯nsâ
aI³ hn³t{Xm]v sNbvkv \mj-WÂ _m¦nsâ A²y-£-\m-bn. At±lw
{Kbväv {_n«sâ Aw_m-k-U-dmbn \nb-a n-¡-s¸-«p. {]kn-Uv dn¨ÀUv
\nIvk-Wpw AtämÀWn P\-dÂ tPm¬ anävNepw hmÀWÀþ emws_À«v
^mÀa-kyq-«n-¡Âknsâ hmÄkv{Soäv AtämÀWn-I Ä. Ch DZm-l-c-W-§Ä
am{Xw. 1941 G{]nÂ apXÂ 1945 \hw-_À hsc bp²-Imcy Akn-Ìâv
sk{I-«-dn-bm-bn-cp¶p aIv t¢m-bv. ]ns¶ bp²m-\-ćw ]Sn-ªm-d³ PÀ½-\n-
bnÂ ssl I½o-j-WÀ. At±-l-¯nsâ `mcym-k-tlm-Z-c³ tIm¬dmUv s\
]Sn-ªm-d³ PÀ½-\ n-bpsS Nm³k-eÀ B¡p-¶-XnÂ {][m\ ]¦p hln-¨p.
At±lw t^mÀUv ût-j³ t_mÀUv A²y-£³ IqSn-bm-b n-c p-¶p.
Ata-cn-¡³ \ncm-bp-[o-I-c-W kwL-¯nse {][m-\ n.
671
Iu¬knÂ Hm¬ t^mdn³ dnte-j³kv CFR Ata-cn-¡-

bpsS ad¨p hbv¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶ Kh¬saâv F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. AÀ²-c -
lky kwL-S-\. Ah-c psS Xocp-a m-\ -§Ä A[n-I hpw ]pd¯v Adn-b-s¸-Sp-
¶n-Ã. 3000 Â A[nIw AwK-§Ä. Dan Smoot sâ ]pkvXIw The
Invisible Government {]kn-Uv sI¶-Un-tbbpw CFR AwKw F¶v hne-bn-
cp-¯p-¶p. 1953 apXÂ sÛ-dÂ dnkÀhv knÌ-¯nse apgp-h ³ t_mÀUv
AwK-§-fp-w CFR AwK-§-fm-Wv. am²y-a-§-fnepw AXp t]mse Xs¶.
ta[m-hnXzw CFR \v. CFR Ahsb \nb-{ń-¡p¶ ]Z-hn-I-fn-em-Wv. \nIpXn
clnX ût-j-\p-I-fpsS Imcyhpw hyXy-kvX-a -Ã At\Iw hÀj-§Ä
CFR sâ {]Y-a- Kp-W-t`m-à mhpw A²y-£\pw tUhnUv tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ..
]n¶oSv tdms¡-s ^-Ã-dnsâ ]nWn-bm-fp-I-fpw. Ata-cn-¡-bnse H«p-an¡
FÃm bqWn-thÀkn-än-I-fpw, hyh-km-b-im-e-Ifpw _m¦n§v Øm]-\-§fpw
C³jp-d³kv Øm]-\-§fpw \nb-{ń-¡p-¶Xv CFR AwK-§Ä. BsI
AwK-kwJy GI-tZiw 3000 am{Xw.
CFR s\¡p-dn¨v Adn-bm-hp-¶-hÀ hnc-fw. [The New American Conspiracy
Report - sk]väw-_À 16, 1996, Shadows of power : The Council On Foreign
Relations And The American Decline. By. James Perloff, The Capitalist
Conspiracy. By. Edward Griffin]. CFR temI Kh¬saân\p thn \ne-
sIm-Åp-¶p.
FDA Ipd¨v \Ã Imcy-§Ä sNbvXn-«p-v. F¶mÂ FDA AXn-s \-
sbÃmw _lp-Zqcw ]n¶n-e m-Ip¶ hn[-¯n-e mWv Ipä-Ir-X y-§Ä sNbvXv
Iq«n-bn-cn-¡p-¶ -Xv.
Hcp \nÝnX Af-h n-epÅ Fen-¡m-jvSw, {]mWn-I-fpsS ap«, IoS-§-
fpsS Ah-in-jvS-§Ä, Fen-bpsS tcma-§Ä Ch `£y-h -kvXp-¡-fnÂ
ImWp-¶Xv FDA Imcy-am-¡p-¶ n-Ã F¶p-ÅXv `bm-\-I-a m-Wv. ssU
CussXÂ ÌnÂ_-kvt{SmÄ I¶p-Im-en-Isf h®w hbv¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v D]-
tbm-Kn-¡p¶ Ir{Xna tlmÀtam-¬. AXv sNdnb Af-hnÂ amwk-¯nÂ
AS-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv Iym³kÀ Dm-hp-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-am-hmw. AXn-\ mÂ
FDA AXns\ \ntcm-[n-¨p. AtX BgvN Xs¶ KÀ`-\n-tcm-[\ Kpfn-I-bnÂ
DÄs¸-Sp¯n D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-X n\v A\p-a Xn e`n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
A³]Xp anÃn{Kmw DES AS-§nb KpfnI 5 Znhkw XpSÀ¨-bmbn Ign-¡p¶
kv{Xo, 262 S¬ _o^vs â IcÄ Ign-¨mÂ am{Xta A{Xbpw DES DÅnÂ
sNÃp-I -bp-Åq. A¯cw KpfnI D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xn-\mWv FDA AwKo-Imcw
\ÂIn-b-X v. [On Science . By. David wood Bury , Review of the News June
13, 1973]
C¶v 3000 Â A[nIw cmk-h-kvXp-¡Ä \ndw \ÂIp-¶-Xn\pw ZoÀL-Imew
tISm-hm-s X-bn-c n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw aäpw \ÂIp-¶p. ]e-t¸mgpw tNÀ¯n-c n¡p¶
672
Af-hnÂ AXv lm\n-I -c-a-Ã. F¶mÂ ZoÀL-\m-fs¯ D]-tbmKw A]-ISw

Xs¶-bm-Wv.[ Toxics A to Z . By. Holdren And Shirley etc. ]
cmk-h-fw, IoS-\ m-in-\n-I Ä F¶nh \nÀ½n-¡p¶ hyh-km-bim-e-Ifpw
acp¶v DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ I¼-\n-I -sf-t¸mse cmk, s]t{Sm-fn-bw, hyh-kmb
òa-·m-c psS \nb-{´-W-¯ n-ep-Å-h-b m-Wv.
1940 Â hn³t{Xm]v sIan-¡Â kÄ^m-Xn-b-tkmÄ F¶ t]cnÂ
“eyqan-\Â” F¶ acp¶v hn]-Wn-bnÂ F¯n-¨p. AXnsâ 5 Xcn-I Ä Hcp-
an¨v Ig-n¡p-¶Xv ac-W-Im-c -W-am-hmw. A{]-Im-c-a pÅ 4 e£w Kpfn-I -IÄ.
acWw ]eXp kw`-hn-¨n«pw AXv ]n³h-en-¡p-¶-X n-\ pÅ \S-]Sn FDAbpsS
`mK¯p \n¶p- m-bn-Ã. FDA bpsS acp-¶p-I-fpsS taÂt\m-«-apÅ tUmIvSÀ
¢w]v, At±-l-¯nsâ ta[mhn FDA I½n-j-WÀ Imw]vs _Â ac-W-§sf
AXn-Po-hn-¨p. KXy-´-c-a n-ÃmsX ]n¶oSv hn³t{Xm-¸nsâ ssek³kv 3 amk-
t¯¡v XSªp h¨p.- kÄ^m-Xn-b-tkmÄ hn]-W\w sN¿p¶-Xn-\pÅ
ssek³kv am{Xw. Xma-kn-bmsX tUmIvSÀ ¢w]v hn³t{Xm-¸nsâ {]kn-U -
m-bn. asämcp kw`hw t¢mtdmw s^\n-tImÄ F¶ Bân _tbm-«nIv
]mÀ¡v tUhnkv hn]-Wn-bn-se-¯n-¨p. A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX AXv
càs¯ hnj-a-b-a m-¡p-sa¶pw shfp¯ càm-Wp-¡-fpsS Afhv Ipd-¡p-
sa¶pw sXfn-ªp. At\Iw ac-W-§Ä¡v Imc-W-am-bn. FDA bpsS
_yqtdm Hm^v saUn-kn³ ta[mhn tUmIvSÀ tPmk^v kmUkvI v AXn-s \-
Xnsc \S-]-Sn-sb-Sp-¯n-Ã. 1969 Â A[nIw em`w t\Snb tijw ]Icw
asämcp ac¶v hn]-Wn-bnÂ F¯n¨ tijw tUmIvSÀamÀ¡v Ipdn¸p In«n.
t¢mtdmw s^\nt¡m-fn-t\-¡mÄ Im-c y-£-a -amb acp¶v e`y-am-sW-¶v.
A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX tUmIvSÀ kmUkvIv, ]mÀ¡v tUhn-knsâ sshkv
{]kn-U-m-bn. kmU-kvIn\p tijw FDA bnÂ h¶ tUmIvSÀ tPmk^v
]nkm\n Xma-kn-bmsX tlm^v^va³ emtdm-¡nÂ D¶X DtZym-K-Ø-\ m-bn.
]nkm-\ n¡p tijw FDA bnÂ h¶ tUmIvSÀ tdm_n³k¬ A[n-I-\mÄ
FDA bnÂ XpSÀ¶n-Ã. tUmIvSÀ tlmhÀUv tImlv³ ko_ ^mÀa-kyq-«n-
¡Âknte-¡v, tUmIvSÀ lmcÄUv B³tUÀk¬ ,hn³t{Xm-¸ n-te-¡v,
samdnkv bmtIm-h nävkv kva n¯v , ss¢³ B³Uv {^©v et_m-d-«-do-k n-te-
¡v. A§ns\ FDA bnÂ hnt[-bXzw sXfn-bn-¡-s¸«p Ig-n-ªmÂ GsX-
¦nepw acp¶v \nÀ½mW òasâ D¶-X- D-tZym-K-¯ n-te-¡.v FDA bnÂ DtZym-
K-¯n-en-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ FÃm I¼-\ n-I-fnepw \S-¡p¶ Kth-j-W-§-fpsS hni-
Zmw-i -§Ä Adn-bm³ km[n-¡p-¶hÀ GsX-¦nepw Hcp I¼-\ n-bnÂ D¶-tXm-
tZymKw hln-¡p-¶Xv aäp-Å-h sc tZmj-I-c -ambn _m[n-¡pw.
\Ã-Xn\p thn-bm-s W¶p IcpXn P\-§Ä H¶n\p ]ndsI asäm¶v
F¶ \nebv¡v Kh¬saâv A[n-Imc hn]p-eo-I-c-W-¯n\v k½Xw \ÂIpw.
F¶mÂ ]Icw e`n-¡p-¶Xv hÀ²n-X-a mb \nIp-Xn, kzmX-{ýs¯ l\n-
¡p¶ \na-§Ä, hne-¡-b-äw.
673
\mZ-dnsâ Raider’s on the FDA : Science And Scientists ‘Misused’ Science .

April 17, 1970.
1937 Â Bân-_-tbm-«nIv Bb Elixir of Sulfanilamide ImcWw \qdn-e-[nIw
t]À A[n-Ihpw Ipªp-§Ä ac-W-a-S-ªXv FDA bpsS hogvN-bm-bn-c p-¶p.
]n¶oSv 1962 Â Xmen-tUm-ssa-Uv, AwK-ssh-I -Ãy-apÅ Ipªp-§Ä P\n-¡p-
¶-Xn\v Imc-W-am-bn. FDA bpsS {][m-\ -s¸« asämcp hogvN. AXv Ata-cn-
¡-bnÂ D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-c p-¶p-a n-Ã. F¶mÂ AXv IpjvT-tcm-K-Nn-In-Õbv¡v
hfsc ê-{]-Z-a m-Wv. \nb-a-hn-c p-²-a m-b-Xn-\mÂ e`y-a -Ã.[ Thalidomide
Combats Leprosy - Boston Globe June 29. 1969. And. Horror Drug
Thalidomide Now Used to Save Lives of Leprosy Patients. National
Engineer. Nov 25. 1973. ]
FDA Xf-bv¡p¶ hnÃ-·mÀ sNdp-In-S-¡m-cm-Wv. òa-·mÀ AtX Ipäw
sNbvXmepw \S-]Sn Dm-Im-dn-Ã.-A-hÀ¡v FDA sb tNmZyw sN¿p-¶-Xn-
\pÅ Icp-¯p-v. tImS-Xn-bnÂ FDA Xpd¶pIm«-s¸Spw F¶pÅ `bw.
FDA bpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§-f nse {Ia-t¡-Sp-IÄ òa-· mÀ¡v \Ã-h®w Adn-
bmw.
= Cured to Death : The Effects of Prescription Drugs. By. Melville,
Arabella And Johnson Colin
= A World Without Cancer. By. Edward Griffin.
saUn-¡Â am^nb.
Big Profits, New Diseases
cmk-h-kvXp-¡-fnÂ \n¶p-m-¡p¶ an¡-hmdpw FÃm acp-¶p-Ifpw hnj-a -b-

am-Wv. AXv P\-§-fpsS Btcm-Kys¯ tZmj-I-c-a mbn _m[n-¡p-¶p. k¼-
Zvhy-h-Øsb XInSw adn-¡p-¶p. Corporate Crime in the Pharmaceutical
Industry bpsS cN-bn-Xmhv tUmIvSÀ tPm¬ s{_bvXvsh-bväv. Hmkvt{S-en-
b³ C³Ìn-äyq-«nse ap³ {Inan-t\m-f-Pn-Ìv. bqWn-thÀknän Hm^v Imen-
t^mÀWn-b-bnse ^pÄss{_äv s^tÃm. At±-l-¯nsâ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ
674
A´m-c mjv{S tImg, Agn-a-Xn, X«n¸v F¶n-h-sb-¡p-dn¨v hni-Z-am-¡p-¶p.

acp-¶nsâ KpW ]cn-tim-[-\-bnÂ ]ns¶ acp¶v \nÀ½m-W-¯nÂ
]peÀ¯p¶ Ipä-I-c-a mb kpc-£n-X-Xz-an-Ãm-bva -sb-¡p-dn-¨pw. atä-s Xmcp
hyh-km-b-ta-J-e-bn-te-Xn-t\-¡mfpw \nb-a-ew-J\w acp¶v \nÀ½mW hyh-
kmb taJ-e-bnÂ \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶p.
hkvXp-X-I sf hf-s¨m-Sn-¡p-¶Xv hfsc km[m-c-Ww. A[n-Im-cn-
Isf Xr]vXn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶ -Xn\p thn. Hmkvt{S-en-b-b nÂ acp-¶nsâ KpW-\n-
e-hmcw \nÝ-bn-¡p-¶Xv Ata-c n-¡-bnÂ \n¶pw e`n-¡p¶ hnh-c-§-fpsS
ASn-Øm-\-¯n-em-Wv. P¸m-\n-ep-ÅXp t]mse Xs¶ Ata-cn-¡-bn-sebpw
acp-¶nsâ kpc-£n-X-X z-s ¯-¡p-dn-¨ pÅ hne-bn-c p-¯-ep-I-fnÂ òa-amb {Ia-
t¡-Sp-I Ä Is-¯n-bn-c p-¶p. ap³ FDA I½o-j-WÀ tKm±mÀ±v 1966 Â ]d-
ªXv “KpW-\n-e-hmcw tami-am-sW¶v am{X-a Ã, kXy-kv[-X-bn-Ãm-bvabpw
]pXnb acp-¶p-I-fpsS ]co-£-W-§-fn-t·Â {]IS-am-bn-cp-¶p. kzm`m-hn-I-
amb {]iv\-§Ä Dm-h mw. F¶mÂ Akzo-Im-cy-a mb hkvXp-X-I Ä a\-
]qÀÆw ad-¨p-h -bv¡p-¶Xv A\p-h -Z-\o-b-a -Ã. _Ô-§Ä \ne-\n-dp-¯p-¶-Xn\v
bYmÀ° hkvXp-X-IÄ ad¨p hbv¡p-¶Xv A\p-h-Z-\o-b-a-Ã. ]cn-tim-[-\-bn-
en-cn-¡p¶ acp-¶p-I Ä hmWn-Py-h-XvI-c n-¡p-¶-X n\p thn {]kn-²o-I -c-W-
§-fnÂ teJ\w ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-¡p-¶Xv A\p-h-Z-\o-b-a-Ã”.
tKmZmÀ±n\p sXm«p ]n¶mse Øm\-taä tUmIvSÀ te
Ata-cn-¡³ sk\-än\p ap³]msI samgn \ÂIn-bXv “]cn-tim-[\m Ime-L-
«-¯nÂ ac-W-a -S-ª-h-sc-¡p-dn¨v dnt¸mÀ«v \ÂIn-bn-Ã. acn¨p t]mb-hsc
]cn-tim-[-\bv¡p hnt[-b-a m-bn-s¡m- n-c n-¡p-¶ -h-c psS Iq«-¯nÂ DÄs]-Sp-
¯n, ]cn-tim-[-\bv¡p hnt[-b-a m-b-hÀ F¶ a«nÂ t]cp tNÀ¯n-c p-¶-hÀ
B Ime-L-«-¯ nÂ Bip-]-{Xn-bnÂ Dm-bn-c p-¶n-Ã. tcmKn-IÄ ac-W-a -
SªXn\p tij-a mWv k½Xn ]{Xw H¸p h¨n-cn¡p¶Xv ]e-t¸m-g pw.”
s{_bvXvshbväv ]d-bp-¶Xv an¡-h mdpw C¯cw X«n-¸p-I-sfm¶pw ]pd¯p
hcm-dn-Ã. Akm-[m-c -W-a mb {i²-¡p-d-hn-eqsS hoWp In«p-¶-X mWv C¯cw
hnh-c-§Ä.
FDA bnse tUmIvSÀ PqUn¯v tPm¬kv ]d-bp-¶Xv ]co-£ -
W-êw tami-am-sW-¦nÂ, A\p-I q-e-amb êw \ÂIp¶ asä-hn-tS-s¡-
¦nepw amäp-¶-X-ÃmsX Akzo-Im-cy-a mb êw {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡m-dn-Ã.
A¯cw hnh-c-§Ä ad¨p hbv¡p-¶-X n\v ]cn-tim-[-I sc \nÀ_-Ôn-¡p-I -
bpw sN¿pw.
A\p-Iqe êw \ÂIp-¶-Xn\v ]cn-tim-[-IÀ¡v X¡ {]Xn-êw \ÂIp-¶-
XmWv coXn. A\p-Iqe dnt¸mÀ«v \ÂIn-bn-sÃ-¦ nÂ `mhn-bnÂ Hgn-hm-¡-
s¸Spw F¶ `bhpw Imc-W-am-Wv.
s{_bvXvshbväv ]d-bp-¶Xv aäpÅ ]cn-tim-[-\ m-tI-{µ-
§sf At]-£n¨v Gähpw A[nIw \nb-a-ew-J \w \S-¡p-¶Xv kÀÆ-I-em-
675
im-e-I-tfmSv A\p-_-Ôn-X-amb ]cn-tim-[ -\m-im-e-I-fn-emWv F¶m-Wv.

acp¶v \nÀ½mW ime-I Ä Xs¶ \S-¯p¶ ]cn-tim-[-\m-im-e-I-tf-¡mÄ
A[n-I-amWv IcmÀ ASn-Ø m-\ -¯nÂ \S-¯p-¶n-S-¯pÅ Xncn-a -dn. Gähpw
A[nIw bqWn-thÀkn-än-bnÂ Xs¶.
]cn-tim-[-\m-^-e-¯nÂ Ir{Xnaw Imt«n hcp-¶nÃ ]e-
t¸m-g pw. ImcWw ]cn-tim-[-\ -IÄ \S-¯p-¶Xv Dt±y-i n¨ coXn-bn-epÅ
êw In«p-¶-Xn\p thn-bpÅ coXn-bn-em-bn-c n-¡pw. hfsc Ipd¨v
BÄ¡m-c psS taÂ am{Xw ]cn-tim-[n-¡pI F¶XmWv Hcp amÀ¤w. hn]p-e-
amb coXn-bn-Â ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-t¼mÄ am{Xta Zqjy-^-e-§Ä IrXy-ambn
Adn-bp-¶ -Xn\v km[n-¡p-I-bp-Åq. hn]-W\w sN¿-s ¸-Sp¶ acp¶v D]-tbm-
Kn-¡p-¶ -X n\v km²y-X-bpÅ Xc-¡m-cpsS taem-bn-c n-¡nÃ ]co-£-W-§Ä
\S-¯-s ¸-Sp-¶ -Xv. ]n©p Ipªp-§Ä, Gsd {]mbw sN¶-hÀ, KÀ`n-Wn-IÄ,
icmicn Dul-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ Imcy-§Ä Xocp-a m-\ n-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶ p.
acp¶p \nÀ½m-W-im-e-I-fnÂ \S¶ ]co-£-W-¯nÂ shfn-s¸« A]-I-
S-I-c -am-b- h-kvXp-X-IÄ ad¨p hbv¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. hmekv B³Uv Snb-À\À
]pXn-sbmcp thZ-\-kw-lmcn Dornwal hn]-Wn-bn-se-¯n-¨p. cq£-amb A\-
´-c-êw , ac-W-Im-c-W-a m-b, cà-¯nsâ \miw kw`-h n-¡p-sa¶v Ah-cpsS
saUn-¡Â Ub-d-IvSÀ ap¶-dn-bn¸v \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶p. AXv ad¨p h¨p. 9
t]À¡v aÖ-bnÂ Akp-J-ap-m-bn. 3 ac-W-hpw. tPm¬k¬ B³Uv
tPm¬k¬ sâ \nb-{´-W-¯n-epÅ aIv\oÂ Ah-cpsS tZmj-êw ad¨p
h¨n-cp-¶p. Flexin F¶ acp-¶nsâ. AXv IcÄ \mis¯¯pSÀ¶pÅ 15
ac-W-§Ä¡v Imc-W-a m-bn.
CsXms¡ hmkvX-h-¯nsâ Hcp Awiw am{Xw. 1983
Â {_n«ojv ]mÀe-saânepw Ata-cn¡³ ]mÀe-s aânepw shfn-hm-¡-s¸-« -
XmWv, enÃn B³Uv I¼\nbpsS hmX-¯n-\ pÅ acp¶v Hm]vsd³ 15 amk-
¯n-\Iw {_n«-\nÂ am{Xw 74 ac-W-§Ä¡v Imc-W-am-bn. 1982 Â Pm¸-\okv
I¼\n \nt¸m¬ sIan-^mÀ Ir{Xn-a-a mb hnhcw \ÂIn-bn-cp¶p F¶v
Kh¬saân\v ap³]msI Xpd¶p k½-Xn-¨p. \ocp-s I«pw thZ-\ bpw Ipd-
¡p¶ acp¶v t\mÀsh-Um³.- Ir-{Xn-a-a m-b- tcJ km£y-s¸-Sp-¯ n-bXv
tUmIvSÀ lmÀkntbm kmws]. {]Xn-êw 24 e£w Pm¸-\o-kv sb³.
ac-p¶p- I-¼-\ n-IÄ D¯-c-hm-Zn-Xz-t_m[w DÅ-hcpw XXz-Zo-£-bp-Å -
hcpw Bbn-cp-s ¶-¦nÂ A[nIw acp-¶pIfpw hn]-Wn-bnÂ F¯p-am-bn-cp-¶n-
Ã.
Vivisection F¶Xv arK-§-fpsS taÂ acp¶v {]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xnsâ
]Zw. arK-§-fnÂ \S-¯p¶ ]co-£-W-§Ä km[m-cW AsÃ-¦nÂ Pohm-
]mbw kw`-hn-¡m-hp¶ Zqjy-^-e-§Ä shfn-s ¸-Sp-¯p-¶n-Ã. kqdn¨v
C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v tSmIvkn-t¡m-f-Pn-bnse {]^-kÀ sKÀ-lmÀUv
kv_n³sU³ ]d-ªXv km[m-c W ]co-£-W-§Ä A[nIw Zqjy-^-e-§-
676
fpw shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶nÃ F¶m-Wv. 45 Â 42 F®w A]qÀÆ-ambn am{Xw

{]h-N-\-¯n\p hg§pw F¶pw.
_p²n-a m-µyw, HmÀ½-¡p-d-hv, Xe-th-Z\ XpS-§nb ]cn-Wn-X-^-e-§Ä
arK-§-fnÂ sXfn-bn-¡p-¶Xv hnj-a -I-c-a m-Wv. Hmtcm hÀ¤-¯nÂs¸«
arKhpw hfsc hyXy-kvX-a mb imco-cnI {]tXy-I-X-I Ä DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p.
Hmtcm P\-änIv Bbn-«pÅ {]tXy-I -X-Ifpw hfsc auen-I-am-b, Bg-ta-dn-b,
{]Xn-I-c-W-§-fn-epÅ hyXnbm-\ §Ä¡v Imc-W-a m-h p-¶p. lntÌm-fPn þ
tImi-§-fpsS LS-\ , DÅ-S-¡w, {]hÀ¯-\w . _tbm sIankv{Sn þ Poh-Pm-
e-§-fpsS ck-X-{´w . tamÀt^m-fPn þ Pohn-I-fpsS LS-\ . ^nkn-tbm-fPn
þ Poh-Pm-e-§-fpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä, ]ns¶ aäp hÀ¤ kz`m-h -§Ä F¶o
taJ-e-I-fnÂ. Hmtcm Pohn-h À¤hpw hyXy-kvXam-b-X n-\mÂ kpc-£n-X-Xz-
¯n\pw {]tbm-K-£-a -Xbv¡pw Ah-bnÂ ]co-£n-¡p¶ hkvXp-¡Ä Hmtcm
Pohn-hÀ¤-¯nepw hyXy-kvX-a mb {]Xn-I-c Ww Df-hm-¡pw. ap³ arK ]co-
£-I ³, saUn-¡Â Kth-j-I³ {]^-kÀ ]nsbt{Sm t{Imsk At±-l-
¯nsâ \nK-a-\ -§Ä, Is-¯-ep-I Ä Vivisection or Science ; A Choice to
make F¶ {KÙ-¯nÂ hni-Z-am-¡p-¶p.
tamÀ^n³, ]q¨-Isf A[n-I-a mb Dt¯-P-Im-h -
Ø-bnÂ F¯n-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ AXv a\p-jys\ im´-a m-¡p-Ibpw thZ-\-
bnÂ \n¶v tamN\w \ÂIp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. Hm]n-b-a n\v Xo{h-ambn ASn-a -
bmb Hcp a\p-jy\v cm-gvN-¡mew D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-X n\v Bh-iy-amb
Hm]nbw Hcp-an¨v `£n-¡p-¶Xp sImv HEDGERHOG \v H¶pw kw`-h n-¡p-
I-bn-Ã. BÀk-\ nIv a\p-jys\ sImÃp¶p F¶mÂ Kn\n ]¶n¡v tZmj-
cln-X-a m-Wv. tImgn-¡pw, Ipc-§n\pw A§ns\ Xs¶. a\p-jys\ ikv{X-
{In-bbv¡v hnt[-b-a m-¡p-t¼mÄ t_m[w sISp-¯p-¶-X n\v D]-tbm-K n-¡p¶
t¢mtdmt^mw \mbv¡Ä¡v AXohw tZmj-I-c -am-Wv. a\p-jy\v cà-k -
½À±w Ipd-¡p-¶-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ UnPn-äm-enkv \mbv¡-fpsS cà-k -
½À±w hÀ²n-¸ n-¡p-¶p. . ]pXnb acp-¶p-I-fpsS D]-tbm-K-£-a -X-bpsS
Imcy-¯nÂ arK-§-fnÂ \S-¯p¶ ]co-£-W-§Ä t]mse hniz-k-\ o-b-a-Ãm-
¯Xv asäm-¶n-Ã {]mbw, enwK-hy-Xym-kw, Btcm-Kyw, P·-{]-Ir-Xw- Hs¡
hnhn-[-Xcw {]Xn-I-c Ww krjvSn-¡p-¶ -X n\v Imc-W-am-hpw. aäp Pohn-hÀ¤-
§Ä XnI¨pw hyXykvX {]Xn-I -c-W-§Ä krjvSvn-¡psa¶Xv hfsc hyà-
am-Wv. sNdnb tXmXnÂ Af-hnÂ hyXy-mk-s¸-Sp-¯n, ZoÀL-\ mÄ D]-tbm-
Kn-¡p-¶Xv XnIv¨pw hyXy-kvX-amb êw krjvSn-¡pw. Nbm-] -Nb
{]hÀ¯-\-§Ä F{X-t¯mfw Imcy-£aw BsW-¶p-Å-X v asämcp {][m\
LS-I-a mWv. F{]-Imcw BWv icocw acp-¶ns\ ssIImcyw sN¿p-¶Xv
F¶Xv hfsc {]m[m\yw AÀln-¡p-¶p.
Pohn-hÀ¤-§Ä X½n-epÅ saäm-t_mfn-k-¯nse {]tXy-I-X-IÄ
\nb-a-a m-Wv, A]-hm-Z-a -Ã. F¶p-ÅXv sXfn-bn-¡-s ¸« hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. arK-
§-fnÂ tZmj-c -ln-X-sa¶v I acp-¶p-I Ä a\p-jy-cnÂ tZmj-I -c-amb {]Xn-
I-cWw krjvSn-¡mw. A[nIw \mÄ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xp sImpw, satäm-
677
t_m-fnkw _e-lo-\-a m-h p-¶-X p-s Im-pw. temI-¯m-I-am\w 10,000 e[nIw

ac-W-§Ä¡v Imc-W-amb \ocp-h o¡w Ipd-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ acp-¶p-I-fmb
ôss\Â _yq-«m-tkm¬, HmIvkn-s^³ _yq«m-tkm¬ F¶nh 72 aWn-
¡qÀ ico-c-¯nÂ \ne-\nÂ¡pw. Ahsb ]qÀ®-ambpw ico-c-¯nÂ
\n¶pw ]pd¯p If-bp-¶-Xn\v, doÊkv Ipc-§n\v 8 aWn-¡qÀ, \mbv¡Ä¡v
6 aWn-¡qÀ, Fen-I Ä¡v 6 aWn-¡qÀ, apb-en\v 3 aWn-¡qÀ, kabw aXn-
bmhpw. HmIvkn-s ^³ _yq«m-tkm¬ ]qÀ®-ambn satäm-t_m-ssfkv
sN¿p-¶-X n\v \mbv¡Ä¡v Ac aWn-¡qÀ kabw aXn-bm-hpw. asämcp
{][m\ hkvXpX tcmK-Im-c Ww F´mWv F¶p-Å-Xm-Wv. arK-§Ä a\p-jy-
\pÅ AtX Akp-J-§Ä¡v hnt[-b-a m-hp-¶n-Ã. DÅnÂ \n¶pw Dm-hp¶
tcmK-§-fpsS e£-W-§Ä Ir{Xn-a-a m-bn, Btcm-Ky-a pÅ arK-§-fnÂ
krjvSn¨Xn\p tijw ac-p¶nsâ {]tbm-K-£-a X ]co-£n-¡p-¶p. a\p-jy-
\nÂ kzm`m-hn-I-am-bn-«p- m-hp¶ Akp-J-§fpw arK-§-fnÂ Ir{Xn-a -ambn
krjvSn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ Akp-J-§fpw kam-\ -a-Ã. Nne e£-W-§Ä krjvSn-¡p-
¶-Xn\v km[n-t¨¡mw F¶mÂ AXv bYmÀ° Akp-J -a-Ã. A]-hm-Z-a m-bn-
«p-ÅXv ]IÀ¨m hym[n-I-fm-Wv. F¶mÂ a\p-jy-\n-tebpw arK-§-fn-tebpw
]IÀ¨m-h ym-[n-IÄ kam-\ -a-Ã.
km[m-cW KXn-bnÂ acp¶v ]cn-tim-[n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv Chronic Toxicity
sNdnb AfhnÂ ZoÀL-\mÄ D]-tbm-K n¨p sImm-Wv. F¶mÂ Acute
Toxicity henb Af-h nÂ Ipdª Ime-b-f-hnÂ, ]ns¶ Teratogenicity -
KÀ`Ø inip-hn\v AwK-s sh-I eyw krjvSn-¡p¶ Xc-¯nÂ Hs¡ ]co-
£Ww \S-¯ m-dp-v.
Ahn-Nm-cn-X-a mbn AsÃ-¦nÂ a\-]qÀÆw A[n-I-ambn
Ign-¡p-¶Xp sImpÅ {]Xym-Lm-X-§sf ]Tn-¡p¶ amÀ¤-§-fn-s em¶v LD
50 F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. _emÂ¡mcw sXm-bn-eqsS A[n-I -amb Af-hnÂ
]co-£-W-hkvXp, arK-§-fnÂ IS¯n hnSp-¶p. GX-f-hn-emWv 50 iX-a m\w
arK-§fpw NmIp-¶-Xv F¶-XmWv Af-hp-tImÂ. km[m-c-W-K-X n-bnÂ tZmj-
I-c-a -Ãm¯ hkvX p-¡Ä t]mepw Aan-X-a mbn \ÂIp-¶Xp sImv, tZmj-I-c -
ambn amdmw. {][m\ hkvXpX arK-§Ä¡v ac-W-Im-c -W-amb Af-hp-Ifpw
a\p-jy\v ac-W-I m-c -W-amb Af-h p-I fpw X½nÂ bmsXmcp _Ô-hp-an-Ã.
{]^-kÀ kv_n³sUÀ, ]ns¶ PÀ½-\ n-bnse s_b-dnsâ, C³Ìnäyq«v Hm^v
tSmIvkn-t¡m-fPn bnse temÀsI F¶n-h-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-am-WXv.
imkv{Xob ASn-¯-d-bn-s Ã-¦nepw cq£-amb hnjmwiw Af-¡p-¶ -Xnsâ
am\-Z-WvU-a mbn C¯cw ]cn-tim-[-\-I Ä hne-bn-cp-¯-s¸-Sp-¶p. Kh¬saâv
\nb-a-§Ä Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶h F¶XpsImv.
{_n«-\nse, Icm-d-Sn-Øm-\-¯nÂ, ]cn-tim-[-\ -IÄ
Gsä-Sp-¡p¶ {]Øm-\ -§-fnse Gähpw hen-b-h-\mb l³«n-§vS³
dnkÀ¨v skâÀ sâ A`n-{]m-b-¯ nÂ \nbaw A\p-k-c n-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn-
bpÅ Nne \o¡p-t]m-¡p-I-fmWv C¯cw ]cn-tim-[-\ -I-fnÂ 90 iX-am-\ -
678
hpw. Teratogenic ]co-£-W-§Ä \S-¯p-¶Xv {][m-\-a mbpw KÀ`-Ø-i n-ip-

hn\v B]-¯p-m-I m-X n-c n-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn-bm-Wv. KÀ`n-Wn-I-fmb arK-§-
fnÂ Ah ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶Xv D]-tbm-K-i q-\ y-a m-Wv. tUmIvSÀ tdm_À«v
jmÀs] ]d-bp-¶p, At±-l¯nsâ The Cruel Deception F¶ ]pkvX-
I¯nÂ “km[m-c W KXn-bnÂ hÀ¤-§Ä X½nÂ Nbm-]-Nbw, ]pdw-X-ÅÂ,
BKn-c-Ww, hnX-c Ww F¶n-h-bnÂ \ne-\nÂ¡p¶ hyXym-ks¯ , KÀ`n-Wn-
bmb arK-§-fpsS ¹mkâ cmk-h-kvXp-¡Ä ssIImcyw sN¿p¶ coXn ,
AXnsâ Npa-X-e-IÄ, cmk-kz-`mhw F¶n-h-bn-ep-m-Ip¶ hyXymkw ,
A[n-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-am-hp-¶p. AXp sImp-Xs¶ hniz-k-\o-b-amb
{]h-N\w Akm-²y-am-W”v. Gähpw \Ã DZm-l-cWw Xen-tUm-ssa-Uv.
jmÀUo³ At±-l-¯nsâ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ Drugs as Teratogens ]d-bp¶p
“10 Xcw Fen-IÄ, 15 Xcw Ipsª-en-I Ä, 11 Xcw apb-ep-I Ä, cp Xcw
\mbv¡Ä, 3 Xcw lmwtÌÀkv, 8 Xcw Ipc-§-·mÀ F¶n-h-bnÂ ]ns¶ ]e-
Xcw ARMADILLOS, FERRETS, ]q¨-I Ä,- Kn\n ]¶n-IÄ, ]¶n-IÄ,- C-h-bn-
sems¡ Xen-tUm-ssaUv Teratogenic {]Xn-I-c-W-§Ä Adn-bp-¶-Xn\v
thn ]co-£n-¨ -XnÂ Hä-s¸« tZj-^-e §Ä am{Xw {]I-S-a m-bn-cp-¶p”.
sshZy Ncn-{X-I m-c ³ lm³kv dyqjv At±-l-¯nsâ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ
Slaughter of the Innocents ]d-bp-¶Xv “shfp¯ \yqko-e³Uv apb-e-Isf
D]-tbm-Kn-¨-t¸mÄ, GXm\pw AwK-ssh-Ieyw _m[n¨ Ipªp-§-fp- m-bn.
]ns¶ Ipd¨v Ipc-§p-I-fpw. hÀj-§-tfm-f-a pÅ ]cn-tim-[-\-I Ä¡n-S-bnÂ.
Kth-j-IÀ \nc-´-c-ambn Afhv hÀ²n-¸n¨v, \nÀ_-Ôn-¸n¨v Ign-¸ n-¡p-I-bm-
bn-cp-¶p. Kth-j-IÀ ]d-bp-¶Xv Iym³kÀ t]mepÅ sshI-ey-§Ä F´p
hkvXp-¡Ä Aan-X-a mbn ÅnÂ sN¶mepw kw`-hn¡mw F¶m-Wv. ]©-km-
c, D¸v F¶n-§s\ F´pw. AXv hyh-Øn-Xnsb XI-cm-dn-em-¡p-¶p”.
Xen-tUm-ssaUv kw`-h-t¯msS ]co-£-W-ar-K-§sf D]-
tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv hÀ²n-¨n-«p-v. F¶mÂ AXv Fs´-¦nepw D]-Imcw sNbvX-
Xm-bn«v ImWp-¶n-Ã. sshI-ey-§Ä A[n-I-c n-¨n-«p-v. 1983 Â \yqtbmÀ¡v
ssSwknÂ h¶ teJ-\-¯nsâ Xe-s ¡«v “Ignª 25 hÀj-¯n-\ n-Sbv¡v
\h-P- mX inip-¡-fnse imco-cnI am\-knI sshI-ey-§Ä Cc-«n-bm-bn”.
Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ FÃm hÀjhpw 12 Â H¶v hoXw Ipªp-§Ä sshI-ey-
t¯msS P\n-¡p-¶p.
arK-§-fnÂ \S-¯p¶, A]-I-S-I-c-a mb acp-¶p-I-fpsS ]co-
£Ww kpc-£n-X-Xzs¯¡pdn¨pw D]-tbm-K-£-a -X-sb-¡p-dn¨pw, sXämb
ê-§Ä \ÂIp-¶-Xn-\ mÂ tSmIvkn-t¡m-f-P n-Ìp-Ifpw ]cn-tim-[-Icpw
hnaÀi-\-§Ä D¶-bn-¡p-¶p.
679
“arK-§-fnÂ kpc-£n-X-s a¶v I hkvXp-¡Ä a\p-jy-cnÂ A{]-Xo-£n-

X-^-e-§Ä krjvSn-¡p-¶p. CXv acp¶v \nÀ½mWw XpS-§nb kabw apXÂ
Adn-hp-Å-Xm-Wv.” [tUmIvSÀ. C. amÀjÂ 1932] -
“B[p-\nI hnj- ]-cn-tim-[\ k{¼-Zm-b-§Ä \ncÀ²-Ihpw A\m-h-iy-hp-am-
Wv. imkv{Xo-bm-t\z-jWw, kmam\y _p²n F¶n-hbv¡p ]Icw bm{ń-I -
amb Nn´m-iq-\y-a mb Hu]-Nm-cn-I -\n-b-a w ]men-¡Â am{Xw.”[Professor. G..
Zbinden, W.H.O Toxicologist]
“arK-§-fnÂ \S-¯p¶ ]co-£-W-§Ä acp-¶p-I-fpsS kpc-£n-XXzw Dd¸p
hcp-¯p-¶n-Ã- F¶p am{X-a-Ã, AXnsâ hncp-²-a mb ê-¯n\p Imc-W-am-bn-
¯o-cp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.” [Professeor Kurt Fickentscher 1980,
Pharmacological Institute, Bonn Universeity, Germany].
arK-§-fnse ]co-£-W-¯nsâ hàm-¡Ä AXns\ \ymbo-I-cn-¡p-¶Xv
AXv Ań-a -^-e-§Ä \ÂIn-bn-sÃ-¦nepw kqN-\-IÄ \ÂIp¶p F¶m-Wv.
F¶mÂ AXv iq²- A-kw-_-Ô-a m-sW¶v {]^-kÀ ]nsbIvt{Sm t{Imsk
]d-bp-¶p. AXv hfsc A]qÀÆ-a mbn am{Xw icn-bmb êw \ÂIp-¶p.
F¶mÂ AXv icn-bmb ê-a mWv \ÂIp-¶-s X¶v {]tbm-Kn-¨p-t\m-¡n-b-
Xn\p tijw am{Xta a\-Ên-em-h p-I-bp-Åq. AXv hfsc Ahn-Nm-c n-X-ambn
am{Xw e`n-¡p¶ ê-h pw.
1.acp¶v ]cn-tim-[-\bpw hne-bn-c p-¯epw , a\p-jy- tImi§fpw, Ah-b-h -
§fpw (In Vitro Cultures) D]-tbm-Kn-¨p-Å-X m-bmÂ IqSp-XÂ IrXy-amb
êw In«pw.
2. acp-¶n\p thn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ hkvXp-¡sf X·m{Xm Xe-¯nÂ
thÀXn-cn¨v AXnsâ KpW-§Ä hne-bn-cp-¯mw.(Chromatography, Mass
Spectrometry).
3. Izmw ^mÀa-t¡m-fPn (Izmw _e-X {´w D]-tbm-Kn¨v X·m{Xm LS-
\sb a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶ -X v)
4. hyà-ambn \nÀÆ-Nn¨ kml-N-cy-§-fnÂ, hyà-amb \nb-a -§Ä¡pÅnÂ
\n¶p sImp- Xs¶, a\p-jy-cnÂ Xs¶ ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶X.v
5. hn]-Wn-bnÂ \n¶pÅ {]Xn-I-c -W-§Ä ad-N¨p hbv¡msX dnt¸mÀ«v
sN¿p-¶-X v.
6. sSdm-täm-P-\nIv ]co-£-W-§fpw , Iym³kÀ Dm-¡ptam F¶-dn-bp¶-Xn-
\pÅ ]co-£-W- §-fpw hy-à-a mb êw \ÂIp-¶-Xn-\v In vitro ]cn-tim-[-
\-IÄ IqSmsX AMES ]cn-tim-[-\-IÄ IqSn \S-¯p-¶Xv D]-tbm-K-{]-Z-a m-bn-
cn-¡pw.
680
arK-§-fnÂ \S-¯p¶ ]co-£-W-§Ä¡v \ymbo-I-c -W-ambn ]d-bp-¶Xv

Kh¬saâv \n_-Ô-\-IÄ Ah Bh-iy-s¸-Sp¶p F¶m-Wv.
arK-§-fpsS taÂ ]cn-tim-[n¨v kpc-£bpw D]-tbm-K-£-a-Xbpw Dd¸p
hcp¯n F¶ Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-hp-a mbn hn]-Wn-bnÂ ac-¶p-IÄ Ip¯n \nd-¡p-
¶Xv k¦-S-I-c -am-Wv. \pW-{]-N-c-W-a m-Wv. AXn\v Kh¬saâv A[n-Ir-XÀ
Iq«p \nÂ¡p-¶p. AXv iq² X«n-¸ -ÃmsX asäm-¶p-a -Ã. Ccp Iq«À¡pw
hyà-a mbn Adn-bp-¶-Xm-Wv A¯cw ]cn-tim-[-\ -IÄ Ig-¼n-Ãm-¯-X m-sW-
¶v. \nbaw A\p-k-cn¨p F¶v hcp-¯n-¯oÀ¡p-¶ -Xn-\pÅ X«n-¸v. F¶mÂ
A¯cw \nb-a -§Ä Dm-¡n-bXv saUn-¡Â hnZ-Kv²-c m-Wv. \nb-a- \nÀ½m-
Xm-¡Ä¡v Ahsc B{i-bn-¡p-I tb amÀ¤apÅq. saUn-¡Â hnZ-Kv²-·mÀ
cmk-þ-s a-Un-¡Â kn³Un-t¡-änsâ ]nWn-bm-fp-I-fpw. AXn-s\-¡p-dn-¨pÅ
[mcm-f-a mb sXfn-hp-IÄ tUmIvSÀ lm³kv dyqjv At±l¯nsâ ]pkvX -I-
§-fnÂ Slaughter of the Innocent ]ns¶ Naked Empress or the Great
Medical Fraud \ÂIp-¶p.
1970 Â PÀ½-\ n-bpsS \nb-a- N-c n-{X-¯nÂ Gähpw ssZÀLy-ta-dnb hnNm-c-
W-bnÂ, Xen-tUm-s sa-Unsâ PÀ½³ \nÀ½m-X m-¡Ä sIan {Kqsb³Xm-Ä
Ipähnap-à-sa¶v hn[n-bpm-bn. X§-fpsS D¶-X-Øm\w sI«n-¸ -Sp¯ ,
arK-§-fpsS taÂ DÅ ]co-£-W-§-fpsS ASn-Ø m-\ -¯nÂ , IrXy-amb
\nK-a -\-§-fnÂ F¯n-t¨-cp-¶-Xn\v klm-b-am-hn-Ã F¶v tImS-X n-bnÂ shfn-
s¸-Sp-¯n-b-ti-jw.
“DXv]-¶-§Ä ]cm-P-b-am-b - mÂ, arK-§-fpsS taÂ \S-¯p¶ ]co-£-W-§Ä
Ft¸mgpw IrXy-a mb hnhcw \ÂIp-¶nÃ F¶ hmZw I¼-\nsb c£n-¡p-
¶-Xn\v D]-I -cn-¡pw.” [ The Cruel Deception. By. Dr. Robert Sharpe ] [ The
Use of Animals in Medical Research ]
“arK-§-fpsS taÂ \S-¯p¶ ]co-£-W-§Ä¡v imk-{Xob ASn-¯-d-bn-Ã.
Ah \nbaw A\p-k-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn am{Xw \S-¯-s¸-Sp-¶p. AXp
sImp Xs¶ \½psS Kth-j-W-§Ä AÀ°-c -ln-X-a m-Wv.” [ Dr. James
Gallagar, 1964, Director of Medical Research, Lederle Laboratories. U.S.A ]
\nc-kn-¡-s¸-Sm-\m-hm¯ sXfn-hp-IÄ kwL-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶-X n\v H¶n-tesd amÀ-¤-
§-fp-v. AXnÂ H¶v A\p-tbm-Py-a mb arKs¯ sXc-s ª-Sp-¡pI F¶-
Xm-Wv. Amanita Phalloides Hcp sa¨-s¸« `£y-tbm-Ky-amb toadstool F¶v
sXfn-bn-¡p-¶-Xn\v AXv aqb-ep-I Ä¡v sImSp-¯mÂ aXn-bm-h pw.
Parsley `£n-¡p-¶-XnÂ \n¶pw a\p-jy-sc \ncp-Õm-l-s ¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\v
X¯¡v sImSp-¡p-I . ASp¯ Znhkw BIp-¶-Xn\v ap³]v AXv ac-Ws¸-«n-
cn-¡pw.
681
s]\n-kn-en-³ , NnIn-Õ¡v A\p-tbm-Py-a-Ãm¯ acp-¶m-s W¶v sXfn-bn-¡p-¶-

Xn\v Kn\n-¸-¶n¡v sImSp-¡p-I . GXm\pw Znh-k-§Ä¡p-ÅnÂ AXv ac-W-
s¸-Spw.
Sn¶n-e-S¨ `£-W-km-[ -\-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-h sc t_m«p-en³ hnjw A]-
I-S-I m-c n-bÃ F¶p sXfn-bn-¡p-¶-Xn\v ]q¨bv¡v sImSp-¡p-I. AXv A]-I-S-
Im-c n-bm-sW¶v sXfn-bn-¡p-¶-Xn\v- Fen-¡pw. an¶-teä amXncn DS-\ Sn
AXv ac-W-s ¸-Spw.
sshä-a n³ “kn” D]-tbm-Ky-iq-\ y-a mb hkvX p-h m-s W¶v sXfn-bn-¡p-¶-Xn\v
\mb, Fen, lmwÌÀ F¶n-hbv¡v sImSp-¡m-X n-c n-¡pI. AXnsâ icocw
sshä-a n³ kn DXv]m-Zn-¸ n-¡p-¶Xp sImv, bmsXm¶pw kw`-hn-¡p-I-bn-Ã.
F¶mÂ Kn\n ]¶n-IÄ, Ipc-§³, a\p-jy³ F¶n-h-bpsS Blm-c-¯nÂ
DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-sÃ-¦nÂ Ah kvIÀhn h¶v ac-W-a -S-bpw.
arK-§-fnÂ \S-¯p¶ ]co-£-W-§Ä D]-tbm-K-iq-\y-am-sW¶ A`n-{ ]m-b-
¡m-c mWv bp.-s I. bnÂ lmaÀkvan¯v Bip-] -{Xn-bnse kv{XotcmK hnZ-Kv²-
\pw, C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v Hm_vs Ì-{SnIvkv B³Uv ssK\-t¡m-f-Pn-bnse {]^-
k-dp-amb (1983) tlmIn³kv,- bq-Wn-thÀkn-än Hm^v eoUvkv se ]oUn-bm-
{SnIvkv B³Uv ssNÂUv slÂ¯v hn`mKw {]^-k-dpw, Committee on
safety of Mediciens ap³ AwKhpw Bb {]^-kÀ (1980) kva nsXÂkv.
]ns¶ temI-¯nse Gähpw henb Iym³kÀ Kth-jW tI{µamb
tÉmB³ sIä-dn-§nse ap³ Ub-d-I vSdpw, ]ns¶ _tbm-Ìm-än-Ìn-Ivknse
Ub-d-I vS-dpw, þ AXv \yqtbmÀ¡nÂ _^-tÃm-bnÂ tdmkvshÂ ]mÀ¡v
sat½m-dn-bÂ C³Ìn-äyq-«nÂ þ Bbn-cp¶ (1982) tUmIvSÀ sFÀhn³
t{_mÊv.
aÕcw XpS-§p-¶ -Xn\v ap³]v hn]-Wn-bnÂ acp¶v F¯p-¶Xv A[nIw
em`w t\Sp-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-a m-h pw. AXp sImv t]cn\p am{Xw ¢n\n-¡Â
{Sb-en\v tijw acp¶v hn]-W\w sN¿-s¸-Smw. ( A-tbmh sÌbväv bqWn-
thÀkn-än-bnse (1957) tUmIvSÀ hnÃyw _o³. )
Gen enÃn Hcn-¡Â ]d-ªXv ]mÀiz-^-e-§-fn-Ãm¯ ac¶v acp-¶Ã F¶m-
Wv. Hcp Ah-b-h s¯ am{Xw e£y-am¡n \ÂIp-¶-Xn\v km[n-¡p¶
acp¶v \ne-h n-en-Ã. Nne acp-¶p-IÄ FÃm Ah-b-h-§-tfbpw _m[n-¡p-¶p.
MIMS Annuals AsÃ-¦nÂ MIMS Bi- Monthly acp-¶p-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v Atem-k-
c-s ¸-Sp-¯p¶ hnh-c -§Ä \ÂIp-¶p. F¶mÂ AXnÂ \ÂIn-bn-c n-¡p¶
hnh-c-§Ä acp¶v DXv] m-Z-IÀ \ÂIp-¶-Xm-Wv. bYmÀ° hkvX p-X-IÄ
AXnepw òXn-P-\-I-a m-bn-c n-¡pw.
]Xn-äm-p-IÄ¡v ap³]v tImÀWÂ bqWn-thÀkn-än-bnse
saUn-¡Â tImf-Pnse {]^-kÀ tUmIvSÀ hmÄ«À tamsUÂ þ Time At±-
ls¯ Ata-c n-¡-bnse Gähpw {]ap-J-c nÂ Hcm-fmb acp¶v hnZ-Kv²³
F¶v hnti-jn-¸ n-¨ p. At±-l-¯nsâ Clinical Pharmacology And
682
Therapeutics se teJ-\-¯nÂ ]d-bp-¶Xv “\½Ä Ft¸m-gmWv a\-Ên-em-

¡p-¶Xv \ap¡v A[nIw acp-¶p-I-fp-s -¶v. 150,000 Â A[nIw acp-¶p-IÄ
D]-tbm-K-¯n-en-cn-¡p-¶p. Hmtcm hÀjhpw 15,000 ]pXnb acp-¶p-IÄ hn]-
Wn-bnÂ F¯n-t¨-c p-¶p. 12,000 F®w ]n³h-en-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p. Ct¸mÄ \ap-
¡m-hiyw aäp acp-¶p-I-fpsS tZmj-h-i -§sf {]Xn-tcm-[n-¡p-¶-Xn\v Bh-
iy-a mb acp-¶m-Wv.”
1961 Â 2,05,000 acp-¶p-I Ä hn]-Wn-bnÂ e`y-a m-bn-cp-¶p. AXn-\-\ p-k-c n¨v

]pXnb Akp-J§ - -fpw.
1980 Â W.H.O 240 ac-p¶p-I Ä aq¶mw temI-cm-jv{ S-§Ä¡v Bh-
iy-sa¶v hne-bn-c p-¯n. aq¶mw temI-¯ n-s e BtcmKyw \ne-\ n-dp-¯p-¶-
Xn\v ]Sn-ªm-d³ iàn-I -fpsS klmbw Bh-iy-sa¶ hne-bn-cp-¯-en-
t·Â. ]ns¶ 205,000 acp-¶p-I-fpsS Bh-iy-s a-´m-Wv. 1981 Â U.N.
Industrial Development Organisation W.H.O bpambn tNÀ¶v 26 acp-¶p-IÄ
am{Xw aq¶mw temI-¯n\v Bhiyw F¶v hne-bn-c p-¯n. Hgn¨p IqSm-\ m-hm-
¯Xv F¶v. 26 Â 9 F®w {]tXyIw ]cn-K-W\ AÀln-¡p¶p F¶pw.
AXnÂ Gähpw {][m\w Aspirin { Acetyl Salicylic Acid } . AXv Ip-
]n-Sn-¡-s¸-«n«v 100 hÀj-¯n-te-sd-bm-bn. AXv arK-]-co-£-W-¯n-eqsS hnI-
kn-¸ n-¨-X-Ãm-¯-Xp-sIm- mImw C¶pw \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶p. 9 acp-¶p-IÄ Xs¶
A[nIw F¶v Icp-X p-¶-hÀ [mcm-f-ap-v. [ Naked Empress. By. Ruesch ]
Vivisection - Science or Sham. By. Roy Kupsinel arK-§-fpsS taepÅ ]co-
£-W-§-fpsS \ncÀ°-I-Xbpw AXnsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ hn]-W\w
sNbvX acp-¶p-IÄ krjvSn¨ amcI {]Xym-Lm-X-§fpw hnh-c n-¡p-¶p.
NnInÕ sImpÅ A]-ISw Gdn hcn-I-bm-Wv. arK-§-fpsS taÂ
kpc£m ]co-£Ww \S-¯p-¶-X n\p ap³]v AXv Dm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. NnInÕ
sImpÅ A]-ISw arK-] -co-£-W-§-fpsS t\cn-«pÅ ]cn-Wn-X-^-e-a m-Wv.(
Hans Ruesch)
arK-]-c o-£Ww HtZym-Kn-I-a mbn Bcw-`n¨ Imew apXÂ Xs¶ AXns\
FXnÀ¯n-cp-¶-hÀ \nc-h-[n-bm-Wv. A¯cw hnh-c-§-fpsS kam-lm-c-amWv
lm³kv dyqjv X¿m-dm-¡nb ]pkvXIw “”1000 Doctors ( And Many More)
Against Vivisection”” (1989 ).
- Is the Medicine Making You Ill . By. David.M.. Jackson, Rayner Soothill
- Resarch conducted by Drug Industry ; A Conflict of Interest. By. Anita
Johnson
683
- Animal Experimentation, No Lie can Live for Ever. By. Mitchell Aguilar
- Drugs and Pregnancy - Human Teratogenesis And Related Problems. By.
Schardein
- The LD 50 test. A Critique And Suggestions for Alternatives. By.
Andrew. N. Rowan
- Why Animal Experiment Must Stop. By. Vernon Coleman
- Animals in Cancer Research ; a Multi billion Dollar Fraud. By. Irwin
Bross
- Mal(e) Pracitce : How Doctors Manipulate women. By. Robert. S.
Mendelsohn
- Masked Men of Medicine. By. Brandon Reins
- Medical Ignorance is Costing us Billions [Daily Telegraph Mirror. Feb.
24.1991
saUn-¡Â taJ-e-s b-¡p-dn¨v s]mXp-P-\-¯n\v Adn-hn-Ãm-¯Xv tImSn-¡-W -
¡n\v cq]-bpsS \jvS-¯n\v Imc-W-a m-hp-¶p. Ct¸m-g pÅ \nc-¡nÂ
BtcmKy c£m sNe-hp-IÄ DbÀ¶p sImn-c p-¶mÂ Kh¬saân\v AXv
Xm§m-\m-hmsX hcpw. ]ns¶ AXv P\-§Ä Xs¶ hln-t¡n hcpw.
AsÃ-¦ nÂ Btcm-Ky -kp-c-£-bn-ÃmsX Pohn-t¡Xmbn«p hcpw. 1979 Â
Xs¶ C¯cw {]h-W-X-I Ä {]Xy-£-am-bn-cp¶p. {]ap-J-\ m-b- ssh-Zy-
imkv{X Ncn-{X-I m-c ³ Chm³ CÃn¨v Xsâ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ Limits of
Medicine AXv hni-Z-a m-¡p-¶p. BtcmKy ]cn-c -£¡v Bh-iy-ambn hcp¶
sam¯w sNe-hnsâ \sÃmcp `mKw a-c p-¶pIÄ¡p th-n-bp-Å-X mWv.
CÃn¨v ]d-bp-¶Xv acp¶v hnÂ¸-\-bpsS Afhv 100 Cc-«n-bm-bn. Hcp hÀjw
20,000 S¬ Bkv{]n³. Hcp a\p-jy³ icm-icn 225 KpfnI Ign-¡p-¶p.
Cw¥-nÂ A[n-I hpw Dd-¡-Kp-fn-I-bpsS klm-b-t¯msS Dd-§p-¶p. Ata-
cn-¡-bnÂ am\-kn-I - k-½À±w eLq-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ acp-¶p-IÄ¡mWv
{]nb-w. BsI hnÂ¡-s¸-Sp¶ acp-¶nsâ 31 iX-a m\w. 1962 s\ At]-
£n¨v 1979 Â 300 iX-am\w Cc«n hÀ²n-¨p. aZy-¯nsâ D]-tbmKw 23 iX-
am\w am{Xw hÀ²n-¨p. \nb-a- hn-cp-²-amb acp-¶p-I-fpsS D]-tbmKw 50 iX-
am\w am{Xhpw hÀ²n-¨p. Hmtcm 30 aWn-¡q-dnepw tUmIvS-dnsâ Ipdn-¸ -Sn-{]-
Imcw 80 iX-a m\w apXnÀ¶-hcpw acp¶v Ign-¡p-¶p. Confessions of a
Medical Heretic F¶ IrXn-bnÂ inip-tcm-K-hn-ZvK v²³ tUmIvSÀ
sa³sUÂtkm³ Aan-X-ambn hÀ²n¨p hcp¶ acp-¶p-I-fpsS D]-tbm-K-
s¯-¡p-dn¨v hymIp-e-\ m-hp-¶p.
t\cn«v acp-¶m-bn«v Ign-¡p-¶-Xn\p ]pdta `£y-h-kvX p-¡fneqsSbpw
A[nIw cmk-hkv-X p¡-Ä a\p-jyÀ Ign-¡p-¶p. `£y-hy-hk- mbw A[n-I-
ambn cmk-h-kvXp-¡sf B{i-bn-¡p-¶p. 1960 apX-Â Hmlcn hn]-Wn-bnÂ
cPn-ÌÀ sNbvX I¼-\n-I-fnÂ , \nÀ½mW hyh-km-b-¯nÂ GÀs¸-«n-cn-
684
¡p¶ FÃm-¯cw I¼-\n-I-fn-epw Gähpw IqSp-XÂ iX-am\w em`-a p-m-

¡p-¶Xv acp¶v hyh-km-b-a m-Wv. acp-¶p-I-fpsS D]-tbmKw IqSp-¶-Xn\v
A\p-kr-X -ambn s]mXp-P-\m-tcmKyw Ipd-ªp-h-c p-¶p. acp¶v Ign-¨Xp aqe-
ap-mb k¦oÀ®-X -IÄ ImcWw 1978 Â 15 e£w a\p-jyÀ Bip-]-{Xn-
bnÂ {]th-in-¸n-¡-s ¸-«p. ]ns¶ Ahn-Sps¯ NnIn-Õ-bpsS ê-a mbn Ah-
cpsS \ne hopw hj-fm-bn. ]d-bp-¶ -Xv FDA . acp¶v D]-tbm-K n-¡p-¶Xp
aqe-a pÅ acWw Hmtcm hÀjhpw 2 e£-¯n-e-[n-Iw. acp¶v hn]-Wn-bnÂ
F¯nb tij-ap- mb k¦oÀ®-X-IÄ ImcWw 1976 \pw 1985 \pw CSbv¡v
hn]-W\w sNbvX 52 iX-a m\w acp-¶p-I fpw ]n³h-en-t¡n h¶p. ]d-bp-
¶Xv P\-dÂ A¡u-nwKv Hmô-kv. lrZ-bw, IcÄ, InUv\ n F¶n-h-bpsS
XI-c m-dp-I Ä KÀ`-Ø-in-ip-hn\v Gä hnj-_m-[, P·-ssh-I-Ãyw, cà-¯nÂ
kw`-hn¨ XI-c m-dp-I Ä, izmk-tImiw \ne¨p t]mhp-I, P¶n, ImgvNiàn
\in¡pI F¶n-§s\ FÃm hn[ k¦oÀ®-X-IÄ¡pw Imc-W-am-bn.
C¯cw Imcy-§Ä {]kn-²o-I-c n¨v P\-§-fnÂ F¯n-¡p¶ kwhn-[m\w
C\nbpw \ne-hn-en-Ã. Hs¡bpw aqSn hbv¡p-¶p. AsÃ-¦nÂ asä-s´-¦ nepw
ImcWw Npa-¯-s ¸-Sp-¶p. ]pd¯p hcp¶ IW-¡p-IÄ bYmÀ°y-¯nsâ
Hcwiw am{Xw.
Controversies in Therapeutics F¶ IrXn-bnÂ tUmIvSÀ eobvä³
¢^v^v ]d-bp-¶Xv \mj-WÂ slÂ¯nsâ IW-¡p-IÄ bYmÀ° {]iv\-
¯nsâ Xo{hX shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶n-Ã -F-¶ m-Wv. ac-W-kÀ«n-^n¡-ä nÂ ac-W -
Im-c Ww InUv\n XI-c m-dn-em-b-X m-sW¶v shfn-s¸-Sp-¯pw. F¶mÂ AXn\p
ImcWw acp-¶pIfp-s S D]tbmKw Bsa¶v ]d-bp-I-bn-Ã. Ata-cn-¡³
sk\-änsâ skeIvSv I½nän ]d-bp-¶Xv t¢mtdmw s^\n-t¡mÄ F¶ acp-
¶nsâ -D]-tbmKw ImcWw ac-W-a-Sª 100 IW-¡n\v kw`-h -§Ä shfn-s ¸-
Sp-¯ -s¸-«n-«nÃ F¶m-Wv. tUmIvSÀ eobvä³ ¢^v^v ]d-bp-¶Xv Hcp tI{µ
A[n-Im-c-¯n-t\mSv acp¶v ImcWw kwPm-X-a mb k¦oÀ®-X-I Ä dnt¸mÀ«v
sN¿p-¶-X n\v `nj-Kz-c-·msc Ct¸mÄ \nbaw A\p-im-kn-¡p-¶nÃ F¶m-Wv.
tUmIvSÀ dn¨ÀUv sSbveÀ Xsâ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ Medicine
out of Control hni-Z-am-¡p-¶Xv, sshZy-imkv{X kmt¦-XnIhnZy kvIoÀ®-
ambn-s¡m- n-c p-¶-X n-\mÂ, NnIn-Õ¡v hfsc A[nIw cmk-h-kvX p-¡Ä D]-
tbm-Kn-¡p-¶XpsImpw tUmIvS-dpsS ssI¸ngsImpw Bip-]-{Xn-bnÂ
\n¶v kw`-h n-¡p-¶-Xp-a mb A]-I-S-§-fpsS F®w hÀ²n¨p hcp-¶p. Htcm
acp-¶pw, Hmtcm ]cn-tim-[-\bpw Hmtcm ikv{X-{In-bbpw A]-IS km²y-X -
bp-Å-X m-Wv. A[nIw NnIn-Õ-tbm-s Sm¸w A[nIw A]-ISw . tUmIvSÀ
sSbve-tdm-sSm¸w tUmIvSÀ _oän, tUmIvSÀ ]otäÀkv tUmÀ^v F¶n-hcpw
AtX ImgvN-¸m-Sp-Å -h-cm-Wv. Atem-¸Xn acp-¶p-I Ä e£-W-§sf AaÀ¨
sN¿p-¶-X n-\ mÂ AkpJw Ip-]n-Sn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw, NnIn-Õn-¡p-¶ -X n\pw
DÅ km²yX Ipd-bv¡p-¶p. B[p-\nI NnIn-Õ -bpsS hnaÀi-I -cnÂ {]ap-J-
\mb tUmIvSÀ sa³UÂtkm³ sâ asämcp ]pkvX-I-a m-Wv. How to Raise
a Healthy Child Inspite of your Doctor.
685
Chm³ CÃn¨v ]d-bp-¶Xv C¶v thZ-\ , {]hÀ¯-\- ssh-Ieyw,

aäp ]cm-[o-\-X -IÄ , KXm-KX hyh-kmb taJ-e-I-fnse A]-I-S-§Ä, bp²-
hp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«h FÃmw sshZy-hr-¯n-bnÂ \n¶p- m-h p-¶-X n-t\-¡mÄ
hfsc Xmgv¶ \ne-bn-em-Wv. acp¶v sImpÅ {]Xym-LmXw C¶v hfsc
thKw ]SÀ¶v ]nSn¨p sImn-cn-¡p¶ ]IÀ¨m-h ym-[n-bm-Wv.
C{km-tb-enÂ 1973 Â Hcp amkw `nj-K z-c -·mÀ ]Wn apS-¡n-b-
t¸mÄ tZiob ac-W-\n-c¡v Gähpw Ipd-hm-bn. Pdq-ktew ih-a -S¡v
kwL-S\ ]d-ªXv AXv ]Ip-Xn-bmbn Ipdªp F¶m-Wv. 1976 Â sImfw-
_n-b-bnÂ tUmIvSÀamÀ 52 Znh-ks¯ ]Wn-a p-S-¡nÂ GÀs¸-«-t¸mÄ acW-
\n-c¡v 35 iX-am\w Ipd-ªp. ]d-bp-¶-X v tZ-iob ih-a -S¡v kwL-S\ þ
sImfw-_n-b. GXm\pw hÀj-§Ä¡p tijw Imen-t^mÀWn-b-bnepw
]ns¶ {_n«-\nÂ 1978 Â kam\ kw`-h -§Ä \S-¶p. A[nIw P\-§ - fpw
Btcm-Ky-t¯m-s S P\n-¡p-¶p. AXnÂ A-\m-hiy ssII-S-¯-ep-IÄ Dm-
bn-sÃ-¦ nÂ Pohn-Xm-h-km\w hscbpw Btcm-Ky-t¯msS Pohn-¡p-¶-Xn\v
km[n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿pw. The Centre for Disease Control \S-¯nb ]T-\-
¯nÂ Pohn-X- ssi-en-bn-ep-m-hp¶ t]mcm-bva-IÄ 51 iX-am\w ac-W-
§Ä¡pw Imc-W-am-hp¶p F¶v Is-¯n. sshZy-i mkv{Xs¯ , acp¶v
\nÀ½mW I¼-\n-IÄ hne-s¡-Sp-¯-Xm-Wv C{Xbpw A[nIw Ip¯-g nª
hyhØ \ne-hnÂ hcp-¶-Xn\p Imc-Ww. Dissent in Medicine - Nine
Doctors Speak Out (1985) F¶ Xsâ {K-Ù-¯nÂ tUmIvSÀ Ae³ sehn³
]d-bp-¶Xv “C¶v Ata-c n-¡-bnse Gähpw henb cm-a s¯ hyh-kmbw
BtcmKy taJ-e-bm-Wv. Multi Billion Dollar . H¶m-aXv {]Xn-tcm[ taJ-e-
bpw. Cu hÀjs¯ Btcm-Ky-ta-J-e-bnÂ \n¶pÅ hcp-a m\w 36,000 tImSn
tUmfÀ. hmkvXhw AX-nepw tase-bm-Wv.”
1991 Â Btcm-Ky- kw-c -£-W-¯n\p thn sNe-h-
gn-¡p-¶Xv 75,000 tImSn tUmfÀ. 2000 Â AXnsâ Cc-«n-b-e-[ n-Iw. hymh-
km-bnI \nt£-]-Isc BIÀ-jn-¡p-¶-XnÂ AÛp-X-a n-Ã. Ah-cpsS
hnÂ]\ hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-¶Xv tUmIvSÀamÀ. sltdm-bn\pw sIms¡bv\ pw
HgnsI C¶v sXcp-h nÂ hnä-g n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ hnt\m-Z-¯n-\pÅ acp-¶p-I -sfÃmw
AwKo-IrX acp¶p I¼-\n-IÄ \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv. `mhn.-bnÂ \S-¡m³
km²y-X-bpÅ hnÂ]-\-bnÂ A¯cw hnÂ]-\bpw DÄs¸-S-p -¶p.
saUn-¡Â hnZymÀ°n-Isf ]m«n-em-¡p-¶-Xn\v acp¶v
DXm-]m-Z-I À AhÀ¡v k½m-\ -§-fpw, tIm¬^-d³kp-I-fnÂ kw_-Ôn-¡p-
¶-Xn\v kuP-\ y-a mb bm{X-ku-I -cy-§fpw ]T-\ - km-a-{Kn-I fpw \ÂIp-¶p. -
sshZy-imkv{X cwKs¯ Kth-j-W-§Ä¡v Kh¬saâv klmbw Ipd-¨Xv ,
kzImcy klm-bs¯ B{i-bn-¡p-¶ -Xn\v \nÀ_-Ôn-¨p. tUmIvSÀ Ae³
sehn³. bqWn-thÀknän Hm^v Imen-t^mÀWn-b-bnse BUvP³Iväv
Atkm-kn-tbäv {]^-kÀ Hm^v C½yq-tWm-fPn B³Uv sUÀa-täm-f-Pn.
Ata-cn-¡³ tImtfPv Hm^v FaÀP³kn ^nkn-jy³kv, tImfPv Hm^v Ata-
686
cn-¡³ ]tYm-f-Pn-Ìvkv, Ata-c n-¡³ skmsskän Hm^v ¢n\n-¡Â ]tYm-f-

PnÌvkv F¶n-hn-S-§-fnse s^tÃm. lmÀhÀUv saUn-¡Â kv¡qÄ, aäv
saUn-¡Â C³kv-änäyqj³kv F¶n-h n-S-§-fnÂ \n¶v s^tÃmjn¸p-Ifpw
AhmÀUp-Ifpw t\Snb hyI-Xn. At±lw ]d-ªXv “sshZy-imkv{Xw
Btcm-Ky-¯n\v Gähpw henb òj-Wn-bm-sW-¶m-Wv. sshZy-im-kv{X-
¯n\p taÂ HutZym-Kn-I-a mbn sNep-¯-s ¸-Sp¶ \nb-{´Ww ]IÀ¨m-hym-
[n¡p XpÃy-amb \ne-bnÂ hfÀ¶p Ignªp F¶pw.” Cu \qäm-nsâ
BZy-Im-e-§-fnÂ Bip-]-{Xn-IÄ, kÀÆ-I -em-i m-e-IÄ, Kth-jWØm]-\-
§Ä F¶n-h-bpsS taÂ F{]-Im-c -amWv acp¶v \nÀ-½mW hyh-kmbw \nb-
{´Ww t\Sn-b-sX-¶v lm³kv dyqjv Xsâ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ Naked Empress
or the Great Medical Fraud ]d-bp-¶p.
\yqtPmÄ F¶ t]cnÂ s]t{Sm-fn-bw, Ip¸n-bn-em¡n Iym³k-
dn\pw ae-_-Ô-¯n\pw Gähpw sa¨-s ¸« acp¶v F¶ t]cnÂ hnÂ¸\
\S¯n tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ F§n-s \-bmWv A[nIw [\w t\Sn-bXv F¶v Drug
Story bnÂ tamdn-kv.-F. _nbmsÃ hnh-cn-¡p-¶p.
1939 Â tdms¡-s ^-Ãdpw sF. Pn. ^mÀ_\pw tNÀ¶v {UKv
{SÌv cq]o-I-cn-¨p. 1948 Bb-t¸m-tg¡pw AXv 1000 tImSn tUmf-dnsâ hyh-
km-b-a mbn amdn. tlms¡Ìpw t_bdpw sF.-Pn. bnÂ \n¶pw hfÀ¶-Xm-
Wv. \yqsd-w_ÀKv bp²- Ip-ä-hn-Nm-c-W-bnÂ in£ In«nb s{Û-dnIv
Pbvs\ tlms¡Ìv sâ kq¸Àssh-kdn t_mÀUnÂ A²y-£-\m-bn. AXp
t]mse in£ In«nb ^nävkvs äÀ aobÀ, t_b-dnsâ t_mÀUv A²y-£-\m-
bn. 1955þ 1956 Ime-L-«-¯nÂ. tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ Ah-cpsS hnZym-`ym-k-{]-
hÀ¯-\-§-Ä hntZ-i-§-fnepw \S-¸n-em-¡n. acp-¶ns\ ASn-Øm-\-a m-¡n-
bpÅ sshZy NnInÕ hym]n-¸ n-¨ Xv tdms¡-s ^-ÃÀ þ sF.Pn Iq«p-sI-«v.
sNbvkv am³l«³ _m¦v acp¶v \nÀ½m-W-ta-J-e-bnÂ Imcy-ambn CS-s]-Sp-
¶p. temI-¯nÂ Gähpw A[nIw \nÀ½mW kuI-cy-apÅ hyh-km-b-im-
e-IÄ tdms¡-s^-Ã-dn-tâ-X m-Wv. Ah-cpsS hfÀ¨bv¡v am²y-a-§Ä Imcy-
amb ]¦v hln-¨ p. 1948 Â henb I-¼-\ n-I Ä ]e hn[-¯n-epÅ ]c-ky-
§Ä¡mbn sNe-h-gn-¨Xv 110 tImSn tUmfÀ. AXnÂ 80 iX-am-\-t¯mfw
tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ tamÀK³ kwLm-X-¯ nsâ hI.
tdms¡-s^-ÃÀ {UKv {Skvänsâ DS-a -Ø-X-bn-epmbn-
cp¶ {]kn-²o-I-c -W-§Ä Fortune, Life, Time, Readers Digest, Newsweek,
Encyclopedia Britannica . tamdnkv _nbsÃ ]d-bp-¶Xv “\nb-as¯ A«n-a -
dn-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn-bmWv FDA D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶-Xv. {UKv {SÌnsâ
em`w \in-¸ n-¡p-¶ -hsc XIÀ¡p-¶-X n-\ v. FDA {UKv {SÌnsâ tkh-I-\m-
Wv.” aäpÅ FÃm hymh-km-bnI cmjv{S-§-fnepw {_n«³, {^m³kv, ]Sn-
ªm-d³ PÀ½\n þ F¶n-h n-S-§-fnepw CXp Xs¶-bmWv ØnXn.
687
teJ-\-¯nsâ Xe-s ¡-«v. “FDA : The American Gestapo Prosecutor or

Persecutor” May.6.1992. FDA ssk\yw Cc¨p Ib-dn. tXm¡p Nqn-
s¡mv. ap³hm-XnÂ Nhp«n¯pd-¶p. tcmKn-I-s f-¡p-dn-¨pÅ tcJ-IÄ
IhÀs¶-Sp-¯p. Btcm-]n-¡-s¸« Ipäw AX-nsâ \S-¯n-¸p-Im-c ³
tUmIvSÀ tPm\-Ym³ hvssdäv FDA AwKo-ImcanÃm¯ acp-¶p-]-tbm-Kn¨v
NnInÕ \S-¯ n. FDA bnse D¶-XÀ AhÀ \nb-{ń-t¡ acp¶v \nÀ½m-
W-¡-¼-\n-I-fnÂ Hmlcn ssIh-iw- h-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.
tUmIvSÀ dn¨ÀUv Iyqs\kv Xpd¶p ]d-ª-XmWv AMA F¶Xv Ata-cn-
¡³ saUn-¡Â Atkm-kn-tb-j³ F¶Ã Ata-c n-¡³ Murder Atkm-kn-
tb-j³ F¶mWv F¶v. kz´-a mbn \nÀ½mWw \S-¯p-¶-hsc
Bscsb¦nepw ]pd-¯m-¡-W-sa-¶p-s-¦nÂ AMA bpsS hnZ-KvZ-[À, kz´-
ambn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-h-c psS DXv]-¶-§Ä D]-tbm-K-iq-\y-a m-s W¶v hn[n-s b-
gp-Xpw. AMA 10 saUn-¡Â hnZ-Kv²sc tImS-Xn-bnÂ lmP-cm-¡n, Ah-sc-
s¡mv sshä-an-\p-IÄ ico-c-¯n\v Bh-iy-an-Ãm-¯-Xm-sW¶v samgn
\ÂIn. {]IrXn Z¯ sshä-a n³ hn]-Wn-bnÂ \n¶pw \o¡w sN¿p-¶-
Xn\p thn.
- Health Insurance Plans : Promise And Performance. By. Robert
Hetherington, Carl Hopkins, Milton.R
- Trends in Prescription Drug Prices. By John.M.F
- Licit and Illicit Drugs . By Edward.M. Brecher
- The Use and Abuse of Psychotropic Drugs. By. D.M. Dunlop
- Animal Factories. By. Jim Mason, Peter Singer
- Modern Drug Use, and Enquiry on Historical Principles. By. R.D. Mann
- Compulsory Immunisation - A Statement of Concern. By. Healthcare
Reform Group
- Monitoring for Drug Safety - By. W.H. Inman
- The Role of Medicine. By. T. McKeown
- Crime And Punishment of I.G. Farben. By. Joseph Borkin
a\p-jy\p taÂ ]co-£-W-§Ä \S-¯p-¶-X nsâ Ncn-{Xhpw hÀ¯-a m-\hpw
At\z-jn-t¡--X p-v. Strangers At BedsideF¶ IrXn-bnÂ ]d-bp¶p
“BZyw arK-§Ä, ]n¶oSv A\m-Y À, ]n¶oSv _p²n-amµyw kw`-hn-¨-hÀ.”
tUmIvSÀ BÂ_À«v se^v^n§v shÂ At±-l-¯nsâ ]pkvXIw
Illustration of Human Vivisection (1907) Â ]d-bp-¶p. ]pXnb \qäm-
nsâ XpS-¡-¯nÂ \½Ä òam-Im-c-a mb {]iv\ -§sf t\cn-tS--X m-bn-«p-
v. AXnÂ H¶v a\p-jy\v taÂ \S-¯p¶ acp¶v ]cn-tim-[ -\. \nÀ`m-Ky-I -
c-a mb au\w shSn-b-W-sa¶v Ata-cn-¡-bnse sshZy-imkv{X am²y-a-§-
tfmSv A`yÀ°n-¡p-¶p. au\w \oXo-I-c-W-a m-bn«pw, Ipä-h n-a p-à-a m-¡p-¶-
688
Xmbpw Icp-X-s ¸-Sp-¶p. C\n apXÂ Hmtcm Ipªnsâ taepw, Hmtcm a\p-
jysâ taepw \S-¯p¶ ]co-£-W-§Ä A]-e-] n-¡p-¶-Xn\v R§-tfm-
sSm¸w tNc-W-sa¶v Bh-iy-s ¸-Sp-¶p. \oXn-bp-sSbpw a\p-jy-X z-¯n-sâbpw
t]cnÂ, C\nbpw P\n-¨n-«n-Ãm¯ e£-¡-W-¡n\v Ipªp-§-fpsS t]cnÂ.
a\p-jy\v taÂ \S-¯p¶ ]co-£-W-§Ä C¶v a\p-jym-h -
Im-i -¯n\v shÃp-hn-fn-bm-Wv. {]tXy-In¨pw bp²-k-a -b¯pw {]iv\-§-fp-Å-
t¸m-g pw. ]Sn-ªm-dnse, a\p-jy\v taepÅ ]co-£-W-§Ä “\mkn”¡p
ap³]pw “\mkn” ¡p tijhpw F¶v hn`-Pn-¡-s ¸-«n-c n-¡p-¶p. \mkn-IÄ
AXv XpS§n h¨-X-Ã. Ah-cpsS Ime-tijw AXv Ah-km-\n-¨p-an-Ã.
tdma³ km{am-Py-¯nÂ AXv ¥mUn-tb-äÀam-c p-sSbpw ASn-a-I -fp-sSbpw taÂ
\S-¯n-bn-cp-¶p. 19-þmw \qäm-nsâ a²y-¯nÂ t¢msU _©-a nsâ Ime-
t¯msS B[p-\nI sshZy-im-kv{X-¯nÂ AXv ASn-Ø m-\- k-{¼-Zm-b-a m-bn.
arK-§-fpsS taepÅ ]co-£-§Ä km[m-c-W-am-b-t¸mÄ a-\p-jy\v taÂ
]co-I-jWw \S-¯p-¶-X n-s \-¡p-dn¨v Btem-N-\-bm-bn. F¶mÂ arK-§-
fpsS taÂ \S-¯p¶ ]co-£-§Ä a\p-jy-cpsS taÂ \S-¯p¶ ]co-£-W -
§Ä¡v ASn-Øm-\-a m-hp-¶n-Ã. Bkv]n-cn³ apb-ep-I sf sImÃp-¶p.
Doctors Under Hitler F¶ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ ssa¡Â s{IbväÀ AXn-s\-¡p-
dn¨v {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶p. arK-§-fnÂ ]co-£Ww \S-¯nb tijw a\p-jy-
\nÂ, Ipdª Af-hnÂ acp¶v \ÂIn. \S-¯p-¶Xv Phase I F¶v Adn-b-
s¸-Sp-¶p. hnjmwiw ]cn-tim-[n¡p-¶-Xn\p thn. Nne a\p-jyÀ AXn\p
tij-a pÅ Phase II, III F¶nh Ah-c nÂ \S-¯p-¶-X n\v k½Xw \ÂIp-¶p.
acp-¶p-IÄ a\p-jy-c nÂ ]co-£n-¨n-cn-¡Ww F¶p-ÅXv Ah-iy-am-Wv. arK-
§-fn-t·-epÅ ]co-£Ww AÀ°-iq-\y-sa-¶p-Å-X p-s Imv \mkn PÀ½-\n-
bnÂ a\p-jy-c psS taepÅ ]co-£Ww A[n-I -ambn \S-¶p. 1931 se
shbvaÀ \nbaw arK-§-fn-epÅ ]co-£-W-¯n\p tijw am{Xw a\p-jy-\nÂ
]co-£Ww \S¯mw F¶v A\p-im-kn-¡p-¶p. 19 þmw \qäm-nsâ Ah-km-
\s¯ cp ]Xn-ämp apXÂ a\p-jy\p taÂ A[n-I-a mbn ]co-£-W -
§Ä \S-¯ n. tcmKm-Wp -kn-² m-´-¯n-sâbpw acp¶v \nÀ½mW I¼-\n-I-fp-
sSbpw hfÀ¨-tbmsS cp ]co-£-W-§fpw hfsc thK-¯nÂ hfÀ¶p.
Subjected to Science : Human Experimentation in America Before the
Second World War F¶ IrXn.-bnÂ kqk³ sesU-s d-À Fgp-X p-¶p.
“_mIvSo-c n-b-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ ]T-\ -imkv{Xw a\p-jy-cpsS taepw arK-§-
epsS taepw \S-¯p¶ ]co-£-W-§sf kmc-ambn _m[n-¨p. ssat{Im-
kvt¡m-¸n\p IognÂ AkpJw ]c-¯p¶ IoS-¯ns\ Ip-] n-Sn-¡p-I bpw
thÀXn-cn-¡pIbpw sN¿pI F¶p-Å-XmWv BZys¯ L«w. AXns\ ip²-
amb Culture Â hfÀ¯nb tijw Btcm-Ky-apÅ ico-c-¯nÂ AXns\
D]-tbm-Kn¨v AkpJw krj-Sn-t¡--Xp-v. ssat{Im_,v tcmK-¯n\v
ImcWambn F¶p sXfn-bn-¡p-¶-Xn\v a\pjy icocs¯ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv
tcmKmWp kn²m-´-¯n-sâ {Iqc-amb ]mc-¼-cy-am-Wv. Ipc-§p-I Ä¡v
689
sKmtW-dn-b, kn^n-enkv F¶o Akp-J-§Ä ]IÀ¶p \ÂImw F¶v Is-

¯p-¶-Xn\v ap³]v a\pjy-c nÂ AkpJw krjvSn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. 1895 Â
\yqtbmÀ¡nse inip-tcm-K-hn-ZvKv²³ sl³{Sn losaÂ \ÂInb hnh-
cWw òXn-P-\ -I-am-Wv. 4 hb-ÊpÅ aµ-_p-²n-bmb Npg-en-tcm-K-apÅ
B¬Ip-«n, 16 hb-ÊpÅ aµ-_p-²n-bmb B¬Ip-«n, £b-tcm-K-¯nsâ
Ań-a m-h-Ø-bn-s e-¯nb 26 hb-ÊpÅ ]pcpj³ F¶n-h -cnÂ sKmtW-dnb
krjvSn-¡p-¶-X nÂ hnP-bn-¨p.”
1943 se The American Journal of Syphillis Â h¶-XmWv AXv.
{]iv\w, Adn-thm-Sp-Iq-Snb k½-X-s ¯-s¨m-Ãn-bp-Å-Xm-Wv. cp-t]À aµ-_p-
²n-Isf¶v kqNn-¸n-¨n-c n-¡p-¶p. At¸mÄ Adn-thmsS k½-Xn-¡pI Akm-
[yw. aäp-Å-h À¡v k½Xw \ÂIp-¶-Xn-\ pÅ Ah-Im-i-aptm . amXm-]n-
Xm-¡Ä¡v AXp-tm. AXv Ipªp-§sf imkv{X-¯n\v hnÂ¡p-¶X-tÃ.
C¶v Ipªp-§Ä¡v \ÂIp¶ acp-¶p-IÄ F§n-s \-bmWv tZmj-c-lnXw
KpW-{]Zw F¶v hne-bn-cp-¯-s¸-«Xv. GsXms¡ Ipªp-§-f mWv “Adn-
thmsS k½Xw” \ÂIn-b-Xv.
km[m-cW KXn-bnÂ ]co-£-W-¯n\v hnt[-b-cm-Ip¶
a\p-jy-scÃmw kaq-l-¯nse Ah-K-Wn-¡-s¸«hcm-Wv. XShpImÀ, A\m-
YÀ, _p²n-a mµyw kw`-h n-¨ -hÀ, HuZm-c y-¯nÂ Pohn-¡p-¶ -hÀ. tUmIvSÀ
se^v^ n-§vs hzÃnsâ ]T\w , ]Xn-äm-p-I-tfmfw \S-¯nb A¯cw ]co-
£-W-§-fpsS hnh-c-§Ä \ÂIp-¶p. \mkn-IÄ \S¯nb A{Xbpw òXn-P-
\-I-a m-bn-c p-¶n-Ã. F¦nepw Kuc-h-ta-dn-b-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. e-\nse bqWn-
thÀknän Bip-]-{Xn-bnse tUmIvSÀ knUv\n dnwKÀ \S-¯nb ]co-£-W -
§Ä se^v^n-§s v hÂ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n. dnwKÀ, kmen-kn³, tkmUnbw
ss\t{S-äv, sKÂtk-a nbw F¶o hnj-a-b-a mb hkvXp-¡Ä A[n-I -amb
AfhnÂ D]-tbm-Kn-¨p. IqSp-X epw 10 hb-ÊnÂ Xmsg-bpÅ Ipªp-§-fnÂ.
]cn-Wn-X-^-e-ambn ITn-\-a mb Xe-th-Z-\, iÀ±nÂ, ssIIm-ep-IÄ tIm¨n-¸n-Sn-
¡p-I , I®p-I-fnÂ ]pI-¨nÂ, ]ns¶ aäp thZ-\m-P-\-I -amb A\p-`-h-§Ä.
{]tXyIw {i²n-t¡-Xv ]co-£-W-§Ä \S-¯-s¸-«Xv Adn-hn-Ãm-¯-h-cpsS
taÂ. KXy-ć-a n-Ãm-¯-h -cpsStaÂ AhÀ H¶n-tesd XhW ]co-£-W -
§Ä¡v hnt[-b-am-¡-s¸-«p. dowK-dnsâ ]co-£-W-§Ä Handbook of
Therapeutics F¶ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ {]kn-²o-I-c n-¨ p. AXv _lp-am\yamb
sshZy-im-kv{X- ]p-kvXIw F¶ a«nÂ kzoI-cn-¡-s¸-«p. 1906 Â {_n«ojv
]mÀe-s aâv, The Second Royal Commission into Vivisection Practices F¶
At\z-jWw \S-¯ n. Levy, ]ucm-h-Imi Atkm-kn-tb-j³ sk{I-«dn ]d-
ªXv arK-§-fnÂ am{XaÃ, a\p-jy-cnepw F¶pw ]co-£-W-§Ä \S-¯n-bn-
cp-¶p. a\p-jy-c nÂ ]Xn-äm-p-I-fmbn \S-¯n-bn-c p¶ A\-h[n ]co-£-W -
§-fpsS hnhcw I½n-j³ ]pd¯p sImp h¶p. AXnÂ Nne ]co-£-W -
§Ä 1949 Â shÌv tIm«nsâ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ A Century of Vivisection
690
And Anti- Vivisection hnh-cn-¡p-¶p. AXnÂ 1899 Â hnb-¶-bnse {]^-kÀ

\oÊÀ, (ao-kvs\À) 8 Ipªp-§-fnÂ kn^n-enkv tcmKm-Wp-¡Ä Ip¯n-h -¨-
Xns\ hnh-c n-¡p-¶p. ]Sn-ªm-d³ e\nse Nndp-Pn-¡Â skmsskän
At±-ls¯ BZ-cn-¨p. 1911 Â. \mkn tUmIvSÀamsc am{Xsa in£n-¨n-«p-
Åq. aäp-Å-h sc in£n-¨nÃ F¶p am{X-a-Ã, BZ-c n-¡pI IqSn sNbvXn-«p-
v.
1913 Â Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ s]³knÂth-\n-b-bnÂ lukv
Hm^v sd{]-k-tâ-äohv, 146 Ipªp-§-fnÂ kn^n-enkv tcmKmWp Ip¯n
h¨ Imcyw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-c p-¶p. A\-h[n Bip-]-{Xn-I -fpsS klm-b-
t¯m-sS. IqSmsX 15 Ipªp-§-fpsS I®nÂ Tuberculin ]co-£n-¨n-cp-¶-Xn-
s\-¡p-dn-¨ pw. A[n-Ihpw Ipªp§Ä Ønc-a mbn AÔ-cm-bn. BÀ¡pw
in£ In«n-bn-Ã. Øm]-\-¯nsâ IognÂ Ign-ªn-c p¶ Ipªp-§-fn-emWv
]co-£Ww \S-¯n-b-X v. A\p-aXn \ÂIp-¶Xv Øm]-\-¯nsâ ta[m-hn-bpw.
Adn-thmSp IqSn-bpÅ k½-X-¯ns\ hf-s¨m-Sn-¡p-¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨v Bradford
H. Gray At±-l-¯nsâ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ Human Subjects in Medical
Experiments hnh-c n-¡p-¶p. AXnsâ Ah-X m-c nI Fgp-Xnb tUmIvSÀ
_À\mÀUv _mÀ_À ]d-bp-¶Xv C-¯cw ]co-£-W-§Ä GXm\pw Nne
tami-s ¸« tUmIvSÀamÀ am{Xw sN¿p-¶-XÃ F¶m-Wv. tUmIvSÀ sl³{Sn
_o¨-dnsâ ]pkvXIw Research and The Individual A¯cw ]co-£-W -
§sf \ymbo-Icn-¡p-¶p. The Proper Study of Mankind is Man F¶mWv
\ymbo-I-c-Ww. \mkn tUmIvSÀamÀ AhÀ \S-¯nb ]co-£-W-§sf
\ymbo-I-c n-¡p-¶-Xn\p ]Sn-ªm-d³ Bip-]-{Xn-I-fnÂ \S-¯nb a\p-jy\p
taepÅ ]co-£-W-§-fpsS tcJ-I-fpsS Iq¼mcw Xs¶ lmP-c m-¡n.
Experiments on Human Beings in World Literature DÄs¸-s S. By. Dr.
Erich. H. Hahlbach. 800 Ata-cn-¡³ XS-h p-Im-cnÂ ate-dnb Ip¯n h¨-Xv.
SÀ¡n-bnse ac-W-in£ Im¯p Ign-bp-¶-h-c nÂ ssSt^mbvUv ]SÀ¯n-bXv,
t¹Kv A§ns\ ]e-Xpw. 53 kw`-h-§-fnÂ 17 F®-¯ nÂ k½Xw t\Sn-
sb¶v tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-c n-¡p-¶p. aäp-Å-h-bnÂ _emÂ¡m-c -am-bn-cn-¡mw.
The Encyclopedia of Bioethics Â \yq\-]£ kap-Zm-b-¯nepw, aq¶mw
temI-c m-Py-§-fnepw \S-¡p¶ C¯cw ]co-£-W-§-fpsS hnh-c-W-§-fp-v.
Fbveo³ shÂtkm-a nsâ ]pkvXIw The Plutonium Files (1999) tdUn-
tbj³ ]co-£-W-§Ä a\p-jy\p taÂ \S-¯n-b-Xnsâ hnh-c-W-§Ä
\ÂIp-¶p. sdán-bpsS ]pkvXIw The Biology of Doom : The History of
America’s Secret Germ Warfare Project (2000) Ata-c n-¡³ \mhn-I-tk-\,
t\mÀ^vtem-¡nse hnÀPo-\nb IS-¸ p-d¯v B{´mIvkv sshdkv kvt{]
sNbvX-Xpw, 1940 Â P¸m³ s¹bv\p-IÄ ssN\okv ]«-W-§-fpsS taÂ ,
jm³Jm-bnÂ t¹Kn\p Imc-W-amb, hkvXp-¡Ä hnX-dnbXpw hni-Zo-I-c n-¡p-
691
¶p. P\n-XI acp-¶p-IÄ hnI-kn-¸ n-¡p-¶ -Xn-\pÅ ]cn-{i-a-¯nÂ a\p-jy\p

taepÅ ]co-£-W-§Ä IqSp-XÂ Bh-iy-a mbn hcp-¶p.
XXz-im-kv{X-Ú-\mb lm³kv tPm\mkv ]d-bp-¶Xv A¯cw ]co-£-W -
§Ä Xnc-kv¡-c n-¡-s¸-«-h-cpsS taÂ am{X-a-Ã, imkv{XÚ-·m-c p-s Sbpw
_p²n-Po-hn-I-fp-sSbpw taÂ \S-¯-W-sa-¶m-Wv.
þ When Medicine Went Mad. By. Arthur Kaplan
\mkn ]co-£-W-§Ä¡p kam-\-am-sb-t¶m-Ww, P¸m-\nÂ 3000 Hmfw Ata-
cn-¡³ XS-h p-I m-c psS taÂ ]co-£-W-§Ä \S-¯ n.
- The Destruction of the European Jews. By. Raul Hillberg
a\p-jy\p taÂ ]co-£-W-§Ä hfsc ap³]pw \S-¶n-cp¶p F¶v sXfn-hp-
IÄ e`y-a m-Wv.
1. _n.-kn. H¶mw \qäm- nÂ, ¢ntbm-]m-{S, Hcp B¬Ipªv cq]-s¸-Sp-¶-
Xn\v 40 Znh-k-hpw, Hcp s]¬Ipªv cq]-s¸-Sp-¶ -Xn\v 80 Znh-khpw thn
hcp-sa¶v Is-¯n. ac-W- in- £bv¡v hn[n-¡-s¸« kv{XoIsf KÀ`n-
Wn-bm¡n IrXy-a mb CS-th-f-I-fnÂ hb-dp-Iodn ]cn-tim-[n-¨n-«m-bn-cp-¶p.
2. 1845 þ1849 amcn-tbm¬ knwkv, ssK\-t¡m-f-Pn-bpsS ]nXm-hv, H¶n-e-[nIw
]co-£-Wm-Sn-Øm-\-¯n-ep-fpf ikv{X{In-bIÄ, ASn-a-I-fmb B{^n-¡³
kv{XoI-fnÂ \S-¯n. ab-¡p-a-cp¶v \ÂImsX Xs¶. kln-¡m-h p-¶-X nepw
A[nIw thZ\ A\p-`-hn-¨v. ]n¶oSv tcmKm-Wp-_m-[-tbäv an¡-hmdpw t]À
ac-W-a-S-ªp. KÀ`-] m-{X-¯nse XI-c m-dpÅ Hcp kv{XobpsS taÂ 34
ikv{X-{In-b-IÄ ]co-£m-Sn-Ø m-\-¯nÂ \S-¯n.
3. 1896. tUmIvSÀ BÀXÀ shâvhÀ¯v 29 Ipªp-§-fpsS \s«-ÃnÂ apdn-hp-I-
fp-m-¡n. AXv F{X-t¯mfw A]-I-S-ap-m-¡p-sa¶v Adn-bp-¶-Xn\p
thn.
4. 1919 þ 1922 . km³ sIzân-\nÂ 500 t]À¡v hrjvWw amän-h-bv-¡Â
ikv{X{Inb \S-¯n.
5. 1927. NmÀeävkv hnsÃ-bnÂ Imcn _yq¡v F¶ kv{XobnÂ \nÀ_-ÔnX
hÔyw--I-cW ikv{X-{Inb \S-¯n. km[m-cW Ipªns\ {]k-h n-¡p-¶-Xn-
\pÅ Ign-hnÃ F¶v hne-bn- cp-¯-s ¸-«-Xns\ XpSÀ¶v. 1930 IfnÂ Ata-
cn-¡-bnÂ 17 kwØm-\ ¯v \nÀ_-ÔnX hÔyw-I-c Ww \nb-a -hn-t[-b-am-bn-cp-
¶p.
6. 1931. PÀ½-\ n-bnÂ, eyqs_-¡nÂ £b-tcm-K-I p-¯n-hbv]v ]co-£n-¨-Xn-s \-
¯p-SÀ¶v 75 Ipªp-§Ä ac-W-a -S-ªp.
7. 1931. tUmIvSÀ tImÀtW-en-bkv tdmUvkv. ]yqÀt«m-dn-t¡m-bnÂ tdms¡-s ^-
ÃÀ C³Ìn-äyq«v t^mÀ saUn-¡Â C³-sh-Ìn-tK-j³knsâ IognÂ
Iym³kÀ ]co-£-W-§Ä \S-¯ n. a\-]qÀÆw Iym³kÀ tImi-§Ä
Ip¯n h¨p. 13 t]À ac-W-a-S-ªp. ]yqÀt«m dnt¡m-bnse tUmIvSÀ Ah
692
Is-¯n. ]yqÀt«m dnt¡mbnse P\-§-s f A¸msS \in-¸ n-¡-W-s a¶v,

tdmUvknsâ ssI¸S-bn-ep-ff tcJ e`y-a m-bn-c p-¶n«pw in£ e`n-¨ n-Ã. sacn-
e³Uv, bq«, ]\ma F¶n-hn-S-§-fnÂ Ata-cn-¡³ ssk\y-¯n\p thn
ssPhm-bp[ kuI-c y-§Ä Øm]n-¡p-¶-X n\v tdmUvkv Npa-X-e-s ¸-«p.
]n¶oSv Ata-c n-¡³ BW-thmÀÖ I½n-j³ Øm]n¡p¶-Xn-\pw. ]ns¶
XS-h p-I mÀ Bip-]{Xn tcmKn-IÄ, ssk\n-IÀ F¶n-h-c psS taÂ tdUn-tb-
j³ ]co-£-W-§Ä \S-¯n. Ata-cn-¡³ Atkm-kn-tb-j³ t^mÀ
Iym³kÀ dnkÀ¨v At±-ls¯ D¶-X-\mb imkv{X-Ú³ F¶v BZ-c n-¨p.
8. 1938 Â P¸m³ Unit 731 Øm]n-X-a m-¡n. Pe-ip-²o-I-c W tI{µw F¶
a«nÂ ssPhm-bp[ ]co-£-W-tI{µw Øm]n-¨ p.
9. 1939 km[m-cWKXn-bnÂ kwkm-c n-¡p¶, sUbvh³ t]mÀ«n-se, ssk\y-
¯nsâ taÂt\m-«-¯n-epÅ 22 A\m-Y-I p-ªp-§-fpsS taÂ a\-i m-kv{X- k-
½À±w D]-tbm-Kn¨v tUmIvSÀ shÂUÂ tPm¬k¬, “òI-c -”amb, hn¡v
krjvSn-¡p¶ ]co-£Ww \S-¯n.
10. 1940 Â Unit 731 ssN\okv ssk\n-I-cpsS taÂ hnj-h m-X-I -amb
Mustard Gas ]co- £n-¨p.
11. 1940 þ 1941 Unit 731 Idp¯ t¹Kv krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ AWp-¡Ä
a²y-ssN-\-bnÂhÀjn-¨p. 100 e[nIw ac-Ww.
12. 1942 þ 1945 Unit 731 tUmIvSÀ Cujn. ssk\n-Icpw AÃm¯-h -cp-amb
ssN\okv XS-h p- Im-c psS taÂ tcmKmWp ]co-£Ww \S-¯n. Bbn-c-¡-
W-¡ntesd ssN\-¡m-cpsS taÂ. Ipd¨v djy³ XS-hp-Im-tcbpw ]co-£-W -
¯n\v D]-tbm-Kn-¨ p.
“Rm³ Ahs\ Iodn apdn-¨ p. s\©p apXÂ hbdp hsc. Ah³ Aedn
hnfn-¨p. Ahsâ apJw thZ\ sImv \nd-ªp. Nnń-¡m³ Ign-bm¯
i_vZw Ah³ ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-¨p. `bm-\-Im-abn Aedn hnfn-¡p-¶p- m-bn-cp-
¶p. AXv HmÀ½-bnÂ X§n \n¶p. ImcWw AXv BZy-t¯-Xm-bn-cp-¶p.”
C¯cw XS-hp-Imsc P¸m³ImÀ “XSn-¡-jWw” F¶mWv hnfn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv.
t¹Kv, tImf-d, B{´mIvkv F¶nh krjvSn¨tijw Poh-t\msS icocw
Xpd¶p ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-a m-bn-cp-¶p. ]Xn-\m-bn-c-¡-W-¡n\p t]sc. C¯cw
{Iqc IrXy-§Ä sNbvXXv P¸m-\ nse Gähpw _lp-am-\y-cm-bn-cp¶
tUmIvSÀamÀ. tUmIvSÀ Cujn Is-¯n-b-hÀ.
13. 1942 P¸m³ tImf-d, ssSt^m-bvUv, t¹Kv F¶n-h-bpsS AWp-¡Ä
ssN\-bnÂ kvt{] sNbvXp. A[nIw P¸m-³ ssk\n-Icpw AXn-\n-c-bm-bn.
14. 1942 þ 1943 dmh³kv{_q¡v tIm¬k³t{S-j³ Iym¼nse h\nXm XS-
hp-Im-c psS taÂ Bone Regeneration, Transplantion ]co-£-W-§Ä
693
15. 1944 Hm¡vdnUvPnse ssk\n-I-cpsS ico-c-¯nÂ ¹qt«m-Wnbw Ip¯n-h-

¨p.
16. 1944 þ 1946 bqWn-thÀknän Hm^v jn¡mtKm saUn-¡Â kvIqÄ {]^-
kÀ tUmIvSÀ BÂ^v BÂhn-§v, 400 CÃn-t\mbn XS-h p-I m-c psS taÂ ate-
dnb ]co-£-W-§Ä \S-¯n.
17. 1945 Unit 731 P¸m³ImÀ Xs¶ \in-¸n-¨p. Ah-c psS ]co-£Ww aqSn
hbv¡p-¶-Xn\v_m¡n-bp-m-bn-cp¶ 150 XS-hp-Imsc \in-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v
Cujn \nÀt±-i n-¨ p.
18. 1946þ 1953 BW-thmÀÖ I½o-jsâ taÂt\m-«-¯nÂ akm-¨p-s k-
ävknse s^À\mÄUv kvIqfnse ]co-£-W-§Ä. Quaker Oats Â hnIn-
cW tijn-bpÅ ]ZmÀ°-§Ä tNÀ¯ {]mXÂ \ÂIn.
19. 1946 V A Bip-]-{Xn-I-fnse tcmKn-I fpsS taÂ ]co-£-W-§Ä \S-¯n.
]co-£Ww F¶ hm¡n\v ]I-c w, At\zj-Ww, \nco-£Ww F¶o hm¡p-
IÄ D]-tbm-Kn-¨p.
20. 1947. Ata-cn-¡³ BW-thmÀÖ I½o-j-\ nse tIWÂ {InIv]m{SnIv
cl-ky-tcJ ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-¨p. {Document Number 07075001. Jan 8th 1947}
hnIn-c-W-ti-jn-bpÅ ]ZmÀ°-§Ä a\p-jy-c nÂ Ip¯n-h-¡p-¶-X n\v AhÀ
XpS¡w Ipdn-¡p-I-bm-s W-¶v.
21. 1947. Ata-cn-¡³ cl-kym-t\z-jW tk\¡v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xn\v thn,
LSD F¶ ab-¡p-a-c p¶v , {]l-c-ti-jn-bpÅ Bbp[w F¶ \ne-¡pÅ ]co-
£-W-§Ä CIA \S-¯n. ssk\n-I-c p-tSbpw AÃm-¯-h-c p-s Sbpw taÂ. Adn-
thm-sSbpw AÃm-sX-bpw.
22. 1947. BW-thmÀÖ I½o-jsâ ]T-\-§-fpsS `mK-a mbn hnIn-c-W-ti-jn-
bpÅ Radiodine 131, Xenion 133 F¶nh lm³^ÀUv hmjn-M vS-WnÂ
Xpd¶p hn«p.a\-] qÀÆw. AXv Green Run F¶v Adn-b-s¸-«p.
23. 1949þ1953 BW-thmÀÖ I½o-j³ s^À\mÄUv ]ns¶ s{h³Ymw
kv¡qfp-I -fnÂ am\-kn-I -s sh-I-ey-apÅ hnZymÀ°n-IÄ¡v hnIn-c-W-ti-jn-
bpÅ sFtkm-tSm-] vkv, Ign-¡p-¶-X n\v \evIn.
24. 1940-þ1950. CIA bpsS taÂt\m-«-¯nÂ tUmIvSÀ Cush³ sIbvsa-tdm¬,
tcmKn-I sf Dd-§m³ A\p-h-Zn-¡msX, tjm¡v NnIn-Õbpw LSD t]mepÅ
ab-¡p-a-c p-¶p-Ifpw \evI n ]co-£-W-§Ä \S-¯n.. NnIn-Õ-¡p-tijw a\p-
jyÀ¡v Ne\ tijn \jvS-s¸-«p.
25. 1950. bqWn-th-g vknän Hm^v s]³kn-th\n-b-bnse tUmIvSÀ tPmk^v
tÌm¡vkv, 200 h\nXm XS-hp-ImÀ¡v sl¸m-än-änkv sshdkv C³P-£³
\evIn.
694
26. 1950. Ata-c n-¡³ ssk\yw, tKmÄU³ tKbvän\v ]pd-¯pÅ \mhn-I-tk-

\-bpsS I¸Â D]-tbm-Kn¨v km³{^m³kn-kvtIm-bnepw ]cn-k-c¯pw
_mIvSo-cnb hÀjn-¨ p.
27. 1951-þ1960. bqWn-th-g vknän Hm^v s]³knÂth-\n-b, Ata-c n-¡³ tk\-bp-
ambn tNÀ¶v, 100 IW-¡n\v XS-hp-Im-cpsS taÂ a\-Êns\ _m[n-¡p¶
cmk-h-kvXp-¡Ä \evI n. s]³knÂth-\n-b-bnÂ.
28. 1952-þ1974. bqWn-th-g vk nän Hm^v s]³kn-Âth-\ n-b-bnse tUmIvSÀ
BÂ_À«v ¢nÜ³ tlmwkv_ÀKnse XS-hp-Im-c psS taÂ ]co-£n-¨p.
AbmÄ BZy-ambn PbnÂ kµÀin-¨-t¸mÄ G¡dp IW-¡n\v “sXmen”
Ip F¶mWv A`n-{]m-b-s ¸-«-Xv. AbmÄ Xz¡v tcmK hnZvK v²³. ]co£n-
¨Xv sXmen-bpsS ]cn-N-c-W-¯n\v thn-bpÅ acp-¶v.
29. 1952. \yqtbmÀ¡v sÌbväv sskIym-{SnIv C³Ìn-äyq-«v. sImfw-_nb
bqWn-thÀkn-än-bnÂ. sl³{Sn t»mhÀ, Ata-c n-¡³ {]Xn-tcm[ hn`m-K-hp-
ambn tNÀ¶v, amc-I-amb tXmXnÂ, At´-h m-kn-IÄ¡v, sakvIm-en³ Ip¯n
h¨p. 23 hÀjw AXv ad¨p hbv¡-s¸-«p.
30. 1953 þ 1957. HmIvdnUvPnsâ taÂt\m-«-¯ nÂ akm-¨p-skävkv P\-dÂ
Bip-] {XnbnÂ (t_m-Ì-WnÂ) tcmKn-IÄ¡v bptd-\nbw Ip¯n-h-¨p.
31. 1953 þ 1960. LSD D]-tbm-Kn¨v CIA, \S-¯nb akvXnjvI {]£m-f\ ]co-
£-W-§Ä. 80 {]Øm-\ -§-fnÂ. 100 IW-¡n\v a\p-jy-cpsS taÂ. AXv
MK - U ltra F¶v Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.
32. 1954 -þ 1974 LSD D]-tbm-K n¨v Ata-c n-¡³ ssk\n-I-cpsS taÂ, t^mÀ«v
sU{Sn-¡nÂ Ata-cn-¡³ tk\ ]co-£-W-§Ä \S-¯n.
33. 1954 þ 1974 2300 skh³Xv tU AU-s hân-Ìp-I-fpsS taÂ Ata-cn-¡³
tk\ \S-¯nb 157 ]co-£-W-§Ä Operation White Coat F¶v Adn-b-s¸-Sp-
¶p.
34. 1950 þ 1972. hntÃm {_q¡v kv¡qÄ. \yqtbmÀ¡v. {]th-i\w e`n-¡p-
¶-Xn\p thn _p²n-am-µy-apÅ Ipªp-§Ä sl-]m-än-änkv ]co-I-vj-W-
¯n\v hnt[-b-c m-tIm--X pv F¶ \n_-Ô\ Dm-bn-c p-¶p.
35. 1958 þ 1962. Aem-kvI-bnÂ. t]mbnâv tlm]v {]tZ-i¯v BW-thmÀÖ
I½o-j³ hnIn-cW tijn-bpÅ hkvXp-¡Ä hnX-dn. AXv Project Chariot
F¶v Adn-b-s¸-«p.
36. 1962 Xen-tUm-s saUv Zpc´w 3 L«-ambn a\pjy-\nÂ acp¶v ]co-£-W-
¯n\p tijw am{Xw hn]-Wn-bnÂ sImp hc-W-s a¶ \n_-Ô-\ -bp-m-
¡n.
37. 1962 þ 1966 33 acp¶v \nÀ½mW ¡¼-\n-IÄ, 153 acp-¶p-IÄ,
tlmwkv_ÀKv Pbn-enÂ am{Xw ]co-£n-¨p.
695
38. 1965 þ 1966 . bqWn-thÀknän Hm^v s]³knÂth\n-b, tUm sI-an-¡-ep-

ambn tNÀ¶v tlmwkv_ÀKnse XS-hp-Im-cpsS taÂ Utbm-Ivkn³ ]co-
£Ww \S-¯n.
39. 1966 Ata-cn-¡³ ssk\yw \yqtbmÀ¡nse k_vth-bnÂ B.G AWp-]-
co-£Ww \S-¯n.
40. 1999.National Institute of Mental Health Ub-d-I vSÀ 29 ]co-£-W-
§Ä \S-¯n. am\p-jn-I ,imkv{Xob ASn-Øm\ XXz-§Ä H¶pw Xs¶
]men-¡-s¸-«n-Ã.
41. 1998. Doing Harm : Research on Mentally Ill. Boston Globe dnt¸mÀ«v.
kvIntkm-t{^-\ nb tcmKn-Isf apX-se-Sp-¡p-¶-X n-sâbpw tami-am-bn«v s]cp-
am-dp-¶-Xn-sâbpw hni-Z-hn-h-c-§Ä.
42. 2000. Body Hunters Ata-cn-¡³ Kth-j-IÀ, Ahn-I-knX cmPy-§-fnÂ
\S-¯nb a\p-jy- Xz-c-ln-X-a mb ]co-£-W-§Ä. AXnÂ lmÀhÀUv bqWn-
thÀkn-än, ssN\-bnÂ \S-¯nb P\n-XI ]co-£-W-§-fpw.
43. 2001. Higgins And Grimes Vs Kennedy Krieger Institute. Xosc
Ipªp-§-fp-sSbpw, sNdnb Ip«n-I-fp-sSbpw taÂ Enviornmental
Protection Agency bpsS [\-k-lm-b-t¯msS \S-¯nb Lead Poisioning
IY-IÄ ]pd¯p h¶p.
Ip ]nSn-¡-s ¸-«-h-bnÂ hfsc Ip¨p am{X-a mWv apI-fnÂ sImSp-
¯n-c n-¡p-¶ -Xv. Is-¯n-bh Xs¶ a\-Êm-£n¡v Xm§m-\m-hm¯ hn[w
{Iqc-am-b-h. ad¨p hbv¡-s ¸-«n-c n-¡p-¶Xv AXnsâ \qdn-c-«n-sb-¦nepw ImWp-
am-bn-cn-¡pw. AXy-] qÀÆ-a mbn am{Xta C¯cw Imcy-§Ä ]pdw-temIw
Adn-bp-I-bp-Åq. \S-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv {]kn-²-a mb Øm]-\-§fpw {]kn-²-
cmb hyI-Xn-I-fpw. Kh¬saâv {]Øm-\-§Ä DÄs¸-s S. sshZy-imkv{Xw
em`-¯n\v ]nd-sI-bm-Wv. a\p-jyXzw ]cn-K-W-\-bn-en-Ã. sshZy-imkv{X
taJ-e-bnÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-hcpw A§ns\ Xs¶-bm-bn-cn-¡-W w. A]-hm-Z-
§Ä Dm-bn-c n-¡mw.
lmcnkv tImÄ«À . Divided Legacy : A History of the Schisms
in Medical Thought,]ns¶ DPT : A Shot in the Dark F¶o IrXn-I-fpsS
cN-bn-X mhv Xsâ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ The Controlled Clinical Trial : An
Analysis ]d-bp-¶p, \nb{ńX kml-N-c y-¯n-epÅ ]co-£-W-§Ä acp-
¶nsâ kpc-£bpw D]-tbm-K-£-a-X bpw Dd¸p Xcp-¶n-Ã.
]pkvX-I-¯nÂ ]d-ªn-cn-¡p¶ \n_-Ô-\ -IÄ FÃmw A\p-k-cn-
¡p¶ ]co-I-vjWw C¶p hsc \S-¶n-« n-Ã. ssk²m-ń-I-a mb \n_-Ô-\ -
IÄ {]mtbm-Kn-I-a-Ã, imkv{Xo-b-hp-a-Ã. 100 AsÃ-¦nÂ 1000, Htc Akp-J-
apÅ tcmKn-Isf Ip In«pI Akm-²yw. \½Ä FÃm t]cpw imco-c n-I-am-
696
bn, LS-\m-] -c-a m-bn, am\-kn-I-a mbn hyXym-k-a p-Å-h-c m-Wv. CCT IS¼ IS¶
acp¶v Hcp {]tXyI tcmKn-bnÂ F{]-Imcw {]hÀ¯n¡pw F¶v {]h-Nn-¡m-
\m-In-Ã. CCT AwKo-I-c n-¡-s ¸-«n-c n-¡p-¶Xv cmjv{Sob Imc-W-§-fmÂ am{X-am-
Wv. AXv hfsc sNe-th-dn-b-X m-Wv. At\Iw tImSn tUmfÀ sNe-h m-¡n-
bmÂ am{Xw ]pXnb acp¶v hn]-Wn-bnÂ F¯n-¡p-¶-Xn\v km[n-¡pw. AXv
h³In-S-¡mÀ¡p am{Xta km[n-¡p-I-bp-Åq. aÕcw Hgn-h m-¡m-\m-Ipw.
]co-£Ww \S-¯p¶ hyàn¡pw Øm]-\ -¯n\pw henb XpI acp¶v
\nÀ½m-W-¡-¼-\n-IÄ \ÂIp-¶Xp sImv AhÀ sXämb êw \ÂIp-¶-
Xn\v aSn Im«p-I-bp-a n-Ã.
tUmIvSÀ s{_bvXvshbväv At±-l-¯nsâ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ
Corporate Crime in the Pharmaceutical Industry hnh-cn-¡p-¶Xv Agn-a-Xn,
tImg, X«n¸v F¶nh Gä-h pw A[nIw \ne \nÂ¡p¶ taJ-e-bmWv acp¶v
\nÀ½mW taJe F¶m-Wv. 131 D¶X DtZym-K-Ø -³-amsc Ata-cn-¡,
{_n«³, Hmkvt{S-en-b, saIvkn-t¡m, tKmXn-ame F¶n-h n-S-§-fnÂ A`n-a pJw
sNbvXp. \nb-as¯ adn-I-S-¡p-¶Xv F§n-s\-sb¶pw hni-Z-a m-¡p-¶p.
tUmIvSÀ enk em³Un-tamÄ enw. Cw¥-nÂ, ksÊIvkv bqWn-
thÀkn-än-bnÂ kvI qÄ Hm^v sIankv{Sn Bâv tamfn-Iyq-emÀ kb³kkvÂ
\n¶pw _ncp-Zw. 1983 Â. {]_Ôw ck-X-{´-¯nÂ. H¶mw ¢mtÊm-s S.
National Institute for Medical Research se saUn-¡Â dnkÀ¨v Iu¬knÂ
Â Ipd¨p \mÄ sXmgnÂ sNbvXp. sIbvw{_nUvPnÂ U¬ \yq{So-jy³
bqWn-än-epw. AhÀ ]d-bp-¶Xv C¶s¯ sshZy-imkv{Xw hn]-Wn-bnÂ
sImp hcp¶ acp-¶p-Isf “hnjw” F¶p thWw hne-bn-c p-t¯-Xv
F¶m-Wv. Poisonous Prescriptions AXnsâ hni-Zmw-§Ä hnh-cn-¡p-¶p.
hntbcm jo_v\-dpsS ]pkvXIw Vaccination : 100 years of Orthodox
Research Shows that Vaccines Represent a Medical Assault on the Immune
System. (1993). lrkz-Ime, ZoÀL-Ime {]Xym-Lm-X-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v hnh-cn-
¡p-¶p. Xe-t¨m-dn\v GÂ¡p¶ £X-§Ä, ac-Ww, F¶n-h-bpÄs¸-s S.
]IÀ¨m-h ym-[n-IÄ XS-bp-¶-Xn-\pÅ Ign-hn-Ãm-bva. AXv sam¯w P\-§fpw
Ip¯n-hbv]v kzoI-cn¨ kaq-l-§-fnepw Ip hcp-¶p. ]n©p Ipªp-§-
fpsS ac-Whpw Ip¯n-hbv]pw X½nÂ t\cn«v _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. Kl-\ -
amb ]T-\-¯n\p tijw AhÀ F¯n-t¨À¶ \nK-a\w Ip¯n-h-bv¸p-IÄ
kpc-£n-X-am-sW-¶pw, D]-tbm-K-£-a -am-sW¶pw DÅ-X n\v sXfn-hp-IÄ
H¶pw Xs¶-bn-Ã. Ip¯n-h-bv]pIÄ AXohw A]-I-S-I -c-a m-Wv.
t^mÀamÂUn-s sl-Uv, Aeq-an-\nbw t^mkv t^-äv, Xtbm saÀkmÄ
(saÀIyqdn tNÀ¶Xv), Bân-P-\p-IÄ(Foreign Proteins), hnj-en-]vX-amb arK
t{]m«o-\p-Ifpw, Ip¯n-h -bv¡p-¶-X n-\ pÅ sshd-kv, _mIvSo-c nb F¶nh
hnI-kn-¸n-¡p-¶ -X n-\pÅ Culture Dm-¡p-¶-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ hkvXp-
hnse hnj-en-]vX-amb animal sshd-kp-IÄ, t{]m«o-\ p-IÄ Ch-s bm¶pw
697
ico-c-¯n-\p-ÅnÂ sNÃm³ ]mSn-Ãm-¯-X m-Wv. C¶v ap³Im-e-§sf At]-

£n¨v Ip hcp¶ A[n-I -amb ]pXnb Xcw tcmK-§-sfÃmw Kpcp-X-c -amb
ap¶dnbn¸mbn Icp-X-s ¸-S-Ww.
B[p-\ nI sshZy-imkv{Xw KpW-t¯-¡m-tfsd tZmjw sN¿p-¶p. Bân
_tbm-«n-¡p-IÄ bmsXmcp XXz-Zo-£-bp-an-ÃmsX ASn-Øm-\-a n-Ãm-s X,
tUmIvSÀamÀ Ipdn-¡p-¶p. A\m-h-i y- ]-cn-tim-[ -\-IÄ, ikv{X{In-b-IÄ.
AIm-c -W-ambn Bip-]{XnbnÂ {]th-in-¸n-¡p-¶-X n\v \nÀ_-Ôn-¡p-¶p.
tUmIvSÀam-c psS, Bip-] {Xnbnse ]ng-hp-IÄ aqew tcmKn acn-¡p-¶-Xnsâ
tXmXv {Iam-Xo-X-a mbn hÀ²n-¡p-¶p. sshZy-imkv{Xw ac-W-¯n\pw, A]-I-
S-§Ä¡pw {]apJ Imc-W-a m-h p-¶p. lrZ-bm-LmXw, Iym³kÀ F¶nh aqe-
apÅ acWw {Iam-Xo-X-am-hp-¶p.
WE DON’T WANT TO KILL SCIENCE, BUT WE DON’T WANT
SCIENCE TO KILL AND ABUSE US.
698
km[m-c -W-¡m-c ³ hniz-kn-¡p-¶Xv F´mtWm AXmWv Ncn-{Xw. km[m-c-W-

¡m-c ³ Adn-bp-¶-XnÂ \n¶pw XS-Ê-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv F´mtWm
AXmWv Ncn-{Xw.
s{KKv lmse-äv.
Ncn-{X-¯n\v Bap-J-an-Ã. AXv Hcp \pW asäm-¶n-\p-taÂ F¶ a«nÂ sI«n-

D-bÀ¯n-b-X m-Wv. Hcp X«n-¸n-\ p-taÂ asäm-¶v. km[m-c -W-¡m-c \v Adn-bnÃ
]qÀÆ-I m-e-¯nÂ hmk-X -h-¯nÂ F´mWv kw`-hn-¨Xv F¶v. Ncn-{X-s¯-
¡p-dn¨v a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶ -Xn\v Agn-a-Xn-sb-¡p-dn¨v a\-Ên-em-t¡--X p-v.
kÀ¡m-cnsâ Agn-a XnIÄ \½psS Pohn-Xs¯ \nb-{ń-¡p-¶p. AXv ad-¨p-
h-¡p-¶-X n\v bp²-§Ä krjvSn-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p. am²y-a-§Ä AXn\pthn-
bpÅ A´-co£w krjvSn-¡p-¶ -Xn-\p-thn D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. cmjv{So-
b-¡mÀ \pW ]d-bp-¶p. cmjv{So-b-¡m-c psS Ak-·mÀKn-I -X-bpw, t]mcm-bva -
Ifpw AhÀ¡v D¶X Øm\w t\Sp-¶-Xn\v tbmKy-X-I -fm-Wv. Ahsc \nb-
{ń-¡p-¶ -Xn\p thn Ah D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸Smw F¶p-Å-X p-s Im-v.
s{KKv lmseäv
2007 tabv 2þmw Xob-Xn, s_Àen-\nÂ \n¶pw lnäveÀ c£-s ¸-«-Xnsâ 62þmw
hmÀjn-I-¯nÂ
Fen-k-_¯v cmPvRn II
_¡n§vlmw sIm«mcw
Cw¥v
\n§Ä NÀ¨nÂ, lnäveÀ, Ìmen³, tdmXvjoÂUvkv F¶n-h-cpsS
_Ôp-hm-Wv. \n§-fpsS ap¯-Ñsâ ktlm-Z-c-\m-bn-cp¶p hn³Ì³
NÀ¨nÂ. AtUmÄ^v lnäve-dnsâ AÑsâ apd¡v ktlm-Z-c³ þ First
Cousin Bbn-cp¶p NÀ¨nÂ. AtUmÄ^v lnäve-dnsâ AÑsâ Second
Cousin B-bn-c p¶p Ìmen³. FÃm-t]cpw tdmXvjoÂUvknsâ ]n³ Xe-a p-d-
¡m-c pw. \n§Ä FÃm-t]cpw Pmc k´-X n-I -fpw. \n§-fpsS ap¯-Ñ³
tPmÀPv A©m-a³ cmPm-hnsâ Second Cousin BWv Ìmen³.
699
s{KKv lmseäv
apw_bv òI-cm-{I-aWw
apw_bv òI-cm-{I-aWs¯¡p-dn¨v {]^-kÀ ssa¡nÄ sNmkp-

tUmhvkvIn IrXy-amb \nco-£-W-§Ä \S-¯p-¶p. apw_bv òI-cm-{I-aWw
IrXy-a mbn X¿m-dm-¡-s ¸«, \nc-h[n kwL-§-fpsS kl-I-c -W-t¯msS \S-
¯nb ]²-Xn-bm-Wv. AXv cl-kym-t\z-jW tk\bpw AÀ²-ssk-\nI
kwL-§fpw DÄs¸-«-Xm-sW¶v e£-W-§Ä \ÂIp-¶p. djy³ òIc
hncp² hnZ-Kv²sâ A`n-{]mb¯nÂ sNsN³ Xo-{h-hm-Zn-Isf D]-tbm-Kn¨v
hS-¡³ Im¡-kkv Â ]«-Ws¯ sam¯-a mbn hnd-¸ n¨, hoSp-Ifpw Bip-
]-{Xn-Ifpw ]nSn-s ¨-Sp¯ AtX X{´-§Ä, apw_bv òI-c m-{I-a -W-¯nepw
{]tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-«n-c n-¡p-¶p. (-Russia, Today Nov:27, 2008 )
Cý-bpsS 9/11 Bbn apw_bv B{I-a-Ww hnti-jn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. B{I-

aWw ]e-`m-K¯pw A[nIw Ime-hn-fw-_an-sÃsX \S-¯-s¸-«p.
{]i-kvX-a-Ãm¯ sU¡¬ apPm-ln-Zo³ AXnsâ D¯-c-hm-ZnXzw

GsäSp¯p. sXfn-h p-I -sfm-¶p-an-ÃmsX Xs¶ AXv AÂJz-bn-Z-bp-ambn
_Ô-s ¸-«-Xm-sW¶v Xocp-a m-\n-¡-s¸-«p. ]m¡n-Ø m-\ n sF.-F-kv.sF bpsS
clky kwc-£-W-bn-epÅ ejvIÀ C Xbv_-bm-sW¶v t]meokv hr¯-
§Ä A\utZym-K n-I -ambn Dd-¸ n-¡p-¶p.
Cýbpw, ]Sn-ªm-d³ am²y-a §fpw apÉow òI-c-hm-Zn-I sf kwc-
£n-¡p¶ ]m¡n-Øm\p t\tc hncÂ Nqp-¶p. òI-cm-{I-a-W-¯nÂ
]m¡n-Øm-\ nsâ ]¦n-s \-¡p-dn-¨ mWv FÃm-hcpw At\z-jn-¡p-¶-Xv.
Ata-cn-¡³ (- CIA bpw ]m¡n-Øm\n ISI bpw F¶mÂ hfsc kl-I-
cn-¨mWv {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xv. A¡mcyw am²y-a -§Ä ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶n-Ã.
Ata-cn-¡³ am²y-a-§Ä Ata-c n-¡³ cl-kym-t\z-jW hn`m-K-¯nsâ
XmÂ-]cyw kwc-£n-¡p-¶p. ]dªp hcp-¶Xv.
òI-cÀ AÂ Jmbn-Z-bp-a mbn _Ô-a p-Å-h -cm-Wv. apw_bv B{I-a-W-
¯n\v ISI bpsS H¯m-i-bp-v. ]m¡n-Øm\n tKm{X-hÀ¤-§-fpsS CS-
bnepw, hS¡p ]Sn-ªm-d³ `mK-§-fnepw _Ô-apÅhcmWv apw_-bnÂ
B{I-a Ww \S-¯n-b-Xv.
700
AXpsImv Xs¶ ]m¡n-Ø m³ F¶ cmjv{S-¯nsâ kzmX-{ýs¯,

hyàn-Xzs¯ am\n-¡msX Ata-cn¡ \S¯p¶ thyma-tk\ B{I-a -W-§Ä
\ymbo-I-c n-¡-¯-¡-Xm-Wv.
F¶mÂ ISI Ata-c n-¡³ CIA bpsS \nÀt±-i-a -\p-k-cn¨v am{Xw
{]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. 1980 apXÂ Ata-cn-¡³ {_n«ojv cl-kym-t\z-jW hn`m-
K-hp-ambn AXv kl-I-c n¨v {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. Cý-bnÂ \S-¯n-bXp
t]epÅ B{I-a-W-§Ä ISI \S-¯n-bmÂ AXn\v Ata-c n-¡³ CIA bpsS
]qÀ® k½-X-a p-m-h-Ww. ]²-Xn-bpsS IrXy-a mb hnh-c -§Ä Adn-bn-¨n-cn-
¡-Ww. Ata-cn-¡³ clkymt\z-jW hn`m-K-¯nsâ k½-X-an-ÃmsX ISI
{]hÀ¯n-¡p-I-bn-Ã.
tkmhn-bäv A^vKm³ bp²w apXÂ ioX-bp-²-¯n\p tij-apÅ Imew

htc¡pw , Ata-cn-¡³ cl-kym-t\z-jW hn`mKw ISI sb klm-bn-¡p-¶p.
. ]m¡n-Øm-\nÂ apPm-ln-Zosâ ]cn-io-e\-¯n-\mbn ISI bpsS IognÂ
KdnÃ ]cn-io-e\ Iym¼p-IÄ \S-¯p-¶p. Ata-cn¡ AÂJ-bnZsb klm-
bn-¡p-¶ -Xn\v CS-\n-e-bmbn ISI {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p.
CIA bpsS ]n³Xp-Wbpw, òa-amb Ata-c n-¡³ ssk\nI km¼-¯nI

klm-bhpw aqew ISI , ]m¡n-Ø m\n Kh¬saân\v Xpey-amb AXnepw
kzm[o-\-a pÅ iàn-bmbn amdn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. (Dipankar Banerji; Possible
connection of ISI with Drug Industry. India Abroad 2nd Dec 1994). 9/11
s\ XpSÀ¶v A^vKm-\ n-Øm-³ B{I-an-¡p-¶-X n\v Ata-cn-¡³-þ-\mtäm
ssk\n-I-cp-a mbn kl-I-cn¨v ISI {]ap-J-a mb ]¦v hln-¨p. HIvtSm-_À 2001
Â. F¶mÂ HIvtSm-_À 2001 Â Ata-cn-¡³, Cý³ am²y-a-§Ä FBI cl-
kym-t\z-jW dnt¸mÀ«nsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯n-se-t¶mWw 9/11 òI-cÀ¡v ISI
klmbw \ÂIp¶p F¶v hmÀ¯ {]N-cn-¸n-¨p. (Cover up or complicity of
the Bush Administration The Role of Pakistan’s military intelligence(ISI) in
September 11 attacks. Michel Chossudovsky, November 32, 2001)
]m¡n-Øm³ ISI Xe-h sâ \nb-a -\-¯nÂ A\u-tZym-Kn-I-a mbn CIA CS-s]-Sp-

¶p. ZoÀL-\m-fmbn sk]väw-_-dnÂ òI-c-X-s ¡-Xn-sc-bpÅ bp²w F¶ ad-
bp-]-tbm-Kn¨v hmjnw-KvS¬ , ISI ta[m-hnsbbpw cv Iogp-tZym-K-Ø-scbpw
]pd-¯ m-¡p-¶-Xn\v CÉ-a m-_m-Zns\ \nÀ_-Ôn-¨p. A¶v e^vä-\âv P\-dÂ
\Zow XmPv Bbn-c p-¶p ISI ta[mhn. Xo{h-hm-Zn-I-fp-a mbn clky_Ôw
]peÀ¯n F¶ Imc-W-¯mÂ. (Daily Tmes, September 30,2008)
701
sk]väw-_À Ah-km\w ]m¡n-Øm³ {]kn-Uâv Bkn^v Aen

kÀZmcn, \yqtbmÀ¡nÂ h¨v CIA ta[mhn ssa¡Â slbvU-\p-a mbn IqSn-
¡mgvN \S¯n (The Australian, September 29, 2008) GXm\pw Znh-k-
§Ä¡Iw Ata-cn-¡¡v k½-X-\mb eyqä-\âv P\-dÂ AlvaZv jqP ]mj
ISI ta[m-hn-bmbn Øm\-taäp . At±-ls¯ hmjnw-Kv S-\p-thn \nb-a n-¨ Xv
ssk\nI ta[mhn P\-dÂ Ibm-\n.
B`y-ć hIp¸v a{´m-ebw A¯cw \nb-a-\ -§Ä \S-¯p-¶Xv hgn ISI sb

`c-W-Iq-S-¯nsâ \nb-{´-W-¯n³ IognÂ sImp hcp-¶Xv XS-bpIbmbn-
cp¶p _pjv `c-W-I q-S-¯nsâ Dt±-iyw.
]m¡n-Øm³ AXnÀ¯n¡p-Å nÂ Ata-c n¡ B{I-aWw \S-¯p¶Xv HtZym-

Kn-I-a mbn ]m¡n-Øm³ A]-e-]n-¨n-«p-s -¦nepw A\u-tZym-KnIambn ISI
DÄs¸sS ]n³XpW-bv¡p-I-bm-Wv. Al-a Zv jqP ]mj ISI ta[m-hn-bmbn
\nb-an-¡-s ¸-Sp¶Xn\p-a p³]v AÂJ-bnZ Xmh-f-§-fnÂ F¶ a«nÂ Ata-cn-
¡³ \mtäm kwJyw B{I-a Ww \S-¯p-¶-Xnsâ taÂ t\m«w ]mj-bpsS
Npa-X-e-bm-bn-c p-¶p. HIvtSm-_À Ah-km\w At±lw hmjnw-KvS¬ CIA
BØm-\¯v ]ns¶ s]â-K¬ BØm-\¯v Ata-cn-¡³ ssk\nI cl-
kym-t\z-jW ta[m-hn-Isf kµÀin-¨p. (A Quiet Deal with Pakistan, David
Ignatieff Washington Post Nov.4, 2008) Ata-c n¡ ]m¡n-Ø m-\ nÂ \S-
¯p¶ thymam-{I-a-W-§Ä ]m¡n-Øm³ P\-X-bnÂ Ata-cn-¡³ hncp²
hnImcw Dm-¡p-I bpw AXv Cý-þ-] m-¡n-Ø m³ kl-I-c-W-¯n\v A´-
co£w krjvSn-¡p-I bpw sNbvXp . Ignª GXm\pw amk-§-fmbn Ata-cn-
¡-þ-]m-¡n-Øm³ _Ô-¯ nÂ De-¨n-ep-m-h p-I bpw Cý- - -] m-¡n-Øm³
_Ôw Dd¨p hcn-Ibpw sNbvXp .
apw_bv B{I-a-W-¯n\v IjvSn¨v HcmgvN ap¼v ]m¡n-Ø m³ {]kn-
Uâv kÀZmcn ImivaoÀ {]iv\w NÀ¨¡p htc--X m-s W¶pw P\-§Ä P½p-
þ-I m-iva o-c nsâ `mhn Xocp-a m-\ n-¡p-sa¶pw A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. AXm-bXv
At±lw Ccp-c m-Py-§fpw X½n-epÅ km¼-¯nI cmjv{ Sob _Ô-§-Ä Dd-
¸n-¡p-¶-X n-\ pÅ {ia-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p.
Ccp cmPy-§-s fbpw X½nÂ AIän \nÀ¯pI ]m¡n-Øm-\nÂ XqSÀ¶p

hcp¶ B{I-a Ww \ymbo-I-c n-¡p-I , AXv Cý-bn-epw, sX¡p-]-Sn-ª m-d³
Gjy-bn-te¡pw hym]n-¸ n-¡pI F¶-sXm-s¡-bmWv e£yw. ]m¡n-Øm³
{][m-\-a-{ń bpk^v dmk Knem-\n¡v ssk\y-¯n-sâbpw cl-kym-t\z-jW
hn`m-K-¯n-sâbpw taÂ \nb-{´Ww H«pw Xs¶-bn-Ã. AXv ]qÀ®-ambpw ISI
ssI¿-S-¡n-bn-c n-¡p-¶p. Ata-c n-¡bpw Cw¥pw At\z-j-W-¯nÂ ap³s]-
702
§p-a n-Ãm-¯-hn[w HuÕpIyw {]I-Sn-¸ n-¡p¶p. Ata-c n-¡³, Cw¥-v, C{km-

tbÂ òIc hncp-², t]meokv Dt±ym-K-Ø -am-cpsS {][m\ Dt±yiw Cý³
t]meokv At\z-j-Ws¯ A«n-a -dn-¡pI F¶-Xpw.
2002þmw BnÂ Ct´m-t\-jy-bnÂ _men-bnÂ \S¶ òI-cm-{I-a-Whpw

apw_bv òI-c m-{I-a-W-hpw, kam-\-am-Wv. AhnsS A[n-Im-cn-IÄ¡v ap¶-dn-
bn¸v \ÂIn-bn«pw AhÀ \S-]-Sn-IÄ FSp-¯n-c p¶nÃ. ]²Xn Bkq-{XWw
sNbvX-h-sc-¡p-dn¨v bmsXmcp At\z-jWw Dm-bn-Ã. òI-c-hm-Zn-I Ä F¶m-
tcm]n¡s¸«-hÀ 2008 \hw-_À 9 \v h[n-¡-s¸-«p. \o hnNm-c-W-IÄ¡p
tijw ( Miscarriege of Justice: Who was behind the october 2002 Bali
Bombings? November 13 2009 Michel Chossudovsky )
2002 \hw-_-dnÂ Ct´m-t\-jy-bnse D¶-XÀ Ct´m-t\-jy³ cl-kym-

t\y-jW hn`mKw ta[mhn P\-dÂ F.-Fw.-s l³t{Sm {]ntbm-t\mbpw CIA
bpw B{I-a W¯nsâ `mK-a m-sW¶v A`n-{]m-b-s ¸-«n-c p-¶p. tPa CÉm-an-
bbpw ( Jemaah Islamiyah ) Ct´m-t\-jy³ clkym-t\z-jW hn`m-Khpw
X½n-epÅ _Ôw Hut±ym-KnI Kh¬saâv Xe At\z-j-W-¯nÂ IS¶p
h¶-tX-bnÃ AXns\ ]n¶nÂ \n¶v \nb-{ń-¨n-cp-¶Xv Hmkvt{S-en-b³ cl-
kym-t\z-j-W -tk-\bpw CIA bpw. hnNm-c -W-bnÂ cv ap³- C-t´-t\-jy³
{]kn-U-p-a m-c psS A`n-{]mbw ]cn-K-Wn-¨-tX-bn-Ã. AhÀ cp-t]cpw
Ct´m-t\-jy³ ssk\yhpw t]meokpw DÄs¸«n-c p¶p F¶mWv ]d-ª-Xv.
2002 Â {]kn-Uâv taKm-hXn kpImÀtWm-] p{Xn B{I-a-W-§-fnÂ Ata-cn¡
]¦m-fn-sb¶v A`n-{]m-b-s ¸-«p.
703
BW-t hmÀPw, BW-hm-bp[w
BWh \nÀhym-]\ IcmÀ (NPT ) BJym\w 6 {]Imcw temI tImSXn

hyh-Ø-bn³ taÂ BW-h m-bp[ \ncm-I-c-W-¯n\p thn \ne-s Im-Åp-¶-
Xn\v Npa-X-e-s ¸« BW-h - cm-jv{S-§Ä FÃmw Xs¶ AXn-s \-Xn-cmbn
{]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. AXnÂ Ata-cn¡ ap³]-ń-bn-em-Wv, {]tXy-In¨v _pjv
`c-W-Iq-Sw. Cu Icm-dnsâ IS-bv¡Â I¯n hbv¡p¶ hyh-Ø-bn-Â, Ata-
cn-¡, Cý-bp-ambn 2007, July 27 \v, H¸p-h-¨p. {]_-e-amb FXnÀ¸v cv
cmjv{S-§-fnepw \ne-\nÂ¡p-t¼mÄ Xs¶. C{km-tb-en-t\bpw ]m¡n-Øm-
t\bpw t]mse Cýbpw NPT bpsS `mK-a -Ã, Icm-dn\v Iogvs ¸-SmsX Xs¶,
Ch BW-hm-bp[w hnI-kn-¸n-¡p-I bpw sNbvXp. _pjv `c-W-I qSw C¯cw
{]hÀ¯n-Isf t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡p-¶p. Cu hyhØ Ata-cn-¡³ \nb-a -
s¯bpw 45 cmPy-§Ä DÄs¸Sp¶ BWh hyh-km-bn-I-fpsS kwL-S-\ -I-
fpsS \nb-am-h-en-tbbpw hI-h -¡p-¶n-Ã.
UmdnÂ Inw_Â, Bbp[ \nb-{´W kwL-S-\-bpsS Xe-h³
]dbp¶p Cu hyhØ, Cýsb BW-hm-bp[ ]co-£Ww \S-¯p-¶-XnÂ
\n¶pw XS-Ê-s ¸-Sp-¯p-¶n-Ã. ]cn-a n-X-amb kztZin BWh Akw-kvIrX
hkvXp-¡sf CjvS-¯ n\v A\p-k-cn¨v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-X n\v e`y-am-¡p-¶p.
CXv FÃmw Xs¶ A´m-c mjv{S BW-h-\ nÀhym-] \ Icm-dn\v hncp-²-a m-Wv.
CXv aäv cmjv{S-§sf CtX ]mX ]n´p-S-c p-¶-X n\v \nÀ_-Ôn-¡p-¶p.
{^m³kpw djybpw Hmkvt{S-en-bbpw Cý-bpambn BW-h-_Ôw Imw£n-
¡p-¶p. ssN\ ]m¡n-Øm-\ pambpw. Ct´m Ata-cn-¡³ BW-h-I-c mÀ
hyh-kmbhpw ssk\o-Ihpw Bb e£y-t¯m-Sp-I q-Sn-b-X m-Wv.
BW-h m-bp[ hnZ-Kv²³ Kmcn -anÂ tlmfn³, tIm¬U-eok ssdkns\ D²-
cn¨v ]d-bp-¶p, Cu IcmÀ kzImcy taJ-esb e£y-am-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv,
{]tXy-In¨pw ssk\oI hnam\ taJ-e-bnÂ DÄs¸-Sp-¶-h-s b. cmPy-§Ä
X½n-epÅ sshcw hÀ²n-¡p-¶-Xn\v Cu IcmÀ Imc-W-a mhpw F¶v
At±lw ]d-bp-¶p.
A]-IS km²yX F´m-bmepw kzIm-c y-ta-J-e-bpsS em`w BWv
{][m\w F¶v ”hmjnw-Kv S¬” DZvtLm-jn-¡p-¶p.
NPT IcmÀ ewL\w H«pw Xs¶ \S-¯m-Xn-cp¶ Cdms\ òj-Wn-s¸-Sp-
¯p-t¼mÄ IcmÀ ewL\w \S-¯p¶ Cý-s bbpw aäpw “hmjnw-KvS¬” -
{]-tNm-Zn-¸ n-¡p-¶p. Cdmsâ cv AbÂcm-Py-§-fnÂ Ata-cn¡ Xmhfw Dd-
¸n-¨n-«p-v, Cdms\ A«n-a-dn-¡p-¶n\v thn.
704
Cýbpw ]m¡n-Ø m\pw X½n-epÅ kv]À² AI-äp-¶-X n\v Ign-ª- Im-e-

§-fmbn Iptd-tbsd \ne-]m-Sp-IÄ ssIs¡m-p-h -cp-¶p. F¶mÂ Ct´m-þ-
A-ta-cn-¡³ BW-h -I-cmÀ AXn-s\-sbÃmw \njv^-e-am-¡p-¶-X m-Wv. Cdm³,
Cý ]m¡n-Øm³ hmXI ss]¸vsse³ k^-e-a m-bn-c p-s ¶-¦nÂ km[y-am-
Ip-am-bn-cp¶ kulr-Zhpw Cu Icm-dp-Im-cWw \jvS-a m-bn. Cdm-\nÂ \n¶pw
e`y-a m-Ip-a m-bn-c p-¶-X nsâ hfsc sNdnb Hcp Awiw am{Xsa Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ
\n¶pw e`y-am-hp-I-bp-Åq. 2006 Â ]mÊm-¡nb “sslUv ” hyhØ Cý-
bpsS k¼qÀ®-a mb ]n³XpW, Cdm-s\-Xn-sc-bpÅ \o¡-¯nÂ, Dd-¸p-h-cp-
¯p-¶-Xn-\p-th-n-bm-Wv. CXv \mi-¯n-te-bv¡pÅ bm{Xbv¡v klm-bn-¡p-
¶p. BtKmf BWh \nÀamÀÖ-\-amWv Fähpw DNn-X w. ]c-kv]cw \in-¸n-
¡-cpXv F¶p-s -¦nÂ a\p-jyÀ BW-hm-bp[w \in-¸n-t¡--X p-v.
a\p-jyÀ kzbw \in-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v ]cym-]vXX t\Sn-¡-g nªp-. Ah-ti-
jn-¡p¶ tNmZyw a\p-jyÀ AXv {]tbm-K-¯nÂ sImp-h-cptam F¶m-Wv.
1985Â GÀs¸« sX¡³ ]kn-^nIv cmjv{S-§-fpsS DS-¼Sn BW-hm-
bp[ \nÀamÀÖ\w Bh-iy-s ¸-Sp-¶p. AXv AwKo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v Ata-cn¡
20 hÀj-s a-Sp-¯p. Ct¸mgpw ]qÀ®-a mbn AhÀ AwKo-I-cn-¡p-¶n-Ã. _pjv
]d-bp-¶Xv AhÀ¡v AXv _m[-I-a Ã F¶m-Wv. \nbaw Icp¯\v _m[-I-am-
I-W-sa-¶p-s -¦nÂ AXv Ah-\p-taÂ ASn-t¨Â¸n-¡-s¸-S-Ww. AXv cmjv{S-
¯n-\p-ÅnÂ \n¶p-X s¶ h¶p-sh-¦ nte ê-{]-Z-am-hp-I-bp-Åq. AXp-sImv
FXnÀ¸v \½psS Npa-X-e-bm-Wv.
BW-h-\b Kth-jW Øm]-\-¯nsâ {]kn-Uâpw “]pXnb
BWh A]-I Sw : tPmÀÖv _pjnsâ ssk\oI hyh-kmb kwLmXw”
F¶ ]pkvX-I -¯nsâ cN-bn-Xm-hpamb, inip-tcm-K-hn-Z-Kv²-bmb sle³
ImÂUn-t¡m«v (ap³ Institute for Policy Studies AwKw ),]d-bp¶p þ
Un¡vs N\n ]d-bp-¶Xv BW-thmÀÖw kpc-£n-X-am-Wv, ip²-a m-Wv,
A[nIw DuÀÖw \ÂIp-¶-X mWv F¶m-Wv. F¶mÂ CXv XnI¨pw
AhmkvX h-a m-Wv.
BW-thmÀÖ kmt¦-X nI hyh-km-b-§Ä¡v \b-cq-]o-IcWw \S-
¯p¶ BW-thmÀÖ Øm]\w -]-d-bp-¶ \ymbo-I-cWw “C¶s¯
Ipªp-§Ä A[nIw DuÀÖw e`y-am-Ip¶ Xe-a p-d-bpsS `mK-a m-Wv.
AhÀ¡v ip²-amb sshZyp-Xnbpw hmbphpw e`ym-tI-Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv ”
F¶m-Wv.
1974 \v tijw Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ ]pXnb BW-h-dn-bm-IvS-dp-I-s fm¶pw h¶n-«n-
Ã.
705
F¶m-Â Ct¸mÄ 10 Ata-c n-¡³ I¼-\n-I-fpsS kwLmXw bptdm-

]y³ amXr-I -bnÂ \nÀ½n-¡p¶ dnbm-IvS-dp-I-fpsS \nÀ½m-W-¯n\v A\p-a Xn
tXSn-bn-«p-v. `c-W-Iq-S-¯nsâ A\p-hm-Zhpw km¼-¯nI klm-bhpw
2010Â F¦nepw e`y-amhpw F¶ {]Xo-£bn-emWv A-hÀ.
Ata-cn-¡³ DuÀÖ hIp-¸nsâ (DOE) A`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ BW-
thmÀÖ\nÀ½mWw A[n-I -amb BtKmf Xm]-\-¯n\pw Hmtkm¬ ]mfn-
bpsS XIÀ¨bv¡pw Imc-W-amhpw.
Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ Ct¸mÄ D]-tbm-K n-¡p¶ t¢mtdm ^vfqtdm
ImÀ_¬ (CFC) sâ 93% ,bptd-\nbw ]cn-] pjvSns¸Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\v Bh-iy-
ambn hcpw. CFC bpsS BtKmf Xe-¯n-epÅ \nÀ½mWw tam¬{Sn-b³
hyh-Ø-{]-I mcw \ntcm-[n-¨n-c n-¡p-¶p. Hmtkm¬ ]mfn-bpsS \io-I -c-W-
¯n\v Imc-W-a m-I p¶p F¶-Xp-sIm-v. ImÀ_¬Utbm-Ivssk-Unsâ 10,000
apXÂ 20,000 Cc-«n-hsc ià-a mWv CFC BtKm-f-Xm-]-\ -¯nsâ Imcy-
¯nÂ.
BW-thmÀÖ-\nÀ½mWw A[n-I-a mb ImÀ_¬ U-tbm-Ivssk-
Unsâ (Co2) \nÀ½m-W-¯n\v Imc-W-a m-Ip¶p. bptd-\nbw kw]p-jvSo-I -
cWw A[n-I-a mbn IÂ¡-c n-bpsS D]-tbmKw Bh-i y-s ¸-Sp-¶p. DOE bpsS
]¡Â bptd-\ nbw kw]p-jvSo-I-c-W-¯nsâ BZy ]Ip-X n-bnÂ DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-
¡s¸« ImÀ_¬ Utbm-Ivssk-Unsâ Afhv e`y-am-Wv. cmw ]Ip-
Xnsb¡pdn¨v e`y-aÃXm\pw.
]Xn\m-bn-c-¡-W-¡n\v S¬ `mcw hcp¶ Aan-X-a mb Xm]w
DÄs¡m-Åp¶ tdUntbm BIvSohv CÔ\ ZWvUp-IÄ XpSÀ¨-bmbn ]¨-
shÅw sImv \nc-ćw XWp-¸n-¡p-Ibpw hnP-\-a mb DÄ{]-tZ-i-§-fn-
tebv¡v tdmUp-amÀ¤hpw Xohn hgn-bmbpw amtä-Xpw Dv. 40 hÀj-am-
Ip-t¼mÄ tdUntbm BIvSohv dnbm-IvS-dnsâ sI«n-Sw hnZqc \nb-{ńX
kmt¦-XnI hnZy D]-tbm-Kn¨v s]mfn-¨ p-a män hnZqc Øe-§-fn-tebv¡v amän
kq£n-t¡--Xm-Wv. Ata-cn-¡-bpsS A]-I -S-I-c -amb Ah-i n-jvS-§-fpsS
95% iX-a m-\ hpw BW-thmÀÖ Ah-in-jvS-§-f m-Wv. C¯cw BWh Ah-
in-jvS-§Ä ]ns¶ Bbn-c-¡-W-¡n\v hÀj§Ä ]cn-Øn-Xnsb A]-I -S-s ¸-
Sp-¯ m¯ coXn-bnÂ kwc-£n-t¡- -Xp-v. AXv XnI¨pw Akm-[yhp-am-Wv.
Ipªp-§Ä¡v _m[n-¡m-h p¶ , Xe-ap-d-I-tfmfw XpS-c m³ IqSp-X Â km[y-
X-bp-Å, Iym³kdn\pw P·-ssh-I-ey-§Ä¡pw, ]ypt«m-W nbw XpS-§n-bh
Imc-W-am-Ipw.
sle³ F¯n-t¨-c p¶ \nK-a\w Fs´-¶mÂ “shÅw Xnf-¸n¨v Bhn-
bp-m¡n sshZypXn DÂ]mZn-¸n-¡p¶Xn\v , a\p-jy\v Gähpw A]-I-S-I-c -
amb amÀ¤-a mWv BW-thmÀÖw”.
706
1986 se sNÀtWm-_nÂ Zpc´w amÀ¤-ZÀin-bmWv IAE , A´m-cmjv{S

BW-thmÀÖ GP³kn. AXv 32 ac-W-§Ä¡v am{Xw Imc-W-a mbn F¶v
]d-bp-t¼mÄ Dt{I-\nb³ Btcm-Ky-a{ń ]d-ªXv AXv 125,000 ac-W-§Ä
sImph¶p F¶m-Wv. `mhn-X-e-a p-dIÄ¡v Dm-I p¶ Iym³kdpw aäv
sshI-ey-§fpw F{Xtbm A[nIw aS-§m-bn-cn-¡pw.
BW-h m-bp-[-¯ nsâ GsX-¦nepw cq]w D]-tbm-K-¨pÅ òI-cm-{I-aWw
AsÃ-¦ nÂ GsX-¦nepw A]-I Sw, C³jp-d³kv ]cn-c-£bv¡v ]pd-¯m-Wv.
AXv hfsc Kuc-h-]qÀÆw ]cn-K-Wn-t¡--Xm-Wv. BW-thmÀÖ dnbm-IvS-dp-
Ifpw C³jpÀ sN¿-s ¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. ]cn-lm-c-s a-t¶mWw hyh-kmb òa³amsc
{]oWn-¸n-¡p-¶ -Xn-\mbn “ss{]kv B³tUÀk³ \nbaw” sImp-h-¶p.
Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ BsI-bp-Å 103 dnbm-IvS-dp-IÄ¡pw IqSn 40,000 tImSn-cq]
hI-bn-c p-¯n. Kh¬saâv imkv{X-Ú³amÀ ]d-bp-¶Xv Kuc-h-X-c-amb
dnbm-IvSÀ A]-ISw 24,00,000 tImSn cq]-tbmfw hcm-sa-¶m-Wv. AXm-bXv
C³jp-d³kv ]cn-c£ 2% Hmfw am{Xw.
BW-thmÀÖ-¯nsâ hàm-¡Ä Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sp-¶Xv
AXv cmjv{S-¯nsâ Gdn-h-cp¶ DuÀÖ Bh-iy-I-Xbv¡v Gähpw A\p-
tbm-Py-w F¶-- \ne-bn-em-Wv. F¶mÂ Kh¬saâv Cf-hp-IÄ \o¡w
sNbvXmÂ AXv em`-I-c-am-Im³ km[y-X-tb-bn-Ã. 2003-þ04 Ime-L-«-¯nÂ
Ata-cn¡ 30,000 tImSn cq] k_vknUn {]Jym-]n-¨ p. Hmtcm Ata-cn-¡³
IpSpw_¯n\pw 24,000 cq] A[nIw \jvS-am-bn. 50 hÀjw ]g-¡-apÅ
BWh hyh-km-b-¯n\v, kzX-{´-hym-]m-c-¯nsâ hàm-¡Ä C¯cw
B\p-I qeyw A\p-h-Zn-¡p-¶Xv BÝ-c y-P-\-I-a m-Wv. “{_nUvPv Z Kym]v”
temkv G©-ekv BØm-\-a mbn {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ BWh \b kwL-S-\ -
bpsS Xe-h³ “tUhnUv lnÀj” sâXmWv Cu \nco-£-Ww. Hcp dnbm-IvSÀ
\nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn\v 24,000 tImSn cq]-tbmfw sNe-hp-h-c pw.
BW-thmÀÖ D]-tZ-iI {]Øm-\-a mb “{_mänÂ {Kq¸v ”sâ Xe-h³
]oäÀ t^mIvkv s]¶À ]d-bp¶p “\½Ä BWh \ne-b-§Ä \nÀ½n-¡p-
hm³ t]mhp-I-bm-Wv. bYmÀ° sNehv F{X-sb¶v BÀ¡pw Adn-bn-Ã.”
tUhnUv temIv_mw, BWh kpc-£m-hn-Z-Kv²³, “{]Xn-_-²-X-bpÅ
imkv{X-Ú-cpsS kwLmX”¯nÂ ( Union of Concerned Scientists )
{]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. At±lw ]d-bp-¶p, Cf-hp-IÄ \ÂIn-bn-s Ã-¦nÂ BWh
hyh-kmbw XoÀ¨mbpw em`-I-c-a m-h n-Ã. P\-§-fnÂ \n¶pw ]ncn-¡p¶
\nIpXn XoÀ¨-bmbpw aäv \Ã Imcy-§Ä¡v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-X mWv B`n-Im-
ayw. \ne-hn-epÅ BWh dnbm-I vS-dp-I sf Ipdn-¨ pÅ {]Xo£ Gähpw al-
¯-c -am-bn-cp-¶p. {]I-S\w AXohw Zb-\o-b-hpw.
2002Â DuÀÖ sk{I-«dn “kvs ]³kÀ F{_lmw” BW-thmÀÖw
2010 F¶ ]²Xn DZvLm-S\w sNbvXp. e£yw 2020 \v AIw 50 BW-h-dn-bm-
707
IvS-dp-IÄ Øm]n-¡pI F¶Xpw , 50% Cf-h p-I fpw, hmbv] kpc-£n-X-Xzw,

aäv kuI-cy-§Ä, FÃmw \nIpXn Zmb-I sâ ImipsImv.
Ah-in-jvS-§Ä kwkv¡-c n-¡p-¶-X n\v DÅ kmt¦-X nI hnZy hnI-kn-
¸n-¡p-¶-X n\v thn 3460 tImSn cq]bpsS ]²-Xnbpw. CXv hyh-kmb,
ssk\oI taJ-esb Hcp-an-¸n-¡pw.
1992 Â Øm]n-X -amb, Bbp[ \nÀ½m-W-¯n\v D]-bp-à-a mb bptd-\ nbw
Ib-äpXn \ntcm-[\w 2003 Â _pjv ]n³h-en-¨p. 1992Â ]d-ªn-cp¶
ImcWw Kth-j-W-¯n\pw NnIn-Õbv¡pw A]-I-S-I-c-a mbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-
XnÂ \n¶pw hne-¡p-¶ -X n-\mWv F¶-Xm-Wv. Ib-äp-aXn \ntcm-[\w ]n³h-en-
¨Xv Xo{h-h mZ kwL-§Ä¡v D]-Im-c-{]-Z-amhpw F¶ `b-¯n\v Imc-W-
amhp¶p. kw]p-jvSo-I -cn¨ bptd-\nbw BWv BW-h- t_mw_v \nÀ½m-W -
¯n\v Gähpw A\p-tbm-Pyw.
2003 Â e³ BØm-\-a mbn {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ “{_n«ojv
F\ÀPn”]pXp-Xmbn \nÀ½n-¡m-\p-t±-in-¨ncp¶ BWh dnbm-IvS-dp-I-fpsS
]²Xn Dt]-£n-¨p. “ssaIv Ae-Ivkm-À”\ne-hn-epÅ dnbm-IvSÀ
{]hÀ¯\ DS-¼Sn XpS-tc--Xn-sÃ¶pw Xocp-a m-\ n-¨ p. B hÀjw 30,000
tImSn cq] \jvS-ap-m-¡n-b-X mWv Imc-Ww. dn\yq-h -_nÄ DuÀÖw am{X-
amWv em`-Icw F¶v At±lw ]d-bp-¶p.
BW-hm-bp-[-§fpw BW-thmÀÖ dnbm-IvS-dp-Ifpw X½n-
epÅ ZrV-_Ôw hyàhpw kp\n-Ýn-Xhpw Hgn-hm-¡p-hm³ km[n-¡m-¯-
Xp-am-Wv. BW-h m-bp[w \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn\v B{K-ln-¡p-¶ -hÀ BZy-ambn
BW-thmÀÖ \ne-b-§Ä Øm]n-¡p-¶p. C{km-tbÂ, Cý, ]m¡n-
Øm³, ssN\, hS-¡³ sImdn-b, Cdm¡v FÃmw Cu ]mX ]n³Xp-SÀ¶p.
Ct¸mÄ djy-bpsS klmbt¯msS Cdm-\pw.
Ct¸mÄ _pjv “BtKmf BWh DuÀÖ ]¦m-fn¯w”(GNEP)
F¶ ]²-Xn-bn-eqsS A[nIw BW-thmÀÖ dnbm-IvS-dp-IÄ Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ
\nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn\v X¿m-s d-Sp-¡p-¶p. Gähpw {][m\ IS¼ “Ah-i njvS
\nÀ½mÀÖ\w”. 1940Â Bcw-`n¨ Kth-jWw 68 hÀj-§Ä¡v tijhpw
Xr]vX-a mb ]cn-lmcw \ÂIp-¶n-Ã. Ct¸mÄ Ata-c n¡ bqt¡m ae-bnse
Xpcw-K-amWv Ah-injvSw -XÅp¶Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn¡¶Xv. 1998Â bqt¡m
Xpd-¡pw F¶v ]d-ªn-cp-¶Xv C\nbpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-a m-bn-« n-Ã. DOE ]-d-bp-¶-
Xv 2010 BIp-t¼m-tg¡pw \ne-hn-epÅ BW-thmÀÖ \ne-b-§Ä bqt¡m
ae-bnÂ DÄsIm-Åm-hp-¶-X nepw Gsd A[nIw hnIn-cW tijn-bpÅ Ah-
injvSw \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-«p-I-g n-bpw. CXv ]cn-l-cn-¡msX IqS-XÂ BWh \ne-b-
§Ä \nÀ½n-¡p-¶Xv km[y-am-hp-I-bnÃ .
C¶v \ne-hn-en-Ãm¯ kmt¦-XnI hnZy hgn ]pXn-b-Xcw
b{´-§fpw kt¦-X-§fpw D]-tbm-Kn¨v Hmtcm BW-thmÀÖ \ne-b-§fpw
708
\nÀ½n-¡p¶ Ah-i n-jvS-§-fpsS Afhv Ipd-bv¡pI F¶-Xm-Wv. _pjnsâ

]²Xn AXv GNEP ]²-Xn-bnÂ DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-c n-¡p-¶p. Npcp-§n-bXv 8
e£w tImSn cq]-bmWv Nnehv IW-¡m-¡p-¶-Xv.-A-ta-c n-¡-bnÂ dnbm-IvS-dp-
IÄ \nÀ½n-¡p¶ BsI cv Øm]-\-§Ä “P\-dÂ Ce-Iv{ Sn¡pw”
“shÌn§v luk”Dw am{X-am-Wv. \nIpXn Zmb-I \v hcm-\n-cn-¡p¶ \mfp-IÄ
òXn-P-\-I -am-bn-cn¡pw F¶v XoÀ¨.
]co-£-Wm-Sn-Øm-\-¯n-epÅ Nne-th-dnb C¯cw ]²-X n-IÄ
{]mhÀ¯n-I-am-bmÂ Xs¶ hfsc Xmakw t\cn-Spw. 2014 AsÃ-¦nÂ 2019Â
C¯cw b{´-§Ä {]hÀ¯\w XpScpw F¶v Duln-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p. At¸mÄ
Ata-cn-¡³ BWh ]²Xn hnI-k\w {]mhÀ¯nIam-h p-I -bm-s W-¦nÂ
IqSn hfsc sshIpw F¶p-d-¸ m-Wv.
IAEA bp-a m-bpÅ IcmÀ, Ata-c n-¡³ BW-h-dn-bm-I vS-dp-I Ä Cý¡v
hnÂ¡p-¶Xphgn Ata-cn-¡³ kzImcy hyh-km-bs¯ klm-bn-¡pI
F¶-Xpw, Cýsb Ata-cn-¡³ ssk\oI ]¦mfnbm¡pI F¶-Xp-am-{ X-am-
Wv Dt±iw F¶v hyàw. Hcp {][m-\-Im-cWw IqSn-bpv A[nIw
IRRADIATED Dw D]-tbm-Kn-¨-X p-a mb BW-h- C-Ô\w temI-¯ m-I -am-\-apÅ
Ata-cn-¡³ dnbm-I vS-dp-I -fnÂ \n¶pw Cd-¡p-a Xn sN¿p-¶-Xn-\pÅ kml-
Ncyw \ÂIp-¶p. A§s\ Icm-dnÂ GÀs¸-Sp¶ cmPyw Ata-cn-¡³
BWh Ah-i n-jvS-§-fpsS kq£n-¸p-Im-cm-Ip-¶p. _pjv temI-¯ m-I-a m\w
hymh-km-bnI Bh-i y-¯n-\pÅ DuÀÖ \nÀ½m-W-¯n-\p-thn BW-
thmÀÖ IcmÀ sImv Dt±-in-¡p¶ {][m\ Imcy-§-fnÂ H¶v Ata-cn-
¡bv¡v Xm§m-h p-¶-X nepw Ihnª BWh Ah-in-jvS-§Ä aäv cmjv{S-
§-fpsS Xe-bnÂ sI«n-h -bv¡pI F¶-X p-X -s¶-bm-Wv F¶v Icp-tX- n-bn-cn-
¡p-¶p. ”BW-thmÀÖw -] -cn-lm-c-aÃ, AXv Xs¶-bmWv {]iv\ w ”F¶ ]T-
\-¯nÂ tUm. sle³ ImÂUn-t¡m«v ]dbp¶p, “BWh hyh-kmb òa-
·mÀ BtKm-f-Xm-]-\ -¯n\v Gähpw \Ã ]cn-lmcw BW-thmÀÖ-a m-sW¶v
{]N-cW the-bnÂ GÀs¸-«n-c n-¡p-¶p ”.
sshZy-imkv{X ]T-\-¯nsâ `mK-a mbn imco-cnI sshI-ey-
§Ä¡pw P\n-XI sshI-ey-§Ä¡pw NnInÕm sshI-ey-§Ä¡pw
BWh hnIn-c Ww F§s\ Imc-W-a m-I p¶p F¶v \nÀ_-Ô-a mbpw ]Tn-¸n-
t¡--Xp-v. Ct¸mÄ temI-¯m-Im\w 442 BWh \ne-b-§Ä Dv.
IÂ¡cn t]mepÅ DuÀÖ t{kmX-Êp-IÄ¡v ]Icw BW-thmÀÖw
thW-s a¶v hmZn¡p¶hÀ a\-Ên-em-t¡-Xv AXn-\p-thn 2000 Â
A[nIw 1000 saKm-hm-«v \ne-b-§Ä Bh-iy-ambn hcpw F¶-Xm-Wv. 1974\v
tijw Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ Hcp BW-h-\ n-e-b-§fpw Øm]n-X-a m-bn-«n-Ã F¶Xv
kqNn-¸ n-¡p-¶Xv CXv A{]m-tbm-KnIw F¶-Xp-X-s ¶-bm-Wv. hmZ-¯n-\p-
thn Øm]n-¨ mÂ IqSn temI-¯m-I-a m-\ -apÅ bptd-\ nbw 3þ4 hÀj-§Ä
am{Xw sImv D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s ¸-«p-I-g n-bpw. Atacn¡bnÂ BW-thmÀÖ-
\nÀ½m-W-¯nsâ bYmÀ° sNehv hyà-X-bn-ÃmsX XpS-cp-¶p. bptd-\ nbw
709
kw]p-jvSo-I-c-W-¯n\v Kh¬saâv Cf-hp-IÄ A\p-h -Zn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. A]-

ISw kw`-hn-¨mÂ \jvS-a mIp¶ 24,00,000 tImSn cq]bv¡v ]Icw AXnsâ
2% am{Xw \o¡n-bn-cn-¸p-v. C³jp-d³kv hgn \ne-hn-ep-ff FÃm BWh
\ne-b-§fpw De Commission sN¿p-¶ -X n\v 142000 tImSn cq] Bhiyam-Wv.
250 hÀj-sa-¦nepw BWh Ah-in-jvS-§Ä kq£n¨p shbv¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ
sNehv CXn-\ p-] p-d-sa-bm-Wv. Ch-sbm¶pw hI-bn-c p-¯m-sX-bmWv BW-
thmÀÖw \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-X n-\ pÅ Nnehv IW-¡m-¡p-¶ -Xv.
2004Â BW-thmÀÖw 3 aS§v Ipd¨v am{Xw {Ko³ lukv hmX-I-
§Ä ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-¡p¶p F¶v Pm³ hneyw tÌmw Dw ^nen¸v kva n¯pw \S-
¯nb ]T\w ]d-bp-¶p.
BW-h -\n-e-b-§-fnÂ \nÀ½n-¡-s ¸-Sp¶ Gähpw A]-I-S-I -c-a mb hkvXp-
¡Ä
Strontiumþ90 CXv 600 hÀjw \in-¡msX \ne-\nÂ¡m³ Ign-hp-Å-X m-Wv.
a\p-jy-kvX-\-§-fnepw AØn-I-fnepw F¯n-t¨-cp-¶h kvX\mÀ_p-Z-¯ n\pw
AØn-IÄ¡v kw`-h n-¡p¶ AÀ_p-Z-¯n\pw Imc-W-am-Ip-¶p ]ns¶
càmÀ_p-Z-¯ n\pw.
Cesium -137 CXpw 600 hÀjw \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶p. kÀt¡ma F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶
t]in-I sf _m[n-¡p¶ Iym³k-dn\v Imc-W-a m-I p-¶p.
Plutoniumþ239 a\p-jy-Ip-e-¯nÂ Adn-b-s¸-«-XnÂh¨v Gähpw A]-I-S-Im-cn-
bm-b- hkvX p-¡-fnÂ H¶v. Hcp {Kmansâ 10 e£-¯n-s\m-c wiw Iym³k-dn\v
Imc-W-am-Ip-¶p. AXv Ic-fn\pw AØn¡pw cà-¯n\pw _m[n-¡p¶
Iym³k-dn\v Imc-W-am-Ip-¶p. IqSmsX izmk-tImi Iym³k-dn\pw,
XmentUm ssaUn-s\-t¸mse P·-s sh-I-ey-ap-m-¡p-¶p. hrjvW-§-sfbpw
_m[n-¡p-¶Xp ImcWw hrjvW-§sf _m[n-¡p¶ Iym³k-dn\v Imc-W-am-
Ip-¶-tXm-s Sm¸w A©v e£w hÀj-§Ä \ne-\ nÂ¡p-¶-Xp-Im-cWw
At\Iw Xe-a p-d-IÄ¡v Iym³kdpw P·-ssh-I-ey-§fpw k½m-\n-¡p-¶ p .- -
ap-jy\pw arK-§Ä¡pw hr£-e-Zm-X n-IÄ¡pw. A©v Intem ¹pt«m-W nbw
sImv Hcp t_mw_v \nÀ½n-¡p¶Xn\v km[n-¡pw. Hcp BW-h -\n-e-b-¯n\v
200 Intem Hcp hÀj-¯nÂ \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-X n\v Ign-hp-Å-t¸mÄ 40 t_mw_p-
IÄ \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn\v km[y-a m-h p-¶p. BW-thmÀÖw Gähpw A]-I -S-Im-
cnbpw Gähpw Nne-th-dn-b-Xp-a m-Wv.
710
kvIn¶dpw s]cp-am-äimkv{Xhpw
_Àlqkv {Û-dnIv kvI n¶À (_n. F^v. kvIn¶À) F¶ a\-im-kv{X-
Ú³ {][m-\-ambpw aq¶v Bi-b-§Ä a\p-jysâ s]cp-am-ä-§-Ä¡v ASn-
Øm\w F¶ \ne-bnÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
1. Hcp s]cp-amäs¯¯pSÀ¶v AXn\v e`n-¡p¶ t{]mÕm-l\w. DZm-l-c-
W-a mbn {]iw-k, Blmcw AXv {]kvXpX s]cp-am-äs¯ hopw
BhÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xn\v t{]cn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
2. Hcp s]cp-am-äs¯ XpSÀ¶v AXn\p e`n-¡p¶ in£. AXv {]kvXpX
s]cp-a m-äs¯ \ncp-Õm-l-s ¸-Sp-¯p-¶ -Xn\v hgn-sbm-c p-¡p-¶p.
3. Hcp s]cp-am-äs¯ XpSÀ¶v e`n-¡p¶ Ah-K-W-\. AXpw {]kvXpX
s]cp-a m-äs¯ \ncp-Õm-l-s ¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.
Fs´m-s¡-bmWv t{]mÕm-l\w \evIp-¶-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-hm³

Bhp-¶Xv F¶v a\-Ên-em-¡p-hm³ km[n-¡p-¶-X m-Wv. ]ns¶ Hmtcm
{]mhiyw t{]mÕm-l\w \evtI--Xp-anÃ F¶pw At±lw A`n-{]m-b-
s¸-Sp-¶p.
kvI n¶-dnsâ A`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ a\p-jysâ kI-e-a m\ kz`m-h -
§Ä¡pw ImcWw taev¸-dª Imc-W-§-fm-Wv. Nne kz`m-h-§Ä¡p-Im-
cWw hfsc ap³]v e`n¨ {]Xn-I -c-W-§-fmhmw F¶Xpw At±lw HmÀ½n-¸n-
¡p-¶p. C¯cw coXn-bnÂ kz`m-h-c q-] o-I-c Ww \S-¡p-¶-Xns\ At±lw
{]_-e\w (I-o-j-\nw-§)v F¶pw At±-l-¯nsâ kn²m-´sf sam¯-ambn
s]cp-am-ä-imkv{Xw (_n-tl-hn-b-dn-kw) F¶pw hnfn-¡p-¶p.
hmÄU³ 2 F¶ (1984) F¶ ]pkvX-I-¯n-eqsS Xsâ
kn²m-´-§-fp-]-tbm-Kn¨v XnIª kaq-ls¯ krjvSn-¡p-h m-\ m-Ip-sa¶v
At±lw hmZn-¡p-¶p. a\p-jy-s\-¡p-dn¨v IqSp-X Â Adn-hp-t\-Snb C¶s¯
kml-N-cy-¯nÂ ap¼v Icp-Xn-bn-c p-¶-X p-t]m-se-bpÅ {]m[m\yw “kzmX-
{ýw, Bßm-`n-am\w” AXpt]mepÅ Bi-b-§Ä H¶pw Xs¶
DÄs¡mÅp¶nÃ F¶v At±lw A`n-{]m-b-s ¸-Sp-¶p. At±-l-¯nsâ
Gähpw {]i-kvX-amb IrXn “kzmX-{ý¯n\pw Bßm-`n-am-\-¯ n\pw
A¸pdw” bnÂ ]d-bp-¶p. a\p-jy³ F¶ \ne-bnÂ hyànsb \½Ä XoÀ¨-
bmbpw \ncm-I-cn-¡p-¶p.
711
hntbm-P\w
{^m³knkv jo^À (1976) ]e Imcy-§-fnepw kvIn¶-dn-t\mSv hntbm-Pn-¡p-
¶p.
1. kvI n¶-dn\v At±-l-¯nsâ kn²m-´-§-Ä A\p-k-c n¨v \ne-\n-ev¡p-
hm³ Bhp-¶n-Ã. a\p-jyIpe-¯nsâ imco-cn-I-a mb \ne-\ n-ev¸ns\ hni-Zo-I -
cn-¡p¶p F¶-XmWv AXnsâ alXzw F¶mÂ ]qÀ®-a mbpw hni-Zo-I-c n-¡p-
hm³ AXn\v Bhp-¶n-Ã. kvIn¶À hniz-kn-¸n-¡p-h m³ {ian-¡p-¶-Xp-t]mse
]qÀ®X Ah-Im-i-s ¸-Sm³ km[n-¡p¶ kn²m-´-a Ã AXv.
2. a\p-jy-{]-I r-Xs¯ \ncm-I-c n-¡p-¶p. arK-§-sf-t¸mse a\p-jy\pw
{]_-e-\s¯ B{i-bn-¨p-am{Xw {]Xn-I-c n-¡p¶ hÀ¤-amWv F¶v Øm]n-¡p-
¶p.
3. kvIn¶-dnsâ a\-Èm-kv{X-¯nse Ab-hn-Ãm-bva, kzX-{´-amb \ne-\n-
ev¸n-\pÅ B{K-l-¯n\v XSÊw krjvSn-¡p-¶p. kzmX{ýw CÃ F¶m-sW-
¦nÂ, `mhnsb Icp-¸n-Sn-¸n-¡m-\m-hnÃ Xs¶.
s]cp-a m-ä-i m-kv{X-¯nsâ bm{ń-I-amb hmZ-§sf jn^À `b-
t¯msS t\m¡n-¡m-Wp-¶p. {]Xn-tcm-[-an-ÃmsX cq]m-´-c o-I-c-W-¯n\v
hg§pw F¶v AXv Øm]n-¡p-¶p. `cW Øm]-\-§-fpsS AXn-cp-hn« A[n-
Imc {]tbmKw AXv hnfw-_cw sN¿p-¶p. djy-bnÂ cmjv{Snb XS-hp-ImÀ
am\-kn-I-tcm-Kn-I-fp-tS-Xn\p kam-\-a mb {]Xn-{]-_-e-\ -§Ä¡v hnt[-b-cm-bn-
cp¶p (1976)
s]cp-a mäimkv{Xw kaq-l-¯nÂ {]tbm-Kn-¡p-t¼mÄ \nb-{ń-¡p-¶ -
hsc Bcv \nb-{ń¡pw F¶pw k³amÀ¤-¯n\v hyà-a mb ASn-Øm-\ -an-
ÃmsXhcp-t¼mÄ GIm-[n-]Xy `c-W-I q-S-¯nsâ Zpcp-]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯-ep-IÄ
hyàn kzmX-{ýs¯ \in-¸n¡pw F¶pw jo^À hymIp-e-\ m-I p-¶p.
_ntl-hn-b-dnkw {][m-\-ambpw ]co-£Ww arK-§-fnÂ \S-¯p-
t¼mÄ AXv a\p-jy\v F{X-a m{Xw _m[-I-amhpw F¶v _t^mÀUpw (1981)
tImkvt{Kmhpw (1982) kwibw {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
Nne {]_-e-§-fpsS \nc-´-c-a mb {]tbmKw ùXo-I-hmZw iàn
{]m]n-¡p-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-am-tb-¡pw. IqSmsX t]mj-Im-lm-c -¯ nsâ Ipdhv,
ùXoI {]tem-`-\-§-fpsS taÂ A[nIw B{ibw F¶nh B´-c nI
Xr]vXn¡pw aqey-§Ä¡pw D]-c n-bmbn iàn {]m]n¨p F¶p-h-c mw. \ne-hn-
en-cn-¡p¶ imkv{Xob Kth-j-W-§-fpsS amÀ¤w Ah-ew-_n-¡p¶ kvIn¶-
dnsâ _ntl-h n-b-dn-khpw ]cn-a n-X-amb hyh-Øn-Xnsb {]Xn-[m\w sN¿p-
¶p.
tImkvt{Kmhv H¶p-IqSn ]d-bp-¶p. kvIn¶À \ne-hn-epÅ Adn-h nsâ
ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ, s]cp-a mä imkv{X-¯nsâ kt¦-X-§-tfbpw XXz-im-kv{X-
712
t¯bpw thÀXn-c n¨p ImWp-¶n-Ã. imkv{Xob \nco-£-W-§sf AwKo-I -cn-

¡p-¶-X n\pw D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-X n\pw XXz-im-kv{X-¯nÂ apdpsI¸nSn-t¡-
-Xnsâ Bh-iy-anÃ F¶-XmWv \ymbo-I-c -Ww.
jo^-dnsâ hni-I -e\w Hcp ]T\w
kvIn¶-dn-s\-t¸mse jo^dpw _ntl-h n-b-dn-k-¯ nsâ kt¦-X-§-
tfbpw XXz-im-kv{X-t¯bpw IrXy-a mbn thÀXn-c n-¡p-¶n-Ã.
jo^À djy³ {]_-e\ kn²m-´s¯ kvI n¶-dpsS XXz-kw-ln-X-bp-
ambn Xmc-Xayw sN¿p-¶p. Ata-c n-¡³ Hm¸-dmâv Io-j-\-§nÂ \n¶pw
hyXy-Ø-ambn tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b-\nse {]_-e\ kn²m´w ]mhvtem-
hnsâ Bi-b-§sf ]n³Xp-S-c p-¶-Xm-Wv. djy³ a\-imkv{Xw kvIn¶-dnsâ
“`hnjy¯n”sâ “{]Xym-Lm-X-“¯nsâ {]m[m-\y-¯n\v ]cn-K-W\ \evIn-
¡m-Wp-¶ n-Ã.
_ntl-hn-b-dnkw A]ISI-c-a mb Nn´m-] -²-Xn-bm-sW¶v hmZn-¡p¶
jo^À AXv XnI¨pw {]mtbm-Kn-I-a m-s W¶v k½-X n-¡p-¶p F¶pw IcpXmw.
Zpcp-]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯n-b mÂ A]-I-S-I -c-a mhpw F¶-Xp-sImv s]cp-amä
imkv{Xs¯ AIän \nÀ¯p¶XnÂ- AÀ°-a n-Ã. ià-a mb Bi-b-§Ä
GXn\pw A¯cw òI-c-amb `hn-jy-¯p-IÄ krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn\v km[y-am-
hpw. GIm-[n-] -Xn-I-fmb `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-IÄ¡v AXv A]-I-S-I -c-a mb coXn-
bnÂ {]tbm-Kn-¡m-\ mhpw F¶Xv {]m[m-\y-t¯msS ImtW--Xm-Wv.
jo^À tNmZn-¡p-¶p. “\nb-{ń-¡p-¶-hsc Bcv \nb-{ń¡pw” F¶v,
D¯cw \nb-{´Ww Xncn-s Ibpw kw`-hn-¡p¶p F¶-X m-Wv. t\Xm-¡Ä
XoÀ¨-bmbpw AWn-Isf \nb-{ń-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ AWn-Ifpw t\Xm-¡sf
\nb-{ń-¡p¶p F¶Xv {i² AÀln-¡p-¶p.
Hm¸-dmâv Io-j-\nwKv þ hne-bn-cp-¯Â
PohnX-¯nÂ {]_-e-\-§Ä¡v kzm[o\w H«pw X¶-bnÃ F¶-XÃ hnh-£.
F¶mÂ {]_-e\-§Ä am{Xw kÀÆhpw hni-Zo-In-c-¡p-¶ n-Ã F¶-X m-Wv.
a\p-jy-s\-¡p-dn¨v a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶ -Xn\v arK-§-fnÂ \S-¯p¶ ]co-£Ww
]qÀ®-a mbn \ncm-I-cn-¡p-hm³ Bhn-Ã. _ntl-hn-b-dnkw arK-§fpw a\p-
jycpw X½n-epÅ kam-\ -Xsb hyà-am-¡p-¶p, F¶p Icp-X p-¶-X nÂ sXän-
Ã.
kvIn¶-dnsâ AanX ùXoIhmZ-§Ä¡pw ISpw-]n-Sp-¯ -§Ä¡pw
]Icw kzm[o-\Xm ]T-\-§Ä Ipd¨p IqSn ]Iz-am-bn-cn¡pw F¶v Ic-Xp-s ¸-
Sp-¶p. a\p-jy³ ]cn-a n-X -amb hyh-Øn-Xn-bn-eÃ adn-¨v, hnim-e-a mb hyh-
ØnXn \ne-\n-ev¡p-¶-Xn-\mÂ, XncsªSp¸n\v km[y-X-bp-Å-Xn-\mÂ, {]_-
e-\-§Ä kzm[o-\ n-t¨¡mw F¶p-am{Xw Icp-X p-¶-X m-bn-c n¡pw hmkvX-h n-I w.
713
a\p-jysâ s]cp-a m-ä-§sf kzm[o-\ n-¡p-¶-Xn\v {]_-e-\-§Ä¡v

km[y-a mhpw F¶Xv aX-§fpw sXfn-bn-¡p-¶p. kzÀ¤-h pw, \c-Ihpw {]I-S-
amb DZm-l-c -W-§-fm-Wv.
sXc-sª-Sp-¸n-\pÅ kzmX{ýw ]cn-]p-jvSn-s ¸-Sp-¯p-¶-X n\v Gähpw
sa¨-amb amÀ¤w s]cp-a mä a\-Èm-kv{X-¯nsâ XXz-§Ä Adn-ªn-cn-¡pI
F¶-Xm-Wv. hyà-a mbn Adn-ªn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ aäp-Å-h -cpsS \nb-{ ´-W -
§Ä Imcy-Ivj-a -ambn t\cn-Sm³ Bhp-¶p. kvIn¶-dnsâ bm{ń-I -amb
s]cp-amä a\-Èmkv{Xw a\p-jy-kz-`m-h s¯ ]qÀ®-ambn hni-Zo-I-c n-¡p-¶n-Ã.
aäp a\-Èmkv{X XXz-§-fn-epÅ Ah-Kmlw IqSn-bm-hp-t¼mÄ Iptd-bsd
sa¨-s¸« Xocp-am-\-§-fnÂ F¯n-t¨-c p-¶-Xn\v klm-bn-¡pw.
PÌmÄ«v a\-Èm-kv{Xw, shÃp-h nfn DbÀ¯p¶p
amIvkv shÀXo-aÀ cq]-I -ev]-\-sNbvX PÌmÄ«v a\-Èmkv{Xw PÀ½-\n-bnÂ,
20þmw \qäm-nsâ BZy-`m-K¯v DZbw sImp. PÀ½-\n-bnÂ PÌmÄ«v
F¶ hm¡v cq]w AsÃ-¦ nÂ BIr-Xnsb kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p. PÌmÄ«v a\-
imkv{Xw ]d-bp¶p BsI XpI `mK-§-fpsS kwtbm-P-\-t¯-¡mÄ hep-Xm-
bn-cn-¡pw. PÀ½-\n-bnÂ Dcp-¯n-cnª LS-\-hm-Z-t¯m-SpÅ FXnÀ¸nsâ
ê-a mWv PÌmÄ«v. LS-\m-h m-Z-¡mÀ kaq-e-a mb A\p-`-h-§sf AXnÂ
DÄs¡m-n-cn-¡p¶ LS-I -§-fmbn thÀXn-cn-¡p-¶-XnÂ {i²n-¡p-t¼mÄ,
PÌmÄ«v A\p-`m-hn-IÄ , LS-I -§-fpsS BsI-¯p-I-tb-¡mÄ hep-Xm-bn-
cn¡pw A\p-`hw F¶v hmZn-¡p-¶p. PÀ½-\n-bnse \mkn-I-fpsS òj-Wn-
aqew ? {]ap-J-cmb PÌmÄ«p-I Ä shÀXo-aÀ, IpÀ«v tIm^vI, thmÄ^vKm§v
sIlveÀ , AhÀ AhnsS _ntl-hn-b-dn-ks¯ B{I-an-¨p. s]mXpsh cp
Xe-§-fn-em-bn-c p¶p B{I-a-Ww.
s]cp-a m-ä-im-kv{X-¡mÀ kz`m-hs¯ Dt¯-P-\w-þ-{]-Xn-I-cWw F¶n-
§s\ hnL-Sn-¨p-Im-Wm³ {ian-¡p-¶-Xp-hgn kaq-e-am-b-Xns\ LS-I-§-fmbn
thÀXn-cn-¡p¶p F¶-XmWv Hcp Imc-Ww. asäm¶v a\-Èm-kv{Xw, \nco-£n-
¡p-¶-X n\v km[y-amb s]cp-am-ä-§sf am{Xw hni-I-e\w sN¿p-¶-X n-\p-a p-]-
cn, A\p-`-h-§sf ]qÀ®-ambpw DÄs¡m-Åm³ Bhp-¶-Xm-bn-cn-¡Ww F¶-
Xm-Wv.
PÌmÄ«\v v BbpÀssZÀLyw Ipd-hm-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw AXnsâ Pohn-X-
Im-e¯v Imgv¨-¸m-Sv, {]iv\-]-c n-lm-c w, kmaq-lnIs]cp-a mäw F¶o taJ-e-I-
fnÂ AXv {]_-e-amb apt¶-ä-§Ä¡v Imc-W-a m-bn. a\p-jy-Xzw, A\p-`hw
F¶n-h sb Bkv]-Z-a m-¡n-bp-ff a\-Èmkv{X imJ-IÄ¡v AXv XpS¡w
Ipdn-¨p.
PÌmÄ«v B´-c n-I-amb Ft´m Hcp iàn kzoI-cn-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶-hsb
hyXy-kvX-amb coXn-bnÂ kzoI-c n-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶-X n\v Imc-Wa- m-hp¶p F¶v
hmZn-¡p-¶p. hyXy-kvX-a mbn kzoI-c n-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶h hyXy-kvX-a mb {]Xn-I -
714
cWw Df-hm-¡pw. HmÀ½, {]Xo-£, Dt¯-P-\w, {i² Ch-sbÃmw Imc-W-am-

Imw.
kvIn¶-dnsâ s]cp-amä imkv{Xw kmaq-ln-I , hnZym-`ym-k, cmjv{ Sn-b,
km¼-¯nI taJ-e-I-fnÂ hfsc kzm[o\w sNep-¯p-¶p. kvIn¶-dnsâ XXz-
§Ä D]-tbm-Kn¨v ]T-\-hpw, at\m-tcm-K-Nn-In-Õbpw sa¨-s¸-Sp-¯mw. kzX-
{ý-a-\ p-jy³ F¶ Bibw \½psS AÚ-X-bnÂ \n¶pw DS-s e-Sp-¡p-¶-
XmWv F¶v At±lw hmZn-¡p-¶p. a\p-jy-kz-`m-h-¯nsâ bYmÀ°-Im-c-W-
§Ä At\z-jn-¡p-¶-Xn\v kzX-{ý-a -\p-jysâ \njvIm-k\w Bh-iy-amWv
F¶pw. Dul-¯nÂ \n¶pw hmkvX-hn-I-Xbn-te-¡v, A{]m-]y-am-b-
XnÂ\n¶pw \nb-{ń-¡-s ¸-Sm-hp-¶-Xn-te¡v t]mhp-¶-X n\v kzX{ý a\p-
jys\ XÅn-¡-f-tb--Xp-v.
a\p-jys\ a\-Ên-em-¡pI F¶-Xn-ep-]cn a\pjykz`mhw {]h-Nn-¡p-
Ibpw \nb-{ń-¡p-I bpw sN¿pI F¶-X n-emWv At±-l-¯nsâ XmXv]-c yw.
ùXoIhmZn-bmb kvIn¶À a\-Êns\ hkvXp-hmbn IW-¡m-¡p-¶p.
FÃm kw`-h-§Ä¡pw hkvX p-\ n-jvS-a mb Imc-W-§-fp-v, AXv AWp-h nS
sXämsX BhÀ¯n-¨mÂ kw`-h-§Ä¡pw kam-\ -amb BhÀ¯\w Dm-
hpw.
kvIn¶À Xsâ XXz-imkv{Xw , saâ-en-k-¯nsâ Zqjy-§Ä¡v ]cn-
lmcw F¶ \ne-bnÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. a\Êv ùXo-I-aÃ F¶pw AXv
ùXoI \nb-a -§Ä¡v hg-§p-¶nÃ F¶p-amWv saâ-enkw Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sp-
¶-Xv.
FÃm am\-knI hym]m-c-§fpw kml-N-cy-§-fpsS ]cn-Wn-X-^-e-amWv
F¶v Øm]n-¡p-hm³ kvIn¶-dn\v km[n-¡p-¶n-Ã.
`mj kml-N-c y-§-fp-a m-bpÅ {]Xn-{]-hÀ¯-\-amWv F¶v `mj-im-kv{X-
P-R³ IqSn-bmb t\mw tNmwkvIn Icp-X p-¶n-Ã.
FÃm kz`m-h-§fpw ap³ A\p-`-h -§-fpsS DXv]-¶-a m-s W-¦nÂ
kvIn¶-dpsS Bi-b-§fpw hyXy-kvX-aÃ F¶p hcp-¶p. AXm-bXv hkvXp-
XI-fÃ At±-l-¯nsâ am{Xw A\p-`-h -§-fpsS DXv]-¶-a mWv F¶v.
19-þmw \qämv apXÂ Xs¶ a\-Èm-kv{X-ÚÀ, X§-fpsS taJe kz`m-
h-hp-ambn _Ô-s ¸« kw`-h-§-fm-tWm, a\-Êp-a mbn _Ô-s¸« A\p-`-h-§-
fmtWm F¶ Imcy-¯nÂ kwi-bapÅhcmWv . kz`m-h-hp-ambn _Ô-
s¸«hbmWv X§-fpsS taJe F¶v hmZn-¨ - -hÀ t]mepw F´mWv kz`m-hw
F¶pÅ Imcy-¯nÂ Bi-b-¡p-g ¸w ]peÀ¯p-¶p. ]mhvtemhv Dw aäpw
{]Xn-I-c-W-§-s f-¡p-dn¨v ]T\w \S¯n F¦n-epw, IqSp-X-epw, Dt¯-P\w
sImv ico-c-¯nepw Xe-t¨m-dnepw Dm-Ip¶ hyXn-bm-\ -§-s f-¡p-dn¨pÅ
Nne Dulm-t]m-l-§-fn-emWv F¯n-t¨À¶-Xv. Ata-c n-¡³ _ntl-h n-b-dn-k -
715
¯nsâ ]nXmhv tPm¬ _n. hmSvk¬ imkv{Xnb a\-Èm-kv{X-¯n-\v, \nco-

£n-¡m³ ]änb kw`-h-§sf am{Xta ssIImcyw sN¿p-hm³ km[n-¡p-I -
bpÅq F¶v hmZn-¡p-¶p.
F¶mÂ a\p-jysâ B´-c n-I-amb {]Xn-I-c -W-§Ä {i²-bnÂs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-Ã.
kvIn¶-dnsâ dmUn-¡Â _ntl-hn-b-dnkw ]pXnb Hcp Bib kwlnX
apt¶m-«p-h-¨ p. Poh-Pm-e-¯nsâ {]tXyI kz`m-htam ]mhvtemhv Dw aäpw
]d-ª-Xp-t]mse saâ-en-Ìp-I-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-{]-Im-c -apÅ am\-knI {]Xn-I -
c-Wtam AÃ, adn¨v kz`mhw F¶mÂ, Poh-Pm-e-¯n-sâ, ]cn-X -Øn-Xn-bp-am-
bpÅ sImSp-¡Â hm§-en-eqsS cq]o-I-c n-¡-s ¸-Sp¶ {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv.
kz`mhw s]mXp-h m-btXm hyàn-K-Xtam BImw. A§ns\ B´-cnI {]Xn-
I-c-W-§-fpsS {]iv\hpw ]cn-l-cn-¨p. hm«vk¬ ssIhn-«n-cp¶-XmWv C¡m-
cyw. {]IrXn-s b-¡p-dn-¨pÅ aäp imkv{X-§-fpsS AtX coXn-I Ä Xs¶-
bmWv kvIn¶-dnsâ kzm`m-h-im-kv{Xhpw D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xv. AXv ]co-
£W ASn-Ø m-\-¯n-epÅ Poh-i m-kv{X-a mWv F¶v ]d-bmw. ap¼v s]cp-
amä a\-im-kv{X-sa¶pw ]n¶oSv s]cp-a mä hni-I-e-\-sa¶pw Adn-b-s¸-«n-
cp¶ imkv{Xw Xs¶-bmWv CXv. kvIn¶À AXns\ ]co-£W ASn-Øm-\ -
¯n-ep-Å, kz`m-h-¯ nsâ hni-I-e\w F¶v hnfn-¡m³ XmXv]-c y-s ¸-Sp-¶p.
Ct¸mÄ AXv _ntl-h n-b -tdm-fPn F¶v IqSp-X-embn Adn-b-s ¸-Sp-¶p. a\-Èm-
kv{Xhpw _ntl-hn-b-tdm-f-Pnbpw {]tXyIw ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-tS hnj-b-am-
sW¶ hmZw iàvn {]m]n-¨p-h-cp-¶p. ImcWw AXv cpw hfsc hyXy-
kvX-amb imkv{X imJ-I-fm-sW¶ \nco-£-W-a m-Wv. a\-Èm-kv{Xw Poh-Pm-e-
§-fpsS B´-cnI t{]c-W-Isf ssIImcyw sN¿p-t¼mÄ, s]cp-amä
imkv{Xw Npäp-]m-Sp-I-fp-a m-bpÅ Poh-Pm-e-§-fpsS {]Xn-I-c-W-§-fmWv
ssIImcyw sN¿p-¶-X v. km[m-c W a\-Èm-kv{X-¯n\v ssIImcyw sN¿m³
km[n-¡m¯ {]iv§Ä DbÀ¯p¶Xp-h-gn, a\-È m-kv{X-¯n\I¯v “hn¹hw”
kw`-hn¨p F¶v ]d-bmw. k¦oÀ®-amb Npäp-]m-Sp-I-fnse s]cp-amä hni-I-
e\w CXp-h-scbpw a\-Èm-kv{X-¯nsâ hcp-Xn-bnÂ Bbn-«n-Ã. s]cp-amä
cq]o-I-c-W-¯n-\pw, CXp-h-scbpw Ign-hpä coXn-IÄ kw`m-h\ \evI m³ a\-
Èm-kv{X-¯n\v Bbn-«n-Ã. AXn-\mÂ a\-Èm-kv{X-¯nÂ \n¶pw s]cp-amä
imkv{X-¯nsâ DbnÀs¯-g p-t¶Â¸v A\n-hm-cy-a m-hp-¶p .
sskt¡m A\m-en-kn-kv, lyqa-\ n-Ìn-I v, tImán-äo-hv, \yqtdm sskt¡m-fPn
FÃmw kz`m-h-¯ns\ hyàn-bpsS B´-c nI {]Xn-{]-hÀ¯\w F¶ coXn-
bnÂ hne-bn-c p-¯p-¶p. AXn-s\-X n-c m-bn, _ntl-hn-b-tdm-f-Pn, {]Xn-I -c-W-
¯nsâ sXc-s ª-Sp-¡Â, {]_-e-\-¯nsâ {]tXy-I -X-Isf B{i-bn-¨pÅ
hyànXz hnI-k-\-a mWv kz`mhw F¶v kaÀ°n-¡p-¶p. kvIn¶À AXns\
{]Xym-Lm-Xs¯ B{i-bn-¨ pÅ sXc-sª-Sp-¡Â F¶p ]d-bp-¶p. AXv
Poh-Èm-kv{Xw, s]cp-amäimkv{Xw, kaq-l-¯n-sâbpw kwkvIm-c-¯n-
sâbpw ùXoI hni-I -e\w F¶n-hsb tImÀ¯n-W-¡m³ klm-b-I-c -amWv
F¶v kaÀ°n-¡p-I bpw sN¿p-¶p. {]Xym-Lm-X-¯nÂ \n¶pÅ sXc-sª-
Sp-¡-en-eqsS imco-c n-I-amb {]{In-b-IÄ cq]o-I-c n-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p.
716
dmUn-¡Â _ntl-hn-b-dn-Ìp-IÄ hmSvk¬sâbpw ¢mÀ¡v lÅn-

sâbpw {Iao-IrX _ntl-hn-b-dn-ks¯ DÄs¡m-Åp-¶n-Ã. DÄa³ dmUn-
¡Â _nl-hn-b-dn-k-t¯bpw sshcp-²ym-ßnI ùXnI hmZ-t¯bpw ]c-
kv]c klm-b-I-c -§-sf¶v Øm]n-¡p-¶p.
dmUn-¡Â _ntl-h n-b-dn-kw, C{Xbpw \mÄ {]tXyI Dt±-i-t¯m-s S,
F¶v Icp-Xn-bn-cp¶ {]hÀ¯nIÄ¡v ]p\À\nÀÆ-N\w \ÂIp-¶p. _ntl-hn-
b-tdm-f-Pn-Ìp-IÄ Dt±-i -§-s fbpw XmXv] -cy-§-tfbpw kz`m-h-¯nsâ Imc-W-
§-fmbn IW-¡m-¡p-¶n-Ã. ]Icw kz`m-h-¯ns\ {]Xym-Lm-X-§Ä¡-\p-k-c -
W-amb sXc-s ª-Sp-¡Â F¶v Icp-Xp-¶p. _ntl-hn-b-tdm-fPn Ań-a-Im-
cW kn²m-´s¯ s]cp-a mä imkv{X-¯nÂ \n¶pw {]Xym-Lm-X-§Ä¡v
A\p-k-c-W-a mb sXc-sª-Sp-¡Â XXz-a-\p-k-cn¨v Hgn-hm-¡p-¶p. UmÀhn-
\nkw Ań-a-Im-cW kn²m-´s¯ Poh-im-kv{X-¯nÂ \n¶pw kzm`m-hnI
sXcsª-Sp-¡Â XXz-a-\ p-k-c n¨v Hgn-h m-¡n-b-Xp-t]mse .
_ntl-hn-b-dn-khpw amÀIvkn-khpw kz`m-h-¯nsâ Imc-W-§fpw
kz`m-h-¯nÂ hcp¶ hyXn-bm-\-§-fpsS Imc-W-§-fpw a\-Ên-em-¡m³ {ian-
¡p¶p F¶ Imcy-¯nÂ kam-\ -am-Wv. ]ns¶ shXymkw hni-I-e-\-¯nsâ
Af-hn-em-Wv. _ntl-h-b-tdm-fPn {]mY-an-I-a mbpw s]cp-a m-ä-¯nse A\n-Ýn-
X-Xz-¯nse _Ô-§Ä ssIImcyw sN¿p¶p . amÀIvkv Dm¡n FSp¯
Bh-iy-§Ä F¶ {]tbmKw ]e-t¸mgpw D]-tbm-K n¨p ImWp-¶p. _ntl-hn-
b-tdm-f-Pn¡v B Bh-iy-§Ä F´p-sImv Dm-I p¶p F¶v hni-Zo-I -cn-
¡m³ Ign-tª-¡pw. _ntl-h n-b-tdm-Pn-Ìn\v Dm-¡n FSp¯ Bh-iy-§Ä
F¶mÂ BhÀ¯n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ {]_-e-\ -§-f m-Wv. C¯-c -¯nÂ k¼¯pw
Hcp Dm¡n FSp¯ Bhiyw BsW¶v Øm]n-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p. {]tXyI
kml-N-cy-§fnÂ AXv {]_-e-\ -§-fm-bn-¯o-cp-¶p. _ntl-hn-b-dn-k hpw
amÀIvkn-khpw kz`m-h -¯nsâ Imc-W-§fpw kz`m-h-¯ nÂ hcp¶ hyXn-bm-
\-§-fpsS Imc-W-§-fpw a\-Ên-em-¡m³ {ian-¡p¶p F¶ Imcy-¯nÂ kam-
\-am-Wv. ]ns¶ shXymkw hni-I-e-\-¯nsâ Af-h n-em-Wv. saâ-enkw
hyàn-]-c -amb {]iv\-§Ä¡v ImcWw a\p-jysâ DÅnÂ tXSp-¶p. Npäp-
]m-Sp-I-fn-e-Ã. P³ahmk\ kn²m-´-h pw, am\-knI ]co-£-W-§fpw kmaq-
lnI _Ô-§sf aqSp-] Sw AWn-bn-¡p-¶p. kvI n¶À saâ-en-k-s ¯-¸än
\S-¯nb hni-I-e\w A¯cw A_² [mc-W-I -fnÂ \n¶pw hntam-N\w
km²y-a m-¡p-¶ -h-bm-Wv. amÀIvkv ^yqÀ_m-¡n-s \-¡p-dn¨v \S-¯nb \nco-£ -
W-§fpw dmUn-¡Â _ntl-hn-b-dn-khpw XXz-im-kv{X-]-c-a mbn kam-\ -am-Wv.
AÛp-X-§-fn-te¡v \bn-¡p-¶, hni-Zo-I-cn-¡-s ¸-Sm-\m-hm¯ kw`-h-
§Ä, AXnsâ bpà-amb hni-Zo-I-c Ww a\p-jysâ {Ib-hn-{I-b-§-fnepw
{Ib-hn-{I-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Ahsâ PRm-\-¯nepw AS§nbncn-¡p-¶p F¶
amÀIvknsâ \nco-£Ww dmUn-¡Â _ntl-h n-b-dn-k-¯nsâ
A´:k¯tbmSv ASp¯p \nev¡p-¶p.
717
eqkn-s b³ kohv ]dbp¶- hyàXzw F¶-Xv, hyànXzw F¶ k¦p-NnX

{]tbm-K-a -Ã, adn¨v AXv PohNcn-{X-¯nsâ imkv{Xw \nÀ½n-¡-em-Wv.
_ntl-hn-b-tdm-f-Pnbpw Ncn-{X-¯nsâ imkv{Xhpw X½n-epfvf hnS-hv,
kvIn¶-dp-sS, “kwkvImcw” F¶ Bibw sImv \nI¯n FSp-¡mw.
kwkvI m-c -¯ns\ Hcp kwLw ]cn-an-X-s ¸-Sp-¯p¶, kmaq-lnI {]_-e-\-§-
fpsS {]Xym-Lm-X-§Ä F¶v Npcp-¡-¯nÂ ]dbmw. ]pXnb kwkvIm-c -
§Ä kwL-¯nsâ \ne-\ n-ev¸n-\mbn cq]n-I-c n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. kwL-¯nsâ
\ne-\n-ev¸ n-\mbn AXv XpS-c -Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. Cu Imgv¨-¸m-SnÂ kmaq-lnI
_Ô-§-s f, Hcp kwLw ]ncn-an-X-s ¸-Sp-¯p¶ {]_e\§fmbn ImtW-n-
bn-cn-¡p-¶p. amÀIvkv At±-l-¯nsâ ^yqÀ_m-¡n-s \-¡p-dn-¨pÅ ]T-\-
¯nÂ a\p-jysâ k¯ hyàn-bnÂ AS-§n-b-c n-¡p¶ kz`mh sshin-
jvSy§-fÃ adn¨v AXv kmaq-lnI _Ô-§-fpsS {]Xn-^-e-\ -amWv F¶v
Øm]n-¡p-¶p.
AXv kvIn¶dpsS “kwkvI mcw” F¶ Bi-b-h p-a mbn tbmPn¨p
t]mhp-¶-h-bm-Wv. AXm-bXv hyàn-bpsS hkvXp-\n-jvS-a mb Imgv¨-¸ m-Spw,
Ncn-{X-¯nsâ hkvXp-\n-jvS-amb Imgv¨-¸ mSpw tbmPn¨pt]mIp¶ Bi-b-§-
fm-Wv.
kvIn¶À BZy-Im-e-§-fnÂ temPn-¡Â t]mkn-än-hnkw F¶ XXz-kw-
ln-X-bnÂ BIr-jvS-\m-bn-cp-¶p. aäp ]e _ntl-h n-b -dn-Ìp-Ifpw A{]-Imcw
Xs¶-bm-bn-c p-¶p. ImcWw ]pdsa \nco-£n-¡m³ Ign-bp¶ kz`m-h-§-fnÂ,
imkv{Xob a\:imkv{Xw HXp-§n-\n-ev¡Ww F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p A¶s¯
Imgv¨-¸m-Sv. Imew sN¶-tXmsS A¯cw Hcp ImgvN-¸mSv sXäm-bn-cn¡pw
F¶ \nK-a -\-¯nÂ kvI n¶À F¯n-t¨À¶p. ]pdsa \nco-£n-¡m³ Ign-
bm¯ kw`-h-§sf kvIn¶À , ad¨p hbv¡-s ¸« {]Xn-I-c -W-§fpw Dt¯-P-
\-§fpw F¶p hnfn-¨p. Ah {]Xy-£-¯nÂ \nco-£n¡m³ Ign-bp¶ kw`-
h-§fpsS AtX \nb-a -§Ä A\p-k-c n-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cn¡pw F¶v Xnc-¨ -dn-
ªp. AXm-bXv \nco-£-W-¯n\v hnt[-b-a m-bXpw AÃm-¯Xpw X½n-epÅ
hyXym-kw, ASn-Øm-\-a mbn hyXymkw CÃm-¯Xv F¶pÅ \ne-bnÂ
F¯n\nÂ¡p-¶p. BZy-amZyw kvIn¶À bm{ń-I-a mb _ntl-b-h n-b-dn-k -
¯nsâ D]-P-Rm-X m-hm-bn-cp¶p. Hm¸-dmâv Io-j-\ nMv hnI-kn-¸n-¨ -tXmsS
Dt¯-P\w þ {]Xn-I -cWw” sâbpw AXp-ambn tNÀ¶ bm{ńI _ntl-hn-b-
dn-k-¯n-sâbpw, ]cn-a n-Xn-IÄ t_m[y-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. UmÀhn³ Poh-
Pm-e-§-fpsS ]cn-Wmaw kzm`m-hnI sXc-sª-Sp¸v F¶ XXz-¯n-eqsS hni-
Zo-I-cn-¨ -Xp-t]mse kvIn¶À Hcp Poh-Pm-e-¯ nÂ Hcp {]tXyI kz`m-h -
¯nsâ hnImkw {]_-e-\ -§-fp-sS {]Xym-Lm-X-§Ä krjvSn-¡p¶ Hm¸-
dmâv {]Xn-I -c-W-¯nsâ sXc-sª-Sp¸v F¶ XXz-¯n-eqsS hni-Zo-I-cn-¨p.
{]Xym-Lm-X-§Ä¡v A\p-k-c-W-amb sXc-s ª-Sp¸v F¶ kmam\y XXz-
¯n-te¡v G¬Ìv amIv kn. Fkv. ]ntbÀkv, tPm¬ Unth F¶n-h-cpsS
XXz-§-fpsS kzm[o-\-¯mÂ, kvIn¶À F¯n-t¨À¶p.
718
_tbm-sS-Ivt\m-fPn þ Nne BIq-e-X-IÄ
REF : Iem-Iu-a pZn 2002 amÀ¨v 17

tUm: laoZv lao-ZvJ m³ hmjnw-KvS-WnÂ \n¶pw Fgp-Xp-¶p.
a®nÂ ImWp¶ AXn-kq-£a Pohn _mkn-ekv Xpcn-©n-sb³kv Cry
9c F¶ t{]m«o³ DXv¸m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶p. Cu t{]m«o³ a\p-jyÀ¡v lm\n-I-c-a -
Ã, AtX kabw IoS-§Ä¡v hn\m-i-I-c-a m-Wv. Bt sNSn-IÄ kz´w IoS-\m-
in\n DXv]m-Zn-¸ n-¡p-¶p. kz´w If-\m-in-\nbpw DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶p. Ipf-§-fn-
tebpw tXmSpI-fn-tebpw aäp Pem-i-b-§-fn-tebpw Pew aen-\-a m-I msX
t\m¡m\pw Ch-bv¡p-I-g n-bpw. cmk-h-kvX p-¡Ä IoS-\ m-in-I-fmbpw addpw
D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-t¼mÄ `£-W-¯ n-eqsS Xncn-sI-h ¶v \ap¡v A]-I -S-Im-cn-bm-
hp-¶p. P\n-X-I m-lm-c-¯n\v Cu Ipg-¸-an-Ã.
Bt kq¸À If-Isf Dm-¡p-¶n-Ã. Bt t{]m«o\p-IÄ a\p-jyÀ¡pw arK-
§Ä¡pw kq¸À hnjw Bhp-¶n-Ã. Bt t{]m«o³ ]pXnb AeÀPn-IÄ 10
e£w t]cnÂ HcmÄ¡v am{Xw Dm-¡n-tb-¡mw.
t{]m«o³ F¶mÂ aÄ«n-¸nÄ Aant\m Bkn-Up-IÄ. `mhn-bnÂ \ap¡v
“Unssk-\À” `£Ww In«pw. DZm: kzÀ® s\Ã-cn, _oäm-I-tcm-«n³ DZv]m-Zn-
¸n-¡p¶ Po\ns\ Um^-UnÂ ]qhnÂ \n¶v thÀXn-cn-s¨-Sp¯v s\Ã-cn-bnÂ
k¶n-th-in-¸ n-¡p-¶p. Cý-t]m-epÅ cmPy-§-fnÂ e£-¡-W-¡mb
Ipªp-§-fn-ep-m-Ip¶ AÔ-X-am-äm³ asäm¶pw th. `qtem-I ¯v 40
tImSn- Ip«n-IÄ Ccp-¼nsâ Awiw Ipd-ª-Xn-\mÂ hnfÀ¨ tcmK-_m-[n-X-cm-
hp-¶p. t]mw hgn s^tdm-þ-se-IvSn³ F¶ Po³. amwkw `£n-¡p-¶ -h³
]¨ amwkw AXp-t]mse `£n-¡p-¶n-Ã. AXv Xo£-W-kz-`m-h-a pÅ Ipcp-ap-
719
f-Iv, {Km¼p, ]¨-a p-f-Iv, C©n, aªÄ apX-emb Ht«sd tNcp-h-IÄ tNÀ¯v
thIn¨v am{X-a mWv D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv. Kth-jWw \S-¯p-¶-hÀ ]mNIw
sNbvX amwk-¯n-em-tWm, \nco-£-W, ]co-£-W-§Ä \S-¯p-¶Xv F¶v
Adn-b-W -sa-¶p-v. shfn-s¨-®-bnÂ Kth-jWw \S-¯n-b-h -cpsS A\p-`-h -
§-Ä ]mTam-bn-c n-¡-Ww. kqcy-Im-ń-¸qhpw aäpw Irjn sN¿p-¶-h-cpsS
Imip-ta-Sn¨v ,Zqjy-^-e-§Ä hnfw-_cw sNbvX-t¸mÄ Blm-c -¯nÂ aäp
]e tNcp-h-I-tfm-sSm¸w tNÀ¯v D]-tbm-Kn-¨-t¸mÄ, Gähpw kpc-£n-X -
amb F®-bm-s W-¶v, lmÀhÀUv saUn-¡Â kvIqfnse Kth-j-IÀ Is-
¯p-I-bp-m-bn. Empirical logic/evidence km£ys¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xv an{i
Blm-c -amWv DuÀÖ-kz-e-a mb Pohn-X-¯n\v \ÃXv F¶m-Wv. kkym-lmcw
10% am{Xw BKn-cWw sN¿-s¸-Sp-t¼mÄ, Ahiy Aant\m Bkn-Up-IÄ
kkym-lm-c-¯nÂ hfsc Ipdhv am{X-am-Wp-Å-sX¶v laoZvJm³ Xs¶ A`n-
{]m-b-s ¸-Sp-t¼mÄ kkym-lm-c-t¯mSv Fń\v AanX {]Xn-]-¯n. Cd-¨n-
bpsS bio availability hÀ²n¸n-¡p¶ Ip-]n-Sp-¯ -§Ä Cd-¨n-bpsS D]-
tbmKw [mcm-fn-¯-a -Ãm-Xm-¡p-I-bn-tÃ. 10 AXym-hiy Aant\m Bkn-Up-IÄ
e`y-a m-¡m³ 10 Xcw Acn Hmtcm kv]q¬ Ign-¡p-¶-X n\p ]Icw 10 Aant\m
Bkn-Up-IÄ Hcp Xcw Acn-bnÂ Xs¶ k¶n-th-in-¸n-¨mÂ arK-¯oä
FÃmw P\n-XI hnZybv¡v hnt[-b-ambn am{Xw e`y-a m-hp-t¼mÄ, Iym³kÀ
XS-bp¶ t{]m«o-\p-IÄ AIme hmÀ²-Iy-¯n\v Imc-W-a m-Ip¶p F¶v
tIÄ¡p-t¼mÄ (DZm: p53) ASp¯nsS am{Xw Bcw-`n¨ P\n-XI Kth-j-W-
¯n-\p-taÂ Fń-\mWv AXncp IS¶ ip`{]Xo-£. tNmf-¯nÂ 300 tImSn,
tKmX-¼nÂ 1600 tImSnbpw At¸mÄ a\p-jysâ Pot\mw F{X tImSn LS-I -
§Ä DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p.
s{IbvKv shâÀ cq] IÂ¸\ sNbvX tjm«vK¬ sat¯Uv Ipä-a-ä-
Xm-tWm.
lao-ZvJm\v P\n-XI hnZy-bpsS kmt¦-Xn-I-X-I-s f-¡p-dn¨v bmsXmcp
`bhpw ImWp-¶n-Ã. AhÀ h³ hyh-km-b-i m-e-I Ä (sam¬kmtâm
t]mse) Zpcp-]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-X n-s \-¡p-dn¨v am{Xw (A-´-I-hn-¯p-t]m-
se) hymIp-e-\ m-hp-¶p. {]iv\hpw lao-ZvJm³ efn-X-a mbn ]cn-l-cn-¡p-¶p.
Irjn-¡mÀ Ah-c-hÀ¡v Bhiy-a pÅ hn¯v kzbw Irjn sNbvXv Dm-
¡p-I . Irjn-¡mÀ Ft¸mÄ F´p sN¿Ww F¶v Øm]-\-§Ä hn[n-¡m³
]mSp-Å -XÃ F¶pw. Irjn-¡mÀ¡p-Xs¶ FÃmw Adnbmw. Ft¸mÄ, F´v,
F§ns\ sN¿Ww F¶v . F¶mÂ CsXÃmw {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-tWm.
Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ ]pXnb DXv¸¶w D]-t`m-K-¯n-\ mbn A\p-h-Zn-¡-s¸-Sp-
¶-Xn\v ap³]v IÀi-\-am-b kpc£m]cn-tim-[-\ -I-fnÂ IqSn IS¶ t]mtI-
-Xpv F¶pÅ {]Ømhw icn-b-Ã. 1958 \p tijhpw Twin Lab, EAS
(exprimental and Applied Science), Ultimate Nutrition XpS§n tImSn-¡-W -
¡n\v tUmf-dnsâ hym]mcw \S-¯p¶ food suppliments \nÀ½mXm-¡Ä
720
fBranched chain, Sustained release, Low molecular Weight, Predigested

Aant\m Bkn-Up-I Ä, FDA not approved, F¶v hyà-ambn {]Jym-]n-¨p-
sImv Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶ -XmWv A§ns\ A`n-{]m-b-¯n\v
Imc-Ww. Food Sppliments, does not guarantee to cure any diseases F¶pw
AhÀ {]Jym-] n-¡p-¶p. sNe-th-dn-b-Xp-sImv acp¶p \nÀ½m-Xm-¡Ä Xs¶
{]t£m`w krjvSn¨v ]n³h-en-¨-XmtWm BÄ¡p-c-§n-epÅ ]co-£-W -
§Ä, aq¶mw temI-¯nse a\p-jy-sc-¯s¶ sNe-h n-Ãm-s X, AsÃ-¦nÂ
Ahn-Ss¯ a\p-jy-cpsS Xs¶ sNe-hnÂ ]co-£-W-¯n\v e`y-sa-¶n-c ns¡
Fń-\ mWv BÄ¡p-c§v F¶-Xm-tWm.
an¡ `£y-h-kvXp-¡-fp-s Sbpw X·m-{X-IÄ ]pXn-b-sXm-¶p-a-Ã. AXn-
\mÂ A{Xbpw hni-Z-a mb ]cn-tim-[-\ -Isfm¶pw th. P\n-X-Im-lm-c -§Ä
\njv{]-bmkw ]cn-£-IÄ Pbn-¡pw. BZy-sams¡ FDA Iptd IÀ¡-i-am-bn.
P\n-X-I m-lmcw \nc-]m-bm-sa¶pIv ImÀ¡iyw Ipd-ªp. F¶p-X-s¶-bÃ
Nne ]cn-tim-[-\-IÄ ths¶v h¨p. P\n-X-Im-lm-c-¯n-t\m-SpÅ
FXnÀ¸n\p ImcWw kpc-£n-XXz òj-Wn-bm-Wv. 1990 Pnt\mw t{]mP-IvSnsâ
H¶mwL«w Bcw-`n-¨-t¸mÄ {]Xn-tj-[n-¨-hÀ Ct¸mÄ kvXpXn ]mSp-¶p.
Bscm-s¡-bmWv kvXpXn ]mT-I-c psS Iq«-¯nÂ tNÀ¶-X v. ]pXn-b-Xmbn
cwK¯p h¶ {]Xn-tj-[-¡mÀ Bsc-Ãmw. lao-ZvJm³ hyà-am-t¡--X pv.
C¶s¯ {]Xn-tj-[-¡mÀ Iqen {]Xn-tj-[-¡m-s c-¶pÅ hne-bn-cp-¯Â I]-
S-a m-Wv.
2050-þmw BnÂ P\-kwJy 1000 tImSn-bm-hpw. \½psS cmPys¯ P\-
kwJy 200 tImSn . laoZvJm³ FÃm-h n[ {]iv\-§Ä¡pw GI t]mwhgn
P\n-X-I-hnZy F¶ a«nÂ Ah-X-c n-¸ n-¡p¶p.
ae-bmfw hmcnI 2002 sabv 31
tUm. F. F³. \¼q-Xncn
s\Ãnsâ Pnt\mw ]T\w ]qÀ¯n-bm-bn-«n-Ã. hnS-h p-I Ä AS-¡m\pv,
sXäp-I Ä Xncp-¯m-\pv. s\Ãnse D]-Pm-Xn-I-fpsS Ic-Sp-h n-\ ym-k-{ Iaw
A]qÀ®-a mb Hcp \nL-p-hn-t\mSv Xm-c-X-ay-s¸-Sp-¯mw. hm¡p-IÄ
an¡Xpw Adn-bmw. NneXp tNÀ¡-Ww, NneXv Dt]-£n-¡-Ww. {]iv\ w an¡-
hm-¡n-âbpw AÀ°w Ip-]n-Sn-¨n-«n-Ã. AÀ°a-dn-bm¯ hm¡pIÄ sImv
IY-bpw, Ihn-X -bpw, cNn-¡m-\ m-h n-Ã. s\Ãnsâ Imcy-¯nepw CXv icn-bmWv.
50,000 Po\p-IÄ Dv. ({^m³knkv tImfn³kpw, s{IbvKv sh³ddpw A`n-
{]m-b-s ¸-Sp-¶Xv lyqa³ t{Imatkmw 30,000 apXÂ 35,000 hsc am{Xw Po\p-
IÄ sImv \nÀ½n-¡-s ¸-«n-c n-¡p¶p F¶mWv þ s\Ãv a\p-jy-t\-¡mfpw
D¶-X-Øm-\-¯mtWm) ]t£ Ah-bpsS ssPh-[À½-§-s f-¡p-dn¨v Adn-bn-
Ã. At¸mÄ Cross reaction s\¡pdn¨v F§ns\ ]Tn-¡pw. k¼-¶-X-bn-te-
¡pÅ imkv{X-hn-¹-h-¯nsâ Ffp-¸-h -gn. 2000 BnÂ FÃm-hÀ¡pw
721
BtcmKyw F¶p ]dª temIm-tcmKy kwL-S\ Ct¸mÄ F´p-sN-¿p-¶p.

GXm\pw hÀj-§Ä¡Iw k¼qÀ® P\n-XI hnZy F¶p ]d-ªmÂ AXv
F{X-t¯mfw {]mtbm-Kn-I -am-Wv.
s\Ãnsâ Pnt\mw am¸nsâ IcSv tcJ X¿m-dm-bn. s\Ãnsâ Pnt\mw ]T-
\-¯n\v XpS¡w Ipdn-¡p-¶-Xn\v Hcp hÀjw ap³]v am{X-amWv lyqa³
Pnt\mw t{]mPIvSv XpS-¡-a m-b-X v. 43 tImSn LS-I-§Ä (? IrXyw) DÅ
s\ÃnsâXmWv hnf-I-fnse Gähpw sNdnb Pnt\mw. laoZvJm³ Xd-¸ n¨pw
{]iw-kn-¡p¶ tKmÄU³ ssdkvs\-¡p-dn¨v \¼q-X n-cn¡v {]Xo-£-am-{ X-am-
Wp-Å-Xv.
2050 Â P\-kwJy 900 tImSn Ihn-bpw. laoZvJm\pw \¼q-Xn-cnbpw 100
tImSn-tbmfw hyXymkw {]Xo-£n-¡p-¶p. F´mWv Imc-Ww. hÀ²-\hv
Acn apJy-a mb cmPy-§-fn-em-bn-cn¡pw IqSp-XÂ þ ImcWw? Acn¡v F´v
{]tXy-I-X -bmWv C¡m-cy-¯nÂ.
kz`m-h -§Ä \nÀ®-bn-¡p-¶ -Xv \qdp-I-W-¡n\v Po\p-I-fm-Wv. hnhn[

cmk-]-°-§Ä DÄs¡m-Åp¶ AXoh k¦oÀ®-amb {]{In-b-bm-Wn-Xv.
Po³ hn\ym-k-{I-a-s ¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ ]T\w _Ô-s¸« Po³ kaq-l-§sf
thÀXn-c-¡m\pw Ahsb Imay-a mb kz`m-h-§-fpÅ C\-§-fn-te¡v amän-h -
¡m\pw klm-bn-t¨-¡pw F¦nepw CXv Ffp-¸ -a-Ã. ]pXnb kt¦-X-§fpw
kao-]-\-§fpw Bh-iy-a mbn hcpw. Hcp Po³ amän-h ¨v cq]w sImSp¯ Bt
]cp¯n krjvSn¨ {]iv\-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v t_m[-apÅ \ap¡v (l-a o-Zv Jm³
CXn-s\-¡p-dn¨v AÚ-\ m-s W¶v Icp-tX-n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p). At\Iw Po\p-
IÄ amän-h-¨p-m-Ip¶ P\n-änIv F³Pn-\n-b-dnwKv kky-§Ä DbÀ¯m-
hp¶ shÃp-hn-fn-IÄ Duln-¡m-h p-¶-tX-bp-Åq.
Zi-I-§Ä¡¸pdw km²y-a m-hp¶ t\«-§Ä AhnsS \nÂ¡-s«. (l-ao-
Znsâ ip`m]vX n hnizm-k-hpw, AP-R-Xbpw Icp-X n-¡q-«n-bp-Å tXm hnh-c -an-
Ãm-bva-bnÂ \n¶p-Å-tXm)
CXmtWm hnI-k-\w?
IemhoIvjWw Nov 2001
a\p-jy³ P\n¨ Øe-¯p-Xs¶ hf-c -W-sa-¶pw, Ahn-Ss¯ sXmgnÂ sN¿-

W-sa¶pw injvS-Imew apgp-h³ sNe-hn-SWw F¶pw iTn-¡p-¶Xv XnI¨pw
722
]nń-cn-¸-\m-Wv. C¶v \ap¡v Npäpw ImWp¶ Ne-\-ti-jn-bn-Ãm¯ ac-§Ä

t]mepw ]e tZi-§fpw Xmn ChnsS sImp-h-c -s¸-«-Xm-Wv.
sk]vX w-_À e¡-¯nÂ {]kn-²o-I -cn¨ tIc-f-¯nÂ hnI-k\w F¶
NÀ¨bnÂ kn. BÀ \oe-I-WvT³ \¼qXncn Fgp-X nb Nne Imcy-§-fnÂ
hntbm-Pn-¸p-v.
(1) {]mtZ-in-I-h mZw
tIcfw Gähpw \Ã hn]-Wn-bmWv F¶p-ÅXv kXy-am-Wv. AXn\p Imc-
Ww, hntZ-i¯p tPmen sN¿p-¶-h-c psS ]Whpw \mWy-hn-f-I -fnÂ
\n¶pÅ AanX em`-hp-a m-Wv. {]mtZ-in-I-h mZw temI-a m-I -am\w ià-am-
bmÂ, Cu cp hgn-Ifpw AS-bpw. AsÃ-¦ nÂ Xs¶bpw cpw GI-
tZiw \in¨p Ignª ØnXn-bn-em-Wv. aäp hgn-IÄ At\z-jn-t¡ ka-
b-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Npäp-ap-Å-hcpw {]mtZ-i nI hmZ-¯nÂ apdpsI ]nSn-
¨mÂ F´m-hpw. Conservative Bbn Conventional Bbn Nnń-¡p-¶ Xv
Hcp coXn-bnÂ \Ã-X m-s W-¶-Xp-t]mse asämcp coXn-bnÂ tZmj-hp-a m-Wv.
Cu temI-hy-h-Øn-Xn-s b-Xs¶ amänadn¨ Ip-]n-Sp-¯-§-fmWv Xoh-n-
bpw, Bhn-¡-¸-epw. AXp-Im-cWw A\-´-c-^ -e-ambn Dmb hn¹-h-
§fpw BÄ\m-ihpw hnh-c-Wm-Xo-X-am-Wv.
2.Hcp hnI-k -\-coXn kaq-l-¯n\p kzoIm-c y-a mtWm F¶p Xocp-a m-\ n-¡p-¶-
XnÂ KmÔn-a mÀ¤w ]n³Xp-SÀ¶p F¦nÂ Hcp Xc-¯n-epÅ hnI-k-\hpw
km[y-a m-h p-a m-bn-c p-¶n-Ã. C¶p ]n´p-S-cp¶ coXn-bnÂ\n¶pw amäw Bh-iy-
anÃ F¶ AÀ°-¯n-e-Ã. Extremism GXpcoXn-bn-ep-Å-X m-bmepw A]-I-S-
amWv
FÃm KpW-§Ä¡pw AXn-tâ-Xmb tZmj-a pv
t\«w hÀ²n-¸n¨v tZmjw Ipd¨v apt¶m«p t]mIp-¶-Xm-bn-cn¡pw D¯aw
Optimization Bbn-c n-¡Ww Nn´-bpsS ap¶nÂ \nÂt¡--X v.
3. tkmhn-bäv bqWn-bsâ ]X-\-¯n\p se\n\pw Ìmen\pw ]¦p-h-ln¨p
F¶-Xp-t]m-s e, AXn-t\-¡m-tfsd, Ata-c n-¡bpw AXnÂ ]¦m-fn-bm-bn-
cp¶p h¯n-¡m\pw Imcy-ambn {]hÀ¯n-¨p. tamdÂ do BÀasaânsâ
Øm]-I³ {^m¦v _q¨vam-s\-¡p-dn¨v ]oäÀ tlmhmÀUv Fgp-Xnb
]pkvXIw hmbn-¡p-t¼mÄ AXp a\-Ên-em-hpw.
4. KmÔn-Pn-bpsS \nÊ-l-I-cW {]Øm-\ w, sl³{Sn tUhnUv tXmd-bpsS
knhnÂ Unkv-H-_o-Un-b³knÂ\n¶pw ISw sIm-X m-Wv. AXp-t]mse
{Kma-kz-cmPv Bi-b-§Ä A\mÀ¡n-kw-knÂ \n¶pw . hntZ-insb ]pd-
´Ån kztZin Bi-b-§fpw hkvXp-¡fpw kzoI-cn-¡Ww F¶p hmZn-
¡p-¶-hÀ {][m-\ -ambpw Bi-b-§fpw hkvXp-¡fpw hntZinIfnÂ\n
¶pw ISw-sIm-Åp-¶-h-cm-Wv.
723
5. ImkÀtKm-«p-\n¶pw Xncp-h-\-´-] pcw hscbpw sdbnÂ hcp-¶-X mWv

s]mXp-P-\-¯n\v \ÃXv F¶p hmZn-¡p-t¼mÄ ImÀ\nÀ½m-Xm-¡sf Ipä-
s¸-Sp-¯p-t¼mÄ, F{X IS-¯p-h-Å-§fpw Imf-h-n-Ifpw CÃmbva
sNbvX p-s Im-mWv sdbnÂ \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶Xv F¶v HmÀt¡--Xp-v.
AXp-t]mse sh\o-kn-se-t¸mse kv] oUvt_m«v hcp-t¼mgpw Be-¸p-g-
bnÂ At\-IÀ¡v Pohn-X-amÀ¤w \jvS-am-hmw. Be-¸pg hfsc sNdnb
Hcp {]tZ-i-a m-Wv.
6. Snhn, Iw]yq-«À aäp-Åh FÃmw \a-apsS kwkvIm-cs¯ (F-´m-Wv
AXv?) F{X-t¯mfw _m[-¨p. _m[n-¡p-¶p F¶v HmÀ¡m-dp-tm. Sqdn-
khpw s\Sp-¼m-tÈcn hnam-\-¯m-h-fhpw t]mse v Pohn-X-¯n-sâ,]e-Xp-
d-I-fnÂ kzm[o\w sNep-¯p-¶-X n\v Ce-Iv{Sm-Wn-Ivkn-\pÅ ]¦n-s\-¡p-
dn¨v Nnń-¨n-«ptm?
7. ssPh-km-t¦-X n-I-hnZy A_-²-am-sW-¦nÂ AXp-t]mse Xs¶ A_-²-
amWv BW-h-hn-Zy-bpw, asäÃm imkv{X-§-fpw. temPn-¡Â UnU-£³
ASn-Øm-\-a m-¡n. Imf-h-n-bp-K-¯n-te¡p Xs¶ Xncn¨p t]mIWw
F¶mWv ]tcm-£-a mbn ]d-bp-¶-Xv.
8. ]ptcm-K-a -\-]cw F¶ coXn-bnÂ, kpJ-ku-I-c y-§Ä, kaq-l-¯n-sâ-
bpw, `mhn-X-e-a p-d-bp-s Sbpw \·-s b-¡-cpXn Dt]-£n-¡Ww F¶p
ip]mÀi sN¿p¶p . aZy-hn-X-cWw Xt±-i-`-c-W-Øm-]-\ -§Ä¡p
IognÂ sImp-h-cWw F¶-X n\p ]I-cw, k¼qÀ® aZy-\ n-tcm-[-\ -
¯n\pthn F´p-sImv hmZn-¡p-¶n-Ã.
\½psS \mSv BtKm-f-hÂI-c-W-¯n-\ pw, kzIm-c y-h Â¡-c-W-¯n-\pw,
hntZ-i-a q-e-[-\-¯n\pw thn bmsXmcp D]m-[n-I-fp-a n-ÃmsX Xpd-¶n-SWw
F¶-XÃ hnh-£. IqSp-XÂ, Nn´, hni-I-e\w FÃmw Bh-iy-a m-Wv.
tZmjw, KpW-t¯m-s Sm¸w DÅ-XmWv F¶p Nnń-¡Ww
\mSnsâ \·bv¡v ]{´p \nÀt±-i-§Ä

aebmfw hmcnI 1177 ao-\ w 8
1. a{ń-am-cpsS F®w 10 B¡pI
2. a{ń-amcpw DbÀ\\ DtZym-K-Ø-·mcpw \mSn\p \ÂIp¶ kw`m-h-\-IÄ
hne-bn-cp-¯p-I . AhÀ¡p-thn sNe-hm-¡p¶ XpIbv¡v
F{Xt¯mfw ]Icw \ÂIm-\m-h p¶ F¶p IW-¡m-¡p-I.
3. Hmtcm Znh-khpw a{ń-am-cp-sSbpw D¶-X , DtZym-K-Ø-·m-c p-sSbpw
{]hÀ¯-\-§Ä hne-bn-c p-¯p-I.
4. Fw.FÂ.-F. Fw.]n s]³j³ \nÀ¯-em-¡p-I. 5 hÀjw am{Xw P\-{]-
Xn-\n-[n-bmbncn¡p¶ hyàn¡v BPo-hm-\´ s]³j³ F¶Xv
XnI¨pw bpà-a-Ã. ASn-Øm\ hnZym-`ymk tbmKy-X, aÕ-c-¸-c o-£,
ap¸-Xp-hÀjs¯ tkh\w Ch-s bÃmw Ign-ªmÂ kÀ¡m-cp-tZym-K-
Ø\p e`n-¡p¶ s]³j³ CXp-ambn Xmc-Xayw AÀln-¡p-¶n-Ã.
724
5. X§sf hyàn-]-c-a mbn _m[n-¡m¯ Imcy-§-fnÂ¡q-Sn, s]mXp-I m-c y-

§-fnÂ¡qSn P\w Xmev] cyw {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-I. AanX kzmÀ°-X, hÀ¤o-
bX Ch ssIsh-Sn-bp-I, hnI-kn-X-cm-Py-§-fnÂ 80 iX-a m\w P\-§fpw
s]mXp-Im-cy-§-fnÂ \nÊw-KX ]peÀ¯p-¶p. AsÃ-¦nÂ 20 iX-am\w
am{Xta DuÀÖ-kz-e-a mbn cmjv{ So-b-I m-c y-§-fnÂ CS-s]-Sp-¶p-Åp-sh¶v
]T-\-§Ä km£y-s ¸-Sp-¯p-t¼mÄ \½psS \m«nÂ AXv 5 iX-a m\w
am{X-am-sW¶p Icp-Xp-¶-XnÂ sXänÃ F¶p tXm¶p-¶p. AXm-bXv 95
iX-a m-\hpw s]mXp-Im-cy-§-fnÂ DuÀÖ-kz-e-ambn CS-s ]-Sp-¶nÃ F¶v.
6. kzÀ®w, aZyw, A\m-h iy acp-¶p-I Ä (C¶p e`y-a mb acp-¶p-I -fnÂ 80
iX-a m-\hpw A\m-h iyacp-¶p-I-sf¶v A`n-{]mbw \ne-\ nÂ¡p-¶p.
BUw-_-cw, ]pI-hen F{Xbpw \nb-{ń-¡p-I . A§s\ k¼m-Zn-¡p¶
[\w A[n-I -ambn t\Sp¶ [\-¯n\v Xpey-a m-Wv.
7. F.-Un._n t]mepÅ hnhmZ hnj-b-§-fnÂ {]Xn-]£w FgpXn
\ÂIp¶ tNmZy-§Ä¡v `c-W-]£w adp-]Sn FgpXn \ÂIp-I, Zn\-] -{X-
§-fnÂ {]kn-²o-I-c n-¡p-I. A\m-hiy hmKzmZw Hgn-h m-¡p-I.
8. A´m-c mjv{S cmjv{Snb Ne-\-§Ä hni-I-e\w sNbvXv hne-bn-c p-¯p-I.

t_m[-h-Xv¡-c Ww \S-¯p-I .
9. Ahiy hn`m-K-§-fn-sem-g nsI I¼yq-«À hXvI-cWw \ncm-I-cn-¡p-I.
IqSp-XÂ sXmgn-e-h-k-c-§Ä krjvSn-¡p-I, anX-a mb thX\ hyh-Ø-I-
fn-t·Â.
10. s]³j³ {]mbw 50 B¡p-I. A[nIw P\-kw-Jy-bpÅ \½psS \m«nÂ
Ah-kcw IqSp-XÂ t]À¡v e`y-am-tI--Xp-v.
11. Agn-a-X nbpw ssI¡q-enbpw \nb-{ń-¡m³ IÀi-\-amb kwhn-[m-\ -§Ä
GÀs¸-Sp-¯p-I .
12. shÅ-t¡m-fÀ sXmgn-en-t\m-sS-¶ -t]mse aäp sXmgn-ep-I -tfmSpw B`n-
apJyw hfÀ¯p-¶-X n\v t_m[-h-XvI-c Ww \S-¯p-I .
I½yq-Wn-kväp-Imcpw hÀ¤o-b-Xbv¡v AXo-X-cm-bn-cp-

¶nÃ
amXr`qan 2001 Sept 30 Oct 8
aebmfn sat½m-dn-b-en-eqsS, D¯-c-h mZ `c-W-{]-t£m-`-¯n-eqsS Icp-

¯mÀÖn¨ hÀ¤o-b-hn-I mcw hntam-N\ {]Øm-\-¯nÂ hnPbw hcn¨p
F¶p am{Xw. I½yq-Wn-Ìp-Imcpw hÀ¤o-b-Xbv¡v AXo-X-cm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Ph-
lÀemÂ s\lvdphpw hn.-sI. IrjvW-ta-t\m\pw ,A[n-I mcw \ne-\ n-dp-¯p-I,
AXp hgn AXnsâ kpJ-ku-I-c y-§Ä A\p-`-hn-¡p-I, AXn-\p-thn GXp
iàn¡pw hg-§n-s¡m-Sp-¡pI AXp-X-s ¶-bmWv XXz-kw-ln-X-bpw.
725
1957 se a{ń k`-bnÂ hmb-\bpw Nn´bpw NÀ¨bpw ]T-\hpw

FÃmw ioe-am-¡n-b, _p²n ssh`-h -¯n\v t]cp-tI-«-h-c m-bn-cp¶p an¡-h-c pw.
AhÀ ]cn-jv¡m-c-§Ä \S-¸nÂh-c p-¯m³ \b-c-ln-X -amb thKX {]I-Sn-¸n-
¨Xv AXv`pXw Df-hm-¡p-¶p.
952 Â am{Xw ]mÀe-s aâdn hymtam-l-§Ä ]mÀ«n-bnÂ IS-¶p-]-äm³
XpS§n F¶Xpw hkvXp-X-IÄ¡v \nc-¡p-¶-X-Ã.
hntam-N\ ka-c-¯n-eqsS hfÀ¶p]´-en¨ t\Xm-¡-·m-cmWv
C¶s¯ apJy-a{ń F.-sI. Bâ-Wnbpw ]ns¶ hb-emÀ chn-bpw. hntZi
km¼-¯nI klm-b-¯nsâ t{kmXÊv Gähpw IqSp-XÂ hyà-a mbn Adn-
bp-¶Xpw Ah-cm-bn-cn¡pw. AXv shfn-s ¸-Sp-t¯-Xv Ah-c psS Npa-X -e-bp-
am-Wv.
bp.-Fkv Aw_m-k -UÀ Um\n-bÂ ]m{SnIv sambv\ n-lm³ . At±-l-
¯nsâ ]pkvXIw ‘F sUbv©-dkv s¹bvkv’ t]Pv 16 Â At±lw ]d-
bp¶p. “1973 apXÂ 1975 hsc cp hÀj-¡mew Rm³ Cý-bnÂ Bbn-cp-
¶p.” t]Pv 117 Â “Rm³ 6 amk-t¯mfw Cýbv¡ ]pd-¯ m-bn-cp-¶Xv
Fs¶ hfsc hn{i-am-h-Ø-bnÂ F¯n¨p” AÃmsX hntam-N\ ka-c-¡m-e-
¯-Ã.
726
KmÔn-h[w
tKmUvsk-bpsS ( LONE ASSASSIN ???? ) Ah-km-\ s¯ {]kvX m-h-\-bnÂ

\n¶v
`àn \nÀ`-c -amb {_mÒn¬ IpSpw-_-¯nÂ P\n-¨-X p-I m-c Ww lnµp-a -

Xw, lnµp-hnsâ Ncn-{Xw, lnµp kwkvI mcw F¶n-h-bnÂ Rm³ BIr-jvS-
\m-bn. hfÀ¶-t¸mÄ kzX-{ý Nn´-bnÂ XmXv]-c y-a m-bn. AÔ-h n-i zm-k-
§sf XÅn-¡-f-ªp. PmXn-s¡-Xn-c mb {]Øm-\-§-fnÂ ]¦p-sIm-p.
FÃm lnµp-¡fpw ka³am-sc-¶ Nn´ cqU-am-bn. hen-¸ -s¨-dp¸w \nÝ-bn-
t¡-Xv Ign-h ns\ B{i-bn-¨m-h Ww PmXnsb ASn-Ø m-\ -am-¡n-b n-« m-h-cp-Xv.
PmXnclnX kXvIm-c-§-fnÂ ]¦p-sIm-p.
ZmZm-`mbn \h-tdm-Pn, hnth-I m-\ -µ³, tKmJse, XneIv F¶n-h-cpsS
IrXn-IÄ, Cw¥-v, {^m³kv, Ata-c n¡, djy F¶o {]tZ-i-§-fpsS Ncn-
{Xw, tkmjy-en-kw, amÀIvknkw FÃmw ]Tn-¨p. F¶mÂ hoc kÀhÀ¡À,
KmÔnPn F¶n-h-cpsS IrXn-IÄ A[nIw XmXv]-cy-t¯msS ]Tn-¨p. Ch-cpsS
cp-t]-c p-sSbpw Bi-b-§Ä Fs¶ cq]-s ¸-Sp-¯n.
727
temI-]u-c³ F¶ \ne-bn-epw, cmPy-kvt\ln F¶ \ne-bnepw lnµp-

¡-sfbpw lnµp [À½-s ¯-bpw kwc-£n-t¡-Xv {]Ya IÀ¯-hy-ambn
Icp-Xn. 30 tImSn lnµp-¡-fpsS \ymb-amb Ah-Im-i-§Ä kwc-£n-¡p-¶-Xp-
hgn Cý-bpsS kzmX{ýhpw kpc-£n-X Xzhpw kwc-£n-¡-s¸Spw F¶v
F\n¡v hnizm-k-am-bn. CXn\v {]m]vXn-bpÅ GI kwL-S\ F¶ \ne-bnÂ
Rm³ lnµp kwL-¯n\v kzbw AÀ¸n-¨p.
KmÔn-Pn-bpsS kXyw, Alnwk F¶o kn²m-´-§Ä hfsc D¶-X-am-
sW-¦nepw Hcp kz]v\ w F¶ \ne-bnÂ am{Xta Ahsb ho£n-¡p-¶-Xn\v
km[n-¡p-I-bp-Åq. IS-¶p-I-b-äs¯ kmbp-[-a mbn t\cn-Sp-¶-XnÂ Rm³
A]m-IX ImWp-¶n-Ã. AXv aX-]-c-ambpw [mÀ½n-I-a m-b-X p-a mb Npa-X-e-
bmbn Rm³ ImWp-¶p. cma³ cmh-W-t\-bpw, Irjv¬ Iwk-t\bpw,
AÀÖp-\ ³ òjva -t\bpw h[n-¨Xv Fsâ Nn´¡v km[pX \ÂIp-¶p.
cma³, Irjv¬, AÀÖp-\³ F¶n-h-cpsS taÂ A{Iaw Btcm-]n-¡p-¶Xv
a\p-jy-{]-Ir-Xs¯ h©n-¡p-¶-X n\v kam-\ -sa¶v Rm³ Icp-Xp-¶p.
O{X]Xn inh-Pn-bpsS {]Xym-{I-aWamWv apÉow IS-¶p-I-b-äs¯ hnP-b-
I-c-a mbn XS-ª-Xv. A^vkÂJms\ Iogvs¸-Sp-t¯-Xv A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-cp-
¶p. inh-Pn, dmWm-{]-X m-]v, Kpcp-tKm-h nµv knwKv F¶n-hsc hgn-]n-g¨ cmPy-
kvt\-ln-I Ä F¶v Bt£-]n-¡p-¶Xv hgn KmÔnPn kzbw h©\ shfn-s ¸-
Sp-¯p-¶p. sshcp-²y-s a¶v tXm¶m-sa-¦n-epw, kXy-¯n-sâbpw Alnw-k-bp-
sSbpw t]cnÂ hnh-c-Wm-Xo-X-a mb {]t£m-`-§Ä cmPy-¯n-te¡v sImp-
h¶ A{I-a -Im-cn-bmb kam-[m\ hmZn-bmWv KmÔn-Pn. 32 hÀj-¡m-e-am-
bpÅ {]tIm-]-\-§Ä apÉow A\p-Iqe \ncm-lm-c-¯n-se-¯n-b-t¸mÄ
KmÔn-Pnsb DS-\ Sn CÃmbva sN¿p-¶-Xn\v Rm³ Xocp-a m-\n-¨p.
ku¯v B{^-¡-bnÂ Cým-¡m-cpsS Ah-Im-ihpw kpc-£nXXzhpw kwc-
£n-¡p-¶-Xn\v KmÔnPn {]b-Xv\n-¨n-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ Cý-bnÂ F¯n-t¨À¶-
t¸mÄ icnbpw sXäpw Xocp-a m-\ n-¡p-¶-Xn\v {]m]vX-\mb GI-hyàn Xm³
am{X-a m-s W¶ ]£-]m-X-]-c-amb Nn´-bnÂ At±lw F¯n-t¨À¶p. cmPy-
¯n\v At±l-¯nsâ t\XrXzw Bh-iy-sa-¦nÂ At±-l-¯nsâ t]mcm-bva -
Ifpw AwKo-I-c n-t¡-n-bn-cp¶p. AÃm¯]£w At±lw GI-\mbn kz´w
hgn-bnÂ bm{X XpS-c pw. C¯cw \ne-]m-Sns\ t\cn-Sm³ asämcp amÀ¤-hp-an-Ã.
FÃm-¯n-sâbpw, FÃm-t]-cp-sSbpw Ańa Xocp-am\w At±-l-¯ nsâ B{K-
l-{]-Im-c-a m-bn-c p-¶p. \nÊ-l-I -cW {]Øm-\ -¯nsâ X{´-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw
At±-l-¯ n-\-ÃmsX aämÀ¡pw Adn-bn-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. Ft¸mÄ XpS-§Ww,
Ft¸mÄ ]n³am-dWw F¶pw At±-l-¯n\p am{Xta Adn-bp-I -bp-Åq.
]eÀ¡pw At±-l-¯ nsâ cmjv{Sobw bpàn `{Z-aÃ F¶ Nn´-bp-m-bn-cp-
¶p. F¶mÂ tIm¬{KÊv hn«p-t]m-h pI AsÃ-¦nÂ Ah-c psS _p²nsb
At±-l-¯ nsâ ImÂ¡Â ASn-bdsh¡p-I, F¶o amÀ¤w am{Xta ap¶n-ep-
m-bn-c p-¶p-Åq. Cý-bnÂ h¶ kab¯v lnµn-tbmSv A[nIw XmXv]-cy-ap-
m-bn-c p¶ KmÔn- apÉo§Ä¡v lnµn-tbmSv XmXv]-c y-a nÃ F¶v a-\-
Ênem¡n . AhÀ¡v XmXv] -cy-ap-m-bn-c p¶ lnµp-Ø m-\ n-bpsS hI-vX -mhm-
728
bn. hymI-c -Whpw ]Z-k-¼-¯p-an-Ãm-¯ , kwkm-c n-¡p-¶-Xn\p am{Xw D]-tbm-

Kn-¡p-¶ -Xm-bn-cp¶p lnµp-Øm\n `mj. lnµn-bp-sSbpw Ddp-Zp-hn-tâbpw k¦-
c-k´m\-a m-bn-cp¶p AXv. alm-ß-bv¡p-t]mepw AXns\ s]mXp-k-½-X-am-¡p-
¶-Xn\v km[n-¨n-Ã. apÉo-§-fpsS {]oXn k¼m-Zn-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn lnµp-
Øm\n am{X-am-bn-cn-¡Ww cmjv{S-`m-j F¶v At±lw Xocp-a m-\ n-¨p. At±-l-
¯nsâ FÃm ]co-£-W-§fpw lnµp-¡-fpsS sNe-hn-em-bn-cp-¶p. 1946 apXÂ
apÉow eoKnsâ kzIm-c y-tk\ lnµp-¡sf sIms¶m-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\v Bcw-`n-¨p.
A¶s¯ ssht{kmbn shbvhÂ {]`p AtX-¡p-dn¨v hymIp-e-\ m-bn-c p-s ¶-
¦nepw 1935 se Cým-K-h ¬saâv, \nb-a-{]-Imcw _emÂkw-K-hpw,
sImÅbpw, sIme-] m-X -Ihpw XS-bm³ H¶pw Xs¶ sNbvXn-Ã. _wKmÄ
apXÂ Idm-¨n-hsc lnµp-càw Hgp-In. lnµp-¡fpw \ma-am-{X-amb coXn-bnÂ
{]Xn-I-c n-¨p. sk]vXw-_dnÂ \ne-hnÂ h¶ CS-¡me Kh¬saâns\
XpS¡w apXÂ Xs¶ apÉow-eoKv AwK-§Ä A«n-a-dn-¨ p. AhÀ F{X-t¯mfw
h©-\bpw hnt[-b-X z-a n-Ãm-bvabpw Kh¬saân-t\mSv {]I-Sn-¸ n-¨ p AX-\p-k-
cn¨v KmÔn-Pn¡v Ah-tcmSv A`n-\n-thiw hÀ²n-¡p-I-bmWv Dm-b-Xv.
s]mXp-k-½ Xw sImp-h -cp-¶-Xn\v shbvhÂ {]`p-hn\v km[n-¡m-¯Xp
ImcWw auv_m-ä³ {]`p Øm\w Gsä-Sp-¯p. tZio-b-Xbpw tkmjy-en-
khpw {]tLm-jn-¨n-c p¶ tIm¬{KÊv _b-W-änsâ aq¶nÂ Pn¶¡v Iogvs ¸-
Sp-I bpw ]m¡n-Øm³ F¶ Bi-b-¯n\v Iogvs ¸-Sp-I bpw sNbvX p. 1947
BKkväv 15 apXÂ Cý hn`-Pn-X -am-bn, Cý-bpsS ap¶nÂ Hcp `mKw A¶p-
ap-XÂ hntZ-i-a m-bn. Cu cmPyw I-XnÂ Gähpw {]K-Û-\ mb ssht{km-
bn, KhÀ®À P\-dÂ F¶n-§s\ tIm¬{KÊv hr¯-§-fnÂ auv_m-
äs\¡p-dn¨v A`n-{]m-b-ap-m-bn-cp-¶p. 1948 Pq¬ 30 A[n-I m-c -ssI-am-ä-¯n\v
\nÝ-bn-¨n-c p¶ Znh-k-a m-bn-cp-¶p. auv_m-ä¬ Xsâ \nIr-jvS-amb ikv{X-
{Inb hgn AXv 10 amkw apt¼ {]mhÀ¯n-I -am-¡n. 30 hÀjs¯ tNmZyw
sN¿-s¸-Sm¯ GIm-[n-]Xyw hgn KmÔnPn t\Sn-b-X v, tIm¬{K-Êp-ImÀ
kzmX{ýw F¶pw A[n-Im-c-s s¡-a mäw F¶pw hnfn-¡p-¶Xpw CXn-s \-bm-
Wv. lnµp-þ-apÉow sFIyw F¶ Ipanf s]m«n. s\lvdp-hn-tâbpw Iq«-cp-
tSbpw H¯m-i-tbmsS aXm-[ n-jvTnX {]tZiw \ne-hnÂ h¶p. AhÀ AXns\
XymK-¯n-eqsS t\Sn-bXv F¶ a«nÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. BcpsS XymKw?
\½Ä Bcm-[n-t¡-p¶ ssZh-s a-t¶mWw In-c p¶ cmjv{Ss¯ KmÔn--
bpsS k½Xt¯msS D¶ X-cmb t\Xm¡³amÀ hen-¨pIodnbt¸mÄ
F¶nÂ \nb-{´-Wm-Xo-X-a mb hntZzjw \nd-ªp-I-h n-ªp.
KmÔn-Pn-bpsS \ncm-lmcw Ah-km-\ n-¸ n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-Å \n_-Ô-\ I
- -fn-
sem¶v UÂln-bnse ]Ån-I-fnÂ X§n-bn-cp¶ lnµp A`-bmÀ°nIsf
kw_-Ôn-¡p-¶-X m-bn-c p-¶p. F¶mÂ ]m¡n-Øm-\nse lnµp-¡Ä òI-c -
amb B{I-a -W§Ä¡v hnt[-b-c m-b-t¸mÄ ]m¡n-Øm³ kÀ¡m-cn-s \-Xn-tc-
tbm, apÉo-§Äs¡-Xn-tctbm Hc-£cw t]mepw Dcn-bm-Sp-¶-Xn\v KmÔnPn
X¿m-dm-bn-Ã. apÉo-§-fpsS ]pd¯v Fs´¦nepw \n_-Ô-\-I Ä sI«n-
tbÂ¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn KmÔn \ncm-lmcw Bcw-`n-¨ mÂ, GsX-¦ nepw
Hcp apÉow F¦nepw KmÔn-Pn-bpsS \ncm-lmcw At±-l-¯nsâ ac-W-¯nÂ
729
Iem-in-¨mÂ Zp:Jw {]I-Sn-¸ n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-m-hn-Ã F¶p a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶-

Xn\pw th Ipim-{K-_p²n KmÔn-¡p- m-bn-cp-¶p. AXp-sImp A¯cw
\ncm-lmcw KmÔn Hgn-h m-¡n-bn-cp-¶p. Pn¶ AÂ]-sa-¦nepw Akz-Ø-\m-
hnÃ F¶pw, apÉow eoKv KmÔn-bpsS DÄhn-fn¡v AÂ]-sa-¦nepw hne
\ÂIp-I-bnÃ F¶pw A\p-`-h-§Ä sXfn-bn-¨-Xm-Wv.
KmÔnsb cmjv{S-]n-X m-s h¶p Icp-Xp-¶p. cmjv{S-¯ nsâ hn`-P-\-
¯n\v Iq«p-\nÂ¡pI hgn ]nXm-hnsâ [À½-¯nÂ ]cm-P-b-s¸-«-tXm-s Sm¸w
cmjv{S-t¯mSv h©-\m-]-c-a mbn s]cp-am-dp-Ibpw sNbvXp. At±lw ]m¡n-
Ømsâ cmjv{ S-]n-X m-hm-sW¶v sXfn-bn-¨p. Pn¶-bpsS Dcp¡v a\-Ên-\p-ap-
¶nÂ At±-l-¯nsâ DÄhn-fn, B²ym-ßnI iàn, Alnwkm kn²m´w
FÃmw XIÀ¶p.
KmÔn-sb h[n-¡p-I-sb-¶mÂ Poh-t\-¡m-tfsd hne-a -Xn-¡p¶ A`n-
am\w \jvS-s¸SpI, P\-§-fpsS hntcm-[w, Fsâ ]qÀ®-a mb XIÀ¨ CsX-
Ãm-am-bn-cn-¡p-s a¶v Rm³ hn`m-h\w sNbvXp. AtX kabw KmÔn-bn-Ãm¯
Cý³ cmjv{Snbw {]mtbm-Kn-Ihpw {]Xn-I-c n-¡m³ {]m]vX-hpw, kmbp-[-i -
àn-bmÂ Icp-¯mÀ¶Xpw Bbn-cn¡pw F¶v Rm³ Icp-X n. Fsâ `mhn
]qÀ®-a mbpw XIcpw F¶v F\n¡v a\-Ên-em-bn. F¶mÂ Cý ]m¡n-
Ømsâ IS-¶p-I-b-ä-¯nÂ \n¶pw kwc-£n-¡-s¸-Spw. P\-§Ä Fs¶
_p²n-bn-Ã m-¯-h-s \¶pw aT-b-s\¶pw Hs¡ hnfn-s ¨-¶n-cn-¡pw. F¶mÂ
D¶-X-a mb cmPyw sI«n-¸ -Sp-¡p-¶-X n\v th kzmX{ýw cmPy-¯n\v Dm-
bn-cn-¡pw. ]qÀ®-ambpw Nnń-¨p-d-¸ n-¨ -Xn\ptijw Rm³ ss[cyw
DÄs¡mv 1948 P\p-hcn 30 \v KmÔn-Pn-bpsS taÂ \nd-sbm-g n-¨p, _nÀem-
lu-knse {]mÀ°\m ssaXm-\n-bnÂ h¨v.
KmÔn-h[w : hkvXpX-IÄ
(Nq-\ n-`mbn sshZy)
KmÔn-bpsS LmX-I \pw Iq«cpw h[-¯ns\ \ymbo-I-c n-¡p-¶-X n\v B{i-bn-
¡p¶ hmZ-K -Xn-IÄ.
1.-a p-Éo-§Ä¡v {]tXyI cmPyw F¶pÅ Bi-b-¯ns\ KmÔnPn ]n³Xm-
§n. HcÀ°-¯nÂ ]m¡n-Øm³ cq]o-I-c -W-¯n\v KmÔn-Pn-bmWv Imc-W-
¡m-c ³.
2.-Im-iva o-c nse IS-¶m-{I-a-Ws¯ hI-s h-¡msX, 55 tImSn cq] ]m¡n-
Øm\v \ÂIp-¶-Xn-te-¡mbn KmÔnPn \ncm-lmcw A\p-jvTn-¨p.
3. KmÔn-Pn-bpsS {]oXn-s ¸-Sp-¯Â \b-a mWv apÉo-§-fpsS B{I-aW {]h-
W-X¡v hf-a m-b-X v.
bmYm-kvXnI apÉo-§sf kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw KmÔnPn Hcp lnµp-
t\-X m-h pw, ]m¡n-Ømsâ krjvSn¡v FXn-cp-\n¶ ]£-] m-Xn-bp-a m-Wv.
730
F¶mÂ lnµp-¡Ä Ah-cpsS taepÅ B{I-a-W§Ä¡v {]Xn-I-c n-¡p-hm³

Ah-kcw \ntj-[n-¡p¶ XS-Ê -ambn KmÔn-Pnsb Ip.
KmÔn-h[w Zim-_vZ -§-fmbn \S-¶p-h-cp¶ {Ia-a mb akvXnjvI {]£m-
f-\-¯nsâ ]cn-Wn-X-^-e-am-Wv. 1934 apXÂ 14 hÀj-¯n-\ n-Sbv¡v 5 XhW
At±-ls¯ h[n-¡p-¶ -X n\v {iaw \S-¶p. 30.1.1948 Â tKmUvsk-bpsS {iaw
hnPbw Ip. (1) 1934 (2) Pqsse, sk]vX w-_À 1944 (3) sk]vXw-_À, 1946
(4) 1948 P\p-hcn 20. tKmUvsk- ap³]v \S¶ cv {ia-§-fnÂ ]¦p-sIm-n-
cp-¶p. At¸m-s gm¶pw hn`-P-\-t¯-¡p-dn-t¨m, 55 tImSn-bpsS {]iv\-s ¯-¡p-
dnt¨m Ipg-¸-§Ä \ne-hn-en-Ãm-bn-c p-¶p. KmÔnPn NÀ¨¡v hnfn-¨p.
tKmUvsk sNhn-s¡m-n-cp-¶n-Ã. ]m¡n-Ømsâ krjvSn¡v apÉow F¶-Xp-
t]mse lnµphpw Imc-W-¡m-cmWv. ]c-kv]c Ahn-i zmkw Ccp-h n-`m-K-§-fn-
ep-apÅ Xo{h-hm-Z-¡msc {]tXyI cmjv{Sw F¶ Bi-b-¯n-te¡v \bn-¨p.
hÀ¤ob el-f-¡pÅ GI-t]mw-hgn F¶ \ne-bnÂ, Ccp hn`m-K-§-fn-ep-
apÅ \n£n]vX XmXv]-cy-¡mÀ hn`m-Ko-bX Cf¡n-h n-«p. AXn\v AhÀ
Ncn{Xw ZpÀhym-J ym\w sNbvXp. C¶pw A¯cw a\-:ØnXn \ne-\nÂ¡p-
¶p.
“FÃm cmjv{S-§-fnepw sa¨-s ¸«Xv \½psS lnµp-Øm³” F¶ Ihn-
Xsbgp-Xnb Ihn apl-½Zv 1930 Â BZy-a mbn apÉo-an\v {]tXyI cmjv{Sw
F¶ Bibw cq]o-I-cn-¨ p. lnµp Xo{h-hm-Zn-IÄ¡v AXnÂ Imcy-amb ]¦p-
m-bn-c p-¶p.
khmÀ¡À 1937 se {]kw-K-¯nÂ ]d-ªp, Cýsb Hä cmjv{Sw
F¶p Icp-Xp-¶Xv icn-b-Ã. AXn-\p-ÅnÂ cp cmjv{Sw \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶p.
lnµp-h pw, apÉo-a pw.
(Vol.6 page 296 Maharashtra Prantiya Hindumaha Sabha, Pune – Veer
Savarkar)
1945 Â khÀ¡À ]d-ªp, Pn¶-bpsS Zzncmjv{S kn²m-´-t¯mSv
FXnÀ¸n-Ã. \½Ä lnµp-¡Ä \½nÂ Xs¶ Hcp cmjv{S-a mWv. apÉo-§fpw
lnµp-¡fpw cv cmjv{S-s a-¶Xv Ncn{X hkvXp-X -bm-Wv.
(Indian Educational Register 1943 Vol 2 Page 10)
CXn\v LSI hncp-²-s a-t¶mWw, KmÔnPn F¶pw GI-c m-jv{S-¯nsâ
hàm-hm-bn-cp-¶p. hn`-P-\-¯n-t\-¡mÄ At±lw kz´w acWw Ic-Wo-b-
sa¶v hne-bn-c p-¯n. hn`-P-\ w A\n-hm-cy-sa¶p I KmÔnPn acWw hsc
\ncm-lmcw A\p-jvSn-¡p-¶-Xn\v Xocp-am-\-s a-Sp-¯p. \ne-h n-epÅ hkvXp-¡-
fpsS {]mtbm-Kn-IX hne-bn-cp-¯n-b-Xn-\p-tijw At±lw ]n³am-dn.
731
{][m\ tNmZyw hn`-P-\-¯n\v t\XrXzw \ÂInb Pn¶sb Hgn-h m¡n

F´p-s Imv tKmUvs k, hn`-P-\-¯n\v XnI¨pw FXn-cm-bn-c p¶ KmÔn-
Pnsb am{Xw sXc-s ª-Sp¯p F¶XmWv. Hcp ]t£ sXm«p-Iq-Sm-¯-hcpw
aäp-a mbn an{i-t`m-P-\-hpw, A¯-c -¡m-c psS hnhmlw BinÀh-Zn-¡p-¶-Xn-
\pÅ k¶-²-Xbpw Hs¡ khÀ® lnµp-¡-fpsS hntcm-[-¯ n\v Imc-W-am-
bn-cn-¡mw.
55 tImSn cq], hn`-P\ ka-b¯v F¯n-t¨À¶ k½-X-{]-Imcw ]m¡n-
Øm\v \ÂIm-sa-t¶-än-c p¶ 75 tImSn-bnÂ 20 tImSn \ÂIn-b-XnÂ an¨-am-
bn-cp-¶p. ]m¡n-Ø m³sâ H¯m-i-tbmsS Imivao-cnÂ hnL-S-\-h m-Zn-IÄ
krjvSn¨ {]iv\ s¯ XpSÀ¶v Cým kÀ¡mÀ AXv ]nSn-¨-p-sh-¡Ww
F¶v Xocp-a m-\ n-¡p-Ibpw auv_m-äsâ At]-£-{]-Im-cw, I®n\p I®v
F¶ XXzw Bh-iy-anÃ F¶pw hmKvZm\w ]men-¡Ww F¶pw KmÔn A`n-
{]m-b-s ¸-«p.
]m¡n-Øm-\ nse sImÅbpw sImebpw _emÂkw-Khpw A[n-I-c n-¨-
Xp-Im-c Ww AhnsS \n¶v lnµp-¡Ä Cý-bn-te¡v Iq«-{]-bmWw \S-¯n.
CXv kvt^mS-I m-ß-I-a mb A´-c o£w krjvSn-¨ p. CtX A\p-`hw UÂln-
bnÂ hkn-¨ n-cp¶ apÉo-§Ä¡pw Dm-bXv {]£p-_v[-Xbv¡v Imc-W-am-bn.
Cu kml-N-cy-§Ä¡n-S-bnÂ 55 tImSn cq] Cým-kÀ¡mÀ A\p-h-Zn-¨ Xv
KmÔn hnaÀi-IÀ¡v Bbp-[-a m-bn.
P\p: 12 \pw 13 \pw KmÔnPn \S¯nb {]Øm-\-h-\ -bntem, 15 \v KmÔn-Pn-
tbmSv \ncm-lmc hrX-¯nsâ Dt±-iy-s a´v F¶ tNmZy-¯ n\v \ÂInb D¯-
c-¯n-tem, Cým-kÀ¡m-cnsâ {]Øm-h-\-bn-tem, tUm. cmtP-{µ-{]-km-Zv,
KmÔn-Pn-bpsS \ncm-lm-c -hrXw Ah-km-\n-¸n-¡p-¶-X n\p thn \ÂInb
hmKvZm-\-§-fntem H¶pw Xs¶ 55 tImSn cq]-bpsS Imcyw IS-¶p-h-cp-¶-tX-
bn-Ã. KmÔnPn tZiob cmjv{So-b-¯nÂ hcp-¶-Xn\v apt¶-Xs¶ _meKwKm-
[À Xne-Iv, B\n_kâv, Pn¶ F¶n-h À F¯n-t¨À¶ Xocp-am-\-{]-Imcw
apÉo-§Ä¡v Ah-cpsS P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-X-¯ n\v D]-c n-bmb {]m[n\nXyw
hmKvZm\w \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶p. tZiob {]t£m-`-¯nÂ apÉo-§sf ]s¦-Sp-¸n-
¡p-¶-X n-\ p-t±-i n-¨ -Xm-bn-c p¶p AXv. KmÔnPn apÉow {]oW\w Bcw-`n¨p
F¶p-ÅXv AXn-\mÂ Xs¶ ASn-Ø m\ cln-X -am-Wv. KmÔn-P n-bpsS h[w
aX-] -c-a mb [À½w F¶v hymJym-\ n-¡p-¶Xv h[-¯n-t\-¡mÄ \nIr-jvS-amb
IrXy-a mWv.
ssh.-Un.-^mUvsI cNn¨ \mYq-cm-am-b-¬ F¶ ]pkvX-I -¯nÂ \n¶v.
{]Zo]v ZmÂhn-bpsS Ncn-{X-¯nsâ ZpÀhym-Jym\w sN¿p¶ \mSIw
“Rm³ \mYqdmw kwkm-c n-¡p¶p” F¶ ]pkvX-I-s ¯-¡p-dn-¨ pw.
ap³]v \ntcm-[n-¡-s ¸« ]pkvXIw ]pXnb A[n-Im-c -¯n\p IognÂ
XnI¨pw kzoIm-c y-a m-bn. \mYq-dm-ans\ cà-km£n F¶ \ne-bnÂ DbÀ¯n-
¡m-«p-¶-X n-\ pÅ {ia-¯nsâ `mK-a m-Wv. KmV-amb hmb-\ bpw Nn´bpw
732
ioe-an-Ãm¯ km[m-cW P\-¯ns\ hgn-sX-än-¡p-¶-X n-\pÅ hgn-bm-W-Xv.

tKm]mÂ tKmUvsk-bpsS cp ]pkvX-I-§sf B[m-c-a m¡n cNn-¨-XmWv
AXv. tKmUvsk-bpsS ]pkvXIw AkXyw {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ
]d-bp¶ t]meokv Hmô-kÀ kmh-´vs\-¡p-dn-¨pÅ At\z-jWw \mcm-b-
W-dmhp kmh´v F¶ 84 Imc-\ mb apwss_-bnÂ Xma-kn-¡p¶ dn«-tbÀUv
t]meokv Hmô-kdnÂ sN¶p tNÀ¶p. F\n¡v kpJ-an-Ãm-¯-Xn-\ mÂ
At±lw Fs¶ h¶p Ip. B]vsX, IÀImsd F¶n-h-c psS Ad-Ìp-a p-XÂ
At±lw _Ô-s ¸-«n-cp¶p. {]Xojv \ń Fw.-]nbv¡p \ÂInb A`n-ap-J-
¯nÂ , KmÔnPn Aa-c-\ mWv F¶mÂ KmÔn-ks¯ \in¸n-¡m-\mhpw
F¶p tKmUvs k ]d-ªp, \mS-I -¯nÂ \mYpdmw ]d-bp-¶-Xv-þ-Km-Ônsb
\in-¸n-¡m-\mhpw F¶mÂ KmÔn-ks¯ \in-¸n-¡p-¶Xv Akm-²y-amWv þ
F¶m-Wv.
sshcp-²y-¯n\v ImcWw F´m-Wv.
\mS-I-¯nÂ 3 t]meokv Hmô-kÀamsc¡pdn¨v ]cm-aÀi-ap-v. AÀÖp³
Zmkv, sjbvJv, kmh-´v.
(P-Ìnkv I]qÀ I½o-j³)
{]tXyI At\z-jW DtZym-K-Ø-\ mbn PmwjZv \mKÀhme \nb-an-X-\m-bn.

\mcm-b-W-dmhp kmh´v kl DtZym-K-Ø³am-cnÂ Hcp-h \pw. ( The Men
Who Killed Gandhi – By at\mlÀ aÂKm-thm³IÀ )
Xm³ aäm-c psSbpw klm-b-a n-ÃmsX, X\nsb Xocp-am-\n-¨p-d¨p {]hÀ¯n-
¨mWv KmÔn-h[w F¶v \mYqdmw tImS-Xnsb hniz-kn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v {ian¨p
F¦nepw ]cm-Pn-X -\mbn. {]tXyI PUvPn Bßm-N-c¬, ]©m_v ssltIm-
SXn PUvPn-a mÀ AOvdp-dmw, `WvUm-c n, tKm]mÂ Zmkv tJmkvs e Bcpw
Xs¶ B hmZw AwKo-I-cn-¨n-Ã.
\mYqdmw, B]vsX F¶n-hsc Xq¡n-te-äWw F¶ Imcy-¯nÂ AhÀ
GI am\-k-cm-bn-cp-¶p. tJmkve Fgp-Xp-¶p-þ-\m-Yqdmw tKmUvs k, \mcm-
b¬ B]vs X F¶o {]m[m-\ n-I -tfm-s Sm¸w IÀIm-sd, aZ³emÂ, tKm]mÂ
tKmUvsk F¶n-hÀ KqUm-tem-N\ BZyw \ntj-[ n¨p F¦nepw ]n¶oSv
k½-Xn-¡p-I-bm-Wp- m-b-Xv. The Murder of the Mahathma 1963
tKmUvsk-bpsS hoc-\ m-b-I ³amÀ dmWm-{]-Xm-]v, inh-Pn, Kpcp-tKm-hnµv
knwKv, {iocm-a ³, IrjvW³, AÀÖp-\³ Bcpw Xs¶ \ncm-bp-[-\mb
htbm-hr-²s\ h[n-¨-Xmbn Adn-bnÃ.
tKm]mÂ tKmUvsk, tUm. Z¯-t{Xb kZm-inhv ]mÀNqsc F¶n-
hÀ¡pthn lmP-cmb h¡oÂ ]n. FÂ. C\mw-ZÀ ]d-bp-¶p.
733
hnNm-c W ka-b¯v Hcn-¡epw Xs¶ khmÀIÀ Xsâ CSXp `mK-¯n-

cn-¡p¶ \mYq-dm-a ns\ t\m¡p-I-t]m-ep-a p- m-bn-Ã. kwkm-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-s\-¡p-
dn¨v ad-t¶-¡mw. Xsâ kao-]¯v Bsc-¦nepw DÅ-`mhw t]mep-a n-Ãm¯
inem-ap-J-hp-ambn khmÀIÀ Xsâ Ccn-¸ n-S-¯ nÂ Ccn-¡p-¶p- m-b n-c p-¶p.
Hcp ]t£ KmÔn-h-[-hp-a mbn X\n¡v bmsXm-cp-hn[ _Ô-h p-a nÃ
F¶p hcp-¯n-XoÀ¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ {ia-am-bn-cp-¶n-cn-¡mw.
sNt¦m-«-bnse Pbn-enÂ h¨vt]mepw khÀIÀ, \mYq-dm-an-t\mSv
kwkm-cn-¨n-«n-Ã. AtX-¡p-dn¨v \mYqdmw hfsc at\m-th-Z\ A\p-`-hn-¨n-cp-
¶p. khÀI-dnsâ kv] Ài-\ -¯n-\ p-th-n, Zb-tbm-sS-bpÅ t\m«-¯n\p
thn \mYqdmw A[nIw B{K-ln-¨ n-c p-¶p.
( The Story of the Trial in the Red Fort By P. L.Inamdar 1976 )
PÌnkv tJmkvs e ]dbp-¶p.
Ah-km\ \mfp-I-fnÂ C\n-s bm-c-h-kcw e`y-am-bm-Â kam-[m-\hpw
kulmÀ±hpw ]peÀ¯p-¶-X n\v Xsâ PohnXw \o¡n-sh-¡Ww F¶v
\mYqdmw B{K-ln-¨n-cp-¶p.
55 tImSn cq]-bpsS Imcyw tKmUvsk {][m-\-Im-c-W-a mbn ]d-bp-¶p-

s-¦nepw 1948 P\p-hcn 13 \v KmÔnPn \ncm-lmcw Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-X n\v Ipd-
ªXv 6 amkw ap³s]-¦ nepw KmÔn-Pnsb h[n-¡p-¶-Xn\v tKmUvsk ]²-
Xnbn«n-cp¶p F¶v I]qÀ I½o-j³ hyà-a m-¡p-¶p. kzImcy kw`m-j-W-
§-fnepw kt½-f-\-§-fnepw tKmUvs k AXv {]I-Sn-¸n-¨n-cp¶p F¶pw.
1964 HIvtSm-_À, IÀIm-s d, aZ³emÂ, tKm]mÂ tKmUvsk F¶n-hsc
hn«-b-¨ p. AXn-t\m-S-\p-_-Ôn¨v \S¶ kXy-hn-\m-bIv ]qP kµÀ`-¯nÂ
“Xcp¬`m-cXv” FUnäÀ Pn. hn. tIXvImÀ 200 Hmfw t]cpsS km¶n-²y-
¯nÂ ]d-bp-I -bp-m-bn. “KmÔn-Pn-bpsS h[-¯n\pw 3 amk-¯ n\p ap³]v
\mYpdmw KmÔn-P nsb h[n-¡-W-sa¶ Xsâ B{Klw {]I-Sn-¸n-¨p.”
(The Report of the Commission of Enquiry into the Conspiracy to Murder

Mahathma Gandhi part 1 Page 6)
1947 October : PqssebnÂ \mYqdmw sNbvX {]Øm-h-\-s b-¡p-dn¨v
tIXvImÀ HmÀ½n-¸n-¨-t¸mÄ KmÔnsb h[n-¡Ww F¶p-X-s ¶-bmWv Xocp-
am\w F¶v tKmUvsk ]d-bp-I-bp-m-bn. ]n³Xn-cn-¸n-¡m³ {ian¨p
F¦nepw ê-h-¯m-bn-Ã. (I-]qÀ I½o-j³)
tIXvIm-dn-s\-¡p-dn¨v I]qÀ I½o-j³ F¯n-t¨À¶ \nK-a-\-§Ä
734
1. 1947 Â Xs¶ KmÔn-P n-bpsS Poh³ A]-I-S-¯n-s e¶v tIXvIm-dn\v Adn-

hp-m-bn-cp-¶p.
2. 1948 P\p-hcn 23 t\mS-Sp¯v _mZvs K-bp-a m-bpÅ kw`m-j-¯nÂ \n¶v
KmÔn-h-[-¯n-\pÅ \mYq-dm-ansâ KqVm-tem-N-\ -sb-¡p-dn¨v tIXvI-dn\v Adn-
bp-am-bn-cp-¶p.
3. _mZvs K-s b-¡m-Wp-¶-Xp-hsc _mZvs Kbpw B]vsXbpw DÄs¸-«n-c p¶p
F¶-dn-bnÃ F¦nepw 1947 Â Xs¶ \mYqdmw A§ns\ B{Klw DÄs¡m-
n-c p¶p F¶v Adn-hp-m-bn-c p-¶p.
hn`-P-\-¯n\p ap³]v Cý³ dnkÀÆv _m¦n-ep-m-bn-c p¶ 375 tImSn cq]-
bpsS ]m¡n-Ømsâ hoXw 75 tImSnbpsS 20 tImSn sImSp-¯p-I-g n-ªn-
«pÅ XpI-bm-bn-c p¶p 55 tImSn cq]. ]m¡n-Ø m³ Kh¬saânsâ Ah-Im-
i-am-bn-cp¶p AXv.
]e hyàn-Ifpw AP-R-X-a qew Zm\w, k½m\w Fs¶ms¡ AXns\
hymJym-\n-¨n-cp-¶p. AXv ]e-h n[ Bi-b-¡p-g-¸-§Ä¡pw Imc-W-a m-bn.
]t«epw s\lvdphpw tNÀs¶-Sp¯ Xocp-am\w \nb-am-\p-kr-X-am-bn-cp-¶p.
KmÔnPn BZym-h -km\w apÉow-{]o-W\w Ah-ew-_n-¨n-c p-¶p F¶v hymJym-
\n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. KmÔn-Pn-bp-s S, lnµp-Ø msâ Ccp-`m-K¯pw \S-¡p¶ B{I-
a-§Ä¡v {][m-\-ambpw apÉow-eoKv Xs¶-bmWv Imc-W-¡mÀ F¶ {]kvXm-
h-tbmSv skmslbv_v Jptdjn {]Xn-tj[w {]I-Sn-¸n-¨-t¸mÄ Ccp cmPy-§-
fn-tebpw apÉo-§Ä¡v CjvS-am-bmepw CsÃ-¦nepw kXyw {]I-Sn-¸n-
¡p¶XnÂ \n¶pw ]n³am-dp-I-bnÃ F¶-X m-bn-cp¶ KmÔn-Pn-bpsS adp-] -Sn.
735
tImw Ah-t_m[w
kuc-bp-Y -¯nsâ kz`mh \nÀW-b-¯nÂ a\pjy a\Êv {]I-S-amb

kzm[o\w sNep-¯p¶p F¶v Izmw _e-X{´w DZvtLm-jn-¡p¶p F¶-
XmWv Ct¸mÄ hn]p-e-ambn {]Nm-c-¯n-en-cn-¡p¶ sI«p-I-Y. CXnsâ {]apJ
{]Nm-c-I-\ mb tdm_À«v em³km ]d-bp-¶p. “\nehn-en-cn-¡p¶ Izmw _e-
X-{´-¯nsâ kn²m-´-§-fpsS Imgv¨-¸m-SnÂ “\½-s f-¡mÄ hfsc ià-
amb Ah-t_m-[-¯nsâ £W-a m-{X-a mb LS-I -§-fmWv \½sf-Ãmw.” `qan-
bnÂ Pohn-¨n-c n-¡p¶ Hmtcm a\p-jy-tâbpw a\Êv XoÀ¯pw ]c-kv]cw
_Ô-s ¸-«n-c n-¡p¶p . \ne-hn-epÅ FÃm a\-Ên-s âbpw Hcp `mKw F¶
\nen-bnÂ.
CXv a\-Ênsâ Ne\w (Mind Walk) F¶ kn\n-a-bnÂ ]pXnb Ime-L-
«-¯nsâ Kpcp F¶v hnti-jn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ “{^nävtPm^v Im{]” bpsS
Bib-§-tfmSv kmay-a p-Å-Xm-Wv. alÀjn atljv tbmKn {]tLm-jn-¡p¶
{]IrXnt_m[-hp-a mbn kam-\-a m-Wv. em³km-s b-t¸mse Xs¶ Cu BNm-cy-
amcpw B[p-\nI ùXoIimkv{Xs¯ Ah-cpsS B[n-Im-cnI imkv{X-ambn
FSp¯p Im«p-¶p. alÀjn , {]IrXn Ah-t_m-[-t¯bpw IWnIm
736
ùXoIimkv{X-¯nse hn]p-e-amb GIo-I-c n-¡-s¸« aWvUe-t¯bpw ]c-

kv]-c-_-Ô-a p-ÅXv F¶-a-«nÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. alÀjn bqWn-th-gvkn-än-
bnse Izmw ùXoI imkv{XPR³ tPm¬ slK-en³, Ignª {]kn-
Uv sXc-s ª-Sp-¸ nse \m¨p-dÂ em ]mÀ«n-bpsS Øm\mÀ°n Ft¸mgpw
Izmw Ah-t_m-[-s¯-¡p-dn¨v kwkm-c n-¡mdp-mbncp¶p . em³km-
bpsS hymJym\w Izmw _e-X{´w ]d-bp¶v Fs´-¶mÂ kI-e-a m\ a\p-
jy-c p-s Sbpw a\Êpw Hcp a\-ÊnÂ H¶p tNÀ¶n-c n-¡p¶p F¶pw. kuc-bp-
Y-¯nse {]Xn-`m-k-§-fmb Ce-Ivt{Sm¬kv, t^mt«m¬kv D]-{K-l-§Ä
FÃmw a\-Ênsâ Xe-¯nÂ HgpIn \S-¡p¶p F¶pw AXns\ ]cn-a n-X-amb
Øe-¯ntem Ime-¯nse HXp¡n \nÀ¯p-h³ BhnÃ F¶p-am-Wv.
]c-¼-c m-KX sI«p-I -Y-IÄ {]`-h³am-cmb t\Xm-¡³am-s cbpw {KÙ-
§-tfbpw D²-c n-¡p-t¼mÄ Izmw _e-X{´w sI«p-IY B[p-\nI imkv{X-
¯nsâ Gähpw \qX-\-amb Adn-hp-I-fnÂ A[njvTnX-a m-s W¶v hcp-¯n-
¯oÀ¡p-¶p. Øm]n-s ¨-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv, 17--þmw \päm-nse, \yq«³ Ah-X-c n-¸n¨
imkv{X hn¹-h -¯nsâ ASn-¯-d-bmb kuc-bp-Y -¯nsâ ùXo-Ihpw hni-I-
e-\m-ß-I-hp-amb kuc-bp-Y-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Imgv¨-¸mSv XIÀ¡-s¸«p
F¶pw,
ùXo-I -hmZw \qX-\-a mb Bßo-b-hm-Z-¯ mÂ \ncm-I-c n-¡-s ¸-«p-s h-¶pw,
hni-I-e-\ -hmZw k¼qÀ®Xm hmZ-¯mÂ Zpco-I-cn-s ¸«p F¶p-am-Wv.
Cu \qäm-nsâ XpS-¡-¯nÂ Izmw _e-X-{´hpw sF³kväosâ
Bt]-£n-IXm kn²m-´hpw kuc-bp-Y-¯nsâ kap-eXm kn²m-´s¯
XInSw adn-¨p. BZyw sF³Ìo³ “CuXÀ” kn²m-´s¯ A_-²-sa¶v
sXfn-bn-¨p. AXv \s½-sfÃmw {]]-©-am-I-a m\w \nd-ªp-\ nÂ¡p¶ {Zmh-I-
¯n-\p-ÅnÂ Nen-¡p¶p F¶pw AXnsâ {]I-¼-\ -§Ä \½sf Hmtcm \nan-
jhpw ]c-kv]cw ]ns¶ kuc-bp-Y -hp-ambpw _Ô-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p F¶p-amWv
Ah-Im-i-s¸-«n-cp-¶-Xv. ]ns¶ sF³Ìo\pw Iq«cpw hkvXp-¡fpw {]Im-
ihpw IWn-I-I-fmÂ \nÀ½n-¡-s ¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p F¶v sXfn-bn-¡pI hgn {]]-
©-a m-I-am\w \nc-ªp-\nÂ¡p¶ ]c-kv]c _Ôw XIÀ¯p. Btäm-an-I-kn-
²m-´-h pw, Izmw _e-X-{´-hpw, FÃm BIm-ihpw Øehpw t]mepw
“Izmw” F¶v hnfn-¡-s ¸-Sp¶ kzX-{´-amb IWn-I-I-fmÂ \nÀ½n-X-am-bn-cn-
¡p-¶p F¶v sXfn-bn-¨p. CXn-s\, ZpÀhym-Jym\w aqew 20-þmw \qäm-nse
ùXo-I -imkv{Xw ]pXp-X m-b, kuc-bp-Y-¯nsâ kaq-e-a mb Imgv¨-¸ m-Sn\v
DZbw \ÂIn F¶-X v, XnI¨pw hkvXpXm hncp-²-a m-Wv. CXv \yq«sâ
Ime¯v e`y-a -Ãm-Xn-cp¶ _rl-¯ mb sXfn-hp-IÄ e`y-a m-bn-c n-¡p-t¼mgpw
bmsXmcp hn[-a mb imkv{Xob ASn-¯-dbpw CÃm¯ ùXo-I-a-Ãm¯
iàn-I sf (Nn,- In, {]mW, a\-i-àn)¡pdn¨v hmNm-e-am-hp¶ BÄ¡mÀ
[mcm-f-a m-Wv.
\yq«³, CuX-dnsâ {]I-¼-\-§Ä¡v Xe-t¨mdv Imc-W-a m-tb¡mw
F¶v A`n-{]m-b-s ¸-«n-c p-¶p. B[p-\ nI Izmw Ah-t_m-[-¯ nsâ sI«p-I -
737
Y¡v Hcp ]t£ CXv ASn-¯ -d-bmbn hÀ¯n¨p F¶v Icp-X p-¶-X nÂ sXän-
Ã. AtXmsSm¸w a\p-jy-a-\-Ênsâ {]tXyI iàn hnti-j-§Ä, ( Ah
ùXo temIs¯ \nb-{ń-¡p-¶p ) , AS-§n-b-Xm-s W-¶pw. a\p-jy-t\-{X-
§Ä¡v XpSÀ¨ A\p-`-h -s¸-Sp¶p F¦nepw {]Imiw IWn-I -I-fmÂ \nÀ½n-
X-am-Wv F¶v \yq«³ a\-Ên-em-¡n-bn-c n-¶- p. ]s¯m³]Xmw \qäm-nsâ
a²y-¯nÂ hkvX p, {]Im-iw, Kpc-X zm-IÀjWw F¶n-h-bp-sS XpSÀ¨ A\p-`-
h-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ aWvU-e-¯ns\ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡m-s\-t¶mWw KWnX ASn-¯d
Øm]n-¨p. IWn-I-bpsS KpW-§Ä A´-co-£-¯ nsâ Xosc Xp¨-amb {]tZ-
i¯v tI{µo-I-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ FXnÀ`m-K¯v aWvU-e-¯n\v A´-co-£-¯nsâ
Hmtcm _nµp-hn epw aqeyw IÂ¸n-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. \ne-h n-epÅ Nne \nco-
£-I À¡v aWvU-e-§Ä kaq-e-a mb {]Øm-\-§fpw IWn-I-IÄ {]Ir-Xn-
bpsS k¦p-Nn-X-a mb AÀ°-¯nÂ Npcp-¡-s¸« Imgv¨-¸m-Sn-s\bpw {]Xn-\n-
[m\w sN¿p-¶p, AhnsS FÃmw Xs¶ A-Xnsâ LS-I -§-fn-te¡v Npcp-¡-
s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. kaq-e-hm-Zn-IÄ \t½mSv ]d-bp-¶Xv LS-I-§-tf-¡mÄ hep-
XmWv kaq-e-am-bXv AXn-\mÂ k¦p-Nn-X-a mb “Npcp-¡Â” Imgv¨ ¸m-Sv Dt]-
£n-t¡--X mWv F¶m-Wv. {]tXyI {i² AÀln-¡p¶ hkvXpX Fs´-
¶mÂ Im{] AsÃ-¦nÂ em³km Ignª hmc-¯nÂ Dmb DÄhn-fn-bpsS
s]m«n-s ¯-dn-bpsS ê-a mbn Is-¯n-b-XÃ ‘aWvUew’ F¶ Bi-bw,
AXv Hcp \q-ämv apt¶ Npcp-¡Â ùXoIimkv{X-¯nÂ \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶-
Xm-Wv. ]pXnb kap-eX kn²m-´-¯ nÂ hmkvX -h-¯nÂ ]pXn-b-tXm,
bpàn`{Z-XbmÀ¶tXm H¶pw Xs¶-bn-Ã.
aÀ±hpw km{µ-Xbpw hkvX p aWvU-e-§Ä¡v DZm-l-c-W-§-fm-Wv. hg-
§p¶ am[y-a-¯ nÂ aÀ±hpw km{µ-X-bpw, am[y-as¯ Dt¯-Pn-¸n-¡p-t¼mÄ
i_vZ Xcw-K-§-fmbn k©-cn-¡p-¶p. sshZyp-X n, ImńI {]Xn-`m-k-§sf
IqSp-XÂ a\-Ên-em-b-t¸mÄ Ahbpw aWvU-e-§-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ
hnh-cn-¡-s ¸-«p. amIvkvshÂ, sshZyp-Xn-tbbpw Imń-I-_-e-t¯bpw
kwtbm-Pn-¸n-¡p¶ ka-h m-I y-§Ä Is-¯n-b-t¸mÄ, iq\y-X-bnÂ,
sshZypXv ImńI Xcw-K-§Ä¡v {]Im-i -th-K-X-bnÂ k©-c n-¡p-hm³
km[n¡pw F¶pw iq\yX XnIª iq\yX AÃ adn¨v CuXÀ F¶ hg-
§p¶ am[yaw \nd-ª-X m-s W¶pw AXnsâ Dt¯-P\w {]Im-is¯
krjvSn-¡p¶p F¶pw Øm]n-¨p.
Imgv¨bv¡v km[y-am-hp¶ , {]Im-i-¯nsâ ]cn-[n-¡-¸p-d-¯pÅ
sshZypXv ImńI Xcw-K-§Ä {]h-Nn-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw Xma-kw-hn\m Is-
¯p-Ibpw Ahsb I¼n-bn-Ãm-¡-¼n-bnÂ D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Cw¥ojv ùXnI imkv{X-Ú³ Hen-hÀ temUvPv CXnÂ BZy-Ime
{]hÀ¯-I-c nÂ Hcm-fm-Wv. At±lw hnÃyw {IqIvkv, BÂ{Ûv dÊÂ
hmeÊv (]-c n-Wma kn²m-´-¯nsâ kl D]-Úm-Xm-hv) aäv {]ap-J-cmb 19-
þmw \qäm- nse imkv{X-P-R³am-cp-a mbn tNÀ¶p {Zhy-¯nsâ temIs¯
hni-Zo-I-c n-¡p¶ {]Xn-`m-k-§sf At\z-jn-¨p.
738
I¼n-bnÃm¡¼n BIm-s a-¦ nÂ I¼n-bnÃm sSen-¸-Xn F´p-s Im-m-bn-

¡q-S . ZpÀ_-e-a mb Xcw-K-§sf \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-X n\pw Is-¯p-¶-X n\pw
hnZypXv D]-I-c-W-§Ä¡v Ign-bpsa¦nÂ F´p-sImv Xe-t¨m-dn\v Ch-
sbÃmw Bbn-¡q-S. XpSÀ¶v aäv a\-Êp-I-fp-a m-bpw, Pohn-¨n-c n-¡p-¶-hcpw
acn-¨ -h-cp-a mbpw kwth-Zn-¡p-¶-X n\v IgnhpÅ a\p-jyÀ cwK¯v {]Xy-£ -
s¸-«p. Hcp \qämv ap³]v Ahsc am[yaw F¶v hnfn-¡p-a m-bn-cp-¶p. C¶v
Chsc AXo-{µo-b-Úm\w t\Sn-b-hÀ F¶pw hgn-Im-«n-IÀ F¶pw hnfn-¡p-
¶p. ZuÀ`mKyw F¶v ]d-bs« ambm-Pm-e-¯nsâ temI-¯nÂ Gsd imkv{X-
P-R³amÀ¡pw hkvXp-X-Isf aXn-{`-a -§-fnÂ \n¶pw thÀXn-cn¨p ImWp-¶-
Xn-\pÅ {XmWn CÃ F¶p ]d-tb-n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. kuc-bpYw \pW ]d-bp-
¶n-Ã. a\p-jy³ \pW ]d-bp-¶p.
temUvPpw aäv imkv{X-PvR³am-cpw, hnZ-Kv², {]mhoWyw t\Snb `mhn
{]hm-N-I³amÀ¡pw B²ym-ßnI Kpcp-¡³amÀ¡pw hg§n. temUvPv ac-
Wm-\-ć Pohn-X-¯nÂ Aan-X -ambn Bi-bÀ¸n-¨p. 1915þÂ ^vfm³tUÀknÂ
h¨p acn¨ Xsâ ]p{X-\p-ambn ac-Wm-\-ćw \S-¯nb kw`m-j-W-§sf
¡pdn¨v Bth-i-t¯msS Fgp-X p-I bpw sNbvX p. IjvSsa¶-Ãm-s X´p ]d-
bm³ “am[ya”§fpsS {`m´-a mb Ah-ImihmZ-§Ä At±lw AwKo-I -cn-
¨p.
\qämnsâ Ah-km-\-t¯msS ssa¡nÄkWpw tamÀtebpw ]cn-£-
W-§-fpsS ASn-Øm-\ -¯nÂ “CuXÀ” kn²m´w sXäv F¶v sXfn-bn-¨p.
1905-þÂ sF³Ìo³ Bt]-£n-IXm kn²m´w hnI-kn-¸ n-¡p-Ibpw “CuXÀ”
kn²m´hpw amIvkvsh-Ãnsâ sshZypXv ImńI ka-hm-Iy-hp-ambn bpà-
amb s]mcp¯w km[y-aÃ F¶v Øm]n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX p. {]Imiw
DÄs¸sS sshZypXv ImńI Xcw-K-§Ä CuX-dnsâ Dt¯-P\w aqew kw`-
hn-¡p-¶h-bÃ F¶v sF³Ìo³ sXfn-bn-¨p. F¶n«pw Hen-hÀ temUvPv
kuc-bp-Y -amsI \nd-ªp-\nÂ¡p¶ {ZmhIw \ne\nÂ¡p¶p F¶pw
AXns\ a\-i-àn-s Imv Dt¯-Pn-¸n¡mw F¶pw XoÀ¯pw hniz-kn-¨p.
temUvPns\ kw_-Ôn-¨ n-S-t¯mfw A¯cw Hcp {Zmh-I-¯nsâ A`m-h -
¯nÂ kuc-bp-Y-¯n-\ p-X s¶ \ne-\ nÂ¸n-Ã.
t`mÀ, sslk³_ÀKv F¶o bphm-¡sf Izmw ùXoI imkv{X-
PvR³am-c psS, ASn-Øm\]c-a mbn kzX-{´-amb sNdp-I-W-§Ä FÃm {]Xn-
`m-k-§-sfbpw {]Xn-\n-[m\w sN¿p-¶p F¶ kn²m´w temUvPn\v H«pw
Xs¶ DÄs¡m-Åm-\m-bn-Ã. At±lw B[p-\nI {]h-W-X sb XoÀ¯pw
FXnÀ¡p-I-bp-m-bn. sXfn-h p-IÄ [mcm-f-a mbn e`y-am-b-Xns\ XpSÀ¶v
]ptcm-K-a\w At±-l-s ¯-¡-S¶v t]mbn. sshZypXn , EWI-W-§-fpsS
AsÃ-¦ nÂ aäv DuÀÖ-hÂ¡-c n-¡-s¸« IW-§-fpsS XpSÀ¨-bm-bpÅ Hgp-
¡m-s W¶pw {]Imiw t^mt«m¬kv F¶ IW-§-fpsS Hgp-¡m-s W¶pw
Øm]n-¡-s¸-«p. 1940þÂ Hen-h À temUvPv acn-¡p-t¼mÄ XpSÀ¨ ih-¸-d-¼n-
em-bn-¡-g n-ªn-cp-¶p.
739
sF³Ìo³ Izmw _e-X-{´s¯ Xs¶bpw AKo-I -cn-¨n-cp-¶n-Ã.

At±lw AXns\ ASn-Ø m\w CÃm-¯Xv F¶ AÀ°-¯nÂ kv] q¡n
F¶p hnfn-¨p. sF³Ìo\pw, t]mtUmÄkvIn, tdmk³ (EPR)F¶nhcpw
tNÀ¶v 1935 Â Izmw _e-X{´w A]qÀ®-s a¶pw AXv \nÀt±-i-§sf
{]Im-i-th-K-¯n\pw IqSp-XÂ thK-X-bnÂ k©-cn-¡p-hm³ A\p-h-Zn-¡p¶p
F¶pw, AXv Bt]-£nXm kn²m-´-¯n\v FXn-cm-sW¶pw hmZn-¨p. Izmw
_e-X{´¯n sâ sshcp²yw \ndª ]e kn²m-´-§-tfbpw t]mse CXv
Xcw-K-þ-I-WnI Zzµ-¯nsâ `hn-jy-¯m-Wv. AXv ùXnI hyh-Øn-Xn-Isf
\nÀ®bw sN¿p-hm³ Dt±-yin-¡p¶ kz`mh KpW-¯n\v A\p-kr-X-a m-bn,
Xcw-K-a m-tbm, IWn-I-bmtbm \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶-Xn\v A\p-h-Zn-¡p-¶p. hopw
XÀ¡w kzX-{´-a mb \nco-£n-¡p-¶-X n\v km[y-a-bmb IWn-I-I-fpsS kz`m-
hhpw XpSÀ¨-bmb hnX-c Ww sN¿-s¸« aWvUe-¯nsâ kz`m-h-§fpw
X½n-em-Wv.
1964 Â tPm¬. Fkv. s_Â Izmw _e-X-{´-¯nsâ ]c¼-c m-KX
hymJym-\-¯ns\ (tIm-¸³tlbvK³) F{]-Imcw ]co-£n-¡p-¶ -Xn\v thn
D]-tbm-Kn¡mw F¶v sXfn-bn-¨-Xp-hsc C. ]n. BÀ Imgv¨-¸mSv kaky
Ft¶mWw \ne-s Im-p. ap³]v ùXoI imkv{X-Ú³ tUhnUv t_mw
tIm¸³tlbvK³ kn²m-´-¯ n\v , ]Icw kn²m´w \nÀt±-i n-¨ n-c p-¶p. AXv
{]Imcw IWn-I-I-fpsS XcwK kz`m-h-¯n\v Imc-Ww, ad-¨p-h-¡-s ¸-«,
ZÀi\ km²y-a-Ãm¯ Imc-W-§-fmbncp¶p. s_Â F{]-Imcw XoÀ¸p
IÂ¸n¡mw F¶v sXfn-bn-¨p. IrXy-amb ]e ]co-£-W-§-fp-sSbpw ASn-
Øm-\-¯nÂ {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-¡-s¸-«p. tIm¸³tlbvK³ hymJm\w ]qÀÆm-
[nIw ià-ambn Øm]n-¡-s¸-«-t¸mÄ ad-¨p-sh-¡-s ¸« Imc-W-§Ä F¶
kn²m´w \ncm-I -cn-¡-s¸-«p. tUhnUv t_mw 1992 Â ac-W-a-S-ªp. ]pXnb
kap-eXmhmZ-¯ nsâ (Holistic Paradigm) Gähpw ià-\mb hàm-hm-bn-cp-
¶p t_mw. At±-l-¯nsâ ad-¨p-sh-¡-s¸« Imc-W-§fpsS kn²m-´-¯nsâ
]cm-Pbw hnizm-kn-I-fpsS B`n-a p-J y-¯ n\v H«pw Xs¶ Cf¡w Dm-¡n-bn-
Ã. AhÀ kaq-e-a mb kuc-bp-Y-¯n\v Superluminal \nÀt±i-§-fpsS Bh-
iy-I-X¡v ASnØm\w Is¯n F¶v hmZn-¨p.
sF³Ìosâ kn²m´w “bmsXmcp hnIn-c-W-§Ä¡pw {]Im-i -¯n-t\-
¡mÄ thK-¯nÂ k©-cn-¡p-hm³ BhnÃ” kaÀ°n¡p-¶-s X-s´-¶mÂ,
kuc-bp-Y -¯nse hyXy-kvX-§-fmb kw`-h -§Ä Hcn-¡epw bmsXmcp Imc-
W-h-imepw _Ôap-m-bn-c n-¡p¶Xn\v km[y-a-Ã. CXv ASn-Øm-\-]-c -ambn
¯ s¶ FÃm hkvX p-¡fpw X½nÂ Ft¸mgpw _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶p F¶
kaq-eXm hmZ-¯n\v hncp-²-a m-Wv. AXv GsX-¦nepw {]tXyI kab¯v
\nco-£W hnt[-b-amb IWn-I-IÄ Ah-bp-ambn t\À _Ôw \ne
\nÂ¡p¶ aäp IWn-I-Isf am{Xw B{i-bn-¡p¶p F¶v Øm]n-¡p-¶p.
kuc-bp-Y -¯nsâ aäp `mK-§-fnÂ \S-¡p¶ kw`-h-hn-Im-k-§Ä Ahn-
Ss¯ IWn-I-IÄ {]Im-i thK-Xbv¡v D]-c n-bmb thK-X-bn-eÃmsX k©-
740
cn¨v Ah-bn-e-S-§nb hnh-c -§Ä BZyw {]Xn-]m-Zn¨ IWn-I-I-fpsS kao]w

F¯n-t¨-cp-¶Xvh sc Ah {]k-à-am-hp-¶-tX-bn-Ã. CXv sF³Ìo\v apt¶
\ne-hn-en-c n-¡p-¶-Xn-t\-¡mfpw ]qÀ®-am-b, “Npcp-¡Â” kn²m-´-a m-Wv.
]pXnb kaq-eXmhmZn-Isf DÄs¡m-Åm-\m-hmsX Bt]-£n-IX Npcp-¡Â
Imgv¨-¸m-Sns\ ]n³Xp-W-¡pI am{X-aÃ AXns\ Hgn¨pIqSm-\ m-hm-¯Xv
F¶pw Øm]n-¡p-¶p. CuXÀ kn²m´w kuc-bpYw sam¯w Hmtcm _nµp-
hnepw XnIª _Ôw ]peÀ¯p¶p F¶v Øm]n-¡p-¶Xv Bt]-£n-I -
X¡v hncp-²-a m-Wv. Izmw _e-X{´¯nsâ GsXmcp hymJym-\ s¯
sF³Ìo³ FXnÀ¯pthm t_mw amän Øm]n-¡p--hm³ {ian-¨pthm AXv
hfsc \mfs¯ ]cn-£-W-§Ä¡p-ti-jhpw s_Â kn²m´w DÄs¸-s S,
ta[m-hnXzw XpS-c p-¶p. Izmw _e-X-{´hpw Bt]-£n-I-X bpw Hcp-a n¨v XpS-
cpI km[y-a-Ã. ]c-¼-cm-KX Izmw _e-X-{´s¯ ]co-£-W-¯nÂ
\n¶pÅ \nK-a -\-§Ä km[q-I-c n-¡p-¶ -X n\v ap¼v t_mapw A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw
]c-¼-c m-KX Izmw _e-X{´w Dt]-£n-¡-s¸-tS--X m-s W¶v hmZn-¨ n-cp-¶p.
t`mdpw sslk³_ÀKpw aäp-Å-hcpw Izmw _e-X{´w cq]o-I-c n-¨-
t¸mÄ D]-tbm-Kn¨ {i² Ipdª `mj-bmWv {]iv\-§Ä¡v ImcWw F¶v
Icp-Xmw. \nco-£-I\pw \nco-£n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ hkvX phpw X½n-epÅ CS-s]-S-
ensâ A\n-hm-cy-X-s b-¡p-dn¨v kwkm-cn-¨-t¸mgpw F{]-Im-c-a mWv Hcp hyh-
Øn-Xn-bpsS AhØ AXv Af-¡p-¶-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ am\-Z-WvUs¯
B{i-bn-¡p-¶Xv Fs¶Ãmw hni-Zo-I -cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-¨ `mj, a\p-
jysâ Ah-t_m[w, B AhØ krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-a m-bn-Xo-c p¶p
F¶ hymJym-\-¯n\v CS \ÂIn. Poh-\n-Ãm¯ D]-I-c -W-§-fpsS klm-b-
t¯msS \S-¯p¶ ]co-£-W-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v {]Xn-]m-Zn-¨n-cp¶p F¦nÂ
C¯cw {]iv\w Dm-h n-Ãm-bn-c p-¶p. “\nco-£-I-cpsS” CS-s]-SÂ {]iv\-
§Ä¡v Imc-W-a mbn.
kuc-bpYw a\p-jy-hÀ¤-¯n\v H«pw Xs¶ hne IÂ¸n-¡p-¶nÃ F¶
tIm¸À\n¡kv XXzw Izmw _e-X{´w \ncm-I-c n-¡p-¶n-Ã. Izmw _e-X -
{´-¯nse H¶pw Xs¶ a\p-jysâ CS-s]-SÂ Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. {]Im-i -
t¯-¡mÄ thK-X-bnÂ k©-cn-¡p-hm³ Ign-bp-¶Xv \½psS `mh\m
krjvSn-IÄ¡v am{X-a m-Wv. Ah Izmw XcwK {]{In-b-t]m-s e-Xs¶
ùXoI hkvX p-¡-fÃ . Fgp-] Xv hÀjs¯ ]co-£-W-§Ä, hmkvX-hs¯
DÄs¡m-Åp-¶-XnÂ \½Ä {]I-Sn-¸ n-¡p¶ ]£-]m-X-¯ nÂ Ihnª CS-s ]-
SÂ H¶pw Xs¶ a\p-jysâ Ah-t_m[w \S-¯p-¶nÃ F¶v kv] jvS-a m-¡p-
¶p. \½psS Nn´m-]-²Xn Imgv¨-¸m-Sns\ kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ \½psS
Imgv¨-¸mSv hkvXp-¡sf \nb-{ń-¡p-Ibpw Ah-bpsS KXn \nÝ-bn-¡p-
Ibpw sN¿p¶p F¶Xv bpà-a-Ã.
bpànbpw imkv{Xhpw Ah-c psS I®p-Ifpw \nÀt±-in-¡p-¶Xv AwKo-
I-cn-¡m³ aSn-¡p-¶-hÀ Izmw Ah-t_m-[s¯ ssZhw, hymfn F¶n-h -
741
tbm-sSm¸w {]Xn-jv Sn-¡p-¶Xv Ic-Wo-b-am-bn-cn-¡pw. lhmbv bqWn-th-gvkn-än-

bnse ùXo-I-imkv{Xw s{]m^-kÀ hnIvSÀ. sP. sÌ³K-dpsS ]T-\w.
Physics and Psychics: The search for a world beyond the senses (his
article “The Spooks of Quantum Mechanics,. Not by design: The Origin of
the Universe.
1. Robert Lanza, 1992. “The Wise Science.” Oliver Lodge, 1920. Beyond
Physics. London: Alana and Unwin.
2. Oliver Lodge, Continuity. The Presidential Address to the British
Association for th Advancement of Science,
3. A. Einstein, B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen,. “Can the Quantum Mechanial
Description of Physical Reality be considered complete ?” J.S.Bell,
4. David Bohm, “A Suggested interpreatation of quantum theory in terms
of ‘Hidden Variables,’
5. Alain Aspect, Phillipe Grangier, and Roger Gerard,
6. “Experimental Realization of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Gedanken
experiment: A new violation of bell’s inequalities.” Gary Zukav, 1979.
The Dancing Wu Lee Masters..
7. David N. Mermin, 1985. “Is Yhe Moon There When Nobody Looks?
Reality and Quantum Theory.”
tlmfnhpUv
\oÂ Km_vfÀ F¶ PqX³ cNn¨ “AhcptSXmb km{amPyw :

F§ns\bmWv PqX³amÀ tlmfnhpUns\ Ip]nSn¨Xv “ ( An Empire of
their own; How the Jews Invented Hollywood ) F¶ ]pkvXIw A[nIw
hnhcw \evIp¶p. t]mcmbvaIfps¦nepw 1920, 30, 40 IfnÂ {][m\ambpw
kqt¡mÀ, seavse, t^mIvkv, tIml³, hmÀWÀ ktlmZc³amÀ F¶nhÀ
tlmfnhpUns\ IogS¡nbXv F{]Imcw F¶v hnhcn¡p¶p. PqX³amÀ
A[nIhpw Ing¡³ bqtdm¸nÂ \n¶pw h¶hÀ. AhÀ AhcpsS
\ne\nev¸ n\pthn AhcpsS PqX `mcyamsc hn«v Bwt¥m kmIvk³,
t{]m«Ìâv `mcyamsc Is¯n. sSIvsk amÀkv ]dbp¶Xv
am²ya§tfbpw tlmfnhpUnt\bpw PqX kbWnÌpIÄ
kzám¡nbncn¡pbmtWm F¶ tNmZy¯n\v D¯cw IÀi\ambpw
“AtX” F¶mWv. AhÀ AXns\ A`n{]mb cq]oIcW¯n\pw
742
kbWnk¯nsâ {]NmcW¯n\pw thn D]tbmKn¡p¶p F¶pw .

hmÀ¯, Ne¨n{Xw, sSenhnj³ ]cn]mSnIÄ F¶pth, ImÀ«qWpIÄ
t]mepw AXn\p thn D]tbmKn¡s¸Sp¶p.
Xsâ hmZw Øm]n¡p¶Xn\p thn At±lw PqX·msc¯s¶
D²cn¡p¶p. temkv G©ekv ssSwknse tImfw Fgp¯pImc\pw ssSw
amKkn³ Â Øncambn FgpXp¶bmfpamb PqX³ “tPmbÂ Ìo³ ” 2008
Unkw_À 19 \v L.A. ssSwknÂ Ìo³ FgpXp¶p “tlmfnhpUnt\bpw
am²ya§tfbpw PqX³amÀ \nb{ń¡p¶nÃ F¶pw IcpXp¶hÀ _p²n
amµyw DÅhcmWv “ PqX³amÀ sam¯ambpw tlmfnhpUns\
\nb{ń¡p¶p. Ìo³ Xsâ hmZw Øm]n¡p¶Xn\mbn {][m\
Øm]\§fpsS t\XrXzw shfns¸Sp¯p¶p. t^mIvkv \yqknsâ
{]knUv ]oäÀ sNÀ\n³, ]mcauv ]nIvtNÀknsâ A²y£³ {_mUv
t{K, hmÄ«v Unkv\ nbpsS knCHþtdm_À«v sFtKmÀ , tkmWn
]nIvtNÀknsâ A²y£³þssa¡Â sse³S³, hmÀWÀ {_tZÀknsâ
A²y£³þ_mcn tabÀ, kn_nFkv sâ knCHþsekven aq¬shkv,
FwPnFw sâ A²y£³þlmcn tÉmhm³, F³_nkn / bqWnthÀkÂ
ÌpUntbmbpsS knCHþsP^v kqt¡mÀ.
A`nt\Xm¡fpw aäv {]hÀ¯Icpw {][m\ambpw PqX³amÀ
Xs¶bmWv. _mÀ_d kv{Sokm³Uv, Kzns\¯v ]mÂs{Sm, BUw
km³UveÀ, s_³ ÌnÃÀ A`nt\Xm¡fpsS bqWnb³ ta[mhn Ae³
tdmk³ _ÀKv FÃmw PqX³amÀ.
Ìo³ A`nam\t¯msS ]dbp¶p “AtX R§Ä tlmfnhpUns\
\nb{ń¡p¶p” C{kmtben\p thn {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ PqX òIc
kwLS\bmb ADL-Anti Defamation League sâ A²y£³ “As_
t^mIvkva³ ” ]dbp¶Xv A§ns\ kw`hn¨pt]mbXmWv F¶mWv.
PqX³amÀ Atacn¡³ am²ya§sf \nb{ń¡p¶nÃ F¶ ]dbp¶Xv
A[nt£]amWv F¶mWv C{kmtbense {]apJ Zn\]{Xamb lmsdävkv
Â jmlÀ sFe³ ]dbp¶Xv. {]kn²\mb A`nt\Xmhv, km¼¯nI
hnZKv²³, Fgp¯pImc³ s_³ Ìo³ F¶ PqX\pw ]dbp¶Xv
PqX³amÀ Xs¶bmWv tlmfnhpUns\ \bn¡p¶Xv F¶mWv.
{Sn_yq¬ I¼\nbpsS DSa PqX tImSoizc³ kmwskÂ. C{kmtbÂ,
kbWnkw, PqX³amsc _m[n¡p¶ {]iv\§Ä F¶nhbv¡v [mcmfw
klmbw \evI p¶ hyàn. At±l¯nsâ ]ptcmlnX³ ]dbp¶p s_³
Hcp kaÀ¸nX\mb kbWnÌpw C{kmtbens\ A[nIw
klmbn¡p¶h\pw Bcm[\meb¯nse {]apJ hyànXzhpw . s_³ sâ
{]nbs¸« ]{X {]hÀ¯IÀ NmÄkv tImYmaÀ, tXmakv {ôUva³, tUhnUv
743
{_qIvkv . Cdms\ B{Ian¡pI. F¶p hmZn¨hÀ. C{kmben\v tImSnIÄ

klmbw \evIWw F¶p hmZn¨ kbWnÌpIÄ.
{]mtZinI ]{X§Ä t]mepw C¶v \qdv IW¡n\v ssaepIÄ
AIse Pohn¡p¶ kbWnÌpIfpsS DSaØXbnemWv.
40 {]mtZinI ]{X§Ä \yq BÀ¡v ÌmÀ seUvPÀ, ¢ohve³kv
s¹b³ UoeÀ, t]mÀ«ve³Uv HmdntKm\nb³, skbvâv eqbn t¥m_v
sUtam{Imäv XpS§nbhbpsS DSaØX PqX ktlmZcamcmb kmaphÂ
tUmWÂUv, XntbmUÀ \yqlukv F¶nhcpsS DSaØXbnepÅ
\yqlukv Fw]bndn\mWv, F¶ hkvXpX \Ym\ntbÂ Im]v\À
DZmlcWambn D²cn¡p¶p. AhcpsS Xs¶ {]kn²oIcW§fnÂ
NneXmWv \yqtbmÀ¡À, thmKv, tKmÄ^v ssUPkväv, ¥maÀ, PânÂsa³kv
IzmÀ«À {GQ}, ]tcbvUv amKkn³.
PqX A\pIqe Imgv¨¸mSpIÄ am{Xw P\§fnÂ F¯p¶p.
sam¯ambpw Ad_v cmPy§sf B{Ian¡p¶Xn\v \ymboIcWw \evIp¶
hn[¯nÂ AXn\p ]n¶nÂ PqX kwLS\Ifpw ]dbp¶Xv
Iment^mÀWnb sÌbväv bqWnthgvknänbnse tUmIvSÀ sIhn³
aIvtUmWÂUv.
1978 Â Xs¶ C¯cw hkvXpXIÄ shfns¸Sp¯nbncp¶XmWv
BÂ{Ûv enenb³ Xmfnsâ ]pkvXIw “Z kbWnÌv IW£³”
BÀXÀ kvfqkv_ÀKdnsâ \nb{´W¯nepffhbmWv \yqtbmÀ¡v
ssSwkv, t_mÌ³ t¥m_v, seIvkn§vS³ Unkv]m¨v, sKbv³kv
hnsÃk¬, HIme ÌmÀ _m\À, SkvIeqk \yqkv, kv]mÀ«³kv_ÀKv
sldmÄUv tPÀWÂ, km³X _mÀ_d \yqkv {]kv Ch Hmtcm¶pw
Uk¬ IW¡n\v aäv am[ya§fpsS DSaØmhImiw DÄs¡mÅp¶p.
anUnÂ CukvänÂ {]knUv _pjnsâ C{kmtbÂ A\pIqe
\b§sf ]n³Xm§nbXpw e_t\m\ntebpw ]mekvXo\ntebpw
Iq«¡pcpXnIÄ¡v ]n³XpW \evI nbXpw Chsbms¡¯s¶bmWv.
kbWnÌv {]Nmc the \bn¡p¶Xv ssSw amKkn³, \yqkv ho¡v,
F³_nkn, F_nkn, kn_nFkv, kn F³ F³, t^mIvkv XpS§nbh.
temsh ]nIvtNÀknsâ Øm]I³ amÀIvkv temsh , eqbn._n.
tabdpw kmaphÂ tKmÄUvh n\pw tNÀ¶v FwPnFw sat{Sm tKmÄUvhn³
tabÀ . _mÀ\n _em_Âþ]mcauv, lmcn tIml³þsImfw_nb
]nIvtNÀkv , hnÃyw t^mIvkvþsSzânb¯v sk³¨pdn t^mIvkv, PmIv,
kmaphÂ, BÂ_À«v, lmcn hmÀWÀ F¶o ktlmZc·mÀ tNÀ¶v
hmÀWÀ {_tZÀkv AhÀ t]mfnÂ \n¶pw h¶hÀ. FwknFbpsS
A²y£³ eyq hmÊÀa³sâ 100 iXam\w \nb{´W¯nemWv
744
bqWnthÀkÂ ]nIvtNÀkv. AXnsâ {]knUv knUv\n jo³_ÀKv,

tXmakv s]mÅm¡v Ne¨n{X hn`mK¯nsâ Xeh\pw AhcpsS shfp¯
sXmen¡mÀs¡Xncmb Gähpw {]kn²amb kn\na Do The Right Thing
{InkvX paX¯n\v FXncmb Gähpw {]kn²amb kn\na The Last
Temptation of Christ.
Fw Pn Fw þ Ae³ emUnsâ \nb{´W¯nemWv . ]mcmauv
]nIvtNÀknsâ {]knUv saÂ lmcnkv, A²y£³ amÀ«n³ tUhnUv,
I½yqWnt¡j³kv UbdIvSdmbn sUt_md tdmk³.
{In kvXy³ t]cpIfpsS ]n¶nÂ Hfn¡pI F¶Xv Hcp PyqX
X{ámWv kmaphÂ tKmÄUv^njv Xsâ t]cv tKmÄUvhn³ F¶v amän.
skknÂ _n sUansÃ acn¡p¶Xp hscbpw IrkvX y³ F¶v \Sn¨ncp¶p.
acWm\ćw ip{iqj PyqX ]ptcmlnX·mÀ \nÀhln¡p¶Xp hsc AXv
clkyambncp¶p. aq¡nsâ cq]w amäp¶Xpw asämcp X{´w.
{In kvXy³ \maw bYmÀ° PqX \maw
hqUn Ae³ Ae³ tImWnKvkv_ÀKv

NmÄkv t{_m¬k¬ NmÄkv _¡n³kvIn
Pbvan eo IÀ«nknsâ
]nXmhv tSmWn IÀ«nkv _ÀWn jzmÀ«vkv
ssa¡Â UKvfknsâ ]nXmhv
InÀ¡v UKvfkv CktUmÀ sUwkvIn
t_m_v ssUe³ tdm_À«v kn½Àa³
emcn In§v emcn koKÀ
ssa¡Â em³U³ ssa¡v Hmtdmhnävkv
sPdn eqbnkv tPmk^v sehnIvkv
sIhn³ tImÌv\À, lmcnk¬ t^mÀUv, dn¨ÀUv sKsc, Ìoh³ koKÄ ,

UÌn³ t^m^va ³ {_qkv hnÃnkv, tKmÄUn lm³, t]mÄ \yqa³,
tdm_À«v Un \otdm F¶nhÀ Nne DZmlcW§Ä am{Xw.
745
tlmfnhpUv kn\nabpsS {][m\ Dt±i§fnÂ H¶v {]NmcW the

(Propaganda) Xs¶bmWv. 1918 Â PÀ½³ hncp² kn\na My Four Years in
Germany bp²Ime {]NmcW the¡pthn \nÀ½n¡s¸«XmWv.
1914 Â tIWÂ NmÄkv en³Uv_ÀKv ]dªXv “Cu cmPy¯v

PqX³amÀ Ne¨n{X , am²ya cwK¯v ]peÀ¯p¶ A[nIamb
kzm[o\XbmWv Ahsc A]ISImcnIfm¡p¶X”v F¶mWv.
Die Hard F¶ kn\nabnÂ {_qkv hnÃnkv , PÀa³ òIchmZnIsf
Iim¸v sNbvXp shfp¯ sXmen¡mtcmSpÅ hntcm[w {]ISn¸n¡p¶p.
Cým\ tPm¬kv Â lmcnk¬ t^mÀUv, PÀ½³Imsc Poht\msS
Np«psImÃp¶p.
1982 se A¡mUan AhmÀUpIsf¡pdn¨pÅ hnhcWw “PqX·mÀ ,
PqX·mÀ¡v PqX·msc ]pIgv¯p¶ kn\naIÄ¡v AhmÀUv \evIp¶p”.
A¯cw aäv AhmÀUpIÄ¡pw CXv _m[IamWv.
1974 se Play Boy Magazine se A`napJ¯nÂ aÀe³ {_³tUm
]dbp¶p FÃm hÀ¤§fpw CIgv¯s¸Sp¶ kn\naIÄ \n§Ä
IpImWpw. F¶mÂ PqX·msc CIgv¯p¶ kn\naIÄ ImWp¶Xn\v
km²yaÃ. AXp {]ZÀin¸n¡p¶Xn\v AhÀ A\phZn¡pIbnÃ.
PqX·mtctbm, C{kmtbent\tbm, kbWnkt¯tbm CIgv¯p¶
kn\naIÄ \nÀ½n¡p¶Xn\v km[yaÃ. PqX\mb ]pcpj³ \Ã Ip«nbpw,
kv{Xo Atacn¡³ PqX cmPIpamcnbpw, PpX kwKoXÚÀ {]KvXv`cpw,
Fgp¯pImÀ hcZm\w e`n¨hcpw, Nn{XImc·mÀ ss\ÀaÃyapÅhcpw,
`njKzc·mÀ _p²nam·mcpw, tImSoizc·mÀ PohImcpWyapÅhcpw,
ZoÀLZÀinIfpamWv.
hmÄ« Unkv\ nbpsS DSaØXbnepÅ ABC bpsS ]cn]mSn A New
Kind of a Family kzhÀKt`mKs¯ t{]mÕmln¸n¡p¶p.
746
BßlXy. òIchmZw. acWhm©þ

a\pjy a\Ênsâ Bg§fnte¡v
sIme]mXI¯nsâ a\Èmkv{X¯nÂ sshZKv²yw t\Snb, Atacn¡³
tk\bnÂ \n¶pw hncan¨ tUhnUv t{Kmkva ³ At±l¯nsâ
“”sIme]mXIs¯¡pdn¨v :bp²¯nepw kaql¯nepw sIme]mXIw
\S¯p¶Xn\pth ]cnioe\w e`yam¡p¶Xn\pÅ am\knI hybw,””
F¶ ]pkvXI¯nÂ ]dbp¶p. ssk\nIsc IqSpXÂ IrXyXtbmsSbpw
Imcy£aXtbmsSbpw FXncmfnsb \in¸n¡p¶Xn\v ]cnioen¸n¡p¶
X{´§Ä hnt\mZw, am²yaw F¶nhbnÂ IrXyambn DÄs¡mphcp¶p.
\½Ä \½psS Ipªp§sf sIme]mXInIfm¡p¶Xn\v
]cnioen¸n¡pItbmtWm.
747
PbnepIfpw sshZyimkv{Xhpw acW kwJy KWyamb coXnbnÂ

Ipd¡p¶Xn\v klmbambncp¶nÃ F¦nÂ, 1940 se sshZyimkv{X
\nehmcambncp¶p \ne\n¶ncp¶Xv F¦nÂ ]¯v Cc«nbne[nIw
BÄ¡mÀ Gäpap«enÂ sImÃs¸Spambncp¶p.
hnt\mZw F¶ coXnbnÂ AhXcn¸n¡s¸Sp¶ kn\nabnsebpw,
sSenhnj\nsebpw AXnep]cn \nb{´W hnt[bamb hoUntbm
sKbnapIfnse A{Iaw kzm[o\n¡pI Xs¶ sN¿pw. ^q«v_mÄ Ifnbpw.
ss{Uhn§pw ]Tn¸n¡p¶Xn\v D]tbmKn¡p¶ SIMULATION {]tbmP\
Icsa¶Xv Cu hmZs¯ \ymboIcn¡p¶p. A]IS kab¯v, hnam\w
]d¸n¡p¶Xn\v CS¡v e`n¡p¶ Hcp {]tXyI \nÀt±i¯n\v ]XÀ¨sb
adnIS¶v, {]tXyI coXnbnÂ {]XnIcn¡p¶Xn\v CXv ssham\nIs\
kÖ\m¡p¶p. ]mhvtemhnsâ ¢mkn¡Â Ioj\nwKv Dw kvIn¶dnsâ
Hm¸dmâv Ioj\nwKv Dw hyàambpw {]tbmKhXvIcn¡s¸Sp¶p.
Atacn¡bnÂ 20 e£w sNdp¸¡mÀ ITmcbpw tXm¡pw aäpw ssIhiw
h¡p¶p. AXnÂ H¶c e£t¯mfw kvIqÄ hnZymÀ°nIfmWv. 100
anÃy³ tUmfdne[nIw ( 400 tImSn cq] ) Ifnt¯m¡v hm§p¶Xn\pw
aäpw D]tbmKn¡s¸Sp¶p. \½psS aqÃy§Ä hyàambn {]ISn¸n¨nÃ
F¦nÂ am²ya§Ä AhcptSXv ASnt¨Â¸n¡pIXs¶ sN¿pw.
acWhmÀ©
Auto Immune Response F¶mÂ ]pd¯p\n¶pÅ tcmKmWp¡fpsS
B{IaWs¯ {]Xntcm[n¡p¶ kwhn[m\w kz´w icoc¯ns\ Xs¶
\in¸n¡p¶Xn\v thn D]tbmKn¡s¸Sp¶XmWv.
sIme]mXIw , acWhm©bpsS adphiamWv.
at\mhntÇjW¯nsâ ]nXmhv knKvav t{^mbvUv ]dª , a\pjy\nÂ
A´À eo\ambncn¡p¶, cXnbpw acWhm©bpamWv, ]cky§fnÂ
A[nIhpw D]tbmKn¡s¸«p hcp¶Xv.
AenÌbnÀ aIvIzntâmjv At±l¯nsâ “a®pw a\Êpw : a\pjycpw
hyhkmb òaamcpw” F¶ {]_\v[¯nÂ CtX¡pdn¨v Bg¯nepÅ
]T\w \nc¯p¶p.
a\pjya\Êns\ kzm[o\n¡p¶Xn\v , cmw temIalmbp²¯nÂ
kzoIcn¨ AtX X{´§Ä D]tbmKn¨v apt¶dp¶ {]Øm\amWv
B[p\nI hn]W\ X{´w F¶Xv, hm³kv ]¡mÀUnsâ “tKm]yamb
kzm[o\XIÄ” F¶ ]pkvXIs¯ Ahew_n¨v aIvIzntâmjv hmZn¡p¶p.
a\pjya\Ênsâ _elo\XIÄ apXseSp¡p¶Xn\pthn
a\Ênsâ Iogv¯«nÂ ASnªpInS¡p¶ Bhiy§tfbpw
748
B{Kl§tfbpw hm©Itfbpw Ipdn¨v AhÀ KthjWw

\S¯ns¡mncn¡p¶p.
B[p\nI a\Èmkv{X kt¦X§Ä BXyńIambn a\pjys\
\nb{ń¡pI F¶Xnte¡v D]tbmKn¡s¸Sp¶p. {_n«\nÂ ]cky¯nsâ
Ncn{X¯nÂ hfsc {]apJ Øm\w t\Snb “knÂ¡v I«”F¶ knKdänsâ
]cky¯n\pthn D]tbmKn¨ Bibw hfsc {]kàamWv. “Hcp
knÂ¡v IÀ«\p ]n¶nÂ \n¶p Ifn¡p¶ kpµcn” . IÀ«³ apdn¨v ( cut )
AI¯p sN¶v Ipfn¨psImncn¡p¶ kpµcnsb _emÂkwKw sN¿Ww
F¶ B{Klw AXv P\n¸n¡p¶p.
Hcn¡epw ]pIhen¨n«nÃm¯ sNdp¸¡mcnIfpw Cu ]cky¯nÂ
A[nIw BIrjvScmbn. imcocnIamb _emÂkwKw Hcp kv{Xo
CjvSs¸Sp¶nÃ. F¦nepw am\knIambn AhÀ AXns\ Xmtemen¡p¶p.
D¯chmZnXzw GsäSpt¡XnÃmsX, Ipät_m[anÃmsX AKayKa\w .
knKvav t{^mbvUv AXns\ Rape Fantasy F¶p hnfn¡p¶p.
ChnsS bYmÀ°ambn hnev¡s¸Sp¶Xv ]pIbnebÃ adn¨v
ssewKnIXbmWv.
t{^mbvUv At±l¯nsâ “DÃmk (Pleasure) kn²m´¯n\pa¸pdw”
F¶ {]_Ô¯nÂ cXnhm©sb¡pdn¨pw acWhm©sb¡pdn¨pw
{]Xn]mZn¡p¶p.
ssk²mńIambpw, icocimkv{X]cambpw acWhm©bpsS
e£yw Xs¶ Poh\pÅhsb acW¯nte¡v Iq«nsImv t]mhpI
F¶pÅXmWv. a\pjy icocw Xo{hamb bmX\sb {]tXyIn¨pw
izmkXSÊw krjvSn¡p¶ Xc¯nepÅhsb cXnaqÀ¨tbmSv
D]an¡mhp¶ B\µ{]Zamb A\p`hsa¶v IcpXp¶Xmbn
hnebncpt¯Xpv.
t{ImtbjybnÂ, sdt{_m tlmkv]näÂ bqWnthgvknänbnse
kmKvsd©v kvIqÄ Hm^v saUnkn\nse kpdmIv, s¢bv³ F¶nhcpsS
]T\w acWhm©¡v imcocnI ASnØm\aps¶pÅ hmZs¯
icnh¡p¶p. t{^mbvUv ssk²mńIambn kaÀ°n¨ Imcy§Ä
kpdmIpw, s¢bv\pw tImi¯nsâ Xe¯nÂ DÄsImncn¡p¶ kzbw
\ioIcW hyhØsb , tamfnIyqemÀ _tbmfPnbnse
\nco£W§fneqsS Øm]n¡p¶p. acW hm©bpsS imcocnI
ASnØm\w t{^mbvUv IrXyambpw hyàam¡nbncp¶p F¶Xv {]tXyIn
{i² AÀln¡p¶p. 1972þÂ tImi \ioIcW \nb{´W kwhn[m\s¯
kqNn¸n¡p¶Xn\v sIÀ, hnÃn, Iyqdn F¶nhÀ “At]m]vtämknkv” F¶
]Zw {]tbmKn¨p. hfsc {i² AÀln¡p¶ Imcyw, ChnsS imcocnI
749
{]XnIcWw F¶ \nebnÂ \in¸n¡s¸Sp¶ tImi¯n\pw Npäpw

\ocpho¡w Dmhp¶nÃ F¶XmWv. AXmbXv imcocnI
{]Xntcm[hyhØnXnbnÂ \n¶pw F\vsX¦nepw \nÀt±-ianÃm sX
Xs¶ kzm`mhnIambn AXv kw`hn¡p¶p .
B[p\nI kmt¦XnI hnZybpw \nehnencn¡p¶ `cW
kwhn[m\§fpw At_m[¯nÂ DÄs¡mncn¡p¶ A{Ia hmk\sb
]cnt]mjn¸n¡p¶Xn\v Dt¯PIambn {]hÀ¯n¡pt¼mÄ, a\pjy³
kzbw D·qe \mi¯n\v hgnsXfn¡ptam F¶ tNmZyw {]kàamhp¶p.
kmwkvImcnI Hu¶Xy¯n\p thn {]tbmKn¡p¶ FÃmhn[
bXv\§fpw BXyńIambn hyàn¡v kln¡mhp¶Xn\pw A¸pdt¯¡v
Imcy§sf sImv sN¶v tNÀ¡p¶p. hyànbpsS Bhiy§fpw kaqlw
hyànbnÂ \n¶pw {]Xo£n¡p¶ s]cpamä coXnbpw X½nÂ A[nIw
sshcp²yw \ne\nev¡p¶nSt¯mfw AXv XpSÀt¶ aXnbmhq.
sIm¡-t Imf þ s]]vkn þ kn. sF. F
1958 þ apXÂ tImS-Xn-bpsS ]p\-cp-²m-c-W-¯n\p thn {]h-c-¯n¨nc-

p-¶, ]uc- k-a n-X n-bpsS Øm]-I ³, FÃm Xn¦-fm-gvNbpw jnt¡m-tKm-hnÂ
Nm\Â 21 cm{Xn 9 aWn¡v t{_mUvs skUvkv F¶ Bgv¨-tXmdpw kwt{]-
jWw sNbvXncp¶ tI_nÄ Snhn ]cn-]m-Sn-bpsS \nÀ½m-Xm-hv.
sjÀa³. F¨v. kvtImÄ\nIv ( acWw May 22, 2006 ) ]d-bp-¶p.
XpS¡w apXÂ sIm¡-tIm-f-bnÂ sIms¡bv³ AS-§n-bn-cp-¶p. 20-þmw
\qäm-nsâ XpS-¡-¯nÂ \S-¶n-cp¶ tIkn-s \-¡p-dn¨v Ct¸mÄ P\w ad-¶n-
cn-¡p-¶p. hÀj-§-fmbn DZ-c-kw-_-Ô-a mb Akp-J-§Ä NnIn-Õn-¨n-cp¶
Nne tUmIvSÀamÀ sIms¡m-tImf knd¸v s_bvkv IeÀ¶ an{inXw NnI-Õ-
¡m-bn D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-c p-¶p. s]]vkntImf, tdmbÂ {Iu¬ tImf asäÃm
kam-\-a mb tImf-bp-tSbpw ASn-Øm\ LSIw H¶p-X-s¶. hne-Iq-Snb
{Umt\m F¶ tSmbn-eäv hr¯n-bm-¡p¶ {ZmhIw e`ya-s Ã-¦nÂ sIm¡-
t¡f D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv kam-\ -amb êw \ÂIpw.
kvt]mSvkv Xmc-§-tfbpw, kv] oUv t_m«v ]mbn-¡p-¶ -h-tcbpw
tNÀ¯v sIm¡tImf DuÀÖhÀ²n\n F¶ a«nÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
{Umt\m aäp kam-\ -amb an{in-X-§Ä¡pw kvt]mÀSvkv Xmc-§-tfbpw
kv]oUv t_m«v ]mbn-¡p-¶ -h-tcbpw ]c-ky-ambn F´p-s Imv sImSp-¡p-¶n-
Ã. sIm¡-tIm-f-bpsS cl-kyan{inXw X¿mÀ sN¿p¶ sÌ]m³ sIan-¡Â
jn¡m-tKm-bpsS hS-t¡-I -c-bnÂ t\mÀ¯vôÂUnÂ ØnXn-sN-¿p-¶p.
750
AXnsâ taep-tZym-K-Ø³am-c nÂ HcmÄ Xs¶ k½-Xn-¨-XmWv tIm¡nsâ

s_bvkv \nÀ½m-W-¯n\p thn sImt¡m Ce-IÄ ]mI-s ¸-Sp-¯p-t¼mÄ
Dt]mÂ¸-¶-ambn sIms¡bv³ Dm-hp¶p F¶pw AXv acp¶v \nÀ½m-Xm-
¡Ä¡v hnÂ¡p-¶pv F¶pw.
XpS¡w apXÂ sIm¡-tImf Ata-cn-¡sb Nmc-{]-hÀ¯-\ §fnÂ
klm-bn-¨ n-c p-¶p. ]pXnb cmPy¯v {]hÀ¯\w XpS-§p-t¼mÄ AhÀ
Nmc³amsc I¼\n DtZym-K-Ø³am-cmbn \nb-an-¨n-c p-¶p. sIms¡bv³
Awiw a\p-jysc hnt[-b-c m-¡n.
1980 Â Cdm³þtIm¬{S- tIkv ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cp¶ Ata-cn-
¡³ sk\äv k_v I½nän sIm¡tImf þ kn. sF. F _Ôw ssIImcyw
sNbvXn-cp¶p. \n¡-cm-Kz-bnÂ {]mtZ-inI DtZym-K-Ø³am-cmbn kn.-sF.F
bpsS {]hÀ¯-I-sc-bmWv \ntbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. 1954 apXÂ 1997 Â acn-¡p-¶-
Xp-hsc tIm¡nsâ \nKqV-a mb {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v t\XrXzw \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶-
XnÂ {][m\n tdm_Àt«m tKmhn-tkzä F¶ Iyq_-¡m-c-\ m-bn-c p-¶p.
tIm¡nsâ \nÀ½m-W-¯n\pthn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ Icn-¼nsâ {][m\ Irjn-
¡mÀ Iyq_ Bbn-cp-¶p. ^nZÂ Imkvt{Sm tImf¡v FXnsc Xncnªt¸mÄ
At±-ls¯ A«n-a-dn¡m\pw h[n-¡p-¶-X n\pw {ian-¨p. 1961 Â AXn\v t_
Hm^v ]nKvkv Hm¸-td-j³ F¶ t]cpw \ÂIn. tImfbpw kn. sF. Fbpw
tNÀ¶pÅ {ia-¯n\v ssSw þ sse^v {]kn-²o-I -cW km{am-Py-¯nsâ DS-a -
bpsS ]Xv\n s¢bÀ _qs¯ eqsk-bpsS klm-bhpw e`n-¨p. 1959 apXÂ
k]mX s]t{Sm-fn-bw, AXv kn. sF. FbpsS Nmc-h r-¯n-bpsS ad-bm-Wv, hgn
tPmÀÖv slÀ_À«v hm¡À _pjv kn. sF. F tbmsSm¸w \nÂ¡p-¶p.
Iyq_-bnÂ {]tXyI XmÂ¸-cy-ap-m-bn-cp¶ aäv km{am-PyXz Øm]-\-§fpw
H¯p-tNÀ¶p. _pjv ]cm-P-b-s ¸-«p-t]mb {]kvXpX kwcw-`s¯ klm-bn-¨n-
cp¶p . sF³t\m-hÀ cq]-I-ev]\ sNbvXn-cp¶ dn¨ÀUv anÂlyqkv
\nIvk¬ t\XrXzw \evIn-bn-cp¶ {]kvXpX kwcw`w ]cm-P-b-s ¸-«-t¸mÄ
{]kn-Uâv tPm¬ F^v sI¶Un in£-bmbn kn. sF. F sb ]qÀ®-a mbpw
XIÀ¡pw F¶v Bt{Im-i n-¨ p. kn. sF. F Xe-h³ Ae³ Uqf-kns\ ]ncn-
¨p-hn«p. ]I-c-sa-t¶mWw Ae³Uqfkv, sP. F^v. sIþsb NXn-b³ F¶p
hnfn¨p. sP. F^v. sI bpsS sIme-]m-X-I-¯nÂ Ah-km-\n-¨ Xv
CXnsâbpwIqs-S {]Xym-Lm-X-a m-bn-c p¶p F¶v Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶p.
Ata-cn¡ GÀs¸-Sp-¯nb, Iyq_-bnÂ \n¶pÅ ]©-kmc
Cd¡aXn \ntcm-[\w adn-I-S-¡m-s\-t¶mWw Ubäv tImf (h-fsc Ipdª
Af-hnÂ am{Xw ]©-kmc tNÀ¯-X v) \nÀ½m-W-¯n\v {]m[m\yw
sImSp¯p F¶v {]iv\-¯ns\ efnXhXv¡-c n-¡p-¶-h-c p-m-Imw. Ccp-] Xmw
\qäm-nsâ Ah-km-\-¯nÂ sIm¡-tIm-f-bnÂ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ Ir{Xna
a[pcw \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶Xv BÀ¨À-þ-Um-\n-bÂkv-þ-an-Uve³Uv (F.-Un.-Fw) .
hm«ÀtKbväv kw`-h-¯nÂ F.-Un.Fw Xe-h³ \nIvk-Wp-a m-bn-t¨À¶v \S-
¯nb Agn-a -Xn-bnÂ hnNm-c W sN¿-s¸-tS--Xm-bn-c p-¶p. Ata-cn-¡³ kn.-
sF.-F-þ¡v A[nIw D]-Im-cn-bm-b-Xn-\mÂ Uzmbo³ B³{Uo-bmkv Pbn-
751
enÂ t]mIp-¶Xv AhÀ¡v CjvS-a m-bn-c p-¶n-Ã. hntZi k_vkn-Un-b-dn-IÄ

aptJ\ Iyq_-bnÂ `£W ]ZmÀ°-§Ä \nÀ½n-¡p¶ taJ-e-bnÂ G.-
Un.Fw \v A[nIw \nt£]w Dm-bn-cp-¶p. Ata-cn-¡³ D]-tcm[w \o¡p-
¶-Xn\pw Iyq_ Xpd-¶p-In-«p-¶ -X n\pw {ian-¨-XnÂ {][m\n F.-Un.Fw Bbn-
cp-¶p. AXv Gen-bm³ sKm¬km-ekv {]iv\ w F¶v Adn-b-s¸-«p. A[nIw
{]kn-²-a-Ãm¯ Hcp {]kn-²o-I-c Ww am{Xw F. Un. Fw þ Iyq_ þ Gen-
b³ _Ôw Xpd-¶p-]-d-bp-¶-Xn\v ss[cy-s¸-«p. AXv F.-Un. Fw Imcy-km-[y-
¯n-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn¨ ]pI-a d am{X-am-bn-cp-¶p.
sIm¡-tIm-f-bnse {][m-\ n-I -fnÂ HcmÄ hmd³_s^ BWv. _nÂ
sKbvävkn\p Xmsg temI-¯nse cm-a s¯ [\n-I ³. Ata-cn-¡³
FIvkv{]-Êv, hmjnw-KvS¬ t]mÌv, P\-dÂ do F¶ doC³jz-d³kv Øm]-
\w, ayqNzÂ^-p-I Ä F¶nh \S-¯p¶ s_ÀIvsjbÀ lmYmth C³
tImÀ¸-td-ä-Unsâ apJy Hmlcn DS-a bpw No^v FIvkn-Iyq-«n-hpw, Ham-l-
bnse Un¸mÀ«vsaâv tÌmdnÂ \n¶pw _p²n-]qÀÆapÅ {]bXv\w hgn D¶-
X-§-fnÂ F¯nb hyàn F¶v hmd³ _t^ Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. Ata-cn-¡³
kn.-s F.-F-bpsS {]Nm-cW the sN¿p¶ I¼-\n-I fpw A[nIw ]en-ibv¡v
]Ww sImSp-¡p¶ Øm]-\-§fpw hgn-bmWv AbmÄ [\-k-a m-l-cWw \S-
¯n-b-s X¶v ]d-bm³ ss[cy-anÃ BÀ¡pw, kn.-sF.-F-bpsS ]¦m-fn-IÄ
shÂkv ^mÀtKm _m¦v, hmjnwKv S¬ t]mÌv F¶nh AXnÂ NneXv
am{Xw. sUt_md tUhn-kvþ sâ “al-Xn-bmb ImX-dn³” F¶ ]pkvX-I-
¯nÂ hni-Z-ambn hmjnw-Kv S¬ t]mÌpw kn.-sF.-F-bpambpÅ _Ôw ]d-
bp-¶p. Ata-cn-¡-³ kn. sF. F bpsS BtKm-f-a-b-¡p-a-c p¶v hym]m-c-s¯-
¡p-dn¨v ]Tn-¡p-t¼mÄ hmd³ _t^ Bsc¶v \n§Ä¡v hyà-am-Ipw.
20-mw \qäm- nsâ Aý-¯nÂ Akm-[ m-c -W-amb kw`-h-§Ä Ac-
t§-dp-I-bp- m-bn. ]e bqtdm-] y³ cmPy-§fpw bqWn-b\pw sIm¡-tIm-
f¡v FXn-c m-bn. s_ÂPn-bw, t]mf-v, Cä-en XpS-§n-bh . {^©v kn.-
sF.F ssat{Im-tkm-^väns\ Ata-c n-¡³ tZinb kwc-£W tk\-¡p-
thn Nmc-{]-hÀ¯\w \S-¯p-¶-hÀ F¶v Btcm-]n-¨p. {^m³kpw bqtdm-
]y³ cmPy-§fpw tIm¡n-t\bpw Ata-c n-¡³ kn.-sF.-F-bpsS Iq«m-fn-IÄ
F¶v hnfn-¨ p. kn.-s F.F bpsS Nne GÀ¸m-Sp-IÄ kzIm-cy-h-X vI-cn-¡pI
hgn bp.-F-kv. ôUw Hm^v C³^Àta-j³ BIvSv D]-tbm-Kn¨v tcJ-IÄ
]cn-tim-[n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-X nÂ \n¶pw c£-t\-Sp-¶p. DZm: shbv¡³l«v (
WACKENHUT ) F¶ I¼-\n. {^m³kpw aäp bqtdm-]y³ cmPy-§fpw
tIm¡ns\ Ah-c psS coXn-Ifpw kmä-s seäpw D]-tbm-Kn¨v ( SUPER BIG
BROTHER ) F¡ntem-W n\p thn aäp-Å-h-c psS clkyw tNmÀ¯p¶p
F¶v Btcm-]n-¡p-¶p.
s]mXp-hnÂ Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-s \-Xnsc tIm¡pw, s]]vknbpw {][m-\-
ambpw Htc BÄ¡m-c psS Xs¶ DS-a-Ø-bn-ep-Å-X m-Wv. Un.-Un._n Hcn-¡Â
\oYmw F¶v Adn-b-s ¸-«n-c p¶ òa-amb ]cky GP³kn s]]vkn-sbbpw
752
tIm¡n-t\bpw Htck-abw {]Xn-\ n-[o-I -cn-¡p¶p F¶ Imcyw aqSn-h-¨p.

\nb-a-h n-c p-²-ambn Akm³amÀ¤n-I-am-bn. tdmbÂ {Iu¬ tImf-t]m-ep-Å-
hsc HXp-¡p-¶-X n\pw hne Xocp-a m-\n-¡p-¶ -XnÂ GIm-[n-]Xyw Øm]n-¡p-
¶-Xn\pw thn s]]vknbpw tIm¡pw H¶msW¶ Imcyw aqSn-sh-bv¡p-¶p.
Ata-cn-¡-bpsS Ncn-{X-¯ nÂ ssI¡qen hm§n-b-Xn\v Pbn-enÂ
t]mIp¶ Gähpw D¶-X-\mb PUvPv sIÀWÀ kw`-h-¯n\v {][m\ Imc-W-
¡mÀ kvtImÄ\n¡pw Iq«-cp-a m-Wv. tImtfm-Uv\ nbv¡v thn BZyw h¡m-
e¯v Gän-c p¶ tPm¬ Un Iymw]v , ]n³am-dn.
jnt¡mtKm {Sn_yq¬, temkv G©-ekv ssSwkv, aäv A\-h[n Zn\-¸-
{X-§Ä, tdUn-tbm, Sohn tÌj-\p-IÄ Ch-s bÃmw {Sn_yq¬ I¼-\n-bpsS
kz´-a m-Wv.
Ata-cn-¡-bnse Gähpw {][m-\-s¸« hyh-kmbw ab-¡p-a-c p¶v Xs¶-
bm-Wv. {][m-\-ambpw sX¡p-]-Sn-ªm-d³ ssN\-bnÂ \n¶pw sImfw-_n-b-
bnÂ \n¶pw. s-F. _n. Fw, P\-dÂ tamt«gvkv FÃmw AXn-\p-ap-¶nÂ
IpªpI-fn-bm-Wv. sIm¡-tIm-f-bpsS amÀ¡-änwKv \S-¯p¶ sska¬
amÀ¡-änw-Kv-þsâ {][m\ _Ô-§-fnÂ H¶v tlmwMvtImwMv & jm³Jmbv
_m¦v AXv Ign-ªV 150 hÀj-ambn Hm]nbw hn]-Wn-bnÂ ]Ww \ÂIn-h-
cp-¶p. AXnsâ taÂ Øm]\w tlmwMvtImwMv & jm³Jmbv _m¦nwKv
tImÀ¸-td-j³ 1999 Â Ipä-Ir-Xy-§Ä¡v {]kn-²-amb A´m-cmjv{S
_m¦nwKv tI{µ-h p-a mbn (AXv djy³ am^n-b, sImfw-_n-b³, Ata-cn-¡³
ab-¡p-a-c p¶v kwL-§-fp-ambn KmV-_Ôw ]peÀ¯p-¶p. dn¸-»nIv \mj-
WÂ _m¦v Hm^v \yqtbmÀ¡v . AXns\ \bn-¨ n-c p-¶Xv A´m-cmjv{S
kzÀ® IÅ-¡-S¯v cmPmhv FUvav km{^ . eb-\ -¯n\v ]²-X n-bn-«n-cp-
¶p. AXn-\ n-S-bnÂ km{^-bpsS sIm«m-c -k-Zr-iy-amb samWm-t¡m-bnse
sI«n-S-¯nÂ h¨p-Xs¶ km{^ sIme-sN-¿-s¸-«p.
19-þmw \qäm-p-ap-X-se-¦nepw XpS§n C¶pw \ne-\nÂ¡p¶ Ing-¡v\n-
¶pÅ ab-¡p-a-cp¶v hym]mcw C³NvsIbv]v IpSpw-_-¯nsâ taÂt\m-«-¯n-
em-Wv. ]k-^nIv `mK¯pw aäp Øe-§-fnepw jn¸nw-Kv, _m¦v aäp [\-Im-
cy-Øm-]-\-§Ä, {Sm³kvt]mÀt«-j³þ Ing-¡p-\n¶pw Ata-c n-¡-b n-te-¡v,
\o-I m-e-b-f-hnÂ \S-¯n-bn-c p-¶-h-c mWv {]kvXpX IpSpw-_-¡mÀ. DOPE
INC, -{]kn-²o-I-c-W-¯nsâ hnhn[ e¡-§-fnÂ C³Nvs Ibv]v IpSpw-_-s¯-
¡p-dn¨v hni-Z-a mbn {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶p. ( Dope inc. New Ben Franklin House,
New York )
_pjnsâ AÑ³ s]]vknsb sP. F^v.. sI h[-¯n\v klm-
bn-¨n-cp-¶p. s]]vkn-bnÂ ]¶n-bpsS DZ-c-¯nÂ \n¶pw FSp¡p¶
s]]vkn³ F¶ F³sskw tNÀ¡p-¶p, AXv Zl-\-k-lm-bnbpw Dt¯-PI
hkvXp-hp-am-Wv. s]]vkn-bpsS D]-Úm-Xmhv km¼-¯n-I-ambn XIÀ¶p-Xp-
Im-c Ww 1931 Â NmÄkv Pn. Kp¯n\v hnev¡p-I-bp-m-bn. Kq¯v, {]oÌ¬
753
_pjv \bn-¨n-c p¶ hyh-kmb irwJ-e-bpsS I®n-bpw. Ata-cn-¡³ Ncn-{X-

¯nse Gähpw \nKq- VX DÄs¡m-Åp¶ {]kn-Uâv F¶v _pjv ko\n-
bÀ Adn-b-s ¸-Sp-¶p. 1941 Â \nIvk¬ Ah-c psS \nba D]-tZ-jvSm-hmbn
Dt±ymKw Gsä-Sp-¯p. tPmÀÖv _pjv “t_ Hm^v ]nKvkv” Hm¸-td-j-\nÂ
kn. sF. F. GPâv Bbn hÀ¯n-¨p. _pjnsâ `mcy, P·-Ø-ew, hyh-km-
b-im-e-þ-_mÀ_d lqÌ¬, k]mX F¶n-h-bpsS t]cnÂ \mhnI tk\-
bpsS klm-b-t¯m-sS. ^nZÂ Imkvt{Sm Icn-¼nsâ hne hÀ²n-¸n-¨-Xp-Im-
cWw. sP.-F-^v.sI thyma-tk-\sb ]n³h-en-¨-Xp-Im-cWw At±-l-¯n\v
acWw hn[n-¡-s¸-«p. Ata-cn¡ kvtXmen thmUvI \ntcm-[n-¨n-c p-¶-t¸mÄ
t]mepw djy-bnÂ s]]vkn¡v IS-¶p-sN-Ãm-\m-bXv {i²n-¡-s¸-tS--X m-Wv.
s]]vkn-bpsS DS-a-Ø-X-bn-epÅ “]nkm-l«v ” tamkvt¡m-bnepw se\n³{Km-
Unepw \ne-\n-¶Xv I½yq-Wn-k-¯n\v tZmj-am-bn. s]]vkn-bpw tIm¡pw XpS-
§p-t¼mÄ ioX-f-]m-\obw F¶Ã adn¨v GXp-hn[ Akp-J hpw t`Z-a m-¡p-¶-
Xn\v Ign-hpÅ acp¶v F¶mWv Ah-X-c n-¸n-¡-s¸-«-Xv. C¶v \½Ä Nnń-¡p-
¶Xv s]]vkn IpSn-¡-W tam AtXm tIm¡mtWm IpSn-t¡-Xv F¶m-Wv.
asäm-¶n-s \-¡p-d¨v Nnń-¡p-¶ -Xn\v CSw Xcm-¯-h n[w \½psS at\m-\n-
esb ]mI-s ¸-Sp-¯p-hm³ AhÀ¡v Ign-ªn-c n-¡p-¶p. shÅw IpSn-¡p-¶Xv
A]-IÀjX P\n-¸n-¡p¶ Xc-¯n-em-¡n-bn-c n-¡p-¶p. t_m[-]qÀÆ-a-ÃmsX
Ah-cpsS X{´-§Ä¡p hg-§p-¶-Xns\¡pdn¨v t_m[-hm³am-c m-tI- n-bn-cn-
¡p-¶p.
“shÅ-¯n-s \-Xnsc hnP-b-I-c-amb IS¶pIbäw” F¶ sIm¡-tIm-f-
bpsS, Ah-cpsS Xs¶ sh_vssk-än-ep-m-bn-cp¶ hnh-c-§Ä ]pd-¯-dn-
ª-Xp-Im-cWw AhÀ \o¡w sN¿p-I-bp-m-bn.
Book “Tell The Truth and Run” By George Seldes.
FbnUvkv NnIn-Õ-þ-sR-«n-¸n-¡p¶
kXy§Ä
F¨v.-sF.-hn. FbnUvkn\v Imc-W-a m-hp-¶nÃ. AXv H¶n\pw Xs¶ Imc-

W-am-hp-¶n-Ã. imkv{X-Øm-]-\-§Ä \evIp¶ AwKo-Im-c -hpw, hmkvX-h-hn-
cp-²-amb {]Nm-c -Whpw s]mXp-P\§sf F¨v.-s F.hn. am{X-amWv Fbn-
Uvkn\v ImcWw F¶v hniz-kn-¡m³ \nÀ_-Ôn-¡p-¶p. a\p-jy-{]-Xn-
tcm[tijnsb XIÀ¡m-hp¶ Xc-¯n-ep-ff iàn F¨v.-sF.hn
754
DÄs¡mÅp¶nÃ. AXv hfsc _e-lo-\-a mb Hcp sshdkv a{X-am-Wv.

ssewKnI _Ô-¯nÂ IqSn AXv ]I-cp-¶p-an-Ã. {][m-\ -ambpw cp-Xcw
sshd-kp-IÄ Dv. tImi-¯nsâ kzm`m-hn-I-Xsb amän-a-dn-¡p¶ sshd-kv,
AXv tcmKm-h-Ø-bn-te¡v \bn-¡p-¶p.
]ns¶ asämcp-X cw sshd-kp-v. tImi-¯n-\p-ÅnÂ Xs¶ hkn-¡p-
sa-¦nepw AXv tcmKm-h-Ø-bn-te¡v \bn-¡p-¶n-Ã. F¨v.-sF.-hn. A¯-c-¯n-
epÅ Hcp sshdkv am{X-am-Wv.
]ns¶ GXp-Im-c-W-¯m-emWv temI-¯nse Gähpw òI-c -amb sshdkv
F¶ ]cn-thjw AXn\v e`n-¨Xv?
F¨v.-sF.hn Fbn-Uvkn\v Imc-W-a m-hp¶p F¶v {]Jym-]n¨ a\p-jy-³
tUm.-tdm-_ÀSv Kmtem F¶ Ata-c n-¡-¡m-c-\ mWv. AXn-s\-¯p-SÀ¶v
At±lw HutZym-KnI Imcy-§-fnÂ IrXy hntem]w \S¯n F¶ ]gn-
tIÄ¡p-¶p. At±-l-¯nsâ \nco-£Ww hymP-am-sW¶v shfn-h m-¡-s ¸-«p.
]co-£-W-im-e-bnse cv klm-bn-I Ä {Inan-\ Â¡p-ä-¯n\v in£n-¡-s ¸-
«p. tImSn-¡-W-¡n\v BÄ¡m-À hÀjw {]Xn F¨v.-sF.hn {]Xn-tcm[ tImi-
§-fpsS km¶n²yw Adn-bp-¶-Xn\v hnt[-b -cm-hp-¶p. AXnsâ t]äâv Ah-
Im-i -apÅ tUm. Kmtem AXnsâ tdmbÂän¡v AÀl-\ m-h p-¶p.
F¨v.-s F.hn Fbn-Uvkn\v Imc-W-a m-hp¶p F¶v KmtembpsS
Bi-b-¯nsâ ]¦mfn eyqIv tamWvSm\nbÀ 1989þÂ {]kvX mhn-¨ p. a\p-
jysâ {]Xn-tcm-[-i -ànsb XIÀ¡m³ am{X-a pÅ iàn F¨v.-sF.-hn¡v
CÃ-X-s ¶. FbvUvkv tcmK-¯nÂ {]Xn-tcm-[-ti-jn-bpsS XIÀ¨-bmWv ImW-
s¸-Sp-¶ -Xv. temI-¯n-e m-I-a m\w Aªq-tdmfw imkv{X-Ú³amÀ At±-l-
t¯mSv tbmPn-¡p-¶p. tUm.-tdm-_À«v C.-hnÂ\À A¡q-«-¯nÂ s]Sp-¶p.
amc-I-a mb h©\: ssewKn-I-_-Ôhpw F¨v.-s F.-hnbpw XoÀ¨-bmbpw
FbvUvkn\v Imc-W-am-hp-¶nÃ F¶ {KÙ¯nsâ IÀ¯m-hmWv tUm.-tdm-
_À«v C.-h nÂ\À.
At±-l-¯nsâ Ah-I mi hmZ-§Ä Øm]n-¡m-s \-t¶mWw kvs ]bn-

\nse sSen-hn-j³ ]cn-] m-Sn-¡nS-bnÂ kzbw F¨v.-sF.hn sshdkv Ip¯n-
h¨p ImWn-¡p-I-bp- m-bn. FbvUvkv NnIn-Õ-bv¡p-thn {]tbm-K n-¡p¶
acp-¶p-IÄ ac-W-Imc-Wam-hp-¶p . hyh-Øn-Xnbpw s]mXp-P-\-§fpw F¨v.-
sF.hn FbvUvkn\v Imc-W-a m-hp¶p F¶v AwKo-I-cn-¨n-c n-¡p-¶p. hyh-
ØnXn Cu sI«p-I-Ysb tcmK-\ nÀW-b-¯nepw NnIn-Õ-bnepw sI«n-tb-ev]n-
¡p-¶p. \n§-fpsS tUmIvSÀ \n§Ä¡v F¨v.-sF.hn. t]mkn-äohv F¶v
hn[n-sb-g p-Xp-¶p. F¶mÂ At¶cw F¨v.-sF.hn sshd-knsâ km¶n²yw
am{X-amWv ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶-Xv. Aan-X-amb {]Nm-c-W-§-fpsS BLm-X-ta-äp-
hm§n A[n-Iw-t]cpw am\-kn-I-a mbpw aäpw Imc-W-§-fmepw- ac-W-t¯mSv
\S-¶-Sp-¡p-¶p. AhÀ acWw kp\n-Ýn-X-a m-s W¶v hniz-kn-¡m³ ]cn-io-en-
755
¸-n-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p., Fbvkns\ {]Xn-tcm[n¡pw F¶v Ak-Xy-{]-N-cWw

{]kn-²-am¡nb NnIn-Õm-]-²-Xn-IÄ kzoI-cn-¡p-hm\pw ]e-t¸mgpw Bh-iy-
s¸-Sp-¶ -Xn\v ac-W-`-bw Imc-W-am-Ip-¶p. Gähpw {]kn-²-a m-bXv AZT Dw.
]pXnb temI-{I-a -¯nse {][m\ IpÕn-X-_p²n IpSpw-_-amb
sdms¡-s^-tÃÀknsâ DS-a-Ø-X n-bn-epÅ shÂ¡w F¶ Øm]\w \nÀ½n-
¡p-¶-X m-W-Xv. Im³k-dn-s\-Xnsc \S-¯p¶ cmk-Nn-In-Õ-bnÂ D]-tbm-Kn-
¡p-¶-X n\p thn \nÀ½n-¨ -Xm-Wv AZT. F¶mÂ AXv AXoh hnj-Im-cn-bm-
sW¶v Is-¯p-I-bp-m-bn.
Iym³kÀ NnIn-Õ-bnÂ AXnsâ {]hÀ¯\w tIm-i§sf \in-¸n-
¡pI F¶-Xm-Wv. Iym³kÀ _m[n¨ tImi-§sf am{X-a -Ã, Btcm-KyapÅ
tImi-§-tfbpw. CXv NnIn-Õm-h y-h-ØnXn Xs¶ AwKo-I -cn¨ hkvXpXbm-
Wv. Btcm-Ky-a pÅ A[nIw tImi-§sf \in-¸n-¡p-¶-Xp-hgn ico-c-s¯-
Xs¶ \in-¸n-¡p-¶ -Xn\p ap¼v AXv Iym³kÀ tIm-i§sf \in-¸ n-¡p-
¶ptm F¶ tNmZyw {]k-à-am-Wv. CXv F¨v.-s F.-hn-bpsS NnIn-Õbv¡v
D]-tbm-Kn-¨m-epÅ êw F´m-bn-c n¡pw? AXv {]Xn-tcm[ tijn \in-¸n¨v
FbvUvkn\v Imc-W-ambn¯ocpw. a\p-jyÀ NnIn-Õ-bpsS êambn ac-
WaSbp¶p F¨v.-s F.-hn. aq-ea-Ã . FbvUvkv F¶mÂ {]Xn-tcm-[-ti-jn-
bpsS \mi-am-Wv . AXn\v Imc-W-§-fp-v. \½psS ssewKnI tNmZ-
\IÄ¡pw, {Inbm-ßI iànIÄ¡w- tase AXv Aan-X-a mb `bw krjvSn-
¨p. Ct¸mÄ Bsc-¦nepw {]Xn-tcm-[-tijn \in-¡p-¶Xv ImcWw aS-W-a-S-
ªmÂ AsXÃmw FbvUvkv aqe-a m-s W¶v hn[n-s b-g p-X p-¶p. tcmK-\ nÀW-b-
¯n-epw-IqSn AXv DÄsIm-Ån-¡p-¶p. HcmÄ F¨v.-s F.hn t]mkn-äohv Bhp-
Ibpw £bw, \yqtam-W nb XpS§n ]c-kv]-c-_-Ô-an-Ãm¯ aäv 25 Akp-J-
§-fnÂ GsX-¦n-ep-sam¶v _m[n¨v ( X«n-¸p-ImÀ Ahsb FbvUvkp-ambn
_Ô-s ¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p) ac-W-a-S-bpIbpw sNbvX mÂ FbvUvkv aqe-
amWv AXv kw`-hn-¨Xv F¶v IW-¡m-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p. Ch-bn-te-sX-¦ n-ep-s am¶v
ImcWw acn-¡p-Ibpw F¶mÂ F¨v.-s F.hn t]mkn-äohv AÃmXncn-
¡pIbpw sNbvX mÂ FbnUvkv aq-ea-Ã atäsX-¦ nepw tcmKw
ImcWam-sW¶v IW-¡m-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p . F¨v.-sF.-hn. t]mkn-äohv Bb-
hÀam-{X-a mWv FbvUvkv aqew acn-¡p-¶-sX¶v CXv Øm]n-¡p-I-bmWv
sN¿p-¶-X v.
CXv F{Xbpw Ak-Xy-am-Wv. FbvUvkvaqew ac-W-a-S-bp-¶-hÀ A[nIw
t]cpw F¨v.-sF.hn t]mkn-äohv AÃv. F¨v.-sF.hn t]mkn-äohv F¶v \nÀW-
bn-¡-s¸-«-h-cnÂ A[nIw t]cpw FbvUvkv tcmKn-I-fp-a -Ã. F´p-sImv
F¶ tNmZy-¯n\v F¨v.-sF.-hnbpw FbvUvkpw X½nÂ bmsXmcp hn[
_Ô-h p-a nÃ F¶-X p-X -s¶-bmWv D¯-cw. Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ A[nIw kzhÀK-
kw-t`m-Kn-Ifpw FbvUvkv aqew acn-¡p-¶p. AXv ssewKn-I -X-bp-ambn
FbvUvkn\v _Ô-a pv F¶ sI«p-I-Y -bnÂ hniz-kn-¡p-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-am-
bn-¯o-cp-¶p. FbvUvkp-a mbn _Ô-s¸« acp-¶p-IÄ A[n-I-a mbn D]-tbm-Kn-
756
¡p¶hcmWv Ata-cn-¡-bnse kzhÀK-kw-t`m-Kn-IÄ . ab-¡p-a -cp¶v D]-

tbm-Kn-¡p¶ hy`n-N m-c n-Wn-I Ä FbvUvkv _m[nXcmIp-t_mÄ AXv D]-tbm-
Kn-¡m-¯-hÀ¡v B tcmKw Dm-Ip-¶n-Ã. Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ FbvUvknsâ
hÀ[\ ab-¡p-a-cp¶v Dt]m-tbm-K-¯ nsâ tXmXp-ambn hyà-amb _Ôw
{]I-S-a m-¡p-¶p-v. Ata-cn-¡³ Kh¬saân-\-I-¯pÅ hyàn-I Ä Xs¶-
bmWv A¯cw acp-¶p-IÄ sXcp-hnÂ e`y-a m-¡p-¶ -Xv.
B{^n-¡-bnÂ {]Xn-tcm-[-tijn \in-¡p-¶-Xn\v ImcWw ( AXv
Ct¸mÄ FbvUvkv F¶mWv Adn-b-s ¸-Sp-¶-X v) tami-s¸« Btcm-Ky-a m-Wv.
\Ã `£-W-¯nsâ A`m-hw, ip²Pe-¯nsâ Ae-`y-X, Zmcn-{ Zy-¯nsâ CX-
c- Im-cW-§Ä F¶n-h -sbm-s¡-bmWv AXnsâ Imc-W-§Ä. lotam-ô-enb
_m[n-¨ -hÀ F¨v.-sF.hn _m[n¨ càw aqe-a Ã acn-¡p-¶-Xv. FbvUvknsâ
sI«p-I-Y-IÄ {]N-c n-¡p-¶-Xn\v ap¼p-m-bn-c p¶ AtX ac-W-Im-c-W-§Ä
sImp Xs¶. {]Xn-tcm-[-ti-jn-bnÂ s]«-¶p-m-Ip¶ CSn-¨n-emWv CXn\v
Imc-Ww. kzoI-c n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ cà-¯nse A\y-t{]m-«o-\ p-I -fp-ambn {]Xn-tcm-
[-tijn H«nt¨cp-¶-Xpw, C¯cw {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡n-S-b nÂ hfsc A]qÀÆ-
ambn Bi-b-¡p-g-¸ -¯n-s e-¯n-t¨-c p¶ {]Xn-tcm[ hyh-ØnXn ico-cs¯
B{I-a n-¡p-¶-X p-a mWv CXn\v Imc-Ww. Ah-cpsS {]Xn-tcm[ hyh-ØnXn
HcÀ°-¯nÂ Bß-lXy sN¿p-I-bm-Wv. F¨v.-s F.hn AhnsS {]k-à-a -Ã.
FbvUvkv e£-W-§sf \in-¸n¨ Hä kw`hw t]mep-a n-Ã. FbvUvkv hyh-
kmbw tImSn-¡-W-¡n\v cq]-bpsS BkvXn Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sp-¶p. AXv \nb-
{ń-¡p-¶ tXm tdms¡-s^-Ãdpw aäv D¶-X³am-c pw.
NnÓ-im-kv{Xw, W.H.O _u²oI òI-c-

hmZw
757
2000þmw BnÂ FÃm-hÀ¡pw BtcmKyw F¶p hnfw-_cw sNbvX W.H.O

Ct¸mÄ F´mWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. W.H.O bpsS hne-bn-cp-¯Â icn-bm-bn-c p-s ¶-
¦nÂ Cý-bnÂ `qcn-] £w P\-§fpw AIDS _m[ncmth Imew Ign-ªn-cn-
¡p-¶p. Ct¸mÄ temI-a m-I-a m\w òXn-]-c -¯p¶ ]pXnb Ip-]n-Sp-¯-§-
fmWv Ah-c psS AXn-Po-h-\-a mÀ¤w. Fń\pw GXn\pw kvIntkm-t{^-\nb
F¶p ]d-bp-¶-hÀ¡v AXn\v hyà-amb \nÀh-N\w \evIm³ IqSn Ign-ªn-
«n-Ã. Wonder Drug F¶p sIm«n-tLm-jn-¡-s¸« Prozac ]ns¶ Post Prozac
trios F¶p hnti-jn-¸n-¡-s ¸« Luvox, Paxil, Zoloft FÃmw Side effect sâ
B[nIyw ImcWw, hfsc Ipd-ª-Im-e-b-f-hnÂ am{Xw {]tbm-P-\w
\evIp¶p F¶Xp \nan¯w {]b-¦-c-a-Ã. P\-§sf BI-am\w at\m-tcm-Kn-I -
fmbn ap{Z-Ip-¯p-¶ -Xn-\p-ap¼v km[m-c W ( Normal ) a\pjy³ F´m-bn-cn-
¡Ww F¶v \nÀh-Nn-t¡--Xp-v. kml-N-cy-¯n\v a\p-jysâ taepÅ
kzm[o-\-s ¯-¡p-dn¨v hyà-ambn a\-Ên-em-t¡--X p-v. ]mhvtemhv, tPm¬,
_n. hmSvk¬, tXm¬ssU-Iv, kvIn¶À, tXmÄa³, slºv, _m³Uyqd
F¶n-h -cpsS kn²m-´-§Ä Iptd-tbsd klm-b-I -c-a m-Wv. ]gb k{¼-Zm-b-
¯n-epÅ (t{^mbvUv ?) at\m-hn-i-I-e-\ -¯n\p ]Icwh¡p¶ -NnÓ-
imkv{X ( Semiotics ) s\¡p-dn¨v Nne \nco-£-W-§Ä {i²n-¡p-¶Xv D]-Im-
c-{]-Z-am-bn-cn-¡pw.
NnÓsshÚm-\ n-I-¯nsâ {]tbm-àm-¡Ä¡n-S-bnÂ¯s¶ AXn-s \-
¡p-dn¨v Bi-¦-I Ä \ne-\n-ev¡p-¶p. skmÊyqÀ {]Xym-i-tbmsS ho£n-¨n-
cp¶p F¦nepw C¶pw AXv hyà-a mb \nÀh-N\w km²y-a-Ãm¯ k¼qÀ®-
a-Ãm-¯, GIo-I-c n-¡-s¸-«n-«n-Ãm¯ kn²m´w F¶ \ne-bnÂ XpS-c p-¶p.
NnÓ-i mkv{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-¨pÅ hni-I-e\w F¶-Xv, kmln-Xy-¯n\pw
Ipd-¨p-tase {]tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ I]S kmln-X y-h n-a Ài-\s¯ {]nX-\n-[o-I -
cn-¡p-¶p. AXv kzmX-{´-a-Ãm-¯Xpw Xmev]-cy-§Ä¡v hnt[-b-a m-b-Xp-amb
hni-Zo-I-c -W-§-tfbpw hn]p-e-amb XoÀ¸p-I-tfbpw ASn-Ø m-\ -ambn kzoI-
cn-¡p-¶p. CsXÃmw NnÓ-im-kv{X-¯n\v I]-S-_p-²n-Po-hn-I-fpsS Ańa A`-
b-tI{µw F¶ JymXn-t\-Sn-s¡m-Sp-¯p. kI-e-a m\ kmwkvIm-c nI cwK-§-fn-
te-¡papÅ NnÓimkv{X-¯nsâ \pg-ªp-I-bäw, tPm¬ Ìptdm¡pw
aäpw “_u²oI òI-c-hmZw” F¶ a«nÂ ho£n-¡p-¶p. NnÓvim-kv{X-
¯nsâ {]tbm-à m-¡Ä Ah-cpsS hmZ-a pJ§Ä¡v sXfn-hv
lmPcm¡p¶XnÂ hnapJcmWv . Nn«bnÃm¯sX-¦ nepw
BIÀjWobamb coXnIÄ NnÓvim-kv{X-¯n\v AwKoImcw
t\Sns¡mSp¡p¶p . am{X-a Ã NnÓvim-kv{X-¯nsâ {]tbm-à m-¡Ä Ah-
cpsS hmZ-K-Xn-IÄ Øm]n-¡p-¶ -Xn\v klm-b-I-c -amb DZm-l-c -W-§Ä am{Xw
sXc-sª-Sp-¡p-¶p. hn]p-e-a m-b, ap³ Xocp-am-\-¯n\v hnt[-b-a n-Ãm¯
(extensive random sample) kwLmX-¯nÂ Ah-cpsS \nco-£W Øm]n-
t¡--Xn-\p-]-I -cw. {]tbm-àm-¡-fnÂ ]ecpw Htc Imcy-¯n-\p-taÂ A`n-
758
{]m-b-`n-¶ -X-bp-Å-h-cm-sW¶ hkvX pX Bi-b-¡p-g ¸w krjvSn-¡p-¶p. Ah-

cpsS hni-I -e\ kt¦Xw aäp-Å-hÀ¡v ]n³Xp-S-cm³ ]äp-¶tXm AhÀ
\nco-£Ww \S-¯ nb hkvXp-X-I -fn³ta-e-ÃmsX {]tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn\v
km[ytam AÃ. ]ecpw {]mtbm-KnI hni-I-e-\-¯n\v XmXv]cyw {]I-Sn-¸n-
¡msX amdn-\n-ev¡p-¶p.
Structuralist Semiotics \v ]n´pW H«pw Xs¶-bn-Ã. Socioal Semiotics
\v ]ns¶bpw Ipd¨v hàm-¡Ä F¦nepw \ne-hn-ep-v. Ah-c psS {][m\
XmXv]-c y-§-fnsem¶v Specific Signifying Practices . C¯c¡mÀ Post
Structurilist Semiotics sâ hàm-¡fmWv. AhÀ Situated Social Semiosis
Â {i²- sN-ep-¯p-¶p. CXv CXnsâ {]tbm-àm-¡-fpsS Xs¶ Ah-Im-i-hm-
Z-a m-Wv. AXv kmaq-lnI {]iv\-§Ä¡v F{X-t¯mfw ]cn-lmcw \evIp-¶-
Xn\v {]mtbm-P-\-{]-Z-amWv F¶p-Å-Xn\v C\nbpw XoÀ¸p-I-ev¸ n-¡p-hm-\m-bn-«n-
Ã. Kp´À s{Ikv, tdm_À«v tlmUvsP, Xnsbm-h m³ enbq-sh³, ¢hpkv
{_¬ sP³k¬, t]mÄ sP. Xnt_mÄ, tPbv sewsI XpS-§n-b-hÀ
Socioal Semiotics IfnÂs¸-Sp-¶p.
gmIveIm³ Gähpw {][m-\nbpw
Socioal Semiotics ]qÀ®cq]w {]m]n¨p Ign-ªn-«n-Ã. AXnsâ BZna cq]-
§-fn-em-Wv.
gmIveImsâ kn²m-´-§fpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-X -sb-¡mÄ amkva-c n-I-amb {]tbm-
K-§Ä¡v {]m[m\yw \ÂIp-¶-h-bmWv F¶p-IqSn hmbn-¡p-t¼mÄ DZm:
Mirror Stage NnÓimkv{X ]²-Xn-sb-¡p-dn¨v ]p\-cm-tem-Nn-t¡-n-b
- n-c n-¡p-
¶p. W H O bpsS \nK-a-\-§Ä XnI¨pw A]-I -S-I-c -am-sW¶ hkvXpX ià-
am-bn-Xs¶ ]cn-K-Wn-t¡--Xp-v.
(( tPm¬ Ìp-tdm-¡v, aIvIzmdn,- anIv, t]mÄ akm-dn-kv, tPm¬ tImWÀ,
hnÃyw eokv, kqk¬ tlb-vhÀUv, tPm¬k¬, KmÀUn-\À, tUm¬
sÉbväÀ, tUhnUv _IvÌÀ, tUman-\nIv kv{Sn\m-än, {^m¦ven³, tlmUvPv,
{Sn¸v, sea¬, dokv, lmhvI vkv, sska¬ hm«vs\, tPm¬ SmKv, ssK Ip¡v,
PqUn¯v hnÃyw-k¬kv, Dan-IÀ sk_n-tbm-Iv, sImhmÀUv, FÃn-kv,
em³tJmÄkv, sebvtamÀ, s{IÊv, em]vkn, shÌvse-bvIv, _ÀPn³ XpS-§n-
b-h-cpsS ]T-\s¯ Bkv]-Z-a m¡n X¿mÀ sNbvX ]T-\-¯nÂ \n¶v .))
at\m-tcm-K-§Ä¡v ImcWw kaq-l-a m-s W-¶p-Å-X n\v imco-cnIsa¶p-Å-Xn-
t\-¡mÄ {]k-àn-bp-v. FÃm-h cpw X\n-s ¡-Xn-cm-sW¶pw aäpw Nnń-¡p-
¶-Xn-\pw, `À¯m-hnepw `mcy-bnepw hnizmk-a n-Ãm-Xm-h p-¶-X n\pw `qX-Ime
A\p-`-h-§Ä Imc-W-a m-hmw. Ata-cn-¡-bnse Gähpw {]kn-²-\mb
Behavior Geneticist 1993--þÂ Uo³ slbvaÀ Is-¯nb kzhÀ¤m-\p-cmKw
krjvSn-¡p¶ Po³, B{I-a W kz`m-h-¯n\v Imc-W-a m-hp¶ Po³, {]tXyI
759
kz`m-h-§Ä¡p Imc-W-a m-hp¶ Po³ Ch-sbÃmw hyà-ambn sXfn-bn-¡-

s¸«p Ign-ªn-«n-Ã. Ct¸mÄ AsXÃmw km²y-X -IÄ F¶ \ne-bnÂ am{Xw
IW-¡m-¡-s ¸-Sp-¶p. Cc-«-I-fn³taÂ bipolar disorder \v Imc-W-am-hp¶
LS-I-§-s f-¡p-dn-¨pÅ ]T\w \S-¯p¶ imkv{X-Ú³amÀ GsX-¦ nepw
Hä-s ¸« imco-cnI Imc-W-§Ä C¯cw Ak-´p-en-X-¯n\v Imc-W-a m-h p¶p
F¶v Icp-X p-¶n-Ã. kml-N-cy-§Ä {][m\ ]¦v hln-¡p¶p F¶p-X-s ¶-
bmWv Ah-c psS A`n-{]m-bw.
Uo³ slbvaÀ At±-l-¯nsâ ]pkvXIw Living with Our Genes Â
]d-bp-¶p. “\½Ä Nne Genetic {]tXyItfmsS P\n-¡p¶p F¶p-ÅXv
hkvXp-X-bmWv F¶mÂ \½psS Pohn-X-¯n-\p-taÂ \ap¡v \nb-{´-W-a nÃ
F¶v AXv AÀ°-a m-¡p-¶n-Ã. Po\p-IÄ `mhnsb \nÀ®-bn-¡p-¶n-Ã. AXv
X½nÂ X½nepw kml-N-cy-hp-a mbpw {]Xn-{]-h À¯\w \S-¯p-¶p.”
am²y-a -§Ä ]e-t¸mgpw Kth-j-I-c psS \nco-£-W-§Ä hnaÀi\w
IqSm-sX-X s¶ {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. Nne-t¸m-s gms¡ apt¶ Xnc-kvI-cn-¡-s¸«
Bi-b-§Ä IqSn-bpw.
Imc-Whpw {]Xym-Lm-X-hp-s a¶t]mse Po\p-Ifpw kzm`m-hhpw _Ô-
s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶n-Ã. 1990 sâ BZy-Im-e-§-fnÂ sa³U-ensâ Bi-b-K-Xnsb
Ata-cn-¡³ imkv{X-Ú³amÀ am\nIv Un{]-j³, Ipä-I r-Xy-hm-k-\, Zmcn-
{Zyw, teme-a-\ -kvI-X, ]nSn-hmin ]ns¶ kaq-l-¯n\v tZmj-ap- m-¡p¶
aäp ]e {]h-W-X-Ifpw Po\p-IÄ hgn Xe-a p-d-I-fn-te¡v ssIam-ä-s ¸-Sp¶p
F¶v Øm]n-¡p-¶ -Xn\p thn D]-tbm-Kn-¨p.
]cn-Wma kn²m-´-¯ nsâ D]-Úm-Xmhv NmÄkv UmÀÆnsâ _Ôp
{^m³knkv KmÂ«³, bqP-\nIvkv F¶ Bibw cq]o-I-cn-¨p. 19-þmw \qäm-
nsâ Ah-km-\ -L-«-¯nÂ At±lw ]mc-¼-cy-ambn _Ôp-¡Ä¡n-S-bnÂ
]IÀ¶p-I n-«p¶ kzm`m-h-hn-ti-j-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v ]Tn-¨p. At±-l-¯nsâ Ata-
cn-¡³ injy³ NmÄkv _n. sUbvh³t]mÀ«v F¶mÂ sa³U-ensâ Bi-
b-K-Xn-I-s f-bmWv B{i-bn-¨ -Xv. bqP-\n-Ivkns\ F{]-Imcw \Ã a\p-jy-Ipew
krjvSn-¡p-¶-X n\p thn D]-tbm-K n¡mw F¶pw. {]tXyI hÀ¤-¡mÀ
{]tXyI kz`m-h -hn-ti-j-§Ä DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p F¶-X m-bn-c p¶p
sUbvh³t]mÀ«nsâ Hcp \nK-a-\w. Cä-en-¡mÀ hyàn-]-c-a mb Ipä-Ir-Xy-
§-fnÂ GÀs¸Sp¶hcp-w , {Ko¡p-ImÀ hr¯n-lo-\-c pw, kzoUnjv P\X
hr¯nbp-Å-h-cpw. IpSn-tbä \nb-{´-Ww, hÔyw-I-cWw apX-em-bh hgn
{]iv\-¯nsâ ASn-thcv Xs¶ \in-¸n¡mw F¶v AhÀ Icp-Xn.
1935 HmsS 35 {]tZ-i -§-fnÂ IogvhÀ¤-¡m-c nÂ hÔyw-I -cWw \S-¯ n .
Ata-cn-¡- t\XrXzw \ÂIn . aäpÅhÀ ]n³XpSÀ¶p . Ata-cn-¡-bpsS
bqP-\nIvkv \mknIÄ Iq« hÔyw-I-c-W¯n\pw ]n¶oSp \S¶ D·q-e-\m-i -
¯n\pw D]m-[n-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-¨ p. 1971 hsc BÀ_À¨m, Im\U, F¶n-h n-S-
760
§-fnepw 1973 hsc Ae-_m-a-bnepw \nÀ_-ÔnX hÔy-IcWw \ne-\n-¶n-cp-

¶p.
saUn-¡Â F¯n-I vknÂ sshZKv²yw t\Snb \nb-a -P-R\pw tUmIvS-
dp-amb ^nen]v sdbve n ]d-bp-¶p. 1985 hsc 19 {]tZ-i -§-fn-se-¦ nepw am\-
knI {]iv\ap-Å-hsc hÔy-I-c Ww sN¿p-¶-Xn\v \nba km[p-X-bp-m-bn-
cp-¶p.
{]tXyI P\-X-Xnsb {]tXyI kz`mhw sI«n-tbÂ¸n-¡p¶ {]h-
WX B[p-\ nI Behavior Geneticist ]peÀ¯p-¶n-Ã. The Bell Curve F¶
]pkvXIw cNn¨ NmÄkvap-sdbpw dn¨ÀUv sl¬Ìo\pw A]-hm-Z-a m-sW-¦n-
epw.
ans\-tkm« bqWn-thÀknän , 1000 Cc-«-Isf \nco-£-W-¯n\v
hnt[-b-am-¡n, kam-\-a mb Cc-«-IÄ Po\pIÄ kam-\-ambn ]¦p-s h-bv¡p-
t¼mÄ aäv Cc-«-IÄ ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw Po\p-IÄ am{Xw ]¦p-sh-¡p-¶p.
{]tXyI kz`m-h -¯n-\p-Im-c-W-a m-h p¶ Po\p-I-s f-¡p-dn¨v ]Tn-¡p-t¼mÄ
Kth-j-IÀ cp-Xcw Cc-«-I-fnepw s]mXp-hmb kz`m-h-§sf \nco-£n-¡p-
¶p. êw A]-{K-Yn-¡p-¶Xv Ffp-¸ -a-Ã, ]e-t¸mgpw sXämb \nK-a-\-§-fnÂ
F¯n-t¨-cp-¶-Xn\pw Imc-W-amhpw. kam-\ -amb Cc-«-IÄ H-cpt]mse
]cnNcn¡s¸Spw . AXmbncn¡mw Nnet¸mÄ kam-\-a mb kz`m-h-¯ n-\p-Im-c -
Ww . kam-\ -amb Cc-«-IÄ {]tXyI kml-N-cy-¯nÂ hfÀ¯-s¸-Sp-¶n-S¯v
Kth-jWw sNt¿--Xp-v. ]ÀUyq bqWn-thÀkn-än-bnse a\-im-kv{X-
Ú³ tjms\-a³ ]d-bp-¶-X v, kml-N-cy-§-fp-sSbpw ]mc-¼-c y-¯n-tâbpw
]c-kv]c _Ôw Øm]n-s¨-Sp-¡p-¶-X n\v km[y-aÃ F¶m-Wv. ImcWw ]c-
kv]c kzm[o-\ hpw ]cn-K-Wn-t¡--X m-bn-«pv F¶p-Å-Xp-sImv Xs¶.
Cc-«-I-fm-sW-¦ nepw Ah-cpsS P\\{Iaw Ah-tcm-SpÅ kao-]-\-¯nÂ
hfsc hyXymkw sNep-¯p-¶p.
kaq-l-¯nÂ \ne-\n-¶p-h-c p¶ Bi-b-§sf _e-s ¸-Sp-¯p¶ Kth-
jW ê§Ä¡pIm-c-Ww Kth-jWw \S-¯p-¶-X n\v sXc-s ª-Sp-¡p¶
amÀ¤-§-fpsS \yq\-X-I -fm-sW¶pw A`n-{]mbw \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶p.
kzhÀ¤m-\p-cm-Ks¯ t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡p¶ Po³ \ne-\nÂ¡p¶ F¶v kwi-
b-te-iy-at\y sXfn-bn-¡m-\ m-bn-« n-Ã. A¯cw Po³ \ne-\nÂ¡p¶p F¶
kn²m´w Kh-j-I-cpsS \nK-a-\-§-fnÂ h¶ Kpcp-X-c-a mb ]mfn-¨-bmWv
F¶mWv Ct¸mÄ hne-bn-cp-¯-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. ]pXp-a -tX-Sp¶ Po³ F¶Xpw
A{]-Imcw Xs¶. Ipä-Ir-Xy-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw CtX ImgvN-¸m-Sp-X-s¶-bm-Wv.
kml-N-cy-§-fnÂ, Ah-bpsS kzm[o-\ -§-fnÂ IqSp-XÂ {i² sNep-t¯-n-
bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
761
BÂ_À«v sF³Ìo³sâ aI³ FUvhÀUv s\ XIÀ¯Xv Psychiatric

Treatment se hogvN-I-fm-s W¶ hkvXpX {]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ AÀln-¡p-
¶p.
1. DSM. IV Published By American Psychiatric Association.
2. They Say You are Crazy. How the Worlds Most Powerful
Psychiatrists Decide Who’s Normal By Paula J. Caplan Phd.
3. Making Us Crazy : The Psychiatric Bible and the Creation of Mental
Disorders. By Herb Kutchins and Stuart A.Kirk
4. The Myth of Mental Illness. The Foundations of a Theory of
Personal Cconduct. By. Thomas S. Szasz M. D
5. Law Liberty and Psychiatry: An Enquiry into the Social Uses of
Mental Health Practices. By Thomas. S. Szasz
6. DMS .III Case book. A Learning companion to the diagnosic and
statistical manual of Mental disozders.
7. DMS .IV Made eassy. The clinicians guide to diagnosis.
8. Diagnostic Criteria from DSM .IV (4th Ed) John S. Mclntyre)
9. Manufacture of Madness : By. Thomas S. Szasz M. D
References / Further Reading

762
World Revolution By Nesta Webster

None Dare Call it Conspiracy By Garry Allen
The United States Isn’t a Country-It’s a Corporation By Lisa Guliani
Pentimento: Freedom Revisited
A Tale of Two Nations By William Harvey
The Wandering Jew By Eugene Sue
Secrets of the Temple By Greider William
A Term at the Fed: An insiders view By Meyer Lawrence H
The Case against Fed By Rothbard Murray.N
Secrets of the Federal Reserve By Eustace Mullins
Rome The Biography of a City : By Christopher Hibbert
Paper against Gold By William Cobbett
History of the Bank of England By Francis
Banking an Illustrated History By Edwin Green
Bloodliness of Illuminati By Fritz Springmaier
A Century of War By F. William Engdahi
Thirty Years View from 1820-1850 By Thomas Benton.
Critical Path By Buckminster fuller
A History of Money By Davies Glin
An Introduction to English Economic History and Theory By W.J. Ashley
Jewish Life in the Middle Ages. By Israel Abrahams
Jews of Mideaval England By Michael Adler.
A History of the Jews in England By Cecil Roth
The Growth of English Industry and Commerce: During the early and
Middle Ages By W.Cunningham
England’s Jewish Solution: Experiment and Expulsion By
Robin.R.Mundill
Exile from England: The Expulsion of the Jews in 1290 By Gregg
Delgadillo
Pawns in the Game By William Guy Carr
God-The Ultimate Paradox By David Ash
The History of Money By Jack Weatherford
Shekinah Prophecy By Michael S. Young
(The preisthood of Appollo mysteries changed their names to Templars.
The complete network pre existed)
The Jew in the medieval Community By James Parkes
763
The Temple and the Lodge By Michael Baigent, Richard Leigh

The Kingdom of the Crusades By Dana Carlton Monroe
The Precious Metals By William Jacobs
100% Money By Irving Fisher
A Time for Truth By E.Simon
Facts and Fascism By George Seldes
1.The Ancient financial world

2.Financing Civilization
3.History of Interest
By William.N.Goetzmann
The Babylonian Woe By David Astle

(a study of the origins of certain banking facilities and of their effects on the
events of ancient history)
The Lost Science of Money By Stephen Zarlenga
The Pharisees: TheSociological background of their faith By Rabbi Louis
Finkelstein
All These Things By A.N. Field
(The British Fabian Society to take over the world by the city of London
financial community - 1936)
1984 By George Orwell
The Road to Tyranny By Alex Jones.
A Net of Control Unthinkable:How the Internet could become a tool of
corporate amd Government Power By Steven Levy
Rome on the Potomac By David Talbot
The Creature from Jekyll Island :A second look at the Federal Reserve By
G Edward Griffin
A Racial Programme In the 20th Century By Israel Cohen
God’s banker : The Life and Death of Roberto Calvi By Rupert Cornwell
The Real Deal on Enron By Daniel Arm Strong
The myth of the Rule of Law By Catherine Austin Fitts.
In Focus : Multilateral Debt Burden By Soren Ambiose.
( Key Point : The IMF and the World Bank are the preferential creditors
who gain power over the impoverished countries as the amounts owed to
them increased. )
Banking, Currency and the Money Trust By Charles Lyndbergh’
764
Controversy of Zion By Douglas Reed

The Prize : The Epic Quest for Oil By Daniel Yergin.
Sex Fraud Money Laundering : All Roads Lead to Rome By Rupert
Cornwell
History of Standard Oil Company By Ida tarbell
The Death of Money By Joel Kurtzman
Propoganda in the Next War 2001 By Sydney Rogerson.
War Cycles Peace Cycles By Richard Hoskins
The End of Work By Jeremy Rifkin.
The Future of Money : Beyond Greed and Scarcity By Bernard Lietaer
Playing with the Numbers : How So - called Experts mislead us about the
Economy By Richard Stimson
Lincoln Money Martyred By R.E.Search
Crowded Years By William MC Adoo
Economic Consequences of Peace By John Maynard Keynes
The Miracle on Main Street By Tupper Saucy
Gold and Economic Freedom. By Alan Greenspan
Capitalism : The Unknown Ideal By Ayn Rand
Economic Solutions By Peter Kershaw
The Central Banks By Robert Pringle
War is a racket By Smedley Butler
The Real History of the Rosicrucians By Arthur Edward waite
Money : whence it came,where it went By John Kenneth Galbraith
The closing of the American Mind. By Allan Bloom
The Rights of Man By Thomas Paine
Dope Inc By Schiller Institute
Money and the citizen : The Manufacture of Credit by a Mere Stroke of the
Pen By W. Hadley Robinson ( fellow of the Institute of Bankers.)
Treason’s Peace By Ambruster Howard Watson
The Occult And the Third Reich By Angebert Michel
Hawkers of Death By Baker Philips Noel
The Higher Circles : The Governing Class in America By Aomhoff G
William
Merchants of Death By Engelbrecht H.C
International Cartles By Hexner Ervin.
Before Hitler Came : Thule Society By Phellps Reginald
765
Confessions of “The Old Wizard” : the Autobiography of Hjalmar Horace

Greeley Schacht By Hjalmar Horace Greeley Schacht; (Translator) Diana
Pyke
The Bank of International Settlements By Henry H. Schloss
All Honouable Men By John Stewart Martin.
Cartles in Action By George W. Stocking And Myron W. Watkins
The Politics of Oil By Robert Engler
The Soverign State of I.T.T By Anthony Simpson
The Tragedy of Henry Ford By Jonathan Leonard
The Most Powerful Man in the World By Glyn Roberts
Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace By Harry Elmer Garnes
Railraods And Regulation 1877-1916 By Gabriel Kilko
{Railroad owners demanding State Control}
A Study of Currency Depreciation in Post War Germany By Constantino

Bresciani- Turroni
The Economics of Inflation By Constantion Bresciani Turroni
Adolf Hitler And German Heavy Industry By George W.F.Hallgarten
America’s Great Depression By Murray N Rothbard
The New Deal in Old Rome : How Government in the Ancient Woeld Tried
To Deal with Modern Problems By H.J. Haskel
Concentration of Control in American Industry By Laidler Harry W.
I Paid Hitler By Fritz Thyseen
The Magnate : William Boyce Thompson And His Time By Hermann
Hagedrn
American Red Cross By John Foster Dulles.
The Mask 0f Merlin By Donald Mc Cormick
Russian American Relations, Documents By C.K. Cuming And Waller W.
Pettit
I Live to Tell: The Russian Adventures of an American By Jacob. H. Rubin
From Farm Boy To Financier By Frank A. Wanderlip
1. Undiplomatic Memoirs
2. Our Jungle Diplomacy
By William Sand
I Dreamt Revolution By William Reswick

Germany and the Revolution in Russia By ZAB. Zeman
766
The German Bolshevik Conspiracy By U.S. Committee on Public

Information War information Series.
The Truth About the Trusts By John Moody
Northern Underground By Michel Futrel
The Russian Provisional Government By Robert Paul Browder And
Alexander F. Kerensky
Fighting Germany’s Spies By French Strothers
Defeated Leaders By Rudolph Binion.
Treason and Tragedy : An Account of French War Trials By George
Adam.
The Grand Strategy of the Soviet Union By Edward Luttwak
Red Carpet By Joseph Finder
Science And Technology in Contemporary War By G.I.Pokrovski
Stalin Means War By G. Tokaev
The Real Soviet Russia By David J. Dallin
The Told Barrom By Samuel Taylor Moor
The Unknown Revolution By Voline
The Merchant of Revolution : The Life of Alexander Israel Helphand By
Z.Z.B. Zeman
How Democracies Perish By Jean Francois Revel
Brute Force : Allied Strategy Tactics WWII By John Ellis
The Concentration Camps in South Africa By Napier Davitt
1. The Organisation’s Man

2. Stalin and German Communism
By Jorgen Schleiman
Willi Munzenberg : A Political Biography By Babetta Gross

Propaganda Technique in the world war By Harold lowell
The Propaganda Menace By Frederick E. Lumley
History of the Russian Communist Party By Leonard Schapiro
Ethics of Terror By Prof . Abraham Kaplan
The Psychiartrist And Terror By Prof . John Gun
The Techniques of Persuasion By. IRC. Brown
The Psychotic :Understanding Madness By Andrew Crowcraft
767
The Battle for the Mind : A Physiology of Conversion and Brainwashing

By William Sargant
The Mind Possessed : The Cognition of Spirit Possession in an Afro-
Brazilian Religious Tradition By Emma Cohen
Collected Works of Dr. Jose Delgado

The Experiments of Remote Mind Control By Dr. Robert Heath
kt´m-jhpw `bhpw hntcm-[hpw \nÀt±-i m-\ p-k-c Ww krjvSn-¡-s¸-Smw.
ESB Experiments By Gottlieb ( Programing Humans to kill on Command )
How we Advertised America By George Creel
Psychology of Science . By. Aldous Huxley
The Science of Coercion. By Renses Likert
Mental Tensions By Dicks
Innocence And Experience By Gregory Bateson
Toward Humanistic psychology By Cantril
Trend Report By John Naisbitt
Understanding Man’s Social Behaviour By Cantril
( The Association for Human Psychology was Founded By Abraham
Maslow - A Club of Rome Project )
British Opium Policy . By F.S. Turner
The Imperial Drug Trade By Rowntree
(Involvement Of British Monarchy in Drug Trade)
1. Crystalizing Public Opinion

2. Engineering of Consent
3. Propaganda
By Edward Bernays [Nephew to Sigmund Frued And Friend of H.G.
Wells]
Murder She Wrote By Jessica Fletcher (On Katherine Graham)
Journey into Madness By Gorden Thomas
American Journal of Psychiatry. Jan. 1956. Dr. Ewan Cameron.
Documents Relating to activities of the Society for the Investigation of
Human Psychiology. Front for CIA experiments in to Mind Control.
The huxleys By Clark
The Jesuits By Malachi Martin
The Later Cecils By Kenneth Rose
The Legacy of malthus By Allan Chase
768
The Management of Sustainable Growth [A Must Read] By Harlan

Cleaveland
Open Conspiracy By H.G. Wells
The Politics of Experience By Liang RD
The Politics of Heroin in South East Asia By. Mc.Coy, Alfred W, Read,
Adams Leonard
The Round Table Movement And Imperial Union By John Kendle
The Structure of the Popular Music Industry By Institute for Social
Research
Time Perspective And Morale By Levin B
Memoirs of a British Agent By Bruce Lokhart (Bolshevik Revolution
Controlled From London)
Mind Games By Michael Murphy
Mr. William Cecil And Queen Elizabeth By Conyers Read
Murder : By Henry Anslinger
War on Drug Farce - By Michael Levine Former DEA Officer
Oil Imperialism, - The International Struggle for Petroleum By Louis
Fischer
Population Bomb By Paul Ehrlich
Public Opinion By Walter Lippman.
Rockefeller Internationalist By Josephson
Steps to the Ecology of Mind. By. Gregory Bateson ( Fromer Tavistock
Scientist )
Sterling Drug By Bullit C William [ Former Board Member I.G. Farben ]
Democratic Ideals and Reality By Halford Mackinder
God’s Banker By Rupert Cormwell
Introduction to the Sociology of Music By Theo Adorno
Invasion from Mars . By. Cantril
Investigation of the Kennedy Assassination, The Uncommissioned Report
on Jim Garrison Findings By Flammonde Paris
Isis Unveild, A master Key to the Ancient And Modern Science and
Theology By Helena Blavatsky
King Makers, King Breakers, The Story of Cecil Family By John Coleman
Lies, Clearer than Truth. By Richard Barnett
Trading with the Enemy By Charles Higham
An American Company: The tragedy of United fruit.
By. Scammel, Henry and MC Cann Thomas
769
An Introduction to the Principles and Morals of Legislation. By. Bentham

Jeremy
Baku an Eventful History By. Henry J.D
Beasts of the Apocalypse By O Grady Olivia Maria
Cecil Rhodes By. John flint
Cecil Rhodes: The Anatomy of an Empire. By John Marlow
Creating a Particular Behavioral Structure. By. Dorwin Cartwright
Scientists in Quest for Peace: A History of the Pugwash By J.Rotblat
The new Dark Age Conspiracy By Carol White
Heisenberg’s war: The secret History of German Bomb By Thomas
Powers
George Bush The Unauthorized Biography By Webster Tarpley and Anton
chaitkin .
Palmerston’s London during the 1850’s : a Town of the Human and
Multicultural Zoo By Webster Tarpley
The Venation Takeover of England : A 200 years project By Gerald Rose
How the Venitian Virus Infected and Took Over England By H. Grahan
lowrey
The Bestial British Intelligence of Shelburne and Bentham By Jeffrey
Steinberg
Americas “Young America” Movement Slaveholders and the Bnai B’rith
By Anton chaitkin
Palmerton launches Young Turks to Permanently Control Middle East By
Joesph Brewda
Freud and the Frankfurt school By Michael minnicino and Jim crow
A Cultural Weapon in the Hands of the Confederacy By Dennis speed
Beyond words The story of Sensitivity Training and the Encounter
Movement By kurt back
Rockefeller’s Fascist Labour Policies By Richard Freeman
Will you allow your child to be spiritually molested :get the ADL - NEA
brainwashers out of The School By The new federalist
Rockefeller blasted at U.N. meeting By new solidarity 1974
The power of Reason 1988 By lyndon Larouche
Experiment in Autobiography By H.g wells
Reflectos on partnership : British and American attitudes to postwar
foregin policy. By Henry Kissinger
Great Captains Unveiled By B.H. Liddell hart
770
( for role of Venetians as the intelligence service of Mongols )

A History of the crusades 3vols By sir Stephen Runciman
The Popes at Avignon By Guillaume Mollat
Avignon Papacy By Yves Renouard
On World Government By Dante Alighieri ( Translation Herbert W
Schneider )
Nicolaus of Cusa on Learned Ignorance (1440) Trans By Jasper Hopkins
A History of Venice By john Julius Norwich
Venice: A Maritime Republic By Frederic C. lane
An Economic History of Rome By Tenny frank
The Catholic concordance By Nicolas of cusa ( Translation Paul E
Sigmund )
The Pope, HisBanker and Venice By Felix Gilbert
The Role of Venition Oligarchy in the Reformation, the
Counter Reformation Enlightenment and thirty years war by Webster G
Tarpley
Gianmaria Ortes and the Venition Hoax of Carrying Capacity By Webster
G Tarpley
The unknown Leonardo By Ladislao Reti
( Leonardo Da vinci contribution to milirtary technology )
How the Nation was won.America’s untold story By Grahan Lowry

The decline and fall of Roman Empire By Edward Gibbon
Treason in Amecrica from Aron Burr to Averel Harriman By Anton
chaitkin
Cybernetics or control and communication in the Animal and the machine
By Norbert waeiner
The Poliical Economy of American Revolition By Christopher White
The Medieval super companies A study of the Peruzzi company of Florence
By Edwin Hunt
Money and Banking in medieval and renaissance venice By Frederick C
Lane
Civilization and Capitalism from the 15th to the 18th century By Fernand
Braudel
The Popuation Bomb By paul ehrlich
( The idea of using education and sex education to reduce population )
771
They got their Man By Elmer Lynn williams

With No Appologies By Barry Goldwater
The Shape of Things to Come : The Ultimate Revolution By H.G.Wells
1933
The Other Side of Deception By Victor Ostrovsky
Jewish History, Jewish Religion : The Weight of Three Thousand Years
By Israel Shahak
A Political Prisoner in the U.S : Sheik Omar Abdel Rahman By Miller
Edward.W
My Exploited Father in law By Curtis Dall [ FDR’s Son in law ]
The Economic Colonisation of Iraq : Illegal and Immoral By Antonia
Juhasz
Final Warning By David Allen Rivera
Unholy Alliances By James Wardner
Adam Weishaupt : A Human Devil By Gerald B. Winrod
Conspirators Hierarchy : The Story of Committee of 300 By Dr. John
Coleman
The Biggest Secret By David Icke
The History of the Federal Reserve. How to Replace it or How to Reform
it. By Metz
The New World Order By Pat Robertson
Operation Vampire Killer 2000 By America Citizens and Lawmen
Association
The Lost Science of Money By Stephen Zarlenga
The Empire of the City By E C Knuth
The Grand Chess Board By Zbigniew Brzezinski
En Route to Global Occupation By Gary H.Kah
One World By John Amkerberg - John Weldon
Repeal the Federal Reserve Banks By Casimir Frank Gierut
Walls in our Minds By M.J.Red Backman
The Law that Never Was By Bill Benson - M.J. Red Backman
New World Order : The Ancient Plan of Secret Societies By William.
T.Still
The Social Security and Pension Conspiracy. By Metz
Money and the Citizen By W. Hadley Robinson
The Economic System in the United Kingdom By Derek Morris
The Living Economy By David Weston
772
The Secret World Government By Cherep Spiridovitch

The Federal Reserve Bank By H.S. Kenan
The Most Secret Science By Archibald E Roberts
Savings and Loan Unethical Bailout By Casimir F.Gierut
Dark Secrets of the New Age By Texe Marrs
Banking an Illustrated History By Edwin Green
Pieces of Eight:The Monetary Powers and Disabilities ofU.SConstitution
By Edwin Vieira JR.
Bank Rolling World into Chaos By Michael Rowbotham
The Negative Consequences of the Debt - Based Money System By
Greaves
Money for the People And By the People By Alistair McConnachie
The Real Reasons for the Upcoming War in Iraq & the Real Reasons Why
Iran is the Next Target By William Clark
The Theory and Practice of Banking By H.D.Mccleod
Capitalism The Unknown Ideal By Ayn Rand
The Coming Battle : A Complete History of the National Banking Money
Power in the United States By M. W Walbert, Paul Walter
History of the Bank of England 1640 to 1903 By Andreades A
Paper Against Gold or History and Mystery of the Bank of England of the
Debts, of the Stocks, of the Sinking Fund and of all the Tricks and
Contrivances Carried on by the Means of Paper Money By William Cobbett
Bank of England : A History in 2 Volumes By Clapham Sir John
English Usurer or Usury Condemned By Blaxton John.
History of the Bank of England By Francis Joseph Hume
The Bank of England : A History from its Foundation in 1694 By Giuseppe
John
From Indonesia 1958 : Nixon, The CIA and the Secret War By L. Fletcher
Prouty
Nightmare By Anthony Lukas
The Secret Team : The CIA and its Allies in Control of the United States
and the world By L. Fletcher Prouty
The Tax Racket : Government Extortion from A to Z By Martin Gross
U.S.Dollar Hegemony By Henry C Liu
Investigating the Federal Income Tax By Joseph Banister
The Case Against the Fed By Murray N. Rothbard
Case Book on Alternative 3 By Jim Keith
773
The Role of Zionism in the Holocaust By Rabbi Gedalya Liebermann.

The Palestinian Problem in German Politics 1889 – 1945 By David
Yisraeli
The Seventh Million By Tom Segev, Haim Watzman.
An Eternal Mockery of the Germans By Karl Babler [on the Marshal Plan]
Crimes and Mercies By James Bacque
Israel And the Bomb By Avner Cohen.
Economic Solutions By Peter Kershaw
The Coming Economic Earthquake By Larry Burkett
Smoking Gun : The Declassification of Pentagons Plot for Domestic
Terrorism
The Defence of the Undefended Border : Planning for war in North
America 1867 -1939 By Richard Preston.
Facts and Fascism By George Seldes
Financial Origins of National Socialism By Sydney Warburg
(( Republished asHitler’s Secret Backers ))
For Those Who Cannot Speak By Michael Mc Laughlin
Bombing Vindicated By J.M.Spaight
The Naked Capitalist By W. Cleon Skousen
School of Darkness By Bella Dodds
Return to My Father’s House By Maurice Malkin
Our Enemy : The State By Albert - J Nock
Federal Reserve Directors : A Study of Corporate and Banking Influence
The Power Elite By C.Wright Mills
The Transfer Agreement : The Untold Story By Edwin Black
The Politics of Hunger : The Allied Blockade of Germany 1915-1919 By
Paul Vincent
Strategy of Defeat By Admiral Sharp
Betrayal of America :Bush’s Appeasement of Communist dictators betrays
american principles by David B. funder burk
The Establishment’s Man by James J drummey
A World Effectively Controlled by the United Nation By Lioncoln P.
Bloomfield
The Perfect Spy By Micheal Duffy
Bush and the Trilateral Commission By Rowland Evans and Robert Novak
The Last Secrets of the Skull and Bones By Ron Rosenbaum
Early History of Council on Foreign Relations By whitney H. Shepardson
774
Little known Aide plays major Role in Foreign Policy By David Hoffman
The Fearful Master (U.N) By G.Edward griffin
The Actor : The True story of John foster Dulles By Alan stang
The United Nations Conspiracy By Robert W.Lee
Why the UN Dog Didn’t bark By leslie H Gelb
Red Rolls as Bush unchains Regulatory Watchdogs By Tom baden
Whose Side are They On By john F. Mc Manus
While You Slept By John T Flynn
May God Forgive US By Robert Welch
Human Cost of Communism in China :: report issued by senate sub
committee to investigate the administration of The internal security Act
and other internal security laws ninety second congress 1971
Red Star over Cuba By Nathaniel weyl
The Invisible Government By Dan smoot
The Hard Road to World Order By Richard N Gardner
The Truth in Time By Robert Welch
The Reshaping of the World Economy By William J Casey
The Pathlogy of Power By Norman Cousins
Lawyers and other Reptiles By jess M Bralier
How to Avoid Probate By Norman Dacey
The Case Against congress : A compelling indictment of corruption on
capital hill By Drew Pearson and Jack Anderson
Fight Flight and Fraud : The story of Taxation By charles adams
Tax Fraud and Evasion : The war stories By Donald W Mac pherson
How anyone can stop paying Income Tax By lrwin schiff
The Discovery of Freedom : Man’s struggle Against Authority By Rose
wilder lane
The Holden Bough By james frazer
Evolution of Co –Operation By Robert Axelord
The Great Depression of 1990 By Ravi Batra
The Real Productivity Crisis Is In Government By Richard S. Rosenbloom
Age of Inflation By Hans F Sennholz
The Economic Rape of America By Frederick Mann
The Screwing of the Average Man By David Hapgood
Bionomics : the Inevitability of Capitalism By Michael Rothschild
(Brilliant integration of biology and economics)
775
Inventing Reality By Michael Parenti

The Media Monopoly By Ben H. Bagdikian
Free to Choose By Milton and Rose Friedman
1.Trial by jury
2. No treason : the constitution of No authority
By lysander spooner
The Great Economic Charity By Hareper F.A
1.The Counter Revolution of science

2.The Facts of the Social Science
3.The Mythology of Capital
4.Unions Inflation and Prices
5.Why the Worst get On Top ( in the road to serfdom )
By F. A. Hayek
Income Without Work By Rochelle

Taxation and Anarchism By Herbert Auberon
Democracy - the god that failed : the economics and politics of monarchy
By hoppe Hans - Hermann
The Biggest con : How the government is Fleecing you By lrvin A. schiff
How are Cartel Prices Determined By Fog Bjarke
1.A program for monetary stability

2.Foreign Economic Aid : Means and Objectives
By Milton Friedman
Progress and Poverty By Geroge Henry
Compulsory Mis - Education and the community of scholars By Goodman
Paul
The Wreck : A Historical and Critical study of the administration of
Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft By Hansburg H.C
Defense Controls and Inflation By Director Aron
External Economies and Dis economies By Ellis Howards and William
Fellner
More on the Misuse of Mathematics in Economics By Enke Stephen
1.Big Business and Government
776
2 Too Much Government Too Much Taxation

By Fay Charles Norman
Defense Without Inflation By Albert G Hart
Purchasing Power of Money By lrving Fisher and Herbert
Constructive Income Taxation By Irving Fisher
Oil Prices and Competition By Fleming Harold
The Economics of Using Regulation By Blitz Rudolph c and Millard F
Long
The Economics of Inflation By Bresciani Turroni Constantine
Foundation Professors and Economics Education By Brown Harry
Gunnison
The Minimum Wage : Who Pays By Brogen Yale, Milton Friedman
1.Don’t Buy Bonds

2.The Economics of Society, Sovernment, and the State
3.From the Solomon’s Yoke to the Income Tax
4.The Income Tax - Root Of All Evil
5.The Myth Of the Post Office
By Frank Chodorov
Taxation is Robbery By Crowd

The Psychology of Taxation By Lewis Alan
The Myth of Neutral Taxation By Rothbard Murray N
The Great Income Tax Toax By S chiff Irwin
The Greedy Hand By Shlaes Amity
1.The Biggest Tax Loophole of All
2.The Best Kept Secret
By Skinner Otto
Cliches of Politics By Spangler Mark
The Tax Scam : How the IRS swindles you and what you can do about it
By stang alan
The Roots of the Income Tax
By Stratton Lawrence Jr and Moore Stephen and
Roberts Paul Craig
Judicial Tyranny By Dickstein Jeffrey
The Coming Collapse of Income Tax By Frey Thomas
The IRS and Civil Liberties By hamowy Ronald
777
To Harass Our People : the IRS and government abuse of power By

Hansen George
How War Amplified Federal Power in the twentieth century By Higgs
Robert
The Death of Common Sense By Howard Philip k
Fixing the Constitutional Absurdity of the appointment of Direct Tax By
Johnson Calvin H
Federal Income Tax, it’s Harmful Side Effects By Citizens for an
alternative tax system
Our Income Tax : The Darker side
By Adam Charles and citizens for an alternative
tax system
For Good and Evil : the Impact of taxes on the course of civilization By
Adam Charles
Those Dirty Rotten Taxes : the Tax revolts that built America By Adam
Charles
The Income tax and How it grew By Carson Gerald
The Income Tax and the Burden of Perfection By crane charlotte
The Tax Exempt Foundations By Bill M.C Lihany
A Program for the Jews and an Answer to All Anti Semites By Harry
Wanton
The Longest War By Jacobo Timmerman
Zionism Rules the World By. Henry H Klein
The Hoax of Twentieth Centry By Professor Arthur Butz
The New Crowd : the Changing of the Jewish guard on wall street By
Ehrlich and Rehfeld
How the Jews invented Hollywood By Neal gablers
Explaining Hitler : The search for the origins of his evil By Ron
Rosenbaum
The Mind and God of Adolf Hitler By Sara Jess , R. Joseph
Erik Jan Hanussen : Hitter’s Jewish Clairvoyant By.Mel Gordon
For Those Who Cannot Speak By Michael MacLaughlin
Case Book on Alternative By Jim Keith
The Holocaust :lets hear both sides By Mark Weber
Rothschilds Money Trust By George Armstrong
Jewish History Jewish Religion By Israel Shahak
The Jewish Century By Yuri Slezkine
778
Masonry and the Vatican By Leon de Poncins

Lucifer and the Cult of Freedom By David Livingstone
Mind of Adolph hitter : Hitler’s diaries By Rhawn Joseph
Hitler’s Jewish soldiers: the untold story of nazi racial laws and men of
jewish descent in the German military By Dr. Bryan Mark Rigg
Christian Zionism, it’s history, theology and politics By Stephen Sizer
Kulture Klash II: How oxford university press and C.I. scofield stole
Christian bible
Sherry’s War By C.E Carlson
The Final Apostasy By Gordon Ginn
Cyrus I Scofield : the Pope of Prophesy Perversion By Nord Davis
The Jewish Religion : It’s Influence Today By Elizabeth Dilling
The Babylonian Talmud Unmasked By I.B. Pranaitis
1.Facts are Facts

2.Common Sense
By Benjamin H Freedman
When Time Shall Be No More: prophecy belief in modern American

culture By Paul Boyer
A History of the Plymouth Bretheren By William Blair
The Cause of the Conflict : Fixing the Blame
By charles E Carlson ( report on southern Baptist Zionism )
The Incredible Scofield and his book By Joseph M. Canfield
Rural Rides By william Cobbett
Bundes Bank : the Bank that Rules Europe By David Marsh
Life of Gladstone By Morley
Don’t Bank on it By Alix Granger
The Canadian Establishment :The Bank Boards Distill Power
The Anglo American Establishment By Carrol Quigley
The Rotten Heart of Europe:the dirty war for europes money By Bernard
Connolly
Astrology and Religion among the greeks and romas By Franz Cumont
Descent into Tyranny By Alex Jones
Letters on Masonry By John Quincy Adams (6th president of U.S.A)
Hidden History of Zionism By Ralph Schoenman
779
Perfidy By Been Hecht

The Thirteenth Tribe By Arthur Koestler
The International Jew By Henry Ford
Satanic Voices By David M Pidcock
Satan Prince of this World By William Guy Carr
The Mystery of Masonry Unveiled By Cardinal Caro Rodriquez
Descent into Slavery By Des Griffin
Men and Powers : a Political retrospective By Helmut Schmidt
The Dying God: the hidden history of western civilization By David
Livingstone
Fire and lce: The devastation of lraq by war and sanction By Ramsey
Clark
Morals and Dogma of the ancient and accepted Scottish rite masonry By
Albert Pike
To Eliminate the Opiate Vol.I.II By Rabbi Marvin Antelman
The Star of David : History of a symbol which appears in Judaism By Prof
Gershom Scholem
The Brotherhood By Stephen Knight
The Great gulf between Zionism and Judaism By G.N. Nueberger
Final Count down By Rixon Steward
1.The Crisis of Democracy

2.Deadly Deceits: My 25 years in the CIA
By Ralph Mc Gehee
1.To Kill a Nation : The Attack on Yugoslavia

2.Inventing Reality: The Politics of News Media
By Michael Parenti
1.Rouge State: Guide to the world’s only super power By William Blum
2.Killing hope : U.S Military and CIA interventions since world war II
By William Blum
The Secret Contacts By Klaus Polkehn
Diplomacy by Deception By John Coleman
1.Zionism in the Age of Dictators
2. 51 documents: Zionist collaboration with nazis
By Lenni Brenner
780
1.Be Afraid : The new world order’s fascist pegidree

2.Hitler didn’t want world war
3.Rothschild Conducts Red Symphony
4.The Holocaust as Mental Paradigm
5.Zionism : A conspiracy Against Jews
6.Zionism : A compulsory Suicide for jews
7.The Zionist Roots of the war on terror
8.How Jews are Brainwashed and Manipulated
9.The Jewish Conspiracy is British Imperialism
10.God that Serves the Elite Jews
By Henry Makow
Jews and the White slave trade By Dr. William Pierce
Disposable People: new slavery in the global economy By Kevin Bales
The Shadow of a great man By Rothschild
The Politics of Obedience: The discourse of voluntary servitude By
Etienne de la Boetie
Slaves Serfs and Tax payers By Mark Davis
The Police State Road Map 2004 By Michael Nield
Treason in America By Anton chaitkin
The Nature of Zionisum By Vladimir Stepin
The Grand Chessboard By Zbignew Brezezinski 1976
Wealth, Virtual Wealth and Debt By Frederick Saddy(1920 noble prize
winner for Chemistry )
Indentured Servitude in Colonial America By Deanna Barker
Holocaust Victims Accuse By Rabbi Moshe Shonfeld
The New Jerusalem : Zionist power in America By Michael Collins Piper
Messengers of Deception By Jacques Valley
Television: the Hidden picture By Rixon Stewart
Cosmic Deception : let the citizen beware By Dr. Steven Greer
Counterfeit Foe: The Ultimate Hegelian Dialectic By Paul Joseph Watson
( The First book the U.S Govt ever went to court to censor )
The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence By Victor Marchetti
1.America’s Autopsy Report

2.The Day America Died
3.The Perfect Enemy
By John Kaminski
781
The Shadows of Power, the Council on Foreign Relations And the

American decline
By. James perloff ( Based on CFR’s own documents )
Beyond the Limits to Growth By Pestel Eduard
The Untold History, How the British East India Company’s Pre Fabian
philosophical radicals set up capitalism and its antithesis communism By
Plumme William Robert
The Invisible Government By Carrol Quigley
Imperial Brain Trust : Council on foreign relations and united states foreign
policy By Laurence Shoup William Minter
Grand Orient Freemasonry Unmasked as the Secret Power Behind

Communism By. Dillon M. George
The Global Manipulators By. Eringer Robert
Czarism and the Revolution By. Goulevitch Arsene
Fourth Reich and the Rich By Des. Griffin
The Wall Street Underground By Guarino Nick
The Secret History of the West By Hagger Nicholas
The Destructions of the European Jews By Hilberg Raul
FDR and the Creation of the UN By Townsend Hoopes, Brinkely Douglas
Global Tyranny step by step, the United Nations and the emerging new
world order By William F Jasper
The World Order & Our secret Rulers By Eustace Mullins
Soviet Imperialism How to contain it By Brian Crozier
Cause of Vietnan War By Andrew Rotter
The New U.S. British Oil Imperialism By Norman Livergood
Cold War to Hot Peace By Anthony Parsons
Slow Motion Holocaust By Stephanie Reich
Barbarossa: the Axis and the Allies By John Erickson, David Dills
MI 6 fifty years of special operations By Stephen Dorril
The Broken Cross: the hidden hands in the Vatican By Crompton Piers
The Prince And the Paranormal, the psychic Bloodline of the Royal family
By Dale John
Scarlet and the Beast, A History of the war between English and French
Freemasonry By . De Pincins Vicomte Leon
A Century of War: Anglo American oil politics and the New World Order
782
By William Engdahl
Defrauding America: Encyclopedia of secret operations by the CIA, DEA
and other covert Agencies By Rodney Stich
Unholy Wars: Afghanistan, America and international terrorism, training
inside the U.S. By John Cooley
Why America Slept By Gerald Posner
The Two Faces of Islam BY Stephen Schwarty
Billions for the Bankers, Debt for the People By Sheldon Emry
The Marshall Plan Myth By Jeffrey Tucker
The Federal Reserve: History of lies thievery and deceit By Ken Matto
Middle East Crisis By Calvocoressi
Peace Making By Harold Nicholson
Europe in Convalescence By Zimmerman
The Tax Exempt Foundations By Westport
The Myth of the Jewish Race By Raphel Patai and Jennifer Patai
Secret History of the CIA By Joseph Trento
House of Bush, House of Saud By Craig Unger
Dark Alliance: The CIA, the contras and the crack cocaine explosion By
Garry Webb
Mind control : The Ultimate Terror
Geopolitics: The global Economy of big oil weapons and drugs By Dean
Henderson
Under the Sign of Scorpion - The Rise and Fall of Soviet Empire By Juri
Lina
Adam Weishaupt : A Human Devil By Gerald Winrod
America’s Road to Ruin By Don Mc Alvany
Our World without Money By. Raymond .C. Baumgardner
The Rulers of Russia. By Denis Fahey
More About Masonry By H.L. Haywood
Federal Reserve Hoax By Wickliffe vennard
Legions of Satan By. Jonathan Williams
Pilgrim Partners : Forty Years of British American Fellowship .By. Harry
Brittain
Sir Uncle Sam, Knight of the British Empire By John J. Whiteford. (1940)
(Pilgrim society, World Government, World War II)
The Messianic Legacy. By. M. Biagent, R. Lincoln, H. Lincoln

783
They will be Done : The Conquest of the Amazon ; Nelson Rockefeller and
Evangelism in the Age of Oil By. Gerard Colby.
Nazis, Vatican and the CIA By. Covert Action Information Bulletin
The Mystery of Masonry Unvieled By. Cardinal Caro Rodriquez.
Masonry And Vatican By Leo De Poncins
Masons the Brotherhood of Snakes By Disclose TV
Grand Orient Unmasked By. Dr. George Dillon
Roads to Dominion: Right wing Movements and Political Power in the
United States By. Sara Diamond
Madness and Civilization: History of Insanity in the Age of Reason By.
Michael Foucault
“Alternative” Media Payments: Carlyle, Alcoa, Xerox and Coca Cola By.
Brian Salter
“Report from the field: Left Media and Left Think Tanks: Foundation -
Managed Protests By Bob Feldman
Foundations: Their Power And Influence By. Wormser Rene
Fundamental Development of the Social Sciences: Rockefeller Philanthropy
And the United States Social Science Research Council By. Fisher Don.
It’s Very Simple: The True Story of Civil Rights By. Alan Stang
You Can Trust the Communists ( to be Communists ) By. Dr. Fred
Schwarz.
A Choice: Not an Echo By. Phyllins Schlafly
The Grave Diggers By. Schlafly and Chester Ward
None Dare Call It Treason By. John Stormer
The Union Jack By. Anonymons
The Belmont Conspiracy of Silence And The Anatomy of a Smear. By.
Nicholas.J.Bove JR {YMCA, Rotary etc}
Towers Of Deception By. Barrie Zwicker
Behind the Door By. Paul Fisher
The Illuminati Formula used to create an undetctable total mind controlled
Slave By. Frietz Springmeier.
Truth about Ritual Magic By. Donald Tyson
Spiritual Politics: Changing the World from Inside out By. Corinne
McLaughlin
The Occult Conspiracy By. Michael Howard
Globalisation of Poverty By. Michael Chossudovsky
Call it Conspiracy By. Abraham Larry.
784
Say No to the New World Order By. Allen Gary.

The Truth About Rockefeller: Public Enemy No.1: Studies in Criminal
Psychology By. Josephson Emmanuel
Fabian Free way: High Road to Socialism in the U.S.A By. Martin Rose
The Great Deceit: Social Pseudo – Sciences By. Roosevelt Archibald And
Dobbs Zygmund
9/11 Synthetic Terror : Made in USA By Webster Griffin Tarpley
Obama : The Post Modern Coup. By. Tarpley
Generations : The History of America’s Future By. William Strauss, Neil
Howe
Origins of the 2nd World War. By AJP. Taylor
In Our Time : The Chamberlain - Hitler Collusion By Clement Leibovitz,
Avin Finkel
A History of Fascism By. Stanley G. Payne
An Economic History of Rome By Tenney Frank
Shakespears Codex. By. Trimothy Watson
En route to Global Occupation.By. Gary.H. Kah
Morals And Dogma of the Ancient And Accepted Scottish Rite of
freemasonry . By. Albert Pike
The Freemason’s Monitor.By. Thomas Smith Webb
Masons who helped shape our Nation .By. Henry .C. Clausen (former
sovereign commander of Scottish Rite)
Famous Masons And Masonic President .By. H. L. Haywood
Secret Societies And Subversive movements. By, Nesta Webster
Occult Theocracy. By. Edith Starr Miller
Encyclopedia of Freemasonry. By.Albert.G. Mackey
Proofs of a Conspiracy. By. John Robison
World Revolution. By. Nesta Webster
The Rise of the House of Rothschilds. By. Count Egon Ceasar Corti
What’s Going on in there. By. Chuck Sackett
Christ, the Christian and Freemasonry. By. W.J. Mc Cormick
The God Makers. By. Decker and Dave Hunt
Satan’s Angel’s Exposed . By. Salem Kirban
Unseen Hand. By. Ralph Epperson
Adam Weishaupt. By. Gerald Winrod
The Internationalist. By. James.J. Drummey
785
Report from Iron Mountain on the possibility and Desirability of Peace .By.
Leonard.C. Lewin
Ceremony of the Innocent.By. Taylor Caldwell
The Secret Destiny of America. By. Manley P. Hall
Aids, the Mystery and the Solution By Dr.Alan Cantwell
HIV False Positivity After Hepatatis B Vaccination By. Leed D Eby W,
Molinaro G
Conspiracy of Cells. By Michael Gold
W.H.O Murdered Africa. By. Dr. William Campbell Douglas
The Strecker Memorandum : The Cause, The Effects and the possible cure
for the Pandemic AIDS By Strecker
Compromised. By Terry Reed. (Ex. Intelligence)
Deadly Inncocence : Solving the Greatest Murder Mystery in the History of
American Medicine By Leonard Horowitz
Cutting Edge : A History of Fort Detrick ByCovert Norman
Aids and the Doctors of Death : An Inquiry into the origins of the Aids
Epidemic By. Cantwell A
The Coming Plague. By Laurie Garrett (tÉmB³ ût-j³ klm-b-
t¯m-sS)
Buna Rubber. By Frank Howard
Animal Experimentation ; The Hidden Cause of Enviornmental Pollution ?
Absolutely By Hoorick Davoudian
The American Connection : Profiteering And Politicking in the Ethical
Drug industry By John Pekkanen
Pills, Pesticides and Profit By Robert Richter
Medical mafia By Guylaine Lanctot
Naked Empress. By hans Ruesch
The Drug Story. By. Morris Beale ( The Truth About the Rockefeller Drug
Empire )
Divided Legacy. By Harris L. Coulter
(A History of the Schisms in Medical Thought)
Gangsters in Medicine . By Thomas Smith
Scientific Terrorism By Scott. C. Tips
And the band Played on. By. Randy Shills { Disinformation }
The Hot Zone. By Richard Preston {Counter Intelligence}
U.N: A Creature of Invisible Government By. John Rarick
786
Dulles: A Biography of Eleanor, Allen, John Foster Dulles By leonard

Mosley
Oil Imperialism: International Struggle for Setroleum. By Louis Fischer
Oil in the World War By L.M Fleming
The Oil War By Mohr Anton
Grab for Russian oil: Baku An Eventful History By. Henry JD
The World Struggle for Oil. By T. Pierre
Cecil John Rhodes, Conspirator Extra Ordinary By John Coleman
Neville Chamberlain By David Dutton
Idols of the Tribe By Harold Isaacson
History of the Supreme Council, 33 Degree, Ancient And Accepted Scottish
Rite of Free masonry. By. Samuel Harrison Baynard.
The Real CIA - The Rockefellers Fascist Establishment . By. L. Marcus.
Low Intensity Operations : The Rees-ian theory of War. By. M. Minnicino
The Shaping of Anglo American SS By War. By. Peter
Rockefeller’s Fascist Labour Policies. By. Richard Freeman
Franklin Witnesses Implicate FBI And U.S Elite in Torture And Murder of
Children. By.Anton Chaitkin
Cairo Population Conference Repeats 1932 Nazi planning Meeting. By.
Anton Chaitkin
The Genetics of Schizophrenia : A Study of Heridity And Reproduction in
the families of 1087 Schizophreniacs. By. Franz Kallman
The Nazi Connection : Eugenics, American Racism, And German National

Socialism. By. Stefan Kuhl
Bring Down the Pike Statue Now ; Why the KKK National Movement
Must Fall. By. Lyndon. H. LaRouche And Anton Chaitkin
The Men Behind Hitler : A German Warning to the World. By. Bernhard
Schreiber.
30 Years of Menticide. By. Jeffry Steinberg
George Bush : The Unauthorised Biography. By. Webster Tarpley, Anton
Chaitkin
787
Satan’s Helpers : Nazi Doctors in America. By. Carol White, and Brian
Lantz.
Why I left freemasonry. By Charles G. Finney
Secret of the Temple: How the federal Reserve Runs the Country BY.
William Grirder.
Final warning : A History of the New world order By. David Allen Rivera
The Jews And Modern Capitalism BY Werner Sombart
Fed Debt War, History of Lies Thievery and Deceit By Dr, Ken Matto
Cancer Cure that Worked By Carrey lynes
The Brotherhood :the Secret World of the Freemasons By Stephen Knight
Occult America: The U.S founded on occultism Not Christianity BY.
Sharon Boyd.
Masonic Jurisprudence By Albert Mackey
About Freemasonry in Russian Exile. By Nikolai Svitkov .
Freemasonry Culture and Russian History BY Viktor Ostretsov
Russia’s Crown of Thorns: The Secret History of Freemasonry By. Oleg
Platono
The Secret of the October Coup By Viktor Kuznetsov.
The Road to Socialism. By Frang Weissin
The Russian Freemasons And the Revolition By Boris Nikolayevsky
Everything is Under Control. Conspiracies cults and cover ups .
By Robert Anton Wilson
Bacon Masonry By. Geroge Tudhope
Constitutional Money And the Banking Procedure By. Catherine B Dalton.
The Vatican Against Europe By Edmond paris
Biography of Eleanor , Allen and foster dulles and their network By
Leonard Mosley
Born in Bolld. By.John J Robinson
The Ultimate Evil :The Truth About the Cult Murders : Son of sam and
Beyond By Maury Terry
Inside the Brotherhood. By Martin Short
Behind the Lodge Door. By Paul A Fisher
The Story of Hiram Abiff By William Harvey
A Positive Program for Laissez Faire. By Henry Simons
The Theory of Money and Credit . By Ludwig von Mises
Roofs or Ceilings. By. George Stigler And Friedman.
788
The Guaranteed Annual Income By Murray Rothbard

“Thank God, We don’t get as much Government as we Pay for”- Charles
Kettering
The Secret World Government By Cherep spiridovich
www. freemasonrywatch.org
www.jewwatch.com
www.freemasons-freemasonry.com
{^m³knk v. tPm-k^v
Francis Joseph
Email
Francisnjoe@gmail.com
Copy to
Francisnjoe@rediffmail.com

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