Working:

Power supply : the power supply we used to deliver an output voltage of 5V DC supply for this we design
power supply the basic architecture of the power supply is shown below

Block diagram of linear power supply architecture

Linear power supplies gain their name from the fact that they use linear, i.e. non-switching
techniques to regulate the voltage output from the power supply. The term linear power supply
implies that the power supply is regulated to provide the correct voltage at the output. Sometimes
the sensing of the voltage may be accomplished at the output terminals, or on some occasions it
may be achieved directly at the load.
The main elements of the linear power supply are:

 Input transformer: As many power supplies take their source power from an AC mains input,
it is common for linear power supplies to have a step down or occasionally a step up
transformer. This also serves to isolate the power supply from the mains input for safety.
 Rectifier: As the input from an AC supply is alternating, this needs to be converted to a DC
format. Various forms of rectifier circuit are available. Even for DC powered regulators, a
rectifier may be placed at the input to guard against inverse connection of the supply.

 Smoothing: Once rectified from an AC signal, the DC needs to be smoothed to remove the
varying voltage level. Large reservoir capacitors are used for this.
 Linear regulator: Once a smoothed supply is available, this can then be applied to the linear
regulator. This will provide a properly regulated output.
Gsm module working : GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communications. It is a standard
set developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe protocols
for second generation (2G) digital cellular networks used by mobilephones.
A Modem is a device which modulates and demodulates signals as required to meet the
communication requirements. It modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information, and
also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information.
A GSM Modem is a device that modulates and demodulates the GSM signals and in this particular
case 2G signals. The modem we are using is SIMCOM SIM300. It is a Tri-band GSM/GPRS Modem
as it can detect and operate at three frequencies (EGSM 900 MHz, DCS 1800 MHz and PCS1900
Mhz). Default operating frequencies are EGSM 900MHz and DCS 1800MHz.

A GSM module is connected to the pin no. 14 & 15 when we send a code using mobile phone reciver
pin recive the codes and decoded information send to the microcontroller pin no.14.

ATMEGA16 microcontroller: The ATmega16 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on

the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the
ATmega16 achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designed to
optimize power consumption versus processing speed.

This is the heart of the system after receiving the signal from the gsm module it sends to the command
signal to the L293D motor driver which has direct control over the motor speed and direction control.

L293D MOTOR DRIVER IC: L293D is a dual H-bridge motor driver integrated circuit (IC). Motor
drivers act as current amplifiers since they take a low-current control signal and provide a higher-
current signal. This higher current signal is used to drive the motors.
L293D contains two inbuilt H-bridge driver circuits. In its common mode of operation, two DC motors
can be driven simultaneously, both in forward and reverse direction. The motor operations of two
motors can be controlled by input logic at pins 2 & 7 and 10 & 15. Input logic 00 or 11 will stop the
corresponding motor. Logic 01 and 10 will rotate it in clockwise and anticlockwise directions,
respectively.
Enable pins 1 and 9 (corresponding to the two motors) must be high for motors to start operating.
When an enable input is high, the associated driver gets enabled. As a result, the outputs become
active and work in phase with their inputs. Similarly, when the enable input is low, that driver is
disabled, and their outputs are off and in the high-impedance state.
Working of L293D

There are 4 input pins for l293d, pin 2,7 on the left and pin 15 ,10 on the right as shown on the pin
diagram. Left input pins will regulate the rotation of motor connected across left side and right input
for motor on the right hand side. The motors are rotated on the basis of the inputs provided across the
input pins as LOGIC 0 or LOGIC 1.
In simple you need to provide Logic 0 or 1 across the input pins for rotating the motor.

L293D Logic Table

Let’s consider a Motor connected on left side output pins (pin 3,6). For rotating the motor in clockwise
direction the input pins has to be provided with Logic 1 and Logic 0.

• Pin 2 = Logic 1 and Pin 7 = Logic 0 | Clockwise Direction

• Pin 2 = Logic 0 and Pin 7 = Logic 1 | Anticlockwise Direction