PUMP

 A pump is a machine used to move liquid through a piping system and to raise the pressure of the
liquid. It is a hydraulic machine which converts mechanical energy into hydraulic energy.

 Pumps convert mechanical energy input into fluid energy. They are just the opposite of turbines.

 Pumps operate by some mechanism and consume energy to perform mechanical work by moving the
fluid. Pumps operate via many energy sources, including manual operation, electricity, engines,
or wind power, come in many sizes, from microscopic for use in medical applications to large
industrial pumps.

 Single stage pump – When a casing contains only one revolving impeller, it is called a single
stage pump.

 Double/multi-stage pump – When a casing contains two or more revolving impellers, it is

called a double or multi-stage pump.

 Pumps may be used for the following purposes:

 Remove water from a source such as river lake, reservoir, well, spring or pond

 Move water from the treatment plant to the distribution system of the reservoir

 Circulate water through a distribution system

 Maintain pressure in the distribution system

 Circulate glycol through a heat exchanger or heating loop

 Pump chemicals into the system

 A pump station is composed of four sets of components:

 The building

 The hydraulic system

 The electrical system

 The control system

  Pump can be classified into two categories:

a) Positive displacement pumps

b) Dynamic pumps.

DYNAMIC PUMPS

They are characterized by the way in which energy is converted from the high liquid velocity at the
inlet into pressure head in a diffusing flow passage. Dynamic pumps have a lower efficiency than positive
displacement pumps. But their advantages lie in the output of relatively high flow rates compared to their
sizes, and their low maintenance costs. They also operate at relatively higher speeds. Dynamic pumps are of
two types: centrifugal and axial.

o Centrifugal Pumps

A centrifugal pump is a rotodynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to increase the pressure and
flow rate of a fluid. Centrifugal pump are most common type of pump used to move liquids through a piping
system. The fluid enters the pump impeller along or near to the rotating axis and it is accelerated by the
impeller, flowing radially outward or axially into a diffuser or volute chamber, from where it exits into the
downstream piping system. Centrifugal pump are typically used for large discharge through smaller heads.
Centrifugal pump are often associated with the radial-flow type. However, the term "centrifugal pump" can be
used to describe all impeller type rotodynamic pumps including the radial, axial and mixed-flow variations.
 o Axial Pumps

Axial-flow pump differ from radial-flow pump in that the fluid enters and exits along the same
direction parallel to the rotating shaft. The fluid is not accelerated but instead "lifted" by the action of the
impeller. Axial-flow pump operate at lower pressure and higher flow rates than radial flow pump.

o Mixed-Flow Pumps

A mixed-flow pump functions as a compromise between radial and axial-flow pump. The fluid
experiences both radial acceleration and lift and exits the impeller somewhere between 0 and 90 degrees
from the axial direction. As a consequence mixed-flow pump operate at higher pressures than axial-flow
pump while delivering higher discharge than radial-flow pump.

o Radial-Flow Pump

The fluid that enters along the axial plane is accelerated by the impeller and exits at right angles to the
shaft (radially). Radial-flow pump operate at higher pressures and lower flow rates than axial and mixed-flow
pumps.

How it works

Like most pumps, a centrifugal pumps converts mechanical energy from a motor to energy of a
moving fluid; some of the energy goes into kinetic energy of fluid motion, and some into potential energy,
represented by a fluid pressure or by lifting the fluid against gravity to a higher level. The transfer of energy
from the mechanical rotation of the impeller to the motion and pressure of the fluid is usually described in
terms of centrifugal force, especially in older sources written before the modern concept of centrifugal force
as a fictitious force in a rotating reference frame was well articulated. The concept of centrifugal force is not
actually required to describe the action of the centrifugal pump. In the modern centrifugal pump, most of the
energy conversion is due to the outward force that curved impeller blades impart on the fluid. Invariably,
some of the energy also pushes the fluid into a circular motion, and this circular motion can also convey some
energy and increase the pressure at the outlet. The relationship between these mechanisms was described,
with the typical mixed conception of centrifugal force as known as that time, in an 1859 article on centrifugal
pumps, thus:

To arrive by a simpler method than that just given at a general idea of the mode of action of the
exterior whirlpool in improving the efficiency of the centrifugal pump, it is only necessary to consider that the
mass of water revolving in the whirlpool chamber, round the circumference of the wheel, must necessarily
exert a centrifugal force, and that this centrifugal force may readily be supposed to add itself to the outward
force generated within the wheel; or, in other words, to go to increase the pumping power of the wheel. The
outward force generated within the wheel is to be understood as being produced entirely by the medium of
centrifugal force if the vanes of the wheel be straight and radial; but if they be curved, as is more commonly
the case, the outward force is partly produced through the medium of centrifugal force, and partly applied by
the vanes to the water as a radial component of the oblique pressure, which, in consequence of their obliquity
to the radius, they apply to the water as it moves outwards along them. On this subject it is well to observe
that while the quantity of water made to pass through a given pump with curved vanes is perfectly variable at
pleasure, the smaller the quantity becomes the more nearly will the force generated within the wheel for
impelling the water outwards become purely centrifugal force, and the more nearly will the pump become
what the name ordinarily given to it would seem to indicate—a purely centrifugal pump. When, however, a
centrifugal pump with vanes curved backwards in such forms as are ordinarily used in well-constructed
examples of the machine, is driven at a speed considerably above that requisite merely to overcome the
pressure of the water, and cause lifting or propulsion to commence, the radial component of the force applied
to the water by the vanes will become considerable, and the water leaving the circumference of the wheel will
have a velocity less than that of the circumference of the wheel in a degree having some real importance in
practice.

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

These pumps operate by forcing a fixed volume of fluid from the inlet pressure section to the
discharge section of the pump. In reciprocating pumps, this is done intermittently; and in others this is done
continuously. These types of pumps are physically larger than the dynamic pumps for comparable capacity,
and they operate at relatively lower speeds. Positive displacement pumps are of several types, including
reciprocating, rotary screw, and gear pumps.

Positive Displacement pumps = used in cases when large pressure heads are needed.

1. Rotary pumps (rotating gears, lobes or screws)

2. Reciprocating pumps (pistons)

ADVANTAGES:

o Self-priming
o Can work in two directions
o Can pump liquids with gases for a small amount of time

DISADVANTAGES:

 Most of them cannot operate with closed discharge.

 Might produce oscillations in discharge.
Reciprocating Pumps

Reciprocating pumps move the fluid using one or more oscillating pistons, plungers, or membranes
(diaphragms), while valves restrict fluid motion to the desired direction. In order for suction to take place,
the pump must first pull the plunger in an outward motion to decrease pressure in the chamber. Once the
plunger pushes back, it will increase the pressure chamber and the inward pressure of the plunger will then
open the discharge valve and release the fluid into the delivery pipe at a high velocity.

These positive displacement pumps have an expanding cavity on the suction side and a decreasing
cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pumps as the cavity on the suction side expands and the
liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses. The volume is constant given each cycle of operation
and the pump’s volumetric efficiency can be achieved through routine maintenance and inspection of its
valves.

Typical reciprocating pumps are:

o Plunger pumps
 a reciprocating plunger pushes the fluid through one or two open valves, closed by
suction on the way back.

o Diaphragm pumps
 similar to plunger pumps, where the plunger pressurizes hydraulic oil which is used to
flex a diaphragm in the pumping cylinder. Diaphragm valves are used to pump
hazardous and toxic fluids.
 o Piston pumps
 displacement pumps – usually simple devices for pumping small amounts of liquid or gel
manually. The common hand soap dispenser is such a pump.

 Rotary Screw Pumps

A screw pump is a more complicated type of rotary pump that uses two or three screws with
opposing thread — e.g., one screw turns clockwise and the other counterclockwise. The screws are mounted
on parallel shafts that have gears that mesh so the shafts turn together and everything stays in place. The
screws turn on the shafts and drive fluid through the pump. As with other forms of rotary pumps, the
clearance between moving parts and the pump's casing is minimal.

 Gear Pumps

This is the simplest of rotary positive displacement pumps. It consists of two meshed gears that
rotate in a closely fitted casing. The tooth spaces trap fluid and force it around the outer periphery. The fluid
does not travel back on the meshed part, because the teeth mesh closely in the center.
Series and Parallel Pumping

Pumps may be operated in series, in parallel, or in any series-parallel combination. When connected
in series, the total available head is the sum total of all heads at a given rate of flow. When connected in
parallel, the total flow is the sum total of all flows at a given value of head. In other words, series pumping is
called pressure additive; and parallel pumping is flow additive.

The same rules are applied to determine the total head or flow calculations for any series-parallel
combination of pumps. When connected in series, one pump’s discharge is connected to another’s suction;
but pumps in parallel share a common suction and a common discharge line. It is important to match the
pumps that are in parallel so that they develop the same head at the same flow rate. Multiple units are often
used to allow a variety of pumping conditions to be met without throttling, and therefore wasting, power.

Parts of Pump

 Centrifugal Pumps
 Gear Pumps

 Screw Pumps
  Reciprocating Pumps

Priming a pump
Typically, a liquid pump can't simply draw air. The feed line of the pump and the internal body
surrounding the pumping mechanism must first be filled with the liquid that requires pumping: An operator
must introduce liquid into the system to initiate the pumping. This is called priming the pump. Loss of prime
is usually due to ingestion of air into the pump. The clearances and displacement ratios in pumps for liquids,
whether thin or more viscous, usually cannot displace air due to its compressibility. This is the case with most
velocity (rotodynamic) pumps — for example, centrifugal pumps. For such pumps the position of the pump
should always be lower than the suction point, if not the pump should be manually filled with liquid or a
secondary pump should be used until all air is removed from the suction line and the pump casing.

Positive–displacement pumps, however, tend to have sufficiently tight sealing between the moving
parts and the casing or housing of the pump that they can be described as self-priming. Such pumps can also
serve as priming pumps, so called when they are used to fulfill that need for other pumps in lieu of action
taken by a human operator.

Most centrifugal pumps are not self-priming. In other words, the pump casing must be filled with
liquid before the pump is started, or the pump will not be able to function. If the pump casing becomes filled
with vapors or gases, the pump impeller becomes gas-bound and incapable of pumping. To ensure that a
centrifugal pump remains primed and does not become gas-bound, most centrifugal pumps are located below
the level of the source from which the pump is to take its suction. The same effect can be gained by supplying
liquid to the pump suction under pressure supplied by another pump placed in the suction line.

Impellers

The energy is transferred from the shaft to the impeller and from the impeller to the water. There are
three basic types of impellers, based on the number of shrouds.

 Closed Impeller = When an impeller has a shroud in the front and in the back.
 Semi-Open Impeller = When there is only a shroud in the back of the impeller.
 Open Impeller = When there are no shrouds.

9 Other Types of Impeller

1. High Head Closed Channel Impeller

 High efficiency design for pumping water and other
liquids at higher head pressures.

2. Vortex Impeller
 Used for pumping stringy solids and debris-laden
liquids.
3. Centrifugal Screw Impeller
 Used for pumping oils and other viscous liquids

4. Propeller
 Used for pumping high volumes of water at lower
heads

5. Shreaded Impeller
 Used for chopping solids to smaller pieces when they
enter the pump

6. Closed Channel Impeller

 Used for pumping sewage and waste water

7. Mixed Flow Impeller

 Used for high volume pumping at low to medium heads

8. Semi-Open Impeller
 Used for trash and debris laden liquids

9. Hardened Sand/Slurry Impeller

 Used for pumping abrasive liquids