Complete Index of Writers from the Marxists Internet Archive Library

10/3/2018 Marxists Internet Archive Library, Complete Index of Writers
First International Social Democracy Reformists Fabians The Bolsheviks Early Comintern Comintern Soviet Science
Soviet Marxism Western Marxism French Left Frankfurt School Trotskyists Left Communism Marxist Humanism Market Socialists
Guerilla Marxism Maoists National Liberation African Liberation Black Liberation French Revolution Paris Commune Utopianism
Anarchists Feminists Populists Political Science Philosophy Ethics Political Economy Natural Science
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International Working-men's Association

(First International)
The founders of Marxism, Marx and Engels, participated in the “International Workingmen's Association” from 1864
to 1872, where they found their first base of support and a connection with the workers' movement. Based in London, the International
found supporteres across Europe and in the U.S.A.
Karl Marx & Fredrick Engels (1818-1883)/(1820-1895) 1,000+

Founders of Marxist practice and philosophy. Established the ground work of Marxism through an examination of the rise of
capitalism, the history of society, and critique of many prevailent philosophies. Established the First International Workers'
organisation.
[Marx Biography] [Engels Biography]
Eugene Pottier (1816-1887) <5

French Poet, member of the First International, Communard, author of
The Internationale. “The Communists disdain to conceal their views
[Biography] and aims. They openly declare that their ends can
Johann Georg Eccarius (1818-1889) <5 be attained only by the forcible overthrow of all
German communist, supported Marx in the International and in British
trade unions. existing social conditions.
[Biography] Let the ruling classes tremble at a communist
Wilhelm Liebknecht (1826-1900) 10+ revolution.
German Revolutionary, comrade of Marx in the Communist League in
the 1840s. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their
[Biography]
chains. They have a world to win.”
Friedrich Adolphe Sorge (1826-1906) < 5
After fighting in the 1848 Revolution in Germany, he fled to America; August Bebel (1840-1913) 10+
later Secretary of the First International; Marx's closest supporter in the Co-founder of the German Social Democracy with Wilhelm Liebknecht
US. in 1869. Part of the Reichstag from 1867. Outstandingly argued for the
[Biography] emancipation of women's rights before capitalism could be overthrown.
[Biography]
Joseph Dietzgen (1828-1888) < 5
Created dialectical materialism independently of Marx & Engels, but on Paul Lafargue (1841-1911) 30+
seeing their writings became their most ardent supporter. His main A member of the Paris Commune. Staunch advocate of Women's
contributions were using dialectics to elaborate epistemology. rights, wrote also on the history of religion, morals, literature, language,
[Biography] and comedy. Married to Marx's second daughter, Laura.
[Biography]
Lucien Sanial (1836-1927) 5+
French Marxist who moved to the US and joined a forerunner of Jenny Marx Longuet (1844-1883) < 5
DeLeon's Socialist Labor Party Fought for Irish independence from England. Detailed the attrocities
[Biography] against Irish political prisoners in England. Braved a narrow escape
from France after the massacres of the Paris Commune. Marx's eldest
———— daugthter.
[Biography]
Ferdinand Lassalle (1825-1864) < 5
German socialist, contemporary and critic of Marx. Jules Guesde (1845-1922) < 5
[Biography] French socialist. Leader of the Marxist wing of the French workers'
movement.
[Biography]
https://marxists.architexturez.net/archive/index.htm 1/22
The Socialist International

(Second International)
In the 1880s, militant workers' movements grew up in all the capitalist countries. Marxists built powerful social-
democratic parties which gave political leadership to these movements and transformed Marxism into a worldwide,
mass movement.
Karl Kautsky (1854-1938) 60+ Antonio Labriola (1843-1904) < 5

Helped create the German Social-Democracy, one of the best-known Among the first Italian Marxists, he was a writer and philosopher.
theoreticians of the Second International, and a leading proponent of Criticized the theories of Hegel, Nietzsche, Croce, and neo-Kantiansim.
Marx & Engels after their death. During and after World War I he [Biography]
became a pacifist.
[Biography] August Palm (1849-1922) < 5
Founder of Swedish Social-Democracy.
[Biography]
British Social Democracy

Mensheviks
William Morris (1834-1896) 300+
Helped create the Socialist League (with E. Marx). An artist who Vera Zasulich (1851-1919) < 5
became a revolutionary communist through his search to address the A founder with Plekhanov of the Emancipation of Labour Group, and a
lack of creative and artistic freedom allowed in the capitalist work translator of Marx's works into Russian; later joined the Mensheviks.
process. Wrote fiction on far in the future Communist societies. [Biography]
[Biography]
Georgi Plekhanov (1856-1918) 20+
Henry Hyndman (1842-1921) 5+ Helped create the Russian Social-Democratic party, becomming a
Founder of Britain’s first socialist party, the Social Democratic Menshevik after the split in the party, but he tried to keep the party
Federation, but did not follow the SDF into the Independent Labour united. Believed that capitalism need to grow up before socialism was
Party and supported the War. possible; thus he opposed the Soviet government.
[Biography]
Edward Carpenter (1844-1929) < 5
English socialist poet, anthologist, early gay activist and socialist Julius Martov (1873-1923) < 5
philosopher. Originally close collaborator of Lenin, split with him in 1903 and
[Biography] became leading Left Menshevik and critic of Bolshevism.
[Biography]
Annie Besant (1847-1933) < 5
British socialist, women's rights activist, writer and orator and supporter Gregory Bienstock (1884-1954) < 10
of Irish and Indian self rule. Bolshevik during 1904-07 and then adhered to the Mensheviks.
[Biography] [Biography]
Frank Kitz (1848-1923) < 5 ——————

British socialist, became an anarchist after the collapse of the Socialist
League. Engelbert Pernerstorfer (1850-1918) < 5
[Biography] A leader of German Social-Democracy in the 1880s & 90s.
Edward Aveling (1849-1898) < 5 Gabriel Deville (1854-1940) < 5

British socialist, married Marx’s daughter, Eleanor. One of the founders of the Second International in France.
E. Belfort Bax (1854-1925) 300+ Enrico Ferri (1856-1929) < 5

Among the first sources for many Marxist and materialist ideas in Italian Marxist of the Second International, criminologist.
English. Founding member of Social Democratic Federation. [Biography]
Popularised Marxist approach to French Revolution in English.
[Biography] Sen Katayama (1859-1933) 5+
Born Yabuki Sugataro, jailed for striking in 1912, left Japan for the US,
Eleanor Marx (1855-1898) 15+ where he became a Communist, and as an officer for Comintern he
Helped formed the Socialist League (with W. Morris), and wrote became in 1922, co-founder of the Japan Communist Party, left Japan
extensively in its paper. Wrote extensively on women's issues. and remained in the Soviet Union until his death.
Organizing, writer, record-keeper, and speaker for militant trade unions
such as the Gasworkers, and the Dockers Union.
[Biography] The Spartacist League
Harry Quelch (1858-1913) 5+
Founding member of British Social Democracy.
[Biography] Franz Mehring (1846-1919) < 5
Writer, historian, member of German Social Democrats and the
Dora Montefiore (1851-1933) 100+ Spartacist League.
British feminist and founding member of the British Communist Party. [Biography]
[Biography]
Clara Zetkin (1857-1933) 10+
Tom Mann (1856-1941) < 5 Leader of the international women's movement. National Executive
British trade union organiser and founding member of the British member of the German Social Democratic party. Long time comrade of
Communist Party, founder of IWW and Marxist movement in Australia. Rosa Luxemburg, helped create the Spartacists and German
[Biography] Communist Party. Supported the Soviet government.
[Biography]
Max Beer (1864-1943) 5+
German-born Jewish socialist journalist and historian, British Social- Rosa Luxemburg (1871-1919) 60+
Democrat; worked with Riazanov at the Institut für Sozialforschung. Championed the idea of the mass strike. Tireless opponent of WWI,
[Biography] she renounced the German Social Democracy, helped to create the
Spartacus League, and later the German Communist Party. Critical of
Theo. Rothstein (1864-1943) 20+ the Soviet government. Executed by the German government.
Russian emigré British Social Democrat; returned to Russian after the [Biography]
Revolution and worked as a diplomat.
[Biography] Karl Liebknecht (1871-1919) < 5
“Karl Liebknecht called upon the workers and soldiers of Germany to
Peter Petroff (1884-1947) 30+ turn their guns against their own government. Karl Liebknecht did that
Russian emigré British Social Democrat. openly from the rostrum of parliament (the Reichstag) [of which he was
[Biography] a deputy – he was the only member of government to do so]."
Executed by the German government.
Helmut Wagner (1904-1989) < 5 [Biography]
Left Social-Democratic journalist and teacher, member of the German
Rote Kämpfer network (influenced by council communism) in the 30's. August Thalheimer (1884-1948) 10+
Wrote under the pseudonym Rudolf Sprenger. German socialist, founder member and theorist of the German
Communist Party.
Early American Marxism. [Biography]
Daniel DeLeon (1852-1914) 1,000+ See also: Wilhelm Liebknecht, August Bebel, Wilhelm Pieck
Helped create the IWW. Developed one of the most detailed outlines of
——————
how Socialist society should function. Believed that democratic control
Rudolph Hilferding (1877-1941) < 5
of all industries and services must be held by workers organised into
German socialist and political economist.
industrial unions.
[Biography]
[Biography]
Otto Bauer (1881-1938) < 5
Eugene Debs (1855-1926) 40+
Major theorist of “Austro-Marxism” in the “2½ International.”
Helped build the American Railway Union, and later the American
[Biography]
Socialist Party. Arrested for his political criticism of WW1, won almost a
million votes for U.S. President while in prison.
Ber Borochov (1881-1917) < 5
[Biography]
Marxist-Zionist and one of the founders of the Labour Zionist
movement.
——————
[Biography]
James Connolly (1868-1916) 300+
Helped create the Irish Socialist Republican Party in 1896; served as
E.H. Lane (1868-1954) <5
Secretary of the Transport and General Workers Union. Executed for
Australian Communist journalist, brother of Utopian William Lane.
his leading role in the Easter Rising.
[Biography]
Constance Markievicz (1868-1927) 10+

Collaborator of James Connolly; condemned to death after 1916, but
elected as first woman MP to Westminster but refused to take her seat;
Minister of Labour (1919-1922) in Irish revolutionary government;
opponent of Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1922; sided with the republicans in
the Irish Civil War.
[Biography]
See also: Paul Lafargue, Jules Guesde, Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, Leon Kamenev, Sylvia Pankhurst, Vida Goldstein.
Reformism Fabian Society
Oscar Wilde (1854-1900)

Irish poet and playwrite who was also a socialist.
“In all advanced countries we [Biography]
see the privileges of the George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950)

Irish writer and playwrite, comrade of Eleanor Marx,
capitalist bourgeoisie yielding Edward Aveling, and William Morris, later joined the
step by step to democratic Fabian society, a circle of intellectuals who
advocated reform to avoid revolution.
organisations.” [Biography]
Eduard Bernstein Keir Hardie (1856-1915) <5

(1850-1932) 10+ British labour leader, founded ILP in 1893, MP for Merthyr Tydfil from
A close associate of Engels and an early Marxist, Bernstein came to 1900.
believe that capitalism could be made more and more democratic so [Biography]
that a socialist revolution would be unnecessary and irrelevant.
[Biography] J. Bruce Glasier (1859-1920)
British socialist.
Jean Jaurès (1859-1914) 10+
Popular French socialist. Founder of l'Humanité. H.G. Wells (1866-1946)
[Biography] Radical science fiction author who used his novels to warn of the
dangers of capitalism.
Hjalmar Branting (1860-1925) <5 [Biography]
A founder of Swedish social democracy.
[Biography] ——————
Jean Longuet (1876-1938) <5 Michael Davitt (1846-1906)

French socialist, son-in-law of Marx; later pacifist and centrist. Radical Irish social reformer, founder and leader of the Irish Land
[Biography] League, which fought for radical land reform.
[Biography]
Leon Blum (1872-1950) <5
Leader of Popular Front government in France 1936-1939 Upton Sinclair (1878-1968)
[Biography] Radical American writer who exposed the conditions of the poor in the
industrial cities of the U.S..
Alexander Kerensky (1882-1970) <5 [Biography]
Member of the Russian Socialist Revolutionary Party; was leader of the
Provisional Government when overthrown by the Bolsheviks in October
1917.
[Biography]
Bruno Rizzi (1901-1977)

Italian socialist, critic of bureaucracy.
[Biography]
The Bolsheviks
Social-democracy was unable to prevent the First World War, and only one section – the Bolshevik Party in Russia, was able
to overthrow their government, pull out of the war and institute a socialist policy. The Bolsheviks called on the workers of all
countries to come to their aid.
Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924) 1,000+ Leon Trotsky (1879-1940) 100+

Helped create the Bolshevik party. Led the Soviets to power in the First Menshevik, later Bolshevik Revolutionary. As commissar of war
Russian Revolution. Elected to the head of the Soviet government until led the Red Army to defeat the Entente in their invasion of Soviet
1922, when he retired due to ill health. Created the Communist Russia. Helped create the Left Opposition to overthrow Stalin and stop
International. Created the theory of Imperialism, emphasised the the monstorous attrocities he'd soon commit. Created the theory of the
importance of the political party as vanguard in the revolution. Permanent Revolution, and the Fourth International. Assasinated by
[Biography] the Soviet government.
[Biography]
Maxim Gorky (1868-1936) 5+
World-renowned writer of fiction, Gorky first focused on the plight of
societal outcasts in Russia, then turned his attention to the struggles of “The dictatorship of the proletariat
the working class. which has risen to power as the
[Biography]
leader of the democratic revolution
Nadezhada Krupskaya (1869-1939) < 5
Bolshevik Revolutionary. Writer, educator and Secretary of the Party. is inevitably and, very quickly
Wife and advisor to V.I. Lenin. Secretary to the Board of Iskra confronted with tasks, the
beginning in 1901. Brought recognition of International Women's day to
Russia. fulfillment of which is bound up with deep inroads
[Biography]
into the rights of bourgeois property.”
David Riazanov (1870-1938) < 5
Historian and Archivist of Marxism, helped create the Marx-Engels
Institute. Political prisoner of Stalinism, died in prison. Natalia Sedova Trotsky (1882-1962) < 5
[Biography] Russian Revolutionary. Worked with Lenin and Trotsky on pre-
revolutionary Bolshevik newspaper Iskra. Publicly split with Fourth
Alexandra Kollontai (1872-1952) 30+ International in 1951. Wife of Leon Trotsky.
Bolshevik Revolutionary. Led the Workers' Opposition, which opposed [Biography]
party control of trade unions and believed in industrial unionism. First
woman ambassador in history. Proponent of free love, she wrote Leon Kamenev (1883-1936) < 5
extensively on women's and other social issues. Old Bolshevik and founding member of Russian Social Democratic
[Biography] Labour Party. First chariman of Central Committee and a founding
member of the politburo. First supported Stalin, then joined Trotsky to
Georgi Chicherin (1872-1936) 20+ try to remove him. Imprisoned and placed on trial for alleged
One-time Diplomat and Social-Revolutionary, appointed Minister for assassination plot against Stalin. Executed by the Soviet government.
Foreign Affairs for the Bolsheviks in 1918. [Biography]
[Biography]
Gregory Zinoviev (1883-1936) < 5
Christian Rakovsky (1873-1941) 5+ Bolshevik. With Kamenev, opposed the plans for a revolution. Allied
President of Soviet Ukraine, worked to make the Soviet Ukrainian with Stalin and Kamenev against Trotskyism. Later, allied with Trotsky
identity independent of Russia. Helped create the Left Opposition, against Stalin. Wrote about the history of the party. Executed during the
seen as its ideological leader. Explained Socialist economics. Political Moscow Trials.
prisoner of Stalinism, died in prison. [Biography]
[Biography]
Alexander Voronsky (1884-1937) < 5
Alexander Bogdanov (1873-1928) < 5 Bolshevik and prominent humanist Marxist critic and editor of the
Russian Doctor, an old Bolshevik expelled in 1909 as an ultra-left. Also 1920s, purged in the 1930s.
a writer, after the Revolution dedicated himself to science.
[Biography] Alexander Shliapnikov (1885-1937) < 5
Old Bolsheik, a member of the Central Committee during the October
Anatoly Lunacharsky (1875-1933) 5+ Revolution and member of the “Workers Opposition” after the
Bolshevik Revolutionary, outstanding orator. Commissar for Education Revolution. Executed by the Soviet government.
in the Soviet government. Historian and archivist of Russia, he wrote [Biography]
extensive, personal biographical portraits on the leaders of the
revolution. Karl Radek (1885-1939) < 5
[Biography] Old Bolshevik, active in the Communist International in Europe. Died in
prison.
Cecilia Bobrovskaya (1876-1960) < 5 [Biography]
Bolshevik who wrote a celebrated history of her experiences.
Grigory Sokolnikov (1880-1936) < 5
Felix Dzerzhinsky (1877-1926) < 5 Old Bolshevik, Brest-Litovsk negotiator, Ambassador to England, and
Polish communist. Headed the Cheka after 1917. People's Commissar for Finance.
[Biography]
Mikhail Tomsky (1880-1936) < 5
Old Bolshevik, trade unionist. Nikolai Bukharin (1888-1938) 10+
[Biography] Bolshevik Revolutionary. Editor of Pravda (1928-29). Joined Stalin
against Trotsky, then led the Right Opposition against Stalin. A
Osip Piatnitsky (1882-1938) < 5 theoretical leader of the party, focused heavily on economics, and
Old Bolshevik and early opponent of Stalin's Terror. wrote on market socialism. Executed after the Moscow Trials.
[Biography]
F.F. Raskolnikov (1892-1939) < 5
Bolshevik sailor who chronicled the October Revolution. Gabriel Miasnikov (1889-1945) <5
Young Bolshevik, Member of the Workers Group.
[Biography]
Evgenii Preobrazhensky (1898-1937) <5

Young Bolshevik, Member of the Left Opposition. Executed after the
Moscow Trials.
[Biography]
See Also: Josef Stalin, Alexander Lozovsky, Vyacheslav Molotov.
The Comintern
In 1919, the Bolsheviks held a conference attended by revolutionaries fom every corner of the world, and established the
Communist International (Comintern); soon there were Communist Parties in every country, drawing the most militant workers to
the Bolsheviks.
Charles Rappoport (1865-1941) < 5 John Reed (1887-1920) 20+

Russian revolutionary, joined French CP as an exile. American Revolutionary, supporter of the Soviet government. Historian
[Biography] of the revolution. Tireless advocate to stop U.S. invasion of Soviet
Russia. Husband of Louise Bryant.
Henri Barbusse (1873-1935) < 5 [Biography]
Pacifist novelist who joined the French Communist Party.
Louis Fraina (Corey) (1892-1953) < 5
Wilhelm Pieck (1876-1960) <5 American socialist, supporter of Russian Revolution, later expelled
Carpenter, Spartacist and founder of the German CP; later a supporter from the Comintern and wrote on economics.
of Stalin, in 1949 appointed President of the GDR.
Bertram Wolfe (1896-1977) < 5
Heinrich Laufenberg (1872-1932) <5 American socialist who joined CP in 1919 and was a ‘theoretician’ for
German Communist and one of the first to develop the idea of National Jay Lovestone, expelled in 1929.
Bolshevism. Also known by the pseudonym Karl Erler.
Jay Lovestone (1897-1990) <5
Fritz Wolffheim (1888-1942) <5 Leader of the Communist Party of the USA during the 1920s, expelled
German Communist and leading figure in the National Bolshevism in 1929.
tendency. [Biography]
Alexander Lozovsky (1878-1952) 5+ August Thalheimer (1890-1960) 5+

Old Bolshevik, Ukrainian Jewish worker, leader of the Red International Prominent German theorist. Expelled from the Communist Party for
of Trade Unions. "right-wing deviation" in 1928 as main theorist for the Brandlerites.
[Biography] Particularly occupied with analyzing the actual class struggle of his
time on independent Marxist grounds.
John MacLean (1879-1923) 40+ [Biography]
Scottish schoolteacher and Marxist educator. His evening-classes
produced many of the activists who became instrumental in the Clyde Theodor Bergmann (1916-2017) 5+
revolts during and after WWI. Soviet Consul to Scotland. German communist and historian, participated in socialist youth
[Biography] organisations before WW2, joined the Brandlerite opposition after the
end of WW2 and the Linkspartei when it was formed in 2007.
Henri Wallon (1879-1962) < 5 [Biography]
French Psychologist who elaborated a systematic Marxist psychology.
[Biography] Victor Serge (1890-1947) 10+
Originally an anarchist, later joined the Russian Communist Party. As a
Pierre Monatte (1881-1960) < 5 Comintern representative in Germany he helped prepare the aborted
French communist. Founding member of PCF, expelled in 1924, insurrection in 1923. Also joined the Left Opposition in 1923, expelled
revolutionary syndicalist. from the party in 1928 and briefly imprisoned. Exiled in 1933.
Alfred Rosmer (1883-1969) 5+ Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937) 50+

Founding member of PCF but expelled for his opposition to Stalinism. Helped create the Italian Communist Party. Arrested in 1926 for his
[Biography] revolutionary activities and sentenced by a fascist court to 20 years
imprisonment. Theorized key concepts such as hegemony, base and
Max Eastman (1883-1969) < 5 superstructure, organic intellectuals, and war of position.
American socialist who became a prominent support of Trotsky but [Biography]
later an anti-communist.
[Biography] Palmiro Togliatti (1893-1964) <10
A leader of the Italian CP, regarded as the founder of
Louise Bryant (1885-1936) < 5 “Euroccommunism.”
American Revolutionary, supporter of the Soviet government. Historian [Biography]
of the revolution. Tireless advocate to stop U.S. invasion of Soviet
Russia. Wife of John Reed. Josip Broz Tito (1892-1980) 5+
[Biography] Yugoslav communist, participated in the October Revolution and built a
partisan army during World War Two which won national liberation for
David Ivon Jones (1883-1924) < 5 Yugoslavia and united the country. Broke with Stalin over the Post-War
Founding member of the South African Communist Party. settlement and took an independent line.
[Biography]
Bela Kun (1886-1937) 10+
Hungarian Communist, activist in the Comintern. Andreu Nin (1892-1937) <5
[Biography] Founder of Communist Party and in 1935 of the POUM in Spain.
[Biography]
Lajos Magyar (1891-1938) < 5
Hungarian Communist, official in the early Comintern. Julián Gorkin (1901-1987) <5
Member of the POUM in Spain.
Paul Levi (1886-1930) lt;5
German Communist, activist in the Comintern. José Carlos Mariátegui (1894-1930) 5+
[Biography] Peruvian Professor. Self-educated. Historian of European Marxism and
movements in South America.
M N Roy (1887-1954) 20+ [Biography]
Indian Communist and key leader of the Comintern, later a radical
humanist.
[Biography] “1919: Horses dying from hunger in the roadway,
pedestrians wan and inflated, scurvy, typhus, cold,
Wm. F. Dunne (1887-1953) 5+ hunger – treason –
Miner, founding member of CPUSA, expelled after returning from the
War. expectation. Soviets in
Max Bedacht (1883-1972) 5+ Bavaria, Soviets in Hungary,
German born American socialist, impossiblist, founding member of the
CPUSA. the Internationale sung by
two-thirds of Europe.”
Guido Baracchi (1887-1975) <5
A founder of the Australian CP, member of ECCI, joined Trotskyists [Victor Serge]
1939.
[Biography]
Evelyn Roy (1892-1970) 5+

American Communist who helped her husband, M.N. Roy, found
Communist Parties in Mexico and India. Henk Sneevliet (1883-1942) < 5
[Biography] Dutch communist, early organiser for the Comintern, founding member
of Communist Party in Indonesia.
Wallter Ulbricht (1893-1973) <5 [Biography]
A founder of the German CP, and leader of the DDR until 1971.
Tan Malaka (1897-1949) 15+
Indonesian Communist, briefly became the Chairman of Indonesian
Communist Party in 1921 before being exiled by the Dutch for the next
21 years. A prominent figure in the Indonesian national liberation
movement and workers movement.
[Biography]
———
Eugen Samuilovich Varga (1879-1964) < 5

Hungarian communist, Marxist Economist of the early Comintern.
Isaak Illich Rubin (1886-1937) < 5

Russian Marxist Economist.
See Also: James Cannon, Karl Korsch, Georg Lukács, Sylvia Pankhurst.
Josef Stalin (1879-1953) 800+

General Secretary of Soviet Communist Party from 1917 till his death
in 1953. Responsible for the murder of the entire Bolshevik leadership “The final victory of socialism in
and the consolidation of bureaucratic rule in the USSR. the first country to emancipate
[Biography]
itself is impossible without the
Otto Ville Kuusinen (1881-1964) < 5
Finnish Communist and Comintern leader under Stalin. combined efforts of the
Georgi Dimitrov (1882-1949) 20+
proletarians of several countries,
Long-standing leader of Bulgarian C.P. and the unfolding of the world revolution will be
[Biography]
the more rapid and thorough, the more effective
Vyacheslav Molotov (1890-1986)
Soviet leader who succeeded Stalin. the assistance rendered by the first socialist
[Biography] country to the workers and laboring masses of all
Nikita Khrushchev (1894-1971) 5+ other countries.”
Leader of Soviet Union who denounced Stalin in 1956 and tried to
reform Soviet society. British Communist Party
[Biography] The CPGB History Archive includes a number of writers who were
members of the Communist Party of Great Britain, including R. Page
Dmitry Manuilsky (1883–1959) < 5 Arnot, Thomas Bell, B. F. Bradley, Tom Brown, Emile Burns, J. R.
Functionary in the Comintern and foreign service. Campbell, Maurice Conforth, Helen Crawfurd, Clemens Dutt, Benjamin
Fineberg, Ralph Fox, Will Gallacher, John Gollan, Wal Hannington,
Lavrenti Beria (1899-1953) < 5 Arthur Horner, J. F. Horrabin, Albert Inkpin, T. A. Jackson, Monty
Close associate of Stalin, leader of Secret police 1938 till Stalin’s Johnstone, James Klugmann, J. T. Walton Newbold, Arthur MacManus,
death. Eden & Cedar Paul, William Paul, Marjorie Pollitt, R. W. Postgate,
[Biography] Stewart Purkis, Tom Quelch, Bert Ramelson, Andrew Rothstein,
Theodor Rothstein, William Rust, Shapurji Saklatvala, Beth Turner,
Georgy Malenkov (1902-1988) < 5 Ellen Wilkinson, Tom Wintringham, and others as well as fellow-
Soviet politician, succeeded Stalin as Chairman of the Council of travellers such as Hewlett Johnson.
People’s Commissars of the USSR from 1953–1955.
J. T. Murphy (1888-1965) 120+
Nikolai Bulganin (1895-1975) < 5 Founding member of the CPGB and noted figure in Comintern and
Soviet politician and minister in the Red Army. Succeeded Malenkov as RILU matters who moved the resolution expelling Trotsky from the
Chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR from Comintern in 1927.
1955–1958. [Biography]
Mikhail Suslov (1902-1982) < 5 Harry Pollitt (1890-1960)
Soviet politician and member of the Central Committee of the Soviet General Secretary of CPGB from 1929 till 1956, apart from 1940 when
Communist Party. he opposed Stalin-Hitler Pact.
[Biography]
——
R. Palme Dutt (1896-1974)
Maurice Thorez (1900-1964) 5+ Member of the Independent Labour Party before joining the
Post World War Two leader of the French Communist Party. Communist Party in 1920, Dutt was a member of the Executive
[Biography] Committee of the CPGB from 1923 until 1965.
[Biography]
Louis Aragon (1897-1982) < 5
French Communist Poet. J. D. Bernal (1901-1971) 15+
[Biography] Popularised Marxism. Wrote a 4 volume history of science from a
Marxist perspective.
Georges Politzer (1903-1942) < 5 [Biography]
French Marxist philosopher.
[Biography] Christopher Caudwell (1907-1937) 5+
English philosopher and writer, won to Marxism in the 1930s and died
Moissaye J. Olgin (1878-1939) 5+ fighting for the Republican cause in Spain in 1937. Wrote classic
A leader of the Jewish Bund, and later leading member of the CPUSA. Marxist analyses of literature and art.
William Z. Foster (1881-1961) 10+ Christopher Hill (1912-2003) < 5

Trade unionist and leader of the Communist Party of the USA. English Marxist historian.
Dolores Ibárruri (1895-1989) <5 Wilfred Burchett (1891-1973)

Leader of the Spanish Communist Party during the Civil War. Australian journalist documented US imperialist crimes, expecially in
[Biography] S.E.Asia; Australian government removed his Australian citizenship.
Luiz Carlos Prestes (1898-1990) <5 Pietro Secchia (1901-1977)

Leader of the Brazilian Communist Party. Popular Italian communist, on the left of the PCI and a historian.
[Biography]
Nikos Zachariadis (1903-1973) <5
Leader of the Greek Communist Party during World War Two and the Tim Buck (1891-1973)
Greek Civil War. A leader of the Canadian Communist Party, trade unionist, and
agitator, especially among the unemployed during the Depression;
Enver Hoxha (1908-1985) 5+ loyal supporter of the Soviet line.
Leader of Albanian CP, followed separate foreign policy, anti- [Biography]
Khrushchev, anti-Mao and pro-Stalin.
[Biography] Fred Rose (1907-1983)
Canadian trade unionist, Communist and Member of Parliament.
[Biography]
Huberto Alvarado (1927-1974)

Guatemalan poet and Communist leader.
[Biography]
—————
Bill Bland (1916-2001)

New Zealand-born communist, supporter of Enver Hoxha in Britain.
[Biography]
Soviet Philosophers and Scientists
Writers – scientists, philosophers, teachers – in the Soviet Union were obliged to develop their ideas in terms of the official
orthodox Marxist dogma. Most of these writers cannot properly be described as Marxists, but nevertheless their work has
contributed in some way or another to our understanding of Marxism.
I. V. Michurin (1855-1935) Soviet scientist who carried out Anton Makarenko (1888-1939)
groundbreaking research in genetics. Soviet educationalist who promoted development of virtues of
[Biography] discipline and collectivism.
[Biography]
N. A. Semashko (1874-1949)
Architect of Soviet Health System. Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov (1891-1951)
[Biography] Soviet Scientist.
Vitaly Vygodsky (1928-1998) T. D. Lysenko (1898-1976)

Soviet political economist. Promoted theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics as the
[Biography] official Communist Party line in biology.
[Biography]
Alexander Spirkin
Soviet Marxism
Despite the suppression of Trotskyism and the impossibility of open political discussion in Stalin's Soviet Union, a few Russians
continued the development of Marxism in Psychology, Medicine, Law and the Sciences. This “non-political Marxism” only dared to
show its political colours after Stalin's death.
Evgeny Pashukanis (1891-1937) 10+ Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934) 10+

Foremost exponent of the Marxist approach to Law. Soviet Psychologist who founded the Cultural Historical Activity Theory
[Biography] (CHAT) school of human development.
[Biography]
Valentin Voloshinov (1895-1936) 5+
Soviet linguist, associate of Mickhail Bakhtin. Alexander Luria (1902-1977) < 5
[Biography] The creator of neuropsychology. Soviet Psychologist who made
advances in cognitive psychology, the processes of learning and
Evald Ilyenkov (1924-1979) 5+ forgetting, and mental retardation. Charted the way in which damage to
Soviet philosopher. Charted the materialist development of Hegel's specific areas of the brain affect behavior.
dialectics. Wrote extensively on dialectics, the Metaphysics of [Biography]
Positivism, and The Dialectics of the Abstract and Concrete in Marx's
Capital. Alexei Leont'ev (1904-1979) < 5
[Biography] Soviet Psychologist who developed his own theory of activity which
linked social context to development.
V A Lektorsky (192?- ) < 5 [Biography]
Soviet psychologist who wrote on foundations of subjectivity.
Daniil El'konin (1904-) < 5
A I Meshcheryakov (1923-1974) < 5 Soviet Psychologist who developed cultural-historical activity theory in
Soviet psychologist who developed education of deaf-blind children. the field of childhood development.
Feliks Mikhailov (1930-2006) < 5

Soviet philosopher who challenged simplistic ideas of subjectivity.
Western Marxism
As it became clear that the world revolution had not spread beyond Soviet Russia, the Communist Parties still exercised
great influence, particularly in the workers movement, but some Marxists turned to the unique problems of fighting
capitalism in advanced capitalit countries where revolution was no longer on the immediate agenda.
Georg Lukács (1885-1971) 10+ Karl Korsch (1886-1961) 5+

Hungarian philosopher, writer, and literary critic. Commissar for Culture German Left Communist who wrote one of the founding documents of
and Education in Hungary's short-lived Socialist government (1919). “Western Marxism”, expelled from the Comintern. Became pessimistic
Helped lead the Hungarian uprising of 1956 against Stalinist about the prospects for socialism by the end of World War Two, but
repression. Created Marxist theory of aesthetics that opposed political was later to become a supporter of Mao.
control of artists, defended humanism, elaborated alienation. [Biography]
[Biography]
Friedrich Adler (1879-1960) <5
Roman Rosdolsky (1898-1967) <5 Secretary of the Austrian Social Democratic Party from 1911 to 1916,
Polish Marxist political economist. and a founder of the 2½ International.
JBS Haldane (1892-1964) 10+

British geneticist, biometrician, physiologist, and popular advocate of
science; “Fellow traveller” of the British CP. The Frankfurt School
Samezō Kuruma (1893-1982) 5+
Japanese Marxist economist who wrote on the history of political
economy and Marx’s theory of crisis and money edited the 15-volume Henryk Grossman (1881-1950) < 5
Marx-Lexikon zur Politischen Ökonomie. Polish-Jewish Communist, Marxist Political economist.
[Biography]
Marxism in Japan. Walter Benjamin (1892-1940) < 5
Critic of degeneration of art under capitalism
[Biography]
Max Horkheimer (1895-1973) 5+

The French Left Long-term leader of the Frankfurt Institute from 1930, theorised Fordist,
mass-production society.
[Biography]
Jules de Gaultier (1858-1942) <5
French philosopher. Leo Lowenthal (1900-1993) < 5
[Biography] Philosopher who wrote on literary theory.
[Biography]
Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980) 10+
Existentialist philosopher who played an important role in the non- Erich Fromm (1900-1980) 5+
Communist Party Left in post-World War Two France, existentialist, German-born U.S. psychoanalyst and social philosopher who explored
later attracted to Marxism. the interaction between psychology and society. By applying Freudian
[Biography] principles to social problems, Fromm helped show the way to a
psychologically balanced, “sane society.”
André Gorz (1923-2007) < 5 [Biography]
Austrian and French social philosopher. A supporter of Jean-Paul
Sartre's existentialist version of Marxism. After the May '68 student Theodor Adorno (1903-1969) < 5
riots, he became more concerned with political ecology. Philosopher who studied the effects of mass culture and fascism on
European society.
Paul Nizan (1905-1940) < 5 [Biography]
French writer and Communist Party militant, friend of Jean-Paul Sartre;
resigned CP afer Stalin’s pact with Hitler, killed near Dunkirk in 1940. Herbert Marcuse (1898-1979) 5+
[Biography] Last member of the original Frankfurt School, reached a broader
audience in the 1960s with his critique of “consumer society” and the
Louis Althusser (1918-1990) 10+ containment of opposition.
Criticised Marxism from the standpoint of Structuralism. [Biography]
[Biography]
Jürgen Habermas (1929- ) < 5
Lucien Sève (1926-) < 5 Leader of second generation of the Frankfurt School, theorised the
French philosopher, who has written on personality and ethics, idea of “networks” as opposed to Party and class, and initiated study of
member of CC of French Communist Party. procedural ethics.
Guy Debord (1931-1994) < 5
Situationist of the 1960s generation who developed ideas about “the Socialist Party of Great Britain
society of the spectacle.” Valued by the “Autonomists.”
[Biography]
Jack Fitzgerald (1872-1929) 20+
Benny Lévy (1945-2003) < 5 Founding member of the SPGB.
French Marxist, variously Maoist and follower of Althusser, Trotskyist [Biography]
(Gauche Prolétarienne), Islamist and assistant to Jean-Paul Sartre
before returning to the study of the Talmud. Edgar Hardcastle (1900-1995) 50+
[Biography] The son of a founding member of the SPGB, joined the party in 1922.
[Biography]
Pieter Lawrence (1932-2007) 10+

Australian-born.Journalist for the Socialist Standard.
[Biography]
Trotskyism
After the victory of Hitler in Germany, Leon Trotsky concluded that the Third International was dead for the purposes of
revolution, and launched the Fourth International with his supporters in countries around the world. Trotskyism became an
opposition force in the workers' movement everywhere.
James Cannon (1890-1974) 100+ Ted Grant (1913-2006) 100+

American, IWW organiser, later helped create the US Communist South African-born British Trotskyist, a founder and long-term leader in
Party. In the 1920s became a Trotskyst, and helped create the US the “Militant Tendency” within the Labour Party until expelled from the
Socialist Workers Party. Labour Party in 1983, and after.
Pandelis Pouliopoulos (1900-1943) 10+ Peter Hadden (1950-2010) 10+

Greek Trotskyist. Lead mass movements of veterans and defended The leading theoretician of the Irish Militant group, later the Socialist
workers in court. Wrote extensively about Trotsky. Shot dead by Party, and the CWI.
fascists while in prison. [Biography]
[Biography]
The Militant Group also included: Ray Apps, Dudley Edwards, Andrew
Chen Bilan (1901-1971) < 5 Glyn, Pat Wall and Tom Stamm.
Early member of Chinese CP, a founder of Trotskyism in China.
———
Frank Glass (1901-1988) < 5
South African communist who travelled to China and wrote extensively Hugo Dewar (1908-1980) <5
on China as a Trotskyist. English Trotskyist, a member of the Balham Group.
[Biography]
Ante Ciliga (1898-1992) < 5
Croatian Communist and one of the founders of the Communist Party Daniel Norman (1913-?) <5
of Yugoslavia (KPJ), lived in the Soviet Union from 1926 to 1935, Rumanian-born English Journalist and Trotskyist.
sympathizer of the Left Opposition. [Biography]
Max Shachtman (1904-1972) 20+ Grandizo Munis (1912-1989) 10+

American Communist Party, then helped create the American Spanish Trotskyist.
Trotskyist movement. Left the SWP and joined the Socialist Party. [Biography]
[Biography]
Ludvik Hass (1918-2008) <5
Supporters of Max Shachtman included: Mary Bell, Reva Craine, Polish Trotskyist
Ernest Erber, Ben Hall, Gordon Haskell, Carlos Hudson, Julius
Jacobson, Shirley Lawrence, Ernest Rice McKinney, Sylvia Merrill, Pierre Broué (1926-2005) 5+
Andrzej Rudzienski, Gertrude Shaw and B.J. Widick. French Trotskyist leader and historian.
[Biography]
James Burnham (1905-1987) 20+
American Trotskyist who broke with Trotsky with a concept of Abram Leon (1918-1944) < 5
bureaucratic collectivism, later writing about the “managerial Jewish socialist and Historian, became a leading Belgian Trotskyist
revolution.” during World War II.
[Biography]
Hugo Oehler (1903-1983) 50+
American Trotskyist. Ernest Mandel (1923-1995) 100+
Belgian Trotskyist founder and leader of United Secretariat of the
George Novack (1905-1992) 10+ Fourth Intenrational, renowned as Marxist Economist.
American Trotskyist and writer on Marxist philosophy. [Biography]
[Biography]
Nahuel Moreno (1924-1987) < 5
Felix Morrow (1906-1988) 5+ Argentinian Trotskyist. Leader of the Liga Internacional de
American Trotskyist, wrote a classic eye-witness history of the Spanish Trabajadores (LIT), and of Movement for Socialism (MAS) in Argentina,
Revolution. After the WWII, understood that Capitalism would recover among the largest revolutionary currents in Latin America which
and dominate the world, and that Socialism had a long struggle ahead. remained oriented to the urban working class after the Cuban
[Biography] Revolution, and opposed guerillaism.
Joseph Hansen (1910-1979) 10+ Sri Lankan Trotskyists include: Colvin R. de Silva, Leslie
A leader of the US SWP 40s-60s, advocate for Cuban revolution. Goonewardene and Edward Samarakkody.
The U.S. Socialist Workers Party also include: Lydia Beidel, Grace Ken Tarbuck (1930-1995) < 5
Carlson, Charles Curtiss, Vincent R. Dunne, Fred Halstead, Antoinette British Trotskyist.
Konikow, Sherry Mangan, George Clarke and Steve Zeluck.
Charlie Van Gelderen (1913-2001) < 5
George Rawick (1929-1990) 5+ British Trotskyist, member of USFI.
American Trotskyist.
International Socialist Tendency
Susan Green (-) 5+
American Trotskyist, member of Workers Party.
Harry Braverman (1920-1976) 10+

US Trotskyist in 1930s, editor of Monthly Review Press from 1967. “Just as it became necessary to
[Biography]
discard the slogan of the ‘democratic
Peter Camejo (1939-2008) <5 dictatorship of the proletariat and
Member of US SWP, advocate of “turn to undustry,” expelled 1980.
peasantry’ after the Bolshevik Party
Walter Held (1910-1941) 5+
German Jew expelled from the Communist Party for supporting Leon had existed for 14 years, so has it now
Trotsky, fled to France and later Norway he was eventually
assassinated by a Stalinist agent.
become necessary to renounce the theory of Russia
[Biography] as a degenerated workers’ state.”
Pierre Frank (1906-1984) 10+
French Trotskyist, a founder of the International Left Opposition in Tony Cliff (1917-2000) 50+
1928, later a leader of the LCR. Palestinian Jewish Trotskyist, developed critique of Stalinist Russia as
[Biography] a form of "bureaucratic state capitalism", laid the basis of the theory of
'deflected' permanent revolution and the 'permanent' arms economy,
Michel Pablo (1911-1996) 5+ founder of International Socialist Tendency.
International Secretary of Fourth International after WWII. Minister in [Biography]
Ben Bella's Socialist government of Algeria. Developed theory of
"centuries of deformed workers states". Duncan Hallas (1925-2002) 40+
[Biography] British Trotskyist, founder member of the International Socialist
Tendency and leader of the British Socialist Workers Party.
David Korner (Barta) (1914-1976) 5+ [Biography]
Romanian trotskyist, active in France from 1936. In 1939, he broke
with the IVth International groupings in France and founded the Brian Manning (1927-2004) 5+
"Groupe Communiste (IVéme Internationale), latter renamed "Union English Marxist historian of the English Revolution, student of
Communiste (Trotskyste)". Today's "Lutte Ouvriére" group claims to Christopher Hill, associated with the New Left in the 1950s and early
stand in the continuity of Barta's UC(T). 1960s, later joined Irish SWP.
Ross Dowson (1915-2008) 50+ Raymond Challinor (1929-2011) 60+

Leading figure in Canadian Trotskyism for 57 years. British Trotskyist, Marxist historian and a founder member of the
International Socialist Tendency.
Maurice Quarter < 10
Canadian Trotskyist of the 1930s. Michael Kidron (1930-2003) 10+
A leading theoretician of the British Socialist Review Group and its
Juan Posadas (1912-1981) <5 successor, the International Socialists; also an editor of several
Argentine Trotskyist. publications including Pluto Press.
Adolfo Gilly <5 Jim Higgins (1930-2002) 10+

Bolivian Posadist. British postal worker and trade unionist, a founder of the ISO.
[Biography]
Gerry Healy (1913-1989) <5
British Trotskyist. Nick Howard (1933-2016) 5+
Historian, lecturer at Sheffield University.
Denzil Dean Harber >10 [Biography]
British Trotskyist, member of RCP.
Peter Sedgwick (1934-1983) 50+
Brian Pearce (1917-1989) 20+ Theorist of the British ISO in the 1950s, translator and editor of Victor
British Trotskyist, historian and translator. Serge.
[Biography]
Geoff Pilling (1940-1997) < 5
British Trotskyist, economist. Paul Foot (1937-2004) 100+
Trotskyist and prominent investigative journalist in Britain, member of
Daniel Bensaid (1946-2010) 5+ International Socialists.
Student leader in France, May ’68, later a leader of the LCR, more
recently the NPA, one of the most prominent theoreticians of 4th Chris Harman (1942-2009) 600+
International after death of Ernest Mandel. British activist, journalist and historian.
——— David Widgery (1947-1992) 10+

British cultural critic, anti-fascist agitator and Marxist writer.
Celia Hart Santamaria (1963-2008) 20+ [Biography]
Cuban Trotskyist.
Bassem Chit (1979-2014) 10+
Russell Blackwell (1904-1969) 10+ Lebanese Marxist activist associated with the International Socialist
Mexican Trotskyist Tendency.
Liborio Justo (1902-2003) 10+ Also associated with the I.S.T. are: Geoff Carlsson, Pete Glatter, Paul
Argentine Trotskyist, founder of the Revolutionary Workers League. O'Flinn and Julie Waterson.
Also known by the pseudonyms of "Quebracho" and "Lobodon Garra."
———
Nimrod Sejake (1920-2008) 5+
Founder member of the South African Congress of Trade Unions Albert & Vera Weisbord (1900-1977) 50+
(SACTU), defendant with Mandela in the 1956-61 Treason Trial; in American Socialists, leaders of the Communist League of Struggle.
exile in Ireland was a leading member of the Marxist Workers [Biography]
Tendency of the ANC and the CWI.
Hal Draper (1914-1990) 20+
Ronnie Sookhdeo (1946-2014) 5+ American Marxist, journalist and labor activist. Founder of the Socialist
British activist of Guyanese origin, member of the Militant Tendency Workers Party & Fourth International in 1938, later founded the
and Socialist Party. International Socialist party. Stopped associating with Trotskyism after
the 1960s.
[Biography]
Gilbert Giles Roper (1905-1974) < 5

Australian Trotskyist.
[Biography]
Bob Gould (1937-2011) < 5
Australian Trotskyist.
[Biography]
Lynn Beaton (1946-2016) > 5

Australian Trotskyist, pioneered strategies for women at work, such as
comparable worth and sexual harrassment.
See also: Leon Trotsky, Evelyn Reed, Neville Alexander, Baruch Hirson and others.
Left Communism
A number of Marxists, especially in Europe and the US, not only rejected Stalinism, but rejected the whole project of building
socialism through state power. These were Marxists, not Anarchists, and they remain a force to this day.
Herman Gorter (1864-1927) < 5 Sylvia Pankhurst (1882-1960) < 5

Dutch socialist and poet, opposed WWI, became an advocate of ultra- British Left-Communist and Suffragette.
left within Comintern. Leading supporter of the KAI. [Biography]
[Biography]
Amadeo Bordiga (1889-1970) 5+
Julian Borchardt (1868-1932) < 5 Italian Communist, was expelled from Comintern as an ultra-left, later
German left Social Democrat associated with the Bremen Radical Left, leading an independent Marxist Party in Italy.
but never joined the KPD. [Biography]
Anton Pannekoek (1873-1960) 30+ Jacques Camatte ( ) 5+

Dutch astonomer. Helped form a Marxist party in the Netherlands. French political economist, follower of Bordiga.
Member of the German Social Democratic party.
[Biography] Onorato Damen (1893-1979) < 5
Italian Left-communist.
Cajo Brendel (1915-2007) < 5 [Biography]
Dutch Left Communist. A central figure in the Council Communists
movement (second-generation) and a Pannekoek sympathiser.
Marceau Pivert (1895-1958) < 5
Otto Rühle (1874-1943) 5+ French communist, trade unionist and anti-militarist.
German Left Communist who voted with Karl Liebknecht against the [Biography]
war credits and was a founding member of the German Communist
Party. Lucien Laurat (1898-1973) < 5
[Biography] Austrian communist, joined SFIO in 1930s.
[Biography]
Panaït Istrati (1884-1935) < 5
Rumanian writer, after visiting Moscow became critical of the
Comintern. Paul Mattick (1903-1942) 60+
[Biography] German Left Communist, later lived in the U.S.. Main exponent of
“Council Communism” and opponent of idea of Revolution being led by
Eugene Lanti (1879-1947) < 5 a political party.
French supporter of Esperanto and anti-nationalism. [Biography]
[Biography]
Arrigo Cervetto (1927-1995) < 5
John Keracher (1880-1958) < 5 Italian Marxist, active in trade unions after WW2, built Lotta
Scottish American socialist educator, founding member of the CPUSA, Comunista, an independent communist current in Italy.
and later the Proletarian Party. Keracher was also a journalist and [Biography]
agitator.
[Biography] Bernard Reichenbach (1888-1975) < 5
German Left Communist, member of the Executive Committee of the
Scott Nearing (1883-1983) 10+ Comintern and of the KAPD; acted as their delegate to the Third
American Marxist economist, poet and artist. Congress of the Third International.
Haim Kantorovich (1890-1936) < 5 Franz Pfemfert (1879-1954) < 5

A leader of Militant faction of the Socialist Party of America in the early German Left Communist journalist, editor of Die Aktion.
1930s and editor of The American Socialist Quarterly.
Walter Kendall (1929-2003) 5+

A key member of the British Institute of Workers’ Control, and a
pioneer of the Voice group of newspapers.
Marxist Humanism
Although Marxist Humanism first appeared as a break-away form orthodox Trotskyism, in the 1960s many intellectuals in
Eastern Europe and in the Communist Parties in Britain and the US, embraced a Humanist Marxism, emphasising human
agency, rather than structural determinism and “iron laws of history” and so on.
CLR James (1901-1989) 30+ Maximilien Rubel (1905-1996) < 5

West Indian, Afro Caribbean. Lucid dialectician, historian, novelist, & French sociologist, Marxist humanist and with T.B. Bottomore, a prolific
playwright. Stressed the importance of non-white workers to the publisher and translator.
revolutionary movement, foresaw the civil rights movement decades [Biography]
before it got underway.
[Biography] Sebastiano Timpanaro (1923-2000) < 5
Italian philologist, philosopher and Marxist.
Raya Dunayevskaya (1910-1987) 30+ [Biography]
American Russian Trotskyst, Humanist. Secretary to Trotsky, translated
many Marx, Engels and Lenin. Critiqued Lenin's theory of the Party John Saville (1916-2009) < 5
being the vanguard. Marxist, historian, dissident Communist in 1956, set up The Reasoner
[Biography] with E.P. Thompson.
[Biography]
Martin Glaberman (1918-2001) 20+
American autoworker and life-long supporter of Raya Dunayevskaya E P Thompson (1924-1993) < 5
and C L R James. English Marxist historian and humanist.
Grace Lee Boggs (1915-2015) 10+ Ralph Miliband (1924-1994) 10+

Chinese-American supporter of Dunayevskaya & James. English Marxist political critic and humanist.
[Biography]
William Gorman 10+
Jewish-American supporter of Dunayevskaya & James. Marcel Liebman (1929-1986) 5+
Belgian Marxist, contributor to and later co-editor of The Socialist
Maurice Brinton (1923-2005) 15+ Register.
British libertarian socialist, prominent neurologist and the intellectual
leader of Solidarity (U.K.). Joe McCarney (1941-2007) < 5
English Hegelian-Marxist.
[Biography]
Eugene Kamenka (1928-1995) < 5

Australian Marxist, elaborated ethical foundations of Marxism.
“It is with this problem of agency
in mind that I have been The Praxis Group
studying, for several years now,
the cultural apparatus, the Rudi Supek (1913-1993) < 5
Croatian Marxist sociologist, Marxist Humanist, in Praxis group.
intellectuals — as a possible, [Biography]
immediate, radical agency of
Gajo Petrović (1927-1993) < 5
change.” [C. Wright Mills, 1962] Marxist Humanist, one of the main theorists in the Praxis Group and
long-time editor of the journal Praxis.
[Biography]
C. Wright Mills (1916-1962) < 5
American Communist, initiated the “New Left” in the U.S. Mihailo Marković (1927-2010) < 5
[Biography] Serbian Marxist philosopher, one of the first and fiercest critics of the
Stalinist philosophical theses in Yugoslavia, led return to study of
Marshall Berman (1940-2013) < 5 Marx’s critical method in the mid-1960s.
American Marxistm Humanist and Urbanist from New York. [Biography]
[Biography]
Ernst Bloch (1885-1997) < 5

German Marxist-Humanist Philosopher.
Franz Jakubowski (1912-1970) < 5

Polish Marxist Philosopher.
Z. A. Jordan (d. 1978) < 5

Polish Marxist Philosopher.
Cornelius Castoriadis (1922-1997) < 5

Greek philosopher, economist and psychoanalyst. Co-founder of the
Socialisme ou Barbarie group. Perhaps better known by his
pseudonyms Pierre Chaulieu and Paul Cardan.
Claude Lefort (1924-2010) < 5

French philosopher and activist. One of the founding members of
Socialisme ou Barbarie; later formed Informations et Liaison
Ouvrières.
—— Market Socialists / Workers’ Self-Management ——
Deng Xiaoping (1904-1997) Ota Šik (1919-2004)

Former longstanding leader of the Chinese Communist Party; purged Czech dissident who became Deputy Prime Minister during the
as a “capitalist roader” during the Cultural Revolution, but returned to “Prague Spring” advocating a “Third Way” between capitalism and
power after Mao's death and led the gradual return of China to communism; in exile, became more of a social democrat of the
capitalism. Western variety.
Branko Pribicevic (1928-2003) < 5 See also Eurocommunism by Manuel Azcárate.

Political scientist, member of the Central Committee of the League of
Communists of Serbia.
[Biography]
—— New Worker / Communist Currents ——
Mansoor Hekmat (1951-2002) < 5 Filemon Lagman (1953-2001) < 5

Iranian Marxist. Built the Worker-Communist Party of Iran. Phillipino Communist. Led the split in the Communist Party of the
Philippines in 1991 over strategy of guerilla warfare. Advocated the
Shahrokh Zamani (1963-2015) < 5 orientation to the workers movement, combining parliamentary and
Iranian Marxist and trade unionist. extra-parliamentary means of struggle.
—— The Latin American Left ——
Salvadore Allende (1908-1973)

Leader of the Chilean Socialist Party and President of Chile in 1973,
when he was overthrown by a US-organised coup.
[Biography]
Guerilla Marxism
Some Marxists, in countries where open political debate was impossible, turned instead to military struggle as a form of political
organisation, retiring to the countryside and basing themselves on the peasantry, rather than the urban working class.
Che Guevara (1928-1967) 10+ Carlos Marighella (1911-1969) < 5

International Revolutionary. Helped create and maintain the Cuban A Brazillian revolutionary who led the National Liberation Action (ALN).
Revolution. Creatively tried to establish socialism in Cuba, worked His tactics inspired the Italian Red Brigades, the German Red Army
tirelessly to create revolutions throughout Africa and South America. Faction. Expelled from the Brazilian Communist Party for “pro-Cuban”
Created the guerilla foco theory – building a revolutionary movement sympathy. Executed by police.
through militant resistance instead of party building.
[Biography] Schafik Jorge Handal (1930-2006) < 5
General Secretary of the Communist Party of El Salvador, and guerrilla
commander in the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN)
in the 1980s.
“The road is long and, in part, unknown. We [Biography]
recognize our limitations. We will make the human
Juan Gelman (1930-2014) < 5
being of the 21st century – we, ourselves.” [Che A leader of the Montoneros, in Argentina in the 1970s.
Guevara]
Hamid Ashraf (1946-1976) < 5

A leader of the People's Fedayeen Guerilla Organization of Iran.
[Biography]
Maoism
In the early 1960s, divisions opened up within the Comintern, with a current sympathetic to the Mao Zedong, as opposed to the
Soviet leader Khrushchev, developing a distinct philosophical and political line, emphasising the role of the peasantry.
Mao Zedong (1893-1976) 100+ Zhu De (1886-1976)

Became leader of the Chinese Communist Party during the Long Longstanding leader of the CCP, denounced during the Cultural
March in 1937, and led China to its Revolution in 1949 and remained Revolution but later rehabilitated.
its supreme leader until his death in 1976. [Biography]
[Biography]
Li Lisan (1899-1967) < 5
Lin Biao (1907-1971) Early leader of Chinese CP, regarded as ultra-leftist, denounced during
Firm supporter of Mao during the Cultural Revolution, leader of the Red Cultural Revolution, and committed suicide.
Army. [Biography]
[Biography]
Liu Shaoqi (1902-1969) 10+
Zhou Enlai (1898-1976) 10+ Longstanding leader of the Chinese Communist Party who was
Most respected of the old generation of leaders of the Chinese denounced during the Cultural Revolution as a “capitaist roader” and
Communist Party. died in prison.
Peng Zhen (1902-1997) Zhang Chunqiao (1917-2005)

Longstanding leader of the Chinese Communist Party; denounced Part of the core leadership of China's Cultural Revolution. Worked
during the Cultural Revolution, but survived and returned to leadership, closely with Mao's wife, Jiang Qing.
as one who opposed restoration of the market.
[Biography] Hua Guofeng (1920- )
Led China after the Cultural Revolution after out-manoeuvering “Gang
of Four” in a power struggle later in 1976. Deng Xiaoping's policies of
reform began to take shape during Hua's tenure, and by 1980,
“The revolutionary war is a leadership had shifted to Deng. Hua remains a member of the CC.
[Biography]
war of the masses; only
mobilizing the masses and
Naxalites
relying on them can wage it.”
Charu Mazumdar (1918-1972) 20+
A founder of the pro-Chinese Communist Party of India (Marxist-
Leninist), died in police custody.
[Biography]
Vinod Mishra (1947-1998) 10+

Sam Marcy (1911-1998) < 5 Longstanding leader of the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)
American, joined US SWP in 1940, later supporter of Mao, founder of Liberation.
‘Workers World Party’. [Biography]
Shibdas Ghosh (1923-1976) 5+

A founder of the Marxist-Leninist Socialist Unity Centre of India.
Siraj Sikder (1944-1975) 5+

Bengali intellectual and revolutionary. He helped found the Proletarian
Party of East Bengal and took part in guerrilla warfare.
National Liberation
Particularly in the decades after the end of World War Two, communists were in the leadership of national liberation struggles,
the leaders of these struggles developed a distinct approach to socialist theory.
Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969) 30+ Lu Xun (1881-1936) 20+

Longstanding leader of the Vietnamese national liberation movement; One of modern China’s most prominent and influential writers. His work
set-up a guerilla base in the countryside in 1944, going on to defeat the frequently promoted radical change through criticism of antiquated
French in 1954, but dying before final victory over the US invasion in cultural values and repressive social customs.
1975. [Biography]
[Biography]
Messali Hadj (1898-1974) 5+
Truong Chinh (1907-1988) < 5 Algerian communist and founder of the modern Algerian nationalist
Deputy to Ho Chi Minh from 1941 to 1957, and after 1958 the leading movement; supporter of the Russian Revolution.
theorist of the Vietnamese Communist Party. [Biography]
Võ Nguyên Giáp (1911-2013) < 5

Outstanding General and leader of the Vietnamese liberation
movement. “A national culture under
Pham Van Dong (1906-2000) < 5 colonial domination is a
Leader of the Vietnamee Army in the wars against both the French
colonial forces and the US invaders. Foremost theorist of protracted contested culture whose
warfare. destruction is sought in
[Biography]
systematic fashion. It very quickly becomes a
Le Duan (1908-1986) 5+
Led Communist forces in South Vietnam after French withdrawal in culture condemned to secrecy.”
1954 and was First Secretary of North Vietnam Communist Party from
1959. After Ho Chi Minh’s death in 1969, became Party leader. Frantz Fanon (1925-1961) < 5
[Biography] West Indian-born, French/Algerian doctor and intellectual whose works
addressed the problems of developing national consciousness in the
Pedro Albizu Campos (1891-1965) lt;5 oppressed people, an inspiration for the US Civil Rights movement as
Leader of Puerto Rican Nationalism. much as in Black Africa.
Kim Il Sung (1912-1994) 5+ Paulo Friere (1921-1997) < 5
Founding head of state of Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Brazilian educator, member of the Workers' Party.
Bhagat Singh (1907-1931) 10+
Leader of the militant and socialist wing of the Independence
Movement in India; hanged by the British in 1931. Fidel Castro (1927- ) 10+
[Biography] Leader of the Cuban Revolution and President of Cuban Republic.
[Biography]
Marxism and Anti-Imperialism in India. Cuban History Archive.
George Padmore (1902-1959) 30+ Cheddi Jagan (1918-1997) < 5
West Indian, CPUSA and Comintern 1927-1935, became leading Maoist and union leader who was elected President of Guyana.
advocate of Pan-Africanism. [Biography]
[Biography]
Harry Haywood (1898-1985) <5
Leader of CPUSA and Comintern. Supported Mao and was expelled
from the CPUSA.
[Biography]
African Liberation Movement
The struggle against colonialism in Africa, to create independent socialist states, brought forward several generations of
heoric fighters, who contributed to the development of Marxist ideas.
Kwame Nkrumah (1909-1972) < 5 Baruch Hirson (1921-1999) < 5

Nkrumah was the force behind the movement for independence of South African Trotskyist. Organiser for Workers International League,
Ghana, then British West Africa, first president of independent Ghana participated in the armed struggle, imprisoned, but went into exile in
in 1957. His 1965 “Neocolonialism, the last stage of imperialism,” 1973.
introduced the concept of “neocolonialism.” [Biography]
[Biography]
Neville Alexander (1936-2012) 10+
South African Trotskyist and world-renowned linguist.
Govan Mbeki (1910-2001) < 5
Life-long activist for the African National Congress and the South
African Communist Party. Julius Nyerere (1922-1999) < 5
[Biography] Pan-Africanist, socialist and leader of Tanzanian independence
struggle and its first President.
Brian Bunting (1920- ) < 5 [Biography]
Journalist, Cental Committee member of the South African CP, ‘natives
representative’ in Parliament before being banned, and fleeing to Amilcar Cabral (1924-1973) 10+
Britain. Lead of independence struggle in Guinea-Bissau, assassinated by
[Biography] Portuguese agents.
[Biography]
Joe Slovo (1926-1995) < 5
Leader of the South African Communist Party in 1991 till his death in Patrice Lumumba (1925-1961) < 5
1995, leading SACP after the collapse of the USSR, to the final Leader of independence movement in the Congo, executed by Belgian
overthrow of apartheid. colonial police, despite U.N. calls for his release.
Black Liberation
From the 18th century up to the present people of colour have resisted oppression by white capitalist powers and have
developed a distinct current of revolutionary socialist thinking.
Toussaint Louverture (1743-1803) 10+ John Brown (1800-1859) 5+

The “Black Jacobin” who led a slave rebellion in Haiti in 1800 and American slave-abolitionist who aimed to build an emancipation army,
created the first Black Republic, inspired by the French Revolution. hanged after a shoot-out with Robert E. Lee.
[Biography]
Malcolm X (1925-1965) 5+ (audio)
US Black Muslim leader, assassinated in 1965.
[Biography]
“I don't believe in fighting today in
Black Panther Party
any one front, but on all fronts. In (1966-1998)
fact I'm a Black Nationalist
See Also: George Padmore, C.L.R. James, Frantz Fanon and Angela Davis.
Freedom Fighter. Islam is my
religion, but I believe my religion
is my personal buisness.... The
economic philosophy of Black Nationalism only
means that we should own and operate and control
the economy of our community.”
The French Revolution
The leaders of the French Revolution were the first to develop modern social theory and laid the basis for the modern
socialism. Rousseau traced the origins of inequality to private property, and Babeuf is credited with being the first
Communist. The socialist ideas from the French Revolution are one of the sources of Marxism.
Julien La Mettrie (1709-1751) 5+ Jacques Roux (17??-1794) 5+
Militant atheist. Priest who became a leader of the popular democratic Enragés during
[Biography] the French Revolution. He was renowned for the foul and abusive
language of his journalism.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) [Biography]
It has been said that the French Revolution, put Rousseau's
philosophy into practice, in particular his idea of the Social Contract. Jacques Hébert (1757-1794) 5+
Although he died 20 years before the Revolution, he was its principle Leader of the extreme left-wing during the Revolution and
theorist. spokesperson of the sans coulottes. Hébert initiated a planned
[Biography] economy before his overthrow, after which the Revolution lost the
support of the poor.
Jean-Paul Marat (1743-1793) 10+
Leader of the left wing of the Revolution, inspired the execution of Holbach (1723-1789) 5+
royalist prisoners which launched the second, radical phase of the French materialist and atheistic philosopher.
Revolution; his murder set off the Great Terror. [Biography]
[Biography]
Gracchus Babeuf (1760-1797) 5+
Robespierre (1758-1794) 10+ Rose to prominence in the twilight of the Revolution, convening a
Leader of the Jacobins and instigator of the Great Terror, Robespierre running public forum organising for more radical measures. He can be
was the ultimate “moralist.” His overthrow marked the end of the regarded as the first communist and an advocate of popular
radical phase of the Revolution. sovereignty and participatory democracy.
Auguste Blanqui (1805-1881) 20+ The Paris Commune

Founder of the communist movement in the 1830s, he believed
communism could be achieved by the dictatorship of a radical minority. Jules Vallès (1832-1885) 5+
He was immensely popular in France and elsewhere but spent most of Agitator, editor of Le Cri du Peuple.
his days in prison. [Biography]
[Biography]
Henri Rochefort (1831-1913)
Journalist, deputy to Government of National Defence for Paris.
“It is my duty as a proletarian, [Biography]
deprived of all the rights of
Louise Michel (1830-1905)
the city, to reject the Nurse, soldier, hero of the Commune and labour organiser.
[Biography]
competence of a court where
only the privileged classes
who are not my peers sit in
judgment over me.”
Félix Pyat (1810-1889)

Veteran of the Revolution of 1848 and a leader of the left-wing of the
Paris Commune.
[Biography]
General Boulanger (1837-1891) <5

Populist French military leader.
Utopian Socialism
Visions of a better society have been a concern of thinkers since ancient times, and a part of the critique of existing
conditions. The speculations of the early 19th century Utopians are an important contribution to Marxism. Fourier and
Owen in particular were much admired by Marx and Engels.
Thomas More (1478-1535) Charles Fourier (1772-1837)

Thomas More wrote Utopia in 1515, looking forward to a world of French Utopian socialist who criticised the bourgeois society
individual freedom and equality governed by Reason, at a time when established by the French Revolution. He promoted the role of
such a vision was almost inconceivable. environment and education in moulding personality.
James Harrington (1611-1677) Robert Owen (1771-1851)

Common-Wealth of Oceana was based on universal land-ownership Welsh industrialist and social reformer; formed a model industrial
and was a militant republic dedicated to spreading its democratic community at New Lanark, Scotland, and pioneered cooperative
system to the rest of the world. Cromwell banned it. societies.
Morelly (17??-17??) Étienne Cabet (1788-1856)

Little is known of Morelly; Code of Nature was an attempt to provide a His followers, known as the Icarians, established ill-fated utopian
systematic philosophical justification of his communist ideas. communities in Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, and California.
Saint-Simon (1760-1825)
French Utopian socialist who took part in War of Independence of the ————
United States; opposed Deism and promoted the study of Nature. Edward Bellamy (1850-1898)
[Biography] American author, famous for his utopian novel set in the year 2000,
Looking Backward, published in 1888.
[Biography]
Anarchism
Anarchism is a political current that has existed in the working class movement from its beginning and was an
important component of the First International, but parted company with Marxism in the late 19th century.
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865) 5+ Mikhail Bakunin (1814-1876) 50+

Founding theorist of anarchism, advocated cooperative society. Russian nobleman who advocated revolutionary anarchism; participant
[Biography] in the First International winning leadership of a significant section of
the International in the 1870s.
Petr Kropotkin (1842-1921) 10+ [Biography]
Leader of Russian Anarchism.
[Biography] James Guillaume (1844-1916)
Biographer of Bakunin and theorist for anarcho-syndicalism.
———— [Biography]
French Anarchists
Léo Taxil (1854-1907) < 5 Errico Malatesta (1853-1932) 20+
French anarchist. Leader of Italian anarchism, anarcho-syndicalist.
Ravachol (1859-1892) 5+ Alexander Berkman (1870-1936) <5

‘Bomb-throwing’ French anarchist. Russian anarchist, supporter of Kronstadt rebellion.
[Biography]
Nestor Makhno (1884-1934) 20+
Zo d’Axa (1864-1930) 5+ Leader of anarchist forces during the Wars of Intervention after the
Radical French anarchist, opponent of electoralism. Russian Revolution.
Bernard Lazare (1865-1903) 5+

French anarchist and militant opponent of anti-Semitism. Emma Goldman (1869-1940) 20+
[Biography] American anarchist and writer, deported to the Soviet Union, fought in
Spanish Civil War.
And others including: Emile Armand (1872-1963), Armand Barbès [Biography]
(1809-1870), Georges Darien (1862-1921), Manuel Devaldes (1875-
1956), Georges Etiévant (1865-), Emile Henry (1872-1894), Libertad Rudolf Rocker (1873-1958) 5+
(1875-1908), Jean-Patrick Manchette (1942-1995), Georges Palante German anarcho-syndicalist, worked in Jewish anarchist movement in
(1862-1895), Emile Pouget (1860-1931), Han Ryner (1861-1938), London before going to New York.
Gustave Hervé (1871-1944), Sebastien Faure (1858-1942) and Andre [Biography]
Lorulot (1885-1963).
Ida Mett (1901-1973) < 5
Russian-born anarchist and author.
“The rank and file have let Mother Jones (1830-1930)

Prolific and legendary American labor organiser.
their servants become their [Biography]
masters and dictators. The Benjamin R Tucker (1854-1939) 5+
workers have now to fight not American anarchist.
[Biography]
alone their exploiters but
Fredy Perlman (1934-1985) 5+
likewise their own leaders, who often betray them, Czech anarchist writer and musician, emigrated to the U.S.
[Biography]
who sell them out.” [Mother Jones]
Murray Bookchin (1921-2006) < 5
American libertarian socialist, philosopher and environmentalist.
Anarchist for much of his life, however in 1995 he founded his own
political theory called "Communalism".
Fernando Tarrida del Marmol (1862-1915) <5
Spanish anarchist.
[Biography]
Feminists
From the 18th century up to the present, women fighting against their oppression by patriarchal structures have
developed political science, ethics and critical philosophy and contributed to the development of revolutionary
theory. Many were Marxists.
Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797) Harriet Taylor (1856-1915)

English radical who was the first woman to systematically enquire into Friend of John Stuart Mill, and her work was published under his name,
the causes of women's oppression. one of the earliest arguments for the emancipation of women, in the
[Full Biography] tradition of classical liberalism.
[Full Biography]
Olive Schreiner (1855-1920)

South African-born, British socialist and novellist.
[Full Biography]
“There is a women’s question for the women of the
Lena Morrow Lewis (1862-1950)
American socialist and union organiser. proletariat, the bourgeoisie, the
[Full Biography]
intelligentsia and the Upper Ten
Vida Goldstein (1869-1949)
Australian suffragette, feminist and anti-militarist. Thousand. It assumes a different form
[Full Biography]
according to the class situation of each
one of these strata.” [Clara Zetkin]
Mary Beard (1876-1958)

American socialist and historian.
[Full Biography]
Begum Roquia (c. 1880-1932)

Pioneer of women's liberation movement in South Asia.
[Full Biography]
See Also: Sylvia Pankhurst, Clara Zetkin, Eleanor Marx, Dora Montefiore, Alexandra Kollontai.
Evelyn Reed (1905-1979) 10+ Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986)

Member of the American Trotskyist movement, Author of The Second Sex, the most significant review of approaches
socialist feminist, was one of the first to challenge to the critique of women's role in history and modern society. De
anthropological and other spurious justifications for Beauvoir was an Existentialist.
patriarchy. [Full Biography]
[Full Biography]
Betty Friedan (1921-2006) Shulamith Firestone (1945-)

Psychologist, a student of Kurt Koffka, who criticised Freudian Radical feminist who argued that the concept of class should be
psychoanalysis for its rationalisation of sexist attitudes; exposed the expanded to encompass the notion of women as a sex-class, and thus
deep crisis affecting American housewives, excluded from the utilise the ideas of Marxism and class struggle to understand the
workforce and confined to housework. nature of women's oppression.
[Full Biography] [Full Biography]
Clara Fraser (1923-1998) Marlene Dixon ( )

Socialist-feminist, founder of Freedom Socialist Party in Seattle. Socialist Feminist who argued both against the overreaction of
feminists against socialism and the antipathy of socialists to feminism.
Kate Millett (1934-)
Radical Feminist, who argued for the expansion of the
conceptions of historical materialism to include the
processes of domestic labour and reproduction. May Dale Spender (1943- )
have coined the word “sexism.” Historian who has contributed to uncovering the role of women in
[Full Biography] history, and analysed the historical development of the women's
movement itself.
Germaine Greer (1939-) [Full Biography]
Australian Radical Feminist
[Full Biography] Lynn Beaton (1946-2016)
Australian Marxist and feminist, worked at the Working Women's
Juliet Mitchell (1940-) Centre at the ACTU and researched the socialisation of women's
New Zealand-born, British feminist who endeavoured to reconcile labour.
feminism with psychoanalysis.
[Full Biography] Teresa Ebert ( )
Argues for a feminism based on historical materialism, against the
Barbara Ehrenreich (1941-) postmodern feminism of people like Judith Butler, which she calls “ludic
American Socialist feminist and journalist. feminism.”
[Full Biography] [Terea Ebert home page]
Sheila Rowbotham (1943-) Linda Nicholson ( )

British socialist feminist; wrote for the Trotskyist ‘Black Dwarf’ before Historian who has contributed to uncovering the role
publishing ‘Women’s Liberation and the New Politics’ arguing that of women in history, and analysed the historical
women were oppressed in cultural as well as economic terms. A development of the women's movement itself.
pioneer of women’s history. [Full Biography]
[Full Biography]
Drucilla Cornell ( )
Angela Davis (1944-) American “Ethical feminist,” professor of political
A member of the CPUSA for some time, Davis is a supporter of Cuba science, women's studies, and comparative literature at Rutgers
and an active campaigner for radical alternatives to prison. Her University.
criticisms of the exclusive focus of the modern women's movement on [Feminist Theory Website]
the concerns of middle-class white women was influential.
[Full Biography] Laura Limpus ( )
Socialist Populists and Journalists
Some writers have advocated the overthrow of capitalism or were outspoken supporters of the Soviet Union, but did not see
themselves as Marxists, or may have combined reactionary “populist” rhetoric with calls for socialism. Some writers have
contributed to the development of socialism simply by reporting on its struggles in their professional capacity as journalists,
often eye-witnesses to revolutionary struggles, although not themselves participants.
Nicholas Chernyshevsky (1828-1889) Anna Louise Strong (1885-1970) 5+

Influential Russian novelist. American Progressive journalist who reported on revolutions from
Russia to Spain to China, a unique source of sympathetic views for
Henry Noel Brailsford (1873-1958) American workers.
Left-wing British journalist who visited and publicsed the achievements [Biography]
of the Soviets.
Mark Starr (1894-1985)
British labour educator, historian and proponent of Esperanto. Joined
the Labour Party after a time in the CPGB.
“Something new was being created. [Biography]
Something that had never been Paul Robeson (1898-1976)

African-American Marxist and world-renowned singer and civil rights
before in human history. I wanted and anticolonialist fighter.
to have a share in it, I wanted at [Biography]
least to understand it. Was it only James T. Farrell (1902-1979)

Irish-American novelist, at one time a Trotskyist.
the comradeship and joy of battle [Biography]
that always come to compensate for bitter times of George Orwell (1903-1950)
struggle? Or was it really something new in the British dystopian novelist, fought with Republicans in Spain, became
anti-Stalinist, worked with the I.L.P.
world!”
Alice Field (1905-1960)
Sociologist who studied the benefits to families and children of the
Mary Heaton Vorse (1874-1966) policies of the Soviet Union towards women.
American radical journalist of the 1920s and 1930s. [Biography]
[Biography]
Isaac Deutscher (1907-1967) 5+
Jack London (1876-1916) Polish writer and communist expelled for his opposition to Stalin, later
American novelist, and populist socialist. biographer of Trotsky.
Helen Keller (1880-1968) 5+ Harold Isaacs (1910-1986)

Keller was deaf and blind but became renowned for her abilities. She American journalist who witnessed and chronicled the “Tragedy of the
was a firm supporter of the Russian Revolution and the IWW. Chinese Revolution.”
[Biography]
Peter Fryer (1927-2006)
Athur Ransome (1884-1967) Correspondent of the British CP who witnessed the “Hungarian
British journalist and writer who visited the Soviet Union after the Tragedy” in 1956.
Bolshevik revolution.
Arthur Rosenberg (1889-1943)

Member of German USPD and later the Comintern, historian.
Morgan Philips Price (1885-1973)

British Journalist who reported on the Russian Revolution and post-
Revolutionary Russia.
William Chamberlin (1897-1969)

Journalist for the Christian Science Monitor, who visited the Soviet
Union after the Revolution; provided information to US intelligence.
[Biography]
Foundations of Political Science
The history of political science is inseparable from the art of war and the problems of philosophy, and there is a long history
to discussion of the problems of modern political theory. These writers are the pioneers of political science and revolutionary
theory.
Sun-Tzu (c 420 BCE) Thomas Paine (1737-1809)

Ancient Chinese philosopher, author of The Art of War, which sums up English democratic and Deist journalist who formulated the concepts of
the wisdom of centuries of Chinese political experience. civil liberty behind the American War of Independence and the French
[Biography] Revolution. Author of The Rights of Man.
[Biography]
Nicolo Machiavelli (1469-1527)
15th century Italian civil servant who put in writing the political methods General Carl von Clausewitz (1780-1831)
of Renaissance Europe. Prussian military theorist admired by Marx, Engels and Lenin.
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) Louis-René Villermé (1782-1863)

English philosopher and political theorist of the state. Founder of social medicine.
Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-1859)

Gerrard Winstanley (1609-1660) French diplomat who studied the development of democratic forms of
A leader of the True Levellers in the English Revolution of 1648. society in America.
John Locke (1632-1704) Moses Hess (1812-1875)

English Empiricist who was the main theorist of the development of Leader of True Socialism, early associate of Marx.
bourgeois political institutions in Britain. [Biography]
[Biography]
George Washington Plunkett (1842-1924)
A leader of Tammany Hall, the corrupt local government group in 19th
“In tracing the causes that have degraded woman, century New York.
I have confined my observations to such as [Biography]
universally act upon the Childe (1892-1957)

Early 20th century Australian Labor Party official and the Communist
morals and manners of the Party in Britain.
whole sex, ... I only contend Edgar Morin (1921-)
Left sociologist, literary and cultural critic.
that the men who have been [Biography]
placed in similar situations
have acquired a similar
character.”
Philosophy
The Value_of_Knowledge archive includes classic works by over 140 writers from the Copernican Revolution up to the
present time, centred on problems in the epistemology, the theory of knowledge.
Francis Bacon (1561-1626) Auguste Comte (1798-1857)

Founder of British Empiricism. Founder of Positivism, an early advocate of the emancipation of
[Biography] women.
[Biography]
Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)
French mathematician and philosopher. Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)
English poet and revolutionary-atheist.
Rene Descartes (1596-1650) [Biography]
Founder of French Rationalism.
[Biography] Max Stirner (1806-1856)
Young Hegelian, philosopher of individual anarchism.
François Voltaire (1694-1788) [Biography]
French political philosopher.
[Biography] Ludwig Feuerbach (1804-1872)
German philosopher, materialist and atheist critic of Hegel, and an
Denis Diderot (1713-1784) influence on the young Marx in the 1840s.
French materialist philosopher. [Biography]
[Biography]
JB Baillie (18??-19??)
Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) Scottish Hegelian, translator.
German philosopher, Romantic critic of Kant, rehabilitated Spinoza.
John McTaggart (1856-1925)
Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762-1814) British Hegelian, principal translator and advocate for Hegel in the
German philosopher, introduced Recognition and Activity to English langauge. Later abandoned Hegelianism.
philosophy. [Biography]
[Biography]
GW Cunningham (1881-1968)
Friedrich Schelling (1775-1854) American Hegelian, Cornell University.
German philosopher, objective idealist, early associate who later
denounced Hegel. Rebecca Cooper
[Biography] American Hegelian, University of Washington.
G W F Hegel (1770-1831) 50+ Benedetto Croce (1866-1952)

The greatest philosopher of “German Idealism,” theorist of modern Important Italian Hegelian and socialist philosopher, one of the early
dialectics and the most important influence on Marx and Engels and advocates of Marxism in Italy, but became a reformist.
essential to Marxism. [Biography]
[Biography]
Max Weber (1864-1920)
German sociologist and political economist best known for his thesis of
the “Protestant Ethic”; an early proponent of positivist sociology and
“The history of philosophy historiography, theorised “status order” rather than class. Regarded by
deals not with a past, but with many as the main alternative to Marx; developed the concept of “ideal
types.”
an eternal and veritable [Biography]
present: and resembles not a Cyril Smith
museum of the aberrations of British Trotskyist, philosopher.
the human intellect, but a

Pantheon of godlike figures, one after another in
dialectical development.”
Heinrich Heine (1800-1856)

Exiled German poet and revolutionary democrat, much admired by
Marx.
[Biography]
Moses Hess (1812-1875)

Left communist, follower of Babeuf and Fichte.
[Biography]
Marxism and Philosophy Marxism and Ethics
Liberation Epistemology Classics of Ethics

(1934-2001) (1673-1998)
Recent Marxism
(1960-2003) Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) 10+
Founder of German Idealism whose works remain the foundations of
Ancient Dialectics secular Ethics.
Lao Tzu [Biography]
(c. 500 BCE)
The Tao Te Ching is one of the first and finest examples in human
history of the dialectical method of reasoning, here used towards a
moral end. ————
[Biography] Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862)
American liberal and romantic writer.
[Biography]
“Humanity is male and man
defines woman not in herself Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)
German ethicist and existentialist philosopher.
but as relative to him; she is [Biography]
not regarded as an Jean-Marie Guyau (1854-1888)
autonomous being.” German ethicist and existentialist philosopher.
[Biography]
See Also: Robespierre, Simone de Beauvoir, Eugene Kamenka.
Political Economy
Political Economy grew out of moral philosophy in the late 18th century as a new and distinct branch of science,
dedicated to understanding how people can live. The critical study of the political economists absorbed much of
Karl Marx's life.
Adam Smith (1723-1790) Frederick Taylor (1856-1915)

Originally a moral philosopher, became the greatest of the British American management theorist who invented “scientific management.”
political economists; first to develop a labour theory of value. [Biography]
[Biography]
John Hobson (1858-1940) 15+
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) English, socialist economist who was a major theorist of imperialism,
British political economists who theorised economic basis for was somewhat of a centrist in politics.
development of society, and infamous for his reactionary theory of [Biography]
population.
[Biography] J. M. Keynes (1883-1946)
British political economist who developed the theory of the welfare
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) state & macroeconomic control of unemployment by public spending.
Contemporary and opponent of Karl Marx, English liberal theorist, early [Biography]
positivist and a Utilitarian in ethics.
[Biography] Classics of Political Economy 1673-1936
Marxist Political Economy 1887-1995
Bernice Shoul (1920-1977) “The effect of combination

U.S. Marxist Political Economist.
[Biography] on the part of a group of
David Yaffe workers is to protect their
English Marxist Political Economist. relative real wage. The
general level of real wages
depends on the other forces
of the economic system.”
Natural Science
Marxists have always taken a keen interest in the development of the natural and social sciences and the philosophical problems
arising out of science. Even scientists who have had conservative political views have contributed to revolutionary ideas.
Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Albert Einstein (1879-1955)

English biologist who formulated the idea of evolution of species by Discoverer of Theory of Relativity and the Quantum nature of energy;
natural selection. devoted his life to fight for peace and world government.
Lewis Henry Morgan (1818-1881) Foundations of Mathematics

Anthropologist who formulated the idea of development of human (1911-1950)
society through definite stages corresponding to evolution of the forces
of production. Epistemology & Modern Physics
[Biography] (1925-1958)
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Complete Index of Writers from the Marxists Internet Archive Library

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Complete Index of Writers from the Marxists Internet Archive Library

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10/3/2018 Marxists Internet Archive Library, Complete Index of Writers

Marxists Internet Archive

International Working-men's Association

Karl Marx & Fredrick Engels (1818-1883)/(1820-1895) 1,000+

Eugene Pottier (1816-1887) <5

The Socialist International

Karl Kautsky (1854-1938) 60+ Antonio Labriola (1843-1904) < 5

British Social Democracy

Frank Kitz (1848-1923) < 5 ——————

Edward Aveling (1849-1898) < 5 Gabriel Deville (1854-1940) < 5

E. Belfort Bax (1854-1925) 300+ Enrico Ferri (1856-1929) < 5

Constance Markievicz (1868-1927) 10+

Reformism Fabian Society

Oscar Wilde (1854-1900)

see the privileges of the George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950)

Eduard Bernstein Keir Hardie (1856-1915) <5

Jean Longuet (1876-1938) <5 Michael Davitt (1846-1906)

Bruno Rizzi (1901-1977)

Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924) 1,000+ Leon Trotsky (1879-1940) 100+

Evgenii Preobrazhensky (1898-1937) <5

See Also: Josef Stalin, Alexander Lozovsky, Vyacheslav Molotov.

Charles Rappoport (1865-1941) < 5 John Reed (1887-1920) 20+

Alexander Lozovsky (1878-1952) 5+ August Thalheimer (1890-1960) 5+

Alfred Rosmer (1883-1969) 5+ Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937) 50+

Evelyn Roy (1892-1970) 5+

Eugen Samuilovich Varga (1879-1964) < 5

Isaak Illich Rubin (1886-1937) < 5

Josef Stalin (1879-1953) 800+

William Z. Foster (1881-1961) 10+ Christopher Hill (1912-2003) < 5

Dolores Ibárruri (1895-1989) <5 Wilfred Burchett (1891-1973)

Luiz Carlos Prestes (1898-1990) <5 Pietro Secchia (1901-1977)

Huberto Alvarado (1927-1974)

Bill Bland (1916-2001)

Soviet Philosophers and Scientists

Vitaly Vygodsky (1928-1998) T. D. Lysenko (1898-1976)

Evgeny Pashukanis (1891-1937) 10+ Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934) 10+

Feliks Mikhailov (1930-2006) < 5

Georg Lukács (1885-1971) 10+ Karl Korsch (1886-1961) 5+

JBS Haldane (1892-1964) 10+

Max Horkheimer (1895-1973) 5+

Pieter Lawrence (1932-2007) 10+

James Cannon (1890-1974) 100+ Ted Grant (1913-2006) 100+

Pandelis Pouliopoulos (1900-1943) 10+ Peter Hadden (1950-2010) 10+

Max Shachtman (1904-1972) 20+ Grandizo Munis (1912-1989) 10+

Harry Braverman (1920-1976) 10+

Ross Dowson (1915-2008) 50+ Raymond Challinor (1929-2011) 60+

Adolfo Gilly <5 Jim Higgins (1930-2002) 10+

——— David Widgery (1947-1992) 10+

Gilbert Giles Roper (1905-1974) < 5

Lynn Beaton (1946-2016) > 5

Herman Gorter (1864-1927) < 5 Sylvia Pankhurst (1882-1960) < 5

Anton Pannekoek (1873-1960) 30+ Jacques Camatte ( ) 5+

Haim Kantorovich (1890-1936) < 5 Franz Pfemfert (1879-1954) < 5

Walter Kendall (1929-2003) 5+

CLR James (1901-1989) 30+ Maximilien Rubel (1905-1996) < 5

Grace Lee Boggs (1915-2015) 10+ Ralph Miliband (1924-1994) 10+

Eugene Kamenka (1928-1995) < 5

Ernst Bloch (1885-1997) < 5

Franz Jakubowski (1912-1970) < 5

Z. A. Jordan (d. 1978) < 5

Cornelius Castoriadis (1922-1997) < 5

Claude Lefort (1924-2010) < 5

—— Market Socialists / Workers’ Self-Management ——