OFFICE OF THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

Dear Reader:

This year, PCARRD is celebrating 30 years of service to the Philippine agriculture,

forestry, and natural resources sectors. Through the years, the Council has steadfastly
provided the directions in developing and modernizing these sectors to meet the
country’s ever-challenging demands for food security, economic growth, and sustainable
development.

In order to keep a top-caliber research system, PCARRD has streamlined its

R&D efforts by pursuing 20 important commodities on crops, livestock, agricultural
resource management, forestry and environment, and socioeconomics. To this end,
PCARRD has come up with this special publication, R&D Status and Directions (2000
and Beyond), composed of 20 volumes. Each volume provides essential information on
the R&D status and directions of a specific commodity prioritized by PCARRD and the
National Agriculture and Resources Research and Development Network (NARRDN).

This volume specifically discusses agroforestry and multipurpose trees and shrubs
(MPTS). PCARRD hopes that the information contained in this book shall pave the way to
more focused R&D work on this commodity.

Very truly yours,

PATRICIO S. FAYLON
Executive Director
 R&D Status
and Directions
(2000 and Beyond)
Agroforestry
and Multi purpose
Trees and Shrubs

PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND NATURAL

RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Department of Science and Technology

Los Baños, Laguna

2003
First Edition 2003

ISBN 971-20-0516-X

Bibliographic Citation:

Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs

R&D Team. R&D status and directions (2000
and beyond): Agroforestry and multipurpose
trees and shrubs. Los Baños, Laguna: PCARRD-
DOST, 2003. 45p.

Volume Editors:

z For. Vella A. Atienza

For. Reynaldo S. Dimla
Forestry and Environment Research Division
PCARRD

z Mr. Karlo M. Feliciano

Applied Communication Division
PCARRD

ii ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

Foreword
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

F or the past 30 years, PCARRD has been tasked to identify the research and development
(R&D) gaps, establish a system of R&D priorities and provide directions for agriculture,
forestry and natural resources. In carrying out these tasks, the Council has to assess and
review the R&D performance of different commodities.
This volume, R&D Status and Directions (2000 and Beyond): Agroforestry and
Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs (MPTS), presents an overall picture of the country’s
R&D performance on these commodities from 1990 to 2000. The assessment includes the
following: commodity industry situation, technological milestones, completed and ongoing
R&D projects, institutional capability, and challenges and issues confronting the commodity.
It also presents the R&D gaps that need to be urgently addressed.
The R&D directions presented in this volume provide the R&D community and decision/
policy makers with information on the challenges and issues on agroforestry and MPTS
and the science and technology (S&T) interventions to address the R&D gaps.
We hope that this volume would greatly help in formulating the R&D programs and in
prioritizing the R&D activities for agroforestry and MPTS from 2002 and beyond.

PATRICIO S. FAYLON
Executive Director
PCARRD

Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ iii

Acknowledgment
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

P CARRD would like to thank and commend the efforts of the Agroforestry and
MPTS R&D Team for preparing the manuscript: Dr. Alma Monica dela Paz, team
leader (2001); Dr. Virgilio Villancio, team leader (2002); the team members,
For. Domingo Bacalla, Dr. Reynaldo Bayabos, Rev. Jose Cunanan, Mr. Ed Queblatin,
For. Gregorio Reyes, and Prof. Roberto Visco.
PCARRD also recognizes the following for their invaluable help in putting together
this publication:

z All the various government and nongovernment agencies, state colleges and
universities, and other concerned individuals who have shared their data/
information;
z Dr. Beatriz P. del Rosario, PCARRD deputy executive director for R&D for
providing the overall direction;
z Dr. Alma Monica dela Paz, executive director of the Kapwa Upliftment
Foundation, Inc. and former team leader of the agroforestry and MPTS commodity
for the technical input and support in preparing the manuscript;
z Mr. Jeffrey Palmer, director of the Mindanao Baptist Rural Life Center for
providing additional information;
z The FERD-based technical secretariat for their efforts in preparing the manuscript
and for providing substantial information; Dr. Rogelio C. Serrano, FERD director
and Dr. Romulo T. Aggangan, acting director for their technical support; and the
FERD staff for assisting in the production process.

Appreciation is also extended to PCARRD’s Applied Communication Division (ACD)

for the overall coordination in producing this publication––Dr. Norma V. Llemit, director,
for reviewing the manuscript; Dr. Lorna C. Malicsi for supervising the production process;
Ms. Marina T. de Ramos for preparing the layout and camera-ready proof; Mr. Simeon
Manahan Jr. for conceptualizing the cover design; and Ms. Carmelita B. Alamban for
coordinating the overall production flow.

iv ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees
and Shrubs R&D Team
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

Team Leader (2001): Dr. Alma Monica dela Paz

Director
Kapwa Upliftment Foundation, Inc.
427 Durian Street, Juna Subdivision
Matina, Davao City

Team Leader (2002): Dr. Virgilio T. Villancio

Director
Institute of Agroforestry
College of Forestry and Natural Resources (CFNR)
University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB), College, Laguna

Team Members: For. Domingo Bacalla

Chief
Community-based Forest Management Division
Forest Management Bureau
Visayas Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City

Dr. Reynaldo C. Bayabos

Special Detail, Office of the Director
Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau (ERDB)
College, Laguna

Rev. Jose P.M. Cunanan

President
Basic Agricultural Land Aerial Growers Association, Inc.
803 Cornus Street, St. Dominic VI
Project 6, Quezon City

Mr. Ed Queblatin
Regional Natural Resources Management Specialist
International Centre for Research in Agroforestry
CFNR UPLB, College, Laguna

For. Gregorio D. Reyes

Chief
Upland Farms Ecosystems Research Division
ERDB, College, Laguna

Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ v

 Prof. Roberto G. Visco
Institute of Renewable Natural Resources
CFNR UPLB, College, Laguna

Program Specialist: For. Reynaldo S. Dimla

Science Research Specialist II
Forestry and Environment Research Division
PCARRD, Los Baños, Laguna

vi ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

Contents
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

Foreword ...................................................................................................................... iii

Acknowledgment ......................................................................................................... iv
Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs R&D Team .............................. v
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ......................................................................... ix

Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1

PART I. R&D STATUS

Commodity Industry Situation .................................................................................. 5
Agroforestry in the Philippines ........................................................................... 5
Features of Agroforestry Systems in the Philippines ....................................... 6
Component Agroforestry Technologies ............................................................... 8
Technological Milestones ........................................................................................... 10
Major Completed and Ongoing Projects ............................................................. 11
Principal Technological Milestones .......................................................................... 20
Indigenous Agroforestry Systems ........................................................................ 20
Developed Agroforestry Technologies/Systems ................................................. 21
Biological and Physical Processes of Agroforestry Technologies
and Practices .................................................................................................... 21
Sustainability of Indigenous Species for Hedgerows ........................................ 23
Pest Management in Agroforestry Systems ....................................................... 24
Economics of Agroforestry Systems .................................................................... 24
Promotion of Agroforestry Systems..................................................................... 25
Tools for Assessing Sustainability of Agroforestry Systems ............................ 27
Institutional Capability .............................................................................................. 29
R&D Gaps ..................................................................................................................... 33

PART II. R&D DIRECTIONS

Challenges and Issues ................................................................................................. 37
Reconciling Agriculture and Forestry ................................................................. 37
Tenurial Security and Resource Management Advocacy .................................. 37
Resource Governance ............................................................................................ 38
Agroforestry Promotion and Resource Productivity Improvement ................. 38

Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ vii

 Increasing Farmer’s Income and Alleviating Poverty ....................................... 38
Enhancing Environmental Services .................................................................... 38
Monitoring, Evaluation, and Impact Assessment .............................................. 39
Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) .......................................... 39
Major R&D Programs and Policies Addressing R&D Gaps .................................... 40
R&D and Utilization .............................................................................................. 40
Capability Building ............................................................................................... 41
Policy Advocacy ..................................................................................................... 42
Other Recommendations ...................................................................................... 42

References .................................................................................................................... 43

List of Figure

1 Institutionalizing the science and practice of agroforestry in the

Philippines: an operational framework .............................................................. 31

viii ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

List of Acronyms
and Abbreviations
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

AAA - agroecosystem analysis approach

ADSDPP - Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development Protection Plan
AIN - Agroforestry Information Network
AFA - agroforestry farm assessment
AFMA - Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act
ALCAMS - Agroforestry Land Capability Mapping Scheme
APANews - Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Newsletter
APCS - accelerated pioneer-climax species series
APPM - agroforestry project planning management
APPS - agroforestry production and postproduction systems
ASER - agroforestry systems efficiency ratio
ATIK - Agroforestry Technology Information Kit
CARP - Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program
CBFM - community-based forest management
CDA - Cooperative Development Authority
CDOs - community development officers
CF - College of Forestry
CFNR - College of Forestry and Natural Resources
CHED - Commission on Higher Education
CP - contour plowing
CPEU - Center for People Empowerment in the Uplands
CRSP - Collaborative Research Support Program
CS - certificate of stewardship
DA - Department of Agriculture
DAR - Department of Agrarian Reform
DENR - Department of Environment and Natural Resources
DMMMSU - Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University
DMMSU - Don Mariano Marcos State University
ERDB - Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau
ERDS - Ecosystems Research and Development Services
EDO - Environment and Development Officers
FCO - forestry community organizers
FLMA - forest land management agreement
FPRDI - Forest Products Research and Development Institute
FRIEnD - farm resource integration, evaluation and design
FSR/D - farming systems research and development
IAF - Institute of Agroforestry
ICRAF - International Centre for Research in Agroforestry

Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ ix

IEC - information, education, and communication
IGP - income generating projects
IIRR - International Institute for Rural Reconstruction
INM - integrated nutrient management
IPM - integrated pest management
IPRA - Indigenous Peoples Rights’ Act
ISCAF - Ifugao State College of Agriculture and Forestry
ISFP - Integrated Social Forestry Program
KAPWA - Kapwa Upliftment Foundation, Inc.
LAS - lowland agroforestry system
LER - land equivalent ratio
LGUs - local government units
LSU - Leyte State University
MBRLC - Mindanao Baptist Rural Life Center
MEAS - methodology for evaluating agroforestry systems
MES - monitoring and evaluation system
MMSU - Mariano Marcos State University
MOSCAT - Misamis Oriental State College of Agriculture and Technology
MPTS - multipurpose trees and shrubs
NAFDP - National Agroforestry Development Program
NCIP - National Commission on Indigenous Peoples
NRP - National Reforestation Program
NIPAA - National Integrated Protected Areas Act
NGOs - nongovernment organizations
NVCS - natural vegetative contour strips
NVS - natural vegetative strips
PAFERN - Philippine Agroforestry Education and Research Network
PCARRD - Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources
Research and Development
POs - people’s organizations
RATIK - Regional Agroforestry Technology Information Kit
ROI - return on investment
RT - ridge tillage
RUDC - Regional Upland Development Committee
RUPES - rewarding the upland poor fo the environmental services
SAFODS - small holder agroforestry options for degraded soils
SAGIP-UPLAND- sustainable agriculture through agroforestry initiatives of people in
the uplands
SALT - Sloping Agricultural Land Technology
SALT 2 - Simple Agrolivestock Technology
SALT 3 - Sustainable Agroforest Land Technology
SALT 4 - Small Agrofruit Livelihood Technology
SANREM - Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resources Management
SEANAFE - Southeast Asian Network for Agroforestry Education
SFR - small farm reservoir
STNM - seed technology and nursery management
SWCM - soil and water conservation and management

x ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

T - treatments
TCA - Tarlac College of Agriculture
TVOFT - technology verification through on-farm trials
UAP - Upland Agroforestry Program
UDP - Upland Development Program
UNAC - Upland NGO Assistance Committee
UPLB - University of the Philippines Los Baños
UPWG - Upland Development Working Group

Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ xi

Introduction
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
I n the past decades, the Philippines has
been deeply immersed into agroforestry
practices like the Banawe rice terraces in
Ifugao and the Naalad improved fallow
systems in Cebu. The potentials of these
practices to address the closely linked
problems of rural poverty and environ-
mental degradation has been recognized
locally and internationally.
“Agroforestry is a science, art, and
practice that deals with the production,
management, and utilization of woody
perennials in combination with agri-
cultural crops, animals, aquatic and/or
other resources either zonally, mixed
simultaneously, or sequentially for the twin
purpose of conservation and socioeconomic
productivity” (UPLB-UAP 1992).
Since 1995, the Philippine government
has been using agroforestry as the main
technology for the community-based forest
management (CBFM). As a national
strategy, agroforestry enhances the
sustainable development of the country’s
forest resources at the same time promotes
people empowerment and social justice.
Thus, it has been marked as an integral part
in the development of the uplands up to the
present.
The benefits of adopting agroforestry
practices and technologies include securing
food supply, reducing poverty, protecting
upland environment, and enhancing
biodiversity.
 R&D Status
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Commodity Industry Situation
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Agroforestry in the Philippines
T he Philippines has about 17.6 million
(M) ha as forest land or about 59% of
the country’s total land area of 30 M ha is
forest. However, only 5.4 M of the 17 M ha
were estimated to have forest cover
(Dalmacio 1999). The rest are deforested
areas covered with grass and brushlands or
are being cultivated by upland dwellers.
Upland population was estimated at
18.6 M in 1999. At a growing rate of 2.6%
annually, the upland population is expected
to double in the next 25 years (DENR 1996).
Since the late 1970s the Philippine
government has shifted its policy towards
upland dwellers from a punitive stance to
one of engagement. Local communities were
granted tenurial stewardship rights to
upland areas—peaceful occupation in
exchange for responsible management that
included protection and restoration of
degraded sites. This shift in dealing with
upland development, favored the adoption
of agroforestry as a strategy and technology
to spearhead CBFM initiatives.
As a result, the Integrated Social
Forestry Program (ISFP) was started in
1992. It provided technologies on forest
production and agroforestry and the
tenurial instruments for the upland
dwellers. The importance of agroforestry is
still reflected in the implementation of
various programs that followed even with
the CBFM program of the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources
Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ 5
(DENR) which started in 1995. Former
President Fidel V. Ramos issued E.O 263
declaring CBFM as the national strategy to
ensure the sustainable development of the
country’s forest resources while promoting
people empowerment and social justice.
The exact area of agroforestry farms in
the country is unknown. Based on DENR
statistics (1996), there are about 100,000 ha
under agroforestry farm lease. This does
not include agroforestry farms under
various social forestry projects estimated to
be about 500,000 ha (Lasco 1998). However,
the domain for agroforestry does not only
cover the upland areas considered as
forestlands or those covered by various
DENR upland development programs, but
also the lowland areas with tree component.
Moreover, there are about 4 M ha of coconut
areas that are suitable for agroforestry
(Magat 2001).
“Agroforestry is also defined as a
dynamic and ecologically based natural
resources management system that through
the integration of trees on farms in the
agricultural landscape, diversifies and
sustains production for increased social,
economic, and environmental benefits
for land users at all levels” (ICRAF 1996).
With this concept, R&D in agroforestry is
geared to develop appropriate and
sustainable technologies to provide food
and alternative livelihood for upland
farmers and address environmental
problems related to soil erosion and forest
destruction.
 Features of Agroforestry Systems
in the Philippines
Agroforestry system in the Philippines
can be classified according to their dominant
component, that is, agricultural crops, forest
trees, and animals. These systems are
classified as agrisilvicultural, silvipastoral,
agripastoral or agrisilvipastoral system
(The Technical Committee on Agroforestry
1995).
Agrisilvicultural System
Agrisilvicultural system is the combi-
nation of agricultural crops with woody
perennials. This system includes: alley
cropping , multistorey , boundary planting,
windbreaks, improved fallow, and the
taungya.
z Alley Cropping
Alley cropping is one of the simplest and
most widespread agroforestry practices in
sloping lands. It involves planting of
hedgerows along the contours and growing
agricultural crops in the “alleys” formed
between hedgerows. The hedgerows are
planted to one or more rows of woody
perennials and are regularly pruned to
prevent shading. Prunings are used as
green manure or mulch, which contributes
to the soil nutrients when decomposed,
thereby promoting efficient nutrient cycle.
Planting hedgerows is done to minimize
soil erosion by trapping sediments at the
base of the hedgerows and reducing surface
runoff velocity. After a few years, terraces
are formed. Alley cropping is applicable in
stabilizing and promoting the sustainability
of upland (hilly land) farms devoted to
annual crops such as corn, rice, and
vegetables. Without hedgerows, these farms
are most ecologically vulnerable to erosion
with rates of up to 200 t/ha as against the
maximum acceptable level of 12 t/ha.
6 ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions
z Multistorey
This system is characterized by
randomly mixing various species that
create at least two layers of canopy. It
mimics the structure of a tropical rainforest
with its attendant advantages. The upper
canopy is composed of light-demanding
species, while the understorey is made up
of shade-tolerant species.
Multistorey system can be developed
where there is existing monoculture (only
one species) plantation, such as coconut
and forest tree plantations. Planting
configuration of the main tree crop is
planted with wide spacing to allow enough
light for layers of shade-tolerant crops.
z Boundary Planting
Planting of multipurpose trees and
shrubs (MPTS) around the farm is a very
common practice. They provide protection,
privacy, and valuable products to the
farmers. Trees are planted within property
line as fence, or as demarcation of farm lots.
z Windbreaks
Windbreaks are strips of vegetation
composed of trees, shrubs, and vines to
protect croplands from strong winds. They
can provide protection to crops over a
distance equivalent to 15–20 times the
height of the trees in the windbreak. They
can also help minimize wind erosion and
reduce moisture loss.
z Improved Fallow
The improved fallow system is an
attempt to improve traditional shifting
cultivation. This is done by supplementing
the fallow vegetation to hasten the
rejuvenation of soil during fallow period.
Instead of waiting for nature to revegetate,
leguminous nitrogen-fixing MPTS are
planted on the field.
z Taungya
The taungya involves the planting of
cash or food crops between newly planted
forest seedlings in a reforestation project.
Farmers raise crops while the forest trees
are still young. After 2–3 years, depending
on the tree spacing and tree species, the
canopy closes, and light-demanding annual
crops can no longer be planted. The
culminating vegetation is a pure tree
plantation. Farmers then transfer to other
open areas to repeat the process. This can
be applied by using different reforestation
species.
Silvipastoral System
Silvipastoral system is the combination
of woody perennials with livestock
production. This system includes : livestock-
under-tree, protein bank (fodder bank), live
fence, and hedgerow planting of improved
pasture grasses and/or other fodder trees
or shrubs.
z Livestock-Under-Tree
Animals (e.g., cattle, sheep, goats, etc.)
are allowed to graze freely underneath the
relatively mature tree plantations. These
plantations are for wood or fruit production.
An example is the silvipasture scheme
of Nasipit Lumber Company in Agusan. The
cattle are allowed to graze under the
‘lumbang’ (Aleurites moluccanna) trees
where improved forage grasses are grown.
With this scheme nuts for linseed oil and
meat from grazing cattle are simultaneously
produced. The cattle keep the grasses
trimmed down, saving labor costs in
cleaning the plantation, and making it easy
to collect the fallen lumbang nuts. The cattle
dung scattered over the plantation area
serves as an excellent organic fertilizer.
Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ 7
z Protein Bank (Fodder Bank)
Leguminous fodder trees or shrubs
(e.g., ‘ipil-ipil’ [Leucaena leucocephala],
‘kakawate’ [Gliricidia sepium], desmodium
[Desmodium rensonii], etc.) are established
as small stands on certain portions of the
farm or pasture area serving as a
supplementary source of protein-rich
fodder for livestock. They also serve as
fence. They are regularly pruned and the
top and branch prunings are then fed to
animals.
z Live Fence
Trees or shrubs with foliage which are
palatable to livestock are grown around a
certain grassland area to enclose the
grazing animals. Aside from the trees’ role
as live fence, they can be managed (e.g.,
regular top pruning to encourage more
lateral branching) such that the enclosed
animals can browse on the low-lying
branches for fodder supplement.
z Hedgerow Planting of Improved Pasture
Grasses and/or other Fodder Trees or
Shrubs
Hedgerows of fodder trees or shrubs
(e.g., D. rensonii, L. leucocephala, G.
sepium, Flemingia congesta, Sesbania sp.,
etc.) are planted along contours at certain
intervals. The strips between the
hedgerows are grown with improved
pasture grasses and/or other fodder shrubs.
Prunings from the hedgerows, grasses, and
fodder trees/shrubs are fed to confined
animals. An example is the Simple
Agrolivestock Technology (SALT 2)
developed by the Mindanao Baptist Rural
Life Center (MBRLC) at Bansalan, Davao
del Sur.
Agrisilvipastoral System
Agrisilvipastoral system is the combi-
nation of agricultural crops, woody
perennials, and livestock. This system
includes: silvipastoral, multistorey +
animals, and alleycropping with pasture
grasses and agricultural crops.
z Agrisilvicultural System Transformed to
Silvipastoral
In this system, the initial cropping
combinations include tree seedlings and
annual agricultural crops as in the taungya
system. As the trees grow and close their
canopies, it will no longer be possible to
grow annual agricultural crops. Instead,
shade-tolerant grasses and vines will take
over the forest floor where animals are
allowed to graze freely as in livestock-
under-tree system.
z Multistorey + Animals
This is similar to the multistorey under
agrisilvicultural system, except that in this
case, grazing animals are an added
component. A good example is the coconut-
lanzones mixture, with horses (or cattle)
grazing under them as observed in Laguna
and Quezon provinces.
z Alleycropping with Pasture Grasses
and Agricultural Crops
This is similar to hedgerow cropping
with pasture grasses. However, instead of
all alleys planted to agricultural crops, some
alleys in between the hedgerows are grown
with improved pasture grasses and/or
fodder trees or shrubs which are regularly
cut and fed to livestock.
8 ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions
Component Agroforestry
Technologies
Soil and Water Conservation Measures
Among the priority areas to consider
in the practice of agroforestry is the
harmonious balance between food
production and environmental protection.
Soil and water conservation is an important
strategy for sustainable crop production
and environmental conservation. The
following technologies for soil and water
conservation are recommended for any
agroforestry system.
Vegetative Measures
z Hedgerows. This is a collective name for
strips of vegetation planted along the
contours or across the hill- or mountain-
side in order to slow down the flow of
surface runoff and the movement of
detached soil particles. Construction
and layout of the hedgerows are
discussed under the alley cropping
system of previous sections.
z Fascines. These are simply bundles of
long and dense brushwood. For soil/
slope stabilization, the fascines can have
a diameter of 25–30 cm and a length of
1–1.5 m. They can weigh as much as 14
kg which can be quite handy to
transport.
z Wattling. This consists of stems/rods
of sprouting species like sunflower,
‘lantana’ (Lantana camara), and
‘binatang hambog’ (Hibiscus
schizopetalus) interwoven together.
Mechanical/Structural Measures
In cases where vegetation cannot be
immediately established, mechanical/
structural measures are recommended to
control soil movement or erosion. There are
different types of such measures, but the
following are recommended in agroforestry
farms: bench terracing, contour levee,
contour canals/trenches, and small farm
reservoir. These are on-farm soil and water
conservation measures.
z Bench terracing. This consists of
building level or nearly level strips
along contours at appropriate intervals.
This terracing technology is suitable for
steep slopes up to 55% to reduce
surface flow and soil erosion, as well as
to increase the soil infiltration rate.
z Contour levee. This is an embankment
made either of grasses, stones or hard
soil mass, or a combination of these
materials.
z Contour canal/ditch. The canal/ditch is
dug along the contour line and connected
to a natural waterway to carry away
excess water.
z Small farm reservoir. This involves the
construction of small dams to collect
water from rainfall and runoff from the
watershed. Small farm reservoir (SFR)
can then be used as source of water for
annual crops and animals. This small
dam can also be used for aquaculture.
Soil Fertility Maintenance/
Improvement
The ultimate objective of soil
conservation is to maintain the soil’s ability
to support plant growth for crop production
Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ 9
purposes and to enable it to sustain high
yields. Thus, the effectivity of any soil
conservation practice should be measured
in terms of its ability to maintain soil
fertility and productivity.
Fertilizers can either be in organic or
inorganic form. Both have been used quite
extensively and intensively in agriculture
to the point that fertilizer in any form has
become almost a necessary production input.
Chemical fertilizers are prohibitively
expensive and some negative effects on the
chemical characteristics of the soil have
been reported. Thus, use of organic
materials and integrated nutrient
management (INM) strategies are
recommended.
Cultural Management
for Perennials (Fruits
and Plantation Crops)
Plants can be propagated either by crop
rotation, relay cropping, mulching, and
cover cropping by seeds (sexual), or by
cuttings (asexual). Seed propagation is
generally cheap and simple . One can have
several seeds as planting materials
especially during harvesting season. When
the recommended variety of the crop is a
hybrid, seeds are used as planting
materials. Examples are hybrids of coconut
and cacao. In some crops, commercial
propagation can only be done by using seeds
as in papaya. However, reproduction from
seeds results in plants that are not true-to-
type, especially those coming from cross-
pollinated crops like robusta coffee and
coconut, among other things.
Technological Milestones
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
T hrough the concerted effort of various
government agencies and academic
institutions and nongovernment organi-
zations, promising agroforestry systems
and technologies for the Philippine uplands
were developed. These include alley
cropping or Sloping Agricultural Land
Technology (SALT), improved fallow
systems, multistory systems, tree farm/
woodlots, and natural vegetative strips
(NVS).
Moreover, several agroforestry tools
were developed by the multidisciplinary
teams, such as: agroforestry farm
assessment (AFA); lowland agroforestry
systems (LAS); farming systems research
and development approach (FSR/D);
Agroforestry Land Capability Assessment
and Mapping Scheme (ALCAMS);
International Centre for Research in
Agroforestry’s (ICRAF) diagnosis and
design; methodology for evaluating
agroforestry systems (MEAS); and the
computer based design procedure for
agroforestry model. These tools were
developed to attain productivity and
sustainability of the land, while improving
the economic well being of the farmers and
at the same time conserving the forests
resources.
The development of Landcare in 1996, a
farmer-led organization among farmers in
Claveria, Misamis Oriental, provided new
beginnings. Landcare, as defined by ICRAF,
is a community-based and multisectoral
approach designed to facilitate the adoption
of conservation farming technologies and
agroforestry practices among upland
farmers. In 1999, it was replicated in
Lantapan, Bukidnon and other nearby
10 ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions
municipalities. It started with intensive
information dissemination program on
sustainable development including
technological options and institutional
innovations.
In the area of instruction, the Institute
of Agroforestry (IAF) developed a set of
courses to provide technical capability-
building opportunities for various
development agents (IAF 2002). IAF also
established learning laboratories for
agroforestry. Its training courses includes
agroforestry project planning management
(APPM), agroforestry seed technology and
nursery management (STNM), integrated
pest management (IPM), and soil and water
conservation and management (SWCM) for
agroforest farms, agroforestry technology
verification through on-farm trials (TVOFT),
agroforestry production and postproduction
systems (APPS) and sustainable agriculture
through agroforestry initiatives of people in
the uplands (SAGIP-UPLAND). To facilitate
learning and to meet the intended
participants’ needs, the said courses have
evolved in content, scope, and methods.
On the other hand, a module on farm
planning by distance approach was
developed by the Agroforestry Technical
Assistance of the University of the
Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) Agroforestry
Program and the Upland Development
Program (UDP) of the DENR (DENR-UDP
1995). This training course is a series of
activities undertaken by the people
themselves to understand better the
physical conditions of their respective farms
through the ALCAMS.
The DENR adopted agroforestry as the
main production technology for CBFM to
enhance the sustainable development of components in an agroforestry systems,
the country’s forest resources and promote and agroforestry in community-based
people empowerment and social justice. management.
Thus, model agroforestry farms were On the other hand, the ongoing studies
established in every region that served as are geared to the needs of the upland
learning laboratories for the Center for farmers. The projects deal on the underlying
Peoples Empowerment in the Uplands biological and physical processes of
(CPEU). To facilitate and spread the agroforestry technologies and practices (28),
sustainable forest management in the apiculture studies (11), and institutional
uplands, the DENR transformed regional innovations to evolve agroforestry systems
training centers into CBFM model sites. for sustainable agriculture and management
In 1997, DENR published an information (9).
kit. This information kit provides a list of Completed and ongoing projects
sustainable and environment-friendly monitored by PCARRD under the
livelihood options for the upland, coastal, Agroforestry and MPTS commodity include
and urban-lowland ecosystems. The the following:
materials gathered were based from actual
field experiences of DENR personnel and Completed Projects
other individuals or groups. It is intended
for DENR field officers, farmers, fisherfolks, Project Title/Researcher/Duration/
small-/large-scale miners, wildlife Implementing Agency
enthusiasts, upland and urban/lowland
dwellers. 1. Development of computer-based design
procedure for agroforestry models/
Agustin, E.O. et.al./1993–1996 /MMSU
Major Completed 2. Perceptions, attitudes and behavior of
and Ongoing Projects CARP-ISF beneficiaries and their
influence on technology adoption/
The completed projects were responsive Dacayanan, J./1991–1994/DENR-Region
to the attainment of the commodity’s goal. VIII
Sixty-four projects/studies dealt on the 3. Methodology development for evalu-
underlying biological and physical processes ating agroforestry systems / Lasco, R.D./
of agroforestry technologies and practices, 1993–1996/UPLBCF
while 47 projects focused on promotion of 4. Tree species profiling/ Padilla, E./1996–
agroforestry systems and 21 projects on 2000/DMMSU, Bacnotan
information on agroforestry systems and 5. Socio-economic survey of the farmer-
sociocultural interactions. The total number cooperators of the CARP-ISF
of studies conducted on the documentation community-based agroforestry R&D
of indigenous agroforestry systems, livelihood project in Region VIII/Bombio,
economics of agroforestry systems, and R./1992–1996/DENR/Region VIII
sustainability of indigenous species for 6. Readership survey of technology
hedgerows were 14, 8, and 6 respectively. transfer materials distributed by ERDS-
However, few projects were conducted Region VIII/Cojin, B./1994–1995/DENR-
on the promotion of agroforestry systems, Region VIII
technology impact assessment, pest 7. Crop yield studies of gabi in agroforestry
management in agroforestry systems, the system/Mana-ol, E./1996–1998/ISCAF
integration of livestock and other

Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ 11

8. Evaluation trials of sunflower, mulberry
and ipil-ipil as hedgerows in a SALT
farm/Comaad, E./1996–1998/ISCAF
9. Evaluation of the impact of farmers
training in the adaption of technologies
in Ifugao/Dincog, A./1996–1998/ISCAF
10. Factors associated with farmers’
adoption of agroforestry technologies
under the integrated social forestry
program in Region I/ Almoite, O.T./
1996–1998/ DMMMSU
11. Development of agroforestry model
farms for Region I/ Sapitula, B.P./1996–
1997/DMMSU, Bacnotan
12. Performance of some agricultural
crops planted between calamansi and
acacia trees/Sapitula, B.P./1996–1997/
DMMMSU, Bacnotan
13. The effects of root pruning and fertilizer
application on the growth and survival
of bareroot seedlings of multi-purpose
tree species/1996–1998/ DMMSU
14. Baseline benchmark survey in
agroforestry systems./ Almoite, O.P./
1996–1997/DMMMSU College of
Agriculture
15. Intercropping of blackpepper in MPTS
plantation/Ufano, J./1996–1998/ DMMSU
16. Nitrogen mineralization and soil fertility
in Desmanthus virgatus+ rice alley
cropping system./ Agustin, E.O./1994–
1998/ MMSU
17. Site adaptability trials for nitrogen
fixing trees/1994–1998/ MMSU
18. Development of postharvest equipment
and improved postharvest practices for
commercially viable agroforestry
products/ Valdez, J.A./1997–2000/ TCA
19. Survey of agroforestry products for
commercial processing/Baquiran, J./
1997–1998
20. Generation and improvement of
agroforestry production system in the
different provinces in Region VI/Brana,
N./1994–1996/PSPC
21. Agroforestry schemes for hillside areas
in Capiz/Abogadie, W./1994–1996/PSPC
12 ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions
22. Establishment of different schemes
with fertilizer application under
coconut/Gabino, G./1994–1996/PSPC
23. The effect of intercropping root crops on
the fast-growing fruit tree species/
Brana, N./1994–1996/PSPC
24. Status of contour hedgerow technology
in Matalom, Leyte/Alcober, D./1997–
1999/LSU
25. Utilization of Leucaena leucocephala and
Gmelina arborea as feed supplement to
grazing goats in Matalom, Leyle/
Gabunada, F./1998–1999/LSU
26. Agroforestry development and demons-
tration farm establishment, in CARP-
ISF project/Agpaoa, A.C./1996–1998/
DENR-CAR
27. Integrated approaches to environmental
conservation and protection/Ronquillo,
S. P./1996–1998 /DENR-CAR
28. Effectiveness of vetiver grass Vertivera
zizanoides as hedges in selected
agroforestry schemes for site
productivity enhancement/Ymana, S.P./
1994–1997/DENR-CAR
29. Study on the passion fruit production
planted under various tree/Baldino, T.
Jr. S./ 1996–1998/ DENR-CAR
30. Impact assessment of the upland
development pilot CARP in Sablan/
Estigoy, D.A./ 1996–1998/DENR-CAR
31. CARP-ISF Wildfood plant production,
processing and marketing livelihood
CARP project/ Lopez, A.V./1996–1998/
DENR-CAR
32. CARP-ISF agrilivestock project in CAR/
Fadri,G./ 1996–1999/ DENR-CAR
33. CARP-ISF community-based agro-
forestry livelihood in project in CAR/
Martinez, E./1990–1994
34. Community-based wildfood CARP
project/1990–1994/DENR-CAR
35. Establishment of agroforestry demons-
tration farm in Benguet/Agpaoa, A./
1996–2000/DENR-CAR
36. Socio-economic impact assessment of
CARP-ISF beneficiaries five years after
 project implementation/Amada, L.S./
1996–1998/DENR
37. CARP-ISF fuelwood plantation project/
Tomas, W.G./1996–1997/ DENR
38. Community-based agroforestry liveli-
hood project in Region I/ Domingo, C.
Jr./1990–1994/ DENR-Region I
39. CARP-ISF agrilivestock livelihood
project in Region I/ Amanda, L. S./1996–
1997/ DENR
40. Production costs-and-returns and
market strategies of upland livestock
enterprises/Buante, C.R./ 1996–1997/
DENR-Region VIII
41. Community-based agroforestry develop-
ment project in Region II/ Mercado, L.U./
1996–1997/DENR-Region II
42. Development of plantation as show
window for agroforestry, rattan,
medicinal plantation, and other matured
technologies/Mercado, L./1990–1994/
DENR-Region II
43. CARP-ISF agrilivestock livelihood
project/Abel, L./1996–1998/DENR-
Region II
44. CARP-ISF community-based agro-
forestry livelihood project in Region III/
Atabay, R.C./1996–1998/DENR-Region
III
45. Performance of some crops intercropped
with narra and mahogany in Mt. Dueg
resettlement area/Navarro, T.E./1996–
1997/ TCA
46. Biomass production of adaptable forage
species (grasess and legumes) under
different site conditions./ Buante, C.R./
1996–1997/ DENR-Region VIII
47. Community-based agroforestry research
and development project in Oriental
Mindoro/Vendiola, E./1990–1994
48. Rehabilitation of open/grassland by
direct planting of kakawate (Glicidia
sepium) at various densities/ Mendoza,
M.P./1996–1998/ DENR-Region IV
49. CARP-ISF agrilivestock livelihood
project/ Dela Cruz, V./1996–1998/ DENR-
Region IV
Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ 13
50. CARP-ISF community-based agro-
forestry livelihood project in Region IV/
Nagpala, L.G./1996–1998/DENR-Region
IV-A
51. Fertilization of Leucaena and liming of
site for adaption to low pH under two
climatic conditions/Guimayen, G./1992–
1996/DENR-Region IV
52. Pilot agroforestry for kaingin farmers
in Liliw, Laguna/Calanog, L./1995–1997/
ERDB
53. Selected agroforestry areas in
the Philippines: A comprehensive
community assessment/Calanog, L./
1998–1999/ERDB
54. Extension strategies for the adoption of
agroforestry farming system in selected
areas in the Philippines/Calanog, L./
1996–1998/ERDB
55. Effects of land titling on the adoption of
conservation-oriented farming techno-
logies in the uplands/Calanog, L. et al./
1990–1995/ERDB
56. Organizing agroforestry communities: A
marketing cooperative approach to
development/ Harder, R.T./1996–1997/
ERDB
57. CARP-ISF agrilivestock livelihood
project in Region V/ Palaypayon, W.R./
1990–1994/ ERDB
58. The repelling effect of Benguet pine
(Pinus insularis) as botanical control of
insects pests in agroforestry system./
Tiolo-Dawalis, A.J./1996–1998/Rizal
State College (RSC)
59. Economic and financial analysis of
income-generating projects in CARP-ISF
areas/Rivera, M./1993–1994/ERDB
60. Process documentation and contextual
analysis of income-generating projects in
selected CARP-ISF areas/Villamor, C./
1993–1994/ERDB
61. A socio-economic impact assessment of
the CARP-ISF R&D programs on
income-generating projects on the
farmer-beneficiaries/Luna, A./1993–
1994/ERDB
62. Impact of rural institutions on the
implementation of IGPs in selected
CARP-ISF areas in the Philippines/
Calanog, L./1993–1994/ERDB
63. Direct seeding performance of selected
MPTS in Eastern Luzon/Principe, E./
1991–1994/ERDB
64. Establishment and management of
Calliandra calothyrsus trials in the
Philippines/Duque, C., et al./1996–1999/
ERDB
65. Reforestation of cogonal areas in Panay
Island with fuelwood species inter-
planted with fruit trees/Arevalo, E./
DENR-Region VI
66. Post-training evaluation of CARP-ISF
agroforestry livelihood project/Talabero,
V./1990–1994/DENR-Region VI
67. Site quality assessment of CARP-ISF
agroforestry area in Mapili, San
Enrique, Iloilo/Talabero S.V./1990–1994/
DENR-Region VI
68. Technical and financial feasibility of
establishing agroforestry livelihood
project in CARP-ISF area in Mapili, San
Enrique, Iloilo/Talabero, S./1990–1995/
DENR- Region VI
69. CARP-ISF agroforestry livelihood
development project in Region VI/
Talabero, S.V./1990–1994/DENR-Region
VI
70. Post-training evaluation for agroforestry
project/Tolo, D./1992–1994/DENR-
Region VI
71. Development of aqua-silvicultural
project in Region VI/Lustica, A./1996–
1998/DENR-Region VI
72. Assessment of the marketing strategies
for the aquasilviculture products/Tiolo-
Dalawis, A./1996–1997/DENR-Region VI
73. Trial planting of Mamalis pitoporum
pentandumin in Western Visayas/
Lustica, A./1994–1999/DENR-Region VI
74. Agrilivestock livelihood project in
Region VI/Labos, J./1994–1996/DENR-
Region VI
75. Effects of different feed combinations on
the growth performance of hybrid swine
14 ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions
in the uplands/Labos, J./DENR-Region
VI
76. Community-based fuelwood plantation
and livelihood project/Burgos, G.
77. Utilization of madre de cacao and ipil-
ipil leaves as organic fertilizers for field
corn production/Doloso, F./1993–1994
78. Documentation and assessment of
agroforestry practices in Central
Visayas/Lanuza, R./1990–1995/DENR-
Region VII
79. Tiger grass R&D livelihood project in
Region VII/Tagra, M./1994–1996/DENR-
Region VII
80. Community-based R&D agroforestry
livelihood project in Region VII/Tagra,
M./1990–1994/DENR-Region VII
81. Establishment of pilot fuelwood plant-
ation in Cebu and Bohol/Bonita, M./
1996–1998/DENR-Region VII
82. Survival and growth performance of
selected fuelwood species as affected by
weeding practices/Bagalihog, S./DENR-
Region VII
83. Conversion of abandoned upland farm
lots into Acacia ariculiformis and tiger
grass intercrop/Tagra, M./1994–1996/
DENR-Region VII
84. Biomass production and management
schemes for various agroforestry crops/
Nasayao, E./1992–1995/DENR-Region
VIII
85. Acceptability of goat milking by
cooperators of the CARP-ISF agri-
livestock R&D livelihood project in
Region VIII/Gapuz, F./1992–1994/DENR-
Region VIII
86. Effectiveness of various agroforestry
practices in controlling upland erosion/
Dulay, P.A./1995–1997/DENR-Region
VIII
87. Production costs-and-returns and
market strategies of upland livestosk
enterprises/Angeles, H./1992–1995
88. Socio-economic and cultural develop-
ment impacts of agrilivelihood projects
to CARP-ISF R&D area/Alvarez, F./
1992–1994/DENR-Region VIII
89. A study of the Alayon systems within 101. Survey of the prevalent diseases
the context of the soil and water occurring in the selected CARP-ISF
conservation and agroforestry project agrilivestock project site in Region X/
in Matalom, Leyte/Atega, T./1994–1996 Arida, A./1992–1993/DENR-Region X
90. Comparative analysis between 102. Economics of production and market
traditional and introduced agro- analysis for corn and agrilivestock in
forestry practices in CARP-ISF sites/ San Jose, Malaybalay, Bukidnon/
Alba, M./1991–1994/DENR-Region VIII Mercado, B./1991–1993/DENR-
91. Survey, collection, and identification Region X
of insect pests and diseases associated 103. Community-based agroforesrty liveli-
with agroforest trees and crop species/ hood project in Region X/Serna, C.
Carandang,W./1994–1996/DENR- 104. CARP-ISF R&D community agro-
Region VIII forestry livelihood project in Region
92. Socio-economic and environmental XI/Apura, B./1990–1994/DENR-Region
impact assessment of ISFP in XI
Integrated Social Forestry model sites 105. An integrated sustainable develop-
in Region VIII/Dionglay, M./1996–1999/ ment program for CARP-ISF areas in
DENR-Region VIII the Philippines: An ecosystem
93. CARP-ISF and agrilivestock R&D approach/Reyes, G./1990–1994/ERDB
livelihood project in Region VII/ 106. Sustainable management of CARP-ISF
Buante, C./1994–1996/DENR-Region livelihood projects in Region XII/1994–
VIII 1995/DENR-Region XII
94. Community-based agroforestry R&D 107. Community-based agroforestry liveli-
livelihood project in Region VIII/ hood project in Region XII/Mercado,
Nasayao, E./1990–1994/DENR-Region B./1994–1996/DENR-Region XII
VIII 108. CARP-ISF agrilivestock livelihood
95. Agroforestry schemes for upland project in Region XII/Jaime, J./1990-
farmers in Region IX/Barangan, F./ 1994/DENR-Region XII
1991–1992/DENR-Region IX 109. Application of waste water treatment
96. CARP-ISF R&D community-based model for small-scale handmade paper
agroforestry livelihood project in mill/Mari, E./1999–2000/FPRDI
Region IX/Barangan, F./1990–1994/ 110. Determination of the acute lethal
DENR-Region IX toxicity of effluent from pulp and paper
97. Pre-sowing treatment of Calliandra mills/Austria, C./1999–2000/FPRDI
seeds/Dichoso, M./1995–1996/DENR- 111. Commercial application of FPRDI
Region IX mechanized briquettor using coconut
98. Effect of fertilization on the growth shells, husks and trunks/Pulmano, D./
and fruit yield of guapple/Serna, C./ 1995–1997/FPRDI
1993–1995/DENR-Region X 112. Optimization of dosage rates of waste
99. CARP-ISF community-based agro- liquor as concrete additive/Moran, M.
forestry livelihood project in Region X/ S./1995–1997/FPRDI
Cacanindin, D./1990–1994/DENR- 113. Utilization of CSNL-free shells for the
Region X production of charcoal briquette and
100. Socio-economic impact assessment of activated carbon/Bisana, B./FPRDI
CARP-ISF livelihood project to farmer 114. Biological treatment of hazardous
beneficiaries in Region X/Aceret, H./ waste from pulp and paper mill/Giron,
1990–1994/DENR-Region X M./1997–1999/FPRDI

Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ 15

115. Domestication of selected lesser- 121. Socio-economic R&D/ Dangle, J. and
known Philippine indigenous fodder Lopez, S.
trees and shrubs (IFTS)/Calub, B./ a. Assessment of migratory bee-
2000–2001/UPLB keeping in Region I./Dangle, J.
116. Effects of Bt corn pollen on honey bee et.al./2001–2002/DMMMSU
species/2002 122. Supply-and- demand analysis of
117. Pollination of Citrus spp./1999–2001/ honeybee products and by-products
UPLB in Region I/Dandle, J./2001–2002/
118. Bee breeding research and develop- DMMMSU
ment /Sito, A. 123. Production and turnover of the fine
a. Graft acceptance and queen roots of selected agroforestry species/
performance under queenless and Salamanca, E./2000–2002/DMMMSU
queenright cell builder conditions/ 124. Soil nitrogen-mineralization, growth
Laquidan, R./2001–2002/DMMMSU and yield of upland rice in alley
b. Performance of queen as affected cropping /2000-2001/DMMMSU
by supersedure and grafted cell 125. Influence of planting distance and
method of queen production/ cutting interval on the herbage yield
Baldo, H./2001–2002/DMMMSU of ipil-ipil /Magtoto, R.L.and J.C.
c. Queen performance as affected by Briones/2001–2002/PAC
the different sources of raw 126. Application of various cultural
materials for pollen substitute/ treatments on established clonal seed
Laquidan, R./2001–2002/DMMMSU orchard in Bicol National Park/
d. Queen performance as affected by Balaguer, A.N./1998–2001/DENR-
duration of queen banking and ERDS RegionV
system of queen bank colonies/ 127. Climatic classification information
Baldo, H./2001–2002/DMMMSU assessment for optimizing agrofoestry
119. Pollination and hive management production systems in the uplands of
R&D/Dangle, J. CBFM sites/2001–2002/ERDB
a. Yield response of carabao mango 128. Sustainability assessment of Philip-
to the pollination services of pine-German community project in
honey bee/Dangle, J./2001–2002/ Quirino/Calanog, L.A. and A.G.
DMMMSU Calderon/2001–2002/ERDB
b. Response of squash to pollination 129. Development of panelized cons-
services of honey bee Apis truction system for modular shelters/
mellifera/Dangle, J./2001–2002/ Soriano, F.P./2000–2002/FPRDI
DMMMSU 130. Non-conventional process: A cleaner
120. Bee pests and diseases/Baldo, H. technology of producing tobacco pulp
a. Integrated biological chemical for the handmade paper industry/
control measures for Varroa mites 2001–2002/MMSU
Varroa destructor of honey bee Apis 131. Southeast Asian Network for
mellifera/Dangle, J./2001–2001/ Agrofoestry Education (SENAFE)/
DMMMSU 1999–2002/IAF
b. Wax moth control using formic 132. Program to enhance NGO/PO
acid and acetic acid under Region I agroforestry capabilities for food
condition/Baldo, H./2001–2002/ security and the environment (PEACE
DMMMSU

16 ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

 1 and PEACE 2) under the following Ongoing Projects
components: /2000-2002/IAF
a. Development and implementation 1. Control of bees and bee mites in
of agroforestry training courses Indonesia and the Philippines/2001–
b. Development and production of 2004/UPLB
agroforestry information materials a. Effects of formic acid on Apis
c. Regional documentation of melifera at varying concentrations
successful agroforestry practices and ambient temperatures.
in Luzon b. Population dynamics of bee mites
d. Provision of technical assistance to c. Toxicity of select acarides on adult
FPE partners honey bees Apis cerna and A.
e. Establishment and coordination of mellifera
agroforestry learning centers d. Survey of pathogens associated with
133. Production of upland NGO assistance A. cerana and A. mellifera
committee (UNAC) technology manual e. Genetic diversity of Philippine bee
entitled, “Manual sa pagsasaka ng mites
agroforestry”/2001–2002/UNAC, IAF 2. Genetic diversity of Philippine honey
134. Production of Asia-Pacific Agroforestry bee species/2001–2003
Newsletter (APANews)/2001–2002/IAF 3. Altitudinal diversity of honey bees in
135. Evaluation of smallholder tree farmers’ Mt. Makiling/2001–2003 /UPLB
nurseries in Lantapan, Bukidnon, 4. Socioeconomics of Philippine bee-
Claveria, Misamis Oriental and Cebu: keeping industry/2001–2003/UPLB
“Quality stock production in support 5. Bee breeding R&D/Sito, A.
of the tree domestication program for a. Collection and maintenance of
the Philippines/2001–2002/IAF different honey bee species in the
136. Enhancing agroforestry education, Philippines/Sito, A./2001–2005/
research, and development for the next DMMMSU
decade: A PAFERN national meeting 6. Sustainable Agriculture and Natural
worshop/2001–2002/IAF Resources Management Collaborative
137. Teaching materials development for Research Support Program (SANREM
BS Agroforestry/2001–2002/IAF CRSP/SEA)
138. Carbon sink potential and soil a. Technical and institutional
amelioration capacity of the alley innovations to evolve agroforestry
cropping systems/2001–2002/IAF systems for sustainable agriculture
139. Improvement of agroforestry field and the management of protected
laboratory through participatory ecosystems in the framework of a
development/2001–2002/IAF watershed model/ 1998–2003/ICRAF
140. Inventory and analysis of teaching b. Adapting and transferring lessons
materials in agroforestry/2002/IAF learned from Manupali to other
141. Agroforestry capability building for critical watersheds in Southeast
upland NGOs/2002/IAF Asia/1998–2003/SEARCA/UPLB/
142. Institutional capability and needs UAF
assessment among PAFERN member c. Environmental management plan-
institution/2002/IAF ning and development policy
143. Agroforestry field practicum analysis using a watershed
assistance for PAFERN member community model in Lantapan,
institutions/2002/IAF Bukidnon, Philippines/1998–2003/
LGU- Lantapan/UPLB

Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ 17

 d. Replicating models on institutional
innovation for developed, parti-
cipatory watershed management/
1998–2003/ICRAF/USAID
e. Watershed resource management
and education/1998–2003/Auburn
University/USAID
f. Capability building for natural
resources management at the local
level: Focus on 12 communities in
Valencia and Lantapan, Bukidnon/
1998–2003/USAID
7. Hive product production, processing
and utilization R&D (Royal jelly
production for bee-keeping sustain-
ability in La Union/2002–2003/
DMMMSU
8. Phenological studies of potential api-
silviculture species in La Union/2000–
2003/DMMMSU
9. Intercropping of Passiflor flavicarpa
under growing Benguet pine trees/
1998–2003/MPSPC
10. Establishment of seed production
areas for forage species/2000–2003/
DENR-ERDS Region V
11. Establishment of the sericulture project
for R&D/E and production/2002–2003/
PAC
12. Evaluation of MPTS in hedgerow alley
cropping scheme for sustainable upland
crop production/1999–2003/UEP
13. Initial assessment of the productivity of
selected ISF-CARP community-based
agroforestry areas in Abra/2002–2003/
DENR-ERDS-CAR
14. Pilot plantation for fuelwood production/
2000–2003/DENR-ERDS Region X
15. Sustainability assessment of DENR
charcoal technology/2002–2003/ERDB
16. Silvical characterization of malapapaya
(Polyscias nodosa) under a coconut-
based agroforestry systems in Luisiana,
Laguna/2002–2003/IAF
17. Rehabilitation of degraded lands
through accelerated pioneer-climax
species series (APCS) strategy/2002–
2003/IAF
18 ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions
18. Rehabilitation of degraded lands
through rotation forestry species-based
agroforestry systems/2002–2003/IAF
19. Effect of thinning and coconut frond
pruning treatments on the growth and
yield of mahogany interplanted with
coconut/2002–2003/IAF
20. Effect of organic fertilizer and mulching
on growth of three-year old mahogany
plantation/2002–2003/IAF
21. Effect of thinning on growth and yield
of eight-year old mahogany plantation
and on interplanted shade-tolerant
crops/2002–2003/IAF
22. Production and healing value analysis
of DENR charcoal made from different
combinations of municipal solid wastes/
2001–2003/ERDB
23. Pilot plantation on the integration of
medicinal plants as agroforestry crops
in selected upland projects in the
Philippines/2002–2004/ERDB
24. Piloting of the 1:4 Pooc agroforestry
technology/2000–2006/ERDB
25. Gender roles in the ruminant production
in the municipality of Pila and Siniloan,
Laguna/2002–2003/ERDB
26. Bioeconomic modeling of changes to
traditional vegetable production
practices in the Manupali- watershed
and extensions to other Southeast Asian
watersheds/2001–2003/ERDB
27. Review and analysis of policies affecting
the source, harvesting, and transport of
forest-based raw materials for the
furniture industries/2001–2004/ERDB
28. Pilot production and research of growing
Roselle plant (Hibiscus sabdarffa) as an
intercrop in agroforestry/2002–2004/
ERDB
29. Community-based resource manage-
ment sub-project environmental techno-
logy transfer/1999–2003/ERDB
30. Growth response of two timber tree
species to various weeding treatments
and planting densities in the Manupali
Watershed/2000–2003/ICRAF-Lantapan,
Bukidnon
31. Enhancing productivity of timber and
fruit tree-based contour hedgerow in
upland soils: Quantification of tree-
crop interactions/2000–2003/ICRAF-
Lantapan, Bukidnon
32. Enhancing adoption of soil conservation
practices: Landcare Philippines/2002–
2003/ICRAF-Lantapan, Bukidnon
33. Replicating models of institutional
innovations for devolved participatory
watershed management/2001–3003/
ICRAF-Lantapan, Bukidnon
34. Ancestral domain studies in Mt.
Kitanglad/2003–2005/ICRAF-Lantapan,
Bukidnon
35. Rewarding the upland poor for the
environmental services (RUPES)/2003–
2008/ICRAF-Lantapan
36. Enhancing adoption of conservation
farming and agroforestry practices
Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ 19
through Landcare/2000–2003/ICRAF-
Claveria, Misamis Oriental
37. Smallholder timber production systems/
2002–2003/ICRAF-Claveria, Misamis
Oriental
38. Smallholder agroforestry options for
degraded soils (SAFODS): tree establish-
ment in cropped fields/2000–2003/
ICRAF-Claveria, Misamis Oriental
39. Documenting existing local (indigenous
and introduced) conservation farming
technologies/2000–2003/ICRAF-Visayas
40. Monitoring of farmers adoption and
adaptation of technologies/2002–2003/
ICRAF-Visayas
41. Linking technology generation and
dissemination to Landcare/2002–2003/
ICRAF-Visayas
Principal Technological Milestones
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
T he following are the technologies
developed and information generated
from the commodity initiative and
assessment efforts from 1990 to 2000.
Indigenous Agroforestry System
Naalad modified fallow aystem. Lasco
(PCARRD Highlights 1992) conducted an on-
farm evaluation of the Naalad modified
fallow system in Naga, Cebu. It is one of the
most unique indigenous improved fallow
systems found in Naalad, Naga, Cebu. The
Naalad system, developed 100 years ago, is
basically a fallow system. The fallow period
is hastened by the introduction of native
‘ipil-ipil’ (L. leucocephala) in the area to be
fallowed. There are two improvements over
the traditional fallow system.
First, instead of waiting for natural
succession processes to revegetate the
fallow, the farmers plant L. leucocephala to
shorten the fallow period from ten or more
years to only five to six years.
Second, at the end of the fallow period,
farmers cut the L. leucocephala branches
and twigs but instead of burning the biomass
as they do in shifting cultivation, they pile
them along the contours to form a fascine-
like structure locally known as balabag or
babag, which help conserve the soil. The
balabag are spaced from 1 m to 2 m and the
alleys formed between are planted to corn
and tobacco.
Hanunuo Mangyan indigenous agro-
forestry systems. Gascon (PCARRD 1999)
studied the Hanunuo Mangyans’ indigenous
20 ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions
agroforestry systems in Sitio Dangkalan,
Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro. There are
three agroforestry production systems
practiced, namely: the swidden or kaingin,
the multistorey, and the home garden.
In swidden farms, rice and corn were the
major crops planted. Other crops
interplanted included banana, cassava,
sugarcane, and root crops. Crops were
planted simultaneously or sequentially
within the cultivated area. However, the
crops were randomly and/or inappropriately
planted, and thus competed with the rice
and corn for soil nutrients, water, and
sunlight resulting to low yields. It was the
most practiced system but the least
ecologically sound.
Fallowing was practiced whenever the
farmer noticed that the soil was no longer
fertile. The land was rested for 1–3 years
which was not enough if compared to the 19
years fallow period which their ancestors
practiced.
In multistorey farms, the upper canopy
had coconut while the middle canopy had
mango, banana, ‘anahaw’ (Livistona
rotundifolia), and ‘anuling’ (Pisonia
umbellifera). The lower canopy
was dominated by pineapple with some
L. leucocephala at the edges. It was also
found to be the most ecologically sound in
terms of soil fertility maintenance.
The home gardens were structurally
simple. The upper canopy was usually
planted to bananas, coconut, mango,
jackfruit, and guava. Ube was planted
under and twined on the fruit trees.
L. leucocephala and ‘kakawate’ (Gliricidia
sepium) served as live fences.
 Agroforestry farms and farm
practices in Central Visayas. Based on
the study conducted by Baggayan Jr. and
Lanuza (PCARRD Highlights 1994), all
farmers in Central Visayas practiced
contour farming. They use hedgerow and
rockwall to conserve the soil. Some farmers
in Cebu were also engaged in fishing and
livestock raising.
Developed Agroforestry
Technologies/Systems
Sloping Agricultural Land Tech-
nology (SALT). MBRLC, an active partner
of the government in improving the lives
of upland farmers and other tribal
groups in Mindanao, has developed the
internationally known SALT. SALT is a
diversified farming system which can be
considered under the agroforestry scheme
because permanent shrubs, such as coffee,
cacao, citrus, fruit trees, etc., are dispersed
throughout the farm plot.
Basically SALT is a package technology
on soil conservation and food production
measures in just one setting. It is a guide on
how to farm hilly lands without losing the
soil. SALT is a method of growing field and
permanent crops in a 3–5-m wide bands
between contoured rows of nitrogen-fixing
trees. These trees are thickly planted in
double rows to make hedgerows. When a
hedge is 1.5–2 m tall, it is cut down to about
40 cm and the cut portions are placed in an
alley to serve as organic fertilizers (Asian
Rural Life Development Foundation
[ARLDF] 1997).
Simple Agrolivestock Technology
(SALT 2). SALT 2 is a goat-based
agroforestry with a land use of 40% for
agriculture, 20% for forestry, and 40% for
livestock. Experiences by the MBRLC in
Bansalan, Davao Del Sur, indicate that the
said technology minimizes erosion,
Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ 21
improves soil fertility, and provides
additional income to upland farmers. This
technology guides farmers on how to raise
goats under the SALT system (MBRLC
1998).
Sustainable Agroforest Land Tech-
nology (SALT 3). SALT 3 is a small-scale
reforestation integrated with food
production. The farm is devoted to 40% and
60% agriculture and forestry, respectively.
Results indicate that application of this
technology conserves the soil effectively,
thereby providing food, wood, and
additional income for the uplanders. This
technology guides farmers on how to grow
crops with trees in the SALT system
(MBRLC 2000).
Small Agrofruit Livelihood Tech-
nology (SALT 4). SALT system is further
modified wherein fruit trees were
integrated in the system known as SALT 4.
In this particular technology, farmers can
modify the system to suit their needs. In
general, SALT 4 guides farmers on how to
integrate fruit trees into the SALT system
(MBRLC 2000).
Biological and Physical Processes
of Agroforestry Technologies
and Practices
Agroforestry farming system for the
hillyland. Malab (PCARRD Highlights
1992) identified the tree-crop combination
as the most feasible and environmentally
sound agroforestry scheme for marginal
hillylands. The study found out that
combination of Acacia auriculiformis +
Mangifera indica and Gliricidia sepium +
rice/mungbean are two models with
sustainable and high potentials for hillyland
development. These systems increase soil
carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
 Agri-nipa-aquaculture technology:
A sustainable land use in the nipa-
dominated wetlands of Puerto Galera.
Agri-nipa-aquaculture is a technology which
combines nipa and agricultural crops
with fish production, a variation of
aquasilviculture. The study was conducted
in a 1-ha nipa dominated wetland in Puerto
Galera, Oriental Mindoro. Results showed
that the area became productive through the
use of the said scheme. Baconguis (1994)
reported that the farmer harvested
vegetables and other crops and fish from the
pond for his food and augmented the family
income, while he waited for the nipa to be
harvested as materials for making thatch.
The sap produced will be also collected.
Carbon sequestration. The potential
of agroforestry system to sequester carbon
from the atmosphere and help mitigate
climate change was emphasized by Lasco
and Pulhin (1997). They estimated that by
2005, agroforestry farms in the Philippines
would cover about 5.9 M ha and would have
a projected carbon sequestration of about
14 t/ha.
Sales (1998) evaluated the carbon
storage capacity of yemane-cacao agro-
forestry system and estimated 105 t/ha of
carbon in a biomass of about 236 t/ha. The
annual litterfall of this stand was 5 t/ha
which has a capacity of storing 2.2 t of C/ha.
In another study, Estrella (1999) looked
at the carbon sequestration potential of
G. sepium-based alley cropping system
under fallow. A total biomass of 33 t/ha
equivalent to 14.6 t of C/ha or a carbon
sequestration rate of 0.91 t of C/ha per year
was estimated. This rate of carbon
sequestration was much lower than that of
a secondary forest in Makiling (7.81 t of C/
ha per year) and tree plantation (4 t of C/ha
per year) in the Philippines. However, it was
higher than that of the grassland ecosystem
which has a zero sequestration ability (Lasco
and Pulhin 1997).
22 ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions
Changes in soil properties in
various farmers’ agroforestry schemes
within the watershed development
area of Matalom. Soil organic matter was
affected more by the cropping system/
pattern than by the length of cultivation
based on the study conducted by Quirol
and Inderio (1999) in the Watershed
Development Project area in Matalom.
Fallowing seems to increase/improve soil
pH. The amount of soil loss due to erosion
was highly influenced by the cropping
system/pattern and partially by the type and
age of the hedgerows employed in the farm.
Mura grass combined with leguminous
shrubs/trees was effective in controlling soil
erosion. There was a general reduction in
the total amount of soil loss from the
watershed area as depicted in the
decreasing sediment load in the existing
river system within the area. This was
partially attributed to the increasing
number of trees planted in the watershed
area.
Ridge tillage system in corn-based
agroforestry system. Mercado et al. (1999)
worked with Misamis Oriental State College
of Agriculture and Technology (MOSCAT)
and North Carolina State University, in
evaluating the use of ridge tillage (RT)
system and natural vegetative contour
strips (NVCS) as alternative land
management systems for corn in corn-based
agroforestry system.
Based on the results, RT and NVCS were
capable of having three croppings per year
due to reduced turn-around period. Both
scheme yielded an average of 13.26 t/ha per
year compared to non-RT system with only
9.48 t/ha per year.
Combining NVCS and RT reduced soil
loss by 95–98% while using RT and NVCS
alone would reduce soil loss by 58% and
73–91%, respectively. Ridge tillage had
higher infiltration rate (40 cm/hr) compared
with that of the other treatments. The
economic analysis done in the same year
showed that RT system can yield an annual
net income of P39,446.75/ha per year
compared with P24,982.50 by conventional
farming.
Sustainability of Indigenous
Species for Hedgerows
Performance of corn in alleycrop
using different hedgerow species.
G. sepium was found effective as hedgerow.
Soriano, Jr. (1992) studied the performance
of corn in alleycrop by using different
hedgerows species: G. sepium, Leucaena
diversifolia, and Acacia villosa.
Findings showed that N and P contents
of herbages of three hedgerow species did
not differ significantly. Potassium content,
however, was significantly higher in G.
sepium herbage than that of the other two
hedgerows. Grain yield of corn was
generally higher in plots with G. sepium and
A. villosa hedgerows than that of corn
monoculture plot except during the first
year where it outranked the treated plots.
According to Soriano, Jr. (1992),
hedgerow intercropping treatment was
effective in reducing runoff and sediment
yield. Hedgerow plus a combination of
either ground barrier or mulch provided
sufficient protection against soil loss. For
runoff control, hedgerow plus a combination
of both ground barrier and mulch was
needed for maximum protection during
periods of long duration and high intensity
storms. By controlling runoff and erosion,
land degradation was minimized; hence, the
reversion of productive agricultural lands
to unproductive cogonal areas was likewise
prevented. The potential of hedgerow
intercropping in combining erosion control
and soil fertility enhancement can offer
better opportunity for small farmers where
finances are not readily available for the
purchase of fertilizers.
Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ 23
In the same year, he also investigated
the potential of agroforestry practices in soil
and water conservation in the upland farms
of Ilocos Norte. Results revealed that it was
more effective if the loppings were used
either as ground barrier, mulch, or
combination of both. Groundcover was
provided by the loppings applied as surface
mulch that reduced soil water evaporation.
Since upland farming is generally rainfed
and crop is often exposed to interspersed
dry spells, any reduction in soil water
evaporation is as beneficial as enhanced
water intake into the soil.
Desmanthus virgatus as hedgerows
in a hillyland agroforestry system.
Agustin et al. (1995) conducted a study on
D. virgatus as hedgerows in a hillyland
agroforestry system from 1991 to 1995.
Results showed that D. virgatus hedgerows
contributed to the increase of soil organic
matter from 1.96% to 2.64% after four years
of continuous mulching. It could be planted
at any spacing between 20 cm and 30 cm
between hills, in double rows and could be
cut from 50 cm to 100 cm above the ground
without any remarkable difference in the
grain yield of the alley crop. Adaptability of
the plant to very close spacing or dense
stocking suggested its high potential for
erosion control.
Moreover, the species could also be used
as feeds for livestock and poultry and a good
source of organic fertilizer.
Leguminous species as hedgerows in
agroforestry systems. In 1995, Tura
verified the use of selected leguminous
species as hedgerows in agroforestry
systems in Overland, Buenavista, Bohol.
The soil in the area was deficient in
macronutrients, moderately acidic with
organic matter concentrated on the topsoil
equivalent to 1.5% decreasing downwards.
The study established G. sepium hedgerows
in double or triple rows along the contour
following a distance of 25 cm between rows
and 30 cm between hills. The study found
out that herbage application for three years
improved the soil condition, increased the
soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen,
phosphorus, potassium, and other
macronutrients.
Gliricidia sepium as hedgerow
species. The performance of G. sepium as
hedgerow species was also done by Mercado
in 1997. The four-year hedgerow-crop
interference study compared three plant
species: G. sepium, a nitrogen-fixing (N-
fixing) tree legume; Cassia spectabilis, a
non-N-fixing tree; and Pennisetum
purpureum, a forage grass. Factors such as
hedgerow biomass, nutrient yields, and the
species relative effects on rice and maize
productivity were also investigated. The
study reported that non-N-fixing tree C.
spectabilis produced 46% more pruning
biomass annually compared with N-fixing G.
sepium. Nitrogen supplied by C. spectabilis
to the alley crops was similar with that of
G. sepium on the first year of observation,
but increased by 20–30% in the succeeding
years. The four-year comparative
experiments showed that a hedgerow
system with a N-fixing tree did not exert
significant advantages compared with a
non-N-fixing tree species.
Pest Management in Agroforestry
Systems
Insect pests associated with crops
and agroforest tree species. Polo (1992)
reported that insect pests associated with
crops and agroforest tree species in three
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program-
Integrated Social Forestry (CARP-ISF)
agroforestry project sites included
chrysomelid beetle, sweet potato weevil,
leaf hopper, corn borer, cotton stainer,
negro bug, metallic wood boring beetle,
24 ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions
snout beetle, pedilid beetle, and scentless
plant bug. The natural enemies found
associated with these insect pests were:
ladybird beetle, Syrphid fly, spiders,
longhorned grasshopper, ground beetle,
field crickets, assassin bug, lacewing, and
parasitic wasps.
Potential of G. sepium leaves in pest
management. Rabena (1996) reported the
potential of G. sepium leaves in pest
management. He isolated the active
components of G. sepium leaves that made
it a suitable botanical pesticide. Coumarins
isolated from G. sepium leaves with
petrolleum ether showed bioactivity.
Coumarins inhibited the growth of fungus
Tricophyton mentagrophytes.
Economics of Agroforestry Systems
Establishment of forage plantations
and agroforestry projects. The
establishment of forage plantations and
agroforestry projects ensured more
protection and conservation to the denuded
forest (Amada 1994). The project showed an
increase in income among farmer
participants. Before the project, about 17%
of the farmers earned below P5,000 and 39%
earned P5,000–10,000. After the project,
53% of the farmers earned P5,000–10,000 and
no farmers were reported to be earning less
than P5,000. Farmers also gained knowledge
in livestock raising and management
through training, briefings, and actual
application of different farming practices.
Impact of CARP-ISF Agrilivestock
livelihood project on the socioeconomic
status of the farmers in Region X. In
1994, Palma studied the impact of CARP-
ISF Agrilivestock livelihood project on the
socioeconomic status of the farmers in
Region X. He reported that after the project,
forest trees increased significantly, pasture
s
grasses improved, and the farmer-
beneficiaries planted root crops as well.
Proceeds from the sale of livestock
dispersed to the farmer-beneficiaries have
augmented their income by as much as 12%
annually. This eased their financial burdens;
enabled them to acquire their own livestock;
improved their dwellings; and acquired
material possessions such as land, shelter,
draft animals, and personal belongings.
Economic performance of a SALT 2
farm with goat farming. Also in 1994,
Cumpio studied the economic performance
of a SALT 2 farm with goat farming. The
study showed that goat raised under the
cut-and-carry system in SALT 2 farm had
greater weight gains, higher production, and
better quality of kids compared to goats
raised in native pasture. This could be
attributed to the forage/legume fed to goats
containing high crude protein and minerals.
Intercropping yemane (Gmelina
arborea) with cash crops. Mallorca and
Mamiscal conducted a study on inter-
cropping G. arborea with cash crops in 1994.
Economic analysis showed that yemane
exposed to field condition intercropped with
bottle gourd, pechay, eggplant, squash, and
tomato provided the highest net benefit of
P35,200. Partially shaded yemane planted
under two-year old ‘lakatan’ banana
provided a net benefit of P7,000. Fully
shaded yemane intercropped with five-year
old ‘cardava’ banana provided the lowest
benefit of P6,150. Return-on-investment
(ROI) from pechay and tomato was 150%;
eggplant, 125%; squash and lakatan, 118%;
cardava, 112%; yemane, 113%; and bottle
gourd, 0.8%. This system also enhanced the
restoration of the area since soil erosion was
minimized.
Mushroom cultivation under closed-
canopy high-diversity forest farming
system. In 1993, Mangaoan and Ranches
studied mushroom cultivation under closed-
Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ 25
canopy high-diversity forest farming system.
Findings showed local isolate of V. volvacea
gave higher yield (2,263.65 g) compared
with V. volvariella (1,574.80 g) from Biotech,
College, Laguna. These fruited much better
in close-canopy area than when cultivated
in the open area. Pleurotus yield (209.60 g/
bag) was higher when inside mushroom
house under closed-canopy-area than when
inside the mushroom house in relatively
open area (198.54 g/bag).
Cost-and-return analysis of V.
volvariella and Pleurotus mushroom
production was found to be economically
feasible.
Promotion of Agroforestry Systems
Promotion of agroforestry practices
and technologies. DENR, together with
the Ford Foundation and the International
Institute for Rural Reconstruction (IIRR),
published the Agroforestry Information Kit
(ATIK). This is a documentation of various
agroforestry practices and technologies as
reference guide for DENR field technicians
involved in social forestry and other upland
development programs and projects. It can
also be used as supplementary reference
material for other forestry practitioners
involved in upland development (PCARRD
1997).
Furthermore, the Regional Agroforestry
Technology Information Kit (RATIK) was
produced. Its main objective is to strengthen
the DENR capability in preparing
agroforestry information, education, and
communication (IEC) materials and to
document regionalized or more site-specific
agroforestry practices and technologies.
This was piloted in Regions II, VI, and XI
(PCARRD 1997).
CARP-ISF R&D Program. In general,
the DENR CARP-ISF R&D Program (1995)
was implemented as an intervening system
to restore food and ecological security in the
uplands and coastal villages where most of
the marginal sectors abound. Through the
sociological and biotechnological inputs, the
program also gained inroads in promoting
food and ecological security thus, attaining
sustainable development. Sustained farm
productivity, improved socioeconomic
status and delivery of social services, self-
sufficiency in basic necessities, improved
environmental conservation and packaged
technologies of upland farming systems
were the long-term benefits provided by
the program.
The program developed 3,103 ha of which
about 50% or 1,588 ha was accounted for
the development of the production base
of agrilivestock. Smaller areas for
development were devoted to nontradi-
tional development activities such as those
for wildfood, cutflower, ‘tikog’ (Frimbistylis
globulosa), and aquasilviculture (combi-
nation of fish, trees, and agricultural crops).
There were 4,076 cooperators in the said
program. About 124 associations were
established as well as 1,248 infrastuctures
were built. During the program imple-
mentation, 521 training sessions were
conducted. The conduct of informal
trainings proved to be the best channel of
imparting technical information to the
cooperators. Personal communication and
contact with them were found to be effective
tools for extension activities.
Results showed that the said program
increased the productivity of the upland
occupants thereby, increasing their income.
The livelihood opportunities generated
employment for 2,755 families. The 1,968 ha
upland and mangrove resources were
developed into productive enterprises. The
occupants acted as partners for the
sustainable development of the environment
and natural resources. The established pilot/
demonstration areas, served as models for
possible adoption by other upland farmers.
Agroforestry in CARP-ISF areas.
The agroforestry practices/technologies
26 ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions
introduced in Region VIII were SALT,
multistorey cropping, bio-intensive
gardening, intercropping, introduction of
high-yielding cash crop varieties, improved
fallow, and soil-conserving bench terracing.
Nasayao (1994) reported that after five years
of project implementation, experiences
suggested that sustainable development
was possible only if the stages have been
gradual and slow, although the prospect of
attaining it was high. The organizing and
training activities significantly built up the
farmer’s capabilities to adopt introduced
technologies. Regular farm visits and
meetings significantly contributed to
building the farmer’s confidence to express
their problems and concern and to come up
with appropriate solutions to these
problems.
Upland Development Program
(UDP). DENR, in partnership with
academic institutions, implemented the
UDP. This program was intended to develop
effective participatory approaches and to
enhance the capabilities of DENR and
the upland communities for resource
management. With the UDP, the parti-
cipatory planning tools and methodologies
were developed and served as guide in
implementing social forestry, and later
community-based forest management
programs. These included the community
profiling; participatory planning,
monitoring, and evaluation; community
training programs; and basic community
organizing frameworks for community-
based forest management programs. The
program provided women with equal
opportunities for managing the forest
resources by initiating a policy granting the
certificate of stewardship (CS) under the
name of the husband and wife. Women were
also involved in trainings and project
activities, and acted as presidents of the
associations, like in Regions IX and X. The
UDP had developed functional and viable
organizations. These organizations worked
hand-in-hand with the forestry community
organizers (FCO) in implementing project
activities and eventually took over the
responsibilities for project management
after the turn over. Major portions of most
UDP sites had been developed into model
farms. These areas served as learning
laboratories and training centers for other
upland farmers. The pool of farmer-trainers
conducted training among farmers within
and outside the project areas.
Establishment of CBFM regional
training centers. The Center for People
Empowerment in the Uplands (CPEU) is
envisioned to build an empowered and self-
reliant communities in the uplands.
Specifically, it is designed to promote the
involvement of local communities and to
encourage their active participation in
upland development through people’s
empowerment and capacity building.
To realize these objectives, DENR
adopted selected model sites under the ISFP
and other community projects and
established one CPEU in each province. As
a center, it serves as training laboratory and
showcases the various upland technologies
and approaches. The activities to be carried
out focus more on training and community
organizing, cooperative, and livelihood
development in the upland. The activities
of the center are supervised by DENR in
collaboration with the local government
units (LGUs), nongovernment organizations
(NGOs), and people’s organizations (POs).
However, based on the assessment
conducted in 1995, not all the CPEUs were
found to be functioning as originally
conceived due to lack of training facilities
and funding support.
To operationalize the CPEU and to put
in place the needed support to carry out the
necessary training programs, a regional
training center in every region was selected
and developed from among the existing
CPEUs and other community-based projects
in 1996.
Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ 27
In the strategic action plan for CBFM,
the DENR identified the development and
the use of networks of CBFM model sites as
an important strategy. The objective is to
develop nerve centers and transform
regional training centers into CBFM model
sites that will facilitate and spread
sustainable forest management practices in
the uplands.
Tools for Assessing Sustainability
of Agroforestry Systems
In recent years, agroforestry has been
recognized locally and internationally as the
most effective means of addressing the
problems of rural poverty and rehabilitating
degraded upland areas. With the vast array
of agroforestry systems, a multidisciplinary
team formulated the MEAS in the country
(Lasco et. al 1997). This methodology can be
used as an initial assessment tool to
evaluate the “goodness” of an agroforestry
system in question. It is applied in cases
where development workers and farmers
are considering whether to adopt or not an
existing agroforestry system.
The indicators used in the assessment
include soil erosion rate and soil fertility
for soil conservation, land equivalent ratio
(LER) for productivity, net income, surplus,
agroforestry system efficiency ratio (ASER)
for social acceptability. The agroforestry
system satisfying all the indicators is
considered “potentially sustainable.”
Otherwise, improvements or modifications
of the agroforestry system should be
implemented to satisfy the indicator. If the
modifications of the agroforestry system are
no longer feasible, then the system is
unsustainable.
In the formulation of MEAS, various
government institutions developed other
evaluation tools such as the agroecosystem
analysis approach (AAA), AFA, FSR/D,
monitoring and evaluation system (MES)
and ICRAF’s diagnosis and design.
 AFA, for instance, is a tool used in
evaluating the effectiveness of agroforestry
farms (Lasco,1993). It determines how a
particular technology affects the farmer and
his environment. Likewise, it serves as a
feedback mechanism for technology fine-
tuning and provides opportunities for
modifications at an early stage.
ALCAMS is a tool used to minimize trial
and error; hence, plan the agroforestry
farms effectively (Lawas 1993). Land
resource evaluation through the ALCAMS
determines the capability and suitability of
the area/site for agroforestry. The
technology answers the many questions in
farm activity like adaptability for
agroforestry site, appropriate systems,
practices, and components for the area.
To maximize production per unit area
per time and added environmental benefits,
the lowland agroforestry system (LAS) was
established by Saplaco and Dalmacio in
1996. It utilizes the unproductive and/or
wasted portion of rice-producing lowland
areas particularly the dikes, farm
boundaries and landings, irrigation canals
as well as roadsides for vegetables, forest
28 ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions
and fruit trees, forage, and animal
production. LAS can also be applied to
flatlands or lowlands on mountain areas
with slope of not more than 5%.
A computer-based design procedure for
agroforestry models was developed by
Foronda, et al. in 1996. This program
otherwise known as the Farm Resource
Integration, Evaluation, and Design
(FRIEnD) was developed to assist
agroforestry planners, extension workers,
and researchers.
FRIEnD version 1.0 takes advantage of
powerful and advanced portable computer
systems and existing knowledge as well as
technologies by integrating them into a
comprehensive planning and decision tool.
This model is a powerful and dynamic tool
that hopes to assist social forestry
technicians in the formulation of
appropriate agroforestry systems for
individual agroforestry farm.
This software is menu-driven and user-
friendly, applicable not only to agroforestry,
but also applicable for a computer-aided
design procedure of any agroecosystem
provided the input model exists.
Institutional Capability
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
T hrough the years, agroforestry has been
recognized as the sustainable manage-
ment systems capable of improving
productivity in the upland, reducing
poverty, increasing farmer’s income, and
enhancing environmental stability. Thus,
various government agencies and
nongovernment organizations are working
together in partnership with the local people
for a sustainable resource development and
effective management of natural resources.
PCARRD through the Agroforestry and
MPTS Team sets the priorities and
direction of agroforestry research and
development in the country. UPLB’s
Ecosystems Research and Development
Bureau (ERDB) and the Forest Products
Research and Development Institute
(FPRDI) are the national R&D centers for
Agroforestry and MPTS commodity. In
addition, PCARRD listed 19 regional R&D
centers, 22 cooperating stations and 1
specialized agency. PCARRD coordinates
the Sustainable Agriculture and Natural
Resources Collaborative Research Support
Program for Southeast Asia (SANREM-
CRSP/Southeast Asia) and monitors the
project on Technical and Institutional
Innovations to Evolve Agroforestry Systems
for Sustainable Agriculture and the
Management of Protected Ecosystems. The
introduction of alternative land manage-
ment practices in Lantapan, Bukidnon has
resulted in agricultural diversification and
the conservation of soil resources. The
diversity of tree species across the
landscape provides opportunity for the
farmers to respond to market demands for
specific species. Now, there is a widespread
Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ 29
appreciation for tree farming as an income-
generating activity.
IAF based at UPLB, coordinates
and facilitates the implementation of
agroforestry curricular programs. It
implements education research to improve
the effectiveness of agroforestry education
in the country. Likewise, the Institute
maintains learning laboratory for
agroforestry, evaluates, and documents both
indigenous and introduced agroforestry
systems.
IAF also develops information materials,
promotes and field tests agroforestry
research and technology for sustainable
development (IAF 2002). IAF offers regular
short course in agroforestry attended by
participants from various NGOs, POs, and
government agencies. The Foundation for
Philippine Environment (FPE) and the
Upland NGO Assistance Committee
(UNAC) provided scholarship support to
NGOs and POs to participate in those
courses.
From 1992 to 2002, IAF trained 1,137
participants in agroforestry-related
courses. As of 2002, there were about 147
organizations (i.e., GOs, NGOs, and POs)
reported to be involved in agroforestry
related projects. Opportunities for on-the-
job training as well as technical assistance
are being provided. Moreover, FPE
supported the documentation of successful
agroforestry practitioners among selected
farmers from Luzon and Visayas, which
became known as the Regional Agroforestry
Technology Information Kit (RATIK).
The Philippine Agroforestry Education
and Research Network (PAFERN) was
created with 31 member-institutions
actively involved in promoting agroforestry
curricula, training, and research. According
to Villancio (2002), PAFERN helps
strengthen the institutional capabilities
of member-institutions in agroforestry
education and research. It also serves
as mechanism to promote sustained
development of agroforestry as a distinct
discipline, and facilitate exchange of
relevant agroforestry information and other
materials. The development of a National
Agroforestry Development Program
(NAFDP) was recognized as an appropriate
mechanism for the institutionalization of
agroforestry in the country (Villancio 2002).
Figure 1 shows the operational framework
of institutionalizing the science and practice
of agrofestry in the Philippines.
ERDB and the Environment Research
and Development Services (ERDS) of the
DENR have been actively implementing
various environmental, social and livelihood
programs such as the ISFP, National
Reforestation Program (NFP), Forest Land
Management Agreement (FLMA) and
CBFMP in residual forest lands occupied by
the upland farmers. They also established
model agroforestry farms in every region
and learning laboratories in major islands
in the country. The 1:4 agroforestry system
in Pooc II, Silang, Cavite was documented
by ERDB.
DENR, through UDP in coordination
with different agencies and research
institutions, has been promoting agro-
forestry in the upland communities to
restore the natural resources, specifically
soil and water and the ecosystem as a whole.
Several studies and projects have been
conducted/implemented in these commu-
nities for agroforestry development.
FPRDI works on the processing and
utilization of harvested forest products
including timber.
MBRLC, a nonprofit foundation based
in Kinuskusan, Bansalan, Davao del
Sur, undertakes research and develops
30 ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions
appropriate farming technology systems
integrating crops and livestock that will
help farmers increase income and sustain
their productivity. To date, MBRLC has
established a 19-hectare-agroforestry
demonstration center hosting about 20,000
visitors annually (Tacio 2001).
Another private organization committed
to work with the farmers and communities
at the grassroots level is the Kapwa
Upliftment Foundation, Inc. (KAPWA) in
Matina, Davao City. KAPWA pioneers its
work in community organizing, provides
technical assistance to farmers and tribal
communities in attaining food security in the
upland. It also undertakes organizing and
capacity building to ensure that upland
farming technologies and the introduced
innovations are sustained (Lawas et al.
1997).
ICRAF and the Southeast Asian Network
for Agroforestry Education (SEANAFE)
both based at CFNR administration building
are the two international institutions
continuously promoting the exchange of
information on agroforestry research and
development.
ICRAF addresses poverty and environ-
mental needs through collaborative
programs and partnerships with the
government, nongovernment organization
(NGO) and farmer-organizations’ locally
and globally. Likewise, it conducts
innovative research and development in
agroforestry and provides leadership in
natural resources management (ICRAF
1991) .
Currently, the Landcare approach
developed by ICRAF in 1996, is being used
as a mechanism to insure that appropriate
technologies such as natural vegetative
strips (NVS), agroforestry systems, tree-
crop management options, among other
things, will reach the end-user. The
approach is a process led by farmers and
community groups, with the support of the
local government units backed up by
ICRAF, DENR, Department of Agrarian
 Institutionalization
of Agroforestry
POs
z Professionalization of
agroforestry
TAFE z Creation of classified
PAFERN
plantilla items for
z Formulation of National agroforesters
AF Agenda z Licensure examination for
z Legislation agroforestry graduates
National z Establishment of AF z Creation of Committee on
Agroforestry centers Agroforestry as a
Legislative
Development LGUs z Harmonizing activities permanent body of the
Bodies
Program with existing networks CHED/TPAE
z Establishment of
municipal, provincial,
regional, and national
agroforestry centers and
networks
NGAs NGOs

Fig. 1. Institutionalizing the science and practice of agroforestry in the Philippines: an operational framework (Villancio
2002).

Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ 31

Reform (DAR), Municipal Agriculture Office
(MAO), and NGOs (Mercado et al. 2001).
The Landcare approach initiates and
implements plans and programs leading to
the adoption of resource conservation
technologies. To date, about 350 Landcare
groups in Claveria, Misamis Oriental
have disseminated farming technologies
successfully to more than 5,000 farmers.
It also established communal nurseries for
fruit and timber trees. In Lantapan, it grew
to about 60 farmer groups and has spread
to other areas in Visayas particularly Bohol,
Leyte and in Central and Southern
Mindanao (ICRAF no date).
ICRAF (1991) used three modalities in
capacity building. First, selected research
partners for institutional innovations,
particularly LGUs and communities, gain
knowledge and skills through their direct
participation in action research. Second, the
development institutions learn through
visits to ICRAF action research sites and
follow-up training activities. In the third
modality, research scientists and
educational institutions are provided with
32 ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions
opportunities to participate in regional,
national and international conferences,
specialized training, on-site dialogue with
practitioners in other countries, and access
to recent publications.
On the other hand, SEANAFE is
composed of member-institutions from
Indonesia, Lao PDR, Thailand, Vietnam, and
Philippines. SEANAFE aims to intensify the
promotion and development of agroforestry
as a land-use management systems both in
the uplands and lowlands. Common needs
and gaps among educational institutions in
Southeast Asia are being addressed
regionally and nationally. Their goal is to
promote sustainable development through
agroforestry education and training. Each
link represents the agriculture and
forestry institutions involved in developing
and/or implementing formal and nonformal
agroforestry curricula (Arboleda 1999).
Recently in 2002, the SEANAFE decent-
ralized activities into the national network,
wherein the Philippines is represented by
PAFERN. Similar national networks were
organized in other member-countries.
R&D Gaps
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

T he goals of agroforestry and MPTS R&D

are sustainable upland production and
rural development. However, based on the
z

z
Sustainability of indigenous species
for hedgerows
Pest management in agroforestry
assessments done by the Agroforestry and systems
MPTS R&D Team, few studies have been z Integration of livestock and other
done to document, evaluate, and assess the components in agroforestry
applicability, sustainability, and impact of z Information on agroforestry systems
agroforestry system in the upland. Thus, and socio-cultural interactions
the team identified the following areas z Economics of agroforestry systems
which need to be further addressed z Promotion of agroforestry systems
(PCARRD 1994): z Technology impact assessment

z Indigenous agroforestry system

z Biological and physical processes
of agroforestry technologies and
practices

Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ 33

 R&D Directions
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Challenges and Issues
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
T he challenges for agroforestry and
MPTS are still enormous but these can
be streamlined into manageable proportions
to be addressed properly. These include the
challenges of resource degradation (i.e.,
land, soil, water, and biodiversity) and its
relation to environment and people.
Agroforestry should be able to assert its
significant role in alleviating pressure on
those resources through proper manage-
ment and governance. Agroforestry has to
respond by providing sustainable
management systems capable of improving
resource productivity in the upland,
reducing poverty, increasing farmer’s
income, and enhancing environmental
stability.
Reconciling Agriculture
and Forestry
The Agriculture and Fisheries Modern-
ization Act (AFMA) includes upland areas
in agricultural planning, recognizing that
food production is moving into the uplands
as agricultural lands are being converted
into industry and urban settlements. The
AFMA policies articulate the concern of the
upland poor and the need to engage them
in protection, while assisting them with
their production concerns. The DENR and
DA are expected to work with various
stakeholders in the upland to reconcile
development initiatives to restore,
rehabilitate, and conserve resources in the
uplands for the sustainability not only of
agriculture, but also of the forest.
Agroforestry is recognized to be the
Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ 37
convergence of these efforts. While the
AFMA provides support for these
undertakings, these have not been
accompanied with fiscal and human
resources to support implemention.
Conscious effort between the agriculture
and forestry sectors to support agroforestry
initiatives should be put in place. This
should redound to rational land-use policy
considering the forestry, agriculture,
settlement, and industry needs that have
to be addressed simultaneously.
Tenurial Security and Resource
Management Advocacy
Logged-over areas are being converted
into other land uses. Food production is
expanding into areas that were once forests.
The open-access situation in the uplands
continues unabated and subsistence
agriculture which used to dominate the
upland areas are being converted to
commercial agriculture. CBFM recognizes
the importance of working with
communities by engaging them to be
responsible resource managers in exchange
for securing use rights. Even the National
Integrated Protected Areas Act (NIPAA)
recognizes the presence of “tenured
migrants” in protected areas who deserve
to be assisted to transform destructive
farming practices into biodiversity-
enhancing livelihood activities. The
Indigenous Peoples Rights’ Act (IPRA) paves
the way for indigenous peoples to regain
the control and management of many
forestlands. CARP also includes security of
tenure of farmers in the forestlands as
their concern in cooperation with DENR.
Security of tenure has been viewed as a
requisite to enhance adoption of agro-
forestry technologies necessary for the
restoration of the uplands.
Resource Governance
Beyond the piece of paper that gives the
right to farmers to occupy and benefit from
their produce, the support to fulfill their
responsibilities under the program has not
always been provided. When ISF sites were
devolved in 1992, CPEUs or model ISF sites
were retained by DENR. The sites became
their research and training laboratory to
develop the capability of LGUs to support
agroforestry technologies and upland
development.
In 1996, DENR formulated a plan for the
agency-wide participatory implementation
of the CBFM program. The plan proposed
close collaboration with local governments
to manage forests and people living in
forestlands. The targeted period was from
1998 to 1999 for program consolidation and
reorganization of DENR for it to be able to
meet the CBFM challenge (DENR 1996).
Collaboration and partnership among
government, nongovernment organizations
and the LGUs to support CBFM need to be
enhanced to promote effective and efficient
governance of natural resources.
Agroforestry Promotion
and Resource Productivity
Improvement
Natural resources in the settled uplands
have been degraded and have resulted to
low productivity. To date, there are already
available technologies for soil and water
resources rehabilitation and conservation
which can be used. The challenge lies on
38 ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions
how these technologies can be extended to
farmers in the uplands considering the
tenurial constraints and overlapping or
“passing the buck” of mandates of
government agencies (i.e., DA, DENR,
and LGUs). Part of the challenge is the
provision of basic support services
for the upland farmers to use the
technologies to enhance their resource
productivity, at the same time effectively
manage the uplands.
Increasing Farmer’s Income
and Alleviating Poverty
Productivity will increase as a result of
the adoption of agroforestry technologies,
but this has to be translated into increased
incomes to alleviate poverty among
households in the uplands. The challenge is
how to make the input and output markets
be made available to help the upland poor.
There are some efforts among the NGOs to
organize the Upland Marketing Foundation,
Inc. through UNAC to assist upland NGOs
in their marketing concern.
However, this is only limited to upland
NGOs who are able to avail of the services.
The upland farmers need to be linked to the
mainstream markets. Foremost to this is the
need to make the uplands accessible
through roads and adequate transportation
facilities. Postharvest technologies and
value-adding enterprises in the whole value
chain (production-processing-marketing-
consumption) need to be considered as well
for agroforestry to contribute in increasing
farmers’ income and alleviating poverty.
Enhancing Environmental Services
The contributions of agroforestry in
providing environmental services need to
be emphasized. Since most of the uplands
in the country had been settled and
occupied, agroforestry can be developed to
provide cover for the watershed, reduce soil
erosion, sequester carbon and enhance
agrobiodiversity. Although there are
available technologies, there is a need to
evaluate the capability of the agroforestry
system to provide these environmental
services. Thus, ecological and economic
valuation of agroforestry in natural
resources enhance-ment may need to be
initiated.
Monitoring, Evaluation,
and Impact Assessment
The current performance accom-
plishment reports should be improved to
reflect the degree to which issues on soil
erosion, resource degradation, and poverty
reduction are systematically addressed. Soil,
water, and biodiversity remain to be the
critical concerns. Models and approaches
should be developed to monitor, evaluate,
and assess agroforestry interventions both
at the plot level and at the landscape level.
The results of the CARP-ISF project
sustainability indicators have been
prepared into very user-friendly formats
that can readily measure gains as well as
establish key areas that need to be
addressed. With the overall goal of global
competitiveness, there is a tendency to put
a premium on economic goals at the expense
of important environmental and socio-
cultural considerations. This is a challenge
that agroforestry advocates have to contend
with, seeing to it that the agroforestry
system addresses both these concerns to
ensure its sustainability.
Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ 39
Information, Education,
and Communication (IEC)
In 2002 , PCARRD created computer-
based data banks for agroforestry. These
data banks will integrate R&D and
industry information and technologies on
agroforestry into a comprehensive and
operational information systems that can
readily be accessible to end-users. This
information system will serve as repository
of R&D information on agroforestry for
dissemination to all potential users.
However, there will be a need for continuous
gathering, review, and evaluation of
research results lessons, and experiences
to update the content.
The implementation of CBFM was
reported to have improved the well being
of forest-dependent communities—the
indigenous peoples as well as the migrant
groups. At the same time it ensured the
sustainable management, rehabilitation, and
protection of the country’s forest lands and
resources (DENR 2000).
However, upland farmers continue to
practice shifting cultivation. Watersheds
and protected areas are still under extreme
threats. Open access, poor coordination, and
lack of comprehensive development
planning continue in many areas across the
country. Therefore, IEC initiatives should
be able to capture CBFM-related successes
and lessons learned for the next program to
emulate and utilize.
Major Programs and Policies Addressing R&D Gaps
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
T he Agroforestry and MPTS R&D
Team recommended strategic R&D
activities for 2001–2005 to address the gaps
identified from 1990 to 2000. The agenda
identified are along the following areas:
R&D and Utilization
Indigenous Agroforestry System
Several studies highlighted the
contribution of indigenous people in the
practice of agroforestry in the Philippines.
More studies need to be undertaken to
document and evaluate them and have it
made available for use. The following
specific projects need to be undertaken:
z Documentation and evaluation of the
indigenous agroforestry systems;
z Documention and evaluation of the
existing agroforestry systems;
z Determination of the sustainability
of indigenous species for hedgerows;
and
z Evaluation of the indigenous timber
and nontimber species for
domestication in agroforestry
system.
Biological and Physical Processes
of Agroforestry Technologies
and Practices
The challenge of reconciling agriculture,
forestry and other land uses needs to be
40 ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions
addressed. However, this concern needs
to consider other areas that have favorable
impact on agroforestry. In this case,
agroforestry will focus on the following:
z Review and evaluation on the
suitability of agriculture commodity
recommendations for agroforestry
systems in multiple-use and buffer
zones of watersheds and protected
areas;
z Development and adaption of the
component technologies for coconut-
based agroforestry systems and agro-
forestry gardens;
z Development and adaption of the
pest management system in
agroforestry;
z Development and adaption of the
component technologies for tree
domestication in agroforestry
systems; and
z Adaption of the technologies for
integration of animals in
agroforestry.
Economics of Agroforestry Systems
There are current efforts to develop a
system to reward upland dwellers providing
environmental services. With this, there is
a need to focus on the social, environmental,
and economic valuation of agroforestry
systems. These studies should be
undertaken at various levels, that is, plot,
farm, and landscape/watershed level.
Technology Evaluation Capability Building
and Impact Assessment
Information on Agroforestry
Agroforestry practices and systems Systems and Networking
have evolved and the technologies have
been developed by different institutions The IEC strategy in agroforestry will
working on agroforestry. Thus, the focus focus on the following:
will be given on the assessment of the
performance of agroforestry systems and z Development and update of the
technologies; effectiveness of technology integrated database management
promotion, dissemination, and utilization; system for agroforestry systems and
and institutional capabilities. Specifically technologies; and
these would include, among other things, z Rationalization of existing agro-
the following: forestry networks in the country
and identification of lead institutions
z Performance evaluation of as agroforestry dissemination
agroforestry systems as to its centers at the local, regional, and
productivity; profitability; promotion national levels.
of household food security and food
safety; biodiversity, carbon Promotion of Agroforestry Systems
sequestration; and poverty
alleviation. This involves establish- The promotion of agroforestry system
ment of a benchmark and basis for will be focused on the capacity building of
measuring performance of agro- institutions involved; thus, the thrusts are
forestry systems and technologies; as follows:
z Establishment of mechanisms to
determine areas under risk of soil z Capability assessment of existing
erosion in each region and to organizations to promote agro-
establish a plan addressing and forestry;
monitoring changes over time; z Agroforestry learning sites and
z Effectiveness and efficiency assess- resource centers establishment
ment of agroforestry promotion, through joint efforts of LGUs,
dissemination, and utilization SCUs, local offices of national
process; government agencies, NGOs, and
z Impact evaluation of devolution of other organizations in their
agroforestry projects under ISF to respective areas;
LGUs; and z Training of extension and develop-
z Impact assessment of policies, ment workers of LGUs, SCUs, NGOs,
programs and capabilities of POs, DA, DAR, and DENR on
government and nongovernment agroforestry systems and techno-
organizations (DA, DAR, DENR, logies, technology development,
LGUs, NGOs, POs) to address open promotion and utilization, and
access and inappropriate develop- related policies and programs; and
ment in the uplands.

Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ 41

 z Information and educational Other Recommendations
materials development and
utilization for the promotion of Based on the assessment of and
agroforestry. discussion on the situation of agroforestry
in the Philippines, the Agroforestry and
MPTS R&D Team recommends the
Policy Advocacy mobilization of the different GOs, NGOs,
POs, and other agencies involved in
The R&D agenda mentioned above agroforestry to work together in the
will generate information that will support promotion of agroforestry. Since these
the policy advocacy and promote agro- agencies are strategically located
forestry as an art, a science, and a practice. across the country, their expertise
The following policy directions are will greatly contribute in the agroforestry
being espoused by PAFERN and other research, extension, and advocacy.
organizations: The harmonization of networks and
z Rationalization of land use; effort into organization of the National
z Professionalization of agroforestry; Agroforestry Development Program
and (NAFDP) will also put in place a systematic
z Increasing the role of LGUs by mechanism to ensure that the results of
mandating them to designate R&D programs and policies address the
agroforestry technicians (municipal problems of resource degradation (land,
level) and specialists (provincial soil, water and biodiversity) and poverty in
level) to manage vast upland areas. the uplands.

42 ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

References
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

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ISBN 971-20-0516-X