Members in Shear

I. Introduction
A. Strength Design Criteria
∅𝑉𝑛 ≥ 𝑉𝑈
𝑤𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒: ∅ = 0.85
B. Difficulty in assessing shear strength.
1. Shear Force Seldom acts alone
2. Development of Diagonal cracks produce an extremely complex pattern of
stresses
3. Shear Behavior of members rely heavily on tensile strength of concrete

Flexure and shear combine to create a bi-axial state of stress. Cracks from when
principal tensile stress exceeds tensile strength of concrete

Shear Stress Concepts – gives some indications of orientation of cracks at different sections but
cannot predict strength of the beam

Type of Cracks

Shear failure of beams are characterized by the occurrence of inclined cracks.

1. Flexure – shear Crack – a diagonal crack originating and extending of previously existing
flexural crack
 2. Web – shear crack – diagonal crack occurring in web of a beam in the absence of
flexural crack (I-beams)
3. Secondary crack – cracks propagating towards then along tension steel reinforcement.

Shear Transfer Mechanism

1. 𝑽𝒛 - due to uncracked concrete

2. 𝑽𝒂 - due to aggregate interlock
3. 𝑽𝒅 - due to dowel shear
4. 𝑽𝒔 - due to stirrup shear
5. 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒉- Action

𝑉 = 𝑉2 + 𝑉𝑎 + 𝑉𝑑 + 𝑉𝑠

Since 𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉2 + 𝑉𝑎 + 𝑉𝑑
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠

Shear Span
𝑉 𝑀
𝐿𝑒𝑡, 𝑉 = 𝑘1 𝑓 = 𝑘2
𝑏𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2

𝑓 𝑀/𝑏𝑑 2
𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛, =
𝑣 𝑉/𝑏𝑑

𝑓 𝑀 𝑀
= 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑎 = (𝑠𝑕𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛)
𝑣 𝑉𝑑 𝑉

𝑓 𝑎
=
𝑣 𝑑

𝑓 𝑎
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝐿𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟
𝑣 𝑑
Imply dominance in flexure and small values
imply dominance in shear.

Modes of Failure
𝑎
According to 𝑑 values
 𝑎
1. > 6.0 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠
𝑑
𝑎
2. 2.5 < ≤ 6.0 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠
𝑑
𝑎
3. 1.0 < ≤ 2.5 𝑠𝑕𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠
𝑑
𝑎
4. ≤ 1.0 (𝑑𝑒𝑒𝑝 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠)
𝑑

1. Long beams
a. Failure govern by flexure
b. Flexural shear cracks may form
c. Ultimate strength entirely depends on moment values
2. Intermediate Beams
a. Sudden occurrence of inclined crack from flexural crack
b. Fails shortly after the application of diagonals cracking loads
c. Crack propagate over the depth of the member
3. Short Beams
a. Ultimate shear capacity Exceeds inclined cracking load
b. Crushing of uncracked concrete after occurrence of diagonal crack
c. Loss of bond stress on the tension side of the beam
4. Deep Beams
a. Deep beams transforms into a tied arch after formation of diagonal crack
b. Sustain considerable amount of load above the inclined cracking load

Determination of Vc

a. Semi-Empirical Approach
b. Load causing formation of critical diagonal tension crack considered as load
carrying capacity of the beam Vc

2
1 1
𝑓𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓+ 𝑓 + 𝑣2
2 2

STRENGTH DSIGN FORMULA

𝑣 1 𝐺𝑜
=
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑐′ 𝐺1 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑀 𝐺1 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑀
+ + 𝐺2
𝜌 𝑣𝑑 𝜌 𝑣𝑑

Factor: Affecting Vc

1. 𝜌 longitudinal steel
 𝑀 𝑎
2. ~ 𝑑 dimensionless
𝑣𝑑
3. 𝑓𝑐′ tensile strength of concrete

Result from Test

Acl Code Equation

𝑉𝑈 𝑑
𝑉𝐶 = 1.9 𝑓𝑐 ′ + 2500𝜌𝑤 𝑏𝑤𝑑 ≤ 3.5 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑤𝑑 𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑕
𝑀𝑈

Equation 11-6

1 𝑉𝑈 𝑑
𝑉𝐶 = 𝑓𝑐 ′ + 120𝜌𝑤 𝑏𝑤𝑑 ≤ 0.30 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑤𝑑 𝑆. 𝐼.
7 𝑀𝑈

𝑉𝑈 𝑑
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: ≤ 1.0
𝑀𝑈

For everyday Design Use, ACl Allowable a simpler expressions

Equation 11-3

𝑉𝐶 = 2 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤𝑑 𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑕

 1
𝑉𝐶 = 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤𝑑 𝑆. 𝐼.
6

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒:

𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑓𝐶 ′ 𝑓𝐶 ′

Diagonal Tension Shear

Example: Determine the shear strength

for the beam shown. Categorize the
beam 𝒇𝒄′ = 𝟐𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂 , 𝒇𝒚 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂

𝑎
In terms of ratio
𝑑
Location Vu Mu d V ud ρw Vud/Mu Vc a/d
0 62 0 0.34 21.08 0.012 1.0 71.79 1.0
0.5 46.5 27.125 0.34 15.81 0.012 0.58 64.49 1.72
1.0 31 46.5 0.34 10.54 0.012 0.23 58.33 4.35
1.5 15.5 58.125 0.34 5.27 0.012 0.09 55.88 11.11
2.0 0 62 0.34 0 0.012 0 54.30 1.0

Compute Vc Using ACl 11-6 (S.I.)

𝑉𝑈 𝑑 𝑀𝑈 𝑎 𝑀𝑈
≤ 1.0 𝑎= =
𝑀𝑈 𝑉𝑈 𝑑 𝑉𝑈 𝑑

𝑀𝑈 𝐴𝑆
≥ 1.0 𝜌𝑊 =
𝑉𝑈 𝑑 𝑏𝑤 𝑑

Shear Strength with Shear Reinforcement

A. Types of Shear Reinforcement

1. Stirrups and Ties
2. Inclined Stirrups
3. Bent-up (Longitudinal) bars
4. Spirals
B. Functions of Shear Reinforcement
a. Carries a part of Shear
b. Adds integrity to other shear mechanism
c. Provide confinement to concrete

Determination of Vs

The beam above is analogous to a parallel chord truss

Truss Mechanism
FBD of Bottom Chord

Joint (Point 1)

𝑉𝑆 = 𝑇𝑆 sin 𝛼 = 𝐶𝑑 sin 𝛽

If more than 1 stirrup crosses 1 crack Ts = resultant of all stirrup forces crossing the crack
𝑉𝑆
𝑇𝑆 sin 𝛼
= (1)
𝑆 𝑆
𝑵𝒐𝒕𝒆: 𝑆 = 𝑗𝑑 cot 𝛼 + cot 𝛽 ; 𝑇𝑆 = 𝐴𝑉 𝑓𝑉

Substitute in (1)
𝑉𝑆
𝐴𝑉 𝑓𝑉 sin 𝛼
=
𝑆 𝑗𝑑 cot 𝛼 + cot 𝛽

Solve Vs :

𝑉𝑆 = 𝐴𝑉 𝑓𝑉 𝑗𝑑 cot 𝛼 + cot 𝛽 sin 𝛼

𝑨𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒋𝒅 ≈ 𝒅

𝛼 = 90° 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

𝛽 = 45° 𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

Code Requirement

a. Minimum Web Reinforcement

𝑏𝑊 𝑆
𝐴𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑖𝑛 𝑆. 𝐼. 𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠
3𝑓𝑉
 b. Stirrups must be provided beyond the point where it is not theoretically required
beyond ∅𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉𝑈
c. Provide minimum Shear Reinforcement where 𝑉𝑈 > 0.5∅𝑉𝐶
d. Maximum spacing of stirrups
𝑑 1
max 𝑠 = ≤ 600 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑆 ≤ 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤𝑑
2 3
𝑑 1
max 𝑠 = ≤ 300 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑆 > 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤𝑑
4 3
2
e. Max 𝑉𝑆 = 3 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤𝑑 (to avoid over reinforcement in shear)

Critical Section for Shear

(a) Simple Support

(b) Column
Beam
(c) Girder Beam

(d) Concentrated Load P within “d” distance

Example: Given a simple beam loaded as shown

𝐴𝑆 = 5500 𝑚𝑚2

𝑓𝐶′ = 20 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑓𝑦 = 𝑓𝑉 = 276 𝑀𝑃𝑎

5500
𝜌𝑊 = = 0.025
540(400)

Required:

a. Spacing of Stirrups at critical

section
b. Spacing of Stirrups at 1.0 m from
face of support
c. Spacing of Stirrup beyond point
where it is no longer required
theoretically
Solution:

1. Draw the Shear and Moment Diagram.

𝑉𝑈 𝑑 = 𝑉𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑊𝑈 𝑑 (𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛)

𝑉𝑈 𝑑 = 360 − 120(0.54)

𝑉𝑈 𝑑 = 295.2 𝑘𝑁

𝑉𝑈 1.0 = 360 − 120 1.0

𝑉 𝑈 1.0 = 240 𝑘𝑁

a. At critical Section
1 𝑉𝑈 𝑑
𝑉𝐶 = 𝑓𝐶 ′ + 120𝜌𝑊 𝑏 𝑑 ≤ 0.3 𝑓𝐶′ 𝑏𝑊 𝑑
7 𝑀𝑈 𝑊

1 295.2 0.54
𝑉𝐶 = 20 + 120 0.025 400 (540) ≤ 0.3 𝑓𝐶′ 𝑏𝑊 𝑑
7 176.9

𝑉 𝐶 = 221.42 𝑘𝑁 ≤ 0.3 20 400 540 = 289.79 𝑘𝑁

 ∅ 𝑉𝑛 = 𝑉𝑆 + 𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉𝑈 𝑑
∅𝑉𝑆 + ∅𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉𝑈 𝑑
𝑉𝑈 𝑑 − ∅𝑉𝐶
𝑉𝑆 =
∅
295.2 − 0.85(221.42)
𝑉𝑆 =
0.85
𝑉𝑆 = 125.87 𝑘𝑁 (𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝)

Recall:

𝐴𝑉 𝑓𝑉
𝑉𝑆 =
𝑆
Use vertical stirrup – 2 leg (𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝒎 ∅)

𝜋
𝐴𝑉 = 102 𝑥 2 = 157 𝑚𝑚2
4
157 276 540
∴𝑆= = 185.9 𝑚𝑚
125.87 𝑥 103
Nearest 12.5 mm (175 mm or 7 inches)

b. At 1.0 m from face of support

1 240 0.54
𝑉𝐶 = 20 + 120 0.025 400 540 1 𝑥10−3
7 300

𝑉 𝐶 = 178 𝑘𝑁 < 289.79

240 − 0.85(178)
𝑉𝑆 = = 104.35 𝑘𝑁
0.85

Using same size and 2-leg stirrups

157 276 540
𝑆= = 224.24 𝑚𝑚
104.35

1
= 212 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑟 8 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑕𝑒𝑠
2
c. Where stirrups is no longer required
𝑉𝑈 = ∅𝑉𝐶
∴ 𝑉𝑆 = 0
𝐴𝑉 𝑓𝑉
𝑆= = ∞
0
 ∴ 𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝐦𝐢𝐧 𝑨𝑽
1 𝐷𝑊𝑆
𝐴𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
3 𝑓𝑉

3𝐴𝑉 𝑓𝑉
𝑆=
𝑏𝑊
𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝑨𝑽 = 𝟏𝟓𝟕 𝒎𝒎𝟐
3 157 (276)
𝑆= = 325 𝑚𝑚
400

d. At what point do the stirrup no longer required theoretically?