Paper 1

Tittle:

Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Its Antimicrobial Activity
Against Bacillus Subtilis and Escherichia Coli

Microorganisms used for antimicrobial activity are Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. The
antibacterial activity performance of ZnO nanoparticles was done by using disc diffusion method.
The disc diffusion method for antibiotic susceptibility testing is the Kirby-Bauer method. The agar
used is Meuller-Hinton agar that is rigorously tested for composition and pH. Further the depth of
the agar in the plate is a factor to be Considered in the disc diffusion method. This method is well
documented and standard zones of inhibition have been determined for susceptible and resistant
values. There is also a zone of intermediate resistance indicating that some Inhibition occurs using this
antimicrobial but it may not be sufficient inhibition to eradicate the organism from the body. The zone of
inhibition increases with the increase in Zinc oxide nanoparticle concentration and decrease in
particle size.

Paper 2
Tittle:
Antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticle on gram positive and gram-negative bacteria these
tests were performed in nutrient broth and nutrient agar following standard methods.

The effect of different concentrations of ZnO nanoparticles on the growth of E. coli and S. aureus
was measured with respect of time. The minimum inhibitory concentration was determined using
seven different concentrations of ZnO nanoparticles including 16, 8, 4, 2, 1 and 0.5 mg/ml. The
MIC value for E. coli and S. aureus was 1 and 0.5 mg/ml, respectively. The results showed that
ZnO nanoparticles have antibacterial inhibition zone of 29 and 19 mm at the concentration of 10
mg/ml against E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. Gram-negative bacteria seemed to be more
resistant to ZnO nanoparticles than Gram-positive bacteria. It was found that the antibacterial
activity of ZnO nanoparticles increased with decreasing particle size and increasing powder
concentration. The antibacterial effect of ZnO nanoparticles was time dependent and takes
effect gradually. ZnO bulk powder showed no significant antibacterial activity.
Paper 3
Tittle:
Antibacterial activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles against Escherichia coli O157:H7

ZnO NP with sizes of 70 nm and concentrations of 0, 3, 6 and 12 mmol l)1 and NP-free solutions
were used in antimicrobial tests against E. coli O157:H7. ZnO NP showed increasing inhibitory
effects on the growth of E. coli O157:H7 as the concentrations of ZnO NP increased. A complete
inhibition of microbial growth was achieved at the concentration level of 12 mmol l)1 or higher.
ZnO NP were found to have antibacterial activity against E. coli O157:H7. The inhibitory effects
increase as the concentration of ZnO NP increased. Results indicate that ZnO NP may distort
and damage bacterial cell membrane, resulting in a leakage of intracellular contents and eventually
the death of bacterial cells.