LINKERS formal context

RESULT ♦ SO (inf) AS A RESULT, THEREFORE, CONSEQUENTLY

REASON ♦ BECAUSE, AS, SINCE(form) , BECAUSE OF, DUE TO, OWING, ON ACCOUNT OF, THANKS TO(inf)
because of, due to y owing + noun
PURPOSE ♦ TO, IN ORDER TO, SO AS TO /sostu/, SO AS NOT TO / IN ORDER NOT TO + infinitivo
NO se puede decir · She closed the door not no wake the baby
SO that (info). Siempre que hay un cambio de sujeto es obligatorio. so that we won't forget
IN CASE
CONTRAST♦ BUT (inf) YET, HOWEVER, NEVERTHELESS, NONETHELESS ALTHOUGH, EVEN THOUGH (+Emphatic),
THOUGH (inf) tambien va al final de la frase IN SPITE OF, DESPITE, DESPITE THE FACT THAT

IN SPITE OF IT (Object pronoun or possessive pronoun) raining, I went out without an umbrella
In spite of the fact that it was raining
object pronoun = me you him her...
SO THAT ♦ Can / will / could / would
SEEING AS THAT (spoken English)

HAVE-HAVE GOT
1. main verb. They have a large house
2. main verb for actions. He doesn't have lunch at home
3. auxiliary verb. How long has anna been going out with james?
4. Obligation. Do we really have to spend christmas with your parents again?
5. +objet+past p. actions which are done x others. I had my eyes tested when I got my new glasses
where do you have your hair cut?

6. have got for possession how may children have you got?. Only for present not for past
7. got to express specific obligation more than a general or repeated obligation
I've got to go now. I'm meeting my girlfriend for lunch
I've got to make a quick phone call (specific) – I have to wear a suit to work (general)

GENERIC PRONOUNS
YOU · people in general WE · to include the reader / listener THEIR · 1ª person may be male or female
ONE+3p sing · people in general (+for) THEY · informal · people or authority

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
· subject and object = same person. No wash,shave,feel,relax,concentrate
also after preposition when subject and object is the same
· to emphasize
· by + reflexive by myself, by alone x si solo
· each other = one another reciprocal actions Bought themselves A y A B y B each other A y B B y A

IT and THERE
 IT · time, temperature, distance It's 10 o'clock
 IT + BE + ADJETIVE it was great, It used to be great
 THERE + BE + NOUN haber o no haber

DISTANCING
 It seems / appears (that) + clause • Its seems that there is a direct relation between …
 Subject + seem/appear + infinitive • the department seems to be quite friendly
•There seems to be a mistake
 it would seem/appear that + clause (information less sure). That is more formal
It would seem/appear that Mr young had been using the assets...
 Formal written. It + passive verb + that + clause • it is said that using a washing machine...
Verbs: agree, announce, believe, expect, hope, report, say, suggest, think, understand
 Formal written. Subject +passive verb + to+ inf • the director is expected to resign
verbs: believe, expect, report, say, think, understand
 Formal written. There+passive verb+to+inf • there are thought to be over a 1000 species in danger
 Apparently (beginning or end) informal.► Apparently, peter & john have separated
 According to: Opinions to sb else ► According to new research...
 May-might: for possibility► Dinosaurs may have died out due to extremely rapid climate change

Cristina Fz de Luco - Summary 1

GET
GET+noun=receive, bring, fetch, obtain, buy or catch I got an email from Marc
GET+TO = arrive at / in when do you think we'll get to paris?
GET+OBJECT+INFINITIVE Make sb do sth, persuade sb to do sth. We need to get someone to fix the...
GET+ OBJECT+PAST Participle. Instead of have to say/ask/pay that another person to do sth for you
I'm going to get my hair cut next week
GET+PAST Participle instead of be to make a passive. +informal than be. My husband got caught driving at 150km/h

THE PAST
USED TO+infinitive • things that we did repeatedly in the past. I used to have much longer hair when I was younger
WOULD+ infinitive • alternative to used. We don't use would with stative verbs. No valdria para el ejemplo anterior
ALWAYS+past cont • things that happened repeatedly, especially when they were irritating habits. My friends were always
teasing (tomando pelo) me because of my red hair

VERB + NOUN or PRONOUN + INFINITIVE

Advise•allow•ask•beg• cause•challenge•command•convince•dare•encourage•expect•forbid•force•get•hire•instruct•invite•need•
order•permit•persuade•remind•require•teach•tell•urge•want•warn•would like
MAL • He wants that his wife stays at home. OK• He wants his wife to stay at home.
-We'd like them to come to our party next week. -Did you ask Jimmy to take the dog for a walk?

VERB + OBJECT + infinitive or gerund

+ infinitive: ask, advise, allow, beg, cause, enable, encourage, expect, force, help, intend, invite, mean, order, persuade,
recommend, remind, take (time), teach, tell, want, warn, would like, would love, would prefer, would hate.
After these verbs you can also use that…
RECOMMEND a)verb+object+to+inf. b)verb+that clase c) recommend+ing
he recommend me not to travel / he recommend that I should travel / she recommend buying the red car
not correct ♦ he recommend me that I should travel by plane
 Arrange • ask • plan • wait + FOR before the object. I’m waiting for my friend to arrive
+bare infinitive: let • made • help(*).
(*) let can be followed by object + infinitive or bare infinitive she helped me (to) make the dinner
Make sb to do sth in the passive it is followed by the infinitive with to. We’re made to clean our rooms
+gerund: catch, dislike, don’t mind, involve, imagine, keep, prevent, risk

Ellipsis & Substitution

After AND, BUT, OR, THEN we leave out a repeated subject or subject+auxiliary
We cant leave out the subject after BEFORE, AFTER, BECAUSE,WHEN, WHILE

SUGGEST a)verb+that clause b)suggest+ing c)noun

a) I suggest (that) you leave
b) I suggest travelling together
c) My teacher suggested an exam to me which I could or an exam I could…  my teacher suggested me an exam
 ERROR he suggested me to apply he suggested that I should….
 Dora suggested to wait…. Dora suggested waiting

Stative and non-stative uses of verbs

When certain verbs are used to describe states, they are generally used in simple tenses rather than continuous tenses.
Communication agree, deny, disagree
Thinking believe, consider, doubt, expect, imagine, know, mean, realise, suppose, suspect, think, understand
Existence be, exist
Emotions adore, appeal, appreciate, desire, despise, detest, dislike, envy, fear, feel, forgive, hate, like, love, mind, need, pity,
prefer, satisfy, trust, want, wish
Perception appear, hear, look, notice, recognise, resemble, see, seem, smell, sound, taste
Possession and relationships between things belong, concern, consist, contain, cost, depend, equal, fit, have, include,
involve, lack, measure, owe, own, possess, suit, weigh
Other deserve, matter

SPECULATION & DEDUCTION

MUST+infinitive MUST HAVE + pp• For obligation. We're almost sure sth is true (present or past)
 he must work very hard (habitual) he must still be working (at the moment)
CAN'T/COULD'NT + Perfect infinitive • we're almost sure sth isn't true (present or past)
 they can’t be playing very well. They’re loosing 0-3
MAY/MIGHT/COULD & MAY/MIGHT/COULD + perfect infinitive • it's possible sth is true (present or past)
Cristina Fz de Luco - Summary 2
he might not have done it (may be he didn't do it) May-might pueden ir en negativo
He couldn't have done it (it's impossible that he did it) couldn’t implica que seguro que no ha pasado
SHOULD/OUGHT TO+Infinitive or SHOULD/OUGHT TO HAVE + participle • to describe sth you expect to happen
If I post the letter today, it should arrive on Friday
BE BOUND / SURE TO → sth is certain to be true or to happen
He's bound to be here in a minute
BE LIKELY/UNLIKELY TO - BE LIKELY/UNLIKELY THAT clause • adjectives
I think she’s likely to agree to our proposal. It’s likely that the government will raise interest rates this year
DEFINITELY / PROBABLY → adverbs. Before a main verb and after the auxiliary (if there is one) en + sentences and before
de auxiliary en - sentences. D/P+Main verb  D/P+AUX (-s)  aux+D/P (+s)
With BE they go AFTER the verb in + sentences and before the auxiliary verb in – sentences
She’ll definitely pass the exam. He probably won’t be here until about 08.15
BE LIKELY (+formal) = WILL PROBABLY the new coach [is likely to be] [will probably be] appointed today

ADDING EMPHASIS: INVERSION

NOT ONLY + AUX/VERB...
NOT UNTIL + CLAUSE....+AUX-SUBJECT-VERB
NEVER+AUX
NO SOONER + AUX
Not only is my brother lazy, (but) he’s also very selfish
Not only you can behave like an adult will we treat you like an adult
Never have I heard such a ridiculous argument
No sooner had the footbat match started than it began to snow
heavily
ONLY WHEN + CLAUSE...+AUX-SUBJECT-VERB
CLAUSE+ONLY THEN+AUX-SUBJ-VERB
HARDLY+AUX-SUBJECT-VERB
RARELY+AUX-SUBJECT-VERB
Only when you leave home do you realize how expensive everything is
The train began to move only then was I able to relax
Hardly had I sat down when the train began to move
Rarely have I met a more irritating person

CONDITIONALS & VARIANTS

1. IF present  futuro
2. IF past  would-could-might + INFINITIVE
3. IF past perfect  would-could-might + HAVE + VERB
4. mezcla del 2º y 3º

Instead of IF we can use

AS LONG AS / SO LONG AS siempre y cuando EVEN IF = ALTHOUGH
PROVIDED / PROVIDING THAT a condicion de que SUPPOSING
ON CONDITION THAT siempre que HAD + subject + pp… si sb hubiera ….
WHETHER x OR NOT tanto si x como si no

Si no hubiera sido por… / De no ser por… IF IT HADN’T BEEN FOR + noun / THE FACT THAT
BUT FOR + noun / THE FACT THAT WERE IT NOT FOR + noun / THE FACT THAT
IF IT WEREN’T FOR + noun / THE FACT THAT HAD IT NOT BEEN FOR + non / THE FACT THAT

Conditional inverted without IF. Events seem less likely

If you hear anything, let me know
If you should hear anything, let me know
Should you hear anything, let me know
If I decide to go, I will give you a ring
If I should decide to go, I’ll give you a ring
Should I decide to go, I’ll give you a ring
 in the inverted form use only WERE, never was
If they escaped, there would be an outcry
If they were TO escape, there would be an outcry
Were they TO escape, there would be an outcry
If I had known, I wouldn’t have come
Had I known, I wouldn’t have come
Had I not known / Should I not decide / Were they not to
escape

VERBS OF THE SENSES

HEAR-SEE-SMELL-FELL-TASTE ►non action verbs. Don’t usually use in the continuous form
Hear-see in continuous form have different meaning. I’ve hearing good things (receive information). I’m seeing jams (meeting)
SEE/HEAR + verb infinitive without to…you saw the whole action I heard the girl play a piece by Chopin
SEE/HEAR + gerund. The action was in progress or a repeated action. I saw the man hitting his dog
LOOK-FEEL-SMELL-SOUND-TASTE → +adj, // like +noun //as if / as though + a clause
It tastes OF garlic (the same taste) / it tastes LIKE garlic (probably isn’t)

LOOK Through one sense vs SEEM in general

You look worried (from your face) / you seem worried (impression in general)
Seems is not used in the continuous form.
After seem → · adjective · infinitive · like + noun or as if/as though
Cristina Fz de Luco - Summary 3
GERUNDS&INFINITIVES
Gerund►avoid, deny,involve, look forward to, it’s no worth, regret, suggest, cant help, cant stand, imagine, practise, miss, risk
With these expressions ► It’s no use worring ►no sirve de nada preocuparse
Is there any point (in) asking him? ► Merece la pena preguntarle a el?
It’s no good talking to my dad ► no sirve de nada

Infinitives► Agree, can’t afford, happen, manage, pretend, refuse, tend, threaten
 after nouns formed from verbs (plan,agree,hope…) We had an agreement to share the costs
 after quantifiers eg enough, too much…. There wasn’t enough snow for us to ski
 after for sb. It’s very difficult for me to decide
 after something, anywhere eetc… is there anything to eat?
 after questions words except why. I don’t know where to go
 after superlatives and first, second… he’s the youngest player ever to play for England.

Infinitives without to ► let, make, had better, would rather

PREPOSITIONS
AT► is used to say where sth or sb ir or where sth happens. Also for events and points on a journey
Turn left at the lights…., see you at the party, we stopped at a station, there is sb at the door
IN► is used to say a point inside an area, space or building.
With buildings in or at can sometimes be used with slightly different meanings.
AT→ We refer to the activity that is done in the place rather than in the building itself Jane is at the cinema (seeing a film).
IN→ We‘re thinking much more about the building that its function. It was really hot in the cinema
 Frequently you can use either at or in with no real difference in meaning. I saw Tom at/in the pub. However in the pub
emphasizes inside whereas at the pub could be inside or outside.
ABOVE Level / OVER movement we’ll be flying over Paris. Liverpool are 3 places above… she lives in a flat above-over a shop
BELOW Level / UNDER movement on the floor below us / we drove under the bridge / a basket {both} the table
OFF after fall, knock etc… / AWAY from person / place. I fell off my bike / she walked away from me
IN /INSIDE/INTO movement. Verb movement without place → in… ej come in
We decided to eat inside / he poured some wine into his glass / keep the document in a safe place
ON surfaces-ON TOP no following noun-ON TOP OF highest point -ONTO movement
OUTSIDE-OUT no following noun-OUT OF movement
Take your hands out of your pockets / let’s meet outside / he took his wallet out
ACROSS / THROUGH closed spaces with obstacles
We walked through a dense forest / I walked across the road / we can go {both} the park
ALONG a lo largo / PAST X delante de, mas alla de / ROUND alrededor de
Along the corridor / if you go past the supermarket, the church is… / she drove round the roundabout
TO con destino fijo / TOWARDS con dirección a

WISH ojala + past simple or past perfect or that+clause

e.g. I wish I were rich (Not action verbs), I wish I had never lent him the money
IF ONLY (+emphatic) ójala with past simple or past perfect
WISH or IF ONLY +subj+WOULD+INFINITIVE when sth annoy us
e.g. I wish he would pay me back, I wish it would stop snowing
WOULD RATHER preferir +subject+past simple or +to infinitive (not change subject)
e.g. I would rather he paid me
e.g. I would prefer him to pay me back in dollars vs I'd rather he paid me back in dollars
IT'S{high/about}TIME Ya es hora +subject+past simple +to infinitive (impersonal)
I’M SUPPOSED TO meet later.  NO se usa impersonal it’s supposed

ME DA IGUAL
DON'T MIND you're allowing it to happen DOESN'T MATTER won´t affect the outcome
DON'T CARE me la pela NEVER MIND the information is no longer needed

EVEN MORE SO aun más EVEN LESS SO aun menos

COPE-MANAGE-ACHIEVE-REACH
COPE arreglarselas, superar dificultades COPE WITH poder con
MANAGE TO o sólo
STRUGGLE • luchar • tener problemas • moverse con dificultad
ACHIEVE • with any, some... • abstracts •quantities • what+clause • aim, goal...
REACH •level • target, aim... • conclusion • alcanzar sth
Cristina Fz de Luco - Summary 4
ALTERNATIVAS A A LOT, LOTS...
Countable • a good, great + MANY noun ex: A good many people
• a great/large/huge/vast/enormous/substantial NUMBER OF noun (people)
• an overwhelming majority of people
• dozens/hundreds/thousands of people
• quite a few people / a number of people
Uncountable • a large/huge/vast/enormous/substantial AMOUNT/DEAL OF noun (money)
• a great/good DEAL OF noun

About differences & similarities

have quite a lot in common; fairly similar; slightly taller; isn't much difference between;
both Joe and Sam...although neither of them is all that clever compared to their sister
Neither Joe nor Sam is anything like as good-looking as their sister

DISCOURSE MAKERS adverbs & adverbial expressions

Actually Basically On the 1 hand / on the other
Admittedly Besides this/that On the whole
After all By the way / incidentally= de paso Otherwise si no
All in all, though=all in all=en definitiva Guess whatt? sabes q? Quite
Any way=in any case de todos modos Honestly So to speak
Apparently I mean Still
As a matter of fact / in fact = de In other words Talking of
hecho Mind you=however/despite/eso si That is to say = es decir
As far as sth is concerned Naturally=ofcourse To tell you the truth
As I was saying No doubt As for = as regards
As regards / Regarding Obviously Whilst aunque, mientras
At least introduce a positive thing Of course

LOSE YOUR JOB

laid off inf (sin culpa del trabajador) be made redundant (sin culpa, por un ere)
Be fired inf (x mal trabajo) get the sack inf (x mal trabajo) dismiss (dismissal)

formal context usual OMIT verb To leave out

REMAIN verb to be (still) REQUIRED Verb To need
POOR adj. bad VIEW verb To look at
CONDUCT verb to do or CARRY OUT (inf) THUS adj so
ADHERE TO verb to follow TRANSCRIBE verb To write down
NOTION noun idea ENSURE make sure

RESEARCH do some research // carry out some research // conduct some research (formal)
I AGREE WITH YOU · TO SOME EXTENT · UP TO A POINT
▲ RISE-GO UP–SOAR fast /so:/ ▼ FALL-GO DOWN–PLUMMET fast /plamit/
ASSURE sb that,of sth Garantizar▬REASSURE tranquilizar▬ENSURE asegurarse▬INSURE sth asegurar
FORBID vs BAN ♦ ban es prohibición del gobierno o similar
SCATTER vs SPREAD ♦ dispersar/esparcir. Spread es como en su totalidad x ejemplo mantequilla en el pan
TO BE IN hospital (ingresado) AT (trabajando o de visita)
AT university OR AT THE university OF OXFORD
MOAN /məʊn/ WHINE /waɪn/ WHINGE [wɪndʒ] = TO COMPLAIN
ADVANTAGE -Pros-benefits-positive aspects-plus points-pluses-upsides
DISADVANTAGE -cons-drawbacks-negative aspects-minus points-minuses-downsides
REALISE darse cuenta mentalmente vs NOTICE con los ojos
RATHER THAN (=en vez de=instead of) vs MORE THAN (mas que)
♣ CONSIDERED TO BE ♣ REGARDED AS
BY + GERUND A method of doing sth
I'd like to start BY sayING that I'm delighted to be here. By starting, ending, spending, listening etc...
ADVISE / WARN a) verb+object+to+infinitive b) verb+object+that clause
SIT vs SIT DOWN SDalguien que está de pie pasa a estar sentado. S dónde se sienta alguien.
BETTER vs BETTER OFF mejor vs en mejor situación
Write ABOUT sth/sb/doing; write Sth TO Sb; write Sb Sth; WRITE STH DOWN
Cristina Fz de Luco - Summary 5
avoid WHOSE with things. Use of which. They can't control their bodies whose the upper part of which is frozen
try no use in writings anybody etc… use nowhere, no one, nobody
for emails ATTACH for letters ENCLOSE
ALLOW + object + (to infinitivo) + noun LET + object + infinitive without to
TO GO SHOPPING / TO DO some shopping
DISAPPROVAL uncountable generally followed by ‘of’. Their main disapproval was of the length
THAT THOSE …. En lugar de that ones
After REPEAT always an object
Instead of COULDN’T better (BE) UNABLE TO those unable to go los que no pueden ir
ASSURE always followed by an object
THEREFORE siempre entre comas
It doesn’t make any difference = it doesn’t matter = me da igual
It’s not harmful/beneficial / it won’t do any good/harm // no te hará ningun mal
EXAMS to sit for an exam / to take-do-sit synonyms. To resit presentarse de nuevo a un examen

WORK
CAREER vida laboral MONOTONOUS-REPETITIVE TO HAVE NO JOB SECURITY
POST apply for the post of REWARDING TO BE SACKED-FIRED FROM
PROFESSION MOTIVATING makeSbWantToWorkHarder BE SELF-EMPLOYED
WAGES salario semanal DEMANDING High pressure TO WORK PART-TIME
SALARY salario anual TEDIOUS takes a long time + boring BE MADE REDUNDANT = laid off
BONUS primas, bonificaciones BE IN CHARGE OF BE OUT OF WORK en paro
PERKS beneficio adicional TO DEAL WITH TO DO VOLUNTARY WORK
STAFF BE RESPONSIBLE FOR TO BE UNPAID
EMPLOYER BE OFF WORK sin trabajar x algo BE GETTING SomeMoreWork EXPERIENCE
EMPLOYEE BE ON MATERNITY LEAVE PROSPECTS [ˈprɒspekt] perspectivas
SKILLS BE PART OF A TEAM no by myself 3-month trial period leading to permanent
TRAINING course HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY FULL-TIME CONTRACT
good-bad QUALIFICATIONS HAVE GOOD PROMOTION GAINFUL ENPLOYMENT t. renumerado
HOURS TO GET PROMOTED-BE promoted MENIAL WORK trabajo baja categoria
TIMETABLE TEMPORARY JOB A DEAD-END JOB un trabajo sin futuro
CHALLENGING it test my abilities BE ON A SHORT-TERMS CONTRACT

PERSONALITY ADJECTIVES
moody de humor cambiante crazy, nuts loco, chiflado narrow-minded: Intolerant
stroppy borde Get stroppy charming encantador polite cortés, educado
rebellious rebelde cheerful alegre, jovial; proud orgulloso
ambitious ambicioso dull, boring soso, aburrido reliable: fiable, confiable:
annoying pesado flirtatious coqueta Retiring reservado
argumentative, quarrelsome discutidor friendly simpático, agradable self-confident: seguro de sí mismo:
bad-tempered malhumorado generous generoso selfish egoísta
big-headed creído, engreído hard-working trabajador sensible sensato, prudente;
bitchy de mala leche, venenoso; honest honesto sensitive sensible
brave valiente kind amable shy-introverted tímido, vergonzoso -
cantankerous cascarrabias laid-back tranquilo, relajado introvertido
carefree despreocupado lazy perezoso, vago strict estricto, severo, riguroso
careless descuidado loyal fiel stubborn terco, testarudo, tozudo
cautious prudente, cauteloso, cauto; mean tacaño sympathetic comprensivo
conceited, full of oneself presumido modest modesto talkative conversador, hablador
conservative conservador naive ingenuo, inocentón trustworthy digno de confianza
conventional convencional naughty (children) malo, travieso two-faced falso
cowardly cobarde open or broad-minded: Tolerant weird raro, extraño

PHRASAL VERBS & VERBS

Accuse Of denunciar call for exigir, reivindicar
Be Into interested in carry around llevar de un sitio a otro
be up to be able to Catch Up ponerse al dia
be up to ser capaz de chase them up hacer un seguimiento
bottle up reprimirse, encerrarse en si mismo clear up aclarar (doubt)
bring about provocar come about = happen
build on basar en Come across ·entenderse ·encontrarse con
Cristina Fz de Luco - Summary 6
come in for sth sufrir algo x algo mill around pulular, dar una vuelta
Compel Sb To Do Sth Obligar Mull Over/mal/ think about
Compete In Participar En open up abrir algo nuevo shops...≠ close down
crack down on tomar medidas severas pay off saldar deuda
cut down on to reduce, recortar play out evolucionar
cut out for estar hecho para... pop into pasar un segundo por...
drop hints soltar indirectas pull out=take out sacar o retirarse
Dwell On think about DWELLING any kind of building put in dedicar a,meter,presentar sth
fall for colarse por....sb put off distraer, desanimar, posponer
fall into a deep depresion caer en depresion reach out contactar
Fall Out with sb over sth enfadarse = QUARREL remain behind quedarse
fell washed out sentirse agotado rocket=shoot up dispararse, incrementarse shoot/=/=
Fill sb In on sth · poner al corriente o sustituir (for)=to be rule out dismiss descartar
privy to sth rush in/out entrar/salir volando
Fill Out (inf) = put on weight send-off mandar a sb a hacer algo
finish up o off set about doing st ponerse a hacer algo
fly off the handle perder los estribos set aside dejar a un lado, reservar
get across hacerse entender set off Salir de viaje, provocar, estallar, resaltar
get ahead ir x delante of sb, sacar ventaja in set out presentar-exponer/salir for-from
Get Ahead Progresar set to start working
get around moverse, evitar, eludir settle for Conformarse con
get around to doing sth decidirse a Sign Up For inscribirse en =to enroll in/at
get away escape sit around estar sin hacer nada
get away with sth librarse, irse de rositas Spice Up animar algo
get back to volver a contactar con alguien spring up surgir
get behind retrasarse r
Spur On [sp3ː ] =encourage=boost /bust/
get behind with ir retrasando
stamp on dar un manotazo o pisoton
get by arreglarselas o defenderse en 1 idioma
Stand By sb = DEFEND
get by on arreglarselas con ...less money
stand out resaltar
get defensive ponerse a la defensiva
Start Out empezar 1 trabajo
get emocional emocionarse
Stick For remain
get her own back take revenge
Stick To mantenerse fiel a algo
get her own way hacer lo que quiera
Stick Up For SB = Defend
get into become member of
Stitch Up = RIP OFF = estafar
get it pillarlo
Take Out · hacerse 1 seguro · sacar algo english takes out of
get on become older
myself
get on with seguir haciendo algo
take over encargarse de algo / sustituir sth a sth
get out of librarse de algo, escaquearse
take sth over with sb consultar algo con alguien
get over recuperarse
talk sth over with sb hablar sth con sb
get rid of deshacerse
turn in entregar
get sb down desanimar
up to sth tramar algo
get through aprobar un examen
vow to /vau/ prometer algo
get through conseguir entregar, (to)contactar sb x fono weed out eliminar
Get To Know Conocer
win out imponer
Get Together = Meet
win over convencer
give up ON perder la esperanza, perder la fe en
Work Out resolver algo, hacer ejercicio
Hang Out spend time with doing nothing.
contend with competir con sb x sth
Hit It Off (with) llevarse bien -no se puede modificar la
take aback desconcertar
expresión = TAKE A LINKING lose one's bearings desorientarse
Inquire About[ɪnˈkwaɪə] informarse acerca de algo rule out descartar = dismiss
jot down = write down dole out /doul/ repartir
knuckle down ponerse a trabajar en serio stem from surgir de/originarse d
lead in llevar a algo go by pasar tiempo
let off explotar, desahogarse come by conseguir
Lie In radicar vomit = throw up
live off vivir de look down on vs look up to menospreciar/admirar
look washed out tener aspecto de agotado Gaze at mirar fijamente
Make Light Of quitar importancia=play down

Address •Abordar Un Problema•Tratar-Dirigirse A bare mostrar,descubrir

Alguien• Pronunciar Un Discurso Be Amenable To = Willing To
Allege Vtr Alegar, Afirmar Be Destinated To
banish expulsar sb Be Wired To Be Connected
Cristina Fz de Luco - Summary 7
Befriend Hacerse Amigo De -vtr dump sb dejar a alguien/dʌmp/
Chase Perseguir Embed Incrustar In
clog /klɒg/ atascar Enhance Improve
Crumple Estrujar, Arrugar /krampl/ entice /intais/ persuadir a
Crush Machacar /krash/ equate /ikweit/ equiparar with; ser equivalente a
deem /dim/ juzgar, considerar Fail To Acknowledge Not To Admit
Do Sb A Disservice Causar Un Perjuicio [ˈdɪsˈs3ːvɪs] Flee-Fled-Fled Huir . Huido /fli:/
Drip Vr Gotear foresee/foresaw/foreseen /fosi/ prever
dub doblar pelis o apodar sb [dʌb]
Forfeit = Give Up strip sb/sth desnudar/raspar
Foster Fomentar, Promover, Alentar Strut Pavonearse
Glare At = Look At Sb Angrily Tackle=Address (a Problem)
Grab Agarrar (vtr) To Be Sick Of (doing) Sth Estar Harto De
grip fascinar To Time Calcular Duración, Medir Tiempo
Had Wind Of The Notion Haber Oido Algo Treasure Valorar /treza/
Hamper Impedir, Dificultar undertake comprometerse to do sth
Hamper=Hinder Entorpecer, Dificultar Unwind To Relax /ˈʌnˈwaɪnd /
Instil Sth Into Sb Inculcar withstand/withstood(pp) [wɪθˈstænd] resistir
Let Of Steam Desahogarse Wring Escurrir /ring/
Nibble Mordisquear stymie sb bloquear sb
outrage ofender a /autreidz/ contract contraer una enfermedad
Overcame Vencer Superar accomplish lograr
pioneer /ˌpaɪəˈnɪəʳ/ liderar flinch estremecerse
pledge [pledʒ] prometer ensnare vtr /ɪnˈsnɛəʳ/ hacer caer en la trampa
Praise Alabar, Elogiar grasp agarrarse
prompt provocar, dar lugar cling to aferrarse /klɪŋ/ (fig)
Pursue Perseguir, Dedicarse A, Ejercer De, Continuar, dread to tener pavor a I dread going to
Luchar X Goal draw-drew-drawn empatar,dibujar,atraer,mover
put a strain on tensar sth drown ahogarse [draʊn]
Raise Children Criar, Educar Rig sth amañar, manipular ex elecciones
Recall (for)=remember (inf) Pose plantear un problema vt
Reflect On Reflexionar LIE-LAY-LAIN echarse (vi)
Replicate Replicar /replikeit/ LAY-LAID-LAID colocar (vt)
resit=retake an exam Embarrassed incomodo, violento
slap abotefetear ASAHAMED avergonzado
smirk sonreir con superioridad Scribble garabatear algo
Snatch Arrebatar (vtr) Sketch hacer un boceto
Squash Aplastar Stubborn cabezota
Squeeze Apretar,Estrujar
State Decir, Expresar
Stifle Reprimir
Stink Apestar

Phrasal&Verbs TRAVELLING
See Off despedir a alguien bus... Cut In arrive train... Get On enter a bus, train..
Hold Up delay informal Check In/Out to registrer & pay bill set off desencadenar o salir de viaje
Set Off start a journey Get Away inf. Hacer una escapada
Take Off despegar Get Off leave a bus, train..

TRANSPORT
r r
Fare Precio Del Billete [fɛə ] Oyster Card [ˈɔɪstə ] Abono De Transporte
Folding Bike Bici Plegable Platform [ˈplætfɔːm] Donde Se Espera El Tren

ADJETIVE + PREPOSITION
aware,fond,capable,be sick harto, proud ♦ OF
dependent,based, keen aficionado, hook(1) ♦ ON (1)enganchado a
addicted,helpful,allergic, identical, due, open ♦ TO
familiar,be fed up(2) dissatisfied(3) obsessed ♦WITH harto (2)-descontento-insatisfecho(3)
famous, responsible, short ♦ FOR
fluent ♦ IN
mad,upset ABOUT

Cristina Fz de Luco - Summary 8

PREPOSITION + NOUN
IN ♦ Theory, Practice, Advance, the news (included), be in a bad-good mood, the end, principle (en), debt
ON ♦ Purpose,the news, good terms, principle (por) AT ♦ The latest (como muy tarde)
AGAINST ♦ the law BY ♦ heart, chance, mistake
AS ♦ a rule FOR ♦ Nothing

VERB+PREPOSITION
Complain to sb _ sth,Boast presumir, Worry, Learn ♦ ABOUT
Name ♦ AFTER
Aim ♦AT
Pay, Apply, Clamour, Criticize, Apologise, Blame♦ FOR
Borrow, Benefit, Refrain abstenerse, Suffer♦ FROM
Result,Specialise, Confide, Succeed,rise-increase-drop-fall♦IN
Study,Research,Translate,Divide ♦INTO
Consist, Accuse ♦OF
Impact, Insist,Concentrate, Take revenge, Rely, Influence,
Congratulate sb on sth ♦ON
Lend, Refer, Confess, React, Lead, Attract ♦TO
Coincide, Compare, Contrast ♦ WITH

Verbs Followed by a Preposition and a Gerund We concentrated on doing well.

admit to concentrate on feel like refrain from
approve of confess to forget about succeed in
argue about depend on insist on talk about
believe in disapprove of object to think about
care about discourage from plan on worry about
complain about dream about prevent (sb) from

NOUN+PREPOSITION
protest ♦ against Intention, Hope,lake ♦ OF Reason,need,respect, reputation♦FOR
difficulty, increase, Point ♦ IN Report (tb about) ♦ ON
Investigation ♦ INTO solution, attitude (tb towards) ♦ TO

PREPOSITIONS WITH TIME

ON time puntual , BEFORE my time antes de mi epoca, BY the time para cuando ..., IN 4 DAYS'S time, AT the time en ese
momento, time OFF descanso, IN time a tiempo, FROM time TO time, AT times a veces

FAMILY
Nuclear Family Familia Tradicional, Padre-Madre-Hijos
Step-Parents Padrastro,Madrastra
Half-Brothers/Sisters Hermanastros De Sangre
Step Brothers/Sisters Hermanastros Sin Sangre
Single Parent Madre-Padre Soltero
Father Figure Figura Paterna
Grow Up Crecer, Hacerse Mayor Growcrecer Tamaño
Bring Up Criar o sacar a relucir o vomitar
like father like son de tal palo tal astilla
see eye to eye estar de acuerdo
on speaking terms dirigirse la palabra
to run in the family several members have it
Members Of Extended Families Full Family Primos..
Spread Out Dispersarse, Extenderse
Relatives=Relation Parientes Siblinghermanos
Great-Grandparents Bisabuelos
Great-Great-Grandparents Tatarabuelos
Take After Salir A Look Like Parecerse Fisicamente
Look Alike To Parecerse Men And Women Alike (ambos,
Tanto)
wear the trousers mandar en un sitio
have an skeleton in the cupboard guardar un secreto
own flesh and blood sangre de mi sangre

TYPICAL MISTAKES
OCCASION con 2 'c'
ACCOMMODATION con 2 'c' y 2 'm'
AN information → some or further (+formal)
The recession has PROVOKED CAUSE, LED TO, RESULTED IN huge unemployment
WORK is uncountable exc Roadworks and Works of Art
The same THING happens
FUN divertido sth you enjoy doing FUNNY gracioso sth makes you smile
that is=so=i.e. = es decir ...no es eso es que sería that's it!
Discuss sin about. Lleva el 'de o sobre' implicito en el verbo
phrasal verb + pronoun....the pronoun always in the middle
lately usually requires the present perfect/continous
written-writing
realize → nunca con el verbo can
feel / relax → en ingles no es reflexivo. NO…i fell myself

DOUBLE COMPARATIVES
Cristina Fz de Luco - Summary 9
The more I dream, The less I sleep The more you pay, the better the quality is
The more I work, the more money I earn The more I work, the less time I spend with my family
The older he gets, the fewer friend he has The more, the merrier · Cuanto más mejor

WAYS OF TALKING
squeak chillar mumble hablar entre dientes lisp cecear blurt out decir algo x impulso
shriek/sri/yell/shout/ mutter murmurar babble balbucear /blert/
/scream gritar murmur hablar en voz muy baja gabble hablar snap at sb regañar
bellow gritar vozarron /belou/ hum tatarear /ham/ atropelladamente slur pronunciar mal
whisper susurrar stutter/stammer grumble refunfuñar chat informal convers.
hiss silbar /his/ tartamudear whine-whinge quejarse

BEHAVIOUR
Poor form mala educación Thoughtless desconsiderado Eavesdrop [ˈiːvzdrɒp] escuchar a
Crass de mal gusto Blunt directo, franco escondidas
To be in order ser procedente Tactful diplomatico, correcto Keep your elbows off the table
Make light of=play down quitar Big-headed creido Tuck in meter la ropa x dentro
importancia Punctuality puntualidad Tell a while lie
Out of the blue inesperadamente Cultural literacy To shake hands
Cough up escupir [kɒf] Impolite descortes Show respect towards
To patronize tratar con condescendencia Offensive ofensivo To be well-behaved/badly behaved
Resourceful(adj) pers with lots of Table manners etiqueta en la mesa To have good manners
resources Customary costumbre.it’s customary to…
Keep it short ser breve Burp [b3ːp] eructo, eructar
Considerate considerado Ladylike elegante, fino
Etiquette,Courtesy,Protocol,Convention,Consideration,Custom,Tradition
Polite,Hygienic,Disrespectful,Gentlemanly,Ladylike,Offensive,Appropriate
Swear,Shout,Interrupt,Respect,Eavesdrop,Offend,Consider

IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS
stick to your guns refuse to change your mind there isn't much time left
grit sb's teeth be determined to continue to do sth in a this time next week La sem prox a esta hora
difficult situation I can't do anything to change the situation so I'll just have give me a hard time dar problemas
to grit my teeth and put up with it. have the time of your life enjoyable experience
see eye to eye agree with each other
take your time despacio...
wear the trousers be the dominant person make up for lost time compensar el tiempo perdido
in a sense in a way In no sense de ninguna manera take up all my time me ocupa todo el tiempo
my comfort zone colloquial. The working environment in take up iniciar un hobby
which we feel safe. Always with possessive go off perder el gusto por algo
fill sb into tell sb about what has happened bottle up reprimir emociones
catch up with sb- to reach the same level as sb who is better hold on = to wait
put sb's foot in it meter la pata go up to acercarse
speak your mind say what you think
pick up aprender skills,language o adquirir hábito
cross your mind pasarse x la cabeza
pick up ON enterarse percatarse
mind your own business meterse en lo suyo
make up sb's mind come to a decision about sth run over atropellar
be in 2 minds about sth estar indeciso roll over darse la vuelta o roll over sb/sth
know your own mind to know what you want or like come up to acercarse a alguien
on your mind lo que te preocupa come down to + ing ser cuestion de, se trata de
when they turn 13 cuando cumplen los 13 go over revisar,analizar, darle vueltas a algo (ex figures)
the penny drops caer en la cuenta spare the time make available
be on speaking terms tener trato, hablarse to kill• save• waste time
black sheep oveja negra take a long time costar mucho tiempo
run in your family venir de familia take the plunge dar el paso, aventurarse
like father like son de tal palo tal astilla be pushed for time =short of time but informal
have an skeleton in the cupboard guardar un secreto as stubborn as a mule
own flesh and blood sangre de mi sangre as white as a sheet
with time to spare con tiempo de sobra drink like a fish
time's up Se acabó el tiempo as deaf as a post
I'm a bit short of time estoy mal de tiempo sleep as a log (tronco)
have time on my hands To have nothing to do as blind as a bat
for the time being por el momento as good as a gold to behave very well
question of time cuestion de tiempo work like a dream…funciona muy bien
as quick as a flash
Cristina Fz de Luco - Summary 10
eat like a horse
EXPRESIONES CON 'ALL'
above all sobre todo
all over the world por todo el mundo
all the year aroung todo el año
on all fours a gatas
all in all en conjunto
all is well that ends well bien esta lo que bien acaba
all the same anyway
EXPRESSIONS
It goes without saying es evidente
it would appear parece ser que
I rest my case he dicho, concluyo mi alegato
this is all very well todo esto esta muy bien
there is little point tiene poco sentido
out of new things to say nada que decir
bearing in mind Teniendo en cuenta
more often than not la mayoria de las veces
there is no question no hay duda
to have a stake in sth tener interés en
put sth down to sth es debido a, atribuir sth a sth
to the best of their abilities as well as they can
every now and then=occasionally=once in a while=once and again
about x years ago
have to do with tener que ver con...
in the midst of (formal)= in the middle of
reams of montones de
in keeping with acorde con algo
best part of … mayor parte de
be short for... se abrevia...
Keep a record of sth apuntar algo
At the latest como muy tarde
Earlier this year a principios de este año
to be on a roll estar en buena racha
a bit of a noun
it's more of ..a question of quantity than qualitiy
go on to + inf • a continuación...she went on to talk about
At Large en general
the chances are lo mas probable es
go out of sb's way trabajar duro para algo, esforzarse o
complicarse la vida o desviarse de un camino=make a detour
make it a point to poner empeño en algo
i'm easy me da igual
by somehow, Pero de alguna manera,
later in the year a fianles de año
for quite a while mucho tiempo
at the ouset / from al principio o desde el principio
a little over un poco más
to put it mildly para decirlo suavemente /maildli/
over & over & over again una y otra vez
on the verge of = be about to = a punto de
on account of a causa de = because f
by means of x medio de
on the strenght of en base a
on behalf of en nombre de
in the process of en vias de
in terms of desde el punto de vista
be on the move estar de viaje
blow one's chance desperdiciar una oportunidad
slip sb's mind be forgotten
taken aback at dejar de piedra
looking a million dollars extremely attractive
Cristina Fz de Luco - Summary
all the better tanto mejor
after all despues de todo
fifteen all quince iguales tenis
all in good time todo a su debido tiempo
all along todo el tiempo
takes some getting used to cuesta acostumbrarse
make your hair stand on end poner los pelos de punta
come over well causar buena impression, venires (inf)
in a nutshell en pocas palabras
when it comes to cuando se trata de
defeat the object hacer el efecto contrario
whereabouts do you live?
As with como sucede con...
be between jobs Be unemployed
to balance the books llevar las cuentas
to nail sth /neil/ to do sth very well
to sail through /seil/ pasar sin esfuerzo
to do our bit hacer de nuestra parte
I'm not really with it estar un poco perdido
it's absolutely vital = it's of paramount importance
prior to = before = antes de
true to form como siempre as usual /truː/
take sb for a ride tomar el pelo
that's beside the point No tiene q ver con el asunto
at most como mucho
it's a different kettle of fish /ketl/ harina de otro costal
inside and out de pe a pa
the exam is over el over no vale para time
Get a life! Do more exciting things
get a shock Quedarse de piedra
get anywhere Improve
get on like a house on fire hacerse rapido amigos
get on my nerves irritar
get out of the/my way Apartate de mi camino
get real! Se realista!
get sb's act together Start to organize yourself
get sb's own way salirse con la suya
get the message pillar sth
get the wrong end of the stick misunderstand sth
get your own back devolversela a alguien
sleep on it consultarlo con la almohada
everbody was pulled out on strike Llamados a la huelga
be arguably ˈɑːgjʊəblɪ se podria decir
as for en cuanto a
entitle to compensation tener derecho a
I think is worth discussing
infuriating to /ɪnˈfjʊərɪeɪtɪŋ/ exasperante
at the crack of dawn de madrugada
if anything mas bien al contrario
over the course of a day en el transcurso del dia
by and large en lineas generales
en el fondo=deep down, essentially, in his heart of hearts
But to some, sin embargo para algunos
elsewhere en otro lugar
hardly any casi nadie
from strength to strength viento en popa
11
be off one's game no estar en forma blameless intachable
doom and gloom pesimismo wounds heridos
time and again una y otra vez leading destacado
run the rist of corer el riesgo damage plural. Damages para entorno juridico
be to blame tener la culpa pier paseo maritimo
prior to previo a retail therapy terapia de compras
sit for an exam / take / do presentarse a un examen to do any harm/good hacer bien o mal
resit presentarse de Nuevo a un examen a lo largo de mi vida THROUGH no along (x distances)
all of a sudden = suddenly = de repente I Haven’t got the faintest idea no tengo ni la +minima idea
posed planteado (problem) vt to bear sth/sb in mind tener en cuenta algo/a algn
run the risk of corer el riesgo we must bear(it)in mind that debemos tener en cuenta que ...,
prior to previo a
be to blame tener la culpa There’s no point +ing no tiene sentido
how come como es que? Por que? Your Business was so successful?

EXPRESIONES OPINION
I tend to think that I absolutely agree with you Well, you could be right
It's my feeling that You're absolutely right I agree up to a point, but
the point is that That's just what I was thinking I'm afraid I have to disagree
I'd just like to say that That's true but I cannot share this view
the way I see it is I see your point but I totally disagree
I couldn't agree more I agree with you in part, but I'm afraid I cant agree with you
I think so too It seems obvious, but I'm not sure about that

VOCABULARIO
=far-fetched crackdown medidas severas Have a swim = have a dip
a round trip Viaje ida y vuelta Crass de mal gusto, grosero heavenly /hevnly/ divino
accomplished consumado cringe/krindz) avergonzarse hilarious divertidisimo /hiˈleəriəs/
Accomplishment logro Cronyism amiguismo Hooey /hu:i/ chorradas
Alike parecido, similar damp /dæmp/ húmedo = wet host multitud birds, reason, problem
all-time high máximo historico Damper impedimento Idle = lazy person
allure /aliua/ encanto, atractivo Ill luck mala suerte
delectable delicioso /dɪˈlektəbl/
an outing excursion implausibleinverosimil/ɪmˈplɔːzəbl/
deputy head subdirector
Approach enfoque in bulk al por mayor
Despondent abatido
Articulate good at speaking≠ inarticulate Initial outlay inversion inicial
Disgrace deshonra, verguenza
As for me: por mi parte inside out al reves
Disgusting asqueroso
Asset [ˈæset] activos, bienes Displaced person· refugiado Internship prácticas
At a rate a un ritmo Disrespect falta(r) de respeto Keep it short ser breve
At a rate a un ritmo dough money(inf) masa (pan...) Knackered estar hecho
awkward malo,embarazosoˈɔːkwəd polvo=dead on my feet
Dread[dred]terror(n)tener pavor (v)
awkwardly/ˈɔːkwədlɪ/ torpemente Largely en gran medida
Dummy chupete /dami/
backsliding reincidencia Lasting duradero
durableˈdjʊərəbl duradero Limelight centro de atención
bag (inf) conseguir Evil /ivil/ ma long-haul larga distancia
barely apenas [ˈbɛəlɪ] exhausted=worn out Lousy (inf) = awful
barring /ˈbɑːrɪŋ/ excepto expenditure/ikspendich/ gasto Make sure = ensure formal
be worthy of ser merecedor de eyesore monstruosidad Mightily sumamente / maitili/
bereaved /biriud/ afligido Face problems head on de frente Namely a saber, concretamente
better off mejor Far fewer mucho menos nastiness bajeza /nastinis/
Bewildering (adj) desconcertante Fate /feit/ destino nipper (inf) chaval
Bold audaz, atrevido Feat proeza, hazaña /fit/ of which del cual (whose de cosas)
Bond=tie for real en serio, de verdad off the beaten track Apartado(adv)
Brand-new (inf) super nuevo For sure con certeza outfit ropa
Briskly = quickly Forthright franco, sincero outlook on life actitud en la vida
Bullet point /bulit/ viñeta,esquema frame of mind estado de ánimo outraged escandalizado
Buzzing en auge fruitless infructuoso outwardly aparentemente
By rote de memoria /rout/ Fulfilment realizacion feeling Overhauled revisado /ouveholdid/
cad/bounder canalla,sinverguenza Gizmo (inf) [ˈgɪzməʊ] n device Pay in instalments pagar a plazos
candour sincerity Glaring patente (adj) pensioner pensionista
Carpet moqueta rug /rag/ alfombra Greatly enormemente perilous arriesgado
chunk pedazo, trozo (inf) harassment acoso Point propósito
Clashes confrontations Hard-headed realista /hadhedid/ Prevailing /priveilin/ vigente,
cold=a bit chilly=nippy (col) Harsh duro predominante
Converse adj contrario Hatred [ˈheɪtrɪd] odio punch /panch/ puñetazo
Cristina Fz de Luco - Summary 12
Puzzle=baffle=desconcertar thrilled excited Kind-hearted de buen corazón
quirky extravagante /ˈkw3ːkɪ/ Thumbtack chinchetas /zamtek/ Blue-eyed de ojos azules
raise funds recaudar fondos toad sapo /toud/ Absent-minded distraido
Rambling paseos x el monte touristy turistico Short-sighted miope
Rapport[ræˈpɔːr]n relationship, Troubled=worried High-heeled de tacón
compenetracion Trouper(n)hard-working Smelly maloliente
person/trupe/ Acute aguda,profunda
relentless /rɪˈlentlɪs/incesante
Turmoil confusión, agitación Prevalent extendida
reluctantly de mala gana/rilaktentli/
unaware /ˈʌnəˈwɛəʳ/ ignorante adj Misguided equivocada
ridicule ridiculizar /ridikiul/
Unsuccessful fallido, fracasado Outnumbered sobrepasados en nº
rightfully legitimamente
unsuited/ansutid/ inapropiado Prompt rápida
Rusty /rasti/ adj. Oxidado
Unsupportive towards que no Outcry protesta
satchel cartera/mochila
apoya Death row corredor de la muerte
Scintillating chispeante ˈsɪntɪleɪtɪŋ Warmth calor Straw pajita [strɔː]
scoop exclusiva Well over a year▲for emphasis. Backlash Strong reaction against sth
Scruffily [ˈskrʌfɪlɪ] adv mal vestido Much more than a year Save excepto
Selfishness egoismo Whatsoever cualquiera que fuera Whopping (inf) grandisimo
Shattered abs. exhausted While=whilst Fizzy con gas (adj)
shortcomings defects Willingly con gusto Pier paseo maritimo
sinister siniestro (adj) Workhouse asilo de pobres Glimmer of hope rayo d esperanza
sloppily careless Bluntly directa/ franca/ Bleak blik deprimente
Stifling agobiante Superbly magnifica/ Unforgiving dificil de tartar
stunning impresionante=staggering Forgetfulness olvido Kind of un poco, algo (inf)
Talk for the sake of talking hablar Aching dolorido /eikin/ At source en su origen
por hablar Casualty urgencias hospital BothXand inclusive tanto x como z
Term trimestre Easy-going llevadero Well over Más de algo …
The use of the public transporte Mass-produced en serie
greatly reduces damage to theenvironment Left-handed zurdo

Warfare&History · Vocabulary
Ally aliado
Casualties victimas,bajas
Civilian civil(es)
Forces military Group
Snipers fancotirador/snaipe/
The Wounded heridos
Bow arco
Spear/spie/lanza
Shield /ʃiːld / escudo
Bullet /built/
Missile /misail/
Sword/sod/ espada
Coup /kup/ golpe estado
Siege /sidz/ acoso,asedio
Loot /lut/ saquear
Overthrow derrocar(+n)
Withdraw retirarse de 1sitio
Declare la guerra
Defeat vencer/derrota
Surrender rendirse(+n)
Shell bombardear
Retreat retirarse(+n)
Blow up hacer explotar
Break out estallar guerra
Ceasefire
Treaty/triti/ tratado

MONEY · Vocabulary
Consumer society Inflation In debt Stock market Exchange rates
Standard of living Cost of living Shares acciones Currency moneda Interest rates

Rich=wealthy=Affluent(for) Well-off (neg.sentences) Loaded(inf) not bef noun

Poor=penniless=hard up(inf)=broke(inf)nbn
Budget-grant-loan-fees-fare-charge-savings-dontaion-fine-instalment-deposit-will-overdraft

PHONE · Vocabulary
Give sb a ring Run out of agotar x crédito Engaged ocupado
Make a call Get through conseguir comunicar Missed calls
Hang up colgar Speak up hablar + alto Directory enquires información
Cut off interrumpir Put through pasar llamada Voicemail buzón voz
Top up rellenar bateria-saldo Charge the phone. Cargar Pay phones teléfono público

STADISTICS
X has reported a sharp and alarming rise in the number of Y
The figures are near of epidemic proportions
X doubled from ‘15’ in ‘1991’ to ‘20’ in ‘1992’. The steepest increase was the 132 percent
53% of us fell extremely anxious

MEDICINE
A bruise moraton A plaster tirita Stitches punto sutura Your GP
A blister ampolla A bandage vendaje An x-ray A specialist
A rash rasguño Antibiotics A scan A surgeon
Cristina Fz de Luco - Summary 13
A cold A heart attack Strain esguince came out in a rash le
Flu Asthma Sweat / swet/ sudor salió un sarpullido
Food poisoning Watch your weight A slipped disc hernia d

TRAVEL&TOURISM
Take out (insurance) Pinturesque pintoresco Package-holiday
Set out/off on (a journey) Breathtaking spectacular City break
Cut short a trip Overcrowded lleno d gente Lively animado
Cancel=call off a flight Off the beaten track apartado Touristy turistico
Overrated sobrevalorado Spoilt arruinar (plan) Go on partir de viaje
Dull boring Long-haul larga distancia Go camping-sightseeing
Stop-over escala Guided tour

Cristina Fz de Luco - Summary 14